text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
The Fourth Amendment provides protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. To search someone's property, the police generally need probable cause, a search warrant, or consent to search by the home's occupant. The main reason for the Fourth Amendment is to honor a person's privacy.
How Do Fourth Amendment Rights Differ When People Share Property?
The Fourth Amendment provides protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. To search someone's property, the police generally need probable cause, a search warrant, or consent to search by the home's occupant.
When property is shared, such as when roommates share an apartment, either one can give valid consent to search the home. This means that if one person is absent, the other occupant can give their consent to a property search, even if the absent party would not have allowed it.
However, the property search is limited only to common areas and not to personal spaces that are not used by the roommate, such as an office or a bedroom. Also, someone who owns property but does not use it, such as a landlord, cannot give consent.
What Happens If Two Property Holders Are in Conflict?
The United States Supreme Court recently ruled that while any person who shares common authority over property can give valid consent to a search, anyone present can refuse consent. This means that the police cannot conduct a search without a warrant when any person with common authority is present and objects.
Do I Need a Lawyer?
A lawyer can help you determine whether a search is legal. A search made without a warrant or an exception such as valid consent is unreasonable, and the police cannot use any evidence obtained in the search. Therefore, it is important to discuss the search with a criminal defense attorney who can evaluate the search procedure. | <urn:uuid:a5b3ddf8-b938-4f8d-b481-efc1b43e047e> | {
"date": "2019-04-26T06:17:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578760477.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426053538-20190426075538-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9441790580749512,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 355,
"url": "https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/fourth-amendment-rights---shared-property.html"
} |
Restorative justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders. This can lead to transformation of people, relationships and communities.
Practices and programs reflecting restorative purposes will respond to crime by:
- identifying and taking steps to repair harm,
- involving all stakeholders, and
- transforming the traditional relationship between communities and their governments in responding to crime.
Restorative justice theory and programs have emerged over the past 35 years as an increasingly influential world-wide alternative to criminal justice practice. This tutorial will provide you with an overview of the movement and of the issues that it raises.
- What Is Restorative Justice?
- Conceptual Issues
- Implementation Issues | <urn:uuid:515176ec-3e76-4947-95d0-c18ea0d47edd> | {
"date": "2016-10-01T10:36:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662705.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00082-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9362049102783203,
"score": 3.875,
"token_count": 153,
"url": "http://restorativejustice.org/restorative-justice/about-restorative-justice/tutorial-intro-to-restorative-justice/"
} |
In both novels, motherhood is a form of property – whether it is a method of ownership or the way which one can be owned. For Linda in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the birth of her first child, and the growing concern she has for that child, is the point at which she truly begins to think of herself as an individual with agency. “The little vine was taking deep root in my existence, though its clinging fondness excited a mixture of love and pain. When I was most sorely oppressed I found a solace in his smiles” (Jacobs, 54). For Edna in The Awakening, the experience of motherhood is anything but positive. “Still, she remembered Adele’s voice whispering, ‘Think of the children; think of them.’ She meant to think of them; that determination had driven into her soul like a death wound” (Chopin 112). Both the thought of her responsibility towards the children and the role that having them has forced her into eventually propels Edna towards suicide. At the end, “She thought of Léonce and the children. They were a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could posses her body and soul” (Chopin, 116).
In reading these two contradictory passages, it becomes clear that in both books motherhood is a way in which the idea of property and individualism are linked. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the ‘owning’ of her children, the acquisition of power over lives that are not her own, fills Linda with a sense of agency and self-actualization, bringing her one step closer to becoming a recognized ‘person’, both by herself and by society. In The Awakening, a completely opposite effect is achieved by Edna’s motherhood. In this case it is the children who are exerting control over the mother, barring her from the realization of her own individualism and pulling her back into the function of property.
It is in this way that both Linda and Edna, by trying to work within the system that initially debarred them from self-actualization and personhood, are still denied ultimate ‘ownership’ rights over their own projected image and a place in society. This is the tautological problem behind the idea of property. While society insists that owning property validates one as an individual, if one is a formally disenfranchised subject who gains property, one is still barred from societal personhood. For Edna, it doesn’t matter that she has freed herself economically from her husband and the family dynamic; she is still socially trapped by the ideas of motherhood to which her society subscribes. Linda’s dissatisfaction, on the other hand, lies from still being barred from the simplest of human rights based on her skin color: “The dream of my life is not yet realized. I do not sit with my children in a home of my own” (Jacobs, 164).
In his 1891 essay The Soul of Man, Oscar Wilde takes up the issue of property and personhood. He argues that “Private property has crushed true Individualism, and set up an Individualism that is false. It has debarred one part of the community from being individual by starving them. It has debarred the other part of the community from being individual by putting them on the wrong road, and encumbering them” (Wilde). It is precisely into this trap of ‘false Individualism’ that both Linda from Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Edna Pontellier from The Awakening fall. Although these characters differ in many ways, both are under the false assumption, perpetuated by society, that by simply owning property they will gain status as individuals. Yet at the end of their stories, both women are still dissatisfied with the level of personhood such owning gives them.
The message that lies behind these two stories is that these women could never gain their freedom through this traditional gaining of property, because in participating in a system of ownership, a system that society dictated they were never meant to participate in the first place, they are alienated from ‘owning’ a space within the civilizations and societies they seek to inhabit. This last possession is the one they most covet and it is the one, because of their seeking of it, they can never have.
This is an important message to remember in the current climate of rampant consumerism and globalization. People should not be looking for the right iPad, or an apartment in Manhattan, to validate them as members of society. It is not in these objects of ownership that personal efficacy lies. They are merely diversions which society offers up in an attempt to keep those it deems unworthy of personhood within arms’ reach of the realization of their own identities.
Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. New York: Dover, 1993. Print.
Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2001. Print.
Wilde, Oscar. “Full Text of “The Soul of Man under Socialism”” Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. http://www.archive.org/stream/soulofmanunderso00wildiala/soulofmanunderso00wildiala_djvu.txt.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. | <urn:uuid:5d9c2f89-50f8-4a2d-bbf5-4548f4b03c12> | {
"date": "2019-10-18T19:52:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684425.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018181458-20191018204958-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9693206548690796,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 1169,
"url": "https://writingwithrobin.com/2014/03/22/the-second-greatest-force-in-the-universe-ownership-of-property-and-personhood-in-the-19th-century-part-3-of-3/"
} |
Where Does Your Cat’s Energy Come From?
Food serves many purposes. It contains essential nutrients – amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. – that the body needs to function. Food is also fuel, providing the energy that cats need to grow, maintain their bodies, reproduce, stay warm, and be active. All of the energy in a cat’s diet comes from one of three nutrient categories: fats/oils, protein and carbohydrates.
Using the MyBowl tool is an excellent way for cat owners to learn about the importance of balanced feline nutrition and the proper way to incorporate the precise amounts of the right ingredients into their cat’s diet. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the role fats/oils, proteins and carbohydrates all play as sources of energy.
Fats and oils are the most concentrated sources of energy. On the basis of weight, they provide twice as much energy (in other words, calories) as do proteins and carbohydrates. Too much fat in a cat’s food increases the likelihood of weight gain and obesity, but enough is still needed to provide essential nutrients as well as make the food taste good to finicky felines. Cats with poor appetites or high metabolic rates may have trouble maintaining their weight on a low-fat diet.
When a cat eats a meal, the digestive tract breaks down large protein molecules into their amino acid subunits. These are then absorbed and recombined to form the exact types of protein that the cat needs at that time. Once a cat’s body has all the amino acids it needs, the excess is converted into energy, stored as fat or eliminated as waste.
Too little protein in their diet puts cats at risk for metabolic disorders, muscle wasting and weakness. Too much protein can worsen preexisting kidney disease, the organ primarily responsible for excreting the waste generated by protein metabolism. Kidney disease is very common in cats, and using standard diagnostic tools it can only be diagnosed after two-thirds to three-quarters of kidney function has already been lost.
Cats are carnivores and as such do not have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates. However, research shows that healthy cats can effectively use carbohydrates as a source of energy.1-3 Incorporating moderate amounts of carbohydrate into a food allows the diet to contain healthy proportions of fat and protein – not too little, but also not too much. Ingredients like whole grains and potatoes also contain important nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, phytonutrients and fiber that all help maintain health.
Use the MyBowl tool to determine whether or not your cat’s food is made from a healthy balance of fat, protein and carbohydrates – the sources of energy that fuel his or her day.
1 Kienzle E. Carbohydrate metabolism of the cat - 2. Digestion of starch. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 1993;69:102–114.
2 Morris JG, Trudell J, Pencovic T. Carbohydrate digestion by the domestic cat (Felis catus). Brit J Nutr 1977;37:365–373.
3 de-Oliveira LD, Carciofi AC, Oliveira MC, et al. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on cat diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin response. J Anim Sci 2008;86:2237–2246.
Occurs after eating
A hormone created by the pancreas that helps to regulate the flow of glucose
The whole system involved in digestion from mouth to anus
How easily a substance can be turned into an appropriate digestible form
Organic substances that aid in the creation of proteins; also the end product of the decomposition of certain proteins. | <urn:uuid:c563ee75-c1e0-4d4b-aa87-1c359f9cc8d8> | {
"date": "2014-11-23T02:36:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378956.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00124-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9328445792198181,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 775,
"url": "http://www.petmd.com/cat/nutrition/evr_ct_food_nutrients_keep_cat_energized"
} |
To be unbreakable XOR encryption must have a key that is totally random and is never re-used. If you use a key a second time, it can be broken. This can be confirmed by reading the page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_pad.
Although I am not an expert on cryptography, I understand that decyphering involves recognizing patterns and that it would be possible to decrypt code that was encoded using XOR with the same key if there were enough samples to examine. Maintaining unique keys for each encryption at both encryption and decryption points to ensure 100 percent unbreakability has security problems of its own - where and how are the keys stored and how are they transmitted to the decryption points? | <urn:uuid:d344e8b3-68ff-4f05-9035-1c64d2533929> | {
"date": "2014-12-22T00:02:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772757.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00091-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9665077924728394,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 156,
"url": "http://php.net/function.gmp-xor"
} |
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentrate.
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific.
Describe where the protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom.
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom (the center), and the electrons circle around the neutrons and protons.
What determines the vast majority of characteristics in an atom?
The vast majority of an atom's properties are determined by the number of electrons (or protons) that an atom has.
What is the difference between an element and an atom?
An element is a collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons, an atom is a fundamental piece of matter. (Matter is anything that takes up space)
How many atoms (total) are in a molecule of C3H8O? What atoms are present and how many of each atom?
12 atoms total, 3 Carbon, 8 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen.
Identify the following as an atom, element, or molecule:
a. H2CO3 b. nitrogen-14 c. P
a. Element b. Atom c. Element.
Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a membrane. After a while, the water levels of the two solutions change. Has osmosis or diffusion taken place. What kind of membrane is being used?
Consider the following chemical reaction:
N₂ + 3H₂ --> 2NH₃
a. What are the reactants?
b. What are the products?
c. How many molecules of H₂ are used in the reaction?
a. N₂ + H₂
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What 4 things are necessary for a plant to carry out photosynthesis?
Chemical Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
4 Things Necessary: Light, Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Chlorophyll.
Which of the following is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates have only Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen, therefore c. C₂H₄O is the Carbohydrate.
What kind of reaction is used for building disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins? What kind of reaction can break these substances down?
A condensation reaction builds them up while hydrolysis breaks them down into their constituent parts.
Describe the pH scale and what it measures.
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. On this scale, 7 is neutral. Lower than 7 pH's are acidic, and higher than 7 are alkaline. The low the pH the more acidic, and the pH the more alkaline.
What are the building blocks of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides?
Amino acids link together to make proteins, fatty acids link to glycerol to make lipids, and monosaccharides link together to make polysaccharides.
If two proteins contain the same type and number of amino acids, but the order in which they link up is different, are the properties of the two proteins the same?
What are enzymes, and for what purpose are they usually used?
Enzymes are a special class of proteins that are used as catalysts.
What is the "lock and key" theory of enzyme action?
It says that an enzyme has an active site that is shaped especially for the molecule that it must work on. The action that the enzyme takes cannot happen until the molecule attaches to that active site. | <urn:uuid:c57de559-3e31-4243-9085-a36e3a6534f6> | {
"date": "2014-12-18T22:00:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767878.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00163-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9036837220191956,
"score": 3.65625,
"token_count": 903,
"url": "http://quizlet.com/3984002/biology-study-guide-for-module-5-flash-cards/"
} |
Noongar Resistance on the South Coast
“And you know Kimmy, it seems a bit funny that different times when our people travel and been going down, some of thems’ cars have stopped and they have trouble, just like the spirits are trying to stop them, and telling them not to go past [Cocanarup].” … “in the darkness a voice said, ‘Oh, what happened at Cocanarup means a lot to us’ ” . In rediscovering his Noongar ancestry Kim Scott published the first written account of a massacre that occurred near Ravensthorpe towards the end of 1881. The wadjela record is fragmentary and oblique, “terrible stories abound” but no one doubts that something happened. The Noongar record, on the other hand, is specific as to circumstances, numbers and names. In order to examine how these two opposing narratives arose I want to explore the genealogy of inter racial murder and violence on the south coast leading up to the 1880’s from the initial settlement at King George’s Sound (Albany) in 1826.
The colonial history of the south coast makes much of the apparently peaceful co-existence between Noongar and the British colonizers that marked the colony’s birth. Garden, in Albany’s official history, records that “during the 1830’s Albany became the showplace of race relations” . In 1833, following the death of Yagan, Gallipurt and Manyat were sent to Perth from Albany to explain to the local population the value of co-operation. Tactfully, they pleaded ignorance of the local language. The “superior intelligence of the Albany natives” , the qualities of the “men in charge” , and the “small size of the settlement” are cited as reasons that here, at least in the beginning, peaceful settlement was no myth even if it was exceptional.
Fifty years later race relations in Albany were very ordinary indeed and conflict on the south coast from Albany to Eucla reached a peak as the local authorities turned a blind eye to massacres, mass murderers and the concerns of authorities in Perth.
This account, of necessity, skims the surface of the Noongar resistance. Some subjects such as the impact of disease and traditional payback are omitted completely. It begins in the last decade of colonial rule and works backwards to the beginning. Like Alice reading the Jabberwocky, we must hold the colonists’ accounts up to the looking glass to decipher them, to see the view from the other side
Cocanerup and other massacres of the 1880’s
In 1881, R.C. Loftie, a gentleman of the “old school” , took over as the Government Resident at Albany. It was the sort of place “where above all a gentleman is required” and he was “highly popular” . On 27 February 1882 he was most put out, having to return “to my office after four o’clock” to respond to a telegram from the Colonial Secretary that complained “about three shocking cases of natives in want” . The telegram had been sent in response to one sent by Campbell Taylor visiting Albany from his station at Eucla. Taylor found the three lying next to the road “within a mile of the town” near Mr Gardener, the birdman’s house. One was a young girl of 19, “lying in a perfectly helpless state of partly from a great boil on her knee which for want of urgent treatment has become a putrid sore”, another “frightfully burnt about the belly and privates…some boys had put some red hot ashes on him”, the third, Towlett, was to die of starvation and thirst within the week . Taylor had complained that the police “made light of” the incident and his willingness to bypass Loftie may have been due to his knowledge of recent events at Eucla and at Cocanarup.
Six months earlier the telegraph station master at Eucla, G.P. Stevens had taken a statement from Geordie, a Mirning man, which he was to forward later to Loftie, as Chief Protector of Aborigines in the district, and which was the basis of a report made by Constable Truslove . Truslove accused the Kennedy brothers and William McGill of a “wholesale system of murder of natives” on their sheep run at Mundrabilla . The Superintendent of Police in Perth thought it was of “sufficient importance” to pass it on to the Governor, Sir William Robinson, who expressed the hope that “Captain Smith will not lose sight of this case” . According to Stevens, Truslove was shown the graves of 16 natives .
Geordie, much later told his story to the young child Arthur Dimer who grew up to be a man of Ngadju and Mirning descent who, in his 70’s, told it Peter Gifford in 1993 . Gifford was able to uncover the few documents relating to this mass murder. He cannot “excuse his [Loftie’s] inaction” in response to repeated reports “over what were, in effect, accusations of multiple murder of Aboriginal people” by McGill and the Kennedy’s .
In March 1880, John Dunn, one of three brothers who had been running sheep at Cocanarup since 1872, was killed.
It was Granny Monkey’s [Ngurer] brother, Yandawalla, that killed Dunn, you know, for what he was doing to the women.
The truth was, Esmeralda Dabb was thirteen years old when Dunn raped her, and him and the overseer were busy satisfying themselves with the young girls and they locked all the old people up in the harness room…
They were shepherding sheep …and…having initiation ceremonies…she went and told the men…and… they come back and they speared him, they killed him. Yandawalla speared him, at Cocanarup.
Next day, when John still had not come back, he [Walter] and Robert set out to look for him. They followed tracks, lost them; found them again. It was two days before they came upon John’s body and signs of a scuffle. The body had a spear wound in the neck and bruising on the arms as though they had been held.
After much delay Yangala (Yandawalla) was put on trial in October 1881, based mainly on the evidence of Dartaban who had previously been accused of the murder by Yangala. “The Attorney-General told the jury the case rested solely on Dartaban’s evidence”. Yangalla was acquitted leaving the Dunn’s “stunned at the result” .
There is no evidence of when exactly the massacre that followed these events occurred but it seems likely that directly after the trial there would have been a strong motive. The following year, Walter and Robert, bought the women of the family, to see John’s grave. They stayed six months before returning to Albany . The brothers may have felt confident of their situation by then but it was misplaced as the following year in September the Noongar again attacked, James was ‘beaten and left for dead… Robert was also attacked by them, but he shot 2 of them Dead and wounded 3 more”
Many of the Noongar accounts claim that they were “given permission from the authorities”, they “got a permit to kill the seventeen people that were residents of that place”, they “bought back the wadjela farmers and two cops with guns” and that “the police were sent up from Albany” .
“Old Henry Dongup…reckoned that altogether there was over thirty people that were killed down there.” All the people living at Cocanarup were killed except for a couple of children (the impact can be traced in genealogies recorded by Daisy Bates and Gerhard Laves ).
The popular “old school” Loftie’s brother-in-law was Maitland Brown who, in 1865, was hailed as a hero for leading a punitive expedition that killed at least 15 people in revenge for the murder of three explorers at Moola Boola . In his first year as Resident Magistrate and Protector of Aborigines in Albany, it would appear that he has ignored one report of a massacre at Fraser Range and possibly actively encouraged another at Ravensthorpe. It is little wonder that Campbell Taylor, felt motivated to send telegrams and strongly worded letters of complaint in February 1882.
In 1883, Albany residents dislike of “newcomers” and resentment towards Perth found voice in the new Albany Mail. They dreamt of separating from W.A. and annexing to S.A . A viewpoint shared by McGill and the Dempster brothers who had taken up the first leases at Esperance Bay in 1865 .
The Dempsters in 1880 had demanded an apology from the Colonial Secretary when he issued a circular banning the practice of “imprisoning natives on the islands” . They claimed that, “our conduct towards natives generally has been such as to merit esteem from the natives and praise from the public in general” . By 1870, the Dempsters had already twice reported to the Colonial Secretary Barlee that it had been “necessary in self defence to take an Aboriginal life”. They were forgiven “so long as no complaint is preferred.” The Dempsters claimed throughout that they had “very little trouble with the natives” . In 1883 outraged when Loftie connived with the Dempsters by giving them “an authority in blank” to care for “sick natives afflicted with measles” enabling the Dempster’s to charge the Government ₤291 for care that Constable Truslove reported to be greatly exaggerated. The Albany Mail accused the Government of short changing Albany by “thousands of pounds per
By 1890, after 10 years of Loftie’s protection, the Noongar population of Albany was reduced to six who dutifully attended the celebrations of Colonial independence (see below). In 1881, Loftie reported that there were 9 “exclusive of course of those in employ of householders who … would appear in the census” but Loftie was clearly in the business of under-reporting, in the same report he states “It is known that there are a few wild natives between Esperance and York but impossible to return the number – not exceeding 50.” Much later, in 1992, it was claimed that these were the last of the tribe (LOTT) and that the 800 or so Noongar residents recorded in the 1991 Census were from ‘elsewhere’ , although at least 33 Noongar burials are recorded in the Albany Memorial Park Cemetery between 1900 and 1935 . What is clear from the record is that many Noongar people had retreated from the town and the hostility that had developed towards them from the 1870’s on. Fanny Taylor, Campbell’s mother records in her diary in 1873 “[Candyup] Bobby came out but bought us no letters; he is afraid to go to town as Mr McGill is said to be in Albany" .
Resistance 1830 - 1890
The events of the 1880’s did not occur in a vacuum. Noongar resistance along the south coast to the spread of colonial settlement follows a pattern that is, in retrospect, evident in the record from the earliest days of colonization. Wadjelas were cautiously evaluated as they moved into new country, an initial test was how they responded to an offer of guidance through local territory . The consequences of cattle and sheep on native pasture and their kangaroo herds were clear from the beginning to both sides.
The Noongar would demonstrate both their numbers and authority to the newcomers, a late afternoon or evening visit usually timed to occur when the men (and their guns) were absent and only women or servants were around was made. At the same time raids leading to the destruction of sheep or stores in significant quantities occurred.
The guerrilla war that followed was mediated by Noongar ideas of payback and individual honour as well as organised resistance . The front line troops were wadjela shepherds and Noongar women and the war was as much about women’s bodies as it was about men’s land. It is striking how this frontline, so much in evidence between 1840 and 1890 on the south coast, is the progenitor of the policies and politics of the early 20th Century.
The Dempsters had ‘pioneered’ the Esperance region in 1866 and had initially settled at Menbrunup on Esperance Bay. By 1873 they had reported to the authorities on three separate occasions that it was ‘necessary in self-defence to take an Aboriginal life’ and in that year “runners with a maintch stick … collected about a hundred men, women and children…” to raid Dempster’s and drove off “between 300 and 400 young weaners” .
Biggins suggests that this is a “new tactic” but it was first employed on the south coast in 1839 against Sir Richard Spencer’s farm on the Hay River when he lost "300 fine toothed ewes and all the lambs out of 500” . It was a tactic designed to forestall the newcomer, at the same time these new farms were besieged as the local Noongar made clear their proprietary rights.
At Augusta in January 1834 Fannie Bussell records “We had a visit or rather an invasion from a number of natives… they seemed well aware of our unprotected situation, demanding bread in a tone of great authority…” Later at Vasse in 1837, her sister Bessie wondered “How will all these wars and rumours end!” It was to end in bloodshed with mass murders in 1837 and 1840. After the first massacre, (over the killing of a calf) her sister Bessy wrote ‘9 were killed and two wounded. No one in the house looks or speaks like themselves’ and after the second she wrote ‘ I fear more women were slain than men...Three women, one man, one boy are known to be dead, but more are supposed to be dying’
At the Hay River in 1840, Spencer wrote “they came in great numbers about the house towards the close of evening” and at Kendenup in 1841, Hassell wrote “the natives have assembled to an alarming number” . However, John Hassell was quick to recognize the value of diplomacy alongside force majeure and, whereas others were all too willing to preach the value of communal punishment following the putative success of the Pinjarra massacre , he recognized the virtue of protecting and rationing those in the immediate vicinity whose land he had usurped while hiring shepherds who were capable of ‘gross acts of brutality’ and who became his front line in the ongoing guerrilla war . This enabled Hassell to report that there were a ‘great many well inclined natives towards the white people… [and to request that] several native constables be made in the district’
It established a pattern. Shepherds became the expendable front line troops in the war against the Noongar. They were often charged with crimes for their actions although rarely successfully prosecuted. The loss of hunting grounds forced Noongar families to work for rations on the farms and enabled the colonists to divide and conquer. By 1840, most districts had two or more native constables who became crucial in the pursuit of the Noongar resistance. But these men risked everything, in 1847 “300 natives carrying fire beside their spears” surrounded a soldier’s house at Kojonup, they were after Bimbert and his brother George who usually stayed with them. The brothers escaped and apparently prospered but with their bridges burnt forever.
On the Noongar side, women became the front line and the war was fought over the right to their bodies. John Dunn was murdered because “the [Dunn] men were messing around with the women” . The ownership and abuse of Noongar women is a constant theme in the documented conflicts along the south coast. In 1862, Anne Camfield and others petitioned the Governor to change the law to make it a criminal offence “for either black or white to take or retain a native woman contrary to the consent of her husband ” because “in this district…the greater part of the serious crime committed by the natives has originated in this manner” .
Suspicion undermined many well intentioned people. Bobbinet went from being a trusted employee of the Graham’s at Eticup (south east of Kojonup) in 1865, to being a hunted murderer ten years later . Bobbinet was accused participating in the murder of a Noongar shepherd called Jacky Mullish in 1874. According to Bill Baker in 1953 newspaper article, he was a “red ragger” who “had always resented the intrusion of the white man” , but according to his family he was framed. The family history accords more with the facts in the contemporary record.
According to the trial record, Lance Corporal Armstrong and trooper Michael Fahey visited a shepherd’s camp at Beenup Swamp early on the morning of 13 January 1875 where Bobbinet was rumoured to be staying. He along with 6 other Noongar men were in the company of Donald McKellar, a shepherd. McKellar had entrusted Bobbinet with his rifle the previous Wednsday. Armstrong rode into the camp with his gun loaded and bailed up, at Fahey’s direction, a “native I [Fahey] have since found is called Bob Guarich” . Bobbinet had grabbed one of the three loaded guns in the camp and fatally shot Armstrong. Fahey was vilified by the police force and dishonourably discharged thus preventing any alternative view to Armstrong’s ‘heroic deed’ . Bobbinet was captured after a full scale manhunt which, according to Baker, was to result in “a trial with all the trimmings and an execution” He was caught by Constable John McGlade and was hanged in Perth, before his execution he apologized for the murder of Armstrong and prayed for forgiveness . His two children were sent to Swan Native Home and his wife Lucy remarried .
Whether or not Bobbinet was on the side of the resistance, it was still active. In 1880, when ‘notorious hut robbers’, Youngie and Tommy shot a man named George Smith east of the Williams River, the posse of four police, several farmers and trackers that pursued them returned wounded and dispirited, having caught only one out of the six in the gang ( which included three women) after 9 days and a shoot out in the marlock scrub . The resistance was not easily quelled.
While the displacement of kangaroo by cattle and sheep, exacerbated by the hunting and export of kangaroo skins, forced the Noongar to depend upon the colonists’ largesse, in 1841 and 1842 another threat emerged. American whalers arrived en masse on the south coast and decimated the population of Southern Right Whales . The coastal people had opportunistically exploited strandings and, latterly, the waste of the whalers as a source of food. In April 1844 the Government Resident wrote, “this season this source has failed them” .
The consequences were quickly bought home to the residents of Albany. Norn, Denin, Bobby and Wylie (the latter on a native constable’s rations for his assistance to Edward Eyre) staged a series of raids over a period of six weeks on every available store of food in the town . So effective was this action that there only rice available by August. Local trackers refused to co-operate and the Resident was forced to send to York for Mr Drummond, the feared ‘protector’ of natives. . However the ringleaders had given themselves up before he arrived, cheerfully admitting in court to their part in the various crimes. Denin cheekily told the court that he was ‘asleep during the robbery of sugar from Mr Warburton’s station but another man put some of it in his mouth’ .
Although various terms in Rottnest were meted out, it is clear that the Noongar men involved were aware of the political implications of their action. Indeed Norn was to become one of the most well known figures around Albany, and, in 1890, on the occasion of colonial independence, petitioned the crown reminding his Excellency “that in the year 1829, all of this country belonged to my tribe…Since that time we have been gradually deprived of our hunting grounds and nearly all our kangaroos have been killed by the white man” He may also have been the pseudonymous Kyan Gadac who wrote in 1855 to the Colonial Secretary “There is a tract of land in this colony which time out of mind belonged to me and my ancestors. I can point out its marks and boundaries and no blackfellow ever disputed my right…it is true I have no title deeds but undisputed occupation, when continued for a long series of years, you white men I believe, consider a just title.” Both petitions ask for blankets and flour - rent in other words.
The colonial perception of peaceful settlement at Albany owes much to the early interactions between a young man, Mokare, and various early officials. Mokare was an uninitiated man with a great facility for language and the nephew of the local landowners at the time of colonization. De Sainson, Nind, Barker, Wilson and Collie left descriptions of the Minang based upon their interaction with him . His role as an interpreter was pivotal in the survival of the colony but he paid a heavy price. He was ostracised by the wider community and he and his family were regarded with grave suspicion for their apparent alliance with the newcomers . Just prior to his departure Barker, the most perceptive of Mokare’s interlocutors was to write,
There are a few tribes or families of the Will's still trying to preserve peace, chiefly those who live nearest to this part, but the great majority have been stirred up to hostility by Patyarite(Woolangoli's cousin) who since his recovery, has been constantly going about exciting wrath & revenge & has persuaded the young men of some tribes to come from a great distance.(Feb 13, 1831)
The resistance had already begun.
“You know why there are no Aborigines living in Denmark [west of Albany], it’s because it’s taboo – there was a massacre”. It was said in a knowing smug voice in 1986 when I first moved to the south coast conveying a privileged confidence. Later on I discovered that there was at least one Noongar family living there, mistaken for Italians probably because of there surname and I could find no trace of any massacre. “The last Albany Aborigines died out around the turn of the century”, members of the local historical society assured me. There were 800 recorded in the 1987 Census and I’ve identified over 33 Noongar graves in the Albany Cemetery from 1890 to 1930 when many people had abandoned the town because of the persecution of Loftie and his ilk. The persecution only intensified over the next 40 years as Noongar people were corralled into concentration camps of Carrolup and Moore River unless they were able to secure work on farms and stay out of the towns which maintained a curfew against their presence until the 1950’s.
There was a massacre at Cocanarup near Ravensthorpe to the east of Albany. “…and that’s why there are no Aborigines here and most of the locals think that’s just fine”, I was told recently, it was the malice that was the message. The massacre had only become a topic of public discussion in the last few years as local Noongar people have begun to record their history. The Noongar historians wanted it recorded and reconciled but the white descendants resile from this confronting possibility preferring the opiate of forgetfulness to the thorns of haunted memory.
The history wars are personal, my family is chasing DNA tests to prove that they have a touch of Aboriginality – preferring to forget that their pioneering ancestor, Harry Broome, left his DNA in the descendants of the Yorta Yorta women he raped before he died, slowly, from tertiary syphilis. The dementia enabled him to forget.
But this forgetfulness hides the knowledge that an irrevocable bridge has been crossed and as Bessie Bussell put it “no one in the house looks or speaks the same”. | <urn:uuid:239c03a8-a474-4747-9a6d-5c1dc0aba8b7> | {
"date": "2014-10-20T21:07:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443438.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00361-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.982149600982666,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 5294,
"url": "http://kiangardarup.blogspot.com/2008/05/noongar-resistance-on-south-coast.html"
} |
Applying Order of Operations to Expressions with Only Multiplication and Division
Some expressions contain only multiplication and division. When this is the case, the rule for evaluating the expression is pretty straightforward. When an expression contains only multiplication and division, evaluate it step by step from left to right.
|Contains only addition and subtraction||12 + 7 – 6 – 3 + 8||Evaluate left to right.|
|Contains only multiplication and division||18 ÷ 3 x 7 ÷ 14||Evaluate left to right.|
|Mixed-operator expression: contains a combination of addition/subtraction and multiplication/division||9 + 6 ÷ 3||1. Evaluate multiplication and division left to right.
2. Evaluate addition and subtraction left to right.
Suppose you want to evaluate this expression:
Again, the expression contains only multiplication and division, so you can move from left to right, starting with 9 x 2:
Notice that the expression shrinks one number at a time until all that’s left is 2. So
Here’s another quick example:
Even though this expression has some negative numbers, the only operations it contains are multiplication and division. So you can evaluate it in two steps from left to right (remembering the rules for multiplying and dividing with negative numbers): | <urn:uuid:487e6b2a-04c8-47fc-a574-71b97ebfb491> | {
"date": "2015-07-03T22:52:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096287.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00106-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8652278184890747,
"score": 4.03125,
"token_count": 280,
"url": "http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/applying-order-of-operations-to-expressions-with-0.html"
} |
Scientists Identify New Regulator of Cell Feature Linked to Cancer
May 19, 2004 – Scientists at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have discovered a new link between two key proteins that regulate the placement of cell parts.
Special placement of the various parts of a cell — a phenomenon scientists call cellular polarity — is essential for many life-sustaining functions. During development, moving parts to a particular region of a cell allows that region to become specialized when the cell divides. In a mature organism, cellular polarity allows a single cell to develop sides with multiple functions. For example, a cell that is part of an organ will develop different specialized properties on its sides that abut other organ cells (known to scientists as the basolateral surfaces) than on the sides of the cell that face the organ's exterior or cavities (known as the apical surfaces).
In a paper published in Current Biology, researchers demonstrate that an important polarity-regulating protein called Par-1 can be shut down when another protein called atypical PKC, also shown to be a major player in polarity, attaches a regulatory molecule to Par-1.
Cancer cells frequently lose their polarity, and disruption of polarity-regulating proteins, which occurs in the inherited disorder Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, has been linked to dramatically increased cancer risk.
"By the age of 43, the vast majority of these patients develop malignant tumors, mostly of the gut, but in other places, too," explains Helen Piwnica-Worms, PhD, professor of cell biology and physiology and of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine. "They develop polyps in the epithelial cells of the gut or the cells that line the cavity of the gut, and over time, these develop into malignant tumors."
Piwnica-Worms notes that her lab already has identified another site on Par-1 where a regulatory molecule can be attached to the protein. She plans to investigate its effects on Par-1's activity and says she is certain that they've just begun to glimpse the complex web of regulatory connections that exists between several proteins that can influence cellular polarity.
"Over the last couple of years, we've just started to be able to take these molecules and study the pathways they regulate in detail," says Piwnica-Worms, who also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. "They are essential for proper function in a wide variety of organs and systems, so fully understanding how they are regulated is eventually going to be very important to our ability to treat a range of different disorders."
Hurov JB, Watkins JL, Piwnica-Worms H. Atypical PKC phosphorylates PAR-1 kinases to regulate localization and activity, Current Biology, April 20, 2004.
Funding from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
The full-time and volunteer faculty of Washington University School of Medicine are the physicians and surgeons of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children's hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical research, teaching and patient-care institutions in the nation, currently ranked second in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children's hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.
Last updated 5/19/04 | <urn:uuid:4bc329f4-fed6-4236-bee4-4bc16de1c3fb> | {
"date": "2015-08-31T21:46:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068098.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00171-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9395046830177307,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 701,
"url": "http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/ContentPage.aspx?id=527"
} |
This time I would like to speak more about general symptoms that asthma sufferers experience.
As I experience the symptoms of asthma firsthand, I would like to provide more information about this to the people who are not sure whether their symptoms are provoked by this condition or due to some other health conditions.
Among the general asthma symptoms usually occurred in asthma sufferers are the following:
-Coughing. Typically asthma coughing is worse at night or early morning, which disturbs one’s sleeping. Very often asthma sufferers have the only symptom – coughing which often brings up mucus.
-Wheezing – a whistling or rasping sound while breathing.
-Shortness of breath. This condition is characterized by an inability to get enough air out of the lungs.
One should understand that the symptoms of asthma vary in different people. Besides, asthma symptoms vary in frequency: so, some asthma sufferers have symptoms only once in a few months, while other people have asthma symptoms every week or even every day.
Severe asthma attacks can lead to the condition when your airways narrow to the extend when not enough amount of oxygen can get into the blood that goes to the vital organs of our body. Such condition is considered as a medical emergency as this condition can result in death.
Fortunately, effective asthma treatment can help to manage asthma in most people, and they can expect to have few symptoms or they can be eliminated completely.
How To Recognize You Have Asthma
In fact, it’s quite easy to confuse the asthma symptoms with the symptoms that come with other conditions-for example, a cold or bronchitis. But note that asthma is much more serious condition and if you have a cough that lasts for a long time or you often have difficult breathing especially at nighttime or after physical activities, it might be a sign of asthma and it is recommended for you to consult with your medical provider in order to check out what is the cause of your symptoms.
If you have any of the above mentioned symptoms, you are recommended to monitor them for several days prior to seeing a medical professional. You need to write down what symptoms you have and at what time of the day or night they happen. This steps will help your doctor to diagnose your condition.
Besides, it is important to provide your medical provider a list of all medications you are taking for any of your health conditions in order to prevent these medications to affect your asthma condition or drug interaction with an asthma medications.
Typically, first of all your doctor will ask you a number of questions. He will likely want to discuss with you the following questions:
-Periods of your symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest tightness that can occur suddenly or they happen regularly or during certain times of the year.
-Colds that cause chest discomfort or last more than 10 days.
-Asthma medications you use for improving your breathing.
-History of asthma and allergies among the members of your family.
-Things that seem to bring you these symptoms or worsen them. | <urn:uuid:7f1c0a4a-113b-485c-afec-2add7500275b> | {
"date": "2015-01-30T13:54:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115857131.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161057-00199-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9634109139442444,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 631,
"url": "http://www.akpsidepaul.com/"
} |
THE NYMPHAI LYKAIIDES were nine Nymphs of Mount Lykaios (Lycaeus) in Arkadia (southern Greece). They assisted the goddess Rhea in her labour and nursed the infant Zeus.
Of the Nymphs, three were Naiades of the mountain and nearby valley: Hagno a spring of Mount Lykaios, Neda a mountain stream, and Theisoa a fountain of the Theisoan valley. Four more Oinoe, Glauke, Phrixa, and Alkinoe were probably also Naiades of the mountain springs. The eight named Anthrakia, was a torch-bearing Nymphe, suggesting that she was perhaps a tree-dwelling Oread or Dryad. The ninth, Ida, appears to be the Kretan Nymphe of Mount Ida who later cared for Zeus in the Diktaion cave.
The multiplication of the number of nurses to nine was probably a late invention. In the original version the infant god Zeus appears to have had three Nymphe, and three Kouretes protectors. The Kouretes later became nine in number, and the Nymphai nurses multiplied to match. They were closely identified with the Nymphai Idaiai (the Idaean Nymphs) who nursed Zeus in a cave on Kretan Mount Ida.
HAGNO (Hagnô) an Arcadian nymph, who is said to have brought up Zeus. On Mount Lycaeus in Arcadia there was a well sacred to and named after her. When the country was suffering from drought, the priest of Zeus Lycaeus, after having offered up prayers and sacrifices, touched the surface of the well with the branch of an oak tree, whereupon clouds were formed immediately which refreshed the country with rain. The nymph Hagno was represented at Megalopolis carrying in one hand a pitcher and in the other a patera. (Paus. viii. 38, § 3, 31. § 2, 47. § 2.)
ITHO′ME (Ithômê), a nymph from whom the Messenian hill of Ithome derived its name. According to a Messenian tradition, Ithome and Neda, from whom a small river of the country derived its name, were said to have nursed Zeus, and to have bathed the infant god in the well Clepsydra. (Paus. iv. 33. § 2.)
NEDA (Neda), an Arcadian nymph, from whom the river Neda and also a town (Steph. Byz. s. v.) derived their name. She was believed, conjointly with Theisoa and Hagno, to have nursed the infant Zeus (Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 38; Paus. viii. 38. § 3). In a Messenian tradition Neda and Ithome were called nurses of Zeus (Paus. iv. 33. § 2). She was represented at Athens in the temple of Athena. (Paus. viii. 47. § 2.)
OE′NOE (Oinoê). An Arcadian nymph, who is said to have been one of those that brought up the infant Zeus. (Paus. viii. 47. § 2.)
THEISOA (Theisoa), one of the nymphs who brought up the infant Zeus, was worshipped at Theisoa in Arcadia. (Paus. viii. 38. §§ 3, 7, 47. § 2.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 38. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"There is a place on Mount Lykaios (Lycaeus) called Kretea (Cretea) [in Arkadia] . . . The Arkadians claim that the Krete (Crete), where the Kretan story has it that Zeus was reared, was this place and not the island. The Nymphai, by whom they say that Zeus was reared, they call Theisoa, Neda and Hagno. After Theisoa was named a city in Parrhasia; Theisoa today is a village in the district of Megalopolis. From Neda the river Neda takes its name; from Hagno a spring on Mount Lykaios, which like the Danube flows with an equal volume of water in winter just as in the season of summer."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 31. 4 :
"[At Megalopolis in Arkadia in the enclosure of Demeter and Persephone:] The table also has a representation of Nymphai, Neda carrying the infant Zeus and another Arkadian Nymphe Anthrakia holding a torch, and Hagno with a water-jar in one hand and a drinking cup in the other; Ankhiroe and Myrtoessa are carrying water-jars and in fact water is pouring down from them."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 41. 1 :
"A river called the Lymax flowing just beside Phigalia falls into the Neda, and the river, they say, got its name from the cleaning of Rhea. For when she had given birth to Zeus, the Nymphai who cleansed her after her travail threw the refuse into this river. Now the ancients called refuse [afterbirth] lymata."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 47. 3 :
"Represented on the altar [of Athene at Tegea in Arkadia] are Rhea and the nymphe Oinoe holding the baby Zeus. On either side are four figures: on one, Glauke, Neda, Theisoa and Anthrakia; on the other Ide, Hagno, Alkinoe and Phrixa.There are also images of the [nine] Mousai (Muses) and of Mnemosyne."
[N.B. Artistically, Rhea and the nine Nymphai are artistically balanced in this work against Mnemosyne and the nine Mousai (Muses).]
||Of the River Neda
||Of the Town Theisoa
||Wine, Liquid (oinos),
Rock Dove (oinas)
- Pausanias, Guide to Greece - Greek Geography C2nd AD | <urn:uuid:9bf05e79-ec00-457f-a5d0-8278f895ee07> | {
"date": "2015-03-31T09:44:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300464.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00190-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9314718246459961,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 1374,
"url": "http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiLykaiai.html"
} |
Water your bulbs weekly during the growing season (spring until fall for most areas with frost, all year in the warmest zones) if rain has been scarce, which is usually the case for Arizona zones 9 and 10. About 2 inches of water will suffice, however when the bulbs are in bloom, water twice a week.
Deadhead--or pinch off--flowers, using your fingers, after they are done blooming. This will prevent the plants from using valuable energy into forming seeds and will instead bloom more and for a longer period of time.
Stake taller bulbous flowers to give them support. Examples of bulbous flowers that grow in Arizona and may need support are some taller varieties of cannas, dahlias, gladioli and lilies. To stake flowers of any variety, insert a wooden, metal or natural stake (such as a branch) about 2 to 3 inches into the ground near the base of the plant. As the flower grows, loosely tie the flower with twine to the stake near where the flower is bending. You may have to add more loose ties as the plants grow.
Fertilize your bulbs. Many gardeners suggest different times and rates of fertilizers. However, according to the University of Arizona, fertilize bulbs once a year after they begin blooming with a fertilizer labeled 5-10-10. Use 1 lb. for every 50 square feet. Apply the fertilizer according to manufacturer directions, and to prevent burning, don't let it touch the leaves or roots.
Cut off the foliage only after the leaves have yellowed and withered in the fall, usually after the first frost. Use pruning shears to cut the foliage off near the ground. Cut straight across. If the leaves do not yellow in your zone (usually zone 10), leave them alone.
Mulch over the bulbs hardy in your zone during the winter months, especially in zones 5 to 7. Use about 2 to 4 inches of organic mulch, such as bark or straw. This will help prevent the bulbs from freezing and thawing during winter temperature fluctuations. Remove the mulch in the spring after the last frost.
Dig up tender bulbs during the winter after you cut off the foliage. Use a spade, shovel or garden fork to dig a circle around each plant. Then push down on the handle in several spots to gently lift the bulbs out of the soil. Many summer-blooming bulbs (cannas, dahlias) will be tender in the cooler zones in Arizona. Tender bulbs are planted at varying depths (e.g., cannas about 6 inches deep); however after you dig up the first bulb, you will have a good idea how deep the others of the same kind will be.
Store tender bulbs during the winter. Bulbs are stored in different ways. The label that came with your bulbs may tell you how they are stored, or you can check with your local nursery or university. Some tender bulbs, such as dahlias, are stored buried in sphagnum peat or vermiculite and then placed in a cool, dry area that is around 50 degrees F until the spring, when they can be planted again after the last frost.
Replant the bulbs to the same depth as they were planted before. True bulbs and corms are planted with the tips facing up. Other bulb-like structures, like rhizomes, are planted on their sides; and tubers with the eyes facing up. Backfill the soil and lightly pack it down to fill in any gaps of air. Water the area weekly with about an inch or two of water. | <urn:uuid:335024ea-3391-4312-b508-b39ea01d8445> | {
"date": "2014-12-23T00:11:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802777418.140/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075257-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9430821537971497,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 745,
"url": "http://www.gardenguides.com/90394-arizona-flower-bulb-care.html"
} |
The vi editor has two modes
1) The Command mode
2) The Insert mode
with the Command mode you can move around the file with the arrow keys and you can use the del key or keys like x to delete letters.
with the Insert mode you can insert characters using the keyboard.
