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A Web Service Interface for Creating Concept Browsing Interfaces (09 Nov 2004)
The merit of our approach lies in its innovative use of web services technology to provide an educationally relevant visualization service across distributed library sites, as opposed to creating a visualization interface for a single library. Additionally, the Service can help educational libraries meet a pressing national requirement: since the passage of the No Child Left Behind legislation, educators are increasingly seeking educational resources that are aligned to national and state standards. As such, libraries using the Service can serve as important facilities helping educators to locate resources that support recognized standards and to integrate these resources into coherent learning activities. We hope that concept browsing interfaces created with the Service will help teachers and students to understand that science is not a list of facts to memorize, but instead a rich network of ideas to explore.
Article URL: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november04/sumner/11sumner.html
Read 63 more articles from D-Lib Magazine sorted by
Next Article: Archiving and Accessing Web Pages | <urn:uuid:51171b71-e579-4fe5-b018-e17534eea999> | {
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Submitted to: Journal of Economic Entomology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: March 8, 2002
Publication Date: August 1, 2002
Citation: Puterka, G.J., Bochetti, C., Dang, P.M., Bell, R.L., Scorza, R. 2002. Pear transformed with a lytic peptide gene for disease control affects nontarget organism, pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 95(4):797-802. Interpretive Summary: Fireblight is a serious bacterial disease of pear that requires numerous streptomycin spray applications for control. Another means of controlling fireblight is to genetically transform pear with genes, such as lytic peptides, which have bactericidal action. Pear also has many other pests including the insect pest, pear psylla, which also requires numerous insecticide sprays for control. Our objective was to determine how pear transformed with the lytic peptide gene would affect pear psylla biology in short-term (7 days or less) and long-term (32 day) studies. In short-term, pear psylla adults laid more eggs, fed more, and grew faster on transgenic pear than on nontransgenic pear. However, in long-term studies considerablly fewer eggs, nymphs, and adults were produced on transgenic pear. Although pear psylla biology was initially enhanced by transgenic pear, chronic exposure of pear psylla populations to transgenic pear showed ddetrimental effects that reduced their populations. This study demonstrates that placing genes into plants to control one pest organism may have the beneficial effect of controlling other unrelated pests.
Technical Abstract: Pear plants were transformed with D5C1a construct containing a gene that produces lytic peptide which is excreted into the intercellular spaces of pear leaves to impart resistance to fireblight, Erwinia amylovora (Burrill). The biology and behavior of pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster) was investigated on this transgenic plant in short-term (less than or equal to 7 d)and long-term (32d) studies and compared to parental non-transgenic pear to determine non-target effects. Short-term studies indicated pear psyllia adults preferred to settle and oviposit, and nymphs fed more and developed faster, on transgenic pear compared to non- transgenic pear. In contrast, a long-term study on psylla colony development showed considerably fewer eggs, nymphs, & adults were produced on transgenic pear. Although adult weights were not affected by being reared on transgenic pear, females produced fewer eggs and egg hatch was significantly reduced. Our results suggest that pear psylla biology and behavior is initially enhanced on transgenic pear. However, chronic exposure of psylla populations to transformed pear plants expressing lytic peptide gene has detrimental effects on pear psylla biology which could be useful in pear psylla pest management. Field studies would be required to determine if these effects would be expressed under natural conditions. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates that genetically altering plants to control one particular organism can have nonobvious and beneficial effects against other non-target pest organisms. | <urn:uuid:805a00f1-d712-44ba-ba78-541466d48190> | {
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Abrasive Rolls and Abrasive Sheets Information
Abrasive rolls and abrasive sheets consist of abrasive grains applied to a die cut square or rectangular surface with a backing made of cloth, fiber, film, paper, non-woven, or other backing. The abrasive grains remove surface materials such as metal, ceramics, glass, plastics, and paint. Consequently, these materials are used in wet and dry grinding, sanding, cleaning, polishing, and surface preparation in a variety of industries, including metalworking, woodworking, ceramics, and semiconductors. The type of backing, abrasive grain, grit size, and mounting help determine the applications for abrasive sheets and rolls.
Types of Backing
There are several different types of backing. Cloth backing consists of a woven fabric such as cotton and is suited for aggressive applications such as abrasive planing. Fiber backing is denser than cloth and contains vulcanized or chemically treated cotton or cellulose fibers; however, fiber backing may curl under humid conditions. Film backing uses abrasive grains on plastic film, while foam and sponge backing uses abrasive grains bonded onto a foam layer, sponge, felt or other soft, resilient materials. Similarly, metal backing uses abrasive grains bonded onto a metal backing such as aluminum or brass. Other types of backing include paper, screen, non-woven, or combination materials.
