Datasets:
anhtunguyen98
/
LLM-SWP

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
text
stringlengths
1
146k
On 15 July 2012, it was announced that no further cases had been noted in Cambodia, and that the deaths were a result of a combination of infections with EV 71, dengue fever, and Streptococcus suis. and the use of steroids in the treatment of the infections. China HFMD was recognized in China in the 1980s, and EV71 was first isolated in China from HFMD vesicle fluid in 1987 by Zhi-Ming Zheng at Virus Research Institute, Hubei Medical University. From 1999 to 2004, there were no epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shenzhen, People's Republic of China, but each year there were small, local outbreaks associated with only a few cases of neurological disease and no reported fatalities.
Genetic analysis revealed 19 cases of EV71 among 147 children who had hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shenzhen during this time. Until 2008, no large EV71 epidemic had been reported on the Chinese mainland, but sporadic infections were common in the southeast coastal area as well as in inland regions, such as Beijing, Chongqing, and Jinan. From 1998 to 2004, the only EV71 viruses identified on mainland China belonged to the genotype C4, indicating far less variety in China than in Taiwan. On May 3, 2008, Chinese health authorities reported a major outbreak of EV71 enterovirus in Fuyang City and other localities in Anhui, Zhejiang, and Guangdong provinces.
As of May 3, 2008, 3736 cases occurring mainly in children were reported, with 22 dead and 42 critically ill. Some 415 new cases were reported in 24 hours in Fuyang City alone. As of May 5, 2008, 6,300 were sickened by the viral outbreak which killed another child in Zhejiang, raising the death toll to 26 children, with 1,198 other children affected in that province alone. Specifically, an additional 5,151 cases were reported in Anhui province, with scores more in 4 other provinces. 8,531 cases of children infected with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) were reported in China. All the children infected were aged below 6, with most of them being under 2.
As of May, 7 contagious HFMD led to 28 deaths. Xinhua reported the number of people infected also rose from 4,000 to 15,799. Taiwan Enteroviruses were isolated from a total of 1,892 patients in this laboratory during this period. Of the virus isolates, enterovirus 71 (EV71) was diagnosed in 44.4% of the patients (132 of 297) in 1998, 2% (13 of 646) in 1999, and 20.5% (195 of 949) in 2000. Genetic analyses of the 5′-untranslated and VP1 regions of EV71 isolates by reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing were performed to understand the diversity of EV71 in these outbreaks of HFMD.
Most EV71 isolates from the 1998 epidemic belonged to genotype C, while only one-tenth of the isolates were genotype B. All EV71 isolates tested from 1999 to 2000 belonged to genotype B. This study indicated that two genogroups of EV71 capable of inducing severe clinical illness have been circulating in Taiwan. Furthermore, the predominant EV71 genotypes responsible for each of the two major HFMD outbreaks within the 3-year period in Taiwan were different. Significant outbreaks of the Enterovirus 71 (EV71) occurred in 1998, 2000 and 2001 with 78 deaths in 1998, 25 in 2000 and 26 in 2001. There are two patterns observed in outbreaks of the virus where they may be small with occasional cases resulting in death or they are severe with a high fatality rate.
The 1998 outbreak came in two waves to Taiwan. The first wave reached its peak of fatalities in the week of June 7 with cases in all four regions of Taiwan. There were approximately 405 severe cases and 91% of fatal cases were children of under the age of five. After further investigation into the fatalities among children 16% were six months or younger, 43% were from seven to twelve months meaning it was more fatal for children under the age of one. 65 out of 78 patients died from pulmonary edema or haemorrhage making it the most lethal effect which results from the virus.
The second wave occurred in the week of October 4 and had fewer cases that were more confined to Southern Taiwan. Total number of cases of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and herpangina in Taiwan was 129,106. Development and detection The outbreaks of the Enterovirus 71 in Taiwan and the number of cases and fatalities that resulted became an indication of the significance of the threat of the virus. New anti-viral drugs should be developed and vaccination of children under five years old should be considered in areas the virus is more susceptive. In July 1989 a sentinel surveillance system for infectious diseases was established in Taiwan by Disease, Surveillance and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Health of Taiwan.
The sentinel surveillance system is physician based and has approximately 850 Taiwanese physicians participating from various regions all over Taiwan. Public health officers contact the physicians on a weekly basis collecting disease information and on the occasion where there is a suspected outbreak of an infectious disease they are responsible for public notification. After the observed outbreak of HFMD and herpangina in Malaysia in 1997, they were included in the detection system. In March 1998, under the sentinel surveillance system, it was noticed that there was an increasing amount of HFMD cases and herpangina in Taiwan. By the end of April that year, numbers of cases involving children HFMD had increased significantly.
Due to the presence of a possible threat of an epidemic a warning was released on May 12 for the virus and preventative measures were advised to the public such as practicing better hygiene and isolating infected children. Although public notification had been given and preventatives taken, the number of HFMD cases continued to rise. On May 29 another report system, based on hospitals rather than just physicians, was developed in response to this where all severe and fatal cases were more carefully monitored from 597 hospital and medical centres. Exact reasons behind the outbreaks are hard to and yet to be defined however through the reporting systems developed, detection of the virus is of large significance and gives way for further study and investigation.
Possible reasons behind the developments of the outbreaks are that the virus may have mutated with increased virulence made it more easily contractible or that the population and genetics became more susceptible to contraction of the disease. Studies for serial serum antibody titers to the Enterovirus 71 in blood samples taken yearly from 81 children born in 1988 was conducted from 1989 to 1994 and 1997 to 1999. They discovered an increase in EV71 seroconversion (increased susceptibility to the disease) from 3% to 11% from 1989 to 1997 and by 1997 68% of the children had evidence of being infected by the virus.
The virus was also evident in HFMD patients from as early on as 1981. Other studies conducted in early 1999 showed that half the adult population of Taiwan had antibodies against the enterovirus 71 prior to the 1998 outbreak meaning the population of children were more susceptible to the virus. It is possible that prior to the outbreak in 1998 there were severe and fatal cases that went unrecognised as EV71 cases in children who died of unexplained illnesses and studies are still ongoing. Vietnam Vietnam recorded 63,780 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in the first seven months of 2012.
According to Tran Minh Dien, vice director of the National Hospital for Children, about 58.7% percent were caused by EV71. See also Enterovirus 68, a similar, related virus also first isolated in California in the 1960s Herpangina, mouth blisters that can be caused by enteroviruses References Category:Enteroviruses Category:Infraspecific virus taxa
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) or CCN family member 1 (CCN1), is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the CYR61 gene. CYR61 is a secreted, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated signaling protein of the CCN family (CCN intercellular signaling protein). CYR61 is capable of regulating a broad range of cellular activities, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence through interaction with cell surface integrin receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. During embryonic development, CYR61 is critical for cardiac septal morphogenesis, blood vessel formation in placenta, and vascular integrity. In adulthood CYR61 plays important roles in inflammation and tissue repair, and is associated with diseases related to chronic inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes-related nephropathy and retinopathy, and many different forms of cancers.
CCN protein family CYR61 was first identified as a protein encoded by a serum-inducible gene in mouse fibroblasts. Other highly conserved homologs were later identified to comprise the CCN protein family (CCN intercellular signaling protein). The CCN acronym is derived from the first three members of the family identified, namely CYR61 (CCN1), CTGF (connective tissue growth factor, or CCN2), and NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed, or CCN3). These proteins, together with WISP1 (CCN4), WISP2 (CCN5), and WISP3 (CCN6) comprise the six members of the family in vertebrates and have been renamed CCN1-6 in order of their discovery by international consensus. CCN proteins function as matricellular proteins, which are extracellular matrix proteins that play regulatory roles, particularly in the context of wound repair.