Note: You cannot enter any letters when you are in the command mode. You must enter the Insert mode before typing in anything.
Say you want to delete a particular letter or a word and then insert some other word in its place. This is what you would do
By default the vi editor starts up with the Command mode.
Move your cursor to the letter you want to delete and press ‘x’ or ‘del’ key.
This will delete the letter.
Press ‘i’ to enter into the Insert mode.
Now your keyboard can enter alphabets and numbers.
Insert the content you want.
Press ‘Esc’ key to go back to the Command mode.
Remember that to delete a letter you should go to the command mode.
Note: To Undo a particular typo or a delete, press ‘u’ in the command mode to undo. Works like any other word editor. | <urn:uuid:d93673bf-8e6e-4aef-8d2c-4d2a13b6706d> | {
"date": "2017-06-23T10:20:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320049.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623100455-20170623120455-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8774451017379761,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 260,
"url": "https://joyslearns.wordpress.com/2012/02/"
} |
Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
Show All Answers
If there are no rear seats, the child shall be secured as described above in the front seat except that no child shall be secured in a rear-facing seat in the front seat of any vehicle that is equipped with an active passenger-side airbag. The aforementioned is acceptable if the airbag is de-activated.
Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death of children over the age of six months in the United States. The proper use of child car seats is one of the simplest and most effective methods available for protecting the lives of our young children in the event of a motor vehicle crash. However, 3 out of every 4 children in child safety seats are not properly secured, or even worse, not restrained at all. Only the correct use of child car seats will offer the protection your child needs. Please be aware of the facts listed on these Child Safety pages regarding the proper use of child car seats. There are many different types of child car seats on the market today. Each one must meet federal standards and all provide good protection for your child when used correctly. The "right" seat for you is largely a matter of personal choice. Choose a seat that fits your child and your car, read the instructions carefully, and use the seat correctly on every trip. Just as there are several types of Child Safety Seats, there are also several methods for securing these seats to a vehicle. Seat belt systems, lap belts or lap and shoulder belts are designed to be used for this purpose. LATCH, which is an acronym for Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children, was designed to make installing child safety seats in vehicles easier. Nearly every car seat, and most vehicles manufactured since September 1, 2002 are required to have the LATCH system. For more information on LATCH including instructional videos, please click on the following link: LATCH For a list of free Child Safety Seat Check events statewide, visit the Seat Check Schedule page. For more information about the national Child Passenger Safety program, please visit the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) web page. Note to Expectant Parents: Plan to have your child safety seat (infant seat) installed in your vehicle at least three weeks before the due date of your baby. By visiting the Seat Check Schedule page, and finding a nearby open event, or scheduling an appointment for at least three weeks prior to the due date, you'll make sure that you're ready for the big day. Most babies are delivered within the month surrounding the due date, so by including your child seat education three weeks before, the odds of being fully prepared on the birth day are enhanced. Correct use is easy if you follow four steps: Read the manufacturer's instructions for your car seat. Face the child safety seat in the proper direction Infant seats always face backwards. Baby rides in a semi-reclining position facing the rear of the car.
Convertible seats face backwards in a semi-reclining position for infants under 30 pounds and under 2 year of age, and forward in an upright position for toddlers.
Secure your child snugly in the car seat. Always buckle the seat's harness system securely to hold your child safely in the seat. Allow no more than one finger-width of slack between your child's collarbone and the harness strap. Secure the child car seat with a seat belt. Anchoring the seat properly with a seat belt is critical. A seat that is not buckled securely to the car can tip over, slide sideways or, in a crash, be ejected from the car.
Check your instruction manual to find out how to route the seat belt properly and fasten it tightly.
Child Safety Restraints page.
The alarm system registration process is as follows:
An initial registration shall be required for each alarm system at the time of installation.
Any person wanting to register must file a Permit Application on-line or in person at our Records Bureau, between the hours of 8:30 - 1:00, Monday thru Friday.
A registration fee of $10 for each dwelling unit and $25 for all other applicants must be paid by the applicant. If 2 separate systems or a single system with 2 separate functions is involved, then separate fees shall be required for each system or function; but in no instance shall this permit fee exceed $50. In cases where a new homeowner or business assumes control of a system in place at the time of acquisition or possession of the property, a new registration is required. | <urn:uuid:f2c4e6fb-5290-4455-a681-33371287a749> | {
"date": "2019-06-25T03:56:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999787.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625031825-20190625053825-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9396018981933594,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 937,
"url": "http://www.plainsboronj.com/faq.aspx?TID=24"
} |
Cultivating motivation is crucial to a language learner's success - and therefore crucial for the language teacher and researcher to understand. This fully revised edition of a groundbreaking work reflects the dramatic changes the field of motivation research has undergone in recent years, including the impact of language globalisation and various dynamic and relational research methodologies, and offers ways in which this research can be put to practical use in the classroom and in research. Key new features and material:* A brand new chapter on current socio-dynamic and complex systems perspectives * New approaches to motivating students based on the L2 Motivational Self System* Illustrative summaries of qualitative and mixed methods studies* Samples of new self-related motivation measuresProviding a clear and comprehensive theory-driven account of motivation, Teaching and Researching Motivation examines how theoretical insights can be used in everyday teaching practice, and offers practical tips. The final section provides a range of useful resources, including relevant websites, key reference works and tried and tested example questionnaires. Written in an accessible style and illustrated with concrete examples, it is an invaluable resource for teachers and researchers alike.
Teaching and Researching: Motivation
Fri frakt för privatpersoner! Skickas inom 2‑5 vardagar | <urn:uuid:e9980ca4-859e-42b8-b98d-79c9dc551f53> | {
"date": "2018-08-15T04:06:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209856.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815024253-20180815044253-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8730254769325256,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 256,
"url": "https://www.adlibris.com/se/bok/teaching-and-researching-motivation-9781138835559"
} |
Most often ultrasonic transducers are used for distance measurements, and in the DIY world, usually as a way for robots to detect obstacles. But for a weekend project, [Vinod.S] took the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver from a distance-meter module and used amplitude modulation to send music ultrasonically from his laptop to a speaker, essentially transmitting and receiving silent, modulated sounds waves.
For the transmitter, he turned an Arduino Pro Micro into a USB sound card which he could plug into his laptop. That outputs both the audio signal and a 40 kHz carrier signal, implemented using the Arduino’s Timer1. Those go to a circuit board he designed which modulates the carrier with the audio signal using a single transistor and then sends the result out the ultrasonic transmitter.
He took care to transmit a clear signal by watching the modulated wave on an oscilloscope, looking for over-modulation and clipping while adjusting the values of resistors located between the transistor, a 5 V from the Arduino and the transmitter.
He designed the receiver side with equal care. Conceptually the circuit there is simple, consisting of the ultrasonic receiver, followed by a transistor amplifier for the modulated wave, then a diode for demodulation, another transistor amplifier, and lastly a class-D amplifier before going to a speaker.
Due to the low 40 kHz carrier frequency, the sound lacks the higher audio frequencies. But as a result of the effort he put into tuning the circuits, the sound is loud and clear. Check out the video below for an overview and to listen to the sound for yourself. Warning: Before there’s a storm of comments, yes the video’s shaky, but we think the quality of the hack more than makes up for it.
What else can you do with the ultrasonic transducers? You could wire a bunch of them to a Raspberry Pi to make a piano interface. Or you could use a larger transducer to make an affordable ultrasonic soldering iron. | <urn:uuid:8ff70f96-2528-46e1-b49d-aa1a87b3b7db> | {
"date": "2018-05-28T07:41:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872114.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528072218-20180528092218-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9390013813972473,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 415,
"url": "http://lorepop.com/am-ultrasonic-transmitter-and-receiver/"
} |
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
Transcript of Cyber Crime
8A Cyber Crime dangerous. Well, cyber crime is a crime committed using technology such as computers and networks like the Internet. There are various types of cyber crime in the world, and because of it, being online can be very, very What sort of crimes? Cyber crime can include many things, but they are used to:
Exploit someone's personal information for things like identity theft
Invade or steal technology with viruses, spam, piracy, etc.
Harass people online by cyberstalking and other things
Exploit children, normally sexually
Blackmailing and cyber bullying
and more. How do we protect ourselves? All cyber crime can be prevented. To protect yourself, you can:
Use antivirus software
take guidance for any site that you don't trust
be careful on social networking sites by using privacy settings.
But the main point is: Thank you for watching! Bibliography:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime First of all, what is cyber crime, exactly? | <urn:uuid:463025cf-6aa6-45ee-99de-2ad5c8b5577b> | {
"date": "2017-07-23T05:48:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424247.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723042657-20170723062657-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8865852355957031,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 349,
"url": "https://prezi.com/rquwccfrhbjy/cyber-crime/"
} |
Bacterial vaginosis is a type of vaginal infection that occurs due to an imbalance of bacteria. You may experience unusual vaginal discharge, bad odor, itching, and pain. It is caused by the bacteria Gardnerella vaginalis. It has the capacity to reproduce in the vagina. It alters the normal pH balance. It is a disease that only concerns women. So, it cannot be passed from a woman to a man. However, it is better to avoid sex when you have this infection as it will make the infection worse and cause a lot of pain.
Teenagers are at high risk of having this infection. But women in their mid-ages are also at risk of bacterial vaginosis. It is more prevalent in Mexican-American and black women. If you frequently douche you are also at risk of having this infection.If you have this infection during the time of pregnancy, then it will severely affect the immune system and the reproductive system. If you live in poverty, you smoke or you take drugs then you have a higher chance of having this infection. A woman who has a female sex partner has a high risk of having bacterial vaginosis. Sometimes, use of perfumed detergents to wash the vaginal area can cause the infection. This is because these perfumed products contain harsh chemicals. You should be careful in choosing the type of contraceptive as well. Certain pills pose a higher risk of having bacterial vaginosis.
Most people usually don’t have many complications due to bacterial vaginosis. But if you don’t treat it on time you may have certain problems.
Complications during pregnancy
If you don’t take proper treatment then your child may have pneumonia. The chance of miscarriage increases. The risk of having an infection in the womb lining also increases.
Pelvic inflammatory disease
There is a risk of having the pelvic inflammatory disease if you have bacterial vaginosis. You will have pain in your lower abdomen and pelvis region. It will hurt while having intercourse. It makes your upper genital tract to swell.
Risk of sexually transmitted infections
The risk of having sexually transmitted diseases, like HIV, increase if you leave bacterial vaginosis untreated. Your immune system will decrease and your body will become more prone to infections.
If you don’t get treatment on time you are likely to have recurring cases of bacterial vaginosis. You can apply over-the-counter vaginal gel or cream. For severe cases, you can see a doctor and take prescribed medicine. Bacterial vaginosis is a relatively less complicated disease compared to other reproductive problems; but, you will need to take treatment on time to remain safe from any complications. | <urn:uuid:44ccafd8-26bf-4799-8ec3-f1b882bb9985> | {
"date": "2018-02-23T17:59:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814827.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223174348-20180223194348-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9426843523979187,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 550,
"url": "http://www.arredamenti-moderni.com/risk-factors-complications-bacterial-vaginosis/"
} |
Social networking is instrumental in building leadership within companies. Many companies build thought leadership through content and blogging. LinkedIn and Twitter also help companies build leadership by developing key relationships.
Social media helps people attain connections that are essential to business transactions. A component of leadership is attained by leveraging social media to the company’s advantage.
Social Media and Interpersonal Relationships
Since social media is mostly about interpersonal relationships, leaders can use this medium to leverage intellectual capital to build sustainable organizations. For instance, IBM has recognized that they earn at least $948 from every new social relationship formed. Business to business sales representatives benefit from the use of social media online.
These types of sales representatives are twice as likely to use social media as other people. LinkedIn is especially important to business to business sales, as well as some social media applications.
Elements of Leadership and How Social Networking Can Help
Reputation Building. Great leaders must build their brand image and reputation with others in their given industry. Leaders are the motivation for innovation and a healthy work environment. Connections may be made through social media, but nurtured through interpersonal interactions and meetings.
When customers and companies have a mutual understanding, organizations will grow through collaboration and mutual respect. Leaders with good networking skills will attract the business necessary to help the company thrive and grow.
Establishing Value. Establishing value is important to a company. When a company establishes value, their customers recognize the company’s competitive advantage. Leadership should diligently work to establish value in the company to retain loyal customers.
Relationship Building. Essential components of relationship building is the building partnerships. Partnerships may be built through client relationships, mergers, coalitions or through a liaison. Acquaintance and social contacts are also good sources for relationship building.
Leadership emerges from forming strategic alliances. When alliances are formed, clients will informally promote companies and their products. Whether the relationships are personal or organizational public relationships, leaders can leverage the relationships to build successful enterprises.
Blog Posts and Podcasts. Leaders may use podcasts, YouTube and blog posts to stakeholders and the public. By keeping the public informed, stakeholders can build loyal relationships that will increase the company’s revenue and build the company’s reputation in the community. Building a blog with increased traffic will improve the visibility of the company.
Twitter Chats. Members of a company’s leadership team may all join Twitter, Facebook or Google Plus to communicate to one another. Communication focuses on specific topics that are relevant to developing leaders and devising a roadmap to propel the company forward.
Leadership building through social media is one effective method that many successful business leaders use. Though not all use social networking as a method for building leadership, many companies have developed social networking strategies that are effective.
Written by businessandsocial
December 13, 2011 at 1:32 pm
Posted in Social Networks | <urn:uuid:2b017f2a-9347-4caa-adc4-ad8259155195> | {
"date": "2014-03-12T06:46:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021429299/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121029-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9479867219924927,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 590,
"url": "http://businessandsocial.wordpress.com/"
} |
Unfortunately the provider for this webinar requires a login to listen to this discussion. If you don’t wish to register, my username is [email protected] and my password is 000000
Mark Thiele from Switch recently invited me to participate in a webinar he was moderating on the Efficiency and Ecological Responsibility of Cloud Computing which took place yesterday evening.
The discussion started off asking whether or not cloud computing is efficient and the panel was fairly unanimous in deciding that cloud computing is not efficient. The main point I made here is that because cloud providers are not publishing energy information, it is not possible to say whether or not cloud computing is energy efficient.
At around 15 minutes into the conversation, we shifted on to asking whether or not cloud computing is green. There was a good discussion on this with the fact that efficiency not necessarily being green being one of the main points raised. Also brought up was how plummeting costs of cloud computing are leading to an explosion in consumption – in itself not very green. And as a counterpoint Harqs raised the fact that lower costs are beneficial to start-ups in developing countries.
Then 33 minutes into the conversation, we started discussing the impacts on water of cloud computing. One point I raised is that if you run a 25kW rack for one hour the water footprint from electricity productions is:
- 0.1 litres if the electricity comes from wind
- 2.5 litres if the electricity comes from solar
- 45 litres if the electricity comes from coal and
- 55 litres if the electricity comes from nuclear (and this doesn’t include the considerable water footprint of uranium mining).
Nuclear power plants use phenomenal amounts of water. From the Union of Concerned Scientists report [PDF] on this
the typical 1,000 Mwe nuclear power reactor with a 30oF ?T needs approximately 476,500 gallons per minute. If the temperature rise is limited to 20oF, the cooling water need rises to 714,750 gallons per minute. Some of the new nuclear reactors being considered are rated at 1,600 Mwe. Such a reactor, if built and operated, would need nearly 1,144,000 gallons per minute of once-through cooling for a 20 degree temperature rise.
Actual circulating water system flow rates in once-through cooling systems are 504,000 gpm at Millstone Unit 2 (CT); 918,000 gpm at Millstone Unit 3 (CT); 460,000 gpm at Oyster Creek (NJ); 311,000 at Pilgrim (MA); and 1,100,000 gpm at each of the twp Salem reactors (NJ).
And that level of water consumption has big biodiversity effects – imagine the large water intakes required for a nuclear plant taking in one million gallons of water per minute. These water intakes don’t just take in water, they also take in any life forms in that water. None of these life forms survive going through a nuclear power plant obviously. And then there’s the heat pollution effects from the warmer water coming from the power plant outlets.
Towards the end of the discussion Jason asked if making this data available to end users would be a clear differentiator for Joyent. I responded that it would be because a) there is a demand for this information and b) because having seen how Greenpeace successfully went after Facebook, (and in their latest report are now targeting Apple, Amazon and Microsoft) for their dis-regard for the footprint of their cloud computing infrastructure, nobody wants to be the next company in Greenpeace’s sights.
Harqs added that any company pursuing such a policy should open-source it so everyone could contribute to the development of constantly improving reporting standards.
The highlight of the webinar for me was at 47:30 when Jason committed to doing just that.
All in all a superb discussion with a fantastic outcome. I hope you enjoyed it as much as I did. | <urn:uuid:fe1cdfb0-4d41-48b1-bf26-0ed2fe2c9551> | {
"date": "2017-08-21T06:28:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107720.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821060924-20170821080924-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9411512613296509,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 806,
"url": "http://greenmonk.net/tag/ecological-responsibility/"
} |
Have your chain blocks been letting you down lately? Pun intended.
While they appear to be simple, straightforward mechanisms, chain blocks need to be perfectly matched to each task at hand. An imbalance in weight distribution can be disastrous for anyone in the vicinity of the failing chain block.
This comprehensive buyer’s guide will assist you in making the right purchase for your lifting needs.
What Are They?
Chain blocks are sometimes referred to as chain hoists. They’re mechanisms used to lift and lower heavy objects using chains & wheels.
Heavy duty chains are interwoven inside a big steel block and wrapped around revolving wheels. When the chain is pulled, the wheels wind the chain and begin to lift or lower whatever object has been attached at the end.
The mechanism leverages the weight of the attached object, making it far easier to lift or lower than it would usually be.
Each chain block consists of three main components:
- A lifting chain
- A pulling chain
- A hook
These mechanisms are usually electrically maneuvered however it isn’t uncommon to find manual ones.
Chain blocks date back to early days of the industrial revolution where heavy things needed to be hoisted fast. However if we look back in history there is evidence of chain block type mechanisms as early as Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Wheel and pulley type systems were used to lift & lower massive objects.
These devices are most commonly used in industrial warehouses and factories as well as construction sites. Automobile garages are also frequent users of chain blocks. Think of engines needing to be lifted out of the car body.
Generally if there is a lot to be moved in a space then a chain block will be nearby.
Chain blocks come in an array of different shapes and sizes.
The chain block you need will depend on the intended task on hand.
Some chain blocks are designed with wider bodies in order to facilitate just a few thick chains. Others are compact and host multiple thinner chains to compensate.
A wide variety of metals are also used on different brands and types of chain blocks. Most chain blocks are comprised of a combination of steel, zinc and alloy parts. Something worth looking for in a chain block is an enclosed casing. This prevents dirt and debris from entering the device & interfering with the safe movement of the chains on wheels.
Some higher end chain blocks will come equipped with an overload activated clutch. This device will make sure that the chain block is never under strain that it can’t handle. This keeps both the device and the people using it safe at all times.
It is important that your chain block is weatherproof. If a chain block has the opportunity to rust or hold moisture it can become faulty and dangerous to use.
The real deciding factor when it comes to choosing a chain block is the device capacity relative to what you intend to use it for.
Some chain blocks can hold much bigger weights than others.
Average, every day chain blocks fall in the vicinity of around 250kg to 10 tons. Your heavy duty, industrial strength mechanisms will range between 10 and 50 tons.
There are a few factors that determine just how much a chain block can handle:
- The type of steel plays a big part
- The thickness of the lifting chain determines capacity
- Whether the chain block is used manually or electronically will also determine how much weight is compatible with the device.
Devices that are able to be lifted and lowered by humans tend to hold a lot less weight compared to those that require electricity. This keeps the lifter on the end of the chain safe and within a reasonable weight class for human effort.
This overhead manual chain hoist by MHI is an example of a chain block system designed around human action. MHI are leaders in chain manufacturing and logistics. They provide business development and networking opportunities for anyone in the industry.
Break It Down
When choosing a chain block be sure to take all factors of your project into consideration. Things to consider would include:
- Range of weight classes that you will be working with
- Space available within the designated work zone
- Would you like it to move electronically or will you prefer to use it manually?
- Do you need training on the device?
Obviously another important factor is cost. Generally chain blocks are industry standardized and there isn’t a huge discrepancy in cost per weight class. It still doesn’t hurt to shop around and see if you can shave off a few dollars here & there.
Hoist Me Up
Since your business is likely to use this device as frequently as you use your toothbrush it only makes sense to put some thought into selecting an effective, even in the long term. Ask questions, do brand research and gather product reviews if you can.
If you take anything away from this buyer’s guide we hope that it is, above all, to explore your options and shop around before committing.
At the end of the day you need a chain block that isn’t going to let you down, as that could mean endangering someone. So pick wisely. | <urn:uuid:8555db11-136b-404b-a815-e68b007633c7> | {
"date": "2019-12-14T17:54:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541288287.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214174719-20191214202719-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9467856884002686,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 1044,
"url": "https://thoroughlyreviewed.com/blog/chain-blocks-a-complete-buyers-guide/"
} |
The Koala: one you want to cuddle but do so at your own risk. Do not be misled by its very laid back attitude as they spend as many as 18 hours a day napping and resting. Koalas are marsupials, related to kangaroos. Most marsupials have pouches where the tiny newborns develop. A koala mother usually gives birth to one joey at a time. A newborn koala is only the size of a jelly bean. Called a joey, the baby is blind, naked, and earless. As soon as it’s born, this tiny creature makes its way from the birth canal to its mother’s pouch. Using the two well-developed senses it’s born with—smell and touch—along with its strong front legs and claws and an instinct that tells it which direction to head, the baby koala reaches the pouch. There it stays, safely tucked away,growing and developing for about seven months. People used to hunt koalas for their fur. Now strict laws protect them from hunters, but their habitat is not protected, and it is disappearing as land is developed. More than four-fifths of original koala habitat has been destroyed. Conservationists are trying to save what is left. Koalas smell like cough drops because of their diet of eucalyptus leaves. There are many kinds of eucalyptus trees. Koalas will eat from only a few of these and will move on to another tree when the leaves become toxic. Koalas have thick, greyish fur, with white on their chests, inner arms, and ears. They have large furry ears and leathery noses. Koalas live in trees, sometimes coming down to the ground to seek shade or another tree. They occasionally jump from one tree to the next. The word koala may come from an Aboriginal word meaning no drink. Although koalas do drink when necessary, they obtain most of the moisture they need from leaves. Koalas have their own built-in cushion! The fur on a koala’s bottom is extra thick so that the koala can comfortably rest in trees. | <urn:uuid:52ee0c89-01ab-4e3d-a15e-428ebda8c89c> | {
"date": "2017-10-22T17:07:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00556.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.970170795917511,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 452,
"url": "https://terryfisherphotography.wordpress.com/2011/06/14/koala/"
} |
The diagonal angle of view, in degrees, is = 2 * atan(D/2/F)
where D = Diagonal of sensor, mm
F = Focal length of lens, mm
If you wish to determine the horizontal angle of view, replace D with the horizontal length. Similarly, if you want the vertical angle of view, use the vertical length in place of D.
35mm lens with a Leaf 75 (V=36, H=48, and D=60 mm):
AOV (V) = 54°
AOV (H) = 69°
AOV (D) = 81°
As for the multiplier, is determined by the ratio of the diagonal as compared to the 'parent' frame, where the 'parent' frame is 35mm film for a 1D2, 30D, etc, with a D=43 mm. But for MF, such as a 645, the film diagonal is approximately 75 mm. So, for the Leaf 75, with a diagonal of 60 mm, the factor is 75/60 = 1.25. This means a 645 system based 50 mm lens on a Leaf 75 will behave like a 62.5 mm lens. The 50 mm lens on the smaller sensor will thus function as a slightly longer focal length (more telephoto-like).
However, many reference a 35mm film. In that case, the multiplier for a Leaf 75 is 43/60 = 0.717. This means that the same 50 mm lens on a Leaf 75 will behave like a slightly wide-angle 35 mm lens (that is, 50 mm * 0.717 = 35.8 mm).
The same 50 mm lens on a 500CM square format Hasselblad seems even wider (D = 85 mm; 50 mm * 43/85 = 25 mm), but only if you compare the diagonal view, which is what most manufacturers quote for lens angles of view. That is, the horizontal 60 mm length is the same for one side of the 645 and the 6x6 cameras, so the horizontal (landscape orientation) angle of view is the same for either format when using the same lens. | <urn:uuid:3a426717-d5fe-4b72-81ec-1f5c1b6c51da> | {
"date": "2015-10-05T02:00:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676547.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00070-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8943195343017578,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 447,
"url": "http://forum.luminous-landscape.com/index.php?topic=11629.msg72390"
} |
Challenges of Measuring the Performance of Health Systems
Improving the measurement of the performance of health systems is a wise policy option for federal, provincial, and territorial governments because it provides essential information for understanding the inevitable trade-offs involved in trying to reduce costs while striving to improve quality of care, access, and the health of the population. Performance measurement – monitoring, evaluating, and communicating the degree to which health-care systems address priorities and meet specific objectives – is also garnering increased attention from many stakeholders at other levels of the system.
This chapter is reprinted from Levy, Adrian R., and Boris G. Sobolev. “The Challenges of Measuring the Performance of Health Systems in Canada.” Health Care Federalism in Canada. Eds. Katherine Fierlbeck and William Lahey. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013. Print.
- Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Health indicators 2012. http://waittimes.cihi.ca/
- Health Canada – Health Technology Assessment Task Group on behalf of the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Advisory Committee on Information and Emerging Technologies Technology Strategy 1.0. 2004. Available at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/ehealth-esante/2004-tech-strateg/index-eng.php
- Levy AR, McGregor M. How has extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy changed the treatment of urinary stones in Quebec? Can Med Assoc J. 1995;153:1729–36.Google Scholar
- Levy AR, Terashima M, Travers A. Should geographic analyses guide the creation of regionalized care models for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction? Open Med. 2010;1:e22–5.Google Scholar
- Manitoba, Minister of Health and Healthy Living. Manitoba’s comparable health indicator report. Winnipeg: Manitoba Health; 2004.Google Scholar
- Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harv Sch Public Health/WHO/World Bank; 1996; Report No. 1.Google Scholar
- Osbourne D, Gaebler T. Reinventing government. Lexington: Addison-Wesley; 1992.Google Scholar
- Shepherd RP. In search of a balanced Canadian federal evaluation function: getting to relevance. Can J Program Eval. 2012;26:1–45.Google Scholar
- Snowdon A, Schnarr K, Hussein A, Alessi C. Measuring what matters: the cost vs. values of health care. Ivey International Centre for Health Innovation. http://sites.ivey.ca/healthinnovation/thought-leadership/white-papers/measuring-what-matters-the-cost-vs-values-of-health-care-november-2012/ | <urn:uuid:0cfde870-beea-44be-b189-6b467736460c> | {
"date": "2019-05-21T08:57:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8152722120285034,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 623,
"url": "https://rd.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4939-8715-3_19"
} |
There are many indigenous grape varieties presently cultivated in Greece.
Greece is one of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world. The earliest evidence of Greek wine has been dated to 6,500 years ago where wine was produced on a household or communal basis. In ancient times, as trade in wine became extensive, it was transported from end to end of the Mediterranean; Greek wine had especially high prestige in Italy under the Roman Empire. In the medieval period, wines exported from Crete, Monemvasia and other Greek ports fetched high prices in northern Europe.
Types of Greek Wine
Wines are categorized by the legislation into various types. The first criterion of differentiation is the color, thus distinguishing wines into whites, rosés and reds. This feature depends on the kind of grape used for the production of the wine, as well as on the wine making method used.
Depending on their sweetness, in other words, their sugar content, wines are divided into dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet and sweet. Their sweetness derives from the sugars that remain unfermented when the alcoholic fermentation is somehow stopped. It can be a natural stop, as is the case of Naturally Sweet Wines (Vins Naturellement Doux). There is also the case of an artificial stop in the alcoholic fermentation that occurs in Vins de Liqueur by adding alcohol. Finally, depending on their diluted carbon dioxide content, wines are divided into still, semi-sparkling and sparkling.
If a Greek wine has an Appellation of Superior Quality, the wine is usually a dry table wine. These wines must also follow strict specifications and use very specific grapes from certain areas. Greek wines with appellation of both kinds might also be described by certain characteristics of the wine such as dry or semi-dry, sweet or semi-sweet, as well as by their color.
Download, View, Save or Print Adobe .PDF Format
RED GRAPE VARIETIES
One of the most noble of the Greek red grapes, Agiorghitiko (meaning St.George’s) is grown mainly in the AOC region Nemea in the Peloponnese. It produces wines that stand out for their deep red color and remarkable aromatic complexity. Agiorghitiko’s soft tannins, in combination with its balanced acidity lead to the production of many different styles of wine, ranging from fresh aromatic reds to extraordinary aged reds. It also produces pleasant aromatic rosé wines.
The predominant grape variety in Macedonia is a native red called Xinomavro, (meaning “acid-black”). The wines made from Xinomavro are known for their superb aging potential and their rich tannic character. Their complex aromas combine such red fruits as gooseberry with hints of olives, spices and dried tomatoes.
Mavrodaphne, meaning black laurel, is mainly found in the Peloponnesean regions of Achaia and Ilia as well as the Ionian Islands. It is blended with the Korinthiaki grape to produce a delicious fortified dessert wine known as Mavrodaphne. It also yields very good results when blended with Refosco, Agiorghitico and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.
WHITE GRAPE VARIETIES
Assyrtiko is one of Greece’s finest multi-purpose white grape varieties. It was first cultivated on the island of Santorini, where it has developed a unique character producing excellent AOC wines. Assyrtiko has the ability to maintain its acidity as it ripens. It yields a bone-dry wine that has citrus aromas mixed with an earthy, mineral aftertaste due to the volcanic soil of Santorini. In the last 25 years Assyrtiko has been planted throughout Greece including Macedonia and Attica where it expresses a milder and more fruity character. Assyrtiko can also be used together with the aromatic Aidani and Athiri grapes for the production of the unique, naturally sweet wines called VINSANTO (wine from SANTOrini), well known since Byzantine times.
Malagousia originated in the region of Nafpaktos in western Greece. The winemaker Gerovassiliou, was the first to begin experimenting with the nearly extinct Malagousia grape, realizing its vast potential for producing high quality wines. It is found mainly in Macedonia and is now cultivated in some vineyards in Attica and the Peloponnese. It is an especially aromatic grape leading to elegant full bodied wines, with medium acidity and exciting aromas of exotic fruits, citrus, jasmine and mint.
A distinct aromatic grape from within the AOC region of Mantinia, in the Peloponnese, Moschofilero grapes have a gray colored skin and therefore produce a wine that is a blanc de gris. Its crisp character and beautiful floral aroma of roses and violets with hints of spices can be drunk as an aperitif or with food.
As the name implies, Roditis is a rosé colored grape that is very popular in Attica, Macedonia, Thessaly and Peloponnese where it is cultivated for the production of AOC Patra wines. It produces the best results when cultivated with low yields on mountainous slopes. Roditis produces elegant, light white wines with citrus flavors and a pleasant aftertaste. | <urn:uuid:b1c849fe-c4d2-4cca-a096-d4771aa8206e> | {
"date": "2017-06-28T03:30:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00057.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9472081065177917,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 1130,
"url": "http://cavaspiliadis.com/greek-wine/"
} |
New Delhi: Endometriosis, a deviant growth of tissues outside the uterus, primarily expected to line the inside walls of the organ, can quietly propel one towards infertility or create a barrier in getting pregnant.
An estimated 10.8 million women suffer from endometriosis worldwide and one-third of women with this condition have struggled to get pregnant.
According to Dr Neena Bahl of Fortis La Femme, New Delhi, endometrium is the inner epithelial layer in the ovary. Endometriosis is a disorder where endometrium, primarily lining the inner walls of uterus, starts growing outside the uterus wall. “Often, this deviant development takes place on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues around the uterus and ovaries, and only in rare circumstances does the growth take place in some other part of the body,” added Dr Bahl.
-Causes of Endometriosis:
What causes endometriosis is still not known, as the reasons have varied from person to person. However, certain factors increase the risks of the disorder.
Hereditary : Women who share a family history with a person having the condition are up to 7-10 times more likely to develop endometriosis. Also, identical twins are prone to share the disease.
Retrograde Menstruation: During menstruation, the blood flows out of the body through gentile but retrograde menstruation or backward bleeding takes back the blood containing endometrial cells through fallopian tube to pelvic cavity.
Metaplasia: Under this condition, pelvic tissues are converted into endometriosis.
Other than these, the occurrence of menarche before the age of 11 years, prolonged days of profuse bleeding (more than five days), having a regular cycle of less than 27 days or even shorter, having first pregnancy in late age, low body weight, and alcoholism are some of the factors playing a significant role in endometriosis.
-Symptoms that shouldn’t be ignored:
Pain: It is a warning sign of this condition. The severity of pain does not define danger; however, the location of the endometrial tissues does. When one is feeling pain before and during periods, pain during or after sex, abdominal, back and/or pelvic pain; pain during urination or bowel pass, ovulation pain passing through thigh or leg.
Pattern of bleeding: Another sign to lookout for is the pattern of bleeding which includes heavy bleeding, with or without clots, irregular bleeding, with or without a regular cycle, bleeding longer than normal, and bleeding before due date.
Bloating, bowel problem, tiredness, mood swings and spasm or tightness of pelvic floor during intercourse too is a warning sign.
-How endometriosis affects motherhood:
Dr. Amita Shah of Columbia Asia Hospital, Gurugram, said, “Around 30 percent of women with the condition have faced difficulty in getting pregnant. Endometriosis tampers with the uterus. It does not necessarily make one infertile but clearly constitutes a hindrance in getting pregnant naturally. The excess adhesion caused by tissue growth can confine the egg and stop it from moving down the fallopian tube which in turn prevents a natural pregnancy.”
The tissue development scars the fallopian tube, ovaries and affects the quality of the eggs. It also creates problems in the implant of the embryo in the uterus wall as the tube is damaged by the swelling and changes organs in the pelvis such as adhesions with scarred pelvic tissue and blockage of the fallopian tubes. By all means, endometriosis tampers with a womb and makes things difficult for women planning a child.
Fertility shares a good relationship with a healthy mind; women with depression and other mood-related disorder usually fail to conceive easily. Endometriosis along with trouble getting problems is accompanied by a number of mood disorders in the woman. Anxiety, stress, depression and feeling incomplete constantly are some of the feelings induced by endometriosis.
It is important to remember not all women with endometriosis are infertile. There exist enough cases where women have given birth without difficulty, have children before they are diagnosed with the disorder, and even become pregnant successfully. It is often during investigations of the cause of delayed pregnancy of failure after repeated tries, women discover the development of endometriosis.
If the treatment fails to make the situation any better than motherhood should not come to a pause, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatments is a gift of science to be utilized.
However, the treatment should not be compromised if one gets pregnant. Untreated endometriosis is a risk for premature baby birth, mostly before 40th week; bleeding after the 24th week of pregnancy; preeclampsia or high blood pressure and worst is a miscarriage.
So, understanding the disease, identifying the symptoms and treatment collaboratively can improve fertility and restore motherhood in a woman with endometriosis. | <urn:uuid:63fcd318-cafb-4900-a774-9883a2c2eb4d> | {
"date": "2018-11-19T15:42:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745800.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119150816-20181119172012-00040.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9381682872772217,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 1041,
"url": "https://www.siasat.com/news/endometriosis-silently-kills-chances-motherhood-1395015/"
} |
Best Fucoidan 70% contains the glyconutrient fucoidan derived from brown algae. Seaweeds are a part of the diet in many cultures and fucoidan-containing species have been used traditionally for a variety of therapeutic purposes. Fucoidan contains an abundance of immune-modulating constituents known as polysaccharides. These unique and complex sulfated polysaccharides are not found in other seaweeds or land plants, and have been shown to mediate a variety of significant biological effects on mammalian cells in laboratory research. Research also suggests that fucoidan may possess significant antioxidant activity.
· Enhances Immune System Function*
Cell walls from marine algae contain an abundance of sulfated polysaccharides. Fucoidan is one class of these polysaccharides found in brown algae. Polysaccharides are known to have various effects on immune enhancement and possess other biological activities.
Researchers studying fucoidan fractions from algae have tested their ability to enhance immune function in various in vitro assays. In one such study, isolated fucoidan fractions from a water-soluble extract of Fucus vesiculosus as well as commercial sources of fucoidan were shown to enhance resistance and support an immune response by impacting enzyme-mediated replication activity in the cells studied in this assay.1
Further in vitro work confirms the immune modulating activity of fucoidan. Researchers showed that sulfated fucans were able to inhibit complement-mediated destruction of sheep red blood cells and rabbit red blood cells in vitro, suggesting a potential application as immune-supportive agents.2 The complement system is an important component of our immune system that utilizes a cascade of small proteins found in the bloodstream to mount an immune response in the body. However, an overactive immune system can also be problematic. In this assay, it was found that the immune-modulating activity increased with increasing molecular weight and with increasing glycolipid content of the fucoidan fractions. This line of in vitro research suggests that fucoidan and its various fractions may be potent balancers of immune function.
Research also suggests that fucoidan may support a healthy cytokine-based immune response and affect immune function at the level of immunomodulatory enzymes. This work was done in the laboratory in human tissue sections. Enzymatic action was shown to be inhibited in these connective tissue sections with the addition of fucoidan fractions, suggesting support of healthy connective tissue by fucoidan.3
The results of these individual assays, when put together, point to the fact that fucoidan possesses the potential to modulate various significant aspects of immune health.
· Potent Antioxidant Protection*
Recently, fucoidans have been theorized to have significant antioxidant potential because of the nature of their chemical structure. In order to support this notion, researchers began performing various assays to measure the antioxidant potential of fucoidan fractions. One such assay is the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. This is an in vitro test measuring the ability of a compound to reduce iron, which has a pro-oxidant role in the body. The assay quantifies the ability of the compound being tested to reduce iron, and this correlates to its potential antioxidant activity levels. Using this measure, it was shown that fucoidan fractions increased FRAP values considerably between 4 minutes to 30 minutes of exposure, indicating the antioxidant potential of these compounds. Further in vitro work has also suggested that fucoidans have antioxidant effects. A study assessed the free radical scavenging ability of various seaweed fractions using the DPPH assay. It was shown that seaweed extracts containing fucoidan had the highest activity levels of all the extracts tested in this study.4
The potential antioxidative activities of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds have also been demonstrated using various reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging assays. The assays used in one particular study included the DPPH, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. The extracts tested showed especially high free radical scavenging activity on the hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and demonstrated strong protective effects against DNA damage. Some of the extracts tested also demonstrated high superoxide anion scavenging ability, when compared to commercial antioxidant controls such as alpha-tocopherol, BHT and BHA.5
With the dual actions of supporting and balancing immune health and possessing free radical scavenging properties, Best Fucoidan 70% extract may be a highly effective supplemental nutrient for maintaining optimal health and wellness.*
1. Beress A, et al. A new procedure for the isolation of anti-HIV compounds (polysaccharides and polyphenols) from the marine alga Fucus vesiculosus. J Nat Prod. 1993 Apr;56(4):478-88.
2. Blondin C, et al. Relationships between chemical characteristics and anticomplementary activity of fucans. Biomaterials. 1996 Mar;17(6):597-603.
3. Senni K, et al. Fucoidan a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae is a potent modulator of connective tissue proteolysis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Jan 1;445(1):56-64.
4. Ruperez P, et al. Potential antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from the edible marine brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Feb 13;50(4):840-5.
5. Heo SJ, et al. Antioxidant activities of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds. Bioresour Technol. 2005 Sep;96(14):1613-23. | <urn:uuid:5eaa93e7-0b35-4ed4-89cd-8ec263cf6431> | {
"date": "2014-11-28T00:12:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009295.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00172-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.925311803817749,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 1201,
"url": "http://www.nutritiongeeks.com/fucoidan-drs-best-60/fucoidan-drs-best.html"
} |
The two basic terms used most often by economists are supply and demand. The amount of something that is available - the supply - and the amount of something that people want - the demand - make up a working market. The market is the way in which an economic activity is organized between buyers and sellers through their behavior and interaction with one another. Buyers, as a group, determine the overall demand for a particular product at various prices while sellers, as a group, determine the supply of a particular product at various prices.
The interaction of buyers and sellers in the market helps to determine the market price, thereby allocating scarce goods and services efficiently. The price is taken into account when deciding how much of something to consume, and also how much to produce. The relationship between price and quantity demanded is so universal that it is called the law of demand. This law states that with all else equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls - and when the price falls, the quantity demanded rises. The supply curve provides the opposite information: the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied - and the lower the price, the lower the quantity supplied.
A key function of the market is to find the equilibrium price when supply and demand are in balance. At this price, the goods supplied are equal to what is being demanded thereby bringing about the most efficient allocation of the goods. An efficient allocation of goods in a market is one in which no one can be made better off unless someone else is made worse off.
There are influences other than price, however, that can play a role in keeping the market from being truly efficient and at equilibrium.
Variables that Influence Buyers (Demand) - Price - Income - Prices of related goods - Tastes - Expectations - Number of Buyers
Variables that Influence Sellers (Supply) - Price - Input prices - Technology - Expectations - Number of Sellers
On the demand side, income can play a significant role. As income rises, people will buy more of some goods or even begin to purchase higher quality - or more expensive - goods. The price of related goods can also alter demand. If the price of one cereal increases, for example, demand will likely switch to a similar cereal - which would be considered a substitute good. If the goods are considered to be complimentary - or are typically used together - a decrease in the price of one of the goods will increase the demand for another. An example of complimentary goods are cars and gasoline, where the price of gasoline depends partly on the number of cars. Personal tastes and expectations of the future also influence individual demands as does the number of buyers (an increase in buyers vying for a specific number of goods will increase the demand and likely increase the overall purchase price).
On the supply side, both expectations and the number of sellers can influence the number of goods produced. In addition, the cost of producing the good - or the input prices - and the level of technology used to turn the inputs into goods greatly influence the final price and quantity supplied.
Although most economic analyses focus on finding the market equilibrium, there exist a number of other market forms. When it comes to the utilization of natural resources or other environmental quality amenities, it is often difficult to find the equilibrium through mere market pricing since they are not true market goods. Efficiency would require maximizing current costs and benefits of using or extracting natural resources while taking into consideration future costs and benefits, including the intrinsic and existence value of the resources. When the market fails to allocate the resources efficiently, market failure can occur. An example of this is the creation of externalities which often occurs when clear property rights are absent, as with air and some water resources. Attempts to promote efficiency and bring the market back into equilibrium can be through market options, like economic incentives and disincentives, or the establishment of property rights, or through government intervention.
Updated by Dawn Anderson
Price Theory, Lecture 2: Supply and Demand Glen Whitman, an Associate Professor of Economics at California State University, Northridge, compiled information on his website based on his lecture notes. He includes principles of supply and demand, constructing the market, and various types of competition.
EconEdLink: To Market To Market This lesson has students become consumers and producers by taking turns buying and selling things in a classroom-created market. Students establish prices for items and observe what happens during the sale of those items. [Grades K-5]
Learner.org: Workshop 2 - Why Markets Work This workshop includes a market simulation and exercise, "A Classroom Market for Crude Oil" (beginning on page 32) to illustrate key concepts of the market. Special emphasis is given to the interplay of supply and demand - how they can affect prices, and how prices can work as incentives for consumers and producers. [Grades 9-12] | <urn:uuid:76245158-1c14-447c-95b0-22ad13886b03> | {
"date": "2013-12-12T10:33:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164580231/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134300-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9489307403564453,
"score": 4.46875,
"token_count": 991,
"url": "http://enviroliteracy.org/article.php/1310.php"
} |
The history of Santa Pola
The museum is set in the 16th-century Castle Fortress, an example of Renaissance military architecture.
It has a monographic exhibition focusing on the history of Santa Pola, with six main themes: prehistory, the Iberians, Roman Portus lllicitanus, the fortification of the coast, fishing, and the salt beds. Some of the items on display are household goods such as looms, bodkins, adornments, amphorae and mosaics. Designed to be educational, the museum has high-technology systems including an audiovisual room showing a range of documentaries.
The ticket includes the visit to the Fishing Museum. | <urn:uuid:76c5d3af-fe56-45b7-b02e-73a96648ad82> | {
"date": "2017-02-27T22:55:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00028-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9214417338371277,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 141,
"url": "http://www.touristlink.com/spain/museo-del-mar-sea-museum/overview.html"
} |
Like Luke vs. Darth, offense vs. defense, and "Tastes Great" vs. "Less Filling," a balance sheet consists of two opposing forces: assets vs. liabilities. We'll tackle them one at a time.