Types of Abrasive Grains
Abrasive rolls and abrasive sheets use several different types of abrasive grains. Aluminum oxide, the most common industrial mineral in use today, is used either individually or with other materials to form ceramic grains. Aluminum oxide is also combined with emery and crocus to produce abrasives suitable for finishing applications. Other types of abrasive grains include garnet, tungsten carbine, silicon carbide, and alumina-zirconia. Super-abrasive diamond pastes are useful in ferrous polishing or lapping applications where heat and reactivity are not a factor. Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is a superabrasive grain with hardness second to diamond and a cubic crystal structure. CBN provides superior grinding performance on carbon and alloy steel.
Grit size measures the abrasive grains in a matrix or bonded to a surface. With abrasive discs, grit sizes are based on ANSI (U.S.), FEPA (European), JIS (Japanese), or Micron graded standards.
Mounting and Special Features
Abrasive rolls and abrasive sheets differ in terms of mounting and special features. For example, hook and loop mounting attaches the abrasive using a hook and loop fabric whereas bore / center mounting uses a central hole for mandrel, arbor, spindle, or shaft mounting. Other types of mounting include quick change and PSA / adhesive. In terms of features, abrasive sheets, rolls, and hand pads may use an open coat or a closed coat. Lubricated abrasive products provide improved resistance to loading while anti-static products reduce or eliminate static charge. Abrasive sheets and rolls that use a grinding aid or solid lubricant enhance cutting performance on stainless steel, nickel alloys and titanium.
Related Products & Services
Abrasive belts consist of abrasive grain adhered onto the surface of a cloth, film, paper, non-woven or other backing.
Abrasive discs consist of abrasive grain adhered onto the surface of a cloth, film, paper, non-woven or other backing. They are used for metal removal, surface finishing, sanding, etc.
Abrasive Grain and Finishing Media
Abrasive grain and finishing media includes crushed grit, metal shot, glass beads or shaped chips for blasting, mass finishing (vibratory or tumbling), bonded wheels, coated abrasives, ball milling, water jet cutting, and other applications.
Blasting Media and Abrasives
Blasting media and abrasives are consumables used in surface preparation processes, such as sandblasting and peening.
Milling and Grinding Media
Milling and grinding media are designed for ball milling and the grinding down of bulk, powder or granular materials into finer powder forms or disperse pigments in a resin or coating. | <urn:uuid:1a36aae2-ed63-440a-b196-37e1ae2cc237> | {
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There is now really a massive network of universities connected in this academic network, like all the major brands”: Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Stanford, and so on as effectively as Universities from Asia and Latin America. In addition, there are organizations dedicated to empowering social entrepreneurs, connecting them with mentors, strengthening their enterprise models, and preparing them for capital investments. Value Chain Social Influence issues can substantially affect a company’s operation and can have an influence on the way a firm conducts business. It could possibly even have unfavorable effects on the organization by taking away on its talent resources that could be concentrated a lot more towards meeting its social mission. In current years, many Fortune 500 businesses have implemented social ventures with the intent of enhancing their corporate image through supplying funding for various social causes. While this may perhaps appear to be a recent phenomena, social entrepreneurship is nothing at all new.
Social problems that have an effect on a company’s economic profitability or serve to improve or improve a company’s competitive edge are likely to be locations that a corporation will invest in since of the direct effect that these initiatives will have on the company’s all round viability and stability.
Thus, the most important aim of social entrepreneurship is to further social and environmental targets. Their aim is to achieve targets that are social and/or environmental as well as economic: is usually referred to as the triple bottom line. Resourceful: Due to the fact social entrepreneurs operate within a social context rather than the enterprise planet, they have limited access to capital and traditional marketplace assistance systems. Implementing innovative approaches to fuel constructive social action is social entrepreneurship. Any undertaking that is revolutionary, and not for profit can be deemed as social entrepreneurship. However, whilst social entrepreneurs are most normally associated with the voluntary and not-for-profit sectors, this need to have not necessarily be incompatible with producing a profit.
Rather than leaving societal wants to the government or small business sectors, social entrepreneurs come across what is not functioning and resolve the problem by altering the technique, spreading the resolution, and persuading entire societies to take new leaps.
Adopting a mission to build and sustain social value: This is the core of what distinguishes social entrepreneurs from organization entrepreneurs even from socially responsible firms. This paper has began as an attempt to redefine the term of entrepreneurship but ended up ‘updating’ the wheel, primarily based on the definition as proposed by Schumpeter. | <urn:uuid:172b285d-395c-4664-b73f-2eca0f719dfe> | {
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10 Tips for Improving French Skills at Home
BBC French - A comprehensive language learning
Bonjour de France- Learn French online
Daily French Podcast – Learn French via podcasts! A great use of technology to help you learn.
French Assistant - Free French language lessons, with over 150000 French words and phrases.
French Culture– The official website of the Cultural Services of the French Embassy contains lots of links to educational resources.
French LingQ- Promises that you can “dramatically increase your vocabulary so you’re comfortable and confident in any situation.”