Gene structure and regulation CYR61 is located at human chromosome 1p22.3, whereas the mouse Cyr61 gene is located at chromosome 3, 72.9cM. The mouse CYR61 coding region spans ~3.2 Kb, containing 5 exons interspaced with 4 introns. The first exon encodes 5’-UTR sequence and the first several amino acids in the secretory signal peptide. The remaining four exons each encode a distinct CCN1 domain. The 5th exon also contains the 3’-UTR sequences, which has 5 copies of AU-rich elements that confers a short mRNA half life, and a mir-155 target site. The CYR61 promoter is a TATA box containing promoter, with binding sites for many transcription factors including AP1, ATF, E2F, HNF3b, NF1, NFκB, SP1, and SRF, and 2 poly(CA) stretches that may form Z-DNA structure.
Transcriptional activation of CYR61 is exquisitely sensitive to a wide range of environmental perturbations, including stimulation by platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), growth hormone, the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), cAMP, vitamin D3, estrogen and tamoxifen, angiotensin II, hypoxia, UV light, and mechanical stretch. Protein structure and function Structural domains Full-length CYR61 protein contains 381 amino acids with an N-terminal secretory signal peptide followed by four structurally distinct domains. The four CYR61 domains are, from N- to C-termini, the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) domain, von Willebrand type C repeats (vWC) domain, thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain (TSR), and the C-terminal (CT) domain that contains a cysteine-knot motif.
CCN1 has unusually high cysteine residue content (10% or 38 in total). The number and spacing of cysteine residues are completely conserved among CYR61 (CCN1), CTGF (CCN2), NOV (CCN3), and WISP-1 (CCN4), and are largely conserved with WISP-2 (CCN5), which lacks precisely the CT domain, and WISP3 (CCN6), which lacks 4 cysteines in the vWC domain. CYR61 is glycosylated, although the regulation and function of gylcosylation are unknown. Integrin binding CYR61 binds directly to various integrin receptors in a cell type-dependent manner, including integrin αvβ3 in endothelial cells, α6β1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells αIIbβ3 in activated platelets, αMβ2 in monocytes and macrophages, and αDβ2 in macrophage foam cells.
Where examined, syndecan-4 has been identified as the HSPG critical for CCN1 functions. The CYR61 binding sites for some of these integrins have been mapped (Figure 1). Due to the cell type specificity of integrin expression, CYR61 acts through distinct integrins to mediate specific functions in different types of cells. For example, CYR61 induces angiogenic functions in endothelial cells through αvβ3, and in fibroblasts promotes cellular senescence and enables TNFα to induce apoptosis through binding to α6β1-HSPGs. However, CYR61 supports cell adhesion through all of the integrins identified above. Cell signaling and function As a cell adhesive substrate, CYR61 induces the activation of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, RAC, and sustained activation of MAPK/ERK1-2.
In macrophages, CYR61 also activates the transcription factor NFκB and stimulates M1 polarization. CYR61 activates Akt signaling in thymic epithelial cells, promoting their proliferation and thus thymic size growth. CYR61 has potent angiogenic activity upon endothelial cells and induces neovascularization, first demonstrated in a corneal micropocket implant assay and subsequently confirmed in a rabbit ischemic hindlimb model. CYR61 also accelerates and promotes the chondrogenic differentiation of mouse limb bud mesenchymal cells, and stimulates osteoblast differentiation but inhibits osteoclastogenesis. Cyr61 is a strong inducer of reactive oxygen species accumulation in fibroblastic cells, and this activity underlies many CYR61-induced apoptosis and senescence.
CYR61 is able to support cell adhesion, stimulate cell migration, promote growth factor-induced cell proliferation and differentiation in some cell types, promote apoptosis in synergy with TNF family cytokines, and induce cellular senescence in fibroblasts. Embryonic development During embryo development in mice, Cyr61 is highly expressed in the cardiovascular, skeletal, and neuronal systems. Cyr61 knockout mice are embryonic lethal due to defects in cardiac septal morphogenesis, deficient blood vessel formation in placenta, and compromised vascular integrity. In Xenopus laevis, Cyr61 is required for normal gastrulation and modulation of Wnt signaling. Clinical relevance CYR61 is highly expressed at sites of inflammation and wound repair, and is associated with diseases involving chronic inflammation and tissue injury.
Wound healing and fibrosis In skin wound healing, CYR61 is highly expressed in the granulation tissue by myofibroblasts, which proliferate and rapidly synthesize ECM to maintain tissue integrity and to promote regeneration of parenchymal cells. However, excessive matrix deposition can lead to fibrosis, scarring, and loss of tissue function. In skin wounds, CYR61 accumulates in the granulation tissue as myofibroblasts proliferate, and eventually reaches a sufficiently high level to drive the myofibroblasts themselves into senescence, whereupon these cells cease to proliferate and express matrix-degrading enzymes. Thus, CYR61 limits synthesis and deposition of ECM by myofibroblasts, reducing the risk of fibrosis during wound healing.
In addition to skin wound healing, CYR61 expression is elevated in remodeling cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction, in vascular injury, and in the long bones during fracture repair. Blockade of CYR61 by antibodies inhibits bone fracture healing in mice. In the kidney, CYR61 is expressed in podocytes in normal adult and embryonic glomeruli, but expression is decreased in IgA nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and membranous nephropathy, particularly in diseased kidneys with severe mesangial expansion. Inflammation CYR61 promotes the apoptotic functions of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, FasL, and TRAIL. It also reprograms macrophages towards M1 polarization through αMβ2-mediated activation of NF-κB. CYR61 is upregulated in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
CYR61 supports the patrolling behavior of murine resident Ly6Clow monocytes along the endothelial in the steady state and is required for their accumulation under viral-mimicking vascular inflammation. Arthritis CYR61 is highly expressed in collagen-induced arthritis in rodents, and inhibition of CCN1 expression correlates with suppression of inflammatory arthritis. CYR61 is also found in articular cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis and appears to suppress ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase) activity, possibly leading to cartilage cell (chondrocyte) cloning. Vascular diseases CYR61 is overexpressed in vascular smooth muscle cells of atherosclerotic lesions and in the neointima of restenosis after balloon angioplasty, both in rodent models and in humans.
Suppression of CYR61 expression results in reduced neointimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty, an effect that is reversed by delivery of CYR61 via gene transfer In a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, expression of CYR61 in the vitreous humor produced significant beneficial effects in repairing damaged vasculature. Cancer Angiogenesis is essential for the supply of oxygen and nutrients to nourish the growing tumor. CYR61 is a powerful angiogenic inducer in vivo, and it can also promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, survival, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Accordingly, forced overexpression of CYR61 enhanced tumor growth in xenografts of breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, ovarian carcinoma cells, and squamous carcinoma cells.