Assets are sources of value that can benefit a company down the road. There are two major categories of assets: current and noncurrent. Current assets are relatively liquid, meaning they can easily be converted into cash. Current assets are expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year. Noncurrent assets, conversely, are not easily converted into cash. These can include property, equipment, goodwill, and deferred charges.
Assets that will be used up within the next year or easily converted into cash within one operating cycle are considered current. An operating cycle is the time it takes to sell a product or service and collect cash from that sale. It can last anywhere from 60 to 180 days or more.
Current assets can also be viewed as operating assets because they fund the day-to-day operation of its business. Running low on current assets will force a company to seek other sources of fuel for its operations, usually leading to debt interest or dilution of shareholder value. Current assets are listed on a balance sheet from top to bottom with the most liquid at the top.
Let's review the terms you'll see under Current Assets.
Cash and Equivalents consist of cold, hard cash or very liquid equivalents, such as money market funds or bearer bonds. This is cash or insta-cash that is at the company's disposal for operations, growth, dividends, and share repurchases.
Short-term Investments are just below cash and equivalents in liquidity. When a company has cash over and above that needed for operations, it can afford to sink some into short-term bonds that will earn interest. While not as readily available as cash and equivalents, short-term investments can be converted into cash without too much difficulty.
Accounts Receivable (A/R) is what is owed to a company by its customers. Products or services have been rendered on credit and the company is now siting next to its mailbox waiting for a check. Usually, A/R will be converted into cash in a relatively short time. However, if a customer cannot or will not pay and sending cousin Louie after 'em doesn't prove beneficial, the company will be forced to take a write-off for bad debt. The Allowance for Bad Debt you see next to A/R in parentheses is money set aside to cover potential delinquent customers.
Look at the rate of growth or decline in A/R and compare it to that of revenue. Although an asset, A/R is not something you want to see growing, much less outpacing revenues. A good portion of assets, such as A/R, are paradoxical in nature -- we'll get more into that another day.
Inventories are the goods a company has for sale and the materials used to produce those goods. It's idle money, like a caterpillar in a cocoon, waiting to blossom merrily into flight and provide cash. Sitting in that cocoon too long, however, is not only claustrophobic, it can be costly. Companies need to turn inventory into cash as quickly as possible to put that money back to work for them. Like A/R, inventories outpacing revenue growth is a sign of trouble ahead.
Non-Trade Receivables is money due from sources other than customer purchases. These can include tax refunds, interest income, or the sale of property or equipment.
Restricted Cash is money set aside for a specific purpose, generally spelled out in a contract. A company may not use restricted cash for business operations, therefore it is listed separately from Cash and Equivalents on a balance sheet.
Prepaid Assets, to finish off current assets, are assets for which the company has paid the bill in advance for products or services rendered. Although not a liquid asset, prepaid assets are a bonus because these bills will not have to be paid in the future, leaving greater future revenues at your disposal.
We'll close here for tonight. Next week, we'll look at the power of liquidity (and I don't mean Supersoakers) and finish up the asset side of things with noncurrent assets.
Drip on, Fools! | <urn:uuid:0d09e2a2-cfa8-4e3b-baaa-513b629096f4> | {
"date": "2014-10-25T09:54:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648008.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00134-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966332197189331,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 897,
"url": "http://www.fool.com/dripport/2000/dripport000120.htm"
} |
Moore, Marianne (1887–1972)
Moore, Marianne (1887–1972)
American poet, editor, and scholar who was a shaping force in the American Modernist tradition. Born Marianne Craig Moore on November 15, 1887, in Kirkwood, Missouri; died in New York on February 5, 1972; daughter of John Milton Moore and Mare (Warner) Moore (an English teacher); attended the Metzger Institute, Pennsylvania; Bryn Mawr College, B.A., 1909; graduated from Carlisle Commercial College, 1910; never married; no children.
Lived with her mother, brother, and maternal grandfather until she was seven; moved after grandfather's death to Carlisle, Pennsylvania (1894), where Mary Moore began work as a teacher; submitted poems to college literary magazine, Tipyn o'Bob (1907–10); cultivated an interest in 17th-century prose writers who remained influences on her work; traveled abroad (summer 1911); taught and coached at the U.S. Indian School in Carlisle (1911–15); first poem, a satire on war, appeared in the Egoist; other poems published in Poetry the same year (1915); work reviewed in Egoist by H.D., a Bryn Mawr classmate (1916); began keeping a notebook that became a storehouse of ideas for poems (1916); moved with her mother to New York City (1918); worked as private tutor, secretary, and assistant in the Hudson Park branch of the New York Public Library; became part of a circle that included Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, and others; became acting editor of the Dial, influential literary magazine (1925–29); moved with her mother from Greenwich Village to Brooklyn (1929), where she lived for nearly 40 years; became critic and reviewer of works by many of her contemporaries (1920s); met Elizabeth Bishop (1934) and began a correspondence that lasted until her death; began translation of La Fontaine's Fables (1945); nursed her mother through numerous illnesses; Mary Moore died (1947); threw out the first baseball at Yankee Stadium (1968); continued to write and translate until shortly before her death.
Dial Award (1925); Helen Haire Levinson Prize from Poetry (1932); Ernest Hartsock Memorial Prize (1935); Shelley Memorial Award (1940); Guggenheim fellowship (1945); Pulitzer Prize (1951); National Book Award (1951); Bollingen Award (1953); National Medal for Literature (1968); membership in National Institute of Arts and Letters, American Academy of Arts and Letters, Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres; 16 honorary degrees.
Poems (1921); Observations (1924); Selected Poems (1935); The Pangolin and Other Verse (1936); What Are Years (1941); Nevertheless (1944); Collected Poems (1951); The Fables of La Fontaine (1954); Predilections (1955); Like a Bulwark (1956); O to Be a Dragon (1959); A Marianne Moore Reader (1961); Tell, Me, Tell Me: Granite, Steel, and Other Topics (1966); The Complete Poems of Marianne Moore (1967); The Complete Poems of Marianne Moore (revised ed., 1981); The Complete Prose of Marianne Moore (1986).
In a 1966 interview for Shenandoah, the poet Elizabeth Bishop expressed her discomfort with poetry that seemed complacent in its convictions and praised her friend Marianne Moore for writing poetry without reliance on a single myth or system. In Moore's poems, Bishop said, "a remarkable set of beliefs appears over and over again, a sort of backbone of faith." Bishop's metaphor contrasts myth with an organic structure that supports its body's weight without rigidity, a center constructed of small well-articulated components allowing a range of movements and postures. The metaphor also implies fragility; damage to the backbone has impact on the entire body. Bishop's image attributes all of its qualities—strength, flexibility, and vulnerability—to Moore's poetry. We see the body of work as if it were one of the many posed, agreeable animals found in Moore's work—Peter the cat, "springing about with froglike accuracy," or the jerboa, launching itself "as if on wings, from its matchthin hind legs."
Bishop's description of Moore's work is accurate as well as affectionate and can be of real service to the new reader of Moore's poetry, a sometimes daunting mixture of surprising perceptions, stylistic innovations, and quiet erudition. A committed reader will find the "backbone" and learn to delight in poetry that is both strong and lissome. The poems are rich in precise details, often gathered from careful observation of animals and human artifacts, but even those that seem most detached from human experience may gradually reveal themselves as gently ironic explorations of our shortcomings and follies.
Marianne Moore was born in 1887 in Kirkwood, Missouri (a suburb of St. Louis), home of the Reverend John Riddle Warner, her maternal grandfather. Her father John Milton Moore was
institutionalized with mental illness before she was born, and they never met. Moore, her brother John, and their mother Mary Moore lived in Missouri until Marianne was seven years old, when her grandfather died, and then moved to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Mary Moore found a position teaching English at the Metzger Institute, and Moore was enrolled as a student there. Her first ambition was to be a painter, for which she showed some talent, but when she entered Bryn Mawr College she was leaning toward a concentration in English. Ironically, she was actively discouraged from this field of study, on the basis that her writing was not good enough; she majored in social science and biology instead, but submitted both poetry and short fiction to the college literary magazine. Poetry came to hold particular interest for Moore quite early and remained a focal point. (Although she contributed many important critical essays and reviews to American letters throughout her professional career, writing fiction claimed little of Moore's attention. A piece of fiction begun in 1929 was still unfinished four years later, when she mentioned it to a publisher, and was in fact never completed.)
After graduating from Bryn Mawr (1909) and Carlisle Commercial College (1910), Moore spent four years at the U.S. Indian School in Carlisle, where she taught stenography and bookkeeping and coached outdoor sports. Athletics remained an abiding passion: interviews with Moore in later years were often enlivened by her informed judgments on baseball, especially as played by her beloved Brooklyn Dodgers. Like the animals who most charmed her, athletes were "miracles of dexterity."
To explain grace requires a curious hand.
—Marianne Moore, from "The Pangolin"
Moore and her mother spent the summer of 1911 traveling in England and France and then settled back down to live together, as they did until Mary Moore's death. They remained in Carlisle until 1915, a momentous year for Moore. Her first poems were published that year, in the Egoist, Poetry, and Others, and she submitted a manuscript of more than 60 poems to Malory House for a series of works by modern poets. She was unsuccessful in the latter venture, but in 1916, Moore asked H.D. (Hilda Doolittle ) for help in finding a publisher. This manuscript eventually became Poems (1921), submitted by friends, without Moore's knowledge, and published by Egoist Press. The same year saw Moore in New York for a week's visit, a trip that had farreaching consequences, both personal and professional. While there, she met several influential writers and artists, including the photographer Alfred Stieglitz; she also met Guido Bruno, who published four of her poems the following year.
Moore and her mother moved to New York in 1918, after a two-year residence in New Jersey, near her brother. Moore had been eager to make New York her center since her first brief visit, and the change satisfied long-time desires for a real community and a larger scope for her imagination. Her poem "New York" (1921) ends with a comment (quoting Henry James) on the "accessibility of experience" offered by the city. The 1910s and 1920s gave Moore a wide range of new experiences: she worked at a variety of jobs while writing and submitting poems shaped by themes that would engage her attention to the end of her life. Poems like "Poetry" (1919), in which Moore hopes for a future when poets will rise above "insolence and triviality" and make "a place for the genuine," explore claims for what writing can or should accomplish. The same period saw Moore struggling to deal with the effects of war and other challenges of modern life. "The Fish" (1921) describes an underwater scene, swirling around a cliff that is beautiful but devastated by "external marks of abuse." The juxtaposition of life and death closes with a characteristically cool but pointed conclusion. The chasm-side is both dead and eternal; "the sea grows old in it." Although the poem remains firmly placed underwater, the ominous images imply metaphorical connections to the world of human experience. Such oblique connections between the natural and the human realm are quite common to Moore's work.
Observations, published in 1925, confirmed impressions left by Poems (1921) that American poetry had something new in Moore's work. The poems were typically Modernist in many ways—clearly influenced by Imagist and French Symbolist forerunners—but certain stylistic elements were uniquely Moore's. The poems were composed of long sentences, owing much to prose styles, but chopped and arranged in lines of varying length. The form of a typical poem looks random at first: careful analysis reveals a tight construction utilizing both rhyme and meter. Unlike most metrical poetry in English, Moore's is composed on the basis of the number of syllables in a line, rather than on a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. She was influenced by French verse in this regard. Like the earlier volume, Observations included a number of poems written to or about favorite animals. She was particularly fond of animals with quirky habits of characteristics. Metaphorical comparisons and contrasts between animals and humans animate many of Moore's poems, but such connections are rarely direct and never cruel.
During the 1920s, Moore began a second career as critic and reviewer. Many of the prose pieces appeared in the Dial. Her comments on work by T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens, Elizabeth Bishop, William Carlos Williams, and other influential writers make interesting reading and remain helpful even now. She turned her critical talents to good use as the acting and then permanent editor of the Dial (1925–29), where she remained until its demise. Moore and her mother moved from Greenwich Village to Brooklyn when the Dial ceased publication. Her editorship of the magazine coincided with a brief hiatus (1925–32) when Moore published no poems of her own.
Selected Poems came out in 1935, closely followed by The Pangolin and Other Verse (1936). These books further explore territory mapped out in earlier work. They contain some of Moore's finest poems and continue her experiments with free verse, the shape of the line, and her idiosyncratic use of quotations (always scrupulously punctuated and attributed to their sources), mostly prose passages drawn from her reading in various disciplines. Moore met Elizabeth Bishop in 1934, an occasion that fostered an important friendship and one of the most fruitful professional partnerships of the century. Wide-ranging correspondence between the two encouraged each to keep working; Moore's interest in rhyme was bolstered by Bishop's ingenuity in her own work.
During the 1940s and subsequent years, Moore produced fewer poems, and many critics see a decrease in the quality of her work, as well. She published What Are Years (1941) and Nevertheless (1944) and then no more poetry until Like a Bulwark (1956). Personal hardship accounted in part for the slow-down; her mother, long in frail health, began a serious decline in the 1940s and died in 1947. Moore's own health was precarious, and nursing her mother certainly took a great deal of heart and energy that might otherwise have gone into her writing. The project that tided Moore over during these years was a piece of translation that W.H. Auden asked her to take on. She began working on La Fontaine's Fables in 1945 and published the completed translation in 1954. During the 1950s, she translated shorter works and wrote a play. Predilections, a collection of her prose pieces, was published in 1955. Moore's last two books of poetry, O to Be a Dragon (1959) and Tell Me, Tell Me: Granite, Steel, and Other Topics (1966), were of uneven quality.
From the 1960s on, Moore was probably more famous as a lovable eccentric than as a poet. At some point in middle age, she had begun wearing a black cape and tricorn hat that became her trademarks. Her love of baseball and her loyalty to the Brooklyn Dodgers endeared her to many who would not otherwise have known her. In one well-publicized episode in her public life, in 1955 Moore had been asked to suggest names for the car eventually called the Edsel. Her list, not surprisingly, contained a number of names of animals, chosen for their most agreeable or impressive qualities. Nevertheless, Moore's poetry and her critical acumen have established her as one of the central figures of the Modernist era. Her work is precise and difficult, although hardly impenetrable. Very few poems are about the speaker's experience in any direct way. They tend instead to look at human and natural worlds from a slight distance, employing precision and restraint in description, offering clear-eyed criticism and compassion in roughly equal measures. Moore's affection for creatures of all kinds is central to her work. Intellectual but not stuffy, the poetry and prose consider problems of experience, the predations of time, the chaos at the core of modern life, in ways that are both realistic and hopeful.
Brown, Ashley. "An Interview with Elizabeth Bishop," in Shenandoah. Vol. 17. Winter 1966, pp. 3–19.
Costello, Bonnie. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Kalstone, David. Becoming a Poet. NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989.
Moore, Marianne. The Complete Poems. NY: Viking Press, 1981.
Engel, Bernard F. Marianne Moore. NY: Twayne, 1989.
Hall, Donald. Marianne Moore: The Cage and the Animal. NY: Western, 1970.
Jarrell, Randall. "Her Shield," in Poetry and the Age. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953.
Molesworth, Charles. Marianne Moore: A Literary Life. NY: Atheneum, 1990.
Monroe, Harriet . "A Symposium on Marianne Moore," in Poetry. Vol. 19, 1922, pp. 208–216.
Ostriker, Alicia. Stealing the Language: The Emergence of Women's Poetry in America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1986.
Correspondence and other papers located at Rosenbach Museum and Library, Philadelphia; Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; Berg Collection, New York Public Library.
Mary M. Lacey , Assistant Professor of English, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana
"Moore, Marianne (1887–1972)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 9, 2018). https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moore-marianne-1887-1972
"Moore, Marianne (1887–1972)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. . Retrieved December 09, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moore-marianne-1887-1972
Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.
Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:
Modern Language Association
The Chicago Manual of Style
American Psychological Association
- Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.
- In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. | <urn:uuid:00133689-b4c5-424a-9d8c-09830166eefd> | {
"date": "2018-12-09T22:00:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823183.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209210843-20181209232843-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9565997123718262,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 3706,
"url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moore-marianne-1887-1972"
} |
The Mourner’s Kaddish
Jewish belief in the afterlife is affirmed in almost all of the Jewish rituals of mourning. Of these, by far the best known is the recitation of the Kaddish prayer by the mourner.
In addition to being recited at the graveside, the Mourner’s Kaddish is said during every prayer service. Ideally, a mourner recites the Mourner’s Kaddish at three prayer services each day for 11 months after the death (usually of a parent, although Kaddish may be said for others). It is then recited every year on the anniversary of the death (yahrtzeit).
Kaddish, in different versions, is actually recited numerous times during services. Written in Aramaic, the common language of the Talmudic era, Kaddish makes almost no reference to death. Rather, the text of Kaddish is all about the greatness of God and the kindness He does for the world.
Mourning the loss of a parent is a year long event, although there are different stages of intensity. Psychologists have noted that death often evokes many emotions: guilt, sorrow, anger, etc. The sages recognized that, given human nature, a person experiencing these emotions might feel isolated from, or angry at, God. The text of Kaddish is a reminder that God runs the world and always has our best interests in mind, although we may not realize it.
That the Mourner’s Kaddish is recited for only 11 months after death is based on the kabbalistic understanding that only a truly evil soul goes through an entire year of “cleansing” in Gehinnom. By stopping Kaddish after 11 months, a person affirms that their departed parent was a righteous person.
The responsibility for Kaddish falls on the child, as the recitiation of Kaddish elevates the departed soul in the heavenly sphere. If there is no one able to recite Kaddish, a righteous person should be hired to do so.
Copyright © 2010 National Jewish Outreach Program. All rights reserved.Email this post | <urn:uuid:41ca98d9-730f-4927-a0f0-fac35fb5b536> | {
"date": "2014-04-20T13:44:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00115-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9439654350280762,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 453,
"url": "http://www.jdate.com/jmag/2010/10/the-mourner%E2%80%99s-kaddish/"
} |
Mobile phones have not been found to be associated with any biological or adverse health effects, according to the UKs largest investigation into the possible health risks from mobile telephone technology.
The Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research (MTHR) Programme published its conclusions on September 12 as part of its 2007 Report.
The six-year research programme, chaired by Professor Lawrie Challis, Emeritus Professor of Physics at The University of Nottingham, has found no association between short term mobile phone use and brain cancer. Studies on volunteers also showed no evidence that brain function was affected by mobile phone signals or the signals used by the emergency services (TETRA).
The MTHR programme management committee believes there is no need to support further work in this area.
The research programme also included the largest and most robust studies of electrical hypersensitivity undertaken anywhere in the world. These studies have found no evidence that the unpleasant symptoms experienced by sufferers are the result of exposure to signals from mobile phones or base stations.
The situation for longer-term exposure is less clear as studies have so far only included a limited number of participants who have used their phones for ten years or more. The committee recommends more research be conducted in this area.
The MTHR programme also investigated whether mobile phones might affect cells and tissue beyond simply heating them. The results so far show no evidence for this and the committee believes there is no need to support further work in this area.
Professor Lawrie Challis, Chairman of MTHR, said: This is a very substantial report from a large research programme. The work reported today has all been published in respected peer-reviewed scientific or medical journals.
The results are so far reassuring but there is still a need for more research, especially to check that no effects emerge from longer-term phone use from adults and from use by children.
The research programme has also funded some basic measurements of radio signals from microcell and picocell base stations such as those found in airports, railway stations and shopping malls. These have shown that exposures are well below international guidelines.
Additional studies also confirmed that the use of a mobile phone while driving, whether hand-held or hands-free, causes impairment to performance comparable to that from other in-car distractions. There are however indications that the demand on cognitive resources from mobile phones may be greater.
|Contact: Science Media Center|
University of Nottingham | <urn:uuid:0d534a7b-1cfa-4a9b-8ed9-d82959e13f0b> | {
"date": "2016-12-03T22:37:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541140.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00400-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518712759017944,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 488,
"url": "http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/New-report-on-mobile-phone-research-published-1084-1/"
} |
New Russia gubernia
New Russia gubernia (Новоросійська ґуберня, Novorosiiska gubernia; Russian: Новороссийская губерня, Novorossiiskaia guberniia). The administrative-territorial designation from 1764 for the region in Southern Ukraine annexed by the Russian Empire from the Zaporozhian Cossacks, the Hetman state, the Crimean Khanate, and the Ottoman Empire. The gubernia encompassed the frontier territories of New Serbia, Slobidskyi Regiment, Sloviano-Serbia, the Ukrainian Line, and 39 companies of the abolished Hetman office's Poltava regiment, Myrhorod regiment, Lubny regiment, and Pereiaslav regiment. From 1765 the gubernial center was Kremenchuk. The gubernia was governed according to the Russian Senate's ‘Plan for the Colonization of New Russia Gubernia,’ and the military colonists and Cossacks there were transformed against their will into regular hussar and lancer regiments. The gubernia was divided into the Elizabethan province, with five regiments west of the Dnieper River, and the Catherinian province and Bakhmut county, with four regiments east of the Dnieper. It was the first region in the Russian Empire in which Catherine II allowed foreign Jews to settle.
The gubernia bordered on the Zaporizhia, the ‘free lands’ of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who opposed tsarist encroachments onto their lands and repeatedly attacked and destroyed new settlements. Consequently the gubernia's administration had a semimilitary character. It was governed consecutively by the ‘supreme commanders’ Aleksei Melgunov, J. von Brandt, M. Leontev, F. Voeikov, and, from 1774, Grigorii Potemkin. The regimental commanders under them had both military and civil authority.
Each settler in the gubernia received a subsidy and 26–30 desiatins of land. Those who also enlisted in the cavalry regiments received larger subsidies and did not have to pay taxes. Any military officer (including a member of the Cossack starshyna) who settled in the gubernia received noble status and a rank estate. Nobles and recruiting agents could establish and own a hereditary free village (sloboda) of no more than 48 households and recruit settlers, usually from among Ukrainian peasants who had fled Polish and Russian serfdom, but also from among Russian Old Believers and state peasants. If the village owner did not populate his land within three years, he forfeited it. Foreigners (mostly Moldavians and Wallachians, but also Germans, Serbs, Bulgarians, Armenians, Georgians, and Greeks) received the largest subsidies; those who brought 300 colonists with them received the rank of major, those who brought 150 became captains, and those who brought 30 became sergeant majors. In the northern part of the Catherinian province much of the land was already owned by the wealthy Cossack starshyna. Because most of the peasants there were enserfed, several thousand fled to the free villages and to the lands of the Zaporozhian Cossacks.
In the gubernia's towns Greeks and Old Believers controlled commerce. Unlike elsewhere in the Russian Empire merchants (65.1 percent Russian, 24.5 percent Ukrainian, and 10.4 percent foreign in the 1770s), not landed gentry, owned the factories. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–74 the gubernia's inhabitants bore the brunt of maintaining the Russian forces. In 1769–70 the gubernia's Donets, Dnieper, and Luhan lancer regiments rebelled against tsarist rule and were brutally repressed. Also in 1769, Crimean Tatars invaded the Elizabethan province, destroyed over 50 villages, and took away the inhabitants and cattle.
In 1774 the gubernia absorbed new lands annexed from Turkey between the Dnieper River and the Boh River and along the Black Sea littoral. In 1775 the free lands of the Zaporizhia were confiscated and divided between New Russia gubernia and the newly created Azov gubernia, and in 1776 Bakhmut county and the Catherinian province were transferred to Azov gubernia. Thereafter New Russia gubernia consisted of Kremenchuk county and the provinces of Yelysavethrad (3 counties), Poltava (2 counties), Sloviansk (renamed Nikopol in 1781; 3 counties), and Kherson (3 counties). After the Russian annexation of the Crimea in 1783, New Russia gubernia and Azov gubernia were replaced by Katerynoslav vicegerency. In 1791 the vicegerency absorbed lands annexed from Turkey between the Boh River and the Dnister River. In 1797 most of the vicegerency's territory became part of a new New Russia gubernia, with its capital in Novorossiisk (Katerynoslav). In 1802 the gubernia's lands were divided among the new Mykolaiv gubernia (from 1803, Kherson gubernia), Katerynoslav gubernia, and Tavriia gubernia.
[This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993).] | <urn:uuid:69390b44-eedb-4ae2-90ce-3ae122d1ab44> | {
"date": "2018-01-19T07:51:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9546260237693787,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 1186,
"url": "http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CE%5CNewRussiagubernia.htm"
} |
Also found in: Encyclopedia.
John Catron served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1836 to 1865. During his career on the Court, Catron was a staunch defender of States' Rights and the institution of Slavery. He participated in the landmark decisions upholding the power of state governments to regulate local aspects of interstate commerce and, in dred scott v. sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 15 L. Ed. 691 (1856), he voted with the Court in deciding that an ex-slave had no rights as a citizen. Despite personal Southern affiliations and his own support of slavery, Catron backed the Union during the Civil War. A close friend of Andrew Jackson's as early as the War of 1812 and a fellow resident of Nashville, Catron was a true Jacksonian in his outlook. His judicial career and opinions—from a suspicion of large corporations to a fervent support of states' rights—bear all the marks of Jacksonian democracy.
Catron was the descendant of poor, German immigrants. He was probably born in Pennsylvania around 1786—some sources cite his birth as early as 1779, however. His father, Peter Catron, worked with horses in Pennsylvania and Virginia, and moved to Kentucky in 1804, hoping to establish his own horse farm. Catron grew up with little formal education. He supported himself and his family by herding cattle and grooming horses, but he found time to read the classics as well. Around 1812, Catron moved to Sparta, in Tennessee's Cumberland Mountains region. At about the same time, he married Matilda Childress; the couple had no children.
Catron read law briefly in Sparta and then joined the Second Tennessee Regiment, a group of local volunteers who sought to avenge the massacre of Fort Mims by the Creek Indians. This unit eventually joined General Andrew Jackson's army in Alabama and fought in the War of 1812. Catron became friendly with Jackson, who had passed the bar exam and served as a judge, and the two corresponded frequently in subsequent years.
After the war, Catron returned to the Cumberland Mountains and resumed his legal studies. He was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1815 and worked both as an attorney in a general legal practice and as a prosecutor in a circuit court. In 1818, Jackson suggested that Catron move to Nashville, then a growing frontier town, where Jackson himself lived and had a plantation. Catron took his advice and developed a lucrative practice in Nashville, with much of his work involving land titles, a busy area of the law on the rapidly growing frontier. By 1824, he was elected to the bench of Tennessee's highest court, the Court of Errors and Appeals. In 1831, the Tennessee legislature created the office of chief justice of the Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals and elected Catron to serve in it. Catron held the position until 1834.
As a judge, Catron worked principally to resolve the morass of conflicting land claims then before the courts, but he addressed other issues as well. In separate 1829 rulings, Catron denounced both gambling and Dueling, calling the latter no more than "honorable homicide." "The law knows it as a wicked and willful murder, and it is our duty to treat it as such," wrote Catron in his decision for Smith v. State, 9 Tenn. 228. "We are placed here firmly and fearlessly to execute the laws of the land, not visionary codes of honor, framed to subserve the purposes of destruction." In an 1834 case, Fisher's Negroes v. Dabbs, 14 Tenn. 119, Catron ruled on the issue of freeing slaves. Slave owners would often grant manumission, or freedom, to their slaves through their wills. Catron argued that the state must approve such instruments before they can be valid, because, he wrote, "free negroes are a very dangerous and most objectionable population where slaves are numerous." Nor would it do to send freed slaves to states where slavery was not practiced, according to Catron. Whether in a slaveholding or nonslaveholding society, the freed African-American is "a degraded outcast, and his fancied freedom a delusion." Slaves could only be freed, Catron wrote, if they were sent to the African nation of Liberia.
American Indian affairs, particularly relating to the Cherokee nation, were also were pressing issues during Catron's tenure on the Tennessee high court. In 1833, the state legislature, following the earlier example of Georgia's general assembly, passed laws giving itself jurisdiction over Cherokee land within its boundaries. In State v. Foreman, 16 Tenn. 256, it was charged that these laws were unconstitutional. Catron upheld the state laws in a long opinion that is notable for its brutal attitude toward the Indians. "It was more just," Catron wrote, "that the country should be peopled by Europeans, than continue the haunts of savage beasts, and of men yet more fierce and savage." The Indians were, in his mind, "mere wandering tribes of savages" who "deserve to be exterminated as savage and pernicious beasts." Furthermore, it was simply by right of power that whites could exert their dominance: "Our claim is based on the right to coerce obedience. The claim may be denounced by the moralist. We answer, it is the law of the land. Without its assertion and vigorous execution, this continent never could have been inhabited by our ancestors." The issue resurfaced a few years later during Martin Van Buren's presidency when the Cherokee were forced to give up their land and make a long march on what was called the Trail of Tears to land west of the Mississippi.
In 1836, Catron directed Van Buren's presidential campaign in Tennessee. Van Buren won the election, succeeding fellow Democrat Jackson. On his last day in office, March 3, 1837, Jackson appointed two new members—Catron and John McKinley—to the U.S. Supreme Court as required by the judiciary act of 1837, which increased the size of the Court from seven to nine members. Catron was confirmed five days later, and at age fifty-one he became a sitting justice with roger b. taney serving as chief justice.
"Political sovereignty, in its true sense, exists only with the people. …and is [the] political axiom upon which the american government [has] been based."
Catron was a strong advocate of states' rights during his tenure on the Court. In the cases considered in Thurlow v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 46 U.S. (5 How.) 504, 12 L. Ed. 256 (1847), Catron wrote two opinions upholding the rights of states to regulate the importation of liquor from other states and countries. The cases touched on interpretation of the Commerce Clause, the part of the Constitution—Article I, Section 8, Clause 3—that gives Congress power "[t]o regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." Catron argued that the federal government does not have exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce and that where it does not act to regulate commerce, the states are free to do so. The state laws in question had encroached on no laws passed by Congress and were therefore valid. According to Catron, "the Police Power was not touched by the Constitution, but left to the States as the Constitution found it." Catron and the Court ruled similarly in Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 299, 13 L. Ed. 996 (1851), again upholding the ability of states to regulate local aspects of inter-state commerce.
Catron dissented from the Court's opinion in several cases involving the states' ability to regulate corporations. In one case in which the Court had ruled in favor of a large corporation, Catron expressed concern regarding "the unparalleled increase of corporations throughout the Union … ; the ease with which charters containing exclusive privileges and exemptions are obtained; the vast amount of property, power, and exclusive benefits, prejudicial to other classes of society that are vested in and held by these numerous bodies of associated wealth" (Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Co. v. Debolt, 57 U.S. [16 How.] 416, 14 L. Ed. 997 ).
Catron played an important role in the famous Dred Scott case, which concerned the highly controversial issue of slavery in the territories. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri whose owner took him into Illinois, where slavery had been outlawed, and the Louisiana Territory, where it had been forbidden as well by the Missouri Compromise, the 1820 agreement that attempted to resolve the dispute as to whether new states would be admitted to the Union as free or slave states. When Scott returned to Missouri, he brought suit against his owner, claiming that he was free because he had resided in free territory. In its decision, the Court, with Catron writing a concurring opinion, held that a slave could not become a citizen under the U.S. Constitution. Scott, the Court wrote, was not a citizen and therefore could not sue in federal courts. Chief Justice Taney went further and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, denying the authority of Congress to exclude slavery from the territories. This was only the second time the U.S. Supreme Court had found an act of Congress unconstitutional, the first having been the 1803 decision Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 . Many viewed Dred Scott as a pro-slavery ruling from a Court dominated by a Southern majority. The ruling may very well have hastened the coming of the Civil War.
In his concurring opinion, Catron emphasized that Congress could not abridge the property rights of slave-owning citizens in the Louisiana Territory by outlawing slavery. He also argued that the Missouri Compromise violated the constitutional guarantee of equal Privileges and Immunities to citizens of all states, a guarantee that was, Catron wrote, a "leading feature of the constitution—a feature on which the Union depends, and which secures to the respective States and their citizens an entire equality of rights" (60 U.S. at 529). Three of the seven concurring justices argued that an African-American descended from slaves had no rights as a U.S. citizen and no standing in court. Catron was one of four justices who did not address this last question of whether a freed slave was a citizen or not.
Despite his pro-Southern leanings and the subsequent loss of his estate, Catron supported the Union during the Civil War. As hostilities began to mount and war neared in March 1861, Catron returned to Nashville to try to keep the border states of his judicial circuit—Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri—in the Union. Of these, only Tennessee would eventually join the Confederacy. After an angry mob confronted him when he tried to hold federal court in Nashville, Catron was forced to leave for Washington, D.C., accompanied by a military escort, leaving behind an estate worth more than $100,000. During the war, Catron continued to support the Union by broadly interpreting the federal government's war powers. In one case, he wrote an opinion refusing to release a prisoner if evidence showed that he was a Confederate sympathizer. After 1862, Catron also worked hard to keep order in the states forming his new circuit: Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Kentucky. He stayed in close touch with President Abraham Lincoln and worked hard to keep the federal judiciary effective during the war.
On May 30, 1865, Catron, one of the last embodiments of Jacksonian democracy to leave the national scene, died in his adopted city of Nashville.
Anderson, Burnet. 1993. "John Catron." In The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1993, ed. Claire Cushman. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.
Gatell, Frank O. 1969. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Vol. 1. ed. Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel. New York: Chelsea House. | <urn:uuid:b68fa55d-c7cf-469a-bbec-5e892ad9f172> | {
"date": "2018-06-19T09:05:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861981.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619080121-20180619100121-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9764192700386047,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 2549,
"url": "https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Catron%2C+John"
} |
A rare portrait of Catherine Parr, the woman famous for being the wife who survived Henry VIII, is being unveiled later today at Hever Castle.
Click on the PICTURE GALLERY to view the full portrait.
Dating the portrait
Though the painter of the portrait is unknown, the Tudor historian and broadcaster Dr David Starkey sees in it a distinctive series of clues as to its probable date: the late 1520’s. “The English in the 16th century were craven followers of foreign fashions,” Dr. Starkey told the programme, “and the fabric pulled out into a squashed witches-hat effect is quite a good way of dating her. In the following decade, the 1530’s, ladies get into French dress, and suddenly get into very close-fitting head dresses of a completely different shape.”
Catherine the woman
If this dating is correct, at the time of her life that the portrait was painted Catherine was in her late teens, and married to her first husband: Edward, Lord Borough - the son of a rich northern nobleman. He's not the one who gave her the jewels she's wearing in the picture though. "Those wonderful pearls are a gift from her mother - left in her will, ” said Starkey.
But sitting around a chilly northern castle in her mother’s pearls wasn’t all that Catherine was up to as a young woman. “I’m a northerner myself”, said Starkey, “and I get fed up with the idea that everything is chip-butties and primitivism. 16th century historians write about the North in the same way.” Wrong, Starkey thinks. “Catherine first gets interested in education, first gets interested in radical new movements of religion in the north, in Yorkshire, with her friends up there - so this picture is taking us into a very different picture of Tudor England outside London from the one we commonly have.”
Catherine or Jane?
For all the clues as to the portrait’s date the identity of the sitter has in fact for years been under question. Until recently the picture was thought to be of Jane Seymour - Henry’s third wife: the woman formally betrothed to sweet Henry less than 24 hours after he had chopped off Anne Boleyn’s head. So is it Catherine? “Probably…”, Dr Starkey thinks: “almost certainly. I think it is 90% likely, and that, for a Tudor Portrait, is pretty good.”
See the 'picture gallery' for the larger image and visit the Hever Castle website for details of dates it's open to the public.
Back to Reports Homepage | <urn:uuid:a835839d-9616-40f9-bb69-0e7fcbf210b0> | {
"date": "2016-02-13T20:16:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701167599.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193927-00042-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.967653214931488,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 585,
"url": "http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/arts/parr_20040224.shtml"
} |
Lectures notes On Engineering Mechanics Course Code- BME-101 Prepared by Prof. Mihir Kumar Sutar Asst. professor, Department of Mechanical Engg.
Lesson Plan Subject: Engineering Mechanics (BME- 101), Date Lecture 08.01.2015 Lecture 1 Topics to be covered Concurrent forces on a plane: Introduction to engineering mechanics, 09.01.2015 Lecture 2 Composition of forces, parallelogram law, numerical problems. 10.01.2015 Lecture 3 Resolution of forces, equilibrium of collinear forces, super position and transmissibility, free body diagram, 12.01.2015 Lecture 4 Equilibrium of concurrent forces: Lami’s theorem, method of projection, equilibrium of three forces in a plane, 15.01.2015 Lecture 5 Method of moments, numerical problems on equilibrium of concurrent forces 16.01.2015 Lecture 6 Friction: Definition of friction, static friction, dynamics friction, coefficient of friction, angle of friction, angle of repose. Wedge friction, simple friction problems based on sliding of block on horizontal and inclined plane and wedge friction 17.01.2015 Lecture 7 Ladder and rope friction, simple problems on ladder and rope friction. 19.01.2015 Lecture 8 General case of parallel forces, center of parallel forces, numerical problems. 22.01.2015 Lecture 9 Center of gravity, centroid of plane figure and curves, numerical examples. 29.01.2015 Lecture 10 Centroid of composite figures figure and curves, numerical problems. 30.01.2015 Lecture 11 Numerical examples on centroid of plane figure and curves 31.01.2015 Lecture 12 Composition and equilibrium of forces in a plane: Introduction to plane trusses, perfect, redundant truss,
02.02.2015 Lecture 13 Solving problem of truss using method of joint. 05.02.2015 Lecture 14 Numerical examples on solving truss problems using method of joint. 06.02.2015 Lecture 15 Method of section, numerical examples. 07.02.2015 Lecture 16 Numerical examples on method of joint and method of section 09.02.2015 Lecture 17 Principle of virtual work: Basic concept, virtual displacement, numerical problems 12.02.2015 Lecture 18 Numerical problems on virtual work. 13.02.2015 Lecture 19 Numerical problems on virtual work. 14.02.2015 Lecture 20 Moment of Inertia of plane figure with respect to an axis in its plane, numerical examples. 16.02.2015 Lecture 21 Moment of Inertia of plane figure with respect to an axis and perpendicular to the plane, parallel axis theorem, numerical examples. 19.02.2015 Lecture 22 Numerical examples on MI of plane figures. 20.02.2015 Lecture 23 Rectilinear Translation: Kinematics of rectilinear translation, displacement, velocity, acceleration, numerical problems on rectilinear translation 21.02.2015 Lecture 24 Principle of Dynamics: Newton’s Laws, General equation of motion of a particle, differential equation of rectilinear motion, numerical problems. 23.02.2015 Lecture 25 Numerical problems on principle of dynamics 26.02.2015 Lecture 26 D’Alembert’s problems. Principle: Basic theory and numerical 27.02.2015 Lecture 27 Numerical problems on D’Alembert’s Principle. 28.02.2015 Lecture 28 Momentum and Impulse: Basic theory and numerical | <urn:uuid:5dd81ef6-4aeb-475c-9cd2-a5492fb83fa1> | {
"date": "2019-10-22T03:22:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987798619.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022030805-20191022054305-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.702239453792572,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 741,
"url": "https://lecturenotes.in/notes/20048-note-for-engineering-mechanics-em-by-engineering-dude"
} |
It’s just 24 notes sounded on a bugle — and it lasts only 50 to 60 seconds all told.
Yet no piece of music is more widely known in America than the strains of “Taps” — or more deeply felt.
When the plaintive call was first heard 150 years ago in a Union army camp at Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County, however, only the sharpest old veterans might have recognized its roots in a passage of music taken from an outdated drill manual.
For thousands of others the distinctive melody emanating from the headquarters of Col. Daniel A. Butterfield’s 3rd Brigade sounded brand new — and as it wafted through the darkness it impressed the buglers of other units so much that they lined up early the following morning to get copies of the music.
“On a good clear night, the sound of a bugle will travel 1 or 2 miles away. So the other buglers heard it — and they picked it up right away,” says retired Air Force musician Jari Villanueva, head of the 150th anniversary observance scheduled at Berkeley Plantation this weekend.
“Pretty soon, everyone was playing ‘Taps’ to signal ‘Lights Out’ — even the Confederates. It transcended the politics of the war and the conflict between North and South.”
A 23-year veteran of the Air Force’s Washington, D.C.-based ceremonial band, Villanueva first performed “Taps” as a kid in the Boy Scouts.
He later played it thousands of times at Arlington National Cemetery for military funerals.
Early in his career, Villanueva recognized the unique qualities of a composition that — as he says — is not only melancholy but also reverent and peaceful.
“It doesn’t matter how many times you play it, performing ‘Taps’ is the most sacred duty a military bugler has,” he says.
“Every single performance has got to be like the first time you’ve done it because — in a lot of cases — it will be the first and most memorable time that a service member’s family has heard it.”
That deep sense of duty led the musician to conduct extensive historical research over the years, during which he discovered an all-but-forgotten story.
Despite winning official recognition from the army in 1874 — and becoming the regulation bugle call for military funeral ceremonies in 1891 — the composition reaches back much earlier to a Union officer who couldn’t read music.
Wounded at the June 27, 1862 Battle of Gaines Mill in an action for which he later received the Medal of Honor, Butterfield was among thousands of Army of the Potomac soldiers recuperating at Berkeley Plantation after the Seven Days Battles near Richmond.
Sometime in early July he asked bugler Oliver W. Norton of the 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry to substitute a reworked passage from an old 1835 call for the more formal French “Tattoo” normally played to signal “Lights Out.”
What resulted was an unusually short passage of just 24 notes that was evocative in ways that its predecessor wasn’t.
“It’s the only call in the military that’s slow throughout — and that gives it a very distinctive, very memorable quality,” Villanueva says.
“It’s easily recognized in just three notes.”
So compelling was the new tune that it not only spread quickly throughout the Army of the Potomac to signal “Lights Out” but also was played with memorable effect at the funeral of a fallen gunner from the 2nd U.S. Horse Artillery Brigade.
Ordered by Capt. John C. Tidball, who later became the longtime Commandant of the Artillery School at Fort Monroe, that landmark performance was commemorated at the fort’s Chapel of the Centurion in a stained-glass window.
When two corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac and sent west in the fall of 1863, the popular call began to spread to other Union forces.
Confederate buglers in the Army of Northern Virginia picked up “Taps” quickly, too, and an undocumented account describes it as having been played at Lt. Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s May 1863 funeral.
Not until 35 years later, however, did the remarkable origin of this famous bugle call finally surface.
After reading a mistaken attribution by a music historian in the August 1898 edition of Century Magazine, Norton wrote in to tell his story, describing not only how Butterfield had revised an old call — “lengthening some notes and shortening others” — but also the enthusiastic reaction of other buglers.
Butterfield confirmed Norton’s account a few weeks later, recalling how “the call of Taps did not seem to be as smooth, melodious and musical as it should be” — and how he had altered the original, longer tune to “suit my ear.”
Just how that sounded may be imagined Saturday night when Villanueva presents the 150th anniversary performance on a bugle from the Civil War era.
Dozens of other buglers stationed around Berkeley’s grounds will then take up the call — echoing it just as they would have when the plantation was covered with the camps of scores of Union units.
“The older instrument has a darker, mellower sound — as opposed to the brighter, trumpetlike sound you hear today,” he says.
“And when we all get going, there’s going to be this wonderful sound of bugles hanging in the air for 5 or 10 minutes.”
Want to go?
150th anniversary commemoration of “Taps,” featuring re-enactors, concerts, lectures and the Virginia Civil War HistoryMobile
Where: Berkeley Plantation, 12602 Harrison Landing Road (off Route 5), Charles City
When: Through Sunday
Cost: Admission to grounds and commemorative program is free. House tours are $11 adults, $6 children 6-12.
Info: 888-466-6018; www.berkeleyplantation.comCopyright © 2014, The Morning Call | <urn:uuid:42799b1b-ea71-46b6-9a4e-ed044c917904> | {
"date": "2014-12-28T18:53:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447559078.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185919-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9598004221916199,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1340,
"url": "http://www.mcall.com/dp-nws-civil-war-taps-20130429-story.html"
} |
The following book review by Yuri Yemelianov was suggested to The Marxist-Leninist by a comrade, and was originally titled “The Quest for the Truth About Stalin: About the book by Yuri Zhukov ‘Inoi Stalin’ (‘Different Stalin’)“:
The collapse of the socialist order in the Soviet Union and some other countries in Europe, the disintegration of the socialist bloc and the USSR were preceded by active Anti-Soviet propaganda. This propaganda was sponsored by the West and organised by the local Fifth Columns (in the USSR the most influential Fifth Columnists were such leaders of the CPSU as M. Gorbachev, A. Yakovlev, B. Yeltsin and others). The goal of the propaganda was to portray capitalism as a social system of freedom and respect for human rights and to depict socialism as a system of terror, human deprivation and misery. During the end of the 80’s and beginning of the 90’s many popular journals and magazines of the USSR and all TV channels spread lies about socialism and its history. The greatest distortions concerned Stalin’s period of the Soviet history. Using the false interpretations of the Soviet history made by N.S. Khrushchev at the XX CPSU Congress (1956) the enemies of Socialism bitterly attacked Stalin and his policies. Almost all the Soviet history was limited to the story of mass arrests and executions of 1937-1938. At the same time Stalin and his supporters were made responsible for gross violations of law, arrests and executions of many innocent people. | <urn:uuid:fa43982f-b021-471b-8c2f-310a30c07970> | {
"date": "2016-05-27T22:00:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00031-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966785192489624,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 323,
"url": "https://marxistleninist.wordpress.com/category/former-ussr/"
} |
Why Concrete Is So Important To The World
This is undoubtedly the most beneficial and widely used building material invented thus far. The construction of every house will require tons and tons of concrete to be used. When using this material, it is important to remember a few features of it so that you can take maximum use of it. Here are some facts about it that you are probably not aware of.
