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While he found the emotionless trait of a Vulcan a challenge to play, he found the father/son relationship between Sarek and Spock easier to play. 'As Sarek, I had to be true to the Vulcan cultural ethic, which in the beginning, I found very difficult. I got a lot of help with that from J.J. Dealing with the adult Spock (played by Zachary Quinto) was a much more mature relationship, and I found the father/son aspect one of the easier things to play.' In 2012, Cross was cast as Rabbit, the main antagonist on the Cinemax original series Banshee. Rabbit is "a ruthless Ukrainian gangster who has been hunting down two of his former top thieves for 15 years."
Other professions Cross is a director, writer and musician. He has written music, screenplays and articles for English-language publications and has written the lyrics for an album with Bulgarian singer Vasil Petrov, which was released in late 2007. He sang two Sinatra songs with Petrov in the Apollonia Festival at the Black Sea in September 2007. Among his works is the musical Rage about Ruth Ellis, which was performed in the London area. He starred in it and played the part of the hangman. Cross's first single as a lyricist was released by Polydor Records in the late 1970s and was titled Mickey Moonshine.
The nom de guerre for the performance had occurred to Ben when he recalled an earlier involvement with the music industry as a session singer for Decca between 1972 and 1974. At this time, he had recorded a song called 'Name it, You Got it', which achieved some play on the British Northern soul scene. Other works include The Best We’ve Ever Had and Nearly Midnight, both written by Cross and directed by his son Theo. In addition, the original soundtrack for Nearly Midnight was written, produced and performed by his daughter Lauren. These works were performed in Edinburgh in 2002 and 2003 respectively.
Square One, directed by Cross, was performed at the Etcetera Theatre in London in 2004. Personal life Cross has lived in London, Los Angeles, New York City, southern Spain, Vienna, and most recently, Sofia, Bulgaria. He has been married three times: first to Penny, from 1977 to 1992, with whom he has two children; then to Michelle until 2005, and on 18 August 2018 wearing Bulgarian folk dress, a traditional wedding in front of many thousands spectators during the folklore festival in Zheravna, Bulgaria to the Bulgarian Deyana. In October 2014 he became a grandfather.
Filmography Film Television References External links Ben Cross at FEARnet Category:1947 births Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members Category:Male actors from London Category:English male film actors Category:English male stage actors Category:English male voice actors Category:English male television actors Category:Living people Category:People educated at Devonport High School for Boys Category:20th-century English male actors Category:21st-century English male actors
Maximum Risk is a 1996 American action thriller film directed by Hong Kong director Ringo Lam in his American directorial debut, and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and Natasha Henstridge. The film was released in the United States on September 13, 1996. Plot Alain Moreau (Jean-Claude Van Damme) is a cop in Nice, France. Alain is at a funeral that is being held for a fellow cop, when Alain's partner Sebastien (Jean-Hugues Anglade) shows up, and requests for his presence at a crime scene. When they arrive, Sebastien shows Alain a dead body of someone that looks exactly like him. They discover that his name was Mikhail Suvorov, who was born on exactly the same day Alain was.
As it turns out, Mikhail is the twin brother Alain never knew he had. Tracing his brother's steps back to New York City, Alain discovers that Mikhail was a member of the Russian Mafia, who was chased down and killed when he attempted to get out. Of course, now Alain is mistaken for Mikhail, who was also mixed up in a series of affairs concerning the FBI and the Russian mafia. With his only real ally being Mikhail's fiancé Alex Bartlett (Natasha Henstridge), Alain sets out to avenge his brother's death, which is complicated not only by the Mafia, but by two corrupt FBI agents.
Cast Jean-Claude Van Damme as Alain Moreau / Mikhail Suverov Natasha Henstridge as Alex Bartlett Jean-Hugues Anglade as Sebastien Zach Grenier as Ivan Dzasokhov Paul Ben-Victor as Agent Pellman Frank Senger as Agent Loomis Production The film was originally known as The Exchange, then it was retitled Bloodstone. Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, better known for Scary Movie and their other parodies, performed an uncredited rewrite on the film. Release Maximum Risk opened on September 13, 1996, at the number one spot at the box office, taking in $5,612,707 in its first weekend, and made a final domestic tally of $14,502,483.
The film performed better overseas, enabling the film to earn back double its budget. Reception Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 29% of 34 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.2/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale. Leonard Klady of Variety wrote, "It's a visceral delight that refuses to be deterred by niceties of plot or character consistency and prefers sweat to emotion." Richard Harrington of The Washington Post wrote that the film depends too much on car chases, which end up dominating the film.
Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote, "From start to finish, 'Maximum Risk' presents spectacular stunts choreographed and coordinated by Charles Picerni and some hair-raising, stomach-churning automotive chases attributed to Remy Julienne, the French master of the art." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a solid, fast-moving action-adventure" in which Van Damme "does some of his best acting yet". Conversely, Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle criticized Van Damme's acting, which is "hobbled by a weak script that even veteran Hong Kong action director Ringo Lam can't salvage". See also Double Impact, a 1991 action film which also has Van Damme playing identical twins.
References External links Category:1996 films Category:1990s action thriller films Category:American films Category:American action thriller films Category:English-language films Category:Films set in New York City Category:Films set in Paris Category:Films set in Ontario Category:Films set in Philadelphia Category:Films shot in Toronto Category:Heroic bloodshed films Category:American chase films Category:Columbia Pictures films Category:Films directed by Ringo Lam Category:Films with screenplays by Larry Ferguson
Ouabain or (from Somali waabaayo, "arrow poison" through French ouabaïo) also known as g-strophanthin, is a plant derived toxic substance that was traditionally used as an arrow poison in eastern Africa for both hunting and warfare. Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside and in lower doses, can be used medically to treat hypotension and some arrhythmias. It acts by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase, also known as the sodium-potassium ion pump. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
Sources Ouabain can be found in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of the Acokanthera schimperi and Strophanthus gratus plants, both of which are native to eastern Africa. Mechanism of action Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that acts by inhibiting the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase sodium-potassium ion pump (but it is not selective). Once ouabain binds to this enzyme, the enzyme ceases to function, leading to an increase of intracellular sodium. This increase in intracellular sodium reduces the activity of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), which pumps one calcium ion out of the cell and three sodium ions into the cell down their concentration gradient.
Therefore, the decrease in the concentration gradient of sodium into the cell which occurs when the Na/K-ATPase is inhibited reduces the ability of the NCX to function. This in turn elevates intracellular calcium. This results in higher cardiac contractility and an increase in cardiac vagal tone. The change in ionic gradients caused by ouabain can also affect the membrane voltage of the cell and result in cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms An overdose of ouabain can be detected by the presence of the following symptoms: rapid twitching of the neck and chest musculature, respiratory distress, increased and irregular heartbeat, rise in blood pressure, convulsions, wheezing, clicking, and gasping rattling.