French Mystery - If you can already read some French, this is a great site to help you brush up without making it feel like work. Play a detective and solve a mystery – in French!
French Revision -Interactive French lessons and activities
Interactive French -Interactive activities to review French
Learning with French-Podcasts- Students can hone their skills by listening to these interviews and discussions of various subjects in French.
Pictures and Audio File in French
Podcast Francaise Facile- Expressions, short recordings for beginners, grammar , vocab, dialogs, stories, short videos.
TV5 offers a collection of short webclips (80 in total) that help the viewer learn French. | <urn:uuid:912f1641-f791-4f30-b172-acd1fff64ce9> | {
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HOW TO PLAY: Click on the picture you would like to color to load a larger, printable version.
When the image has finished loading, click the 'print' button on your browser's toolbar to print
the picture. Have fun coloring!
Print perfectionist? High-resolution (300 dpi) versions of the coloring book images are also available:
What on Earth is an Okapi?
The okapi is an animal that lives near the Congo river basin in Zaire, Africa. Although it is related to
the giraffe, the black and white stripes on its legs and backside remind many people of zebras. The
rest of the okapi's coat is dark reddish-brown. The okapi eats leaves stripped from branches with its
sticky tongue, which is so long it can lick its own eyelids. | <urn:uuid:be7622e5-e09d-46a3-b71c-27c338096ad6> | {
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Joining Together To Combat Hate And Anti-Semitism OnlineTechnorati Tag: Holocaust and Anti-Semitism.
Tomorrow, Thursday, January 27th marks the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, the largest Nazi death camp. It is also the International Holocaust Remembrance Day.
The Nazis didn't have Internet access. There was no Facebook, no Twitter, no YouTube to help the Nazis deliver their hate message to the masses.
The Nazis may be gone but their hate message remains alive and well. Anti Semitisim today hides behind anti Zionism. Those that spread this message of hate do a remarkable job spreading their wrath online.
As we remember the Holocaust, Giyus.org is launching a community initiative to combat hate online. We are asking our community members to send us links of hate content so we can create a periodical report and ask all members to act upon it.
Links and information can be emailed to [email protected]. Thanks for your support..
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
From IsraeliGirl's blog:Tweet
Posted by Bennett Ruda at 11:46 AM | <urn:uuid:4c8072d3-cbea-4a44-98c5-9e5b1dae4f68> | {
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Brain scans reveal neural signatures for autism
Using magnetic resonance imaging technology, a group of researchers has identified three distinct "neural signatures"--markers that can potentially be used to identify autism at an early stage.
The investigators at the Yale School of Medicine enlisted 62 children for the study, including children with autism as well as siblings who did not suffer from the disorder. By scanning their brains the scientists were able to identify areas of the brain with reduced activity as well as areas with enhanced activity found in the unaffected siblings. That pattern of brain activity suggests that their brains were able to develop compensatory abilities that helped them overcome a genetic predisposition to the disease.
"This study may contribute to a better understanding of the brain basis of ASD, and the genetic and molecular origin of the disorder," said first author Martha Kaiser, a postdoctoral associate in the Yale Child Study Center.
Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by poor social interaction and communication, and can disrupt the brain's ability to interpret the movements of other people, known as "biological motion."
- here's the release from Science Daily | <urn:uuid:bf10ac02-8bf8-4804-bcb2-a598e1e1923a> | {
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Naturally Educational » 3-5 (Preschool), 3-5 (Preschool), 5-6 (Kindergarten), 5-6 (Kindergarten), 6-8 (Early Elementary), 6-8 (Early Elementary), Art, Ecology, Featured, History and Culture, Spring, Weather » Cherry Blossom Stamps
We’re celebrating spring with lots of floral crafts! Here’s a cherry blossom stamp art project. Bonus: you reuse/recycle a soda or water bottle for your stamp.
- brown paint
- pink paint
- white paper
- paint brush
- soda or water bottle
1. Dilute the brown paint a little with a drop of water and paint the branches and twigs. I showed my kids how you can get thicker strokes by pressing down with the brush. We also examined branches to see how smaller twigs connected to bigger branches, which connect to trunks.
2. Dip the bottle in the pink paint and stamp! This is the really fun part. It is easy to get carried away!
Let the artwork dry and clean up the mess!
- Culture / Art History: In Japanese culture, the cherry blossom representing the ephemeral, delicate and short-lived, appearance of spring. Why is spring seen as delicate and brief? What role does nature play in traditional Japanese art?
- Science: Explore the life cycle of flowering trees. Look for signs of spring outside.
Filed under: 3-5 (Preschool), 3-5 (Preschool), 5-6 (Kindergarten), 5-6 (Kindergarten), 6-8 (Early Elementary), 6-8 (Early Elementary), Art, Ecology, Featured, History and Culture, Spring, Weather · Tags: Art History, Cherry Blossoms, Flowers, Japan, Spring, Trees | <urn:uuid:d72ce24a-5624-4ade-a04b-060f955de700> | {
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Pop-Up Robots Enable Extreme Terrain Science
This blog post originated in the 2015 Science Mission Directorate Technology Highlights Report (2 MB PDF).