Helps reduce energy usage
Even though concrete pumping equipment look like they consumer a whole lot of energy, the material it produces can be very advantageous when saving energy. This material can be used as a thermal insulator for homes and workplaces. This technique is commonly referred to as ICF construction. The interior and exterior walls of a building are lined with specially designed material that helps reduce the release of heat from the interior of the building. The trapping of heat is beneficial in maintaining the temperature inside any space. This will limit the amount of time that you require the services of thermal heaters.
Since thermal heaters and fireplaces that are used to stay warm in cold conditions utilize a large amount of energy, this technique will help you to cut down on the usage. This will also help you save money in the long run.
Can be used in preventing water contamination
Who would ever think that something we consider to be bad for the environment could actually help in reducing a form of pollution?
The products of concrete pumping equipment can be used as an agricultural waste contaminant regulator. It acts on polluted water reducing its odor and prevents ground water from getting contaminated further.
Also reduces air pollution
A special material called TX Active that is manufactured by mixing cement with titanium oxide is used to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxide in the environment.
Nitrogen oxide is a gas that is a primary contributor to air pollution. It can also cause acid rains and play a part in the depletion of the ozone layer. TX Active helps reduce the percentage of nitrogen oxide in the environment by breaking smog into its smaller components. These components can be easily consumed by the environment and transformed into non harmful substances.
It is the most durable construction material after all
Leaving all of the above mentioned uses aside, this material is by far the most hardy construction material that is available at present. These buildings are usually low in maintenance if they are constructed properly. Buildings that are made of high class concrete are also able to maintain better indoor air quality. | <urn:uuid:944874db-f76c-472c-bfb2-d6171ca8aa4d> | {
"date": "2018-10-23T15:10:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516194.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023132213-20181023153713-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9546480178833008,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 489,
"url": "http://rockwell-tools.com/construction-building/why-concrete-is-so-important-to-the-world/"
} |
Many varieties of thyme are hardy to USDA zone 4. Although usually gardeners do the bulk of their planting in the spring, some gardeners choose to plant thyme in the autumn to give it a head start on the next growing season. As long as you ensure the thyme has several weeks to establish before the first autumn frost, you can successfully plant thyme in the fall.
Prepare the sunny growing area in the autumn when you anticipate at least three weeks of growing time before the first autumn frost. Cultivate the soil with the garden spade down to a depth of approximately 4 inches. Add 1 to 2 inches of compost to the top of the soil to enrich it. Till the compost in with the loose soil to incorporate it. Rake the soil surface smooth.
Prepare holes for planting the thyme plants with the trowel. Space the plants 1 foot apart and make the holes deep enough so the thyme plants will be at the same depth as they are in the temporary containers.
Remove the thyme plants from the temporary containers and place them into the prepared holes. Add soil around the roots and tamp the soil down gently around the thyme plants.
Provide enough water to saturate the soil thoroughly immediately after planting the thyme plants. Keep the soil evenly moist during the first two weeks while the thyme plants establish in the soil.
Trim the thyme back after the first frost so it is approximately 3 inches above the soil level.
Apply gravel mulch over the roots of the thyme to insulate the thyme roots. The light color of the gravel will reflect sunlight and keep the roots at the proper temperature. | <urn:uuid:e9063f51-5b71-4cdf-b7d6-24ab040cb8fe> | {
"date": "2017-05-23T18:59:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607649.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523183134-20170523203134-00110.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9185819029808044,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 341,
"url": "http://www.gardenguides.com/100119-plant-thyme-fall.html"
} |
Download This Sample
This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!
To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download!
Sign Me Up
See the fact file below for more information on Clara Barton or alternatively, you can download our comprehensive worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.
- Clarissa Harlowe Barton was a civil war nurse, educator and humanitarian.
- She was born on December 25, 1821, in Oxford, Massachusetts.
- Her father was a local militia commander and a farm owner. She was the youngest of five children.
- She was an intelligent and sensitive child and excelled in school.
- Clara became a teacher at an early age of 17 and had a 12-year career teaching school children.
- She was able to manage unruly students, mainly boys, and was known as an effective teacher.
- Clara Barton gave up her job as a teacher and decided to pursue a college degree in 1850.
- After graduating in 1851, she opened a free school in Bordentown, New Jersey.
- She was the first woman to enter government service in the United States when she joined the U.S. Patent Office as a patent clerk in 1855.
- She was initially paid a salary equal to men but later her salary and designation were downgraded.
- Because of gender discrimination, her experience as a woman in government was not very good. Clara and other women were dismissed from service.
- She campaigned for Women’s Rights and was supported by Abraham Lincoln.
- When Lincoln became president, Clara rejoined the Patent Office as a copyist.
- When Clara was only ten, her brother David fell from the roof and was severely injured. Doctors had given up on him but Carla nursed him day and night and helped him recover.
- Clara’s father inspired her to help injured soldiers in the war.
- She started collecting supplies, clothing and food for Union soldiers.
- In August 1862, she was allowed to work in field hospitals on the front lines.
- Throughout the war, she remained in close proximity of battle zones and worked to manage cleanliness of hospitals, apply dressings, distribute supplies and serve food to wounded soldiers.
- She was present on the frontline during the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Second Bull Run.
- She was nicknamed ‘Angel of the Battlefield’ for her service to the Union soldiers.
- After the Civil War, Clara ran the Office of Missing Soldiers, where she helped find missing and dead Union soldiers.
- The Union army had kept little record of missing soldiers and Clara worked tirelessly to trace down the fates of many men.
- She then went on a visit to Europe and came to know of the Red Cross movement.
- She worked alongside the Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and upon her return to America she decided to convince the U.S. government to establish and American Red Cross.
- In 1881, she succeeded in founding American Red Cross and was elected its first president.
- Under her presidency, Red Cross worked tirelessly during the Spanish-American War and several other calamities and natural disasters.
- After she resigned from Red Cross in 1904, she founded the National First Aid Society.
- She spent her final years in Glen Echo, Maryland.
- She died on April 12, 1912, from tuberculosis.
Clara Barton Worksheets
This bundle includes 11 ready-to-use Clara Barton worksheets that are perfect for students to learn about Clara Barton who is respected over the world for her humanitarian work and services for Women’s Rights. She never married and considered soldiers she served during the Civil War as her family.
This download includes the following worksheets:
- Clara Barton Facts
- Knowing Clara
- Angel of the Battlefield
- Red Cross
- Women’s Rights
- Word Jumble
- Teacher Appreciation
Link/cite this page
If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source.
Link will appear as Clara Barton Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, January 11, 2018
Use With Any Curriculum
These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. | <urn:uuid:bd780786-2080-45d3-a192-7b5d33870f3a> | {
"date": "2018-05-24T06:30:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865928.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524053902-20180524073902-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9728458523750305,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 976,
"url": "https://kidskonnect.com/people/clara-barton/"
} |
- International Dance Day was introduced in 1982 by the International Dance Council (CID, Conseil International de la Danse), a UNESCO partner NGO, and is celebrated yearly, on April 29.
- The date is not linked to a particular person or a particular form of dance, although it's also the day when the French dancer and ballet master Jean-Georges Noverre was born.
- The main purpose of Dance Day events is to attract the attention of the wider public to the art of dance. Emphasis should be given to addressing a new public, people who do not follow dance events during the course of the year.
- Every year, the president of the International Dance Council sends the official message for Dance Day which circulate in every country around the world and is posted at the official website for Dance Day.
- The International Dance Council considers that while dance has been an integral part of human culture throughout its history, it is less prioritized by official establishments in the world.
- The International Dance Council CID is the official organization for all forms of dance in all countries of the world.
- CID is recognized by UNESCO, national and local governments, international organizations and institutions.
- Its members are the most prominent federations, associations, schools, companies and individuals in more than 160 countries.
- CID was founded in 1973 within the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, where it is based.
- UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
- Unfortunately there is another organization that claims they created International Dance Day. The truth is that it was the International Dance Committee of ITI that created the day in 1982, and since its first day it has always got eminent dancers and choreographers to write the message.
- The fact that it was the International Dance Committee of the International Theatre Institute can be proved with facts. See this link: Letter from the Assistant Director-General for Culture of UNESCO | <urn:uuid:8d58ec26-8848-4a14-9ad8-33ea2fd41ec9> | {
"date": "2019-12-14T02:54:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540579703.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214014220-20191214042220-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9325495362281799,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 394,
"url": "https://www.the12list.com/2017/04/international-dance-day-2017.html"
} |
Teachers at a Loudoun County, Virginia, elementary school instructed students to pretend to be slaves during a gym class activity for Black History Month, the president of a local NAACP chapter says.
Madison's Trust Elementary School students participated in an "insensitive" activity during their physical education classes, Principal David Stewart said in a letter sent on Feb. 12 apologizing to parents.
"The lesson was culturally insensitive to our students and families. I extend my sincerest apology to our students and school community," Stewart said in the letter.
Loudoun County Public Schools spokesman Wayde Byard said the gym class began with a lesson about the Underground Railroad as part of Black History Month. Byard said all students in the exercise, including minorities, were asked to act as members of the Underground Railroad but didn't specifically say students were asked to be slaves.
Students in grades 3-5, including African-American students, were then split into groups and challenged to overcome a physical obstacle. Some of the students pretended they were escaped slaves, the NAACP said.
Byard said the school system received about 10 complaints from families.
"It's awful," Loudoun NAACP Chapter President Michelle Thomas said. "It's really insulting. It makes me feel unsafe because I have kids in Loudoun County Public Schools."
Thomas said three teachers crafted the activity with the oversight of a school administrator.
"It shows that there's some implicit bias problems right here at this school," she said.
Stewart said the content covered during the activity would be retaught to students "within an appropriate and respectful context."
"A next step for us as a school involves the formation of an equity/culturally responsive team which will be comprised of school personnel and parent representatives," Stewart said. They said the content will be taught to students again.
Loudoun County Public Schools Superintendent Eric Williams said in a statement Friday the school system will make the following changes to address address racism, cultural insensitivity and inequity:
- Creating an "Equity and Cultural Competence Specialist" position for fiscal year 2020. "This person will organize cultural competence and implicit bias training for all teachers and administrators. Previously, this training had been optional for teachers and administrators, and it will now be required," Williams said.
- An outside expert will conduct an equity audit this spring to gather perspectives on racial and cultural insensitivity. The school system will then devise a longterm plan based on the results.
- The school board's budget for 2020 includes a position "dedicated to equity in education."
- The school board will create a group to address equity in education.
"We acknowledge that this incident at Madison’s Trust is a symptom of a broader issue. The diversity in Loudoun County is one of our greatest strengths, but Loudoun County is also a place where equity has proven a challenge for many decades," Williams said. "We have struggled with inequities in student achievement gaps, discipline disproportionality, underrepresentation of minority students in advanced programs and courses, and the lack of a diversified teacher workforce."
The incident comes as several top officials in Virginia, including Gov. Ralph Northam, have been embroiled in a blackface scandal.
Thomas said she has met with Stewart and with parents to try to come up with solutions to "remedy this racist act."
"I'm satisfied with the progress that we're making," she said. | <urn:uuid:5dd398d2-4bb1-4723-8ee8-94ed6b986b8b> | {
"date": "2019-08-22T14:35:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9714021682739258,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 698,
"url": "https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Virginia-Elementary-Students-Slaves-Black-History-Month-Gym-Activity--506192611.html"
} |
War at Sea
Canada and The Battle of the AtlanticBook - 2015
The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest single engagement of the Second World War, resulted in the coming-of-age of the Royal Canadian Navy. By 1945, the Canadian Navy had transformed from a small force of 3,500 personnel and 13 vessels into the third-largest naval power in the world. As German U-boats threatened to weaken the Allied war effort, the Canadian Navy was put to work protecting convoys across the Atlantic and hunting for submarines off the coast of Atlantic Canada.
War at Sea uses first-hand accounts from the veterans who survived, as well as a detailed catalogue of the technology, weapons, and ships, to describe the history of this pivotal conflict. Author Ken Smith emphasizes the contribution of Atlantic Canadians, who worked in areas vital to the war effort while under constant threat from U-boats, sabotage, and spies. | <urn:uuid:7288d314-4452-409a-a41e-5c6e6615131e> | {
"date": "2019-05-23T10:50:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257243.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523103802-20190523125802-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.949385404586792,
"score": 3.421875,
"token_count": 185,
"url": "https://yourlibrary.bibliocommons.com/item/show/1210012101"
} |
- pertaining to the period, 1066–1154, when England was ruled by Normans.
- of or relating to Anglo-Normans or the Anglo-Norman dialect.
- a Norman who settled in England after 1066, or a descendant of one.
- Anglo-French(def 3).
Origin of Anglo-Norman
First recorded in 1725–35
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for anglo-norman
This was its state through the Anglo-Norman and Plantagenet reigns.The Town
This was a Cromwellian modification of the Anglo-Norman oath.
But there was always a tendency to lawlessness wherever the Anglo-Norman went.
Anglo-Norman and Celt, feudalist and tribesman, alike were Catholics.Irish History and the Irish Question
Perhaps the Anglo-Norman fault had ramifications in the affected areas?The Tremendous Event
- relating to the Norman conquerors of England, their society, or their language
- a Norman inhabitant of England after 1066
- the Anglo-French language
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 | <urn:uuid:f5a82abb-2f8b-4e11-a444-2cf6d9f15bf5> | {
"date": "2018-06-20T11:49:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863518.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620104904-20180620124904-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8531952500343323,
"score": 3.84375,
"token_count": 297,
"url": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/anglo-norman"
} |
Our body is made up of various molecules and atoms. But where did these come from? And how were they made? How much of the human body is made up of stardust?
'Since stardust atoms are the heavier elements, the percentage of star mass in our body is much more impressive. Most of the hydrogen in our body floats around in the form of water. The human body is about 60% water and hydrogen only accounts for 11% of that water mass. Even though water consists of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen, hydrogen has much less mass. We can conclude that 93% of the mass in our body is stardust.' - excerpt from article found at PhysicsCentral.com
image taken from http://disjointedthinking.jeffhughes.ca/ | <urn:uuid:140bee30-f99a-4d6e-9a33-dd3e1a64041a> | {
"date": "2017-03-23T04:21:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186774.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00061-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.96833336353302,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 162,
"url": "http://ourearthland.blogspot.ca/2015/08/you-are-not-drop-in-ocean-you-are.html"
} |
Thursday, April 03, 2014 Grow Your Own Potatoes
Potatoes harvested fresh from the garden are full of flavor and so versatile in meal planning, plus they are a nutritional mother lode, high in vitamin C, potassium, fiber and protein, all with no fat. The skin of the potato contains the majority of the potato’s fiber and many of the nutrients are located close to the skin, so take advantage of recipes that are ‘skin on’. Potatoes are easy to grow as long as they have full sun, moderate temperatures, and light, rich, acidic, well-drained soil. Try varieties with colors, shapes and flavors you won't find in the supermarket.
To ensure highest quality and yields, purchase certified potato seed tubers. Certified potatoes have been grown under strict guidelines to produce tubers that are virus and disease free. Saving tubers from your garden to replant year after year will eventually result in decreased yields, smaller tubers and more potato diseases. Also, you do not want to plant tubers purchased from a grocery store as they have usually been treated with sprout inhibitors, and as a result, would have difficulty growing. The potatoes we sell for planting are all ‘certified’ seed stock.
PRIOR TO PLANTING: If you purchased certified whole potatoes, you need to cut and cure them prior to planting. Making planting pieces is a simple process. First, inspect the tuber for “eyes.” These are the sprouts that are contained in the indentations of the potato and will grow into potato plants. Some of the eyes are very small and you will have to look carefully for them. Cut the tubers in half and then cut the pieces so they have 1 or 2 eyes per piece. The pieces should be about the size of golf balls or no larger than chicken eggs. Small tubers can simply be cut in half. It is best if the pieces are cut 5 to 10 days prior to planting so the tuber has a chance to develop a callus tissue over the cut surface. The pieces should be kept at room temperature to let this ‘healing’ or ‘curing’ process take place. A light dusting with lime is beneficial, but not absolutely necessary. This curing process helps protect the potato piece from being attacked by soil microbes that could rot it before it has a chance to grow. If soil is warm and good quality, the curing process is not absolutely necessary. Also, if you purchased pre-cut sets, they have already been cut, dried and cured, making them ready for immediate planting.
PLANTING GUIDELINES: Potatoes prefer a well-drained, deeply worked soil that is a bit on the acid side with a pH between 5.5 and 6.0. A pH above 6.0 may result in an increase of common scab on the tubers.
Ideal temperatures for growing potatoes are 65 to 80 during the day and 55 to 65 degrees at night. Do not plant seed potatoes until soil temperature reaches 45 degrees F. We recommend a soil temperature of 55 degrees F. to be on the safe side. If soil is cold and wet, the seed may decay, and if cold and dry, sprouting may be delayed. Potatoes like a soil that is well-balanced in nutrients. Adding garden fertilizer or well-rotted cow manure and compost at planting time is a good way to supply the nutrients they need. Row spacing can be as close as 2’ where space is limited, but we recommend 3’ between rows to allow adequate space for vines to grow and enough room for hilling. Dig a shallow trench 6" to 8" deep and place the seed pieces about 12" to 15" apart in the row. Cover the seed pieces with about 3” of soil. Fill the trench gradually as the vines grow, never covering the vine once it has emerged from the soil.
HILLING POTATOES: Potatoes need a place for the tubers to grow and develop out of sunlight. When the plants are about 8 to 10 inches tall, gently mound the soil to a height of 3 to 6 inches and approximate 12 to 15 inches from the base of the plant. Use care not to damage the plant roots which may extend 8 to 12 inches from the base of the plant. Almost all potatoes form close to the seed piece. This is why it is essential that soil is mounded as the vines grow. If the tubers push out of the soil they will turn green and be inedible.
WATERING: In general, 1 inch of water per week by rainfall or irrigation is sufficient. Sandy soils will require more. The root systems are aggressive and usually find enough water. However, periods of dry soil alternating with periods of wet soil can result in poor quality tubers, so even soil moisture levels should be maintained.
An alternative method for growing potatoes is to plant seed pieces shallowly into the soil and cover with a thick layer of clean straw or other weed-free mulch. Add more mulch as needed to keep light from reaching potatoes (a foot or more of mulch may be required). Tubers grown this way can be easily harvested by pulling back the mulch after the plants die.
And don’t think you can’t grow potatoes due to lack of garden space. Check out our “Potato Tubs” that allow you to grow delicious, nutritious potatoes even if your balcony is on the 10th floor. | <urn:uuid:eaa181c9-c01c-42f9-9288-890654ea7673> | {
"date": "2015-03-30T05:48:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299114.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00154-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9561312794685364,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 1133,
"url": "http://www.rhshumway.com/GardenDoctor.asp?article=Grow+Your+Own+Potatoes&aid=28&id=7"
} |
The Utes do not have a migration story. The Utes have always lived here in the mountains. This is the Ute Creation Story as told by Alden Naranjo, a revered Southern Ute Elder and a member of the Mouache and Caputa bands.
Ute Creation Story, as told by Alden Naranjo in
Ute Indians Art and Culture, from Prehistory to the new Millennium, Edited by William Wroth. Published by the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center Copyright 2000
In the ancient times only Sinawav, the Creator and Coyote lived on the earth. They had come out of the light so long ago, that no one remembered when or how. The Earth was young and the time had come to increase the people. Sinawav gave a bag of sticks to Coyote and said “Carry these over the far hills to the valleys beyond.” He gave specific directions Coyote was to follow and told him what to do when he got there. “You must remember, this is a great responsibility. The bag must not be opened under any circumstances until you reach the sacred grounds.”
“What is this I carry?” asked Coyote
“I will say no more. Now be about your task” Sinawav answered.
Coyote was young and foolish, consumed with curiosity. “What is this I carry?” he kept asking himself.
As soon as he was over the first hill and out of sight, he stopped. He was just going to peek in the bag. “That could hurt nothing.” He thought. Just as he untied the bag and opened a small slit they rushed for the opening. They were people. These people yelled and hollered in strange languages of all kinds. He tried to catch them and get them back into the bag. But they ran away in all different directions. From how full the bag was after he had gotten it closed he could tell there was only a fraction of the what he had started out with. He went to the sacred valley and dumped them out there. There was a small number of these people. But those few ones were the Utes, the real Utes from around here.
Coyote then returned and told Sinawav that he had completed the task. Sinawav searched Coyote’s face. “I know,” Sinawav sighed. “You foolish thing, you do not know what a fearful thing you have done.”
Coyote finally confessed. “I tried to catch them. I was frightened. They spoke in strange tongues that I could not understand.”
“Those you let escape will forever war with the chosen ones, They will be the tribes which will always be a thorn in the sides of the Utes,” said Sinawav.
“The Utes, even though they are few in number, will be the mightiest and most valiant of heart.”
Sinawav then cursed the Coyote “You are an irresponsible meddler. From this time on you are doomed to wander this earth on all fours forever as a night crawler.” | <urn:uuid:d9218199-034f-475c-a3f5-f7d42ee0b79d> | {
"date": "2016-06-30T10:25:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9860748648643494,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 666,
"url": "http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/creation-story/"
} |
Programmed Math/Order of operations
Order of Operations in math is dealing with the order in which you work out an equation, which can solve many problems.
2 x 3 + 5 = x
In this example, what is x? We could either multiply 2 by 3, then add 5 to it OR we could add 3 and 5 together and multiply that by two. But how do we know?
Using BODMAS we can. BODMAS stands for Brackets Over Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction. This is the order we go in.
So using BODMAS we will multiply first and then add. So it is really:
(2x3) + 5 = x x = 11
Order of operation is also inportant in boolean algebra (see: Boolean Algebra). When a problem needs to be solved, it can be turned into BODMAS form to solve it. For example:
1 AND 1 OR 0 NAND 1. How would this work? If we convert it, it is:
So we would go for multiplication first, 1x1 = 1.
so it is now:
We do multiplication again: 0x1 = 0, but because this is the inverse, we make it 1.
So it is now: 1+1 = 2 (or in this case 1, because it is OR).
And our problem gets solved. | <urn:uuid:b2feffb9-8712-41de-a722-876c4998fe6d> | {
"date": "2016-12-11T10:08:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544672.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00392-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 5,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9310584664344788,
"score": 4.625,
"token_count": 289,
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programmed_Math/Order_of_operations"
} |
Code of the tones: First: To find the "a o e" in the pin yin of the characters. Tones should on one of" a o e" at first. Second: If there are no "a o e", go to find the "u i" to see which letter is at last. So put the tones on the last one of "u i ".
Do you know how to put the tones on " ai ei ui"? Try it.
Can you spell the words as below?
Would you like to do these worksheets at home? Bring it to me if you have done it.
Welcome to Year 2 Mandarin Blog. Here you can find updates from me, Miss Alin Yu. We look forward to reading your comments about the work we are doing in class, but please do not leave any comments that may need an urgent response. For this, speak to me directly or drop me an Email at: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:9b9ff4a8-0297-4cdf-869e-c9d2ee72bf7d> | {
"date": "2019-06-18T13:08:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9065682291984558,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 205,
"url": "http://ducksmandarinyr1and2.weebly.com/12-13-year-2msl/pin-yin-compound-vowel-1"
} |
by Nava Bearson
A recent article, Restoring Racial Justice (open as pdf) pushes for greater incorporation of race in restorative justice. Authors Fania Davis, Mikhail Lyubansky, and Mara Schiff assert that up to this point, the restorative justice movement has failed to explicitly address race. Through recognizing race and tackling race related issues, restorative justice can become a powerful force for addressing racial inequities.
The interests of both the racial justice and restorative justice movements overlap greatly. A consensus is growing in the U.S. that our criminal justice system is inherently racist. The authors note that “racially disproportionate arrest, conviction and incarceration rates reflect outcomes so racially biased” that the system has been called “The New Jim Crow” by civil rights attorney and legal scholar Michelle Alexander. They then make the case that restorative justice can be a means of diverting people away from this dysfunctional system by offering alternatives.
It is crucial for actors through the restorative justice movement to explicitly address racial issues so that the movement to act as both an alternative to state-imposed incarceration and a means for racial justice. The potential is there, but the work is only beginning to be done.
The article addresses two main areas where racial disparities are evident and proposes measures the restorative justice movement can take to redress the harm. The first area is disproportionate punishment and uneven sentencing primarily for drug related offenses among black and Latino men. The second area is the School-to-Prison Pipeline, which disproportionately affects black and Latino juveniles.
Area One: Disproportionate Incarceration and Punishment Among Black and Latino Men
According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the United States has only 5% of the world’s population, but 25% of the world’s prison population. This graphic brings this population to light:
(click to enlarge)
The fact that one in three black men can expect to spend time in prison during his lifetime is outrageous. The article also brought up the charges that bring these men to prison, many of which are drug related.
Studies fail to show meaningful difference in drug usage across races, but a disproportionate number of black and Latino men are locked up for significant periods of time for drug related offenses. When these men are released they are “forced into a subclass, often legally disenfranchised and deprived of voting, public housing, education, employment, and other citizenship rights” (Alexander 2010; Human Rights Watch, 2009).
Law enforcement is also a large culprit of discrimination. The article explains how problematic policies like stop-and-frisk have proven to be. According to Cornell University’s Legal Information Institute (https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/stop_and_frisk), stop-and-frisk entails “a brief, non-intrusive, police stop of a suspect”. The Fourth Amendment requires that the police have reasonable suspicion before stopping a suspect. They can only conduct a frisk, a quick pat-down of a person’s outer clothing, when they reasonably think the person is armed and dangerous.
Not surprisingly, the determination of “reasonable suspicion” made by police is far from objective. Bias and racism are inherent in stop-and-frisk policies. The author’s of Restoring Racial Justice present startling statistics:
In New York City, African Americans were 12 times more likely than Caucasians to be stopped by police using physical force and 40 times more likely to be stopped by having a gun drawn.
Similarly, in Los Angeles, the black stop rate is twice as high per 10,000 residents than the white rate, but frisked black drivers are 42% less likely to be found with a weapon than whites, and consensual vehicle searches of black drivers are 37% less likely to uncover weapons, 24% less likely to uncover drugs, and 25% less likely to uncover anything else.
The author’s of the article do not present a distinct solution to address Stop and Frisk, however, they propose the use of RJ alternatives to divert people from the criminal justice system. Since Stop and Frisk can lead to disproportionate punishment and incarceration, RJ alternatives are crucial.
Furthermore, policies like Stop and Frisk, which are intrinsically racist and do not deter crime should be done away with. In New York, a federal judge ruled that the Stop and Frisk tactics of the New York Police Department violated the constitutional rights of minorities in the city, but did not ban the practice. As you see in the graphic, increasing the number of police stops did not lead to a decrease in shootings, weapon possession, or murders:
Area Two: School-to-Prison Pipeline
Suspensions have increased for black children at more than 11 times the rate for white children, and their current rate is 24.3% compared to 7.1% for white children.
This is especially significant given that being suspended once in 9th grade doubles the dropout rate and a single suspension triples the chance of juvenile justice involvement within a year.
There are some organizations already doing important work to solve these problems in a restorative manner. The article presents different programs as models for how racial issues can be addressed through restorative justice.
Conferencing programs are a successful tactic for combating disproportionate punishment and incarceration. For example, Restorative Justice Louisville’s (http://rjlou.org) conferencing program consciously serves a district facing high rates of disproportionate minority incarceration. Restorative Justice Louisville uses the Family Group Conference model, adapted from a book by Allen MacRae and Howard Zehr, which involves a face-to-face meeting for victims, offenders and supporters of both parties.
Additionally, Baltimore’s Community Conferencing Program (http://www.communityconferencing.org/) serves a community composed of 97% persons of color. Their work in schools, neighborhoods and with law enforcement makes it so graduates are 60% less likely to reoffend.
School-based restorative justice programs have powerful impacts on disrupting the School-to-Prison pipeline. After adoption of school-based RJ, overall suspension rates in Oakland, California fell throughout the district by 52% in one year.
Teachers using RJ methods are less likely to disproportionately target African American and Latino students for disciplinary action. In three years after RJ implementation in the Oakland school district, instructional days lost by African American males decreased by 75%. At one school site, racial disparity in discipline was eliminated by the second year of RJ implementation. Furthermore, teachers who implement RJ practices also report better relationships with their students.
Restorative justice conferencing programs can also focus on youth who are becoming involved with law enforcement at a young age. Programs like Community Works’ Restorative Conferencing in Oakland emphasize dealing with racial disparities in their work. They specifically target disproportionate incarceration rates of youth of color and program graduates have a 11% recidivism rate.
Other restorative approaches work to disrupt systems of oppression through dialogue.
According to the article, “[The] persistent legacies of slavery and segregation are most evident in the U.S. criminal and juvenile justice systems.” Restorative justice and similar approaches can cultivate healing instead of maintaining oppression. For example, transitional justice initiatives allow people recover from historical racial injustices. The article notes, “Overlapping but not coterminous with RJ, transitional justice connotes a range of remedies available to countries transitioning from past human rights violations and also to those still divided by long-standing human rights abuse”. Transitional justice strives to transform historical and structural harm and allow from healing from past injustices.
Additionally, using restorative practices, such as holding conversation in circle, can break down barriers and promote understanding. Coming to the Table is a dialogue initiative located in Virginia that seeks to heal the wounds of slavery and the resulting racial inequities. The initiative brings together the descendants of slaves and slaveowners to “expose and take responsibility for family ties to the slave trade, slavery and racism, and explore how we heal through dialogue, ceremony, the arts, apology, and social action.” (quote from their website) Check out a powerful video from their website.
In addition to programs explicitly dealing with race, how can restorative justice as a movement become more conscious of racial disparities?
The article suggests incorporating “unlearning racism” components and tutorials on racialized mass incarceration and school discipline strategies as a standard part of all restorative justice trainings. It is tempting to gloss over race issues because they are too deep and controversial. However, the article argues that “failing to acknowledge and take action to address racial injustice allows legacies of slavery, genocide, and segregation to persist”. Ultimately, the movement’s work to repair racial inequities and the legacy of racism will determine the success of the movement.
Additional literature and curriculum is needed to promote the incorporation of discussions of race into restorative justice contexts. After around 40 years, there are many important pieces of restorative justice literature, but there are still few publications that address race. There is also a need for curriculum that guides restorative justice practitioners in developing race-conscious trainings and practices for school and community settings.
As restorative justice grows and flourishes, it is crucial that the organizations that make up the movement make a firm commitment to addressing race explicitly. Only through consciously confronting race-related issues can real progress be made. There is so much potential for change at the intersection of the restorative justice and racial justice movements. | <urn:uuid:c3835790-f2e3-4b3b-9ac4-ddf38b117cfd> | {
"date": "2018-12-13T22:15:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9449452757835388,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 1973,
"url": "http://rjcenterberkeley.org/id-like-to-learn-more-about-rj-what-should-i-read-part-2-restoring-racial-justice/"
} |
A puncture can change your life. In Louis Malle’s film Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the young peasant Lucien is rejected by his former schoolteacher who runs the local resistance organisation he wishes to join and then, returning home by bicycle, gets a flat tire. Seeking help in a nearby farmhouse, he finds himself among a band of carousing militiamen, collaborators sworn to eradicate La Résistance. He denounces the teacher, becomes a local boss of the militia, and is finally shot by resistance fighters.
This much-quoted moment of chance is the starting point for the book Aurais-je été resistant ou bourreau? (2013) by literature professor and psychoanalyst Pierre Bayard, which translates as ‘Would I have been a resister or a collaborator?’ As historians, and indeed as citizens, we assume that we would have made the right decision during the Second World War, given what we know about its horrors. The myth developed by General Charles de Gaulle in 1944 – that the French overwhelmingly behaved patriotically, rallied behind his leadership, and liberated the country themselves – persuades us that we would most likely have resisted Nazi Germany. A myth, however, is designed to unify a people and legitimate its rulers, not to tell the truth. As a young lecturer at Oxford 35 years ago, I remember looking round my college’s governing body, composed overwhelmingly of conservative middle-aged men, and wondering what they would have done if Britain had been occupied by the Germans. I concluded that most of them would have collaborated.
Today, after the shocks of Brexit and the Trump election, and with Marine Le Pen still lurking in the wings, I now begin to understand how the French must have felt in 1940. They underwent a double collective trauma. First, their country, which had emerged triumphant in 1918 after four years in the trenches, succumbed in six weeks to a German Blitzkrieg. The government fell, to be replaced by another led by Marshal Philippe Pétain, the hero of Verdun in 1916, which immediately sued for an armistice. The northern half of the country was occupied by German forces, 1.5 million Frenchmen were taken to POW camps in Germany, the army was reduced to a peace-keeping Armistice Army of 100,000 – what the Allies had allowed Germany after 1918 – and a huge reparations bill was imposed. Second, dazed and demoralised politicians reconvened in the spa town of Vichy in the so-called Free Zone and handed full powers to Pétain to make a new, stronger constitution. Parliament was dismissed, the Republic that had stood since 1870 was abolished, and executive, legislative and judicial powers were vested in Pétain as head of state. A National Revolution was launched to regenerate France in preparation for the time it might recover its independence. Freemasons, communists and Jews, alleged to have dominated the Third Republic and stabbed France in the back, were pilloried as the ‘anti-France’, purged and persecuted. The ‘decadence’ said to have sapped France’s strength was dealt with by sending young people to the so-called ‘Chantiers de la jeunesse française’ (CJF), or glorified boy-scout camps. Married women were removed from public-sector jobs and sent back to the kitchen and bedroom; the author Benoîte Groult, then a 20-year-old writing in her diary, remarked: ‘of the sexes, we are the Jews’.
In such a situation of shock and bewilderment, it was not obvious what the French should do. Overwhelmingly, they were patriotic, but where did patriotism lie? Most took the view that France had been undermined and betrayed by forces that were not properly French. These should be excluded to restore France’s health and vigour, and the nation’s fortunes should be entrusted to a real military hero, Marshal Pétain. The Marshal met Hitler in October 1940 and shook hands with him, announcing that he was embarking on a strategy of collaboration. This was not necessarily all bad. Its purpose was to bring POWs home sooner, to make it easier to cross the demarcation line between the occupied and non-occupied zones and to reduce some of the financial and economic burdens inflicted by Germany, although in practice the Germans made few concessions. Many people thought that Pétain, while working ostensibly with the Germans, was playing a double game – in secret contact with the British in order to eventually bring France back into the war against Germany.
Only a minority, initially, took a different view of where patriotism lay. They opposed the armistice and argued that, while the war on French soil had been lost, France should have gone on fighting from its colonies in North Africa. On 18 June 1940, de Gaulle, a far more junior general to Pétain, broadcast on the BBC to invite soldiers, sailors, airmen and technicians wherever they were to come to London and join the Free French to continue the fight. Only a few thousand, who had escaped from France after the defeat, heeded his call. They were denounced by the Vichy regime as traitors who had gone over to an enemy that was hated even more than Germany and which, on 3 July 1940, sank the French fleet where it lay at anchor in Oran, lest it fall into German hands, with the loss of 1,300 lives. De Gaulle himself was sentenced to death by a military court. A minority within France also opposed the Vichy regime – the dictatorship it erected, the heavy censorship it imposed and the policy of exclusion and persecution, which included the purge of French Jews from public- and private-sector jobs and the internment of foreign Jews. It was possible for many to oppose the German occupation and policy of collaboration and yet to support the Vichy regime as the best guardian of France’s interests. Captain Henri Frenay, a professional soldier from a military family, whose father had died in the First World War, admired Marshal Pétain and worked for Vichy’s military intelligence until 1941. Only at that point did the scales fall from his eyes, and he left the army and set up a resistance organisation, Combat.
It has been calculated that, among the French, only about 2 per cent became involved in resistance activity, and 1 per cent actively collaborated with the Germans, while all the others kept their heads down and waited for liberation to arrive. These small minorities were diametrically opposed to each other, and by 1944 were engaged in civil war, as Lacombe, Lucien illustrates. However, they also had things in common. They were ideologically committed to brave new worlds. For resisters this meant that liberty, equality and fraternity would genuinely inspire a new Republic, the mirror image of Vichy but also different from the Third Republic, which had become weak, corrupt and divided. For collaborators, this meant joining the New European Order under the auspices of Germany, which would eliminate the evils of international communism, international Judaism and Anglo-Saxon democracy. Many resisters were also opposed to communism, and a fault-line divided resistance movements between those who espoused communism as the only force capable of destroying Nazism, and those who feared precisely that it would take over Europe. Some resisters were also anti-Semitic, and differed from Vichy only on the point of not accepting the armistice. One further thing resisters and collaborators had in common was that they were men and women of action who risked liberty and life in the name of what they believed. Joseph Darnand, the brute who had donned a Waffen SS uniform and headed the militia that waged war on the resistance alongside the Germans, was put on trial for his life in 1945. ‘I am not afraid to be accountable to people who were in the resistance, to those who really fought,’ he declared. ‘I am much more frightened of those who did nothing and now pretend that they are resisters.’
Most French people ‘did nothing’ because that was the safest course of action. In 1997, I interviewed a winegrower in his wine cellar near Saumur, on the Loire. ‘Pétain saved my life,’ he began, eager to tell me that for him the armistice of 1940 meant that he was not going to be killed in battle. He returned to his village and made a good deal of money during the German occupation, as town-dwellers short of food came on train and bicycle to the countryside to buy directly from farmers, who charged them what they wanted. He was not untypical. The armistice meant that – apart from the 1.5 million POWs – people could return to their homes, their family and friends, their education, their jobs. They could return to routine and conventional ways of thinking, and wait for the war to end. The understanding was that, as long as they did not take up arms again, the Germans would leave them alone. If they did, no mercy would be shown. When a communist resister shot dead the German military governor of Nantes in 1941, Hitler himself ordered the execution of 50 French hostages immediately, and 50 more in 48 hours if the murderer was not found. The mayor, prefect and bishop of Nantes so persuaded the German authorities of the loyalty of the local population that the second batch of hostages was not shot.
Resistance, by contrast, meant to ‘do something’, and much thought went in to what this might be. For a long time, it did not involve violence: the first to embark on this were communists who saw themselves opening up a ‘second front’ behind enemy lines after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. De Gaulle issued clear instructions that those resisting in his name should wait until he gave the order to fire. Resistance activity could take many forms. It involved sporadic, spontaneous and symbolic gestures, such as painting ‘V’ signs on public buildings or demonstrating on Bastille Day or Armistice Day, to show that the patrie was still alive and kicking. This might be seen as peaceful protest but, if those gestures violated orders laid down by the Germans, they would be punished. Students who marched along the Champs-Élysées on Armistice Day 1940 soon found out that the Germans thought otherwise about their defeat in 1918: they arrested a number of students and threatened them with execution. Even listening to the BBC was punished. Other forms of resistance required greater organisation. They included the organisation of escape lines for POWs or downed Allied pilots, sending intelligence about German forces to the Allies by radio-transmitter, and publishing and distributing flyers and newspapers to counter both Vichy and German propaganda with the ideals and aims of the resistance. These actions were also fraught with danger. The Musée de l’Homme group, which was involved in escape lines, intelligence and propaganda, was infiltrated by a traitor and rounded up early in 1941; seven of its leaders were shot in February 1942.
Resistance did not always mean taking the fight to Vichy and the Germans but frustrating their plans. It involved the rescue of individuals and groups threatened by persecution, most especially Jews. Charitable organisations set up to attend to foreign Jews interned in camps in 1940 turned into escape lines for Jews, especially Jewish children, hiding them with families or in convents. This became more urgent when the French and German authorities began to round up Jews – first foreign, then French – in the summer of 1942, deporting them to the extermination camps. Networks of Jews and Christians, sometimes working together, spirited them away when they could across the border to Spain or Switzerland.
‘I didn’t want to leave my children with the memory of a father with his feet snugly in slippers, waiting till it blew over’
What characterised the sorts of people who resisted? According to one leading resister, interviewed for the film Le Chagrin et la Pitié (1971), they were ‘mavericks’ or ‘misfits’. This was not wholly true, but they needed to be non-conformist enough to feel ill-at-ease in Vichy France, and brave enough to risk a great deal by becoming involved. Some people became involved for ideological reasons. The historian Jean-Pierre Vernant, then a brilliant student and young communist, said that ‘the sight of the débâcle [of 1940] revived an old nationalist reflex, deep humiliation and fury at the idea that those people were at home in our homes. And at the same time a very deep antifascism, a hatred of all that.’
Others were influenced by family histories. The diplomat Jacques Lecompte-Boinet was 36, short-sighted, and a father of four in 1939. He was not called up but sent to direct evacuees at Saint-Lazare station. In the autumn of 1941, he was approached by a beautiful and mysterious woman near the Opéra and asked if he wanted to join Combat. He did so in order to live up to the memory of his father, whom he remembered going off to war in 1914 and not returning. ‘I did not want to leave my children,’ he wrote in his diary, ‘with the memory of a father who had spent that time with his feet snugly in his slippers, waiting till it blew over.’ Contingency also counted. The author Madeleine Riffaud was only 15 in 1940 when she was kicked in the backside by a German soldier. Such was her humiliation and anger that she swore to join the resistance. In July 1944, she shot a German soldier dead on the banks of the Seine, hoping to rouse the Paris population to revolt. She was arrested, sentenced to death, narrowly escaped deportation, and was released during the Paris insurrection of August 1944.
Many of those who were ill-at-ease in Vichy France were precisely those whom the regime was persecuting: communists, Jews and foreigners. Poles, Hungarians, Yugoslavs, Romanians, Italians and even German anti-Nazis, often of Jewish origin, fled persecution in their own countries and fought in the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. After the victory of Franco, they fled to France where they were interned along with the Spanish republicans they had fought with. ‘One half of the world regarded them as heroes and saints,’ wrote the Hungarian-Jewish journalist Arthur Koestler, who was interned with them, ‘the other half loathed them as madmen and adventurers.’ Because of their military experience, they were well-placed to lead the French resistance after 1942. Young Jews, often immigrants of Polish or Russian origin, whose families had been arrested and deported, joined these resistance organisations to fight a ‘war within the war’ against extermination. Late in 1943, the Germans arrested a group of resisters led by the Armenian poet Missak Manouchian. They published a poster, the so-called Affiche rouge, hoping to discredit the resistance as an ‘army of crime’ peopled by communists, Jews and foreigners. In fact, communists, Jews and foreigners were overrepresented in the resistance because they were persecuted, and also because they had constructed networks to hide, support and train resisters.
As the war went on, the claim of Vichy to be defending France’s interests wore increasingly thin. There were tipping points at which major changes of circumstances shook routines and provoked greater engagement with resistance. One moment was the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, which realigned the revolutionary and patriotic goals of communists after the confusion of the Nazi-Soviet pact, and freed them to throw themselves into resistance activity. A second was the round-up of Jews in the summer of 1942, which drove many young Jews into underground resistance networks as a way to survive. A third moment was the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942 by American and British forces.
The consequent invasion of the Free Zone by the Germans on 11 November shattered the illusion that Vichy was getting anything in return for its collaboration with Germany. The Armistice Army and CJF were disbanded. Many young men decided to make their way through Spain to join French forces in North Africa, from which an Expeditionary Force was drawn to land in Italy in November 1943. A fourth moment was the introduction of the so-called ‘Service du travail obligatoire’ (STO), or forced enlistment and deportation in the spring of 1943: the Germans were hoovering up labour from all over Europe in order to work their war economy, while more and more Germans were sent to the Eastern Front. All young men of military age were liable for STO. Many refused to go and went into hiding, the so-called réfractaires. Between 5 per cent and 25 per cent, depending on the area, joined maquis that were forming in the mountains and forests, ready to come out fighting on D-Day.
We now return to the question raised by Bayard: would one have been a resister or a collaborator? To explore this, he introduces the concept of the ‘potential personality’, defined as ‘that part of our character that emerges and develops only in exceptional circumstances, although we might be able to sense it in some daily life situations’. Bayard looks back to the life of his father, born in 1922, and reconstructs a succession of wartime crises that require him to decide one way or the other between resisting and not resisting.