Death is caused by cardiac arrest. Toxicology Ouabain is a highly toxic compound with a LD50 of 5 mg/kg when administered orally to rodents. However, ouabain has a low bioavailability and is absorbed poorly from the alimentary tract as so much of the oral dose is destroyed. Intravenous administration results in greater available concentrations and has been shown to decrease the LD50 to 2.2 mg/kg, also in rodents. After intravenous administration, the onset of action occurs within 3–10 minutes in humans with the maximum effect enduring for 1.5 hours. Ouabain is eliminated by renal excretion, largely unchanged. Biological effects Endogenous ouabain In 1991, a specific high affinity sodium pump inhibitor indistinguishable from ouabain was first discovered in the human circulation and proposed as one of the potential mediators of long term blood pressure and the enhanced salt excretion following salt and volume loading.
This agent was an inhibitor of the sodium pump that acted similarly to digitalis. A number of analytical techniques led to the conclusion that this circulating molecule was ouabain and that humans were producing it as an endogenous hormone. A large portion of the scientific community agreed that this inhibitor was endogenous ouabain and that there was strong evidence to indicate that it was synthesized in the adrenal gland. One early speculative interpretation of the analytical data led to the proposal that endogenous ouabain may have been the 11 epimer, i.e., an isomer of plant ouabain. However, this possibility was excluded by various methods including the synthesis of the 11 epimer and the demonstration that it has different chromatographic behavior from ouabain.
Critically, the primary observations concerning the identification of ouabain in mammals were repeated and confirmed using a variety of tissue sources on three different continents with advanced analytical methods as summarized elsewhere Despite widespread analytical confirmation, some questioned whether or not this endogenous substance is ouabain. The arguments were based less upon rigorous analytical data but more on the fact that immunoassays are neither entirely specific nor reliable. Hence, it was suggested that some assays for endogenous ouabain detected other compounds or failed to detect ouabain at all. Additionally, it was suggested that rhamnose, the L-sugar component of ouabain, could not be synthesized within the body despite published data to the contrary.
Yet another argument against the existence of endogenous ouabain was the lack of effect of rostafuroxin (a first generation ouabain receptor antagonist) on blood pressure in an unselected population of hypertensive patients. Medical uses Although ouabain is no longer approved for use in the USA, in France and Germany, intravenous ouabain has a long history in the treatment of heart failure, and some continue to advocate its use intravenously and orally in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction despite its poor and variable absorption. The positive properties of ouabain regarding the prophylaxis and treatment of these two indications are documented by several studies.
Animal use of ouabain The African crested rat (Lophiomys imhausi) has a broad, white-bordered strip of hairs covering an area of glandular skin on the flank. When the animal is threatened or excited, the mane on its back erects and this flank strip parts, exposing the glandular area. The hairs in this flank area are highly specialised; at the tips they are like ordinary hairs, but are otherwise spongy, fibrous, and absorbent. The rat is known to deliberately chew the roots and bark of the Poison-arrow tree (Acokanthera schimperi), which contains ouabain. After the rat has chewed the tree, instead of swallowing the poison it slathers the resulting masticate onto its specialised flank hairs which are adapted to absorb the poisonous mixture.
It thereby creates a defense mechanism that can sicken or even kill predators which attempt to bite it. Synthesis The total synthesis of ouabain was achieved in 2008 by Deslongchamps laboratory in Canada. It was synthesized under the hypothesis that a polyanionic cyclization (double Michael addition followed by aldol condensation) would allow access to a tetracyclic intermediate with the desired functionality. The figure below shows the key steps in the synthesis of ouabain. In their synthesis, Zhang et al. from the Deslongchamps laboratory condensed cyclohexenone A with Nazarov substitute B in a double Michael addition to produce tricycle C. At the indicated position, C was reduced to the aldehyde and the alcohol group was protected with p-methoxybenzyl ether (PMB) to form the aldol precursor needed to produce D. After several steps, intermediate E was produced.
E contained all the required functionalities and stereochemistry needed to produce ouabain. The structure of E was confirmed by comparison against the degradation product of ouabain. Methylation of E, catalyzed by rhodium, produced F. The dehydroxylation and selective oxidation of the secondary hydroxy group of F produced G. G reacted with triphenyl phosphoranylidene ketene and the ester bonds in G were hydrolyzed to produce ouabagenin, a precursor to ouabain. The glycosylation of ouabagenin with rhamnose produced ouabain. History Africa Poisons derived from Acokanthera plants are known to have been used in Africa as far back as the 3rd century BC when Theophrastus reported a toxic substance that the Ethiopians would smear on their arrows.
The poisons derived from this genus of plants were used throughout eastern Africa, typically as arrow poisons for hunting and warfare. Acokanthera schimperi, in particular, exhibits a very large amount of ouabain, which the Kenyans, Tanzanians, Rwandans, Ethiopians, and Somalis would use as an arrow poison. The poison was extracted from the branches and leaves of the plant by boiling them over a fire. Arrows would then be dipped into the concentrated black tar-like juice that formed. Often, certain magical additives were also mixed in with the ouabain extract in order to make the poison work according to the hunter's wishes.
In Kenya, the Giriama and Langulu poison makers would add an elephant shrew to the poison mixture in order to facilitate the pursuit of their prey. They had observed that an elephant shrew would always run straight ahead or follow a direct path and thought that these properties would be transferred to the poison. A poisonous arrow made with this shrew was thought to cause the hunted animal to behave like the shrew and run in a straight path. In Rwanda, the poison makers would harvest the plants according to how many dead insects they found. If the plant was potent, many dead insects would be found around it.
Although ouabain was used as an arrow poison primarily for hunting, it was also used during battle. One example of this occurred during a battle against the Portuguese, who had stormed Mombasa in 1505. Portuguese records indicated that they had suffered a great deal from the poisoned arrows. Europe European imperial expansion and exploration into Africa overlapped with the rise of the European pharmaceutical industry towards the end of the nineteenth century. British troops were the target of arrows poisoned with the extracts of various Strophanthus species. They were familiar with the deadly properties of these plants and brought samples back to Europe.
Around this time, interest in the plant grew. It was known that ouabain was a cardiac poison, but there was some speculation about its potential medical uses. In 1882, ouabain was first isolated from the plant by the French chemist Léon-Albert Arnaud as an amorphous substance, which he identified as a glycoside. There was some thought that it could be used to treat cardiac conditions. See also Strophanthidin References External links Category:Cardenolides Category:Pyranoses Category:Cyclohexanols Category:Cyclopentanols Category:Primary alcohols Category:Tertiary alcohols Category:Total synthesis Category:ATPase inhibitors
Peripheral vasculopathy is a general classification for disorders of the blood vessels relative to a person's arms, legs or extremities including peripheral vascular disease. References Category:Vascular diseases
Nasal administration is a route of administration in which drugs are insufflated through the nose. It can be a form of either topical administration or systemic administration, as the drugs thus locally delivered can go on to have either purely local or systemic effects. Nasal sprays are locally acting drugs such as decongestants for cold and allergy treatment, whose systemic effects are usually minimal. Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays are migraine drugs, nicotine replacement, and hormone treatments. Advantages with nasal systemic drug delivery The nasal cavity is covered by a thin mucosa which is well vascularised.