Technology Development: A NASA-led team is designing an extremely compact origami rover for new extreme terrain applications in both the planetary and Earth science domains. PUFFERs (Pop-Up Flat Folding Explorer Robots) utilize a folding printed circuit board (PCB) as the rover chassis, which enables the platform to fold into a minuscule, palm-sized volume. With this feature, many PUFFERs can be integrated into future spacecraft or packed into Earth science experiments at low cost.
The multitude of PUFFERs would then be used to carry out science investigations that specifically require a distributed, multi-unit approach, such as entering cave formations on Mars or conducting spatially-distributed topographic mapping of ice on Earth. In addition to small packing volume, PUFFER’s folding chassis provides unique mobility benefits; PUFFERs can collapse into a lowprofile “crouch” to crawl beneath tight terrain features, such as overhung rocks, and to lower their center of gravity for ascending steep inclines. The highly-flexible origami-inspired chassis also provides impact-absorbing capabilities, allowing PUFFER to survive great falls.
Impact: The PUFFER technology will provide low-cost access to new science-rich terrains both on Earth and beyond. Here on Earth, scientists hope to deploy swarms of PUFFERs to track ice fluctuations in the polar regions. Teams of researchers could deploy PUFFERs over ice sheets of interest from the air, dropping the impact-resistant rovers from helicopters. The PUFFERs would then remain behind and autonomously rove over the ice while making measurements. The units would recharge themselves using solar energy, allowing them to operate for months and possibly years at a time. Work is currently underway to develop and test PUFFERs for snow and ice mobility, and the prototypes were recently tested at Mt. Erebus in Antarctica. Beyond our own planet, PUFFERs will provide future NASA missions with a low-cost add-on technology for accessing new extreme terrains. A swarm of PUFFERs could be folded up into a parent spacecraft, such as a larger rover or lander, and then be deployed into terrain features that the parent itself cannot reach. Example features of interest could include steep inclines and confined spaces, such as overhung rocks and caves on Mars, or “chaos terrains” on the surface of Europa.
Status and Future Plans: PUFFER has successfully completed initial field tests in both the Mojave Desert and Mt. Erebus in Antarctica. The Mojave Desert tests evaluated mobility on Mars-analog terrains, while the Antarctica testing evaluated snow and ice mobility. The team is currently preparing next-generation prototypes for expanded field tests, which will integrate new instruments such as cameras and a microscope.
Sponsoring Organization: The PUFFER technology is jointly funded by SMD’s Planetary Science and Earth Science Divisions, and by the Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) as part of the Game Changing Development (GCD) Program. In addition, the project’s small business partner, Distant Focus Corporation, has received funding through the NASA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) office for development of a novel folded optic microscope for PUFFER. The PUFFER effort is being led out of NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, with collaborators at the University of California, Berkeley; Distant Focus Corporation (Champaign, IL); and Pioneer Circuits Inc. (Santa Ana, CA).
Read more Technology Stories | <urn:uuid:30676381-c660-4c82-8c5c-525c4cc38d0f> | {
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What happens with our genome and epigenome in the first fundamental days of our development? How can this be analysed? What do we need to know when faced with patients' questions about their own infertility, or how to prevent the birth of affected children? For the first time, this book brings together both scientists' and clinicians' viewpoints on human reproductive genetics, making for a more comprehensive discussion of interest to ART professionals and developmental biologists. With worldwide leaders in this burgeoning field guiding the reader through from the basics to the most exciting recent discoveries, this book presents the wider picture of how reproductive medicine and biology links with genetics. The editors also address the new challenges raised in how to treat and counsel patients at fertility and genetic clinics, as well as eliciting vivid bioethical debates. This book brings together genetics, reproductive biology and medicine for practitioners and geneticists.
Karen Sermon is Professor, Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. Stephane Viville is Professor in the Institute de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
Foreword Joe Leigh Simpson; 1. Basic genetics and cytogenetics: a brief reminder Karen Sermon; 2. How to analyse a single blastomere? Application of whole-genome technologies: micro-arrays and next generation sequencing Parveen Kumar, Masoud Zamani Esteki, Niels van der Aa and Thierry Voet; 3. Meiosis: how to get a good start in life Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter; 4. Chromosomes in early human embryo development: incidence of chromosomal abnormalities, underlying mechanisms and consequences for development E. B. Baart and D. Van Opstal; 5. DNA is not the whole story: transgenerational epigenesis and imprinting Ashwini Balakrishnan and J. Richard Chaillet; 6. Genes are not the whole story: retrotransposons as new determinants of male fertility Patricia Fauque and Deborah Bourc'his; 7. Chromosomal causes of infertility: the story continues Svetlana A. Yatsenko and Aleksandar Rajkovic; 8. Genes and infertility Inge Liebaers, Elias ElInati, Willy Lissens and Stephane Viville; 9. Genetic counselling and gamete donation in assisted reproductive treatment Alison Lashwood and Alison Bagshawe; 10. Genetic testing for infertile patients Willem Verpoest; 11. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Jan Traeger-Synodinos and Catherine Staessen; 12. Epigenetics and ART Aafke P. A. van Montfoort; 13. Ethical considerations in human reproductive genetics Guido de Wert and Wybo Dondorp; Index. | <urn:uuid:e3c1cefa-280e-4776-921f-c1318af4f18d> | {
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What is the role of the education sector in the battle against HIV/AIDS?