In 1940, his father was working towards the entrance examination to the École Normale Supérieure, which trained the top teachers; his school had been evacuated to Royan, at the mouth of the Garonne. Should he be a hero, get on a boat, and go to North Africa where the war might continue, or join the nascent Free French around de Gaulle in London? He did what most French people chose to do. Despite his ideological differences with the regime, he stayed put, relieved that the war was over, and continued to prepare for his entrance examination. In 1942, he got into the École Normale Supérieure, and though its director was very pro-Vichy, Bayard’s father did not do anything that would get him expelled, let alone arrested. When the STO was introduced in 1943, he was initially excused on medical grounds, but as D-Day approached he decided to resist and join a maquis in the south of France. He had no luck. Arrested en route by the Germans, he was sent to work in Germany and ended up working at a station in Lübeck, where he stayed until August 1944. Given the spike in resistance casualties between D-Day and the liberation, in fighting or in collective reprisals for resistance activity inflicted by the Germans, he was probably safer in Germany.
So much for Bayard’s father. What about myself? The moment has now come for me to run the ‘potential personality’ test on myself. How far would I have behaved differently from the Oxford dons whom I suspected in the 1980s might have collaborated? As it happens, my great uncle, Denis Saurat, head of the French Institute in London, went to see de Gaulle on 19 June 1940, the day after his famous appeal on the BBC, and provided him with numerous contacts with the British establishment. He appeared with de Gaulle at the Queen’s Hall on 17 July 1940, addressing a crowd of 3,000 on his behalf, since at that point the General was reluctant to speak. Saurat, however, was the same age as de Gaulle (both men were born in 1890), and my great uncle was related to me by marriage, not by blood; I could not legitimately take him as a surrogate for my younger self.
My father had a fantasy that he would arrive in Singapore in a white uniform and liberate his father from Changi Prison
My own father was born in 1923, a year younger than Bayard’s. Since Britain was not occupied by the Germans, he did not have to resist, but did his bit in the armed forces. He was a patriot, but not a foolhardy one. As a boy, he had been brought up on the horror of the trenches and, as an only child, pleased his mother and himself by joining the navy before he was conscripted into the army. Moreover, like Bayard’s father, he did not let his studies suffer. He took the entrance examination for Oxford University in December 1942, applying for what he called ‘the worst college’ to maximise his chances of success, before he joined his ship. Early in 1946, he was demobbed and returned to his studies. He spent his career in the Civil Service negotiating Britain’s entry into Europe, a life’s work now torn apart by Brexit.
Had I myself been in France in 1940, I imagine that I would have acted very much like my father and Bayard’s. I have been involved in moments of activism, but not so as to threaten my studies or to risk arrest. I marched against the Vietnam War, aged 15, in 1968, but was relieved that the size of the crowd made it impossible to enter Grosvenor Square, where the leading activists were clashing with police outside the American Embassy. In 1974, students supporting the formation of a central students’ union occupied university buildings, and 18 of them were subsequently excluded. I am afraid that I did not join them; my final examinations were coming up and I did not want to endanger my academic future. In 1940, I would most probably have continued with my studies, but certainly chafed under the Vichy regime and German occupation.
Of all the resisters I have written about, I probably feel closest to Lecompte-Boinet. Like him, I would probably have been persuaded by the beautiful woman, Elisabeth Dussauze, whom he met outside the Opéra in 1941. However, if I put myself in my father’s shoes, I would have broken with the Vichy regime after the German occupation of the Free Zone in November 1942. I would have joined those who escaped across the Pyrenees and, like them, would have been held for some time in the Francoist camp of Miranda del Ebro, near Burgos. Eventually, I would have got to Gibraltar, but rather than cross to North Africa, I would have joined a British ship, as he did. My father had a fantasy that he would arrive in Singapore in a white uniform and liberate his father, whom he scarcely knew, from Changi Prison, where he was being held by the Japanese. Unfortunately, his father died there in August 1945, but it would be good to act out the fantasy all the same.
Maybe you are now thinking whether you would have resisted then, or whether you might resist in the future, should circumstances dictate. Here are a series of questions that might help you to find out:
- You have a new boss, who begins to play havoc with the way the organisation is run. Do you (i) go along with him, hoping for promotion; (ii) speak up and challenge him in a board meeting; or (iii) resign?
- An overseas cause to which you are committed is suddenly in crisis and needs your help. Do you (i) say that you are too busy to do anything; (ii) send them a cheque; or (iii) book a flight and see what you can do on the spot?
- You discover that the government is holding asylum seekers indefinitely in a high-security asylum centre 20 miles from where you live. Do you (i) think that they are illegal immigrants and should be deported; (ii) feel uncomfortable and do some research into the question; or (iii) arrange to go there and help some of them with their claims to be released?
This is not difficult to work out. If you scored predominately (iii)s, you are a resister in the making. If not, you are among the majority who accommodate to the status quo.
Today, we are living in a world in which the possibility of resistance is again on the agenda. We have not been invaded or occupied but there has been an upsurge of populist politics, denouncing politicians, elites and experts, and a rise of nationalism and xenophobia, hostile to immigrants and foreigners.
Resistance is most likely from groups facing discrimination, persecution, imprisonment or deportation
There are forms of opposition that might be called protest rather than resistance, as protest is (usually) in liberal societies. There were the civil rights marches of the 1960s, the revolts of 1968, the miners’ strike of 1984, marches against the Iraq war in 2003, marches against student fees in 2010, the Occupy movement of 2011, marches against Trump in 2017. Resistance happens when peaceful protest is no longer possible, or has been closed down – parliamentary democracy weakened or abolished, political parties not doing their job, critics slammed as ‘enemies of the people’, demonstrators denounced as ‘feral’, dissenters rounded up as ‘terrorists’, immigrants denounced as illegal, interned and even expelled, minorities demonised as un-American or un-British, excluded and then persecuted.
Resistance is most likely to come from those groups facing discrimination, persecution, imprisonment or deportation – Black British, African Americans, Mexican Americans and Muslims. In November 2016, the African-American actor Brandon Victor Dixon told the then vice-president elect Mike Pence: ‘We, sir, we are the diverse America who are alarmed and anxious that your new administration will not protect us, our planet, our children, our parents, or defend us and uphold our inalienable rights, sir.’
There might come a day when immigrants deemed illegal are threatened by mass deportation. Some might be spirited to safe areas by escape lines known in the time of slavery as the ‘Underground Railroad’. This term was used by Protestant rescuers during the Second World War who escorted Jews to freedom in Switzerland, and could be revived in the United States by rescuers drawn from the immigrant communities and from a minority of sympathisers mobilised in the population at large. This would be a natural and obvious form of resistance.
During the French Revolution, it was argued that insurrection against a tyrannical government was legitimate. We might paraphrase this in order to think about the justification of resistance, following the Constitution of 1793: ‘When the government violates the rights of the people, [resistance] is for the people and each portion of the people the most sacred of rights and the most indispensable of duties.’ | <urn:uuid:292cc059-8412-4880-badb-e8bef4df763a> | {
"date": "2018-05-21T03:07:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863923.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521023747-20180521043747-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9854264259338379,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 5612,
"url": "https://aeon.co/essays/put-yourself-in-vichy-france-do-you-resist-or-collaborate"
} |
The dainty Chinkara gazelle may be the officially recognised state animal of Rajasthan, but it is the ungainly camel that is most commonly associated with the life and lore of India's desert province. But despite the romantic image of a camel ride through the Thar desert – which the Fodor's guide lists as "one of the most unforgettable experiences of a trip to India" – its population is declining dramatically, forcing the provincial government to plan emergency measures to save the hardy animal.
A draft law, which is expected to be passed by the state legislature, will give the camel the same protection as the holy cow – seven years in jail for slaughtering a camel, and three years for smuggling it across state borders. The state dairy will also get into the business of popularising camel milk, which is said to better than cow's milk nutritionally.
The latest camel census has yet to be published, but state officials acknowledge that numbers have fallen steeply, from about 500,000 in 2003 to fewer than 300,000 today.
"The situation is actually much worse," said Hanwant Singh Rathore, director of the League for Pastoral Peoples, which has long campaigned for the camel's protection. "Our estimate of the camel population today is around 200,000."
There are several reasons for the decline. Camels are bred by the Raika, indigenous pastoralists who believe they were entrusted with the task by the god Shiva. But Shiva has not been kind lately and breeding camels has become ever tougher. Grazing lands are disappearing fast, while young Raikas are more interested in urban jobs.
"Raika youth don't revere the animal anymore," said Rathore. "A village near Udaipur which had 10,000 camels a decade ago today has only 500."
Raikas never used to sell female camels, but today they do. As a result, camels are being herded out of Rajasthan in large numbers for the slaughterhouses of Uttar Pradesh and even smuggled into Bangladesh – the meat, it is alleged, is exported to the Gulf, while the skin is sold to leather factories.
But a ban on the export of camels from Rajasthan will create its own problems. "Who will come to Pushkar, the world's biggest camel fair?" asked Rathore.
But with modernisation, camels no longer have the same importance in the state's economy. For instance, the camel carts used for transporting goods and people are being rapidly replaced by mini-vans.
"The only solution is to protect the female camel and popularise its products," said Rathore. His group makes ice-cream from camel milk, paper from the dung and dhurries (rugs) from the wool. | <urn:uuid:a9882806-e4bb-4c83-97cb-cd3deca14b49> | {
"date": "2018-10-16T10:25:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016093012-20181016114512-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9734912514686584,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 575,
"url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/24/rajasthan-save-camel-population-legal-protection-india"
} |
"Man is the only creature that produces landfills. Natural resources are being depleted on a rapid scale while production and consumption are rising in nations like China and India. The waste production world wide is enormous and if we do not do anything we will soon have turned all our resources into one big messy landfill."
"But there is hope. The German chemist, Michael Braungart, and the American designer-architect William McDonough are fundamentally changing the way we produce and build. If waste would become food for the biosphere or the technosphere (all the technical products we make), production and consumption could become beneficial for the planet."
"A design and production concept that they call Cradle to Cradle. A concept that is seen as the next industrial revolution. Design every product in such a way that at the end of its lifecycle the component materials become a new resource. Design buildings in such a way that they produce energy and become a friend to the environment."
"Large companies like Ford and Nike are working with McDonough and Braungart to change their production facilities and their products. They realize that economically seen waste is destruction of capital. You make something with no value. Based on their ideas the Chinese government is working towards a circular economy where Waste = Food. An amazing story that will definitely change your way of thinking about production and consumption."
Waste = Food -- [from Top Documentary Films] | <urn:uuid:277793d0-3f6d-46d0-843a-42f488586c5f> | {
"date": "2016-07-24T08:47:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823989.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00132-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9565316438674927,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 290,
"url": "http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/afwaste.html"
} |
Recent studies (e.g. Dawson et al., 2007) have reported that autistic people perform in the normal range on the Raven Progressive Matrices test, a formal reasoning test that requires integration of relations as well as the ability to infer rules and form high-level abstractions. Here we compared autistic and typically developing children, matched on age, IQ, and verbal and non-verbal working memory, using both the Raven test and pictorial tests of analogical reasoning. Whereas the Raven test requires only formal analogical reasoning, the other analogy tests require use of real-world knowledge, as well as inhibition of salient distractors. We found that autistic children performed as well as controls on all these tests of reasoning with relations. Our findings indicate that the basic ability to reason systematically with relations, for both abstract and thematic materials, is intact in autism. | <urn:uuid:0a79d1c2-1ca8-4a36-9236-6330a770030b> | {
"date": "2017-03-25T23:56:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189088.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00451-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9516791701316833,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 171,
"url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00915.x/abstract"
} |
Researchers have developed a vaccine against four common viruses that cause infections leading to cervical cancer. Studies show that almost everyone who received the vaccine was protected against the pre-cancerous conditions.
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), strike almost every woman at some time in her life. The viruses are sexually transmitted, usually harmless and eventually disappear in women with healthy immune systems.
But health officials are concerned about HPVs in women who are not healthy. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates almost 300,000 women die each year of cervical cancer. Most of them are in the developing countries where screening is not commonly available, according to Dr. Luisa Lina Villa, of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer in Brazil.
"This is why the promise for some of these vaccines is so well expected and well received in the community," she said.
Dr. Villa and colleagues have developed a vaccine that kept 90 percent of young women from becoming infected with four types of HPV virus. The vaccine protected 100 percent of the women who became infected with the virus against the development of genital warts, a condition that often leads to cervical cancer, and abnormal cervical lesions, another precursor to cervical cancer.
The study lasted three years, and involved four shots given during the first six months. Dr. Villa says researchers don't know whether additional HPV booster injections are needed.
More studies will be conducted looking at the vaccines effectiveness.
Drug companies, including Merck Pharmaceuticals, are also working to develop vaccines against cervical cancer.
Mark Feinberg, of Merck's vaccine development program, says the task ahead is to deliver the vaccine where it is needed.
"That's just a very startlingly, encouraging result," he said. "Yet, how do we go about getting that to all the people around the world who need it? Clearly, we can't do it on our own. We need partners. We need a good idea about what the market would be and what production capacity would be."
The study on the HPV vaccine was published in the international journal Lancet Oncology. | <urn:uuid:859e76ff-1e61-48ba-8a2f-2744b7d54a77> | {
"date": "2018-05-26T16:00:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867559.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526151207-20180526171207-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9729562997817993,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 421,
"url": "https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-04-07-voa56-66920877/263631.html"
} |
How Does Millar Create a Sense of Tension and Conflict between John and Elizabeth Proctor at the Beginning of Act 2?
Arthur Miller was borne on the 17th of October 1915 in New York City. Miller believed that tragedy was not confined to the rich and important but that the ordinary man’s failure was just as moving and terrible. The play ‘The Crucible’ was first produced in 1953 in the middle of the McCarthy political witch hunt in America. Millar decided to write the play as an allegorical text and a parallel between the two events.
The activities of the committee began to be linked in Miller’s mind with witchcraft trials which had taken place in the town of Salem 2 centuries before, for ...view middle of the document...
Miller using stage directions and has John on his return from the field taste the meal the Elizabeth has been preparing, he is displeased with it so seasons it. This appears at first perfectly normal and harmless to the audience, however when John hears Elizabeth coming downstairs he jumps away from the stove and proceeds to wash his hands. It becomes obvious to the audience at this point that their relationship is so strained that John racked with guilt about his affair with Abigail avoids doing anything at all which might aggravate or offend Elizabeth.
This huge effort on John’s behalf to not offend Elizabeth is blatant when he tells her that the rabbit is “_well seasoned_” Elizabeth gratefully accepts this praise replying that she “_took great care_”, this is an awkward scene because both are trying to be friendly to one another but it is easy to see they are uncomfortable in each others presence. It is ironic that John complimented her on the seasoning on the rabbit, since he seasoned it himself; this in particular highlights the conflict between them.
After complimenting Elizabeth on the meal John, talks about the farm and says with a grin “_I mean to please you Elizabeth_.” And she answers, “_I know it John_.” However, before she answers, she pauses, and “_finds it hard to say_.” This means that she might not think he honestly wants to please her, or make their marriage work. Since this is quite a dramatic moment, I think that on stage at this moment the lighting should focus on Elizabeth, and if present the orchestra should be silent to emphasize her hesitation.
It becomes very clear in this scene that John is desperately trying to regain Elizabeth’s trust. The fact that she is cold and distant towards him creates a great sense of strain and the conflict is plain to see. Miller is able to illustrate this conflict between them by using stage directions, he has John walk over to Elizabeth and kiss her, Elizabeth receives his affection with disappointment, she is still cold and unforgiving. Miller shows us that words are not necessary to convey feelings, the expressions of the actors and their body language is enough and can sometimes be more convincing in a subtle way.
When I watched the film made about the play it struck me that in the scene between John and Elizabeth a table had been positioned between them, this acted as a physical barrier. This is actually of great significance and subtly shows the audience that there are obstacles that stand in the way of the proctors, keeping them apart, namely Abigail. Watching the film helped me to see that stage props can be used to great effect, and can often play a significant part in the enhancement of dramatic scenes such as this one.
Gradually the tension between the Proctors escalates and soon they are arguing, this is bought about when... | <urn:uuid:28280e03-03c8-4235-a475-f0da00ac1d7a> | {
"date": "2019-10-20T20:23:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986718918.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020183709-20191020211209-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9814350008964539,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 743,
"url": "https://www.avsabonline.org/papers/how-deos-arthur-miller-create-tension-at-the-beggining-of-act-2"
} |
February is not just all about Valentine’s Day, chocolates and hearts. It’s also focuses on awareness of a butterfly-shaped hormone gland known as the thyroid. The thyroid has the difficult task of controlling your metabolism, growth, development, and body temperature. The thyroid gland is located on the throat and wraps around the windpipe. The presence of too much or too little thyroid hormone is determined by a blood test. So how will you know if you have an over or underactive thyroid and why would it happen?
There are many ways thyroid function to be affected, including the body attacking itself or cancers. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that causes an increase in thyroid hormone. Overactive thyroid causes symptoms like more frequent bowel movements, feeling anxious, increased body temperature and sweating, loss of hair, increased heartbeat, and weight loss even with having increased appetite. It can also affect the menstrual cycle by causing lighter, shorter periods. It also possible to develop a goiter which is an enlarged thyroid gland. This condition is usually treated with medication to block the stimulation of the thyroid, removal of the thyroid, or radioactive iodine to help shutdown overactive thyroid cells. Many of these procedures end up causing patients to have an underactive thyroid that has to be treated with medication. | <urn:uuid:a2bd4861-0fd8-4621-8616-3dae77a73823> | {
"date": "2016-05-01T08:09:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114649.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00174-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9612590074539185,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 260,
"url": "http://www.dietsinreview.com/diet_column/tag/hyperthyroidism/"
} |
With blue eyes, pale skin, and freckles, I have always been prime candidate for a good sunburn. My whole life I have avoided a sun burn by slathering on sunscreen and spending hours in the sun, not realizing that I my sunblock was blocking UVB rays, which totally prevent the formation of Vitamin D. The worst part is that most of the time I still got a sunburn. We see Vitamin D enriched milk, cereals, supplements, etc, but what does it actually do and what is the best way to get it?
“The major biologic function of vitamin D is to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium, helping to form and maintain strong bones. Recently, research also suggests vitamin D may provide protection from osteoporosis, hypertension (high blood pressure), cancer, and several autoimmune diseases. ” – Mayo Clinic
Cancer? Isn’t that what we’re trying to AVOID with sunscreen? The cause of Melanoma, the cancer of the skin is NOT CLEAR-that is what Mayo Clinic says on the issue. Overexposure to sunlight or tanning beds can increase your risk for Melanoma, but there is not research that says sun exposure causes Melanoma. As I said, it does increase your risk of cancer, so OVEREXPOSURE should be avoided. Not ALL exposure.
We are told by dermatologist, doctors, the American Cancer Society, and many others to make sure we wear sunscreen when out in the sun in order to avoid overexposure. But think about it, if you are out in the sun with sunscreen, aren’t you more apt to spend MORE time in the sun? I know during my vacations to the beach in the past, I have covered myself in SPF 50 and layed out in the sun for 8-9 hours a day, after spending the past 8 months hiding under heavy sweaters in wintery Indiana. I was most DEFINITELY not protecting myself from overexposure to the sun. Sunblock protects you from exposure to UVB rays, which cause the sunburn, but you’re still getting exposed to UVA rays. “UVA is the wavelength that doesn’t really burn but does stimulate the melanocytes (the pigment producing cells), which can cause melanoma.” – Dr. Michael Eades. There are sunblocks that block both types of rays now, but while blocking UVA rays, you are also blocking the absorption of Vitamin D, which, as stated earlier can lead to many other problems.
A sunburn is your skins way of telling you “I’VE HAD ENOUGH SUN! PLEASE COVER ME UP!” And that aweful pain that comes along with it is your skins way of telling you “I HATE YOU! I’M GOING TO KEEP YOU AWAKE AND MAKE A HUG FROM YOUR CHILD MORE PAINFUL THAT CHILDBIRTH! DON’T DO THIS TO ME AGAIN!” Trust me, I’ve heard these cries before. It has only been recently, in the past 2 years, that I have avoided using a lot of sunscreen and increased my time in the sun. In these two years, I have moved to the South, where I am closer to the equator and the sun is out more often, been on 5 vacations to the beach, and begun spending more time outside than I have since I was a little girl. And what has happened? I have had only a couple subtle sunburns that go away within a day, as opposed to the numerous, red-lobster burns I’ve experienced in the past, while using sunscreen. What’s the difference? I let my skin do the work for me.
During the early months of summer, I begin exposing myself to the sun for 10-15 minutes each day. I do my stretching outside, or read a book for a few minutes, I re-introduce my skin to the sun. My freckles start popping out, I feel refreshed and more energetic, I can literally FEEL my body soaking up those rays, and saying “Thank you! We needed some Vitamin D after you covered us up with all those damn sweaters!” When my skin gets warm, I cover up or head back inside. When I am gardening, I check to see if my cheeks are pink and put on a hat when I need to. It may sound old-fashioned, but it is makes sense. Our bodies are amazing, they have a built-in system to protect us from a harmful sunburn: a tan. Even me, miss pale skin, freckles and blue eyes can slowly, and cautiously develop a tan. “Those who are out in the sun a lot develop a tan. The tan blocks UVA, so there is less of the simulation for melanoma. Those who go into the sun occasionally – office workers who vacation at the beach for a week – use sunscreen and stay out too long, receiving way too much UVA. UVA that increases the risk for melanoma.”- Dr. Michael Eades
Even when on a short trip to the beach, you can protect yourself from a sunburn and overexposure, all the while getting the tan you came for. During our honeymoon, my husband asked me to trust him and to go without sunscreen, as long as I promised to listen to him when he said I needed to cover up because I was getting pink.. Alright, I can do that, I said. So, the first day I was out in the sun for maybe 20 minutes when he told me to put on a t-shirt over my bathing suit, as my shoulders were getting pink. We went on with the rest of the day playing beach volleyball, swimming, and doing everything I would have with sunscreen, I just wore a comfy t-shirt and a baseball cap instead. Later on in the day I threw on a pair of shorts when I saw the tops of my legs start to get pink. It didn’t ruin my time or give me terrible tan lines, it actually made the day a lot more fun because I was constantly worried about reapplying sunscreen or getting burned.
The next day, I was in the sun for a little longer, and the next day a little longer, and I steadily built up the best, and least painful, tan I’ve ever had. I didn’t lose any sleep from a sunburn or spend the next 2 weeks peeling. Instead, I enjoyed our vacation and spent the rest of the summer at home, continueing to build my tan–aka, my sun shield! There were days during vacation where I put a little sunscreen on the top of my ears and the base of my neck because I wasn’t wearing a turtle neck and ear muffs, but overall, I was able to stay protected by paying attention to my skin and throwing on a sun cover. I am not saying that sunscreen in is the devil, but I am ALSO not saying that it is going to save you from all ailments, such as skin cancer. Your best bet at avoiding overexposure to the sun, which is painful and can be dangerous, is to pay attention to your body’s signals; warmth and redish/pink skin.
The sun is the absolute best way to get Vitamin D, but if you’re still worried about the risk of developing Melanoma, let me share one statistic with you. In 2009; 8,700 people died from Melanoma, while 40,230 died from breast cancer, 32,050 died from prostate cancer, and 51,370 people died form colon cancer. What is the connection? Breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer are all thought to be related to a lack of sun exposure, a lack of Vitamin D. In addition, there are 250,000-350,000 new diagnosis of multiple sclerosis each year, a disease much more common with little sun exposure.
My view is that my body wouldn’t use the sun to create Vitamin D and the 5-10 other photoproducts we synthesize from sun exposure, if it wasn’t necessary for my health. Our body will tell us when we’ve had enough sun, the skin starts to get pink and warm and that is our cue to cover up or head inside, but avoiding it altogether will lead to a lack of Vitamin D. Even with the use of a Vitamin D supplement, after all they are called SUPPLEMENTS, meaning they supplement the Vitamin D you are getting from the sun, they don’t replace it. There’s nothing like the real thing! Unfortunately, we see more commercials for sunscreen and Vitamin D-enriched products than we do for a little kiss from the sun, that’s because no one is making money off of you getting a tan. So go out and get a little sun, listen to your body, be smart, and you’ll feel the energetic effects of an increased about of Vitamin D in your system!
If you’d like to learn more, you can visit the sites where I gathered a lot of my information by visiting these links: | <urn:uuid:1f920f7c-9608-469c-bd84-b65dd9e77763> | {
"date": "2015-03-02T07:18:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462720.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00265-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9591585993766785,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1926,
"url": "http://nobsnutritionandfitness.com/2011/05/11/the-vitamin-d-dilema/"
} |
The US state of Missouri has announced a new execution method which will see a medicine badly needed by US hospitals being used to kill prisoners.
The state has set out plans to use propofol, an anaesthetic which the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned is in short supply, for future executions by lethal injection.
Missouri had until now used the three-drug execution ‘cocktail’ favoured by most states which carry out capital punishment.
It is not yet clear how much propofol (also known as Diprivan) the state has bought up, but Missouri is understood to be planning nine executions just days after announcing the new execution protocol.
The legal action charity Reprieve is now calling on all manufacturers of propofol - notably European firms such as Fresenius Kabi - to put in place the controls needed to ensure their product only reaches legitimate medical users. Should they fail to do so, says Reprieve, not only will their drugs be used to kill, but they will be diverted away from life-saving applications in US hospitals at a time of serious need.
Reprieve recently launched the ‘Pharmaceutical Hippocratic Oath,’ under which companies pledge to avoid becoming embroiled in the execution process, and take action to prevent supplies of their medicines being diverted to execution chambers. The pharmaceutical company Lundbeck last year took steps which ensured that their products could not be used by executioners, but continued to reach legitimate medical users.
Reprieve investigator Maya Foa said: “This is an extremely disturbing development. The US Food and Drug Administration is reporting shortages of this life-saving drug. Whatever your views on the death penalty, it cannot be right that prisons like Missouri’s should be allowed to stockpile vital medicines at the expense of doctors and patients. Pharmaceutical companies and doctors must unite in opposition to this appalling abuse of medicines. There are steps that can be taken. Now is the time to act, and act fast.” | <urn:uuid:148bec89-6c4f-4bda-9621-6e6c48441d8d> | {
"date": "2015-10-08T23:15:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737904854.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221824-00116-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9613441824913025,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 406,
"url": "http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/16686"
} |
Known as the "Galapagos of Russia," Lake Baikal is located in southern Siberia near the Russian-Mongolian border. The oldest and deepest lake in the world, Baikal reaches a depth of 1,700 meters and contains 20% of the world's unfrozen freshwater reserve. Lake Baikal is a unique ecosystem that is home to more than 1,700 species of endemic plants and animals. Surrounded by steep mountains and dense forests, the lake has an estimated age of 25-30 million years, making it one of the most ancient lakes in geological history.
Over the past century, Lake Baikal has faced major threats from development. On the southern end of the lake, the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill polluted Baikal for more than 40 years. In 2006, the lake was spared certain disaster from oil spill when the Siberia-Pacific Pipeline was rerouted outside of the lake's watershed. Today, development of a planned zinc and lead mine and construction of an International Uranium Enrichment Center in the town of Angarsk threaten the region. Another elusive threat to Baikal comes from irresponsible gold mining in the portion of the lake's watershed located in Mongolia.
Thankfully, a vibrant network of grassroots activists and environmental organizations is working to protect Lake Baikal from these threats and to promote alternatives for the region's development. One of our partners, Marina Rikhvanova, was awarded the 2008 Goldman Environmental Prize for her remarkable achievements in the Siberia-Pacific Pipeline campaign. Click here to learn more about the specific projects we support in the Lake Baikal region.
April 13th, 2008 | <urn:uuid:5d7bf3b1-a747-48d5-8f33-2ee0b9aa1fb0> | {
"date": "2014-09-18T15:43:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00158-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9576137661933899,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 338,
"url": "http://pacificenvironment.org/-1-79"
} |
What is Administrative Law?
Most of us interact with the law in a "branch" of government that is not even mentioned in the Constitution.
You may recall from past history or civics classes that the
Constitution authorizes three branches of government: Congress
(legislative), the Presidency (executive), and the Courts
(judicial). So . . . what is administrative law?
As the quoted definition
states, administrative law is law created and implemented by government
agencies. It is carried out as part of the executive branch of
government under authority delegated from Congress. In essence,
administrative law is bureaucracy. Administrative law exists at
the federal, state and local levels.
of law created by administrative agencies in the form of rules,
regulations, orders, and decisions to carry out regulatory powers and
duties of such agencies.”
- Black’s Law Dictionary
If there is a dispute in
the administrative law context, the agencies also have the power to
adjudicate those disputes internally through their own administrative
law judges. At the end of the administrative judicial process, the
parties to the dispute may continue to litigate in the traditional
court system; however, the authority of the judiciary is limited to
review of the decision of the administrative law judge. When an
administrative dispute reaches the courts, the litigation does not start
over from scratch.
The next logical question is: Why is this important?
First, it is important because the vast majority of people will
experience the legal system through an administrative law context rather
than through the legislature or the judiciary. Here are just a
few examples of administrative law interactions:
You get the picture:
just about any license or permission for which you must seek government
approval involves administrative law.
- applying for a building permit
- applying for Medicare
- applying for an occupational license
- applying for a driver’s license
- applying for a business license
The second reason administrative law is important is its
role in our political system. The legislature, whether federal,
state, or local, has all rule-making authority. In administrative
law, the legislature delegates some of that authority to an
administrative agency, and often delegates significant discretion to
non-elected government employees. People argue whether that
delegation is constitutional inasmuch as it seems that Congress is
abdicating its responsibility to make law.
For example, one significant case, AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute,
448 U.S. 607 (1980), involved Congressional delegation to the
Department of Labor to adopt health standards that are “reasonably
necessary or appropriate to provide safe or healthful employment and
places of employment.” The agency adopted a standard for benzene
exposure of 1 part per million (ppm) that was challenged in court.
The Supreme Court found that the agency adopted this standard “on a
series of assumptions that some leukemias might result from exposure to
10 ppm and the number of cases might be reduced by reducing the exposure
level to 1ppm.” The Court did not strike down the delegation of
authority, but did find, in a split decision, that the agency abused its
authority in adopting the 1ppm standard.
Policy arguments for upholding broad, non-specific
delegations such as this are that agency decisions are based on in-depth
scientific review that Congress cannot do, that agency decisions are
immune from the influence of campaign contributions to elected
officials, and that Congress can always override an agency decision by
changing the law.
Policy arguments against broad delegations are that voting
citizens cannot hold agency officials accountable if they do not like
the agency decision and that Congress is better able to make political
The debate from this case continues as you can tell from
following the news every day. Rules were announced this week on
the issuance of green cards and the endangered species act with judicial
challenges promised. The tradeoff is between allowing government
to address important issues of health, safety, and welfare in a
professional and efficient manner and providing proper oversight of
agencies, which is often stated as, “Who will watch the watchers?” | <urn:uuid:ec377a06-1229-4e91-a793-af870010eb6e> | {
"date": "2019-09-18T19:08:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573323.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918172932-20190918194932-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.937190592288971,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 894,
"url": "https://mrglawfirm.com/archives/2019/Admin_Law.html"
} |
Bolivia under Morales and the Indigenous Issue
By Lee Jay Walker
Tokyo Correspondent – THE SEOUL TIMES
|President Evo Morales of Bolivia|
President Evo Morales of Bolivia promised to challenge the status quo when he was elected and he is still sticking to this policy despite the complex political situation. Therefore, the indigenous issue alongside social disparity and implementing radical reforms are still part and parcel of the Morales political camp. Despite this, the political situation is still tense therefore can Morales overcome many countless obstacles that he faces?
It must be remembered that President Morales re-wrote the history books because he became the first fully indigenous head of state since the Spanish Conquest changed the landscape of South America. This in itself was revolutionary but more important, Morales firmly believes in socialism and the need to create a nation based on social equality. However, while the political landscape may be changing, it is apparent that elite vested interests remain and the future of this divided nation is far from certain.
For this reason, Morales called a referendum on August 14, 2008, in order to increase his power base. Of course this was a gamble but the gamble was rewarded because 67.4% of the electorate supported Morales. Therefore, the opposition was dealt a severe blow because Morales was given a fresh mandate but differences still remain in many parts of Bolivia.
From the outset the indigenous population and the marginalized believed that they had a head of state that would help to redistribute power, wealth, and land. After all, the Movement for Socialism (MAS) had been involved in many social protests prior to taking power. For example, during the Cochabamba protests of 2000 the socialist movement made it clear that their loyalty was with the alienated and dispossessed. Therefore, MAS promised to help the marginalized via genuine reforms and part of these reforms would come via the redistribution of gas wealth and by implementing land reforms.
However, you still have major opposition towards Morales and in the past tensions have erupted over many different issues. For example, in early 2007 around 20,000 miners took to the streets after Morales introduced a tax hike. While more threatening for Morales, six of the nine governors who have power throughout Bolivia are opposed to him. The Santa Cruz region, for example, is blessed with an abundance of oil and agricultural resources, and clearly the political leaders of this region are not happy about Morales. Similar ill-feelings can be felt in La Paz, Cochabamba, Beni, Pando, and Tarija.
The major issues in these areas are varied but clearly centralization and declining revenues are at the heart of the matter. The same can be said about challenging the status quo and undermining the traditional nature of Bolivian society, whereby the landowning class had major power. Given this, many governors are demanding greater autonomy and the need to introduce de-centralization policies.
Morales and MAS responded towards this major threat via the introduction of a new Bolivian constitution. Therefore, Morales lambasted the opposition in Santa Cruz last year for “fomenting and funding the autonomy movement in a bid to grab national resources.” He further added that he would not tolerate the break-up of Bolivia because the demise of Bolivia would merely create more chaos and lead to greater poverty.
At the moment, however, the opposition appears to be too divided and they are mainly concerned about regional issues or preserving their power base. These divisions mean that Morales can further bypass the opposition by appealing to the masses and by rallying them around the unity of Bolivia. Also, it is still apparent that Morales is widely respected amongst the indigenous population, the marginalized, within the socialist movement, and amongst other groups which are represented in Bolivia.
Jim Shultz, director of the Democracy Centre, which is a human rights organization located in Bolivia, states that “This is a country that has existed in a state of de facto apartheid for decades, centuries, millennia, depends on how you want to count it.” He further added that “For people who were used to being marginalized, even though they’re the majority, to see somebody who looks like them, who dresses like them, who talks like them, become the president of their country, you can’t underestimate the emotional symbolism of that.”
For now, Morales remains popular amongst the poorest in society and within the indigenous population. Yet poverty remains a major issue and the boom years of past high prices for petroleum is over at the moment, so an easy source of revenue will not apply in 2009 if prices remain in the doldrums. Therefore, Morales needs to implement “real reforms” because an economic downturn could unleash new political forces and the opposition will try to make the most of any natural divisions.
At the same time, Morales needs to become more pragmatic with regards to international foreign investments because many international investors are worried about past infringements. This applies to nationalization and a less than fluid legal framework.
Overall, it would appear that the road ahead is still rocky and the opposition will pounce on any major internal crisis given the opportunity. Given this, it is essential that Morales implements more pragmatic reforms and steadies the socialist power base. He also must try to reach-out to the opposition because they are not united, and he can reduce their collective threat via genuine compromise when it is applicable and in the interest of Bolivia.
LEE JAY WALKER
THE SEOUL TIMES | <urn:uuid:efc4e7ba-3e70-4857-a3c1-71c2f5c1afbf> | {
"date": "2015-10-10T03:36:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940789.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00052-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9623978137969971,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 1113,
"url": "https://leejaywalker.wordpress.com/tag/bolivia-under-morales/"
} |
The practice of using technology to track what you eat and drink, how much you exercise, how your moods vary, how well you sleep and whatever other data you want to collect and analyze about yourself in order to improve your life is variously described as "self-tracking" or "self-quantifying." Whatever you call it, this appears to be a high-tech twist on the kind of record-keeping that has long been used to help people lose weight or help figure out what triggers allergy symptoms or migraine headaches. The difference is that we now have a seemingly infinite array of gadgets to assist with the record keeping and analysis.
As I understand it, the high-tech "self-quantifying" movement traces its origins to a blog cofounded by Gary Wolf, a San Francisco journalist, and has taken root across the United States, in Europe and elsewhere in the world. In an article in the New York Times Magazine in 2010, Wolf described self-quantifying this way: "Millions of us track ourselves all the time. We step on a scale and record our weight. We balance a checkbook. We count calories. But when the familiar pen-and-paper methods of self-analysis are enhanced by sensors that monitor our behavior automatically, the process of self-tracking becomes both more alluring and more meaningful. Automated sensors do more than give us facts; they also remind us that our ordinary behavior contains obscure quantitative signals that can be used to inform our behavior, once we learn to read them."
I can see that some of the information collected by self-quantifiers could pay off by yielding data that reveals what is aggravating asthma or allergy, what affects how well you sleep or the effects of drinking alcohol on your co-ordination, reaction times, memory and emotions. As I read up on the self-quantifying movement, I came across the finding that pooled information collected and shared by migraine patients revealed that those affected by vertigo during the headaches were four times more likely to have painful side effects to a drug used to relieve migraines. Mining all the health data that’s now being collected and shared could yield useful results if it enables patients and their doctors to fine-tune treatments.
Medicine already does its share of tracking – doctors attach monitors to patients to record their heart rhythms and require them to keep a detailed diary of everything they do and how they feel while wearing the device. We measure, track and record blood pressure, cholesterol levels and other numbers that reflect health or risks of disease.
There are some obviously useful personal tracking practices such as counting calories if you’re trying to lose weight, quantifying the amount of caffeine you ingest and its effects, or wearing a pedometer to motivate yourself to exercise. Aside from these, my personal feeling is that a constant focus on personal tracking and analysis could drive you crazy. The fact that technology has made it possible to do this, doesn’t necessarily mean that you should.
On the other hand, if you are, as Gary Wolf put it in his Times article, an "ultrageek," and you find such measures make you both healthier and happier, then self-quantifying may indeed be right for you.
Andrew Weil, M.D. | <urn:uuid:3c507ccd-f54e-46a0-82d1-0abd3d835869> | {
"date": "2017-05-27T11:56:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608953.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527113807-20170527133807-00236.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9637540578842163,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 665,
"url": "https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/balanced-living/technology/quantified-self-your-way-to-good-health/"
} |
Central West (Brazil)
Central West is the only landlocked Brazilian region. The region offers excellent opportunities for eco-tourism activities such as exploring caves, rappelling down waterfalls or just trekking through the cerrado (an ecosystem similar, in some ways, to the savannah). It is also well known for the Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, close to the Brazil's western border.
The region's economic activity is on the rise and based on agriculture and cattle raising, as well as commerce and intense government activity in Brasilia. | <urn:uuid:5caab4b7-ce22-48e5-b79e-3ccc2910b426> | {
"date": "2014-04-16T04:27:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521512.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00011-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.80473792552948,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 117,
"url": "http://wikitravel.org/en/Central_West_(Brazil)"
} |
|Title ID||6055||Collection ID||848|
|Title||The Story of Yeast|
|Collection||North Downs Film Unit|
|Theme||Cine Club Film-making|
|Keywords||Food Workers Women|
|Format||Standard 8mm Colour Silent|
|Duration||9 min. 10 sec.|
|Copyright & Access||Copyright restrictions apply, contact Screen Archive South East for details|
A scientific approach to baking and making raisin wine, produced by the North Downs Cinematograph Society in the mid 1960s.
A pink painted title card reads "The Story of Yeast". A diagram of a yeast cell is shown, naming the nucleus, storage granule, central granule, vacuole, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondria and bud scar. Packets of yeast follow, opened by a woman's hands to show the contents. Cornflakes, Trill, tablets and Marmite are placed on the table. A man with a microscope is seen in a white jacket. He performs experiments, extracting a substance from a test tube. A man opens a fridge in the laboratory to reveal more test tubes.
In Blindley Heath, a woman breaks up yeast into a large bucket, mixing it with water. A machine mixes flour and the yeast mixture in a rotating bowl. The dough is pulled out by one of the bakers. A woman weighs out the mixture, while another kneads the dough before placing it in a loaf tin. A man puts the tins in the oven, pushing them to the back. He removes the tins before the bread is seen on shelves in a shop.
A woman kneads bread in her kitchen. She takes the loaf out of the oven, setting it beside another loaf an some bread rolls.
A recipe for "Raisin Wine III" is shown and demonstrated. The ingredients are placed on a work surface. A woman empties their contents into a small jug, mixing with a spoon. She mixes the raisins in a food processor and mixes contents of the two jugs, decanting the wine into glass jar. The mixture is shown after a time, clear and yellow. | <urn:uuid:073f56ba-48f1-48b1-bc5f-ef3823b12a1d> | {
"date": "2019-05-25T09:21:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257939.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525084658-20190525110658-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8879138827323914,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 453,
"url": "http://screenarchive.brighton.ac.uk/detail/6055/"
} |
In Germanic mythology, Myrkviðr (Old Norse "mirky wood, dark wood" or "black forest") or, as anglicised by William Morris and later adopted by JRR Tolkien, Mirkwood, is the name of several European forests.
The direct derivatives of the name occur as a place name both in Sweden and Norway, and related forms of the name occur elsewhere in Europe, most famously the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), and may thus be a general term for dark and dense forests of ancient Europe.
The word myrkviðr is a compound of two words. The first element is myrk "dark", which is cognate to, among others, the English adjectives mirky and murky. The second element is viðr "wood, forest".
The name is attested as a mythical local name of a forest in the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna, and the heroic poems Atlakviða, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Hlöðskviða, and in prose in Fornmanna sögur, Flateyjarbók, Hervarar Saga, Ála flekks saga.
The localization of Myrkviðr varies by source:
- The Maeotian marshes, which separated the Goths from the Huns in the Norse Hervarar saga
- The forest that separates the Huns from the Burgundians
- Kolmården ("the dark forest"), in Sweden, in Sögubrot and in legends such as that of Helge Hundingsbane
- The forest south of Uppsala in Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa (the present remnant of this forest is called Lunsen)
- Uncertain locations, such as in the Völundarkviða, where it is probably located somewhere else in Scandinavia (Weyland is here described as a Finnish prince, which would make him a Saami prince). Stanza 1 (on the swan maidens):
Meyjar flugu sunnan
myrkvið í gögnum,
þær á sævarströnd
settusk at hvílask
dýrt lín spunnu.
Maids from the south
through Myrkwood flew,
Fair and young,
their fate to follow;
On the shore of the sea
to rest them they sat,
The maids of the south,
and flax they spun.
- Mythological. In other sources, such as the Poetic Edda, e.g. Lokasenna, the location seems to be between Asgard and Muspelheim, as Muspell's sons ride through it at Ragnarök. Stanza 42:
leztv Gymis dottvr
oc seldir þitt sva sverþ;
enn er Mvspellz synir
ríða Myrcviþ yfir,
veizta þv þa, vesall! hve þv vegr.»
"The daughter of Gymir
with gold didst thou buy,
And sold thy sword to boot;
But when Muspell's sons
through Myrkwood ride,
Thou shalt weaponless wait, poor wretch."
J. R. R. Tolkien comments on Myrkviðr in a letter to his eldest grandson:
|“||Mirkwood is not an invention of mine, but a very ancient name, weighted with legendary associations. It was probably the Primitive Germanic name for the great mountainous forest regions that anciently formed a barrier to the south of the lands of Germanic expansion. In some traditions it became used especially of the boundary between Goths and Huns. I speak now from memory: its ancientness seems indicated by its appearance in very early German (11th c.?) as mirkiwidu although the *merkw- stem 'dark' is not otherwise found in German at all (only in O[ld] E[nglish], O[ld] S[axon], and O[ld] N[orse]), and the stem *widu- > witu was in German (I think) limited to the sense of 'timber,' not very common, and did not survive into mod[ern] G[erman]. In O[ld] E[nglish] mirce only survives in poetry, and in the sense 'dark', or rather 'gloomy', only in Beowulf [line] 1405 ofer myrcan mor: elsewhere only with the sense 'murky' > wicked, hellish. It was never, I think, a mere 'colour' word: 'black', and was from the beginning weighted with the sense of 'gloom'...||”|
Regarding the forests, Francis Gentry comments that "in the Norse tradition 'crossing the Black Forest' came to signify penetrating the barriers between one world and another, especially the world of the gods and the world of fire, where Surt lives [...]."
- Simek (2007:224)
- Gentry (2002:101—102)
- Bugge (1896:65).
- Chadwick (1922:201)
- Cleasby and Vigfusson (1874:549)
- Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007:770)
- Cleasby and Vigfusson (1874:703)
- Lagerholm, Åke, ed. (1927). Drei Lygisǫgur. Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana, Ála flekks saga, Flóres saga konungs ok sona hans. (in Old Norse). Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag. p. 116.