Therefore, a drug molecule can be transferred quickly across the single epithelial cell layer directly to the systemic blood circulation without first-pass hepatic and intestinal metabolism. The effect is often reached within 5 min for smaller drug molecules. Nasal administration can therefore be used as an alternative to oral administration, by crushing or grinding tablets or capsules and snorting or sniffing the resulting powder, providing a rapid onset of effects. If a fast effect is desired or if the drug is extensively degraded in the gut or liver,drugs which are poorly absorbed orally can also be given by this route.
Limitations with nasal systemic drug delivery Nasal administration is primarily suitable for potent drugs since only a limited volume can be sprayed into the nasal cavity. Drugs for continuous and frequent administration may be less suitable because of the risk of harmful long-term effects on the nasal epithelium. Nasal administration has also been associated with a high variability in the amount of drug absorbed. Upper airway infections may increase the variability as may the extent of sensory irritation of the nasal mucosa, differences in the amount of liquid spray that is swallowed and not kept in the nasal cavity and differences in the spray actuation process.
However, the variability in the amount absorbed after nasal administration should be comparable to that after oral administration. Drugs for nasal administration The area of intranasal medication delivery provides a huge opportunity for research – both for specifically developed pharmaceutical drugs designed for intranasal treatment, as well as for investigating off label uses of commonly available generic medications. Nasal sprays for local effect are quite common. Steroids, antiasthma medications such as salbutamol, ipratropium, montelukast and a large number of inhalational anaesthetic agents are being used commonly. The recent developments in intranasal drug delivery systems are prodigious. Several antimigraine drugs, available by the trade names of Imitrex- sumatriptan; Zomig - Zolmitriptan; Migranal - Dihydroergotamine and the OTC nasal spray Sinol-M; are also currently administered by nasal administration because a fast effect is desired and oral administration can be prohibited by nausea.
Peptide drugs (hormone treatments) are also available as nasal sprays, in this case to avoid drug degradation after oral administration. The peptide analogue desmopressin is, for example, available for both nasal and oral administration, for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The bioavailability of the commercial tablet is 0.1% while that of the nasal spray is 3-5% according to the SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics). Syntocinon nasal spray containing oxytocin is used to increase duration and strength of contractions during labour. Intranasal oxytocin is also being actively investigated for many psychiatric conditions including alcohol withdrawal, anorexia nervosa, PTSD, autism, anxiety disorders, pain sensation and schizophrenia.
Intranasal Calcitonin, calcitonin-salmon is used to treat Hypercalcaemia arising out of malignancy, Paget's disease of bone, post menopausal and steroid induced osteoporosis, Phantom limb pain and other metabolic bone abnormalities, available as Rockbone, Fortical and Miacalcin Nasal Spray. GnRH analogues like nafarelin and busurelin are used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and cryptorchidism. Other potential drug candidates for nasal administration include anaesthetics, antihistamines (Azelastine), antiemetics (particularly metoclopramide and ondansetron) and sedatives that all benefit from a fast onset of effect. Intranasal midazolam is found to be highly effective in acute episodes of seizures in children.
Recently, the upper part of the nasal cavity, as high as the cribriform plate, has been proposed for drug delivery to the brain. This "transcribrial route" published first in 2014 was suggested by the author (Baig AM. et al,) for drugs to be given for Primary Meningoencephalitis Naloxone is used intravenously in opiate addiction in emergency cases, in rapid opiate detoxification, and as a diagnostic tool. The nasal drug administration of naloxone was found to be as effective as the intravenous route. In opioid overdoses, where hypotension and sometimes damaged veins make intravenous administration difficult, nasal naloxone offers a wide margin of safety and reduced risk of infection from vessel puncture while enabling even untrained bystanders to assist a victim.
The prevention of abnormal nasal blood vessel growth (Avastin) and even the delivery of medications and drug antidotes such as hydroxocobalamin (antidote to cyanide poisoning) are being developed via intranasal medications. More recently interest is developing on delivery of a number of peptides and other drugs to the nose for direct transport into the brain to treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's. Intranasal insulin is being investigated for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. In ketamine, commonly being used for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain is now becoming an area of significant research interest for the treatment of bipolar disease and major depressive disorder with early results suggesting a strong and prolonged antidepressant effect following a single subdissociative dose (50 mg) of ketamine.
The live attenuated influenza vaccine sold under the brand names FluMist (US) or Fluenz (Europe) is delivered intranasally. Flumist is a Quadrivalent Vaccine which contains four vaccine virus strains: an A/H1N1 strain, an A/H3N2 strain and two B strains. FluMist Quadrivalent contains B strains from both the B/Yamagata/14/88 and the B/Victoria/2/87 lineages. It has been approved by the CDC for vaccinating all eligible people between 2 and 49 years of age. Olfactory transfer There is about 20 mL capacity in the adult human nasal cavity. The major part of the approximately 150 cm2 surface in the human nasal cavity is covered by respiratory epithelium, across which systemic drug absorption can be achieved.
The olfactory epithelium is situated in the upper posterior part and covers approximately 10 cm2 of the human nasal cavity. The nerve cells of the olfactory epithelium project into the olfactory bulb of the brain, which provides a direct connection between the brain and the external environment. The transfer of drugs to the brain from the blood circulation is normally hindered by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is virtually impermeable to passive diffusion of all but small, lipophilic substances. However, if drug substances can be transferred along the olfactory nerve cells, they can bypass the BBB and enter the brain directly.
The olfactory transfer of drugs into the brain is thought to occur by either slow transport inside the olfactory nerve cells to the olfactory bulb or by faster transfer along the perineural space surrounding the olfactory nerve cells into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the olfactory bulbs and the brain (8, 9) Olfactory transfer could theoretically be used to deliver drugs that have a required effect in the central nervous system such as those for Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases. Studies have been presented that show that direct transfer of drugs is achievable but the possibility of olfactory delivery of therapeutically relevant doses to humans remains to be demonstrated.
References Category:Medical treatments Category:Dosage forms Category:Routes of administration
Steel Reserve is an American lager brand owned and produced by Steel Brewing Company, which is owned by Miller. The drink comes in "Black" and "Silver" varieties, also known as "Triple Export Malt Liquor" and "High Gravity Lager", respectively. It has a high alcohol content (typically 8.1% ABV). It was introduced in 1994. General Steel Reserve is sold in bottles. It also is distributed in cans, bottles, cans in packs of four or six, and cans in packs of six or twelve. In 2016 the company replaced its 40 oz. narrow-neck glass bottles with wide-neck, shatterproof plastic bottles. Availability The 40-ounce, 8.1% ABV variety is widely available throughout the US; however, some states require the beverage to be sold as a diluted 6.0% ABV and in Utah 3.2% ABW within accordance of state law.