Clinically, CYR61 expression correlates with the tumor stage, tumor size, lymph node positivity, and poor prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. However, CYR61 can also induce apoptosis and cellular senescence, two well-established mechanisms of tumor suppression Thus, whereas CYR61 can promote the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, it can also exacerbate apoptosis of these cells in the presence of the immune surveillance molecule TRAIL. CYR61 has an inhibitory effect on some cancers, and suppresses tumor growth of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, and in melanoma cells. References Category:Aging-related genes Category:Aging-related proteins Category:CCN proteins
Hamilton Southeastern School District is the primary school system for students living in Fishers, Indiana and portions of neighboring Noblesville, Indiana. The district consists of twelve elementary schools (K-4), four intermediate schools (5-6), four junior high schools (7-8), and two high schools (9-12). Hamilton Southeastern is home to the Hamilton Southeastern Royals and the Fishers Tigers. Hamilton Southeastern is the fastest growing school corporation in Indiana with 17,140 students in the 2008-09 school year increasing from 10,716 in 2002. Hamilton Southeastern is the 4th largest school district in Indiana. Its schools have very high ratings. Fourteen of the twenty-two schools in the district are four star schools as rated by the Indiana Department of Education.
Geist Elementary School was named a 2016 Blue Ribbon School by the US Department of Education, an award only given to 329 schools nationally. The district had a 23.1% higher passing rate on the math/English combined ISTEP+ tests when compared to the state average in 2006-07. Currently the school district is in a lawsuit allegedly over not preventing bullying of one of the students that resulted in a suicide.
Schools Elementary Brooks School Elementary - Bears Cumberland Road Elementary - Roadrunners Durbin Elementary - Dogs Fall Creek Elementary - Fish Fishers Elementary - Tigers Geist Elementary - Gators Harrison Parkway Elementary - Patriots Hoosier Road Elementary - Rockets Lantern Road Elementary - Leopards New Britton Elementary - Bulldogs Sand Creek Elementary - Cougars Thorpe Creek Elementary - Cardinals Intermediate Fall Creek Intermediate - Falcons Riverside Intermediate - Golden Hawks Sand Creek Intermediate - Sharks Hamilton Southeastern Intermediate - Panthers Junior high schools Fishers Junior High School - Chargers Hamilton Southeastern Junior High School - Panthers Riverside Junior High School - Golden Hawks Fall Creek Junior High School - Falcons High schools Fishers High School - Tigers Hamilton Southeastern High School - Royals References External links Hamilton Southeastern Schools HSE High School Fishers High School Category: School districts in Indiana Category: Education in Hamilton County, Indiana Category: Fishers, Indiana
Squash is a popular recreational sport in India, and is gaining popularity as a competitive sport. The national governing body for squash in India is the Squash Rackets Federation of India. The India men's national squash team has participated in three quarter finals of the World Team Squash Championships since 1967. Dipika Pallikal is the topmost Indian squash player as of 2014. She is the first Indian woman to break into the top 10 in the Women's Squash Association rankings. External links Squash Rackets Federation of India Indian Squash Professionals Category:Squash in India
The third-generation Moto G is an Android smartphone developed by Lenovo's Motorola Mobility division, unveiled in India on July 28, 2015 and released the same day. The Moto G4 is its successor. Specifications The third-generation Moto G has a 5-inch display with HD resolution of 1280x720p and features Corning Gorilla Glass 3, a 13-megapixel camera similar to the one from the Nexus 6 with many features including HDR imaging and an on-screen exposure setting option, a quad-core Snapdragon 410 processor, and the latest version of Android, 6.0.1 "Marshmallow". The phone back is removable, and made of textured plastic. The back also comes in multiple colors available in Motorola's Moto Maker website.
The Moto G 3rd-generation is water resistant through the use of nano-coating and internal rubber gaskets, giving it an IPX7 rating. This water resistance gives the phone the ability to be submerged in up to one meter (or about three feet) of water for 30 minutes at a time with the back cover secured correctly. The model comes with 8GB of storage and 1GB of RAM, while the other model comes with 16GB of storage and 2GB of RAM. This phone also features a 2470 mAh Li-ion non-removable battery. Both models support LTE. At launch, the phone ran a near-stock Android 5.1 Lollipop operating system, although it has since been upgraded to Android 6.0 Marshmallow, preloaded on new devices and upgradable via an OTA update for devices already on the Lollipop 5.1 OS.
The Android Marshmallow 6.0 update for the Moto G 3rd-generation was first widely rolled out in North America starting on December 24, 2015. The phone has both a single-SIM and dual-SIM variant, availability of which vary by market. Variants *Band 12 is available with the Android M update. A Moto G Turbo Edition with a faster eight core Snapdragon 615 processor, 2 GB of RAM, IP67 rating, and Quick Charging was revealed for sale in Mexico, Colombia, and India on 13 November 2015. Reception The 3rd generation Moto G received a very positive reception upon release.
The Moto G's performance from its 1.4 GHz Snapdragon 410 paired with either 1GB or 2GB of RAM was significantly faster than the 1.2 GHz Snapdragon 410 with 1GB of RAM in the Moto E, and almost as quick as devices powered by the more powerful 1.5 GHz Snapdragon 615 such as the Huawei P8 Lite, which has been attributed to the Moto G's largely bloat-free build of Android 5.1 "Lollipop". While the 2nd generation Moto G was regarded as a "sidegrade" rather than a true successor to the 1st generation (since it retains largely the same specifications), the Moto G 3rd generation was considered a big improvement over its predecessors.
The rear camera's photo quality (except in low-light conditions) was much lauded considering the Moto G's budget price (sharing the same sensor as the much more expensive Nexus 6) and its predecessors' poor camera performance. The IPX7 water resistance (unique among smartphones in its price range at the time) was also praised by reviewers. Ars Technica proclaimed "the fact that the Moto G is so competent drives home the superfluousness of so many flagship phone features—the move from 720p to 1080p to 1440p and beyond, faster SoCs, ever-thinner metal-and-glass slabs. Those things are all nice to have, but you’d be hard-pressed to argue that any of them are essential," referring to the surprising value of the 3rd-generation Moto G considering its price.
There have also been some criticisms of the 3rd generation Moto G. For example, the IPS panel screen's calibration was poorer than its 2014 predecessor. Despite brighter, more vibrant colours and wider viewing angles, the display still suffered from "muted" greens and "washed-out" outdoor performance. Low light camera performance was also criticized (with similar criticism also being leveled at the Nexus 6, which shares the same camera sensor). The low-end configuration with 8GB of storage and 1GB of RAM leaves little more than 4GB out-of-the-box for user-accessible storage, although this was partially addressed with the inclusion of a Micro SD card slot expandable officially up to 32GB and unofficially up to 128GB.
The lack of RAM on the low-end model has also been said to significantly reduce multitasking performance. The criticisms aimed at the low-end model would not be so much of an issue for the 3rd-generation Moto G if the higher-end model had been available in all markets, as some countries only have the lower-end model available. Known issues Multiple users reported having a problem with the microSD card reader, which would stop recognizing the SD card, leading to possible loss of data and inability to use the SD card. The problem appears to remain unaddressed. The Moto G3, like many older phones, is vulnerable to the series of vulnerabilities known as BlueBorne.
Retail versions of this phone are no longer receiving security updates according to the Lenovo Support Site, so it will apparently remain unpatched (carrier support may vary). See also Comparison of smartphones References Further reading External links Moto G gen-3 at GSM Arena Moto G (3rd gen.) – Motorola Support Category:Android (operating system) devices Category:Motorola mobile phones Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2015
Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969), also known by the stage names Puff Daddy, P. Diddy, Puffy, or Diddy, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, record executive, and actor. Combs was born in New York City but was raised in Mount Vernon, New York. He worked as a talent director at Uptown Records before founding his own record label, Bad Boy Entertainment, in 1993. Combs' debut album, No Way Out (1997), has been certified seven times platinum. No Way Out was followed by successful albums such as Forever (1999), The Saga Continues... (2001), and Press Play (2006).