The FRESH framework provides a model for linking HIV/AIDS-specific approaches with a broader school health programme. See "A FRESH Start to HIV/AIDS Prevention."
The privilege of good quality basic education as well as skills-based AIDS education must be extended equally to boys and girls.
The UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on HIV/AIDS and Education has drafted a strategy framework to guide an expanded response to HIV/AIDS through the education sector.
Combatting HIV/AIDS through education: Strategies of Brazil, Namibia, Gambia and UN partners
A panel discussion at the UN Special Session on Children, May 2002
Moderator: Riz Khan, CNN International
Panelists: Paolo Roberto Teixeira, National Coordinator for Sexually Transmissible Diseases and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Brazil
Stanley Simataa, Deputy Permanent Secretary for Education, Namibia
Anne Therese Ndong-Jatta, Secretary of State for Education, Gambia
Donald Bundy, Lead Specialist, School Health and Nutrition,World Bank
The link between AIDS and education has only gained attention recently, yet, the AIDS pandemic is proving to be a "destructive element for education systems," stated Mr Donald Bundy of the Human Development Network at the World Bank (representing the UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Education). The international community has pledged its commitment to basic education for every boy and girl by 2015, through the Education for All initiative (Dakar Framework for Action, 2000), but, "AIDS is making that not merely difficult, but perhaps impossible." On the other hand, education provides us an opportunity to do something about AIDS, Mr Bundy added. Most children of school-age are not infected with HIV, and education has a role in ensuring most schoolchildren remain uninfected.
As more governments adopt a multi-sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS control, some are taking a stance on the issue of AIDS in education. Riz Khan invited representatives from Brazil, Gambia and Namibia shared their strategies and lessons to date.
Ms Ndong-Jatta of the Gambia endorsed a formal, structured approach where accurate information is provided to young people in a comprehensive program. While this is offered to Gambian pupils from Grade 6 of primary school, inhibition on the part of teachers and students led the government to supplement the formal programme with more interactive peer health education. Ms Ndong-Jatta emphasised peer education as the most important component of Gambia's strategy.
Dr Teixeira from Brazil emphasized the importance of "a clear policy and consistent strategy" regarding HIV/AIDS, with leadership at the highest level. Part of Brazil's policy has been the provision of anti-retroviral treatment for all HIV-positive Brazilians, free of charge. Dr Teixeira explained that the possibility of treatment brought back a sense of hope and has helped reduce the stigma and fear associated with HIV and AIDS. Such stigma keeps HIV-positive young people out of school in many countries. Dr Teixeira recommended treatment of HIV-positive teachers and pupils as an important strategy in support of the education system. Regarding prevention, Dr Teixeira said that Brazil promotes unambiguous messages about prevention in the context of healthy and positive sexual development.
Mr Simataa of Namibia agreed that schools are a valuable weapon in the fight against HIV/AIDS, but they do not work in isolation. They exist in the context of a larger community, which must be open enough to encourage children to learn about HIV/AIDS. Schools must gain the support of religious and cultural institutions in their community. Also, schools do not reach the children who are often most at risk for HIV, including street children, young sex workers and orphans. The education sector needs the support of non-governmental organizations to reach such children.
One audience member asked how countries can maintain a high quality of education despite the impact of HIV/AIDS on education systems. One tragic consequence has been increasing absenteeism and deaths of teachers. Namibia currently allows teachers to appoint relief teachers, but, this draws on additional resources. The World Bank estimated that the additional cost of substitute teachers and minimum subsidies for orphans to continue schooling would be half a billion dollars a year, in addition to current level of investment.
The group recognised that education systems are faced with two complex but inter-linked challenges: to simultaneously prevent HIV/AIDS and deal with its devastating impact on education systems. The rich discussion culminated in support for a multi-pronged response, which included the following:
- Keep the momentum to achieve Education for All. Make sure schools and teachers are there; that all boys and girls go to school. In particular, ensure that access includes those groups increasingly marginalized, including children orphaned and affected by HIV/AIDS;
- Use the education system to deliver preventive HIV/AIDS education, in formal and informal ways that are responsive and effective; and
- Work with the broader community (religious leaders, NGOs, informal groups) to help raise children with protective values from an early age.