In 2016 a new lineup of fruit flavored 8.0% ABV 16 fl. oz. cans was introduced in the United States. Flavors include: BLK Berry, Hard Pineapple, Spiked Punch, Spiked Razz, and Spiked Watermelon. Awards and ratings In 2012, Steel Reserve 8.1% ABV received the Gold medal in the category of 'American-Style Premium Lager or Specialty Lager' at the World Beer Cup. Additionally, the American malt liquor style ale has been rated within the 83 percentile earning the good rating by Beeradvocate, while users of the site have accumulated a rating of 60 - poor (2017). Alternatively, Ratebeer has given an accumulative rating of 0 overall and 10 for overall style.
Competitor response Anheuser-Busch also adopted the "High Gravity" nomenclature, referring to the term specific gravity, a measurement used to quantify the sugars available to produce alcohol in a fermented beverage, which may give an indication of alcohol content, and released Hurricane High Gravity Lager with the same alcohol content, container sizes, and similar price. Advertising Reverend Horton Heat and the Ramones were commissioned to release several radio jingles for the beverage in the 1990s. References External links The Steel Brewing Company Category:Molson Coors brands
Kiddle.co is a web search engine and online encyclopedia emphasizing safety for young children. Kiddle is powered by Google Custom Search and employs SafeSearch, with additional filters. The user enters topics in the search toolbar, and Kiddle returns and ranks its findings, and pushes child-safe content higher in its search results. History Kiddle's domain was registered in 2014. The designers chose the .co domain name to emphasize that Kiddle is a quality "child-safe" search engine. Kiddle became very popular in social media in 2016, and even became a meme due to blocking of certain words for a short period of time.
Format Kiddle uses an outer space stylized theme for their pages. It appears like a Google Custom Search window. After the user enters the subject, Kiddle presents search results, with the first three results being deemed safe and written specifically for kids and "checked by Kiddle editors", the next four being safe sites not written specially for kids, but presented in kid friendly language. The eighth result and anything else beyond are safe sites written for adults but harder to understand for kids. Results presented are filtered through Google SafeSearch. If the user enters what are considered "bad words" a picture of a robot is displayed, telling the user to try again.
Kpedia Kiddle Encyclopedia (Kpedia) is an online encyclopedia, available from their search engine, powered by MediaWiki. It lists over 700,000 articles, and is "based on selected content and facts from Wikipedia, rewritten for children." Kiddle positions its Kpedia as an educational resource to be used for "school homework help and general education," and includes their articles in search results. Criticism In 2016, Kiddle was criticized for blocking the keywords "gay," "lesbian," and the phrase "sex education," claiming that the keywords were not suitable for small children. They had also banned the words "transgender", and "bisexual". Due to public outcry, Kiddle announced they would unblock these words.
Kiddle is powered by Google Custom Search but is not affiliated with Google LLC. However, it has been mistaken for a Google product in several news articles and blogs due to its name. See also KidRex KidzSearch References Further reading External links Category:Internet search engines
Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb. Acute limb ischaemia is caused by embolism or thrombosis, or rarely by dissection or trauma. Thrombosis is usually caused by peripheral vascular disease (atherosclerotic disease that leads to blood vessel blockage), while an embolism is usually of cardiac origin. In the United States, ALI is estimated to occur in 14 out of every 100,000 people per year. With proper surgical care, acute limb ischaemia is a highly treatable condition; however, delayed treatment (beyond 6 to 12 hours) can result in permanent disability, amputation, and/or death.
In contrast to acute limb ischemia, chronic limb threatening ischemia results from peripheral artery disease that develops over time. While limbs in both acute and chronic limb ischemia may be pulseless, a chronically ischemic limb is typically warm and pink due to a well-developed collateral artery network and does not need emergency intervention to avoid limb loss. The New Latin term ischaemia as written, is a British version of the word ischemia, and stems from the Greek terms ischein 'to hold'; and haima 'blood'. In this sense, ischaemia refers to the inhibition of blood flow to/through the limb. Signs and symptoms Acute limb ischaemia can occur in patients through all age groups.
People who smoke tobacco cigarettes and have diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of developing acute limb ischaemia. Most cases involve people with atherosclerosis problems. Symptoms of acute limb ischaemia include: Pain Pallor (pale appearance of the limb) Paresthesias (abnormal sensations in the limb) Perishingly cold Pulselessness Paralysis These symptoms are called "the six P's'"; they are commonly mis-attributed to compartment syndrome. One more symptom would be the development of gangrene. Immediate medical attention should be sought with any of the symptoms. In late stages, paresthesia is replaced by anesthesia (numbness) due to death of nerve cells. In some cases, gangrene can occur within six hours of ischaemia.
Related conditions When a limb is ischaemic in the non-acute (chronic) setting, the condition is alternatively called peripheral artery disease or critical limb ischaemia, rather than ALI. In addition to limb ischaemia, other organs can become ischaemic, causing: Renal ischemia (nephric ischaemia) Mesenteric ischaemia Cerebral ischaemia Cardiac ischaemia Diagnosis In order to treat acute limb ischaemia there are a series of things that can be done to determine where the occlusion is located, the severity, and what the cause was. To find out where the occlusion is located one of the things that can be done is simply a pulse examination to see where the heart rate can be detected and where it stops being sensed.
Also there is a lower body temperature below the occlusion as well as paleness. A Doppler evaluation is used to show the extent and severity of the ischaemia by showing flow in smaller arteries. Other diagnostical tools are duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The CTA and MRA are used most often because the duplex ultrasonography although non-invasive is not precise in planning revascularization. CTA uses radiation and may not pick up on vessels for revascularization that are distal to the occlusion, but it is much quicker than MRA. In treating acute limb ischaemia time is everything.
In the worst cases acute limb ischaemia progresses to critical limb ischaemia, and results in death or limb loss. Early detection and steps towards fixing the problem with limb-sparing techniques can salvage the limb. Compartment syndrome can occur because of acute limb ischaemia because of the biotoxins that accumulate distal to the occlusion resulting in edema. Treatment Surgery The primary intervention in acute limb ischaemia is emergency embolectomy using a Fogarty Catheter, providing the limb is still viable within the 4-6h timeframe. Other options include a vascular bypass to route blood flow around the clot. Medications Those unsuitable for surgery may receive thrombolytics.
In the past, streptokinase was the main thrombolytic chemical. More recently, drugs such as tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, and anisterplase have been used in its place. Mechanical methods of injecting the thrombolytic compounds have improved with the introduction of pulsed spray catheters—which allow for a greater opportunity for patients to avoid surgery. Pharmacological thrombolysis requires a catheter to be inserted into the affected area, attached to the catheter is often a wire with holes to allow for a wider dispersal area of the thrombolytic agent. These agents lyse the ischemia-causing thrombus quickly and effectively. However, the efficacy of thrombolytic treatment is limited by hemorrhagic complications.