In 2009, Combs formed the musical group Dirty Money and released the critically and commercially successful album Last Train to Paris (2010). Combs has won three Grammy Awards and two MTV Video Music Awards, and is the producer of MTV's Making the Band. In 2019, Forbes estimated his net worth at $740 million. Early life Sean John Combs was born on November 4, 1969 in Manhattan's Harlem in New York City and was raised in Mount Vernon, New York. His mother, Janice (Smalls), was a model and teacher's assistant and his father, Melvin Earl Combs, served in the U.S. Air Force and was an associate of convicted New York drug dealer Frank Lucas.
At age 33, Melvin was shot to death while sitting in his car on Central Park West, when Combs was 2 years old. Combs graduated from the Roman Catholic Mount Saint Michael Academy in 1987. He played football for the academy and his team won a division title in 1986. Combs said he was given the nickname Puff as a child, because he would "huff and puff" when he was angry. Combs was a business major at Howard University but left after his sophomore year. In 2014, he returned to Howard University to receive an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities and deliver the University's 146th Commencement Address.
Career 1990–1996: Career beginnings Combs became an intern at New York's Uptown Records. While working as a talent director at Uptown, he helped develop Jodeci and Mary J. Blige. In his college days Combs had a reputation for throwing parties, some of which attracted up to a thousand participants. In 1991, Combs promoted an AIDS fundraiser with Heavy D held at the City College of New York (CCNY) gymnasium, following a charity basketball game. The event was oversold, and a stampede occurred in which nine people died. In 1993, after being fired from Uptown, Combs established his new label Bad Boy Entertainment as a joint venture with Arista Records, taking then-newcomer The Notorious B.I.G, also known as Biggie Smalls, with him.
Both The Notorious B.I.G. and Craig Mack quickly released hit singles, followed by successful LPs, particularly Notorious B.I.G. 's Ready to Die. Combs signed more acts to Bad Boy, including Carl Thomas, Faith Evans, 112, Total, and Father MC. The Hitmen, his in-house production team, worked with Jodeci, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Lil' Kim, TLC, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV, Aretha Franklin, and others. Mase and the Lox joined Bad Boy just as a widely publicized rivalry with the West Coast's Death Row Records was beginning. Combs and Notorious B.I.G. were criticized and parodied by Tupac Shakur and Suge Knight in songs and interviews during the mid-1990s.
During 1994–1995, Combs produced several songs for TLC's CrazySexyCool, which finished the decade as number 25 on Billboard's list of top pop albums of the decade. 1997–1998: "Puff Daddy" and No Way Out In 1997, under the name Puff Daddy, Combs recorded his first commercial vocal work as a rapper. His debut single, "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", spent 28 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number one. His debut album, No Way Out, was released on July 1, 1997, through Bad Boy Records. Originally titled Hell up in Harlem, the album underwent several changes after The Notorious B.I.G.
was killed on March 9, 1997. Several of the label's artists made guest appearances on the album. No Way Out was a significant success, particularly in the United States, where it reached number one on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release, selling 561,000 copies. The album produced five singles: "I'll Be Missing You", a tribute to The Notorious B.I.G., was the first rap song to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100; it remained at the top of the chart for eleven consecutive weeks and topped several other charts worldwide. Four other singles; "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", "It's All About the Benjamins", "Been Around the World", and "Victory", were also released.
Combs collaborated with Jimmy Page on the song "Come with Me" for the 1998 film Godzilla. The album earned Combs five nominations at the 40th Grammy Awards in 1998, winning the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. On September 7, 2000, the album was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 7 million copies. In 1997, Combs was sued for landlord neglect by Inge Bongo. Combs denied the charges. By the late 1990s, he was being criticized for watering down and overly commercializing hip hop, and for using too many guest appearances, samples, and interpolations of past hits in his new songs.
1999–2000: Forever and Club New York In April 1999, Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records. Stoute was the manager for Nas, with whom Combs had filmed a video earlier that year for the song "Hate Me Now". Combs was concerned that the video, which featured a shot of Nas and Combs being crucified, was blasphemous. He asked for his scenes on the cross to be pulled, but after it aired unedited on MTV on April 15, Combs visited Stoute's offices and injured Stoute. Combs was charged with second-degree assault and criminal mischief, and was sentenced to attend a one-day anger management class.
Forever, Combs' second solo studio album, was released by Bad Boy Records on August 24, 1999, in North America, and in the UK on the following day. It reached number two on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, where it remained for one week before being knocked off by Mary J. Blige's fourth album, Mary. The album received positive to mixed reviews from music critics and spawned three singles that have charted on the Billboard charts. It peaked at number four on the Canadian Albums Chart, Combs' highest-charting album in that country. On December 27, 1999, Combs and his then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez were at Club New York in Manhattan when gunfire broke out.
After a police investigation, Combs and fellow rapper Shyne were arrested for weapons violations and other charges. Combs was charged with four weapons-related charges and bribing his driver, Wardel Fenderson, to claim ownership of his gun. With a gag order in place, the highly publicized trial began. Combs' attorneys were Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. and Benjamin Brafman. Combs was found not guilty on all charges; Shyne was convicted on five of his eight charges and sentenced to ten years in prison. Combs and Lopez broke up shortly after. A lawsuit filed by Fenderson, who said he suffered emotional damage after the shooting, was settled in February 2004.
Lawyers for both sides, having agreed to keep the settlement terms secret, said the matter had been "resolved to the satisfaction of all parties". 2001–2004: "P. Diddy" and The Saga Continues Combs changed his stage name from "Puff Daddy" to "P. Diddy" in 2001. The gospel album, Thank You, which had been completed just before the beginning of the weapons trial, was due to be released in March that year, but remains unreleased . He appeared as a drug dealer in the film Made and starred with Halle Berry and Billy Bob Thornton in Monster's Ball (both in 2001). He was arrested for driving on a suspended license in Florida.
Combs began working with a series of unusual (for him) artists. For a short period of time, he was the manager of Kelis; they have a collaboration titled "Let's Get Ill". He was an opening act for 'N Sync on their Spring 2002 Celebrity Tour, and he signed California-based pop girl group Dream to his record label. Combs was a producer of the soundtrack album for the film Training Day (2001). In June 2001, Combs ended Bad Boy Entertainment's joint venture with Arista Records, gaining full control of Bad Boy, its catalogue, and its roster of artists. The Saga Continues..., released on July 10 in North America, was the last studio album released by the joint venture.
The album reached number 2 on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, and was eventually certified Platinum. It is the only studio album under the P. Diddy name, and the first album by Sean Combs not to feature any guest appearances by Jay-Z or Lil Kim. Combs was executive producer of the reality TV show Making the Band, which appeared on MTV from 2002 to 2009. The show involves interviewing candidates and creating musical acts that would then enter the music business. Acts who got their start this way include Da Band, Danity Kane, Day26, and Donnie Klang.
In 2003 Combs ran in the New York City Marathon, raising $2million for the educational system of the city of New York. On March 10, 2004 he appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the marathon, which he finished in four hours and eighteen minutes. In 2004 Combs headed the campaign "Vote or Die" for the 2004 presidential election. On February 1, 2004, Combs (as P. Diddy) performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show. 2005–2009: "Diddy" and Press Play On August 16, 2005, Combs announced on Today that he was altering his stage name yet again; he would be calling himself "Diddy".
Combs said fans didn't know how to address him, which led to confusion. In November 2005, London-based musical artist and DJ Richard Dearlove, who had been performing under the name "Diddy" since 1992 nine years before Combs started using even "P. Diddy" sought an injunction in the High Court of Justice in London. He accepted an out-of-court settlement of £10,000 in damages and more than £100,000 in costs. Combs can no longer use the name Diddy in the UK, where he is still known as P. Diddy. An assault charge against Combs filed by Michigan television host Rogelio Mills was resolved in Combs' favor in 2005.