- Völundarkviða from heimskringla.no
- Bellows' translation of Völundarkviða.
- Bellows' translation of Lokasenna.
- Carpenter (1981:369) quoted in "Mirkwood". Henneth Annûn Story Archive. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- "Mirkwood". Henneth Annûn Story Archive. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- Bugge, Sophus (1896). Helge-digtene i den Ældre Edda. G. E. C. Gad
- Bjordvand, Harald; Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (2007). Våre arveord. Novus. ISBN 978-82-7099-467-0
- Gentry, Francis G. (2002). The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-1785-9
- Carpenter, Humphrey (1981). The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin
- Chadwick, Nora K. (1922). Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems. Cambridge: The University press
- Cleasby, Richard; Vigfusson, Gudbrand (1874). ] Icelandic–English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press
- Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1 | <urn:uuid:7a370ff9-ffea-4c6f-9426-7644306f8073> | {
"date": "2017-01-24T20:32:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285244.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8099793195724487,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 1586,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r"
} |
Carnegie Mellon's Metin Sitti Develops System for Replicating How Geckos Keep Webbed Feet Sticky and Clean
CMU Researchers Say Synthetic Gecko-Adhesive Has Implications in Variety of Industries
PITTSBURGH, Feb. 19, 2014 -- Geckos are wizards at sticking to any kind of hard surface repeatedly. And they also are very adept at keeping their sticky adhesive feet clean even while running through dirt-infested jungles and deserts. So what's their secret?
Carnegie Mellon University's Metin Sitti and his research team have discovered that the gecko remains clean in dirty environments by shedding contaminants with each step. Sitti's team consists of CMU's Yigit Menguc and Uyiosa Abusomwan, and Hendrik Hoefscher and Michael Rohrig of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany.
In a paper to appear Feb. 19 in the Interface Journal of the British Royal Society, Sitti and his team successfully emulated the contact self-cleaning ability of geckos in nature.
"We performed contact self-cleaning experiments with three different sizes of mushroom-shaped elastomer microfibers and five different sizes of spherical silica contaminants. Using a load-drag-unload dry contact cleaning process similar to the loads acting on the gecko foot during climbing, our fully-contaminated synthetic gecko-adhesive could recover lost stickiness and lost adhesion at a rate comparable with that of the gecko," said Sitti, head of CMU's NanoRobotics Lab and a professor of mechanical engineering.
Sitti, who was recently inducted as a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), reports that the relative size and scale - the ratio of the average contaminant particle diameter to the fiber tip diameter - determine the mechanism and cleaning performance of the sticky adhesive. His team found that contaminant particle rolling and particle embedding among fiber spacing during the drag process were the main mechanisms of contact self-cleaning.
"Our work has implications for use of this synthetic gecko-adhesive in a variety of industry sectors including, defense, consumer products, sports, automotive, medicine, aerospace and robotics applications," Sitti said.
This research has been funded by the Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation Division of the National Science Foundation.
Sitti also is using his work with geckos to inspire new methods to print electronics on complex surfaces. Along with researchers, Sitti developed a reversible adhesion method for printing electronics on a swath of complex surfaces such as clothing, plastic and leather. His team designed a square polymer stamp with pyramid micro-tips that allows them to control adhesion strength.
"We are very close to commercializing the gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives for use in many industry sectors," said Sitti, also founder and president of nanoGriptech, Inc., a 2009 CMU spinoff company.
About Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon (www.cmu.edu) is a private, internationally ranked research university with programs in areas ranging from science, technology and business, to public policy, the humanities and the arts. More than 12,000 students in the university's seven schools and colleges benefit from a small student-to-faculty ratio and an education characterized by its focus on creating and implementing solutions for real problems, interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation. A global university, Carnegie Mellon's main campus in the United States is in Pittsburgh, Pa. It has campuses in California's Silicon Valley and Qatar, and programs in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and Mexico. | <urn:uuid:d130828e-61d4-4d87-91f4-39bcb082e3f4> | {
"date": "2019-03-20T19:47:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320190324-20190320212054-00061.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9375629425048828,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 758,
"url": "https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2014/02/20/carnegie-mellons-metin-sitti-develops-system-for-replicating-how-geckos-keep-webbed-feet-sticky-and-clean/3591/"
} |
Visit the North Pole Aboard a Russian Icebreaker
By Stephen Hartshorne
For thousands of years the Arctic Ocean and its icebound islands have been a source of fascination to mariners, geographers and all who devote their lives to seeking out and exploring the unknown.
The first known Arctic expedition was captained by Pytheas of Massilia in 330 BCE, a Greek mariner from what is now Marseille, who sailed to the mysterious land of “Thule.”
When he returned home to the sunny Mediterranean and described the wild streaks of color in the sky, the great white bears and the midnight sun, most people didn’t believe him.
50 Years of Victory
Adventure Life of Missoula, Montana, organizes small ship cruises to remote regions of the globe, and their latest trip will take passengers to the North Pole on a Russian icebreaker called 50 Years of Victory, named for the victory over the Nazis in World War II and completed just last year after 20 years of construction.
The Victory is the first Arktika-class icebreaker to have a spoon-shaped bow, with a steel ice belt hull 18 feet wide.
The ship is powered by two nuclear reactors and equipped with an indoor swimming pool, a gym, two saunas, a library, a bar, a dance floor, a wood shop, an elevator, a helicopter, satellite communications and massage service.
While traveling to the pole in comfort, passengers can learn from the on-board experts about the role the Arctic plays in the world’s ecosystem and the abundant and diverse wildlife the region supports.
An artist-in-residence leads interactive art workshops and passengers can attend the “90N Wildlife Film Festival” named for the latitude of the North Pole.
Hubris and Foolhardiness
The expedition’s historian will also present a history of Arctic exploration and relate “tales of hubris and foohardiness” about those who sought to claim the title “first to reach the North Pole.”
Since the time Pytheas, thousands of intrepid souls have ventured into the Arctic in the spirit of discovery, and many of them never returned. Many were backed by merchants who wanted to find a Northwest Passage, which would shorten their route to the silks and spices of the Orient.
Many mariners died seeking a Northwest Passage, including Henry Hudson, who was set adrift by mutinous crew members in 1607 in the bay that bears his name and Sir John Franklin, who set out in 1845 with two ships, 128 men, one dog and one monkey, none of whom ever returned.
The quest to reach the North Pole began, as far as we know, in 1827 when the Sir Edward Parry set out with 28 men and two boat/sledges. When they reached the polar ice pack, they lifted the boat/sledges out of the water and tried to drag them across the ice, but since the sledges weighed almost two tons each, they didn’t have much luck. The ice was moving south faster than they could move north, so they wound up moving backward.
In 1897 Salomon Andree set out for the North Pole in a hydrogen balloon, the Eagle, but it crashed 480 miles from the pole. Andree and his companions had plenty of provisions in their camp, but died from what was then a mysterious cause. Later scientific investigations determined they contracted trichinosis from eating undercooked polar bear meat.
No One Will Ever Know
Who was the first person to reach the North Pole? Well it depends on whom you want to believe. Two Americans, Frederick Cook and Robert Peary both claim the honor, but there are good reasons to disbelieve them both.
In all likelihood it may never be known whether either of them ever reached the pole since it is, after all, a geographical abstraction — a moving ice cap above a fixed point that can only be determined using navigational instruments.
Likewise there is controversy about the claim of Commander Richard E. Byrd to have overflown the pole in a Fokker trimotor airplane in 1926.
That same year the famous polar explorer Roald Amundsen (who is known to be the first to reach the South Pole, which is on land, as well as the first mariner to navigate the Northwest Passage) flew over the North Pole in a dirigible piloted by its designer, Umberto Nobile of Italy. They descended to within 300 feet of the ice pack and dropped Italian, Norwegian and American flags.
But the first people known to have set foot on the North Pole, or, rather, on the constantly moving icepack directly above it, were Aleksandr Kuznetsov of the Soviet Union and his crew of 23 who landed a plane nearby and walked there in 1948.
The USS Nautilus, a nuclear powered submarine passed under the ice in 1958. The Soviet icebreaker Arktika reached the pole in 1977, the first surface ship to do so.
Since that time thousands of people have visited the North Pole using dogsleds, dirigibles, surface vessels, submarines, airplanes, skis and snowmobiles. In 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan was the first to get there on a motorcycle.
The North Pole Expedition
But the most practical and convenient way to reach the pole is aboard the Russian icebreaker 50 Years of Victory. The Adventure Life North Pole Expedition begins in Helsinki, Finland, just six degrees south of the Arctic Circle, where passengers can enjoy the scenic harbor, the green spaces and the spirited nightlife.
From there they are flown to Murmansk, Russia, where they board the ship and get a send-up from a Russian military band.
Traveling north across the Arctic Ocean, they can visit the ship’s presentation room to learn about the history, ecology and wildlife of the region. The expedition leader may also deploy the on-board helicopter to give passengers an aerial view.
Throughout the voyage, members of the expedition will be able to view the tremendous diversity of Arctic wildlife including birds, land mammals and marine mammals.
Milliions of seabirds flock to the Arctic to breed, including the giant albatross, the tufted puffin, the Arctic tern and the ptarmign.
Narwals, orcas, humpbacks, bowheads and beluga whales are found throughout the Arctic, as well as walruses, sea otters and six species of seals.
Land mammals include reindeer, caribou, musk oxen, Arctic fox, moose, hares and wolves, but the dominating predator of the North is the polar bear, which weighs around half a ton.
Upon reaching the North Pole, usually on the eighth day of the expedition, the ship turns south and travels to Franz Joseph Land, discovered by Austrian explorers and named for their emperor, which is actually part of Russia. Shore landings here allow expedition members to admire the Arctic geology and wildlife.
After that the 50 Years of Victory crosses the Barents Sea and returns to Murmansk.
Latest posts by GoNomad (see all)
- Siargao Island, A Surfing Destination in the Philippines - March 22, 2017
- Anchorage and Beyond: Alaska Without a Cruise Ship - March 21, 2017
- La Garrotxa, A Volcanic Day Trip in Catalonia - March 16, 2017
- Richmond, Virginia: Visiting the Poe Museum - March 11, 2017
- Seasonal Jobs: Why Stay and Work in One Place? - March 7, 2017 | <urn:uuid:2fef4b0a-2c93-4e08-a3e8-17b156febd35> | {
"date": "2017-03-23T12:20:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186895.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00401-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9444509744644165,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 1574,
"url": "http://www.gonomad.com/2923-visit-the-north-pole-aboard-a-russian-icebreaker"
} |
Vladimir Putin, Russia's president-elect, is known to want to restore the country's space prowess. "Russia should not limit itself to the role of an international space ferryman," Putin said recently, a reference to its business of hauling American astronauts to and from the International Space Station during the lull between America's space shuttle and whatever human flight option comes next.
Russia, back in the days when it was the biggest part of the Soviet Union, knows about space programs. It launched the first satellite and the first man to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gargarin, in 1961. But America landed men on the moon first in 1969 to win a space race with the Soviets that dominated the 1960s.
A new Russian lunar launch program would certainly be of interest to the world's scientists and engineers. Besides the direct benefits of exploring the moon, a lunar landing would reap numerous side benefits including technology development and international prestige. Russia has sent numerous probe to the moon. | <urn:uuid:677cd2d0-2623-4c66-bb1a-84b0fdc26c46> | {
"date": "2016-10-01T10:35:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662705.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00082-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9500753879547119,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 197,
"url": "http://blog.al.com/space-news/2012/03/russia_plans_to_land_astronaut.html"
} |
Primitive Neuro-Ectodermal Tumours (PNET) develop from cells that are left over from the earliest stages of our development, while we are still growing in our mother's womb as an embryo.
They occur in the brain or the spine, and can be divided roughly into supratentorial tumours and infratentorial tumors. This means above or below the tentorium – a membrane which separates the cerebellum from the lobes of the brain.
The infratentorial PNETs are far more common than the supratentorial PNETs. Infratentorial PNETs include medulloblastomas (which develop in the cerebellum) and pineoblastomas (which develop in the pineal region of the brain). Supratentorial PNETs include CNS PNETs.
They are more common in children and young adults. About 20-25% of childhood brain tumours are PNETs, which are high grade, fast growing tumours.
PNETs occur most frequently in younger children and incidence decreases with age with more than half of all PNETs being diagnosed in children less than 10 years old.
Nearly three-quarters (73%) of PNETs are medulloblastomas.
If you have further questions, need to clarify any of the information on this page, or want to find out more about research and clinical trials, please contact our team:
0808 800 0004 (free from landlines and mobiles)
01252 749 999
Phone lines open Mon-Fri, 09:00-17:00
You can also join our active online community on Facebook - find out more about our groups. | <urn:uuid:80ddb953-706b-451f-9f51-cabbf50c3200> | {
"date": "2017-03-29T09:06:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00521-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9013612866401672,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 354,
"url": "https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/understanding-brain-tumours/types-brain-tumour-children/cns-pnet/"
} |
Withstanding the winter cold
Imagine a picture postcard: evergreens covered with a thick layer of snow, snowflakes gently falling on the head of a child trying to catch them with her tongue, flickering lights. The image is so magical that we forget the intense cold that had to be braved for this picture to be taken. We sometimes forget that winter is synonymous with frozen toes and fingers, and runny noses, not to mention the icy winds that make our legs feel like popsicles.
But we can’t let winter get us down. After all, this is Manitoba, love it or leave it. Either way, cold weather is dangerous.
First of all, what happens to our bodies when the weather is cold? There is a heat transfer between our bodies and environment; in other words, our body heat escapes into the environment. In addition, the cold is so relentless that it would take all our heat if we allowed it to. Fortunately the body has a weapon against the cold, which prevents us from turning into icicles. It has a mechanism known as a “thermoregulator,” a kind of thermostat that keeps our internal temperature at 37°C.
But have you noticed that even if you wear thermal mitts and boots, you have a hard time keeping your ears, fingers and toes warm? Because the body works hard to maintain its internal temperature, it needs to conserve its energy. Therefore, it reduces the blood flow to our hands, feet, ears and nose. That’s quite a sacrifice! And since the brain cannot be deprived of oxygen, this mechanism does not apply to our heads. So when our heads are not properly protected, they allow our precious heat to escape. This is why it is important to wear that pink and green toque that grandma knitted us.
Because it is trying to maintain its internal temperature, the body sends us signals to warn us that it’s getting colder; these include shivering, shaking, redness and pain. We need to pay attention to these signals, because there are many dangers associated with the cold.
First of all, we can suffer from severe frostbite. The parts of the body that are exposed or inadequately protected become sore and red and then turn grey. In the most severe cases, amputation may be necessary.
We can also suffer from hypothermia when our body temperature drops below 35°C. The cold, humidity and wind are all factors that contribute to hypothermia. Hypothermia can be dangerous, even deadly. People suffering from hypothermia shiver and shake and then begin to fumble, stumble and mumble. Above all, know how to recognize the early signs of hypothermia!
In addition, the cold can be particularly dangerous for the elderly and chronically ill. To maintain its temperature, the body increases blood flow to the heart and lungs. Therefore, fighting against the cold requires more effort. These people may be putting their health at risk if they spend an extended period of time in extremely cold weather conditions.
We need to take special care in very cold weather. First of all, dress for the weather: cover your head. Toques or hats act like lids that retain heat. When we remove these lids, we can lose up to 30% of our body heat. Pay special attention to your extremities, i.e. your hands and feet. They are particularly vulnerable because of the reduced blood flow. Finally, use the layering technique: wear several layers of clothes, because the layers of air help to insulate you. If you have to go outside when it’s cold, move! However, if you are at risk, minimize outdoor activities.
In extreme cold, if you absolutely have to get around by car, at least bring a blanket, extra clothing, a cell phone, matches and candles, and make sure you have a full tank of gas. If you are stuck on the side of the road, run the motor for 10 minutes every hour, and crack a window open to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning. Stretch from time to time and be careful not to discharge the battery unnecessarily.
Above all, when the temperature rises a bit and it’s nice enough to spend some time outdoors, take advantage of it. Go for a walk, make a snow angel, go tobogganing or go skating in the winter wonderland! You’ll stay in shape and winter won’t seem so long. | <urn:uuid:386db9d9-7f8e-44b0-a8f0-1ed87da272db> | {
"date": "2019-08-18T07:33:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313715.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818062817-20190818084817-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447606801986694,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 923,
"url": "http://centredesante.mb.ca/resources/taking-charge-of-your-health/withstanding-the-winter-cold/?lang=en"
} |
Today is one second longer than other days. 2016 will be longer than other years by one day plus one second.
Salvador Dalí drew floppy clocks, Ian Dicks drew this twisted clock for me to illustrate “daylight-saving time,” but how to draw a clock that surrealistically shows the 61st second?
The year has been a leap year, with a day added to February, because 2016 is divisible by 4. That is the rule of our Gregorian calendar: add a leap day in every 4th year, except those divisible by 100 (such as 1900), but including those divisible by 400, such as 2000. Why? Because the year – the time Earth takes to go around the Sun – is not an integral number of days, and this formula brings the average year close to the actual length.
And why add a leap second to the last day of December?
“Day” is based on the rotation of the Earth: it is the time between the moment when a place (such as your home) faces the Sun and the next such moment. But the rotation of the Earth is slowing, very gradually and slightly irregularly. So the natural day grows longer, very gradually and slightly irregularly.
Earth’s rotation slows because of gravitational effects by its large satellite, the Moon. But climatic and volcanic shudders on Earth can also slightly slow or speed the rotation.
A quantity that expresses the slowing is the notorious Delta T (“change in time”), with which astronomers have to reckon. It is the difference, in seconds or minutes, between Universal Time, which tries to keep to the actual length of the day, and a strictly uniform time based on atomic clocks (Ephemeris Time, later geekily replaced by Dynamical Time or Terrestrial Time). We know fairly certainly what Delta T has been in each year from about 1620 to the present. For years outside that range, it has to be chosen by a mixture of calculation and estimation. The Moon’s effect, though complicated, can be calculated, and so there are formulae that give Delta T for any given year; but the irregular components to the slowing can’t be calculated, so the actual Delta T for a desired year may differ from what the formula gives.
For instance, Delta T was probably in 1000 BC as much as minus 7 hours. In 1620 it was 102 seconds; by 1700 it had gone back to 24 seconds; it went negative again in the 1870s; it is now 68 seconds; and will presumably continue slowly increasing.
It strongly affects astronomical matters such as eclipses and occultations, which depend on where the Earth is in its rotation. If, for example, we calculate the path of an ancient solar eclipse, using a Delta T that is 4 minutes too large, then the positions for stages of the eclipse will be 1 degree of longitude east of where they really were. So if we think the eclipse was total in Babylon, it may not have been.
The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which has headquarters in France but various components in other parts of the world, keeps track of the data and announces when an added second is needed so as to keep Universal Time within 3/4 of a second of true time.
This will be the 27th leap second. Others, for example, were added to 1985 June 30, 1987 Dec. 31, 1989 Dec. 31, and 2015 June 30. | <urn:uuid:74cdfb4e-5d3e-4d0e-b9bc-aa020d7ce5f4> | {
"date": "2018-02-25T19:38:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816912.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225190023-20180225210023-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9571943283081055,
"score": 3.671875,
"token_count": 718,
"url": "http://www.universalworkshop.com/2016/12/31/leap-second/?replytocom=8407"
} |
Images of Wales
Sunday, 10 May 1998
Photography by John Ball - 8th May 1998
(with Agfa ePhoto307 digital camera)
The village of Carew is situated on the tidal reaches of the river Carew, which flows into the Daugleddau at Jenkins Point near Lawrenny.
The name Carew is sometimes pronounced "care-ee" and is thought to derive from the Welsh word caerau, the plural form of caer which means a fortress or stronghold.
Above: Guarding the village is Carew Castle.
The magnificent Norman castle, which later became an Elizabethan residence, has links with King Henry Tudor and was the setting for the Great Tournament of 1507. Archaeological excavation has also revealed a five-ditched promontary fort dating from around AD 100 to AD 400.
Find out more about Carew Castle on Jeff Thomas's Castles of Wales website.
Below: Carew Castle overlooking the river.
Above: The Riverside Restaurant and Tea Room.
Above: A narrow stone bridge carries the main A4075 road across the river.
Above: The Carew Inn public house.
Above: A derelict cottage in Carew.
Above: Wesley Chapel, built in 1852.
Above: This old milk churn has been attractively painted and is now being used
as a decorative feature alongside the front door of a cottage near Carew. | <urn:uuid:578fe8a8-f932-4ba2-bc73-92cf341cc520> | {
"date": "2018-03-17T06:25:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644701.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317055142-20180317075142-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9476061463356018,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 295,
"url": "http://jlb2011.co.uk/walespic/archive/980510.htm"
} |
|Plot Summary of Little Women |
|"Little Women is the story of four young girls Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy who grow into being young women during the civil war. The girls are especially self sufficent for the times on their own with their mother. The novel focuses on their growing up and the loss of innocence at the death of Beth. Jo rejects the next door neighbor as a husband and he becomes Amy's husband. "
Daniela Lo Presti, Resident Scholar
|"The four March sisters, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy, struggle against poverty with their Marmee while their father is away serving as a doctor during the Civil War.
The story charts the childhood games, whims, and lessons of four young girls becoming young women. Jo faces many obstacles familiar to all of us--saying goodbye to her sister Meg when she gets married, saying goodbye to her sister Beth, who dies young, and striving to become something great in the world--a famous writer."
Megan E. Davis, Resident Scholar
|"Little Men is the follow-up to Louisa May Alcott's book, Little Women. At the end of Little Women, Jo March inherits her Aunt March's estate, Plumfield. With the help her husband, a German professor, she turns the building into a school. The school has both rich pupils whose parents pay tuition, and pupils taken in a charity cases. Of course, all are treated with the same respect.
Some of the main characters include the sensitive Nat, tough Dan, saintly Daisy, wise Demi, and beautiful Bess. Fans of Little Women will enjoy learning about the children of some that books characters: Daisy and Demi are Meg's children, and Bess is Amy and Laurie's daughter. There is no overriding conflict besides trying to keep the boys in some kind of order and to educate them.
Katy Pape, Resident Scholar
|"Little Women is the story of four march sisters, Jo, Beth, Meg and Amy who struggle against poverty with their Marmee and grow into reponsible young women, while their father is away working as a doctor during the civil war.
The girls show their self sufficience during this period with their mother. This story charts the childhood games, whims and lessons of the four young girls into becoming young women.
Jo faces many challenges from bidding her sister Meg bye when she gets married, saying a painfull bye to her sister Beth who dies young and striving to become someone great who is a famous writer."
TEDDY MOGAKA, Resident Scholar
|" Four sisters - Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy - grow up living in poverty, but their family is far more tightly knit and loving than most. The book explores the sisters' relationship with their mother (Marmee), their home-from-the-war father, each other, and friends and acquaintances who are much wealthier than they. Alcott explores the chasm between rich and poor of the era through the friendship of the Alcott's next-door neighbor, Laurie, a boy about Jo's age who becomes her best friend and the means through which two of her sisters find love. "
Cindy Dashnaw, Resident Scholar
|Review Analysis of Little Women |
Our unique search engine provides a wealth of detail about books by breaking them down into many different literary elements, all of which are searchable (click here).
Ratings are on a 1-10 scale (Low to High)
Tone of book?
- very sensitive (sigh)
Time/era of story
- 19th century
Family, loving relations
Special relationship with
Is this an adult or child's book?
- Adult or Young Adult Book
GROUP of women story?
- a teen
Is this an ordinary person caught up in events?
- White (American)
How sensitive is this character?
- sensitive to others' feelings
Sense of humor
- Strong but gentle sense of humor
- Average intelligence
- average physique
How much descriptions of surroundings?
- 4 ()
Small town people:
- nice, like Andy/Opie/Aunt Bee
- mostly 3rd
Accounts of torture and death?
- generic/vague references to death/punishment
- No single main character?
Amount of dialog
- roughly even amounts of descript and dialog
- significantly more descript than dialog | <urn:uuid:78bf7add-da26-4e47-a04e-9e4fe754b786> | {
"date": "2013-05-24T23:00:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9530941247940063,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 916,
"url": "http://www.allreaders.com/Topics/Info_21251.asp"
} |
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Parotid glands are saliva-producing glands located just in front of the ears. They deliver saliva to the mouth through ducts located behind the upper teeth. These glands are the largest of the salivary glands. The other major salivary glands are the sublingual and submandibular glands, and these glands are supplemented by numerous smaller glands inside the mouth.
Like the other salivary glands, the parotid glands produce saliva, which helps people to chew and swallow. A lack of saliva can cause dry mouth, which feels uncomfortable and makes it hard to eat. Saliva also serves as a lubricant which can help prevent damage to the soft mucus membranes of the mouth, reducing the risk of painful injuries and infections. When the salivary glands are not working properly, people tend to notice.
People who are interested in a bit of experimentation can stimulate their parotid glands by squirting lemon or lime juice into their mouths. The tart juice will cause the glands to release a flood of saliva, indicating that they are in working order. Doctors sometimes use this test to check on the function of the salivary glands when they suspect that a patient may be experiencing inflammation or clogging.
One common condition involving the parotid glands is parotitis, an inflammation of the glands. This inflammation can be caused by a number of things, including mumps, a childhood disease which used to be quite common. When the parotid glands become inflamed, they swell up, causing facial pain and a distinct distortion of the face around the jaw. The glands can also be be blocked by infections or calcifications, causing inflammation and pain.
In some instances, tumors can develop in the parotid glands. These tumors may be benign or cancerous, but removal is usually recommended, because of the facial pain which can be caused by tumor growth. In addition, a major facial nerve runs through these glands, and a tumor could put pressure on that nerve, causing damage. Tumor removal must be done carefully because of this nerve, as a slip of the scalpel could sever or severely damage this nerve.
Another condition which can involve the parotid glands is Sjogren's Syndrome, an autoimmune disorder in which the body starts to attack the glands which produce tears and saliva. Tears and saliva are both very important secretions, and this syndrome can cause serious complications for the patient if it is not addressed. Medications and surgery can be used to manage the condition.
When my mother was young back in the 1950s, she got the mumps. The vaccine for it wasn’t introduced until a decade later, so it was common back then.
Her parotid glands swelled up, and she had large bumps below both cheeks. She said that it hurt to chew and swallow. She got weak and tired, and she also got a fever.
Her doctor told her that it would just have to run its course, because it was a viral infection instead of a bacterial one. He also told her that she would be contagious for about two weeks, and if she sneezed or coughed, anyone nearby could catch it.
She recovered in about two weeks. She was one of the lucky ones, because mumps can sometimes cause worse conditions, like hearing loss or encephalitis.
My allergy medicine affected my parotid glands. I had to take a daily antihistamine and decongestant in order to breathe easily, but it came with consequences.
The medicine definitely did what it was supposed to, which was dry up my runny nose and unclog my sinuses. However, it dried up things a little too much. My mouth and throat became uncomfortably dry.
Also, the antihistamine stopped my eyes from leaking because of allergies. It did the job too well, because they felt scratchy from lack of moisture.
I had to switch to a less powerful allergy medication. Though I do suffer from some symptoms of allergies that I did not have while taking the stronger one, I would rather deal with them than have to live with dry eyes and a dry mouth.
I have Sjögren’s syndrome, so I am familiar with what it does to the parotid glands. I suffer from dry eyes and a dry mouth. Since there is no cure for my condition, my doctor can only treat the symptoms.
I am on medication to relieve the dryness. It helps a good bit, but there are side effects. Plus, I have to take this medicine every day.
My condition makes me tired all the time. My joints hurt, and I feel much older than I am. The lack of saliva and tears makes me feel parched, like I have been in the sun all day, and this adds to my fatigue.
My doctor told me to let him know if the medications to lubricate my eyes and mouth stop working. He said it’s very important to keep these areas moist.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:82aa70ef-a939-4e2d-a5ce-f9f9b220b9ad> | {
"date": "2013-12-05T15:15:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163046759/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131726-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9674369096755981,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 1087,
"url": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-parotid-glands.htm"
} |
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. (WLFI) — If there was ever proof small critters can have a big impact, look at bees. They are a vital part of American agriculture, and their return from a devastating winter has cheered up not only beekeepers, but farmers who rely on their pollinating power.
Bees have been dying in record numbers for more than a decade, but extreme cold and heavy snow last winter wiped out more hives than normal.
“I had fourteen hives going into winter, and I came out of winter with only two,” said Jim Taul, a Lafayette police officer who has kept bees at his home for the last four years. He said it’s nice to have fresh honey all the time. He has involved his daughter, a 4-H member, in his beekeeping hobby.
Commercial beekeepers and researchers were also concerned about the massive bee kill, especially as pesticides and mites continue to ravage the bugs. Purdue entomology professor and bee specialist Greg Hunt found the same thing Taul did when he went to his hives as the winter faded.
“You go to your hive in the spring and you see an empty box,” Hunt said. “You open it up and you might see a cluster, a small cluster of dead bees inside.”
Hunt said as much as 67 percent of the bees in Indiana died last winter, compared to around 50 percent during a normal winter. As a result, he said farmers who grow crops reliant on bees, such as blueberries and squash, were likely worried about this year’s yields. Corn and soybean farmers do not rely on bees, so Indiana is far better off than many other states.
California, for example, needs honeybees to pollinate many of its crops, from cherries to apples to almonds. Eighty percent of the worlds almonds come from the state’s Central Valley. A decline in the bee population combined with severe drought through much of California has meant higher almond prices at grocery stores.
Fortunately for those betting on bees, local hives are bouncing back this summer allowing Taul to tout his 30 jars of honey.
“It’s been a good year, it’s been a mild July,” Taul said. “We’ve had rain when we needed it, and the bees are loving it.”
With his hives strengthening, Hunt will continue his mite-fighting research at Purdue’s hives just west of campus.
“Since the winter, the bees have rebounded very nicely,” he said. | <urn:uuid:e0573a38-71f5-4bda-939c-3730978d23dd> | {
"date": "2017-01-19T19:16:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00092-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9789628386497498,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 552,
"url": "http://wlfi.com/2014/08/15/bees-buzzing-again-after-brutal-winter/"
} |
Italy’s vaccination turnaround raises questions about state’s role in public health
Italy has changed its policy around childhood vaccination, provoking debate about the role of the state in enforcing public health measures.
Critics of the new ruling are worried that it will encourage a lax attitude towards vaccination – and that the number of children being vaccinated will drop.
Vaccination in Italy
A 2017 law had made 10 vaccines mandatory for Italian schoolchildren. The law was introduced to raise the country’s immunisation coverage after a measles outbreak in Europe that saw more than 3,300 cases in Italy. Only Romania had more cases of measles during the outbreak. The two parties that now comprise Italy’s government – the Five Star Movement and the far-right League – have repeatedly expressed scepticism about the benefits of vaccines, and are seeking to revise this law alongside their new ruling. The Five Star Movement has asserted that vaccinations may be linked to cancer, allergies, inflammation and autism – despite the abundance of robust evidence to the contrary.
While there are certainly benefits to rapid enrolment into school, critics of the new ruling are worried that it will encourage a lax attitude towards vaccination – and that the number of children being vaccinated will drop. This has repercussions including risk of outbreaks of infectious disease, and especially high risk of infection for children with autoimmune diseases who rely on others being vaccinated to protect them via herd immunity.
The practical ramifications of the ruling, meanwhile, are unclear: no plans have been announced for how the government will detect whether parents are telling the truth. Moreover, critics argue that a rule that contradicts the general scientific consensus might erode public faith in science.
Those who oppose the rule are now looking to other countries. In 2017, Germany began to crack down on parents who refuse to vaccinate their babies before enrolling them in kindergarten, while France has introduced fines for noncompliant parents. In some states of Australia, childcare centres can be fined thousands of dollars for admitting an unvaccinated child.
This policy goes further than questioning the benefits of vaccines. It also questions the role of the state in medical interventions – and the responsibilities of the population for maintaining public health.
The state’s role in health promotion
The debate over Italy’s latest policy goes further than questioning the benefits of vaccines. It also questions the role of the state in medical interventions – and the responsibilities of the population for maintaining public health. The European Commission has proposed a Council recommendation on strengthened cooperation against vaccine-preventable diseases, aiming to increase vaccination coverage across Europe. But should public health advice be enshrined in national laws?
There are many arguments to encourage state intervention to benefit public health, which can be roughly divided into practical issues, promoting social justice and an obligation of care.
The practical arguments for state intervention include preventive protection against future outbreaks, which would put unseen and excessive strains on the health system. The foundation of preventive care is knowledge of risk – if authorities cannot accurately estimate the risk of public health hazards, they cannot determine how to allocate resources for a potential outbreak. A government needs to be able to plan and budget appropriately to provide public services efficiently.
Many believe that to promote social justice, governments should champion individual autonomy – and that making vaccinations mandatory encroaches on that autonomy. However, a 2012 position statement from the British Medical Association points out that this criticism of mandatory vaccinations oversimplifies the debate into ‘individual autonomy versus a paternalistic state’. Instead, we should recognise that the state, in order to promote individual autonomy, needs to create a reasonably healthy environment in which ‘freedom’ can have real meaning. In the context of the vaccine debate, governments need to be able to ensure a healthy population so that individuals can make decisions and be free from illness in order to pursue the lifestyles they want.
In light of these arguments, it is clear that there is a greater debate to be had surrounding mandatory vaccinations and the role of the state, which may address some of the criticisms the Italian government is currently facing. Whether relaxing legislation around vaccination has a negative effect on uptake remains to be seen, but will surely form a crucial element of this debate for years to come.
The opinions expressed in this blog are those of the individual authors and do not represent the views of The Health Policy Partnership. | <urn:uuid:1780b85a-dc67-49ba-ba5d-167ff27848f6> | {
"date": "2019-12-11T02:34:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529745.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211021635-20191211045635-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9548388719558716,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 876,
"url": "https://www.healthpolicypartnership.com/italys-vaccination-turnaround-raises-questions-about-states-role-in-public-health/"
} |
How many growth spurts will my baby have?
During the first year, your baby’s body weight will triple and he will have grown 8 to 10 inches. (1, 2) All this growth happens in short bursts, lasting two or three days.
Your baby will have five of these growth spurts by the time he turns 1 year old, usually between one and three weeks and six and eight weeks, then at three months, six months and nine months. (1)
One doctor has reported seeing babies gain one to three ounces and grow almost a centimeter in 24 hours. (2)
What are the signs of a growth spurt?
You will begin to notice the following signs that usually indicate a growth spurt is coming:
1) Increased feeding
Whether your baby is breast fed or formula fed, your baby will want to feed more often. Some breastfed infants have been known to nurse 15 or 16 times a day. (2)
2) More waking at night
Your baby may wake up more during the night to feed, or wake up earlier from a nap.
3) Extra Sleepiness
After all this extra feeding, your baby may sleep longer and more soundly than usual. Research has shown that the body releases 80% of growth hormones during sleep.(2)
“Growth spurts in length tended to follow increased sleeping and nap time. Growth spurts usually occurred within two days of the increased sleep…”, and a May 2011 study reported that “the chances of a growth spurt increased by a median of 43% for each nap and…increased by 20% for each additional hour of sleep….”(3)
How to cope with growth spurts
1) Some women may take the increased feedings as a sign that their babies aren’t getting enough milk and decide to stop breastfeeding. Actually, babies demand more food because they just need more, more often.
Both breastfed and formula-fed babies need calories to grow. So feed your baby as much and as often as he/she demands.
2) Forcing a baby to stay awake or adhere to her normal sleep schedule during this time will only make her cranky. (2) On average a baby will sleep 4.5 hours more over the course of the day during a growth spurt. | <urn:uuid:0ab72332-d1db-4ade-96f4-049c782586f3> | {
"date": "2013-05-23T12:02:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9586004018783569,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 483,
"url": "http://www.empowher.com/parenting/content/dealing-babys-growth-spurts"
} |
The Ford Model A first appeared as a prototype on March 27, 1927 as a replacement for the Model T.
Henry Ford was reluctant to replace the Model T, believing that it provided more than adequately for the transportation needs of the average American.
Ford proved to be behind the times, however, as average Americans began looking to Chevrolet and Chrysler to satisfy their desire for increased speed, convenience and safety.
Thus, Ford was forced to reconsider things in order to keep pace with a changing and ever more competitive car market.
The new Model A that Ford unveiled in the late 1920s offered a three-speed, lever-operated sliding gear unit complete with a clutch.
It also made use of a Kettering-type battery-and-coil system and had brakes on all four wheels.
As if that wasn’t enough, consumers were also treated to safety glass in the windshield as opposed to plate glass and the car utilized a water pump to circulate coolant through the engine, in contrast to the thermosyphon phenomena that the Model T had relied on.
The Model A maintained its popularity for approximately three years, during which time 3.25 million were produced.
Unlike other types of antique cars that have all but disappeared, there are hundreds of thousands of Model As still in existence today.
One of them is owned by Elsberry resident Pat Mesker.
For more on this and other stories pick up your copy of The Elsberry Democrat today from one of our several locations. You can also sign up for the online edition by visiting http://elsberrydemocrat.com and clicking on Subscribe … | <urn:uuid:087ded9f-09ee-4f4a-b903-e7643ec20988> | {
"date": "2017-07-27T16:40:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428325.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727162531-20170727182531-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9780569672584534,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 332,
"url": "http://www.elsberrydemocrat.com/bringing-a-classic-back-to-life/"
} |
Method for removing sulfur dioxide, mercury, and nitrogen oxides from a gas stream
A NOx removal process that also captures mercury. Due to the low concentration of mercury, it is captures almost for free - substantially lower cost than activated carbon.
Very high mercury capture process.
Very high NOx removal process!
Methods for post flue gas desulfurization removal of NOx and mercury. Laboratory tests have peen performed that prove the results!
Test results showed near 100% capture. This would apply to many fossil fuel fired applications and offers a big cost savings over SCR, ammonia, and activated carbon costs. The process is simple, fast and uses chemical oxidants.
The removal process is installed after fluegas desulfurization so it is much lower cost than SCR!
US 7,514,053 issued 2009-04-07 [MORE INFO
Type of Offer:
Sale or Licensing
« More Energy Patents« More Pollution Patents | <urn:uuid:fbdbf5c3-be20-4e08-a65d-1d3d08fb5042> | {
"date": "2017-12-13T03:36:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948521188.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213030444-20171213050444-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9096540212631226,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 204,
"url": "https://www.ideaconnection.com/patents/15453-Method-for-removing-sulfur-dioxide-mercury-and-nitrog.html?c=12"
} |
Article published in the Omaha Daily Bee, December 12, 1915
OLDEST OF ORTHODOX RELIGIONS IS HERE
Omaha Greeks Worship according to Rites of
Their Ancient Church Under Guidance of a
Priest Ordained Under Shadow of Olympus
Sixteenth and Martha streets, Omaha, in 1915 doesn't seem to have anything in common with the Olympic games of Greece, 700 years before Christ. Still less with Hercules, hero of Greek mythology, whose life is merged in the mists of prehistoric times.
But there is a close connection.
On the southeast corner of Sixteenth and Martha streets stands the Greek Orthodox church, the only one of its kind in Nebraska, and one of only five in the country. A black-bearded man with long black hair was sent out by the Holy Synod of Greece at the request of the Greek communion organized in Omaha in 1907. From his ancient native land he came to the new World and to a new part of the New World, bringing with him the religion that is the oldest in Christendom.
The priest, rector of St. John's Orthodox Greek church, is Rev. Constantinos Harvalis, and he was born in Olympia on the western coast of the Greek Peloponnesus.
Olympia, the very town where the Olympic games were first played, hundreds of years before the birth of Christ!
In his boyhood days this Omahan wandered along the banks of the river Alpheus and among the ruins of that level plain where, 2,500 years ago, his ancestors played at the games in the sacred grove of Altis. This grove was adorned with exquisite statues and works of art. Here stood the famous temple of Olympian Zeus containing the chryselephantine statue of that god. Legend told that Hercules, here of Greek mythology, laid out the grove himself.
Today it is ruins and cornfields. Zeus is forgotten and Christ is the god of the Greeks. And from Olympia comes a minister to preach His gospel in a land that wasn't dreamed of until twenty centuries after the Olympic games were instituted.
The descendants of the ancient Hellenes in Omaha and Nebraska are many and they are an industrious, thrifty people. In 1907, they decided they needed spiritual organization and the Greek communion was formed. The next year the Greek congregation was organized and an appeal sent to Greece for a minister. In 1910, the church was built. The congregation now has nearly 500 members. The parish includes all Nebraska, and the rector makes many trips out into the state to baptize children and perform marriage and funeral ceremonies according to rites of the ancient church.
Rev. Mr. Harvalis has a pleasant home at 1907 South Sixteenth street, and his five children are being educated in the American fashion. They speak excellent English. He himself speaks no English, for all his work is among the Greeks and he spends much of his time at the church going through the ancient rites.
"We don't use any organ or piano in our church," said his daughter, interpreting for her father. "We have services in the church every Sunday beginning at 8 in the morning and lasting till about noon; also Saturday afternoon, from 5 to 6:30 o'clock. Besides this the minister goes every day to the church for worship between the houses of 6 and 7 in the morning and 7 and 8 in the evening."
It is a striking thing to hear these people talk of Socrates and Lycurges as their ancestors and to mention St. Paul's preaching in their own cities.
"Our church," said Rev. Harvalis through his interpreter, "is the oldest in Christendom. The Jews were converted before the Greeks, but the Jewish Christian churches passed over into the Greek. The apostles of Christ used our language and the Greek was used also by the great majority of the early fathers - Polycarp, Ignatius, Clement of Alexandria, Eusebius, Basil, Athanasius, Gregory of Nazianzen, Gregory of Nyssa, Chrysostom, Cyril of Jerusalem and Cyril of Alexandria. The first Christian emperors, from Constantine the Great, together with a host of martyrs belonged to the Greek communion. Each Clement of Rome, Hermas, Hoppolytus and others of the western church wrote in Greek. The early popes were Greeks. The very name of pope is Greek. The Roman congregation itself was originally a colony of Greek Christians.
"Paul's first journey from his own country was to Greece. Socrates had laid down the law that anyone who preached a new god should die. Paul got around this law when he came to Athens by discovering among the many gods of the Greeks an altar marked 'To the Unknown God.' Paul then preached about the unknown God, which was his God. Thus he did not break the Athenian law."
Rev. Mr. Harvalis was married before he took his holy orders. This is a law of the church. Priests must marry once, but are not allowed to marry twice. If the first wife dies the priest must remain forever a widower. Celibacy is confined to bishops and monks. Absolution is given in the form of the prayer, "May the Lord absolve thee."
The altar of the church at Sixteenth and Martha streets is gorgeous with pictures of Saint Mary, Saint John, Saint William, Saint George. Rev. M. Harvalis' robes of office are long, full, flowing and made of rich material, embroidered gold in colors.
The service in the church is strongly oriental, symbolic, mythical. There is fascinating display and pomp, and much changing of sacerdotal dress. An elaborate ceremonialism marks it, far in excess of the ceremony in the Roman church.
Singing is led by two singers, Peter Dimmoulias on the right side and Thomas Maharas on the left, and it is without instrumental accompaniment. As yet there are no seats in the church. In the Russian branch of the Greek church there are no seats, the congregation standing throughout the long service.
Many fasts are observed by the Omaha and Nebraska Greeks, in accordance with the church's laws. They have not only one Lent, but four. There is one of fifty days immediately preceding Easter, one from November 15 to Christmas, one in June and one from August 1 to 15.
During these periods they eat no meat, butter, eggs or cheese. In addition to these long periods, Wednesday and Friday of every week in the year are fast days, on which no meat, butter, milk, eggs or cheese are eaten. So the Greeks come near to being vegitarians.
Christmas in the Greek Orthodox church does not come until January 6 of our calendar. This is because the orthodox Greeks still use the Julian calendar, while we use the Gregorian. The former is thirteen days behind the latter. Julius Caesar originated the Julian calendar, under which a year consists of 365 1/4 days. This is 11 minutes, 13.95 seconds more that the solar year. Pope Gregory XIII, in 1582, reformed the calendar by dropping ten days and making the rule for a year as we have it today. Germany and Denmark adhered to the Julian calendar till 1700, and in England, Parliament, in 1752, abolished the Julian calendar, 'skipped' from September 2 and September 14 overnight, and has since followed the Gregorian calendar with the rest of the world. But the orthodox Greek church sticks to the Julian.