Plasma fibrinogen level has been proposed as a predictor of these hemorrhagic complications. However, based on a systemtic review of the available literature until January 2016, the predictive value of plasma is unproven. Mechanical thrombolysis Another type of thrombolysis disrupts the clot mechanically using either saline jets or, more recently, ultrasound waves. Saline jets dislodge the clot using the Bernoulli effect. Ultrasound waves, emitted at low frequency, create a physical fragmentation of the thrombus. Considerations in treatment The best course of treatment varies from case to case. The physician must take into account the details in the case before deciding on the appropriate treatment.
No treatment is effective for every patient. Treatment depends on many factors, including: Location of lesions Anatomy of lesions Individual risk factors Procedural risk Clinical presentation of symptoms Duration of symptoms etc. Epidemiology The major cause of acute limb ischaemia is arterial embolism (80%), while arterial thrombosis is responsible for 20% of cases. In rare instances, arterial aneurysm of the popliteal artery has been found to create a blood clot or embolism resulting in ischaemia. References External links Category:Limbs (anatomy) Category:Ischemia
Carleton University is a public comprehensive university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1942 as Carleton College, a private, non-denominational evening college to serve veterans returning from World War II, the institution was chartered as a university by the provincial government in 1952 through The Carleton University Act. The legislation was subsequently amended in 1957 to give the institution its current name. The university moved to its current campus in 1959, expanding rapidly throughout the 1960s amid broader efforts by the provincial government to increase support to post-secondary institutions and enhance access to higher education. The university is named for the now-dissolved Carleton County, which included the city of Ottawa at the time the university was founded.
Carleton County, in turn, was named in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, who served as Governor General of The Canadas from 1786 to 1796. Carleton, which has more than 159,000 alumni worldwide, is reputed for its strength in many disciplines including the humanities, international business, aerospace engineering, computer science, international affairs, journalism, political science, political management, public policy and administration, and legal studies. Carleton has produced 6 Rhodes Scholars, 29 Royal Society Fellows, 20 recipients of the Order of Canada, 8 Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship awardees, and 3 National Killam Award recipients. As of 2019, Carleton has an enrolment of more than 27,000 undergraduate and more than 4,000 graduate students.
Its campus is located west of Old Ottawa South, in close proximity to The Glebe and Confederation Heights, and is bounded to the north by the Rideau Canal and Dow's Lake and to the south by the Rideau River. Carleton competes in the U Sports league as the Carleton Ravens. The Carleton Ravens are recognized for the strong performance of its men's basketball team, which has won seven consecutive Canadian national championships between 2006 and 2017, in addition to 14 of the 16 championships since 2003. History I learned very early the life lesson that it is people, not buildings, that make up an institution.
And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile. – Henry Marshall Tory Carleton College (1942-1957) Initial discussions on establishing a second institution of higher learning in Ottawa began in the fall of 1938 among a committee of members from the local YMCA chapter, intent on creating facilities to serve the educational needs of Ottawa's sizeable non-Catholic population. While the outbreak of the Second World War disrupted the committee's activities, a new committee, under the leadership of Henry Marshall Tory, was reorganized into the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning through a meeting held in December 1941, which was formalized in June 1942.
Established in 1942 as Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, the school began offering evening courses in rented classrooms at the High School of Commerce, now part of the Glebe Collegiate Institute. Classes offered during the first academic year included English, French, history, algebra, trigonometry, chemistry, physics, and biology. With the end of the war in 1945, and return of veterans from the frontlines, the College experienced an unexpected upsurge in student enrolment during the 1945–46 academic year, totalling approximately 2,200 students. To accommodate the increased number of students, the school rented facilities in various locations through the city, including classrooms at the Lisgar Collegiate Institute, Ottawa Technical High School, and the basements of several local churches.
Higher enrolment also gave way to an expansion of the College's academic offerings with the establishment of the Faculty of Arts and Science encompassing coursework in journalism and first-year engineering. In 1946, the College gained possession of its first property, situated at the corner of Lyon Street and First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. The four-story building was the former location of the Ottawa Ladies' College, which was purchased during the Second World War for use as barracks for the Canadian Women's Army Corps. Its first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its Journalism and Public Administration programs.
For nearly a decade, the college operated on a shoestring budget, with funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. Student fees during the school's first academic year from 1942-43 were about $10.00 per course for first-year students, equivalent to $153.71 as of 2019. Fundraising efforts spearheaded by the College's President, Henry Marshall Tory, sought to raise $1 million for the institution from donors throughout the Ottawa area, with half of the proceeds going towards the debt incurred by the purchase of the new building, and the other to endow the College. The faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the public service, some of whom were convinced to leave government for full-time tenure positions.
However, full-time teaching staff were still mostly young scholars at the beginning of their careers. In 1950, Carleton began the process of developing a crest and motto, as was tradition with other institutions of higher learning. James Gibson, chair of the Committee on Symbols and Ceremonials, initially proposed a Latin motto, "Opera nobis aeterna" derived from the Walt Whitman poem Pioneers! O Pioneers!, a translation of the phrase "We take up the task eternal". The Board of Governors rejected the Latin motto as it was perceived as too pretentious for an institution focused on egalitarianism, leading to Carleton's current motto, "Ours the task eternal".
In October 1951, the Board of Governors formally adopted the new crest and motto. In 1952, the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing the school's corporate name to Carleton College and conferring upon it the power to grant university degrees. Carleton thus became the province's first private, non-sectarian college. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a Faculty Senate, responsible for academic policy, and a Board of Governors composed of local community members, exercising exclusive control over the institution's finances and formal authority over all other matters.
The President, appointed by the Board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. Though the acquisition of land tracts now part of the current campus began in 1947, it was only in 1952 that the College gained possession of the entire 150-acre property, a significant portion of which was donated by Harry Stevenson Southam, a prominent Ottawa business magnate. By March 1956, the College released a 75-year master plan for the development of the campus in stages, with the first stage costing an estimated $4.2 million, equivalent to about $39 million in 2019 dollars, foreseeing the development of academic buildings, student residences, and athletic facilities on the new site.
In October 1956, the beginning of construction at the Rideau River campus was celebrated with a ceremonial sod-turning by Dana Porter, then Treasurer of Ontario. Carleton University (1957–present) In 1957, the Carleton University Act was enacted as an amendment to the Carleton College Act, granting Carleton nominal status as a public university and resulting in its current name, Carleton University. This did not result in substantive changes to the school's governance and academic organization as it had already been granted university powers through the preceding legislation. Rapid development and growth (1960–69) The completion of initial construction at the Rideau River campus in 1959 saw the University move to its current location at the beginning of the 1959–60 academic year.