Combs starred in the 2005 film Carlito's Way: Rise to Power. He played Walter Lee Younger in the 2004 Broadway revival of A Raisin in the Sun and the television adaptation that aired in February 2008. In 2005 Combs sold half of his record company to the Warner Music Group. He hosted the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards and was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2005 by Time magazine. He was mentioned in the country song "Play Something Country" by Brooks & Dunn: the lyricist says he "didn't come to hear P. Diddy", which is rhymed with "something thumpin' from the city."
In 2006, when Combs refused to release musician Mase from his contractual obligations to allow him to join the group G-Unit, 50 Cent recorded a diss song, "Hip-Hop". The lyrics imply that Combs knew the identity of The Notorious B.I.G. 's murderer. The two later resolved the feud. Combs released his first album in four years, Press Play, on October 17, 2006, on the Bad Boy Records label. The album, featuring guest appearances by many popular artists, debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with sales of over 173,009. Its singles "Come to Me" and "Last Night" both reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100.
The album became available to preview on MTV's The Leak on October 10, 2006, a week before being sold in stores. Press Play received mixed to positive reviews from critics, and was certified Gold on the RIAA ratings. On September 18, 2007, Combs teamed up with 50 Cent and Jay-Z for the "Forbes I Get Money Billion Dollar Remix". In March 2008, the Los Angeles Times claimed that The Notorious B.I.G. and Combs orchestrated the 1994 robbery and shooting of Tupac, substantiating the claim with supposed FBI documents; the newspaper later retracted the story, acknowledging that the documents had been fabricated.
Dexter Isaac, an associate of record management executive Jimmy Henchman, confessed in 2012 that he had shot Tupac on Henchman's orders. In June 2008, Combs' representative denied rumors of another name change. Combs ventured into reality television in August 2008 with the premiere of his VH1 series I Want to Work for Diddy. After the season finale of Making The Band 4, Combs said he would be heading back into the studio to record his next album. In an interview with The Daily Mail, he said, "I had Christina Aguilera on my last album, but it's all about Leona Lewis on my next."
He appeared—credited under his real name—in two episodes of Season 7 of CSI: Miami: "Presumed Guilty" and "Sink or Swim", in the role of lawyer Derek Powell. 2010–2013: Dirty Money and acting Combs created a rap supergroup in 2010 known as the Dream Team. The group consists of Combs, Rick Ross, DJ Khaled, Fat Joe, Busta Rhymes, Red Café, and Fabolous. Combs made an appearance at comedian Chris Gethard's live show in January 2010 at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City. In June 2010 Combs played a role (credited as Sean Combs) in the comedy film Get Him to the Greek, as Sergio Roma, a record company executive.
An Entourage series representative announced that Combs would guest star on an episode during the 2010 season. Last Train to Paris was released by Combs' group Dirty Money on December 13, 2010. The release was preceded by four singles "Angels", "Hello Good Morning", "Loving You No More", and "Coming Home", which experienced mixed success on the Billboard Hot 100. "Coming Home" was the most successful of the songs, peaking at number twelve on the U.S. Hot 100, number four in the UK, and number seven in Canada. On March 10, 2011 Diddy – Dirty Money performed "Coming Home" live on American Idol.
On April 18, 2011, Combs appeared in season one of Hawaii Five-0, guest starring as an undercover NYPD detective. In November 2012 Combs appeared in an episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. 2014–present: MMM (Money Making Mitch), No Way Out 2, and "Love" On February 26, 2014, Combs premiered "Big Homie", featuring Rick Ross and French Montana, as the first single from his mixtape MMM (Money Making Mitch), which was originally scheduled to be released that year. The song was released for digital download on March 24, and two days later the trailer for the music video was released.
The full version of the music video was released on March 31. Combs used his former stage name Puff Daddy for the album. MMM was released as a free mixtape album of 12 tracks on November 4, 2015. In 2014 Combs and Guy Gerber announced that their joint album 11 11 would be available for free download. A new single called "Finna Get Loose" featuring Combs and Pharrell Williams was released on June 29, 2015. In July 2015, Bad Boy Entertainment artist Gizzle told the press that she is collaborating with Combs on what she describes as his last album, titled No Way Out 2, a sequel to his 1997 debut.
She describes the music as unique: "The mindset is to just be classic and to be epic. And to really live up to that... we know it's a tall order, but we welcome the challenge." In April 2016, Combs announced that after this last album and tour, he plans to retire from the music industry to focus on acting. On May 20 and 21, 2016, Combs launched a tour of Bad Boy Records' biggest names to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the label. The documentary Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A Bad Boy Story, covering the two shows at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn as well as behind-the-scenes events, was released on June 23, 2017.
The show toured to an additional twenty venues across the United States and Canada. On November 5, 2017, Combs announced that he would be going by the name Love, stating "My new name is Love, aka Brother Love". Two days later, he told the press he had been joking, but on January 3, 2018, he announced on Jimmy Kimmel Live! that he had changed his mind again, and will be using the new name after all. In 2019, Combs announced on Twitter that Making the Band will return to MTV in 2020. Business career Fortune magazine listed Combs at number twelve on their top 40 of entrepreneurs under 40 in 2002.
Forbes Magazine estimates that for the year ending May 2017, Combs earned $130 million, ranking him number one among entertainers. In 2019 his estimated net worth was $740 million. Sean John In 1998, Combs started a clothing line, Sean John. It was nominated for the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) award for Menswear Designer of the Year in 2000, and won in 2004. California billionaire Ronald Burkle invested $100 million into the company in 2003. Also in 2003, the National Labor Committee revealed that factories producing the clothing in Honduras were violating Honduran labor laws. Among the accusations were that workers were subjected to body searches and involuntary pregnancy tests.
Bathrooms were locked and access tightly controlled. Employees were forced to work overtime and were paid sweatshop wages. Charles Kernaghan of the National Labor Committee told The New York Times that "Sean Puff Daddy obviously has a lot of clout, he can literally do a lot overnight to help these workers." Combs responded with an extensive investigation, telling reporters "I'm as pro-worker as they get". On February 14, 2004, Kernaghan announced that improvements had been implemented at the factory, including adding air conditioning and water purification systems, firing the most abusive supervisors, and allowing the formation of a labor union.
In late 2006, the department store Macy's removed Sean John jackets from their shelves when they discovered that the clothing was made using raccoon dog fur. Combs had not known the jackets were made with dog fur, but as soon as he was alerted, he had production stopped. In November 2008, Combs added a men's perfume called "I Am King" to the Sean John brand. The fragrance, dedicated to Barack Obama, Muhammad Ali, and Martin Luther King, featured model Bar Refaeli in its advertisements. In early 2016, Sean John introduced the brand's GIRLS collection. Other ventures Combs is the head of Combs Enterprises, an umbrella company for his portfolio of businesses.
In addition to his clothing line, Combs owned two restaurants called Justin's, named after his son. The original New York location closed in September 2007; the Atlanta location closed in June 2012. He is the designer of the Dallas Mavericks alternate jersey. In October 2007 Combs agreed to help develop the Cîroc vodka brand for a 50 percent share of the profits. Combs acquired the Enyce clothing line from Liz Claiborne for $20 million on October 21, 2008. Combs has a major equity stake in Revolt TV, a television network that also has a film production branch. It began broadcasting in 2014.