Many complex challenges remain, including the issue of teacher-to-pupil transmission. However, Mr Bundy closed the discussion on a hopeful note: that education can play a critical role in the fight against HIV/AIDS. "If we can have effective education systems, there is a chance that today's uninfected children will grow up into uninfected adults."
"Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope," World Bank, 2002.
‘Child-friendly’ Community Schools approach for Promoting Health, Psychosocial Development, and Resilience in Children and Youth Affected by AIDS | <urn:uuid:0cdb440a-5d99-4d48-bd84-5a5a8fcaab6b> | {
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Is a 10-minute, narrated video that provides students with information on the College Mental Health Program. Topics covered in the presentation include crisis intervention counseling, mental health problems frequently experienced by college students, where to go on campus for free personal counseling, how to schedule an appointment, and information on confidentiality and privacy.
It is strongly recommended that all faculty members show this important power point presentation to all of their classes so that students remain fully informed about the mental health resources that are available to them. The most advantageous time to air this presentation is during the first week of classes when you are reviewing your syllabus and other campus information.
In addition, it is recommended that all staff members have an opportunity to view this presentation each semester so that they, too, remain informed about the mental health resources available to students and about how to refer a student who needs personal counseling.
The Student Health Center provides a two-hour presentation on college binge drinking and alcohol poisoning. The goals of this program are to inform students how to help their friends by (1) knowing the symptoms of problem drinking habits, (2) recognizing the signs of alcohol poisoning, and (3) knowing how to help a friend who is intoxicated or who may have alcohol poisoning. This program can be presented to individual classes, or to special interest groups such as campus clubs or organizations.
Presentations by the CIT to faculty, staff, and academic departments and divisions focus on recognizing a student’s crisis, managing a crisis, and referring students to the CIT for immediate intervention. To schedule a CIT Presentation, please contact Dr. Maryam Azary, Crisis Intervention Team Coordinator, at [email protected]
Upon request, the College Mental Health Program counselors are able to coordinate special topic presentations and workshops for students, faculty, staff or administrators. Presentations may be focused on any student mental health issue (e.g., depression, anxiety and stress, suicide awareness, communication skills). Each program is individually tailored to the specific audience, and is a combination of didactic presentation and participant interaction. | <urn:uuid:dc7ed770-3de7-43e7-be7c-48e5694261db> | {
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AttitudeThis print version free essay Attitude.
Autor: reviewessays 03 January 2011
Words: 3598 | Pages: 15
A message is worth least without a source
An Attitude is a mixture of belief and emotion that predisposes a person to respond to other people, object, or institutions in a positive or negative way (Mitterer& Coon, 2007,p.632). Attitudes summarize our evaluation of objects (Oskamp & Schultz, 2005).Put another way, evaluation of objects come before an attitude formation. Understanding how an attitude is formed is prerequisite for examining how do sources play a prominent role in forming a new attitude to substitute the audience current attitude.
In communication perspective, a communication process is comprised of 4 elements, i.e. source, message, receiver, and feedback (Dominick, 2002, p.4). The attitudinal change among audiences is evident when we scrutinize the feedback of the audience as the audience feedback could be either a positive feedback (attitude) or a negative feedback (attitude) towards the message that originated from source. Thus, how an attitude changes or how a new attitude substitutes the current attitude is depending on how the audience (receiver) evaluate particular message from particular source/sources.
This further reinforces the notion of attitudinal changes can be traced to the sources that presented the message. Imagine that you are in a situation where your lecturer and your course mate told you that there will have no essay questions in your final exam next week, both of them are telling you the same message but which one of them can make you feel more positive or relief towards your final exam? This scenario shows that a same message from different sources can have different impact on a same individual and it also implies that the source has dominant role over the message. How would anyone evaluate a message without knowing its source? In short, a message is worth least without a source.
What makes the source persuasive?
Most of the scholars, if not all, who wrote about the art of persuasion will discuss about how to establish the speaker (source) credibility because the message is made and delivered by the source, if the source is not credible, there is no point to look at the message. Aristotle (1984), an ancient Greek philosopher and guru of persuasion, asserted in Rhetoric that there are 3 important elements to persuade someone to change an attitude which are Ethos(credibility),Pathos(emotional appeal) and Logos(logic).
Aristotle favors that the message effectiveness is relying on the speaker (source) ability, who is trustworthy, to tailor-made it to appeal to the audience emotionally with certain level of logical sense but not the message itself. It is convinced that the source is has a dominant role than a message to change people’s attitude.
In the art of public speaking, Stephen Lucas (2004, p.428) also asserted that through out all the notions and ideas about how people is persuaded have been brought out, from ancient time until now, listeners can be persuaded by a speaker for not more than 4 reasons: the speaker’s high credibility, evidence, reasoning skill, and emotional appeal. In my opinion, the speaker’s credibility and emotional appeal are far more crucial than the evidence and reasoning skill.