Rev. Mr. Harvalis, descendant of an ancient line, priest of an ancient church, born in an ancient city, educated in the ancient city of Athens, say he "likes Omaha fine." | <urn:uuid:7932f5c4-d4b5-4368-9164-721948e0a316> | {
"date": "2014-04-24T13:16:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206120.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00507-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9726369380950928,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1592,
"url": "http://hellenicgenealogygeek.blogspot.com/2012/07/oldest-of-orthodox-religions-is-here.html"
} |
Sleep (Part I)
According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), more than 41 million working adults get six or fewer hours of sleep each day (on the average we need somewhere between 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep at night. It seems that in our modern developed society, more and more people are putting off sleep intentionally due to work pressures and family obligations. Let’s not forget the various leisure activities we engage in with our significant others (yoga class, running, or just catching up on the latest episode of our favorite television shows). This type of intentional sleep deprivation can be detrimental to our health. Apparently, we not only get “cranky ” from lack of sleep, but we increase our risk for impaired cognition, mood disturbances, chronic pain, and altered sugar metabolism leading to weight gain and insulin resistance . According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) fatigue impaired performance is similar to alcohol impaired performance, which plays a role in automobile accidents and even plane crashes. This is of course why there are regulations in place regarding required rest periods for commercial drivers and airline pilots.
The FMCSA has recently commissioned the Virginia Tech Transportation as part of a $4 million dollar study of the controversial 34 hour restart rule (suspended by Congress in December), to look at the impact of restart breaks on commercial truck driver safety performance and fatigue levels.
This is all with the current controversy over obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) screening, highlighted by the recent FMCSA bulletin to the NRCME and training organizations, and the OSA ruling passed by Congress in 2013 that required the FMCSA to go through the formal rule making process for any new or revised requirement for the screening, testing and treatment of OSA.
Sleep deficiency, poor sleep hygiene, and sleep disorders like OSA certainly are not just problems of workers in the transportation industry. Looking at all possible factors that lead to disordered sleep in a captive population like commercial drivers and pilots will help improve safety. However, we can not afford to ignore or forget the many people in the general population with sleep deficiency or sleep disorders like OSA, which also affects public safety.
To be continued…
1. John Hopkin’s Health Review. Fall 2014 Volume 1, Issue 1 . Cheating Sleep. Our unhealthy nocturnal habits. Sarah Richards
2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sleep and sleep disorders. | <urn:uuid:9fc7649f-76d0-402e-a9e6-9711b882ae7a> | {
"date": "2018-06-24T02:55:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866191.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624024705-20180624044705-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9314066767692566,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 501,
"url": "https://dotmedicalexaminerblog.com/2015/02/16/cdc-sleep-home-page-sleep-and-sleep-disorders/"
} |
Coffee lovers possess an unusual striking vitality and hyper-focused approach in their work. This enticing beverage is not only potent and efficient but foremost healthy for the human body. In the progressive world today, the need for a highly active brain can never be over-emphasized. Coffee minimizes the risk of certain diseases and stimulates the functioning of the brain making you smart. Enhancement in the form of coffee has lead to improvements in its function, and you can benefit from not just the antioxidants properties of coffee but also from the nutrients and stimulant aspects of coffee.
You can check out the coffee of the month club and have your fresh coffee beans on time.
Benefits of Coffee
Reduces risk of Diseases
According to studies coffee drinkers have a 23% or up to 50% reduced the danger of getting the dangerous disease type 2 Diabetes. Coffee also reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s and Dementia diseases. The Alzheimer disease which has currently not yet found a cure can be prevented by drinking coffee. Coffee has been incredibly effective in lowering the risk of getting the disease with a rate of up to 65%. Furthermore, coffee reduces the risk of Parkison’s disease.
Just like Alzheimer’s, this disease, unfortunately, has no known cure. Its primary cause is dopamine-generating neurons dying in the brain. It lowers the risk of some cancers- Coffee reduces the risk of getting colorectal cancer and liver cancer which take position 3 and four as the leading cancer deaths cause in the world. According to studies, coffee can reduce the risk of liver cancer by an incredible 40% rate.
Improves Energy Levels and Make You Smarter
The stimulant caffeine found in coffee enhances the functioning of the brain. It is first absorbed in the blood then transferred into the brain where it plays a significant role in inhibiting Adenosine. Adenosine is harmful in that it inhibits the functioning of other neurotransmitters. This leads to proper functioning of neurons in the body translating to improved brain performance regarding memory, cognitive function, vigilance, mood and high energy levels. Moreover, coffee enhances physical performance. Caffeine properties in coffee boost Adrenaline amount in the blood. This hormone prepares the body for intense action leading to improvements in performance.
Protects the Liver
The liver plays crucial roles in the body but is, unfortunately, prone to diseases like fatty liver and hepatitis leading to cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, the larger part of the liver is replaced by scar tissue lowering its performance. Studies have fortunately shown that coffee reduces the rate of cirrhosis by 60%.
According to studies caffeine is effective in burning fats in the body and also improving the metabolic rate. Caffeine stimulates the nervous system to send fat breaking signals to fat cells. These fatty acids are transformed into useful energy.
Helpful nutrients in coffee include Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid and Riboflavin.
Coffee promotes mental performance by fighting depression. According to studies drinking coffee significantly lowers the risk of developing depression and suicide. Also, a brain free of depression has higher performance rates. | <urn:uuid:338ec04e-72b3-4a86-8f74-eb8f269b3324> | {
"date": "2019-06-18T09:33:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998708.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618083336-20190618105336-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.925211489200592,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 645,
"url": "http://www.cecarca.org/category/beverage/"
} |
Using new combinations of well-known polymers is one way of producing new materials.For this work, the use of polymers that respond to external stimuli are of particular interest, and is the line followed by the chemist Leire Ruiz-Rubio in the research for her PhD thesis. She has studied the blending of certain polymers that can be controlled when the conditions of their medium (the pH or temperature, for example) have been altered.Once the behaviour of these polymers is known, it is possible to design new materials to use in many different applications.“We do basic chemistry; in other words, we study the behaviour of these polymers in more and more advanced conditions, and then the applications that can be developed thanks to these materials will be sought.” Ruiz has in fact studied the polymer blends first of all in solution and then when they are on a solid surface.
The aim was to find out the conditions in which polymer chains disperse and when they end up joined together.Having examined that, Ruiz went on to study how the conditions can be manipulated, so that the material formed by the polymer blend can be altered from a dense layer to one with holes.
The blends in this research were produced by adding one of eachof thetwo polymer groups.In one group there were polyacids, in other words, proton donors (acrylic polyacid and methacrylicpolyacid and phenolic polyvinyl). In the second group there are several poly(N-vinylamides), in other words, polymers that can create hydrogen bridges with the protons of the ones before them.
“We have studied the relationship between polymers.In other words, to see whether polymers of one blend move away from each other, or whether, by contrast they become adhered to each other."And they studied that relationship first in solution, because the solvent can greatly influence that.Polymer chains will move away from each other if they have a greater tendency to attach themselves to the molecules of the solvent (dispersive tendency).By contrast, if the hydrogen bridges between the polymers are more stable than the relationship towards the solvent, the polymer chains will tend to stay together (associative behaviour).
The balance is a tricky one, because there are all kinds of interactions.“That’s the problem,” says Ruiz.“Polyacids, for example, not only interact with the solvent and other polymers, they also interact with themselves, but some polyamides, for example, prefer to join with other polymers.The same thing happens depending on the quality of the solvent.If the solvent is very good, the polymers tend to join with it.”
Most of the solvents used in this work are alcohols, (methanol, ethanol, propanol, etc.) and the effect of their molecule size has been studied.In fact, the size has a lot to do with whether the solvent is good or bad:small alcohols are better solvents that large ones.
Ruiz and her colleagues repeated their solution-based research in the conditions of a surface.They wanted to know what kind of behaviour was displayed by these polymer blends on a surface.They used silicon surfaces covered with a co-polymer layer and added a number of functional groups to that layer.“They end up as if they were strands of hair," says Ruiz.The polymer blends were placed on top and they formed a second layer.These kinds of systems can be manipulated, for example by changing the pH or the temperature, and the chemical and physical properties of the surface change.And in the end, the polymer blend will behave in one way or another according to that.
“We do basic chemistry, but you always have applications in mind.For example, drugs can be inserted between these layers and attached to the hairs of the surface.With the drugas the filling, it would end up like a kind of sandwich.”In that case, by manipulating the pH or temperature, the polymer blend can be dismantled and the drug released at the desired moment.So, one potential application is a capsule that opens at the desired moment.“But that’s still a long way off.We have studied what happens in the solution, and then in a more complex medium, on a surface.When you have studied that, you’ll be able to go one step further.”But the capsule application is still a long way away.The aim of this thesis was to study the behaviour of certain polymers.
Leire Ruiz-Rubio (Bilbao, 1979) graduated in Chemistry at the Faculty of Science and Technology of the UPV/EHU-University of the Basque Country.She did her PhD in the same place under the supervision of the lecturer Maria Teresa Garay-Perez.Today, she works as a researcher in the Department of Physical Chemistry.She also lectures in chemistry at the Faculty of Science and Technology. | <urn:uuid:b14c3195-c43d-4bb1-9f9f-eb0e576ca9de> | {
"date": "2014-08-22T09:49:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823528.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00222-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9514183402061462,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 1036,
"url": "http://smarteconomy.typepad.com/smart_economy/2013/01/possibility-of-surfaces-that-can-be-manipulated.html"
} |
Map of the Journeys of Isaac, the Son of AbrahamIsaac was born after Abraham returned from Gerar. Abraham was living in Beersheba and it was probably here in Beersheba where Abraham and Sarah's only son Isaac was born. He was actually 100 years old and Sarah was 90 when Isaac was born and therefore they named him "laughter". Isaac lived longer than either Abraham or his son Jacob, and his he spent his life within a small area in the south of the land of Canaan. Isaac was blessed by the Lord to the point that the people of the land were envious. Isaac was the next in line to be given the promise of the blessings of Abraham his father.
The Journey of Isaac
The land of Canaan was indeed the inheritance of the descendants of Abraham, but Isaac like his father would only be a pilgrim in this wonderful land. He made his home in Beersheba where he was born until the last days of his life which were in Hebron. He was finally buried in the Cave of Machpelah.
1. Beersheba was Isaac's birthplace and his early home (Gen. 21:3, 31).
2. Mount Moriah. Abraham took Isaac to the Mountains of Moriah to offer him as burnt offering in obedience to God. The Lord stopped him in the middle of the act and provided a substitute to teach him about God's plan of salvation in offering His only son Jesus. (Gen. 22:2, 3)
3. Beersheba. This place became Isaac's home while he was with his parents.
4. Beer Lai-hai-roi. This was Isaac's home after he married Rebekah. It was here at Beer Laihairoi that his sons, Jacob and Esau, were born (Gen. 24:62-67; 25:24-29).
5. Gerar. Because there was a great famine in the land Isaac moved to Gerar in the country of the Philistines. This is where he deceived Abimelech, the king of Gerar (Gen. 26:1-16).
6. Esek (strife). After Abimelech had allowed him to leave Gerar, Isaac dug a well at Esek, but the men of Gerar were envious of Isaac's prosperity and contended with the herdmen of Isaac and forced him to leave (Gen. 26:19, 20).
7. Sitnah (hatred). Isaac dug another well at Sitnah, but they again they envied him and strove with him and Isaac departed (Gen. 26:21).
8. Rehoboth (plenty). Isaac was permitted to dwell in this area of plenty and he could now live in peace (Gen. 26:22).
9. Beersheba. The Philistine king made a treaty of peace with him, and Isaac lived there many years. Isaac also renamed the site Beer-Sheba after he had received a special revelation form the Lord (Gen. 26:23-33).
10. Hebron. Isaac spent his last days here, and at the age of 180 years died and was buried in the family sepulcher, Machpelah (Gen. 35:27-29).
The Scriptures Mention Isaac
26:18 - And Isaac digged again the wells of
water, which they had digged in the days of Abraham his father; for
the Philistines had stopped them after the death of Abraham: and he
called their names after the names by which his father had called
Leviticus 26:42 - Then will I remember my covenant with Jacob, and also my covenant with Isaac, and also my covenant with Abraham will I remember; and I will remember the land.
Deuteronomy 30:20 - That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, [and] that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he [is] thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.
Genesis 25:21 - And Isaac intreated the LORD for his wife, because she [was] barren: and the LORD was intreated of him, and Rebekah his wife conceived.
Genesis 35:12 - And the land which I gave Abraham and Isaac, to thee I will give it, and to thy seed after thee will I give the land.
Genesis 27:46 - And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth: if Jacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these [which are] of the daughters of the land, what good shall my life do me?
Genesis 24:14 - And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink; and she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: [let the same be] she [that] thou hast appointed for thy servant Isaac; and thereby shall I know that thou hast shewed kindness unto my master.
Joshua 24:4 - And I gave unto Isaac Jacob and Esau: and I gave unto Esau mount Seir, to possess it; but Jacob and his children went down into Egypt.
Genesis 49:31 - There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah.
Genesis 22:9 - And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood.
2 Chronicles 30:6 - So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, and according to the commandment of the king, saying, Ye children of Israel, turn again unto the LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and he will return to the remnant of you, that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria.
Deuteronomy 29:13 - That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and [that] he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.
Jeremiah 33:26 - Then will I cast away the seed of Jacob, and David my servant, [so] that I will not take [any] of his seed [to be] rulers over the seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob: for I will cause their captivity to return, and have mercy on them.
Deuteronomy 9:5 - Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Genesis 27:22 - And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father; and he felt him, and said, The voice [is] Jacob's voice, but the hands [are] the hands of Esau.
Exodus 33:1 - And the LORD said unto Moses, Depart, [and] go up hence, thou and the people which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt, unto the land which I sware unto Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, Unto thy seed will I give it:
Amos 7:16 - Now therefore hear thou the word of the LORD: Thou sayest, Prophesy not against Israel, and drop not [thy word] against the house of Isaac.
Genesis 28:6 - When Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob, and sent him away to Padanaram, to take him a wife from thence; and that as he blessed him he gave him a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughters of Canaan;
Exodus 32:13 - Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, thy servants, to whom thou swarest by thine own self, and saidst unto them, I will multiply your seed as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken of will I give unto your seed, and they shall inherit [it] for ever.
Deuteronomy 6:10 - And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not,
1 Kings 18:36 - And it came to pass at [the time of] the offering of the [evening] sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet came near, and said, LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, let it be known this day that thou [art] God in Israel, and [that] I [am] thy servant, and [that] I have done all these things at thy word.
Genesis 22:3 - And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place of which God had told him.
Genesis 28:13 - And, behold, the LORD stood above it, and said, I [am] the LORD God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac: the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed;
Romans 9:7 - Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, [are they] all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called.
Genesis 17:19 - And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, [and] with his seed after him.
Genesis 22:2 - And he said, Take now thy son, thine only [son] Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of.
Genesis 25:20 - And Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah to wife, the daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padanaram, the sister to Laban the Syrian.
Genesis 32:9 - And Jacob said, O God of my father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, the LORD which saidst unto me, Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred, and I will deal well with thee:
Deuteronomy 1:8 - Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them.
1 Chronicles 29:18 - O LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, our fathers, keep this for ever in the imagination of the thoughts of the heart of thy people, and prepare their heart unto thee:
Beersheba in Easton's Bible Dictionary well of the oath, or well of seven, a well dug by Abraham, and so named because he and Abimelech here entered into a compact (Gen. 21:31). On re-opening it, Isaac gave it the same name (Gen. 26:31-33). It was a favourite place of abode of both of these patriarchs (21:33-22:1, 19; 26:33; 28:10). It is mentioned among the "cities" given to the tribe of Simeon (Josh. 19:2; 1 Chr. 4:28). From Dan to Beersheba, a distance of about 144 miles (Judg. 20:1; 1 Chr. 21:2; 2 Sam. 24:2), became the usual way of designating the whole Promised Land, and passed into a proverb. After the return from the Captivity the phrase is narrowed into "from Beersheba unto the valley of Hinnom" (Neh. 11:30). The kingdom of the ten tribes extended from Beersheba to Mount Ephraim (2 Chr. 19:4). The name is not found in the New Testament. It is still called by the Arabs Bir es- Seba, i.e., "well of the seven", where there are to the present day two principal wells and five smaller ones. It is nearly midway between the southern end of the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.
Beersheba in Fausset's Bible Dictionary Beersheba means "well of the oath". The southern limit of the Holy Land, as Dan in the N.: "from Dan to Beersheba" (compare in David's census, 1 Chronicles 21:2; 2 Samuel 24:2-7) comprehends the whole. Called so from the oath of peace between Abraham and Abimelech, king of the Philistines (Genesis 21:31), else from the seven (sheba' ) ewe lambs slain there: indeed sheba', an oath, is from the custom of binding one's self by seven things, as Abraham made the seven ewe lambs a pledge of his covenant with Abimelech. Again, from the like oath between Abimelech (with Phichol, his captain) and Isaac, it being not uncommon for an event to be recorded as occurring apparently for the first time, which has been recorded as occurring earlier before: so Bethel (Genesis 26:31-33). The well dug by Abraham and secured to him by oath had been covered and lost. It is found by Isaac's servants just after the covenant made between him and Abimelech. The series of events recalls to Isaac's mind the original name and that which gave rise to the name; so he restores both the well itself and the name. Seven (sheba' which also may explain the name) wells are at the place, so that a different one may have been named by Isaac from that named by Abraham. They all pour their streams into the wady es Seba, and are called Bir es seba, the largest 12 ft. diameter, and masonry round reaching 28 ft. down, and 44 from bottom to surface of the water. The second, at a hundred yards distance, 5 in diameter, 42 in depth. The other five further off. The stones around the mouth are worn into grooves by the action of ropes for so many ages. Around the large are nine stone troughs; around the smaller, five. The water is excellent, and grass with crocuses and lilies abounds. Abraham planted here a" grove" ('eshel) (distinct from the idol grove, Asheerah, or Astarte Baal), or tree, the tamarisk, long living, of hard wood, with long, clustering, evergreen...
Beersheba in Hitchcock's Bible Names the well of an oath; the seventh well
Beersheba in Naves Topical Bible 1. The most southern city of Israel Jud 20:1 Named by Abraham, who lived there Ge 21:31-33; 22:19 The place where Isaac lived Ge 26:23 Jacob went out from, toward Haran Ge 28:10 Sacrifices offered at, by Jacob; when journeying to Egypt Ge 46:1 In the inheritance of Judah Jos 15:20,28; 2Sa 24:7 Afterward assigned to Simeon Jos 19:2,9; 1Ch 4:28 Two sons of Samuel were judges at 1Sa 8:2 Became a seat of idolatrous worship Am 5:5; 8:14 -2. The well of, belonged to Abraham and Isaac Ge 21:25,26 -3. Wilderness of, Hagar miraculously sees a well in Ge 21:14-19 An angel fed Elijah in 1Ki 19:5,7
Beersheba in Smith's Bible Dictionary (well of the oath), the name of one of the old places in Israel which formed the southern limit of the country. There are two accounts of the origin of the name. According to the first, the well was dug by Abraham, and the name given to Judah, Jos 15:28 and then to Simeon, Jos 19:2; 1Ch 4:28 In the often-quoted "from Dan even unto Beersheba," Jud 20:1 it represents the southern boundary of Canaan, as Dan the northern. In the time of Jerome it was still a considerable place, and still retains its ancient name --Bir es-Seba. There are at present on the spot two principal wells and five smaller ones. The two principal wells are on or close to the northern bank of the Wady es-Seba. The larger of the two, which lies to the east, is, according to Dr. Robinson, 12 1/2 feet in diameter, and at the time of his visit (April 12) was 44 1/2 feet to the surface of the water. The masonry which encloses the well extends downward 28 1/2 feet. The other well is 5 feet in diameter, and was 42 feet to the water. The curb-stones around the mouth of both wells are worn into deep grooves by the action of the ropes of so many centures. These wells are in constant use today. The five lesser wells are in a group in the bed of the wady. On some low hills north of the large wells are scattered the foundations and ruins of a town of moderate size.
Beersheba in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE be-er-she'-ba (be'er shebha`; Bersabee): Allotted originally to Simeon (Josh 19:2), one of "the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah" (Josh 15:28). 1. The Meaning of the Name: The most probable meaning of Beersheba is the "well of seven." "Seven wells" is improbable on etymological grounds; the numeral should in that case be first. In Gen 21:31 Abraham and Abimelech took an oath of witness that the former had dug the well and seven ewe lambs were offered in sacrifice, "Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba; because there they sware both of them." Here the name is ascribed to the Hebrew root shabha`, "to swear," but this same root is connected with the idea of seven, seven victims being offered and to take an oath, meaning "to come under the influence of seven." Another account is given (Gen 26:23-33), where Isaac takes an oath and just afterward, "the same day Isaac's servants came, and told him concerning the well which they had digged (dug), and said unto him, We have found water. And he called it Shibah: therefore the name of the city is Beer-sheba unto this day." 2. A Sacred Shrine: Beersheba was a sacred shrine. "Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beer-sheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God" Gen (21:33). Theophanies occurred there to Hagar (21:17), to Isaac (26:24), to Jacob (46:2), and to Elijah (1 Ki 19:5). By Amos (5:5) it is classed with Bethel and Gilgal as one of the rival shrines to the pure worship of Yahweh, and in another place (8:14) he writes "They shall fall, and never rise up again," who sware, "As the way (i.e. cult) of Beersheba liveth." The two unworthy sons of Samuel were Judges in Beersheba (1 Sam 8:2) and Zibiah, mother of King Jehoash, was born there (2 Ki 12:1; 2 Ch 24:1). 3. Its Position: Geographically Beersheba marked the southern limit of Judah, though theoretically this extended to the "river of Egypt" (Gen 15:18)--the modern Wady el`Avish--60 miles farther south. It was the extreme border of the cultivated land. From Dan to Beersheba (2 Sam 17:11, etc.) or from Beersheba to
23:8 - And he brought all the priests out of the cities of
Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had burned
incense, from Geba to Beersheba, and brake down the
high places of the gates that [were] in the entering in of the gate
of Joshua the governor of the city, which [were] on a man's left
hand at the gate of the city.
2 Samuel 24:2 - For the king said to Joab the captain of the host, which [was] with him, Go now through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even to Beersheba, and number ye the people, that I may know the number of the people.
Amos 5:5 - But seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and pass not to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nought.
Nehemiah 11:30 - Zanoah, Adullam, and [in] their villages, at Lachish, and the fields thereof, at Azekah, and [in] the villages thereof. And they dwelt from Beersheba unto the valley of Hinnom.
2 Chronicles 30:5 - So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel at Jerusalem: for they had not done [it] of a long [time in such sort] as it was written.
Genesis 46:5 - And Jacob rose up from Beersheba: and the sons of Israel carried Jacob their father, and their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him.
2 Chronicles 24:1 - Joash [was] seven years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also [was] Zibiah of Beersheba.
Amos 8:14 - They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan, liveth; and, The manner of Beersheba liveth; even they shall fall, and never rise up again.
1 Chronicles 21:2 - And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go, number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them to me, that I may know [it].
Genesis 21:14 - And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, and a bottle of water, and gave [it] unto Hagar, putting [it] on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba.
2 Kings 12:1 - In the seventh year of Jehu Jehoash began to reign; and forty years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his mother's name [was] Zibiah of Beersheba.
Genesis 21:32 - Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba: then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.
2 Samuel 17:11 - Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that [is] by the sea for multitude; and that thou go to battle in thine own person.
2 Samuel 24:15 - So the LORD sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed: and there died of the people from Dan even to Beersheba seventy thousand men.
2 Chronicles 19:4 - And Jehoshaphat dwelt at Jerusalem: and he went out again through the people from Beersheba to mount Ephraim, and brought them back unto the LORD God of their fathers.
Judges 20:1 - Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, unto the LORD in Mizpeh.
2 Samuel 3:10 - To translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba.
2 Samuel 24:7 - And came to the strong hold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites: and they went out to the south of Judah, [even] to Beersheba.
1 Kings 4:25 - And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
Genesis 21:33 - And [Abraham] planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God.
Genesis 46:1 - And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba, and offered sacrifices unto the God of his father Isaac.
1 Samuel 3:20 - And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel [was] established [to be] a prophet of the LORD.
1 Kings 19:3 - And when he saw [that], he arose, and went for his life, and came to Beersheba, which [belongeth] to Judah, and left his servant there.
Genesis 21:31 - Wherefore he called that place Beersheba; because there they sware both of them.
1 Samuel 8:2 - Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abiah: [they were] judges in Beersheba.
Genesis 26:33 - And he called it Shebah: therefore the name of the city [is] Beersheba unto this day.
Joshua 19:2 - And they had in their inheritance Beersheba, or Sheba, and Moladah,
1 Chronicles 4:28 - And they dwelt at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual,
Nehemiah 11:27 - And at Hazarshual, and at Beersheba, and [in] the villages thereof,
Genesis 28:10 - And Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran.
Mount Moriah in Easton's Bible Dictionary the chosen of Jehovah. Some contend that Mount Gerizim is meant, but most probably we are to regard this as one of the hills of Jerusalem. Here Solomon's temple was built, on the spot that had been the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite (2 Sam. 24:24, 25; 2 Chr. 3:1). It is usually included in Zion, to the north-east of which it lay, and from which it was separated by the Tyropoean valley. This was "the land of Moriah" to which Abraham went to offer up his son Isaac (Gen. 22:2). It has been supposed that the highest point of the temple hill, which is now covered by the Mohammedan Kubbetes-Sakhrah, or "Dome of the Rock," is the actual site of Araunah's threshing- floor. Here also, one thousand years after Abraham, David built an altar and offered sacrifices to God.
Mount Moriah in Fausset's Bible Dictionary Genesis 22:2; 2 Chronicles 3:1. (See JEHOVAH JIREH; GERIZIM.) What Jehovah has made one see (this hophal mowreh occurs four times in the Pentateuch, nowhere in later books) "the vision of Jehovah". In the same neighborhood He vouchsafed a vision to Abram (Genesis 14; Genesis 15:1) after Melchizedek had met him in the valley near Salem and Abram paid tithe of the spoils of Chedorlaomer. Afterward on Moriah he offered Isaac (Genesis 22:2; Genesis 22:14). Abraham saw Moriah at some little distance (Genesis 22:4) on the third day; the distance, two days' journey from Beersheba, would just bring him to Zion, but not so far as Moreh and Gerizim (Genesis 12:6) where some fix Moriah. "The mount of the Lord" (Genesis 22:14) means almost always Mount Zion. The proverb "in the Mount of Jehovah it (or He) shall be seen" probably originated in Jerusalem under Melchizedek. Jehovah's vision to David in the same spot, before the preparation for building the temple there, revived the name Moriah (2 Samuel 24:16; 2 Samuel 24:24-25.) The threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite was the spot on which David reared an altar by Gad's direction from Jehovah. The Angel of Jehovah had stood by Araunah's threshing floor; there David saw Him, and Araunah (Ornan) also, subsequently on turning back, saw Him and hid himself. Then Ornan saw David, and made over to him the threshing floor (1 Chronicles 21:15-16; 1 Chronicles 21:18-26). Jehovah testified His acceptance of David's sacrifice there by sending down fire to consume it (Leviticus 9:24; 1 Kings 18:24; 1 Kings 18:38; 2 Chronicles 7:1). So thenceforth David sacrificed there, and no longer on the altar at Gibeon where the tabernacle was, separate from the ark, which was at Zion; for he could not go to Gibeon on account of the sword of the Angel, i.e. the pestilence. God's answer to his sacrifice at this altar of the threshing floor, and God's removal of the plague, determined David's choice of it as the site of the temple (1 Chronicles 28:2; 1 Chronicles 21:28; 1 Chronicles 22:1; 2 Chronicles 3:1, etc.). It lay, like all threshing floors, outside the city, upon Mount Moriah, N.E. of Zion. Evidently the threshing floor on Moriah was near the real Mount Zion, the city of David (on the eastern not the western half of Jerusalem).
Mount Moriah in Hitchcock's Bible Names bitterness of the Lord
Mount Moriah in Smiths Bible Dictionary (chosen by Jehovah). 1. The land of Moriah --On "one of the mountains" in this district took place the sacrifice of Isaac. Ge 22:2 Its position is doubtful, some thinking it to be Mount MOriah, others that Moreh, near Shechem, is meant. [See MOUNT MORIAH] 2. Mount Moriah. --The elevation on which Solomon built the temple, where God appeared to David "in the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite." it is the Eastern eminence of Jerusalem, separated from Mount Zion by the Tyropoeon valley. The tope was levelled by Solomon, and immense walls were built around it from the base to enlarge the level surface for the temple area. A tradition which first appears in a definite shape in Josephus, and is now almost universally accepted, asserts that the "Mount Moriah" of the Chronicles is identical with the "mountain" in "the land of Moriah" of Genesis, and that the spot on which Jehovah appeared to David, and on which the temple was built, was the very spot of the sacrifice of Isaac.
Mount Moriah Scripture - 2 Chronicles 3:1 Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where [the LORD] appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite.
Chronicles 3:1 - Then Solomon began to build the house of
the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where [the
LORD] appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had
prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite.
Genesis 22:2 - And he said, Take now thy son, thine only [son] Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of.
HEBRON is one of the most ancient cities in the world still existing, and it is in this respect the rival of Damascus. It was originally called Kirjath-Arba, " The city of Arba." It was afterwards known as Mamre. The vicinity was long the favorite camping-ground of the patriarchs. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob dwelt here, and it was here that Abraham bought a tomb - the Cave of Machpelah. After the occupation of the land by the Israelites, Hebron became one of the cities of refuge. It was David's first capital. The town was situated in a narrow valley - the "Valley of the Eschol; " whose sides are clothed with vineyards, groves of olives, and other fruit trees. The valley runs from north to south, and the main quarter of the town, surmounted by the lofty walls of the great mosque, lies partly on the eastern slope. The houses are stone, solidly built, flat-roofed, and have each one or two little cupolas, such as are seen in several parts of Israel. The town has no walls; but the main streets opening on the principal roads have gates. The population is about 8000, of which about 600 are Jews; the remainder Turks and Arabs. - Ancient Geography
Hebron in Easton's Bible Dictionary a community; alliance. (1.) A city in the south end of the valley of Eshcol, about midway between Jerusalem and Beersheba, from which it is distant about 20 miles in a straight line. It was built "seven years before Zoan in Egypt" (Gen. 13:18; Num. 13:22). It still exists under the same name, and is one of the most ancient cities in the world. Its earlier name was Kirjath-arba (Gen. 23:2; Josh. 14:15; 15:3). But "Hebron would appear to have been the original name of the city, and it was not till after Abraham's stay there that it received the name Kirjath-arba, who [i.e., Arba] was not the founder but the conqueror of the city, having led thither the tribe of the Anakim, to which he belonged. It retained this name till it came into the possession of Caleb, when the Israelites restored the original name Hebron" (Keil, Com.). The name of this city does not occur in any of the prophets or in the New Testament. It is found about forty times in the Old. It was the favorite home of Abraham. Here he pitched his tent under the oaks of Mamre, by which name it came afterwards to be known; and here Sarah died, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah (Gen. 23:17- 20), which he bought from Ephron the Hittite. From this place the patriarch departed for Egypt by way of Beersheba (37:14; 46:1). It was taken by Joshua and given to Caleb (Josh. 10:36, 37; 12:10; 14:13). It became a Levitical city and a city of refuge (20:7; 21:11). When David became king of Judah this was his royal residence, and he resided here for seven and a half years (2 Sam. 5:5); and here he was anointed as king over all Israel (2 Sam. 2:1-4, 11; 1 Kings 2:11). It became the residence also of the rebellious Absalom (2 Sam. 15:10), who probably expected to find his chief support in the tribe of Judah, now called el-Khulil. In one part of the modern city is a great mosque, which is built over the grave of Machpelah. The first European who was permitted to enter this mosque was the Prince of Wales in 1862. It was also visited by the Marquis of Bute in 1866, and by the late Emperor Frederick of Germany (then Crown-Prince of Prussia) in 1869. One of the largest oaks in Israel is found in the valley of Eshcol, about 3 miles north of the town. It is supposed by some to be the tree under which Abraham pitched his tent, and is called "Abraham's oak." (See OAK ?T0002758.) (2.) The third son of Kohath the Levite (Ex. 6:18; 1 Chr. 6:2, 18). (3.) 1 Chr. 2:42, 43. (4.) A town in the north border of Asher (Josh. 19:28).
Hebron in Fausset's Bible Dictionary 1. Third son of Kohath; younger brother of Amram, father of Moses and Aaron (Exodus 6:18). The family of Hebronites sprang from him. In the 40th year of David's reign 2,700 of them, at Jazer in Gilead, "mighty men of valor," superintended for the king the two and a half tribes "in matters pertaining to God and the king" (1 Chronicles 26:30- 32); Jerijah was their chief. Also Hashabiah and 1,700 Hebronites were officers "in all the Lord's business and the king's service" on the W. of Jordan. 2. 1 Chronicles 2:42-43. 3. A city in the hill country of Judah, originally Kirjath (the city of) Arba (Joshua 15:13; Joshua 14:15). "Arba was a great man among the Anakims, father of Anak." (See Joshua 21:11; Judges 1:10.) Twenty Roman miles S. of Jerusalem, and twenty N. of Beersheba. Rivaling Damascus in antiquity. Built seven years before Zoan in Egypt (Numbers 13:22). Well known at Abram's entrance into Canaan, 3,780 years ago (Genesis 42:18). Hebron was the original name, changed to Kirjath Arba during Israel's sojourn in Egypt, and restored by Caleb, to whom it was given at the conquest of Israel (Genesis 23:2; Joshua 14:13-15). The third resting place of Abram; Shechem was the first, Bethel the second. Near Hebron was the cave of Machpelah, where he and Sarah were buried. Now El Khalil, the house of "the friend" of God. Over the cave is now the mosque El Haran, from which all but Muslims are excluded jealously (though the Prince of Wales was admitted), and in which probably lie the remains of Abraham and Isaac, and possibly Jacob's embalmed body, brought up in state from Egypt (Genesis 50:13). Near it was the oak or terebinth, a place of pagan worship. Hebron was called for a time also Mamre, from Abram's ally (Genesis 23:19; Genesis 35:27). It was made a Levite city of refuge (Joshua 21:11-13). Still there is an oak bearing Abraham's name, 23 ft. in girth, and covering 90 ft. space in diameter. In Hebron, David reigned over Judah first for seven and a half years (2 Samuel 5:5). Here Absalom set up the standard of revolt. On the return from Babylon some of the children of Judah dwelt in Kirjath Arba (Nehemiah 11:25). After various vicissitudes it fell into the Moslems' hands in A.D. 1187, and has continued so ever since. It is picturesquely situated in a narrow valley running from N. to S. (probably that of Eshcol, whence the spies got the great cluster of grapes, Numbers 13:23), surrounded by rocky hills, still famed for fine grapes. S. of the town in the bottom of the valley is a tank, 130 ft. square by 50 deep. At the western end is another, 85 ft. long by 55 broad. Over the former probably David hung Ishbosheth's murderers (2 Samuel 4:12). 4. A town in Asher; spelled in Hebrew differently from the former Hebron. Abdon is read in many manuscripts
Hebron in Hitchcock's Bible Names society; friendship
Hebron in Naves Topical Bible 1. A city of the territory of the tribe of Asher Jos 19:28 -2. A city of the tribe of Judah, south of Jerusalem When built Nu 13:22 Fortified 2Ch 11:10 Called KIRJATH-ARBA Ge 23:2 ARBA Ge 35:27; Jos 15:13 Abraham lived there and Sarah died at Ge 23:2 Hoham, king of, confederated with other kings of the Canaanites against Joshua Jos 10:3-39 Descendants of the Anakim live at Nu 13:22; Jos 11:21 Conquest of, by Caleb Jos 14:6-15; Jud 1:10,20 A city of refuge Jos 20:7; 21:11,13 David crowned king of Judah at 2Sa 2:1-11; 3 David crowned king of Israel at 2Sa 5:1-5 The burial place of Sarah Ge 23:2 The burial place of Abner 2Sa 3:32 The burial place of Ish-bosheth 2Sa 4:12 The conspirators against Ish-bosheth hanged at 2Sa 4:12 Absalom made king at 2Sa 15:9,10 Jews of the Babylonian captivity lived at Ne 11:25 Pool of 2Sa 4:12 -3. Son of Kohath Ex 6:18; Nu 3:19; 1Ch 6:2,18; 23:12,19
Hebron in Smiths Bible Dictionary (alliance). 1. The third son of Kohath, who was the second son of Levi. Ex 6:18; Nu 3:19; 1Ch 6:2,18; 23:12 He was the founder of a family of Hebronites, Nu 3:27; 26:58; 1Ch 26:23,30,31, or Bene-Hebron. 1Ch 15:9; 23:19 2. A city of Judah, Jos 15:54 situated among the mountains, Jos 20:7 20 Roman miles south of Jerusalem, and the same distance north of Beersheba. Hebron is one of the most ancient cities in the world still existing; and in this respect it is the rival of Damascus. It was a well-known town when Abraham entered Canaan, 3800 years ago. Ge 13:18 Its original name was Kirjath-arba, Jud 1:10 "the city of Arba;" so called from Arba the father of Anak. Jos 15:13,14; 21:13 Sarah died at Hebron; and Abraham then bought from Ephron the Hittite the field and cave of Machpelah, to serve as a family tomb Ge 23:2-20 The cave is still there, and the massive walls of the Haram or mosque, within which it lies, form the most remarkable object in the whole city. Abraham is called by Mohammedans el-Khulil, "the Friend," i.e. of God, and this is the modern name of Hebron. Hebron now contains about 5000 inhabitants, of whom some fifty families are Jews. It is picturesquely situated in a narrow valley, surrounded by rocky hills. The valley runs from north to south; and the main quarter of the town, surmounted by the lofty walls of the venerable Haram, lies partly on the eastern slope. Ge 37:14 comp. Gene 23:19 About a mile from the town, up the valley, is one of the largest oak trees in Israel. This, say some, is the very tree beneath which Abraham pitched his tent, and it still bears the name of the patriarch. 3. One of the towns in the territory of Asher, Jos 19:28 probably Ebdon or Abdom.
Hebron in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE he'-brun (chebhron, "league" or "confederacy"; Chebron): One of the most ancient and important cities in Southern Israel, now known to the Moslems as el Khalil (i.e. Khalil er Rahman, "the friend of the Merciful," i.e. of God, a favorite name for Abraham; compare Jas 2:23). The city is some 20 miles South of Jerusalem, situated in an open valley, 3,040 ft. above sea-level. I. History of the City. Hebron is said to have been rounded before Zoan (i.e. Tanis) in Egypt (Nu 13:22); its ancient name was Kiriath-arba, probably meaning the "Four Cities," perhaps because divided at one time into four quarters, but according to Jewish writers so called because four patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Adam were buried there. According to Josh 15:13 it was so called after Arba, the father of Anak. 1. Patriarchal Period: Abram came and dwelt by the oaks of MAMRE (which see), "which are in Hebron" Gen (13:18); from here he went to the rescue of Lot and brought him back after the defeat of Chedorlaomer (14:13 f); here his name was changed to Abraham (17:5); to this place came the three angels with the promise of a son (18:1 f); Sarah died here (23:2), and for her sepulcher Abraham bought the cave of Machpelah (23:17); here Isaac and Jacob spent much of their lives (35:27; 37:14); from here Jacob sent Joseph to seek his brethren (37:14), and hence, Jacob and his sons went down to Egypt (46:1). In the cave of Machpelah all the patriarchs and their wives, except Rachel, were buried (49:30 f; 50:13). 2. Times of Joshua and Judges: The spies visited Hebron and near there cut the cluster of grapes (Nu 13:22 f). HOHAM (which see), king of Hebron, was one of the five kings defeated by Joshua at Beth-horon and slain at Makkedah (Josh 10:3 f). Caleb drove out from Hebron the "three sons of Anak" (Josh 14:12; 15:14); it became one of the cities of Judah (Josh 15:54), but was set apart for the Kohathite Levites (Josh 21:10 f), and became a city of refuge (Josh 20:7). One of Samson's exploits was the carrying of the gate of Gaza "to the top of the mountain that is before Hebron" (Jdg 16:3). 3. The Days of the Monarchy: David, when a fugitive, received kindness from the people of this city (1 Sam 30:31); here Abner was treacherously slain by Joab at the gate (2 Sam 3:27), and the sons of Rimmon, after their hands and feet had been cut off, were hanged "beside the pool" (2 Sam 4:12). After the death of Saul, David was here anointed king (2 Sam 5:3) and reigned here 7 1/2 years, until he captured Jerusalem and made that his capital (2 Sam 5:5); while here, six sons were born to him (2 Sam 3:2). In this city Absalom found a center for his disaffection, and repairing there under pretense of performing a vow to Yahweh, he raised the standard of revolt (2 Sam 15:7 f). Josephus mistakenly places here the dream of Solomon (Ant., VIII, ii, 1) which occurred at Gibeon (1 Ki 3:4). Hebron was fortified by Rehoboam (2 Ch 11:10). 4. Later History: Probably during the captivity Hebron came into the hands of Edom, though it appears to have been colonized by returning Jews (Neh 11:25); it was recovered from Edom by Simon Maccabeus (1 Macc 5:65; Josephus, Ant, XII, viii, 6). In the first great revolt...
Chronicles 12:38 - All these men of war, that could keep
rank, came with a perfect heart to Hebron, to make
David king over all Israel: and all the rest also of Israel [were]
of one heart to make David king.
2 Samuel 4:8 - And they brought the head of Ishbosheth unto David to Hebron, and said to the king, Behold the head of Ishbosheth the son of Saul thine enemy, which sought thy life; and the LORD hath avenged my lord the king this day of Saul, and of his seed.
2 Samuel 3:19 - And Abner also spake in the ears of Benjamin: and Abner went also to speak in the ears of David in Hebron all that seemed good to Israel, and that seemed good to the whole house of Benjamin.
1 Chronicles 29:27 - And the time that he reigned over Israel [was] forty years; seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three [years] reigned he in Jerusalem.
2 Samuel 5:5 - In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years over all Israel and Judah.
1 Kings 2:11 - And the days that David reigned over Israel [were] forty years: seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in Jerusalem.
Joshua 10:39 - And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that [were] therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king.
2 Samuel 3:20 - So Abner came to David to Hebron, and twenty men with him. And David made Abner and the men that [were] with him a feast.
Joshua 11:21 - And at that time came Joshua, and cut off the Anakims from the mountains, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and from all the mountains of Judah, and from all the mountains of Israel: Joshua destroyed them utterly with their cities.
Joshua 10:23 - And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, [and] the king of Eglon.
2 Samuel 2:1 - And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? And the LORD said unto him, Go up. And David said, Whither shall I go up? And he said, Unto Hebron.
1 Chronicles 3:4 - [These] six were born unto him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years.
Joshua 10:5 - Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it.
Joshua 10:3 - Wherefore Adonizedek king of Jerusalem sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying,
Joshua 12:10 - The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
2 Samuel 3:32 - And they buried Abner in Hebron: and the king lifted up his voice, and wept at the grave of Abner; and all the people wept.
Exodus 6:18 - And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath [were] an hundred thirty and three years.
1 Chronicles 2:42 - Now the sons of Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel [were], Mesha his firstborn, which was the father of Ziph; and the sons of Mareshah the father of Hebron.
Joshua 15:13 - And unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh he gave a part among the children of Judah, according to the commandment of the LORD to Joshua, [even] the city of Arba the father of Anak, which [city is] Hebron.
Joshua 21:11 - And they gave them the city of Arba the father of Anak, which [city is] Hebron, in the hill [country] of Judah, with the suburbs thereof round about it.
Judges 16:3 - And Samson lay till midnight, and arose at midnight, and took the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and went away with them, bar and all, and put [them] upon his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of an hill that [is] before Hebron.
2 Samuel 3:22 - And, behold, the servants of David and Joab came from [pursuing] a troop, and brought in a great spoil with them: but Abner [was] not with David in Hebron; for he had sent him away, and he was gone in peace.
1 Chronicles 6:57 - And to the sons of Aaron they gave the cities of Judah, [namely], Hebron, [the city] of refuge, and Libnah with her suburbs, and Jattir, and Eshtemoa, with their suburbs,
Joshua 20:7 - And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjatharba, which [is] Hebron, in the mountain of Judah.
Joshua 21:13 - Thus they gave to the children of Aaron the priest Hebron with her suburbs, [to be] a city of refuge for the slayer; and Libnah with her suburbs,
Genesis 23:2 - And Sarah died in Kirjatharba; the same [is] Hebron in the land of Canaan: and Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.
Genesis 35:27 - And Jacob came unto Isaac his father unto Mamre, unto the city of Arbah, which [is] Hebron, where Abraham and Isaac sojourned.
2 Samuel 15:10 - But Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, As soon as ye hear the sound of the trumpet, then ye shall say, Absalom reigneth in Hebron.
2 Samuel 5:13 - And David took [him] more concubines and wives out of Jerusalem, after he was come from Hebron: and there were yet sons and daughters born to David.
2 Samuel 3:27 - And when Abner was returned to Hebron, Joab took him aside in the gate to speak with him quietly, and smote him there under the fifth [rib], that he died, for the blood of Asahel his brother.