In February 2015, Combs teamed up with actor Mark Wahlberg and businessman Ronald Burkle of Yucaipa Companies to purchase a majority holding in Aquahydrate, a calorie-free beverage for athletes. John Cochran, former president of Fiji Water, is CEO of the company. Personal life Family Combs is the father of six children. His first biological child, Justin, was born in 1993 to designer Misa Hylton-Brim. Justin attended UCLA on a football scholarship. Combs had an on-again, off-again relationship with Kimberly Porter, which lasted from 1994 to 2007. He raised and adopted Quincy (born 1991), Porter's son from a previous relationship with singer/producer Al B.
Sure! Together they had a son, Christian (born 1998), and twin daughters, D'Lila Star and Jessie James (born 2006). Porter died of pneumonia on November 15, 2018. Five months before the birth of his twins, Combs' daughter Chance was born to Sarah Chapman. He took legal responsibility for Chance in October 2007. Combs' sons Quincy and Justin both appeared on MTV's My Super Sweet 16. Combs threw Quincy a celebrity-studded party and gave him two cars as his 16th birthday present. For Justin's 16th birthday, Combs presented him with a $360,000 Maybach car. Combs owns a home in Alpine, New Jersey, which he purchased for $7million.
Charity work and honors Combs founded Daddy's House Social Programs, an organization to help inner city youth, in 1995. Programs include tutoring, life skills classes, and an annual summer camp. Along with Jay-Z, he pledged $1 million to help support victims of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and donated clothing from his Sean John line to victims. He has donated computers and books to New York schools. Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley named October 13, 2006, as "Diddy Day" in honor of Combs' charity work. In 2008 Combs was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2014, Combs received an honorary doctorate from Howard University, where he gave the commencement speech for its 146th commencement ceremony.
In his speech, Combs acknowledged that his experiences as a Howard student positively influenced his life. In 2016, Combs donated $1 million to Howard University to establish the Sean Combs Scholarship Fund to help students who are unable to pay their tuition. Wardrobe style Combs describes his wardrobe style as "swagger, timeless, diverse". On September 2, 2007, Combs held his ninth annual "White Party", at which guests are limited to an all-white dress code. The White Party, which has also been held in St. Tropez, was held in his home in East Hampton, Long Island. Combs stated, "This party is up there with the top three that I've thrown.
It's a party that has legendary status. It's hard to throw a party that lives up to its legend." Religious views Combs was raised Roman Catholic, and was an altar server as a boy. In 2008 he told The Daily Telegraph that he does not adhere to any specific religious denomination. He said, "I just follow right from wrong, so I could pray in a synagogue or a mosque or a church. I believe that there is only one God."
Discography Studio albums No Way Out (1997) Forever (1999) The Saga Continues... (2001) Press Play (2006) Awards and nominations NAACP Image Awards |- | 2009 | A Raisin in the Sun | Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie,Mini-Series or Dramatic Special | |- | 2011 | Diddy – Dirty Money | Outstanding Duo or Group | |} BET Awards |- | rowspan="2" | 2002 || "Bad Boy for Life" || rowspan="2" | Video of the Year || |- | "Pass the Courvoisier, Part II" || |- | 2003 || "Bump, Bump, Bump" || Coca-Cola Viewer's Choice Award || |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 || "Last Night" || Best Collaboration || |- | Diddy || Best Male Hip-Hop Artist || |- | 2010 || rowspan="3" | Diddy – Dirty Money || rowspan="4" | Best Group || |- | 2011 || |- | 2012 || |- | 2016 || Puff Daddy and the Family || |} BET Hip Hop Awards |- | rowspan="2" | 2008 || "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)..." || Track of the Year || |- | rowspan="2" | Sean Combs || rowspan="2" | Hustler of the Year || |- | 2009 || |- | rowspan="4" | 2010 || "All I Do Is Win (Remix)" || rowspan="2" | Reese's Perfect Combo Award || |- | rowspan="2" | "Hello Good Morning (Remix)" || |- | Best Club Banger || |- | rowspan="2" | Sean Combs || rowspan="2" | Hustler of the Year || |- | 2011 || |- | 2012 || rowspan="2" | "Same Damn Time (Remix)" || rowspan="2" | Sweet 16: Best Featured Verse || |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 || |- | rowspan="2" | Sean Combs || rowspan="2" | Hustler of the Year || |- | 2017 || |} MTV Europe Music Awards |- | rowspan="4" | 1997 || rowspan="2" | "I'll Be Missing You" || MTV Select || |- | Best Song || |- | rowspan="8" | Sean Combs || Best New Act || |- | Best Hip-Hop || |- | rowspan="2" | 1998 || Best Male || |- | rowspan="5" | Best Hip-Hop || |- | 1999 || |- | 2001 || |- | 2002 || |- | 2006 || |- | 2011 || Diddy – Dirty Money || Best World Stage Performance || |} MTV Movie & TV Awards |- | 2018 || Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A Bad Boy Story || Best Music Documentary || |} MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | "I'll Be Missing You" || Best R&B Video || |- | Viewer's Choice || |- | rowspan="3" | || rowspan="2" | "It's All About the Benjamins" (Rock Remix) || Video of the Year || |- | Viewer's Choice || |- | "Come with Me" || Best Video from a Film || |- | || "Bad Boy for Life" || Best Rap Video || |} Grammy Awards !Ref.
|- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | 1998 | Puff Daddy | Best New Artist | | rowspan="7"| |- | No Way Out | rowspan="2"|Best Rap Album | |- | Life After Death (as producer) | |- | "Honey" (as songwriter) | Best Rhythm & Blues Song | |- | "I'll Be Missing You" (featuring Faith Evans & 112) | rowspan="7"|Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group | |- | "Mo Money Mo Problems" (with The Notorious B.I.G.
& Mase) | |- | "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" (featuring Mase) | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | "Satisfy You" (featuring R. Kelly) | | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2002 | "Bad Boy for Life" (with Black Rob & Mark Curry) | | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2003 | "Pass the Courvoisier, Part II" (with Busta Rhymes & Pharrell) | | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | "Shake Ya Tailfeather" (with Nelly & Murphy Lee) | | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 | "All Day" (as songwriter) | Best Rap Song | | |} Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (albums executive produced by Sean Combs) Filmography Made (2001) Monster's Ball (2001) 2005 MTV Video Music Awards (2006) Seamless (2005) Carlito's Way: Rise to Power (2005) A Raisin in the Sun (2008) Get Him to the Greek (2010) I'm Still Here (2010) Draft Day (2014) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A Bad Boy Story (2017) The Defiant Ones (2017) References Sources External links Category:1969 births Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American male actors Category:21st-century American rappers Category:Actors from Mount Vernon, New York Category:African-American businesspeople Category:African-American designers Category:African-American fashion designers Category:African-American film producers Category:African-American male actors Category:African-American male rappers Category:African-American record producers Category:American chairmen of corporations Category:American chief executives in the media industry Category:American chief executives of fashion industry companies Category:American corporate directors Category:American cosmetics businesspeople Category:American dance musicians Category:American drink industry businesspeople Category:American fashion businesspeople Category:American fashion designers Category:American film producers Category:American hip hop record producers Category:American landlords Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:American marketing businesspeople Category:American mass media owners Category:American music industry executives Category:American music publishers (people) Category:American music video directors Category:American restaurateurs Category:American retail chief executives Category:American television company founders Category:American television executives Category:Bad Boy Records artists Category:Businesspeople from New York City Category:East Coast hip hop musicians Category:Former Roman Catholics Category:Grammy Award winners for rap music Category:Howard University alumni Category:Living people Category:Male actors from New York City Category:Music video codirectors Category:Musicians from Mount Vernon, New York Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Harlem Category:Pop rappers Category:Rappers from Manhattan Category:Record producers from New York (state) Category:Remixers
Afro-Turks are people of Zanj (Bantu) descent in Turkey. Like the Afro-Abkhazians, they trace their origin to the Ottoman slave trade. History Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via Zanzibar as Zanj and from places such as Niger, Arabia, Libya, Kenya and Sudan, came to the Ottoman Empire settled by the Dalaman, Menderes and Gediz valleys, Manavgat, and Çukurova. African quarters of 19th-century İzmir, including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu, are mentioned in contemporary records. Some came from Crete following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. They settled on the Aegean coast, mainly around İzmir.