Completed at a cost of $6.5 million, the first three buildings, the Maxwell MacOdrum Library, Norman Paterson Hall and the Henry Marshall Tory Building became the centre for academic life at the institution, with Paterson Hall and Tory Building respectively serving the arts and sciences disciplines. The1960s saw meteoric growth in student enrolment, with the number of full-time students ballooning from 857 to 7,139 within the decade, dovetailing with a sharp uptick in financial support from the provincial and federal governments towards post-secondary institutions. An increasing share of these students came to the school from outside the National Capital Region, prompting the University to open its first purpose-built residence halls, Lanark and Renfrew Houses in the fall of 1962.
The residences were initially segregated by sex, with Lanark House reserved for male students and Renfrew for females; Carleton discarded the practice of mandatory sex segregation in 1969 in favour of co-educational housing, becoming the first university in North America to adopt this practice. By the end of the decade, the increased need for space to accommodate the growing faculty and student body saw the completion of several major academic buildings, including the Loeb Building in 1967 and the Mackenzie Building in 1968. In 1967, a Catholic post-secondary institution, Saint Patrick's College became affiliated with Carleton. Founded in 1929, it had been granting its diplomas through the University of Ottawa.
Both University of Ottawa and Saint Patrick's College had been inaugurated by the Catholic order Oblates of Immaculate Mary (OMI). The college was housed in a building on Echo Drive, near the Pretoria Bridge. Around 1973, a new building was erected on the Carleton campus, separated from the other academic building by its location at the northern end of campus. The college was dissolved as a separate entity and merged into Carleton after the 1979–80 academic year, with Gerald Clarke who had been a professor at the school since 1954, serving as its final Dean. While Carleton is a secular institution, the name of the St. Patrick's Building is a legacy of Carleton's historical relationship to the Catholic institution.
Carleton's School of Social Work continues to offer undergraduate and graduate programs, building off of St. Patrick's College's reputation for teaching in the field of social work. Steady expansion (1970–1999) The arrival of a new decade ushered in the inauguration of the long-awaited University Centre, designed to be the linchpin for student life on campus, housing a student-operated pub and other administrative services. With growing restrictions in physical space, the University hailed the completion of Dunton Tower, then referred to as the Arts Tower, in September 1972, gracing the skyline of Carleton's campus with what was then the tallest academic building in Canada.
Rising attention towards recreation and fitness, coupled with generous grants from the provincial government, spurred the construction of the Athletics Centre in 1974, housing a multiplicity of different sports facilities, including a pool, squash courts, and gymnasium. Although Carleton experienced a temporary decline in student enrolment toward the latter half of the 1970s, the 1980s saw a resurgence in the number of students attending the school, representing an increase of 76%, or 5,582 students over the course of the decade, leading to overcrowding in many of the school's buildings. Responding to the demands of a larger student population during the 1980s, the University built the Life Sciences Research Centre, the Minto Centre of Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), and funded an extension to MacOdrum Library.
Following renovations led by Toronto-based architect Michael Lundholm, 1992 saw the opening of the Carleton University Art Gallery in the St. Patrick's Building, supported by a fundraising drive within the local community and the bequest of several pieces of Canadian art from the estate of Frances and Jack Barwick. In fall 1994, a new computing system was introduced at Carleton, extending Internet and e-mail access to all students and faculty, where this had previously been only accessible to graduate and undergraduate students in specific courses. Contemporary developments (2000–present) The new millennium brightened prospects for Carleton's finances, allowing it to fund the construction of several new buildings during the 2000s.
These include, inter alia, the $30-million construction of new athletics facilities, the $22-million, 9,011 m2 (97,000 ft2) Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Institute Facility and Centre for Advanced Studies in Visualization and Simulation (V-SIM), and the $17-million upgrade and expansion to the University Centre. In 2008, a sustainably-designed residence hall was added named Frontenac House, primarily serving returning second-year students. During this decade, Carleton inaugurated its first female President and Vice Chancellor, Roseann Runte in 2008, who served in this position until 2017, resigning to fulfill a new position as President and CEO of the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Runte's leadership also pushed forward the planning and construction of three new academic buildings, Canal Building (2010), and River Building (2011), and the Health Sciences Building (2018), as well as a new residence building, Lennox and Addington House in 2011.
At the behest of Runte's successor, Benoit-Antoine Bacon, Carleton has continued to pursue several major construction projects, notably the Advanced Research and Innovation and Smart Environments (ARISE) Building, replacing the existing Life Sciences Building, to house applied research in smart technology. The University also moved forward with the construction of the Nicol Building, providing 100,000 square feet of new learning spaces for students in the Sprott School of Business. The cost of the building was estimated at around $65 million, but was offset through a sizeable donation of $10 million from the late Ottawa real estate developer and Carleton alumnus, Wes Nicol, for whom the building is namesake.
The building is slated for completion in 2021. In 2018, Carleton purchased the Dominion-Chalmers United Church located in Ottawa's Centretown neighbourhood to serve as a community and cultural hub, and host to artistic performances and academic lectures. The facility represents Carleton's first building situated in Ottawa's downtown area. 2020 coronavirus pandemic In response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, Carleton joined other Canadian post-secondary institutions in a decision to suspend in-person classes for the remainder of the 2019–20 academic year, effectively moving instruction online. This move also saw the temporary withdrawal of non-essential services, such as athletics facilities, in order to contain the spread of COVID-19 on campus.
Unlike some institutions, Carleton did not immediately move to evict students from residence buildings, but allowed students to leave early at their own discretion. To accommodate the disruption to the semester that ensued from the abrupt suspension of in-person classes, the Carleton University Senate approved an unprecedented proposal to provide students with the option to receive a SAT or UNSAT grade in place of typical letter and grade point for their courses. The school also cancelled in-person classes for the upcoming summer semester, allowing courses to only be delivered remotely online. Organization and administration Governance The university's governing framework is established through the Carleton University Act, 1952, enabling legislation which sets out the basic legal obligations and purposes of the institution.
The Act establishes Carleton as a bicameral institution, governed by a Board of Governors and Senate. The Act establishes the objects and purpose of the university as the advancement of learning; the dissemination of knowledge; the intellectual, social, and moral development of its members and the community at large; and the establishment of a non-sectarian institution within the City of Ottawa. Board of Governors The Board of Governors oversees the corporate affairs of the institution, including finances, real property, risk management, and strategic direction. The Board is also responsible for appointing the President and Chancellor, and determines the compensation of staff, faculty, and members of the senior administration.
The Board of Governors is composed of 36 members, with 18 members derived from the students, staff, and administration of Carleton. These include four students, two faculty members, two members of the University Senate, two alumni, two staff, as well as the President and Chancellor, who are ex-officio members of the Board. The remainder of the representatives are selected from the local community at large. To support its mandate and oversight function, the Board has six standing committees, with each Governor holding membership in one or two of these committees over the course of a year. These standing committees include Executive, Audit & Risk, Building Program, Advancement and University Relations, Governance, and Finance.