The audiences will change their attitudes towards certain issue as long as they trust the source will not lie to them and the source touches their heart disregarding the evidence and reasoning skill. I insist on using the term “source†in lieu of “sources†because I believe that if a person trusts a source, one will not resort to alternative sources to confirm the original source accuracy and they will rule out possibility that alternatives sources are credible.
The incubator incident
The incubator incident is one of the classic and vivid examples to strengthen this notion. During Persian Gulf War in 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, A PR agency is hired by an organization named Citizens for a Free Kuwait to marshal public relations support to ask United States government to launch a war to liberate Kuwait from Iraq. The PR agency found out that the Americans are more likely to go for war to end atrocities than to protect the supply of oil.
Thus, the agency released Nayirah, a 15-year-old Kuwaiti girl, testimonial in public and her testimonial is as followed: “I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital(Kuwait city) with guns, and go into the room where 15 babies were in incubators. They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators, and left the babies on the cold floor to die.†This incident which known as “incubator incident†has become a rallying cry(attitude change) for war. Even George Bush, the president of the United States favored the war to end atrocities.
After Kuwaitis get back their homeland, the “incubator incident†existence is being questioned. We never know that with certainty .What is known is that sufficient circumstantial evidence exists to lead a reasonable person to doubt the veracity of Nayirah’s claim(Guth&Marsh,2003,p.162).If we examined on how the Americans were persuaded to change the attitudes to go for war , they are persuaded because of the Kuwaiti girl, the source. In other words, the American might have launched a war to liberate Kuwait from Iraq without a no valid reason.
Nobody ,including the president of the United States, ever question the source credibility as nobody have the resources and time to get into Kuwait to authenticate the incident. Americans trusted “incubator incident†owing to several reasons: the girl is from Kuwait, she knows more about Kuwait than any other American, there are no available resources to authenticate the message or evidence. The Americans also have the common assumption that children are not good in pretending and tend to be trustworthy than adult although her ability to recall and express the incident vividly when she is in fear are doubtful.
In a nutshell, the attitudinal change among American is owing to the source credibility and the source emotional appeal that have greater role than source’s ability to reasoning and evidence as the former have successfully make no one to evaluate the Kuwaiti girl ability of reasoning and evidence provided by her .
Social scientific approach on the source potency
The incubator incident aforesaid is similar to Petty& Cacioppo’s (1986) elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Americans tend to be persuaded because the source is appealing to the audience peripherally. When they have limited knowledge on Kuwait and limited time to authenticate the incident, they ability to rationalize the incident in central route is limited and thus, the only source they can trust is the Kuwaiti girl. When they are persuaded to form certain attitude on Iraq atrocities in Kuwait, they are processing the information peripherally and merely small amount of central processing was used. . This further elaborate how prominent is a source role in changing others attitudes than the content of a message.
Thus far, our central discussion is given more focus on how source credibility changes people attitudes rather than source emotional appeal. In ELM, it is convinced that though one possess exceptional ability to process information (central route), that ability goes to waste if you are not motivated to process the information (peripheral route)(Larson,2004,p.94).
The cognitive psychologists stated that human has not much time to process the information that these cognitive process produces (Baran & Davis, 2006, p,287).We experience this information as an intuition- we have a feeling that other feel certain ways or will act certain ways(Baran& Davis,2006,p.287).This information processing theory is similar to ELM which stated that we need to motivated by peripheral route to respond to the information we receive. For instance, if you feel good and comfortable with the source such as your lecturer, you are more likely to pay attention to what your lecturer said and respond to the source positively. If your lecturer requested you to photocopy the textbooks for whole class, you will comply to it willingly although you know photocopying textbook is illegal. You will comply with the lecturer’s request (source) because you know that a lecturer will not put you into trouble as your peripheral route reinforce/add on your trust on your lecturer into your central route information processing.
The example as above depicted how the student’s emotional state influence his /her attitude towards photocopying textbook which is against the law. Human dislike experiencing cognitive dissonance because information that is not consistent with a person’s already-held values and beliefs will create a psychological discomfort (dissonance) and it will increase one’s tendency to perceive the information selectively in order to make someone feel comfortable or cognitive consistent (Festinger,1957) .
Back to the previous example, you feel psychological uncomfortable (cognitive dissonance) when the lecturer that you admired requested you to conduct activities that are contradict to your own belief (photocopying textbook is illegal). Hence, you choose to believe that the lecturer must have a very good reason to request you to do this and your instinct told you that he will not put you into a trouble. Your attitude towards photocopying textbook has been modified.
Seeing Pathos in a wider spectrum
In fact, the Aristotle’s pathos appeal has some limitation as it did not cover adequate aspect that will appeal to the audience emotionally. Aristotle stresses that a persuader (source) can create emotional moods by their choice of words and images and can heighten the mood by varying their local tone, rate and volume ( Larson,2004,p.56).Simply put, pathos means make your audience feel your “words†not execute your “wordsâ€.