Africans in Ayvalık declare that their ancestors from Crete spoke Greek when they came to Turkey and learned Turkish later. Afro-Turks living in İzmir celebrated the traditional spring festival Dana Bayramı ("Calf Festival") until the 1960s. Dana Bayramı has currently been revived among the younger generation of Afro-Turks. The Ottoman Army counted thousands of black African soldiers in its ranks. The army sent to the Balkans during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 included 24,000 men from Africa. One of the first black pilots in history, Ahmet Ali Çelikten, was an Ottoman warpilot during World War I. Today Areas with significant populations are in the Aegean Region, especially İzmir, Aydın, and Muğla.
There are also people of African ancestry living in some villages and municipalities of Antalya and Adana provinces. Some of the descendants of the African settlers remain, mixed with the rest of the population in these areas, and many migrated to larger cities. These factors make it difficult to guess the number of Afro-Turks.
Notable Afro-Turks Arts Esmeray, singer Tuğçe Güder, adopted by Turkish parents, model and actress Kuzgun Acar, sculptor Mansur Ark, musician Safiye Ayla, musician Yasemin Esmergül, actress Ahmet Kostarika, actor Dursune Şirin, actress İbrahim Şirin, classical Ottoman musician Cenk Sökmen, musician Melis Sökmen, actress, musician (Guinean grandmother) Sait Sökmen, ballet dancer, choreographer (Guinean mother) Sibel Sürel, ballerina Ali Tınaz, actor, television presenter Tuncay Vural, choreographer Defne Joy Foster, actress, presenter (African American father) Mert Güler, academician, yoga instructor, wellness trainer Sports Fercani Şener, footballer Ömer Besim Koşalay, athlete, journalist Vahap Özaltay, footballer Hadi Türkmen, former vice-president of the Turkish Football Federation Sadri Usuoğlu, football manager Mustafa Yıldız known as "Arap Mustafa", 1972 and 1981 Kırkpınar champion Nazım Sangaré, footballer Literature Mustafa Olpak, writer and activist Tarık Dursun K. (Kakınç), writer Mine Söğüt, writer and columnist Politics Zenci Musa, Teşkilât-ı Mahsûsa member Military Ahmet Ali Çelikten, Ottoman aviator See also Afro-Arab Afro-Iranians Afro-Iraqi Black people in the Ottoman Empire Black people in Turkey Slavery in the Ottoman Empire Zanj Notes External links Afro-Turk Website of the Afro-Turks' association in Ayvalık Sessiz Bir Geçmişten Sesler Website of a research project on Afro-Turks , Today's Zaman, 25 June 2008 , article published on 27 August 2012 about the Calf Fest, the Afro-Der Association and recent developments.
, Qantara by Ekrem Eddy Güzeldere, 27.08.2012 , Turkey's little-known African community, BBC, 07-09-2016 Category:African diaspora in Asia Category:African diaspora in Europe Turks Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey Category:African diaspora in the Middle East
Holding Absence are a rock band from Cardiff, Wales formed in 2015. The group consists of lead vocalist Lucas Woodland, guitarist Scott Carey, bassist James Joseph and drummer Ashley Green. The band released an initial collection of singles in 2017, as well as a split EP with Loathe in 2018, before finally releasing their debut record, Holding Absence, in 2019. They are signed with SharpTone Records. History 2015–2018: Formation, singles and the This Is As One EP The band initially formed in 2015 fronted by current Parting Gift vocalist Zac Vernon. However, he soon parted ways with the band leaving the door open to current vocalist Lucas Woodland.
Upon Lucas joining the band in 2016, Holding Absence released their debut single and video for "Permanent". The band would soon go on to follow up the release of "Permanent" with their contrasting single "Dream Of Me", gaining the attention of US-based record label "Sharptone Records". In 2017, the band signed with SharpTone Records, with a physical release of the double-A side single Permanent/Dream of Me. The following few months were spent touring the UK alongside several bands, including Blood Youth and We Are The Ocean, before eventually performing at the prestigious Download Festival in Donington. Soon after Download, the band released their third single "Penance".
A 6-minute long track about "the journey towards happiness". Before the year was out, the band toured the UK again supporting Young Guns, and soon after released their fourth single "Heaven Knows". Before the end of the year, Holding Absence announced a surprise split EP with label mates Loathe, as well as dropping their 5th single "Saint Cecilia". "This Is As One" dropped in March 2018, accompanied by a unique co-headline tour with the two bands. According to Woodland, "the split came about both at a stage in our careers where we could have benefited from releasing music, but also we wanted to do something a little different".
This tour was Holding Absence's first foray into European territory and on the UK leg the bands opted to hand-pick the support acts for each date, including artists such as Sleep Token, Modern Error and Parting Gift. 2018–2019: Line-up changes and the release of Holding Absence Soon after returning from the "This Is As One" tour, founding member and guitarist Feisal El-Khazragi left the band, it was later announced that he had joined Loathe on bass duties. A new-look Holding Absence (including future guitarists Scott Carey and Chris Smitheram) made their first live appearances at Slam Dunk Festival, before jetting off to Europe again, this time to support Being As An Ocean.
The band went on to win the Cardiff Music Award for "Best Breakthrough Band", as well as being nominated at the Heavy Music awards for the "Best UK Breakthrough Band". After finishing the summer by playing sporadic UK festivals Holding Absence went on to close the year off with their biggest tour yet supporting fellow UK Post-Hardcore band As It Is, alongside Trash Boat and Courage My Love. In support of this tour, Holding Absence released "Like A Shadow", the first single off the, at the time, unannounced debut album. After the uncertainty with the band's line-up earlier in the year, Like A Shadow was seen as a reintroduction to the band and their new line-up.
Later in the year, Holding Absence announced their debut, self-titled record would be released on March 8, 2019. They released 3 more singles before the album release, Perish, You Are Everything and Monochrome. Woodland mentions in several interviews how hard the song-writing process was. In regards to El-Khazragi's leaving the band he said that the "line-up change happened not just mid-album, but mid-recording" and how the band "were left having to write and record another half of the album" without him. The record was also recorded in two parts, which caused the band further complications while trying to get it finished.
Woodland believes that the changes benefitted the record in the end, as tracks like "Wilt", "Monochrome" and "Like A Shadow" wouldn't have existed if the band remained in its original form. Holding Absence was finally released via Sharptone Records on March 8 and was instantly received well critically and commercially. Kerrang gave it 4K's stating that the album was a "brilliantly told tale of love and life, and a superb example of how to stretch the limits of what Post-Hardcore can achieve., as well as giving the album a 9/10, Dead Press expressed, though a long-time coming, Holding Absence "prove[d] that art cannot be rushed, relinquishing a stellar debut that bares the human soul, emotion, and conviction in abundance" In aid of the record release, Holding Absence started touring, playing some of their biggest UK shows to date, joined by Luke Rainsford and The Nightmares.