The Board is led by the Board Chair, who presides over meetings, evaluates executive performance, advises senior administration, and represents the university's interests to government. The current Board Chair is Nik Nanos, the President and Chief Data Officer of Nanos Research, a Canadian public opinion research firm. Senate The Senate is the Carleton's highest academic body and is responsible for university's academic governance. The Senate's duties include conferring degrees, approving recipients of honorary degrees, developing scholarships and selecting recipients thereof, approving new programs and curricular changes, in addition to overseeing academic regulations. The Senate comprises 86 members, including 40 faculty members, two contract instructors, 10 undergraduate students, three graduate students, 23 ex-officio members, four members of the Board of Governors, and up to four special appointments.
Finances For the 2019–20 academic year, Carleton reported an estimated annual operating budget of $489.13 million, with the largest expenditures for the institution being employee salaries, campus infrastructure, and student support services. The largest annual sources of revenue for Carleton are tuition fees, which generate 59% of the university's income, representing $291 million in earnings, and provincial government funding, representing 35% of the university's income, or $172 million. Carleton has an endowment fund of $269.38 million as of the 2017–18 school year, with an increase of $7.6 million over the previous year. Academics Carleton is a mid-sized comprehensive and research-intensive public university, and is part of several pan-institutional bodies, including Universities Canada and the Association of Commonwealth Universities.
As of the 2017–18 academic year, Carleton received 25,121 applications, producing a first-year cohort of 6,716. In 2019, the school reported an enrolment of 31,202 students, comprising 27,152 undergraduate and 4,050 graduate students, supported by 929 full-time faculty members and 778 adjunct instructors. Carleton's graduation rate within seven years is approximately 70.4% as of the 2017–18 academic year, with a graduate employment rate of 92.7% within two years of graduation. Academic units Arts and Social Sciences The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) offers a variety of programs leading to the Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Bachelor of Arts (Combined Honours), Bachelor of Cognitive Science (B.Cog.Sci.
), Bachelor of Global and International Studies (B.GINS) degrees, and Bachelor of Humanities (B.Hum.) degrees. The faculty oversees a variety of disciplines in the humanities and social science fields, including African studies, anthropology, English, French, geography, history, music, psychology, and sociology. The Faculty also houses the College of the Humanities, one of Canada's few Great Books programs, which leads to a B.Hum (Bachelor of Humanities) degree, and Carleton's Institute of Cognitive Science, which offers the only fully structured PhD program in Cognitive Science in the country, as well as undergraduate and masters programs. There is also a collaborative M.A. in Digital humanities, one of the first in Canada.
The Public History Program is known nationally for its innovative teaching and research, having recently won national prizes. FASS offers, in total, 14 master's and nine doctoral programs. Engineering and Design The Faculty of Engineering and Design is among the oldest within the university, with the first engineering courses offered in 1945, and four-year engineering degrees being offered by the school beginning in 1956. The Faculty of Engineering and Design has since developed a broad range of coursework in the fields of engineering, architecture, industrial design, and information technology housing 20 distinct undergraduate programs under the Bachelor of Engineering (BEng), Bachelor of Architectural Studies (BAS), Bachelor of Industrial Design (BID), Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT), and Bachelor of Media Production and Design (BMPD), along with 37 graduate programs at the master's and PhD level.
As of the fall 2019 semester, more than 5,800 undergraduate and 1,200 graduate students are enrolled in the Faculty. The Faculty offers a renowned Bachelor in Industrial Design, representing one of the oldest degrees of its kind in Canada, immersing students in an interdisciplinary approach toward industrial design, combining the disciplines of psychology, physics, economics, and marketing. The Faculty also houses one of Canada's first undergraduate programs focusing on aerospace engineering, and is considered to be one of the flagship offerings of the Faculty and the university at large. The program itself divides students into four streams, enabling students to specialize in a particular field within the broader spectrum of aerospace engineering.
This includes Stream A: aerodynamics, propulsion, and vehicle performance, Stream B: aerospace structures, systems and vehicle design, Stream C: aerospace electronics and systems, and Stream D: space systems design. The Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism embodies another highly reputable institution within the Faculty of Engineering Design, housing undergraduate and graduate programs in its field. Students in the Bachelor of Architectural Studies can specialize one of three areas: Design, Urbanism, and Conversation and Sustainability. The program is also unique within its discipline as it offers a Directed Study Abroad (DSA) option annually, enabling a select group of students to venture to a particular location to explore its architectural history in greater depth.
Recent visit locations include Istanbul and Northern Europe Carleton's Bachelor of Information Technology programs are offered jointly with Algonquin College, while the university's Bachelor of Media Production and Design is offered jointly between the School of Information Technology and the Faculty of Public Affairs’ School of Journalism and Communication. Public Affairs The Faculty of Public Affairs (FPA) houses the university's academic disciplines that deal directly with government, civil society, and the relationship between them, comprising twelve academic units, offering 12 undergraduate programs and 21 graduate programs in criminology, economics, European studies, legal studies, journalism, political science, and public policy. Many of Carleton's flagship offerings are housed in the Faculty of Public Affairs (FPA).
This includes the School of Journalism and Communication, which offers the university's Bachelor of Journalism and Master of Journalism programs and has educated many leading personalities in the field, and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs (NPSIA), which houses Canada's oldest foreign affairs graduate program. NPSIA, founded in 1965, is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA). The School of Public Policy and Administration is the oldest such academic division in Canada and one of the most respected, with the university's first graduate degree in the discipline being granted in 1946. Carleton's Arthur Kroeger College of Public Affairs offers two unique honours degrees: the Bachelor of Public Affairs and Policy Management (BPAPM) and the multidisciplinary Bachelor of Global and International Studies (BGInS).
The college is also home to the Clayton H. Riddell Graduate Program in Political Management. In September 2006, Carleton was designated a European Union Centre of Excellence by the European Commission in Brussels and was the first university to offer a BA (Honours) in European and Russian Studies and MA in European, Russian and Eurasian Studies. Its Department of Law & Legal Studies offers a BA (Honours) in Law and M.A and Ph.D. programs in Legal Studies, and is Canada's oldest legal department to take an epistemic, rather than professional approach to studying the influence of law within civil society.
The faculty also features the Institute of Political Economy, the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice and African Studies, and is home to the School of Social Work and Department of Economics. In 2019, Carleton ranked 101–150 in the world for politics and international studies, placing it within the top one percent of global universities in this field. Norman Paterson School of International Affairs The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs is a professional school of international affairs at Carleton University. Founded in 1965, the school has distinguished itself as Canada's leading school in the field of international affairs, producing graduates that have progressed onward into key leadership positions within the federal government, think tanks, and academia.