Bible Maps - Biblical Maps and Historical Geography for Bible Study
Holman Bible Atlas: A Complete Guide to the Expansive Geography of Biblical History by Brisco. 304 Pages, 2014
(More to come)
New Bible Maps A growing database of maps for study and teaching.
The Story of the Bible
© Bible History Online (http://www.bible-history.com) | <urn:uuid:079f8be0-5b6e-4682-b5c4-14cf3b26dab0> | {
"date": "2016-12-07T18:14:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542244.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00408-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.962009072303772,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 12080,
"url": "http://www.bible-history.com/maps/7-isaacs-journeys.html"
} |
Active Asteroid P/2013 P5 (Artist's Schematic)
This is a diagram of the structure seen around an active asteroid designated P/2013 P5. The Hubble Space Telescope photographed six finger-like dust tails in September 2013. One interpretation is that the asteroid's rotation rate has been increased to the point where dust is falling off the surface along the equator and escaping into space. The pressure of sunlight then sweeps the dust into long tails. | <urn:uuid:fded486c-3d02-4e79-8bb8-c81cf20ac8b3> | {
"date": "2018-12-16T17:44:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9101221561431885,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 92,
"url": "http://hubblesite.org/image/3269/news/46-comets"
} |
Hearing Loss: Hearing Aid Technology
Guest: Dr. Paul Lambert – Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, MUSC
Host: Dr. Linda Austin – Psychiatry, MUSC
Dr. Linda Austin: I’m Dr. Linda Austin. I’m interviewing Dr. Paul Lambert, Professor of Otolaryngology and chairman of the department here at the Medical University of South Carolina. Dr. Lambert, let’s talk about hearing aids, and especially new technology in that area. What’s new on the horizon?
Dr. Paul Lambert: Thank you, Linda. Certainly, hearing loss is a very common problem that affects, literally, millions and millions of Americans. Most people can find great benefit from traditional hearing aids. And the traditional hearing aids are becoming more and more sophisticated as electronics are miniaturized; digital technology, just tremendous differences between our hearing aids today and ones even three years ago.
Occasionally, however, a hearing loss is so profound that a hearing aid is of no benefit. Now, if that hearing loss is present on both sides, a cochlear implant would be the procedure of choice, and it would restore good hearing; hearing sufficient that a person could talk and understand over a telephone in almost all cases. If, on the other hand, the person has good hearing in one ear and simply lost hearing on the other side, a cochlear implant, in that case, would not be the procedure of choice. And there is a new type of hearing aid that has been developed specifically for that problem. It’s called a bone anchored hearing aid, or BAHA.
The BAHA picks up sound on the deaf side and transfers that sound information, through the skull bone, to the other ear; the hearing ear. So, for example, a person who is totally deaf in the right ear could hear someone whispering to them on the right side, but they would actually be hearing it on the left side. The technology is very straight forward. It does require a minor surgical procedure, where a titanium post is placed into the bone behind the ear. That has to heal for about three months. And once that has been completed, the external part, the hearing aid itself, is attached to that post, much like the snap on a pair of jeans; it just snaps onto that post. It’s behind the ear; nothing actually goes in the ear, beneath the hair, so it’s cosmetically almost invisible. A person would take it off when they shower or swim, and then snap it back on when they needed to hear.
It doesn’t help as much with direction of sound, or in a very noisy room, such as a crowded restaurant, or at a party. But for most other situations, patients describe it as being simply remarkable. A lot of times when people have lost hearing on one side, they will relate the fact that that side of their body almost doesn’t exist. So, if, again, it’s the right ear, they will tell me that the right side of their world simply doesn’t exist, because they just don’t hear anything on that side. But with this BAHA in place, it opens up that entire half of their world that they were missing. It’s a great technology, very straight forward. The surgery, as an outpatient, takes half an hour to do, and people smile when they come back.
Dr. Linda Austin: And I bet you smile too. How expensive is the procedure, as well as the hearing aid itself?
Dr. Paul Lambert: Well, it’s interesting. Insurance, governmental or private insurance, doesn’t pay in the vast majority of cases for hearing aids. Now, because this hearing aid does involve a surgical procedure, they do cover this. Medicare and private insurance, for the most part, do cover this. So it’s actually probably less expensive than buying a hearing aid. But, again, it would be for the person who had lost so much hearing on one side, with the other ear being good, that conventional hearing aids simply do not work.
Dr. Linda Austin: So, in other words, partial hearing loss on one side, that person wouldn’t really qualify for that?
Dr. Paul Lambert: We would try a conventional hearing aid first and hope that would do the trick, if not, potentially the BAHA type.
Dr. Linda Austin: Anything else new on the horizon that you can tell us about?
Dr. Paul Lambert: Well, that is the newest from hearing aid technology.
Dr. Linda Austin: Thanks so much for talking with us.
Dr. Paul Lambert: Thank you.
If you have any questions about the services or programs offered at the Medical University of South Carolina, or if you’d like to schedule an appointment with one of our physicians, please call MUSC Health Connection at: (843) 792-1414. | <urn:uuid:ba433dcc-dc7e-4336-b6e2-73999dc50460> | {
"date": "2014-07-24T00:17:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883905.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00144-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9563413858413696,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1035,
"url": "http://www.muschealth.com/multimedia/Podcasts/transcription.aspx?podid=549"
} |
The Clinic as an Agency for the Education of Parents and ChildrenIn order to understand the behavior of children, either in the nursery, home, school, or elsewhere, we must interpret their behavior in terms of past experiences as well as in terms of present physical, intellectual, and emotional life. It is necessary to keep in mind how closely related and dependent upon each other are the child's mental and the child's physical life. Serious and irreparable errors may ensue if there is lacking a most careful and painstaking clinical examination, as well as the necessary laboratory tests essential to revealing those physical conditions which are often at the basis of conduct disorders.
To view the full-text for this article you must be signed-in with the appropropriate membership. Please review your options below:
|This article originally appeared as NSSE Yearbook Vol 28, No. 1.| | <urn:uuid:a36f6c72-7955-4b95-9922-ae49296a59b6> | {
"date": "2018-09-21T23:41:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157574.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921225800-20180922010200-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9687926173210144,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 177,
"url": "http://www.tcrecord.org/PrintContent.asp?ContentID=21200"
} |
SIMCOE COUNTY – The Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit is making plans to address barriers to health caused by poverty, education levels, culture and other factors.
“Health equity” is the term being given to the goal of a society with equal opportunity for health for all.
Socio-economic determinants account for as much as 60 per cent of health outcomes, said Carolyn Shoreman, who heads up the new initiative examining the social determinants of health.
During a presentation to the board of health on Nov. 21, she illustrated the issue with a fictional case study of a child whose asthma was aggravated by substandard housing, which was caused by the inability of a single parent to find work due to inadequate education.
The health unit, better known for protecting the public from infectious disease or food-borne illness, plans to work with a range of partners on how decision makers in all areas of the community can influence health for the better.
Two public health nurses will be spearheading the initiative, Shoreman said, with the concept being included in all work done by the health unit. | <urn:uuid:7a7dd935-ffc3-4770-9929-409eb0040e9f> | {
"date": "2015-05-30T14:39:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932182.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00279-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9665767550468445,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 225,
"url": "http://www.simcoe.com/community-story/2016276-socio-economic-factors-given-greater-weight-by-health-unit/"
} |
A Sample Application Using Web Services
Besides the connectivity options above, you can also use web services for transferring data if you have WIFI or GPRS connectivity. In this section, you will learn how you can use web services to transfer binary data.
As you are probably aware, web services are inherently text-based as it uses XML as the messaging medium. Hence, if you want to transfer binary data using web services, you would need to "flatten" the binary data before you can send them over using XML text.
The project you will build in this section shows how you can use the built-in camera of your Windows Mobile device to take pictures and then upload the pictures to a web service.
Using Visual Studio 2008, create a new ASP.NET Web Service project and name it http://localhost/FilesUploadWS (see Figure 1).
|Figure 1. Your Camera: Create a new ASP.NET Web Service project.|
Import the following namespace:
Define the UploadFile()
web method so that users can upload the picture to the server (see Listing 5
In the above method, the first parameter takes in a base64 encoded string (of the picture) and the second parameter is the filename of the picture. The base64 encoded string is first decoded into a byte array and then saved into the publishing directory of the web service. That's all you need to do for the web service.
You will now build the Windows Mobile application to take pictures and then send them over to the web service.
First, add a new Smart Device project to the current solution and name the project PictureTaker.
Next, add a reference to the Microsoft.WindowsMobile.Forms.dll DLL to your project. Then, add a PictureBox control to the form and create the two MenuItem controls as shown in Figure 2.
|Figure 2. Form1: Populating the default Form1.|
Switch to the code-behind of Form1.cs and import the following namespaces:
Define the following member variables:
public partial class Form1 : Form
string _fileName = string.Empty;
string _fileNameWithPath = string.Empty;
Define the ConvertToBase64()
method so that you can convert a binary file into its base64
equivalent (see Listing 6
To consume the web service project you have created earlier, add a web reference to the project. Be sure to use the IP address (or machine name) of the computer hosting the web service; specifying "localhost" will cause the application to fail during runtime. Name the web reference FilesUploadWS (see Figure 3).
|Figure 3. FilesUploadWS: Adding a web reference to the project.|
Double-click on the Take Picture MenuItem control to reveal its Click event handler. Code it as follows:
private void mnuTakePicture_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
CameraCaptureDialog ccd = new CameraCaptureDialog()
Resolution = new Size(100, 200),
Mode = CameraCaptureMode.Still,
InitialDirectory=@"\My Documents\My Pictures\"
//---show the CameraCapture Dialog---
if (ccd.FileName != string.Empty)
//---save the filename---
_fileName = ccd.FileName.Replace(ccd.InitialDirectory,"");
_fileNameWithPath = ccd.FileName;
//---load the image---
pictureBox1.Image = new Bitmap(ccd.FileName);
You can use the CameraCaptureDialog class to activate the built-in camera of your Windows Mobile device and then display the picture using the PictureBox
To send the picture to the web service, double-click on the Upload Picture MenuItem control and code it as follows:
private void mnuUploadPicture_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
FilesUploadWS.Service ws = new
//---upload to web service---
catch (Exception ex)
You need to encode the picture into base64 encoding first, then send it over to the web service using the UploadFile()
That's it! To test the application, deploy the application to a Windows Mobile device. Ensure that the device has connectivity and is able to reach the web server hosting the web service. You can now take a picture using the camera and once a picture is taken you can send it to the web service. If you use the default web publishing directory C:\inetpub\wwwroot\ for your web service, the uploaded picture would be found from: C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\FilesUploadWS\.
In this article, you have seen the various ways in which your Windows Mobile application can communicate with the outside world. Which technology you choose depends on the type of data and the devices with which you are trying to communicate:
- If you need a quick and dirty way to exchange data with another Windows Mobile device, use infrared.
- If you have some external devices (such as GPS receivers, RFID snap-ons, etc), use the serial port connection.
- If you are on an expensive connection (such as GPRS where you pay by the amount of data you transfer), use sockets where you can send the data in the raw.
- If you are on a free connection (such as WIFI), use web services for sending and retrieving data from servers. This is easier to develop and does not add much to your application's running cost. | <urn:uuid:0cbab2db-13a9-407d-9477-823bfa335ea8> | {
"date": "2014-12-18T21:39:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767878.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00163-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7822188138961792,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 1148,
"url": "http://www.devx.com/wireless/Article/38030/0/page/4"
} |
As the school year winds down, millions of children across our nation are thinking about their summers and eagerly anticipating the last bell.
Yet, for many low-income families, the end of the school year also means the end of access to school lunch and breakfast programs. In a nation where almost 16 million children live in households that are food-insecure, this is not inconsequential. We cannot consign these children to a summer of hunger and expect them to come back to school in the fall ready to learn.
Hunger is a daily reality for millions of Americans, including far too many children, and has negative consequences for individuals of all ages.
However, it is especially harmful for the development and well-being of children. Inadequate nutrition can permanently alter a child’s development. As policymakers, those facts ought to make us wary of making ill-advised and temporary policy changes that may have lifelong impacts. In 2012, 49 million people lived in food-insecure households, including 15.9 million children.
“Food insecurity” is defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as families or individuals who have limited, inadequate or uncertain access to food at points throughout the year due to a lack of money and other resources.
Feeding America’s “Map the Meal Gap” report took a more in-depth look into the issue and found counties in our nation where the child food insecurity rate is as high as 41 percent! In Wisconsin, over 270,000 children (one in five) struggle with hunger, with over 50,000 kids in Milwaukee County alone estimated to be food-insecure.
Our school breakfast and lunch programs are essential tools in the fight to end childhood hunger. These programs help ensure that students’ nutritional needs are met so they can be better prepared to succeed in school.
But what happens to these kids during the summer months?
Many are unaware that we also offer federal summer meals programs for these children, so their nutritional needs are met year-round.
Sadly, summer meals program participation lags drastically behind participation in lunch and breakfast programs during the school year. According to the USDA, while 21 million kids receive free or reduced school meals during the school year, only 3.4 million of these kids get meals through the summer meals program once school lets out.
The result is increased hunger and hardships for families and children who have already been identified as lacking sufficient resources to maintain consistent access to healthy meals.
While there are a number of factors that contribute to this disparity — for example transportation issues that prevent kids from getting to meal locations — stronger outreach efforts by the USDA and others that boosted the number of summer meals served last summer show we can make a difference.
But that same determination can help us fight hunger year round. We can and must pursue public policies that will get us closer to ending hunger, especially among our children.
A healthy and well-nourished student population is critical to our nation’s long term success and well-being. Let’s work to put food on the table for our hungry kids–because having adequate, nutritious food should never be a luxury.
Follow Rep. Gwen Moore on Twitter: www.twitter.com/RepGwenMoore | <urn:uuid:d7ea944a-6714-4167-9d73-701504d22515> | {
"date": "2015-09-05T10:14:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00168-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567969441413879,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 673,
"url": "http://milwaukeecourieronline.com/index.php/2014/06/14/an-agenda-for-fighting-hunger-in-our-communities-year-round/"
} |
In the United States, at least, human genes as they naturally occur in cells in human beings are not patentable. However, synthetic DNA remains subject to patenting.
So-called cDNA, or complementary DNA, as altered genes not found in nature are commonly referred to, are a lucrative business for biotech companies. Worth billions of dollars, these processes are vital to the improvement of the human condition. As they are not naturally-occurring, it seems only fair that the companies that created them should be allowed to patent their own proprietary process.
This landmark ruling should usher in an era of reduced cost to consumers for such medical treatments, as well as providing for more innovation as access to the entire human genome will be universal for biotech companies desiring to break into this market.
But more importantly, this is a statement of ethics. We all want medical technology to improve, but this technology should be within reach of every human being who requires it. To treat life and death as a commercial commodity shows the highest form of cynicism and contempt for human life.
The medical biotech industry did not invent the human genome, therefore, they should not be allowed to patent it peicemeal. Their industrious innovation should not come at the expense of the human beings whose genomes provided the raw material for their manipulation.
For now, we can all breathe a little easier knowing that the very substance at the molecular level that makes us who we are cannot be ruthlessly exploited for profit and kept from us by corporate greed. At least until the next breakthrough challenges our ethics. | <urn:uuid:07db8f98-a790-4198-991a-5121ec09896d> | {
"date": "2017-08-20T09:37:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9642632007598877,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 316,
"url": "http://walkingapocalypsemovie.blogspot.com/2013/11/us-supreme-court-bans-patenting-of.html"
} |
The Odyssey begins ten years after the end of the ten-year Trojan War (that is the subject of the Iliad), and Odysseus has still not returned home from the war. Odysseus' son Telemachus is about 20 years old and is sharing his absent father’s house on the island of Ithaca with his mother Penelope and a crowd of 108 boisterous young men, "the Suitors", whose aim is to persuade Penelope to marry one of them, all the while enjoying the hospitality of Odysseus' household and eating up his wealth.
Odysseus’ protectress, the goddess Athena, discusses his fate with Zeus, king of the gods, at a moment when Odysseus' enemy, the god of the sea Poseidon, is absent from Mount Olympus. Then, disguised as a Taphian chieftain named Mentes, she visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father. He offers her hospitality; they observe the Suitors dining rowdily while the bard Phemius performs a narrative poem for them. Penelope objects to Phemius' theme, the "Return from Troy".. | <urn:uuid:3699fdbc-1e37-4c64-aa10-4dec66467368> | {
"date": "2018-07-18T02:33:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590046.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718021906-20180718041906-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9577644467353821,
"score": 3.4375,
"token_count": 251,
"url": "https://www.ekitapyayincilik.com/products/odyssey"
} |
Middle School Academics
Cross-curricular projects abound in the Middle School curriculum helping students construct knowledge, develop skills, and deepen understanding in a stimulating lesson interconnecting a wide range of subjects. For example, World Geography students use their Writing and history class to prepare for a mock-United Nations commission. As delegates from countries studied in history, students develop autobiographical stories based on their lives as delegates; written and visual presentations detailing a pressing issue facing their country, and possible solutions for U.N. consideration to solve the issue. The project includes public speaking, three-paragraph essays, significant academic research, as well as presentation art and technology.
Typically, the Middle School also engages in a major three-week cross-curricular unit, now also called the Middle School J-Term which begins after winter break. The 2013 J-Term unit was about change. You can read more about it and see photos and videos by clicking here.
In 2012, Middle Schoolers delved into a month-long exploration of space in A Cougar’s Guide to the Galaxy, which you can read about in our May 2012 newsletter.
And previously, in a “Rivers and Bridges” unit 6th and 7th graders learned about various types of rivers and bridges, and analyzed their importance to society. In history, students researched and studied the impact of rivers and bridges on American history. In science, they learned about the ecological impact of rivers and bridges. Writing provided time to develop metaphors and write stories about rivers and bridges, while in English, students analyzed how rivers and bridges connect or separate people and communities in different literary selections. In a collaborative effort, math and science classes built an actual small-scale fully-functioning model bridge and river scene. | <urn:uuid:31cde1db-2458-4f14-9325-b36d574c9dbb> | {
"date": "2016-05-30T04:46:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00171-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9543939828872681,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 362,
"url": "http://www.commonwealthacademy.org/middle-school/academics/cross-curricular-projects-units"
} |
[... back to menu for this book]
TO MAKE ARROWROOT.
1855. INGREDIENTS.--Two teaspoonfuls of
arrowroot, 3 tablespoonfuls of cold water, 1/2 pint of boiling water.
Mode.--Mix the arrowroot smoothly in a basin with the cold water, then pour on it the boiling water, stirring all the time. The water must be boiling at the time it is poured on the mixture, or it will not thicken; if mixed with hot water only, it must be put into a clean saucepan, and boiled until it thickens; but this is more trouble, and quite unnecessary if the water is boiling at first. Put the arrowroot into a tumbler, sweeten it with lump sugar, and flavour it with grated nutmeg or cinnamon, or a piece of lemon-peel, or, when allowed, 3 tablespoonfuls of port or sherry. As arrowroot is in itself flavourless and insipid, it is almost necessary to add the wine to make it palatable. Arrowroot made with milk instead of water is far nicer, but is not so easily digested. It should be mixed in the same manner, with 3 tablespoonfuls of cold water, the boiling milk then poured on it, and well stirred. When made in this manner, no wine should be added, but merely sugar, and a little grated nutmeg or lemon-peel.
Time.--If obliged to be boiled, 2 minutes. Average cost, 2d. per pint.
Sufficient to make 1/2 pint of arrowroot.
MISS NIGHTINGALE says, in her "Notes on Nursing," that arrowroot is a grand dependence of the nurse. As a vehicle for wine, and as a restorative quickly prepared, it is all very well, but it is nothing but starch and water; flour is both more nutritive and less liable to ferment, and is preferable wherever it can be used.
1856. INGREDIENTS.--2 oz. of Scotch or pearl
barley, 1/2 pint of port wine, the rind of 1 lemon, 1 quart and 1/2 pint of
water, sugar to taste.
Mode.--After well washing the barley, boil it in 1/2 pint of water for 1/4 hour; then pour this water away; put to the barley the quart of fresh boiling water, and let it boil until the liquid is reduced to half; then strain it off. Add the wine, sugar, and lemon-peel; simmer for 5 minutes, and put it away in a clean jug. It can be warmed from time to time, as required.
Time.--To be boiled until reduced to half. Average cost, 1s. 6d.
Sufficient with the wine to make 1-1/2 pint of gruel.
TO MAKE BARLEY-WATER.
1857. INGREDIENTS.--2 oz. of pearl barley, 2
quarts of boiling water, 1 pint of cold water.
Mode.--Wash the barley in cold water; put it into a saucepan with the above proportion of cold water, and when it has boiled for about 1/4 hour, strain off the water, and add the 2 quarts of fresh boiling water. Boil it until the liquid is reduced one half; strain it, and it will be ready for use. It may be flavoured with lemon-peel, after being sweetened, or a small piece may be simmered with the barley. When the invalid may take it, a little lemon-juice gives this pleasant drink in illness a very nice flavour.
Time.--To boil until the liquid is reduced one half.
Sufficient to make 1 quart of barley-water.
TO MAKE BEEF TEA.
1858. INGREDIENTS.--1 lb. of lean gravy-beef,
1 quart of water, 1 saltspoonful of salt.
Mode.--Have the meat cut without fat and bone, and choose a nice fleshy piece. Cut it into small pieces about the size of dice, and put it into a clean saucepan. Add the water cold to it; put it on the fire, and bring it to the boiling-point; then skim well. Put in the salt when the water boils, and simmer the beef tea gently from 1/2 to 3/4 hour, removing any more scum should it appear on the surface. Strain the tea through a hair sieve, and set it by in a cool place. When wanted for use, remove every particle of fat from the top; warm up as much as may be required, adding, if necessary, a little more salt. This preparation is simple beef tea, and is to be administered to those invalids to whom flavourings and seasonings are not allowed. When the patient is very low, use double the quantity of meat to the same proportion of water. Should the invalid be able to take the tea prepared in a more palatable manner, it is easy to make it so by following the directions in the next recipe, which is an admirable one for making savoury beef tea. Beef tea is always better when made the day before it is wanted, and then warmed up. It is a good plan to put the tea into a small cup or basin, and to place this basin in a saucepan of boiling water. When the tea is warm, it is ready to serve.
Time.--1/4 to 3/4 hour. Average cost, 6d. per pint.
Sufficient.--Allow 1 lb. of meat for a pint of good beef tea.
MISS NIGHTINGALE says, one of the most common errors among nurses, with respect to sick diet, is the belief that beef tea is the most nutritive of all article. She says, "Just try and boil down a lb. of beef into beef tea; evaporate your beef tea, and see what is left of your beef: you will find that there is barely a teaspoonful of solid nourishment to 1/4 pint of water in beef tea. Nevertheless, there is a certain reparative quality in it,--we do not know what,--as there is in tea; but it maybe safely given in almost any inflammatory disease, and is as little to be depended upon with the healthy or convalescent, where much nourishment is required."
SAVOURY BEEF TEA.
1859. INGREDIENTS.--1 lb. of solid beef, 1 oz.
of butter, 1 clove, 2 button onions or 1/2 a large one, 1 saltspoonful of salt,
1 quart of water.
Mode.--Cut the beef into very small dice; put it into a stewpan with the butter, clove, onion, and salt; stir the meat round over the fire for a few minutes, until it produces a thin gravy; then add the water, and let it simmer gently from 1/2 to 3/4 hour, skimming off every particle of fat. When done, strain it through a sieve, and put it by in a cool place until required. The same, if wanted quite plain, is done by merely omitting the vegetables, salt, and clove; the butter cannot be objectionable, as it is taken out in skimming.
Time.--1/2 to 3/4 hour. Average cost, 8d. per pint. Sufficient.--Allow 1 lb. of beef to make 1 pint of good beef tea.
Note.--The meat loft from beef tea may be boiled a little longer, and pounded, with spices, &c., for potting. It makes a very nice breakfast dish.
DR. CHRISTISON says that "every one will be struck with the readiness with which certain classes of patients will often take diluted meat juice, or beef tea repeatedly, when they refuse all other kinds of food." This is particularly remarkable in case of gastric fever, in which, he says, little or nothing else besides beef tea, or diluted meat juice, has been taken for weeks, or even months; and yet a pint of beef tea contains scarcely 1/4 oz. of anything but water. The result is so striking, that he asks, "What is its mode of action? Not simple nutriment; 1/4 oz. of the most nutritive material cannot nearly replace the daily wear and tear of the tissue in any circumstances." Possibly, he says, it belongs to a new denomination of remedies.
BAKED BEEF TEA.
1860. INGREDIENTS.--1 lb. of fleshy beef,
1-1/2 pint of water, 1/4 saltspoonful of salt.
Mode.--Cut the beef into small square pieces, after trimming off all the fat, and put it into a baking-jar, with the above proportion of water and salt; cover the jar well, place it in a warm, but not hot oven, and bake for 3 or 4 hours. When the oven is very fierce in the daytime, it is a good plan to put the jar in at night, and let it remain till the next morning, when the tea will be done. It should be strained, and put by in a cool place until wanted. It may also be flavoured with an onion, a clove, and a few sweet herbs, &c., when the stomach is sufficiently strong to take those.
Time.--3 or 4 hours, or to be left in the oven all night.
Average cost, 6d. per pint.
Sufficient.--Allow 1 lb. of meat for 1 pint of good beef tea.
BAKED OR STEWED CALF'S FOOT.
1861. INGREDIENTS.--1 calf's foot, 1 pint of
milk, 1 pint of water, 1 blade of mace, the rind of 1/4 lemon, pepper and salt
Mode.--Well clean the foot, and either stew or bake it in the milk-and-water with the other ingredients from 3 to 4 hours. To enhance the flavour, an onion and a small quantity of celery may be added, if approved; 1/2 a teacupful of cream, stirred in just before serving, is also a great improvement to this dish.
Time.--3 to 4 hours. Average cost, in full season, 9d. each.
Sufficient for 1 person. Seasonable from March to October.
1862. INGREDIENTS.--1 calf's foot, 3 pints of
water, 1 small lump of sugar, nutmeg to taste, the yolk of 1 egg, a piece of
butter the size of a nut.
Mode.--Stew the foot in the water, with the lemon-peel, very gently, until the liquid is half wasted, removing any scum, should it rise to the surface. Set it by in a basin until quite cold, then take off every particle of fat. Warm up about 1/2 pint of the broth, adding the butter, sugar, and a very small quantity of grated nutmeg; take it off the fire for a minute or two, then add the beaten yolk of the egg; keep stirring over the fire until the mixture thickens, but do not allow it to boil again after the egg is added, or it will curdle, and the broth will be spoiled.
Time.--To be boiled until the liquid is reduced one half.
Average cost, in full season, 9d. each.
Sufficient to make 1-1/4 pint of broth.
Seasonable from March to October.
1863. INGREDIENTS.--1/2 fowl, or the inferior
joints of a whole one; 1 quart of water, 1 blade of mace, 1/2 onion, a small
bunch of sweet herbs, salt to taste, 10 peppercorns.
Mode.--An old fowl not suitable for eating may be converted into very good broth, or, if a young one be used, the inferior joints may be put in the broth, and the best pieces reserved for dressing in some other manner. Put the fowl into a saucepan, with all the ingredients, and simmer gently for 1-1/2 hour, carefully skimming the broth well. When done, strain, and put by in a cool place until wanted; then take all the fat off the top, warm up as much as may be required, and serve. This broth is, of course, only for those invalids whose stomachs are strong enough to digest it, with a flavouring of herbs, &c. It may be made in the same manner as beef tea, with water and salt only; but the preparation will be but tasteless and insipid. When the invalid cannot digest this chicken broth with the flavouring, we would recommend plain beef tea in preference to plain chicken tea, which it would be without the addition of herbs, onions, &c.
Sufficient to make rather more than 1 pint of broth.
1864. INGREDIENTS.--1/2 oz. of ground coffee,
1 pint of milk.
Mode.--Let the coffee be freshly ground; put it into a saucepan, with the milk, which should be made nearly boiling before the coffee is put in, and boil both together for 3 minutes; clear it by pouring some of it into a cup, and then back again, and leave it on the hob for a few minutes to settle thoroughly. This coffee may be made still more nutritious by the addition of an egg well beaten, and put into the coffee-cup.
Time.--5 minutes to boil, 5 minutes to settle.
Sufficient to make 1 large breakfast-cupful of coffee.
Our great nurse Miss Nightingale remarks, that "a great deal too much against tea is said by wise people, and a great deal too much of tea is given to the sick by foolish people. When you see the natural and almost universal craving in English sick for their 'tea,' you cannot but feel that Nature knows what she is about. But a little tea or coffee restores them quite as much as a great deal; and a great deal of tea, and especially of coffee, impairs the little power of digestion they have. Yet a nurse, because she sees how one or two cups of tea or coffee restore her patient, thinks that three or four cups will do twice as much. This is not the case at all; it is, however, certain that there is nothing yet discovered which is a substitute to the English patient for his cup of tea; he can take it when he can take nothing else, and he often can't take anything else, if he has it not. Coffee is a better restorative than tea, but a greater impairer of the digestion. In making coffee, it is absolutely necessary to buy it in the berry, and grind it at home; otherwise, you may reckon upon its containing a certain amount of chicory, at least. This is not a question of the taste, or of the wholesomeness of chicory; it is, that chicory has nothing at all of the properties for which you give coffee, and, therefore, you may as well not give it."
THE INVALID'S CUTLET.
1865. INGREDIENTS.--1 nice cutlet from a loin
or neck of mutton, 2 teacupfuls of water, 1 very small stick of celery, pepper
and salt to taste.
Mode.--Have the cutlet cut from a very nice loin or neck of mutton; take off all the fat; put it into a stewpan, with the other ingredients; stew very gently indeed for nearly 2 hours, and skim off every particle of fat that may rise to the surface from time to time. The celery should be cut into thin slices before it is added to the meat, and care must be taken not to put in too much of this ingredient, or the dish will not be good. If the water is allowed to boil fast, the cutlet will be hard.
Time.--2 hours' very gentle stewing. Average cost, 6d.
Sufficient for 1 person. Seasonable at any time.
1866. INGREDIENTS.--1/2 lb. of eels, a small
bunch of sweet herbs, including parsley; 1/2 onion, 10 peppercorns, 3 pints of
water, 2 cloves, salt and pepper to taste.
Mode.--After having cleaned and skinned the eel, cut it into small pieces, and put it into a stewpan, with the other ingredients; simmer gently until the liquid is reduced nearly half, carefully removing the scum as it rises. Strain it through a hair sieve; put it by in a cool place, and, when wanted, take off all the fat from the top, warm up as much as is required, and serve with sippets of toasted bread. This is a very nutritious broth, and easy of digestion.
Time.--To be simmered until the liquor is reduced to half.
Average cost, 6d.
Sufficient to make 1-1/2 pint of broth.
Seasonable from June to March.
1867. INGREDIENTS.--1 egg, 1 tablespoonful and
1/2 glass of cold water, 1 glass of sherry, sugar and grated nutmeg to taste.
Mode.--Beat the egg, mixing with it a tablespoonful of cold water; make the wine-and-water hot, but not boiling; pour it on the egg, stirring all the time. Add sufficient lump sugar to sweeten the mixture, and a little grated nutmeg; put all into a very clean saucepan, set it on a gentle fire, and stir the contents one way until they thicken, but do not allow them to boil. Serve in a glass with sippets of toasted bread or plain crisp biscuits. When the egg is not warmed, the mixture will be found easier of digestion, but it is not so pleasant a drink.
Sufficient for 1 person.
TO MAKE GRUEL.
1868. INGREDIENTS.--1 tablespoonful of
Robinson's patent groats, 2 tablespoonfuls of cold water, 1 pint of boiling
Mode.--Mix the prepared groats smoothly with the cold water in a basin; pour over them the boiling water, stirring it all the time. Put it into a very clean saucepan; boil the gruel for 10 minutes, keeping it well stirred; sweeten to taste, and serve. It may be flavoured with a small piece of lemon-peel, by boiling it in the gruel, or a little grated nutmeg may be put in; but in these matters the taste of the patient should be consulted. Pour the gruel in a tumbler and serve. When wine is allowed to the invalid, 2 tablespoonfuls of sherry or port make this preparation very nice. In cases of colds, the same quantity of spirits is sometimes added instead of wine.
Sufficient to make a pint of gruel.
1869. INGREDIENTS.--12 shanks of mutton, 3
quarts of water, a bunch of sweet herbs, pepper and salt to taste, 3 blades of
mace, 1 onion, 1 lb. of lean beef, a crust of bread toasted brown.
Mode.--Soak the shanks in plenty of water for some hours, and scrub them well; put them, with the beef and other ingredients, into a saucepan with the water, and let them simmer very gently for 5 hours. Strain the broth, and, when cold, take off all the fat. It may be eaten either warmed up or cold as a jelly.
Time.--5 hours. Average cost, 1s.
Sufficient to make from 1-1/2 to 2 pints of jelly.
Seasonable at any time.
LEMONADE FOR INVALIDS.
1870. INGREDIENTS.--1/2 lemon, lump sugar to
taste, 1 pint of boiling water.
Mode.--Pare off the rind of the lemon thinly; cut the lemon into 2 or 3 thick slices, and remove as much as possible of the white outside pith, and all the pips. Put the slices of lemon, the peel, and lump sugar into a jug; pour over the boiling water; cover it closely, and in 2 hours it will be fit to drink. It should either be strained or poured off from the sediment.
Time.--2 hours. Average cost, 2d.
Sufficient to make 1 pint of lemonade. Seasonable at any time.
1871. INGREDIENTS.--1-1/2 pint of boiling
water, the juice of 4 lemons, the rinds of 2, 1/2 pint of sherry, 4 eggs, 6 oz.
of loaf sugar.
Mode.--Pare off the lemon-rind thinly, put it into a jug with the sugar, and pour over the boiling water. Let it cool, then strain it; add the wine, lemon-juice, and eggs, previously well beaten, and also strained, and the beverage will be ready for use. If thought desirable, the quantity of sherry and water could be lessened, and milk substituted for them. To obtain the flavour of the lemon-rind properly, a few lumps of the sugar should be rubbed over it, until some of the yellow is absorbed.
Time.--Altogether 1 hour to make it. Average cost, 1s. 8d.
Sufficient to make 2-1/2 pints of lemonade. Seasonable at any time.
TO MAKE MUTTON BROTH.
1872. INGREDIENTS.--1 lb. of the scrag end of
the neck of mutton, 1 onion, a bunch of sweet herbs, 4 turnip, 1/2 pints of
water, pepper and salt to taste.
Mode.--Put the mutton into a stewpan; pour over the water cold and add the other ingredients. When it boils, skim it very carefully, cover the pan closely, and let it simmer very gently for an hour; strain it, let it cool, take off all the fat from the surface, and warm up as much as may be required, adding, if the patient be allowed to take it, a teaspoonful of minced parsley which has been previously scalded. Pearl barley or rice are very nice additions to mutton broth, and should be boiled as long as the other ingredients. When either of these is added, the broth must not be strained, but merely thoroughly skimmed. Plain mutton broth without seasoning is made by merely boiling the mutton, water, and salt together, straining it, letting the broth cool, skimming all the fat off, and warming up as much as is required. This preparation would be very tasteless and insipid, but likely to agree with very delicate stomachs, whereas the least addition of other ingredients would have the contrary effect.
Time.--1 hour. Average cost, 7d.
Sufficient to make from 1-1/2 to 2 pints of broth.
Seasonable at any time.
Note.--Veal broth may be made in the same manner; the knuckle of a leg or shoulder is the part usually used for this purpose. It is very good with the addition of the inferior joints of a fowl, or a few shank-bones.
MUTTON BROTH, QUICKLY MADE.
1873. INGREDIENTS.--1 or 2 chops from a neck
of mutton, 1 pint of water, a small bunch of sweet herbs, 1/4 of an onion,
pepper and salt to taste.
Mode.--Cut the meat into small pieces, put it into a saucepan with the bones, but no skin or fat; add the other ingredients; cover the saucepan, and bring the water quickly to boil. Take the lid off, and continue the rapid boiling for 20 minutes, skimming it well during the process; strain the broth into a basin; if there should be any fat left on the surface, remove it by laying a piece of thin paper on the top: the greasy particles will adhere to the paper, and so free the preparation from them. To an invalid nothing is more disagreeable than broth served with a quantity of fat floating on the top; to avoid this, it is always better to allow it to get thoroughly cool, the fat can then be so easily removed.
Time.--20 minutes after the water boils. Average cost, 5d.
Sufficient to make 1/2 pint of broth. Seasonable at any time.
STEWED RABBITS IN MILK.
1874. INGREDIENTS.--2 very young rabbits, not
nearly half grown; 1-1/2 pint of milk, 1 blade of mace, 1 dessertspoonful of
flour, a little salt and cayenne.
Mode.--Mix the flour very smoothly with 4 tablespoonfuls of the milk, and when this is well mixed, add the remainder. Cut up the rabbits into joints, put them into a stewpan, with the milk and other ingredients, and simmer them very gently until quite tender. Stir the contents from time to time, to keep the milk smooth and prevent it from burning. 1/2 hour will be sufficient for the cooking of this dish.
Time.--1/2 hour. Average cost, from 1s. to 1s. 6d. each.
Sufficient for 3 or 4 meals. Seasonable from September to February.
1875. INGREDIENTS.--3 tablespoonfuls of rice,
1 quart of milk, sugar to taste; when liked, a little grated nutmeg.
Mode.--Well wash the rice, put it into a saucepan with the milk, and simmer gently until the rice is tender, stirring it from time to time to prevent the milk from burning; sweeten it, add a little grated nutmeg, and serve. This dish is also very suitable and wholesome for children; it may be flavoured with a little lemon-peel, and a little finely-minced suet may be boiled with it, which renders it more strengthening and more wholesome. Tapioca, semolina, vermicelli, and macaroni, may all be dressed in the same manner.
Time.--From 3/4 to 1 hour. Seasonable at any time.
TO MAKE TOAST-AND-WATER.
1876. INGREDIENTS.--A slice of bread, 1 quart
of boiling water.
Mode.--Cut a slice from a stale loaf (a piece of hard crust is better than anything else for the purpose), toast it of a nice brown on every side, but do not allow it to burn or blacken. Put it into a jug, pour the boiling water over it, cover it closely, and let it remain until cold. When strained, it will be ready for use. Toast-and-water should always be made a short time before it is required, to enable it to get cold: if drunk in a tepid or lukewarm state, it is an exceedingly disagreeable beverage. If, as is sometimes the case, this drink is wanted in a hurry, put the toasted bread into a jug, and only just cover it with the boiling water; when this is cool, cold water may be added in the proportion required,--the toast-and-water strained; it will then be ready for use, and is more expeditiously prepared than by the above method.
1877. INGREDIENTS.--Thin cold toast, thin
slices of bread-and-butter, pepper and salt to taste.
Mode.--Place a very thin piece of cold toast between 2 slices of thin bread-and-butter in the form of a sandwich, adding a seasoning of pepper and salt. This sandwich may be varied by adding a little pulled meat, or very fine slices of cold meat, to the toast, and in any of these forms will be found very tempting to the appetite of an invalid.
1878. Besides the recipes contained in this chapter, there are, in the previous chapters on cookery, many others suitable for invalids, which it would be useless to repeat here. Recipes for fish simply dressed, light soups, plain roast meat, well-dressed vegetables, poultry, simple puddings, jelly, stewed fruits, &c. &c., all of which dishes may be partaken of by invalids and convalescents, will be found in preceding chapters. | <urn:uuid:abdf17cf-3243-4bef-bff4-93211430ff34> | {
"date": "2016-05-05T02:49:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860125857.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161525-00072-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9233101010322571,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 6041,
"url": "http://www.victorianlondon.org/publications7/beeton-39.htm"
} |
Noun(1) a songlike cry in which the voice fluctuates rapidly between the normal voice and falsetto
Verb(1) sing by changing register; sing by yodeling
(1) And when the moment is right, he unleashes his mad falsetto rebel yell, or West Texas yodel .(2) It's a good combination, he says - not many bands can scream their guts out and then yodel .(3) With his fingerpicking and his yodel , Sexton takes us to his roots, to the buried sound of another place.(4) I can't hear her curdling yodel .(5) he heard a yodel from below(6) He yodelled manfully.(7) Revel in the fact that she is a damn fine yodeler .(8) Happily, we encountered not one yodeller , nor a single soul wearing lederhosen.(9) The high plains yodeler helped the company warble the world mass yodelling record into submission.(10) No Eurovision would be complete without yodelling .(11) There's even a hidden track of some girl yodelling .(12) Shoot a full frame of the Swiss Alps, or zoom in on your friend yodeling .(13) For her encore, after performing about six songs, she yodeled for a minute and left.(14) Remembering the advice of a friend whose cabin had been situated in a cow field, I attempted his never-fail cow-luring technique: I yodeled .(15) He was also a fine singer, a yodeller of great repute.(16) She is a splendid whistler, yodeller and vocal banjo.
1. warble ::
2. descant ::
Different Formsyodel, yodeled, yodeler, yodelers, yodeling, yodelling, yodels
English to Afrikaans Dictionary: yodel
Meaning and definitions of yodel, translation in Afrikaans language for yodel with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of yodel in Afrikaans and in English language.
Tags for the entry "yodel"
What yodel means in Afrikaans, yodel meaning in Afrikaans, yodel definition, examples and pronunciation of yodel in Afrikaans language. | <urn:uuid:ef25b12e-8e03-491e-815d-169a9032cbb8> | {
"date": "2019-06-17T23:33:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998581.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617223249-20190618005249-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9162619709968567,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 517,
"url": "http://afrikaans.english-dictionary.help/?q=yodel"
} |
Online forums have changed the way we communicate by allowing individuals scattered all over the world to participate in a discussion. Communicating online, however, is quite different than communicating face-to-face or by phone. The sheer number of people participating, combined with the time delay of response can make a discussion difficult to follow. The following are simple suggestions, which if followed by all participants, will help everyone have a productive experience.
1. ALWAYS REVIEW YOUR COMMENT/POST: Keep in mind that whatever you post will be moderated and publicized for everyone to see. Before posting your comment, make sure to take a look “Topic” to make sure that you do not post in the wrong section.
2. CLEAN YOUR MESSAGES: When replying to someone else’s post, try to remove the unnecessary portions of the thread. Quote or keep only the most relevant sections of the message you are responding to.
3. KEEP YOUR RESPONSE IN CONTEXT: When removing unnecessary text, make sure to leave enough of the prior message in your post so that your comments can be read in context with respect to who you are responding to.
4. USE A DESCRIPTIVE SUBECT HEADING: Make sure that the subject heading concisely describes the contents of your message.
5. SIGN YOUR POSTS: Use a brief signature on your posts that indicates your background if it is pertinent. For example, a physical therapist responding to a question should put “PT” after their name. If anonymity is desired, a first name and last initial will help those engaged in the discussion keep track of who is responding to who.
6. WRITE LOGICALLY: If you have a complex question to ask or point to make, think through your message in advance. After writing you message, make sure to read it from the perspective of someone who does not know anything about you. The more difficult your post is to read, the more difficult it will be to respond to.
7. PAY ATTENTION TO SPELLING AND GRAMMAR: After writing your post, make sure to review your message for spelling errors, typos, and poor grammar. | <urn:uuid:2f35b5cc-8b34-4195-a543-efe6b2d81ec5> | {
"date": "2017-01-24T17:11:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9304513931274414,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 448,
"url": "http://www.nkcf.org/etiquette/"
} |
The Ice Sheets at both poles are changing - shrinking at increasing rates - rates that are faster than was ever expected by scientists. Combined with the shrinking of these expansive blankets of continental ice is the disappearance of large expanses of sea ice. These changes will impact all of us through sea level rise and a changing climate globally. But how and when? In order to answer these questions we need to be constantly measuring and monitoring the polar regions for ice thickness, understanding the properties of the rapidly changing ice streams, and looking deeper to see what lies under the tongues of floating ice called ice shelves. These tongues of ice are the terminus of the ice sheet as it streams down from the continent and extends out over ocean water. How much water lies below can have an impact on how quickly the ice will melt, sections of ice will break off, or whole ice sheets start to break apart causing further impact. Working with NASA and other ICE Bridge partners, Lamont will be measuring previously unattainable information. Using high resolution gravity technology, refined and carefully tested in their Antarctic AGAP field season, Lamont scientists will collect data on the space and volume that lies between the ice tongues and the bedrock. | <urn:uuid:6e464ef7-73dc-4b13-bda5-8af604c52a7e> | {
"date": "2015-05-22T16:15:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925696.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00329-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9434823393821716,
"score": 4.28125,
"token_count": 239,
"url": "http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/research/marine-geology-geophysics/ice-bridge"
} |
Subsets and Splits