Holding Absence spent the remainder of the year touring Europe with Being As An Ocean and Counterparts in the summer, before returning again alongside Sleeping With Sirens in the winter. Members Current members James Joseph – bass Ashley Green – drums Lucas Woodland – vocals, keyboard Scott Carey – guitar Former Members Zac Vernon – vocals Giorgio Cantarutti – guitar Feisal "Fez" El-Khazragi – guitar Chris Smitheram – guitar Timeline Discography Albums EPs Singles References Category:2015 establishments in Wales Category:Musical groups established in 2015 Category:Musical groups from Cardiff Category:British post-hardcore musical groups Category:Welsh rock music groups
Harry Bernard Cross (born 16 December 1947), known professionally as Ben Cross, is an English stage and film actor, best known for his portrayal of the British Olympic athlete Harold Abrahams in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire and as Sarek in the 2009 reboot film Star Trek. Early life Cross was born Harry Bernard Cross, in London, to a working class Catholic family, with Irish ancestry. His mother was a cleaning woman and his father a doorman and nurse. He was educated at Bishop Thomas Grant Comprehensive School in Streatham, South London. Early work Cross initially worked in various jobs, including work as a window cleaner, waiter, and joiner.
He worked as a carpenter for the Welsh National Opera, and was the Property Master at the Alexandra Theatre in Birmingham. In 1970 at the age of 22, he was accepted into London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA) - the alma mater of actors such as John Gielgud, Glenda Jackson, and Anthony Hopkins, but later expressed little interest in pursuing the classical route. He also appeared as a CI5 agent in an episode of The Professionals ('Black Out' S4E2) After graduation from RADA, Cross performed in several stage plays at Duke's Playhouse where he was seen in Macbeth, The Importance of Being Earnest and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.
He then joined the Prospect Theatre Company and played roles in Pericles, Twelfth Night, and Royal Hunt of the Sun. Cross also joined the cast of the immensely popular musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and played leading roles in Sir Peter Shaffer's Equus, Mind Your Head, and the musical Irma La Douce – all at Leicester's Haymarket Theatre. Cross's first big screen film appearance came in 1976 when he went on location to Deventer, Netherlands, to play Trooper Binns in Joseph E. Levine's World War II epic A Bridge Too Far which starred an international cast, including Dirk Bogarde, Sean Connery, Michael Caine and James Caan.
In 1977, Cross became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and performed in the premier of Privates on Parade as "Kevin Cartwright" and played Rover in a revival of a Restoration play titled Wild Oats. Cross's path to international stardom began in 1978 with his performance in the play Chicago, in which he played Billy Flynn, the slick lawyer of murderess Roxie Hart. 1980s–1990s During Cross's performance in Chicago, he was recognised and recommended for a leading role in the multiple Oscar-winning Chariots of Fire. For their performances in the film, Cross and his co-star Ian Charleson both won "Most Promising Artiste of 1981" awards from the Variety Club Awards in February 1982.
Cross's starring role in Chariots of Fire has been credited with continuing a transatlantic trend in elegant young English actors that had been set by Jeremy Irons in Brideshead Revisited, and was followed by Rupert Everett in Dance with a Stranger, Rupert Graves in A Room With a View, and Hugh Grant in Maurice. Cross followed up Chariots of Fire with performances as a Scottish physician, Dr Andrew Manson, struggling with the politics of the British medical system during the 1920s, in The Citadel, a 10-part BBC dramatisation of A.J. Cronin's novel, and as Ashton (Ash) Pelham-Martyn, a British cavalry officer torn between two cultures in the ITV miniseries The Far Pavilions.
In 1982, the U.S. union Actors' Equity, in a landmark reversal of a previous ruling, allowed Cross to appear in John Guare's off-Broadway play Lydie Breeze. The decision was tied to a joint effort by Actors' Equity, the League of New York Theatres and the British union Equity to allow British and U.S. actors unrestricted opportunities to work in both countries. The agreement eventually led to regular equal exchange agreements for equivalent acting jobs between London and New York. During the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, Cross appeared in a commercial for American Express ('Don't leave home without it') with the 87-year-old Jackson Scholz, a sprinter for the 1924 American Olympic team whose character was featured in the film Chariots of Fire.
When Cross says something about beating Scholz, the latter remarks, "You didn't beat me!" with mock indignation. Proving he is 'still pretty fast', Scholz beats Cross to the draw in picking up the tab with his credit card. He subsequently replaced James Garner as the featured actor endorsing the Polaroid Spectra camera in 1986. Cross was also featured in GQ Magazine as one of the annual "Manstyle" winners in January, 1985 followed by a featured photo shoot in March, 1985. In 1985, he played Barney Greenwald in a hit revival of Herman Wouk's courtroom drama The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial at the Queen's Theatre, London.
In a 1985 interview the actor admitted he preferred American roles because of their emotionalism, saying of English acting: 'Over here, people hide behind mannerism and technique and don't come up with any soul. American actors are much freer with the emotions. It's pretty hard in Europe not to have experience of Americans because we're exposed to a lot of American product.' Cross also said that he was sympathetic to the American dream of success: 'I am ambitious. There's no point of being ashamed of the fact that one has ambitions. Despite what a lot of people think in our profession, you can have ambitions and still turn in good work and still earn a living.
There's no clash there.' Cross expressed the hope that his reputation would 'span the Atlantic,' and that those in the industry would not ignore him because he did not live in Los Angeles or New York City. 'A prospective director would have to convince me that I could bring something new, fresh and exciting to a classical part that hundreds of other people have played,' he said.
Over the years, Cross has played Iraqi pilot Munir Redfa blackmailed into flying a MiG from Iraq to Israel in the 1988 HBO spy film Steal the Sky, and in Ian Sharp's 1989 NBC-TV miniseries, Twist of Fate, a German Nazi SS colonel and war criminal Helmut von Schraeder, who has his face and voice surgically changed to pose as a Jew in a concentration camp to avoid post-war capture and war crime punishment by the approaching Allies, then after his liberation at the war's end by twist of fate becomes a Zionist and ends up becoming one of the state of Israel's founders and military generals, a vampire in the 1989 USA Network film Nightlife, another vampire, Barnabas Collins, in the 1991 MGM miniseries remake of the cult classic TV soap opera, Dark Shadows, Sir Harold Pearson in the 1994 Italian production "Caro Dolce Amore (Honey Sweet Love)", Solomon in the 1997 Trimark Pictures production Solomon and Captain Nemo in the 1997 CBS film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
2000 to present Cross played Ikey Solomon in the Australian production The Potato Factory in 2000. In 2005, Cross, an anti-death penalty campaigner, starred as a death-row prisoner in Bruce Graham's play Coyote on a Fence, at the Duchess Theatre. He played Rudolf Hess in the 2006 BBC production Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial. In November 2007, Cross was cast in the role of Sarek, in the then-new Star Trek film directed and produced by J.J. Abrams. Cross spoke to Star Trek magazine following the film's release, saying, 'My agent put me forward for Star Trek, and he sent a couple of films to J.J.
I'm sure he was too busy to watch the whole of Species, but when we were on the set, he mentioned to me that there was one particular shot in it where I turned to the camera, and in that moment, it came to him how perfect it would be for me to play Sarek.' In order to prepare for the role, Cross drew on his experience as a parent as well as Sarek's previous on-screen appearances. Having been present when his daughter was born, he was able to 'call on all sorts of things' in the scene where Amanda has baby Spock, a scene which did not make it into the theatrical cut of the film.