Established during a 'golden age' of Canadian diplomacy, the school adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the study of global issues, divided into seven clusters organized according to different areas of study under the umbrella of international affairs. NPSIA is the only full Canadian member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs, a group of the world's top schools in international affairs. NPSIA is well-regarded among the scholarly community in international affairs, with admission to the school is highly selective. In 2007, a poll of Canadian academics, intended to determine the best professional masters programs in international affairs, ranked NPSIA at No.
2, tied with Georgetown University, and ahead of programs at universities like Harvard and Columbia. Science The Faculty of Science offers 86 undergraduate and 39 graduate programs across various fields including biology, chemistry, physics, health sciences, mathematics, computer science, neuroscience, and earth sciences, with over 6,500 students enrolled, served by 177 faculty members. Initial coursework on biology, chemistry, geology, and mathematics was first introduced in 1942 as night classes. In 1947, the school introduced its first undergraduate degrees in science, graduating its first cohort of honours degrees by 1950. The Faculty of Science is divided into eleven departments, each with distinct teaching and research focuses.
Departments are housed in several buildings across campus, including Herzberg Laboratories, Steacie Building, Tory Building, the Nesbitt Biology Building, and the Health Sciences Building. Each of these buildings house laboratories and other facilities for faculty and students alike to conduct research. The Nesbitt Biology Building contains several climate-controlled greenhouses that are host to an annual Butterfly Show in late September to early October, attracting visitors throughout the National Capital Region. The National Wildlife Research Centre, a research facility of Environment and Climate Change Canada is also located on campus, and is home to the National Wildlife Specimen Bank, a repository of over 12,000 specimens of wildlife native to Canada.
The centre conducts important research on the effects of toxic substances on wildlife, international migratory bird patterns, and the effects of human activities on wildlife. Sprott School of Business Carleton first began offering a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) degree beginning in 1949, and functioned as a department-level academic unit under the Faculty of Arts & Sciences, the Faculty of Social Sciences, and lastly the Faculty of Public Affairs and Management before its establishment as a separate faculty in 2006. The School currently offers two undergraduate programs, the Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of International Business, in addition to five graduate-level programs and several certificate programs for professionals.
As of the 2018–2019 academic year, Sprott programs are attended by 2,668 undergraduate students, served by a full-time faculty of 61. Sprott is accredited internationally by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business and by the Network of International Business Schools. The school has been at the forefront of educating business students through a global lens, having been the first in Canada to offer a Bachelor of International Business (BIB). Its principal undergraduate offering, however, is the four-year Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) degree, and at the postgraduate level, MBA and PhD programs are offered. The Sprott School has won the Overall Institution Performance Award, for its research contribution, at the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada (ASAC), in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2012 among business schools at Canadian comprehensive universities.
Admissions For the 2018–2019 academic year, Carleton admitted 5,988 first-year undergraduate students, with a median admission average of 83.9% for students applying from Canadian high schools. Undergraduate admission averages and requirements vary by academic program, with some specialized and limited enrolment offerings (e.g., Bachelor of Journalism, B.Hum., B.P.A.P.M. and Aerospace Engineering) requiring admissions averages markedly higher (i.e., in the A/A+ range) compared to their counterparts in other faculties (generally in the B+/A- range). Scholarships and bursaries During the 2017–18 academic year, Carleton awarded $21.5 million in scholarships and bursaries to students, totalling approximately 12,000 individual scholarships. Students admitted from high school with an academic average above 80% qualify for an entrance scholarship starting at $4,000 over four years, with $1,000 disbursed annually.
The amount students receive increases incrementally with their admission average, with students entering with an average above 95% receiving $16,000 over four years. Nevertheless, students must maintain a minimum 10.0 CGPA (A-) year-to-year in order to retain their scholarship Beyond automatic entrance scholarships, the university also awards twenty-four Prestige Scholarships, which represent the highest institutional scholarships awarded by the university. Incoming students must submit a supplementary application, in addition to an admission average above 90% in order to qualify and demonstration of extracurricular involvement during their secondary school years to qualify. Prestige Scholarships vary in value from $20,000 to full tuition, and generally do not have additional qualification criteria, with the exception of the Carleton Shad Valley Scholarship of Excellence, which requires recipients to have been alumni of the Shad Valley program.
Additional scholarships, such as the Arthur Kroeger National Scholars Program, are awarded to students entering a specific program based on their academic merit. Reputation Carleton has been included in Canadian and international college and university rankings. The 2019 international Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university in the 701–800 range. In the 2020 international QS World University Rankings, Carleton ranked in the 651–700 range, and nineteenth in Canada. According to the international 2020 listings for the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, Carleton ranks in the 501–600 range. In the 2020 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, the university was ranked 483rd in the world, and nineteenth in Canada.
In terms of specific program rankings, Carleton has fared quite well in many of its flagship programs. In a 2009 worldwide survey of academics, which sought to determine the best professional Master's programs in International Affairs, Carleton's Norman Paterson School of International Affairs (NPSIA) was the only Canadian school to rank, and ranked 14th in the world. This was followed by a more recent domestic survey of International Relations academics, which, in 2015, recommended Carleton as the best choice for students seeking a career in policy. Maclean's is a Canadian magazine that publishes the most cited domestic ranking of Canadian universities, which is intended to measure a university's overall "undergraduate experience."
In 2019, Carleton ranked 5th in the comprehensive category, which includes those universities with a significant degree of research activity and a wide range of programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. In 2015, Maclean's began publishing program rankings for biology, business, computer science, education, engineering, mathematics, medicine, nursing, and psychology. As of 2019, Carleton is ranked 7th in Canada for engineering, 10th in computer science, 10th in mathematics and 14th in psychology. Notably, Carleton does not have ratings in nursing, medicine, or education programs, specifically; however, it does have a Health Sciences faculty, which includes a biomedicine program and a disability and chronic illness program, and does have, in its Arts faculty, a Childhood and Youth Studies program originally rooted in Early Childhood Education (ECE).
Affiliated institutions Dominican University College: An independent, bilingual Roman Catholic institution issuing undergraduate and graduate degrees in philosophy and theology located in the Centretown West neighbourhood of Ottawa. The school has been affiliated with Carleton since 2012. Campus The Carleton University campus is situated on 150 acres (60 ha) bounded to the west by Colonel By Drive and the Rideau Canal, to the east by Bronson Avenue, and the south by the Rideau River. During its initial construction in 1959, the campus consisted of three buildings, the MacOdrum Library, the Tory Building, and Paterson Hall, forming a quadrangle situated at the heart of the university's academic buildings.
Since then, the university has expanded to forty-seven buildings, the newest addition being the Health Sciences Building, which was inaugurated in 2018. The campus is accessible to road traffic through two entrances respectively located at Bronson Avenue and Colonel By Drive. Carleton's campus contains a series of surface roads to facilitate traffic in and out of the university, the most heavily-used of them being Campus Avenue, which was converted to a single-direction road in 2019. Several OC Transpo bus lines, including the 7, 10, and 111 serve the campus directly, in addition to the O-Train's Carleton station, located at the centre of campus.