The pathos should cover the motivation aspects among audiences because a speaker or a source should have the ability to motivate the audience to change particular attitudes not just appeal to their emotional states. For example, a speaker such as Health minister (source) who is delivering a speech about the negative effects of taking cigarette to mass audience should not merely focus on creating the fear appeal among the audience but also try to create and make the audience feel that there is a need to quit smoking. The effect of the message from the source will be limited if we merely concentrate on creating fear appeal but forgo the efforts to create the needs.
Emotional appeal does not guarantee a long term attitude changes without motivation as human tend to have mood swing. Motivation refers to the dynamics of behavior –the ways in which our actions are initiated, sustained, directed, and terminated (Coon & Mitterer,2007, p.388).
Many activities initiated with a need. If we examine the pervious example of giving a speech about negative effects of taking cigarette, making them people feel fear of your “words†does not guarantee an attitude changes because they do not see the need to quit smoking and feel less motivated to commit the act. The results will be more effective if we associate the content by evoking the audience needs to achieve. Everyone has a desire to meet an internal standard of excellence (McClelland, 1961).Meaning, everyone has the need for achievement and we always strive to meet the internal standard of excellence.
Most of the smokers feel that when they smoke, they feel enjoyable as if they are in cloud nine and they look more macho. If the source/speaker portray the image that a non-smoker in fact look more macho than smokers, it arouse the needs among the smoker to quit because they have the needs for achievement , they want to look macho and thus this nAch drives them to change the attitudes towards smoking and desire to quit it. In other words, the speaker or the source should have the ability to create emotional appeal and motivate them by appealing to audience needs in order to change their attitudes.
Formerly, ELM stated that sometimes human tend to make quick judgment and let the peripheral route to take over central route because we did not always evaluate all of the choices available carefully (Baran &Davis,2006, p.94).This shows that as long as the source can appeal to the audience emotionally and motivate their needs ,the audience may have immediate attitude change. Similar speculation can be observed in October 1938.
In the Halloween night in 1938,Orson Welles, the producer of a weekly CBS radio network program, played a not so funny Halloween joke on his listeners. He announced that we are facing an invasion from Mars, their spaceship had landed in New Jersey, and strange creatures were emerging from it. Then the fictitious reports ceased and real-life panic broke out in several cities, especially those that were near the fake landing site.( Baran &Davis,2006,p.82).
Pathos that may trigger immediate attitudinal change
The source,Orson Welles had effectively provoked and caused an immediate attitude and behavior change among the listeners for 3 reasons; first, listeners perceive him as a credible source; two, he had successfully tailor message that are appeal to the audience emotions which is creating fear among them and lastly, he appeal to the listeners security needs. When listeners feel fear, they tend to look for shelter because they have the needs for safety and security(Maslow,1954), after they are aware that their homeland is invaded by Martians, they lost their sense of security and this lead to cognitive dissonance which motivates them to leave their home and seek out a new shelter. This is why the relevant cities are in chaos, people are out there seeking for a new shelter that has can fulfill their needs for security and safety. Therefore, the attitude change among audience could be immediate if a credible speaker utilizes the pathos appeal with motivational needs.
The effect of source on attitudinal changes among audience is visible if the source is close to us such as our peers as there are little doubts that many of our attitudes are influenced by group membership (Coon& Mitterer, 2007, p.633). When the persuader is your group members, you will more likely to be change your attitudes to meet your group expectation as if how the Asch’s (1956) experiment works. In that experiment, the real student has to change the attitude on evaluating the length of the lines because he/she is facing group pressure and resort give out to majority of point of view in order to confirm to majority.
The source, the group of “student†has changed the real student attitude because they have social influence on the real student. Owing to people’s fear of isolation or separation from those around them, they tend to keep their attitudes to themselves when they think they are in the minority (Davis & Baran,2006. p.321) This is similar to Aristotle’s pathos appeal which are creating fear among audiences.
The correlation between Ethos, Pathos and Logos
I agree to Aristotle’s ethos, pathos and logos appeal. However, the pathos appeal seems to be lacking in motivation approach because without emotional appeal, the attitude of audience will not be changed as the audience will feel bored and less attentive to credible source if the source delivers all facts and figures to form logical reasoning without emotional appeal. Audiences always try to maintain their arousal at optimum level (Hancock &Ganey,2003). A source that is lacking in emotional appeal will not be effective because a boring source makes their arousal lower than optimum level and detract their concentration on the source(Coon & Mitterer,2007,p.400).
Thus far, its is convincing that the overriding element that a sources should possess is the source credibility, then followed by emotional appeal and logical reasoning. Logical reasoning has less important role in attitudes change among audience if compare to Ethos and Pathos because most of the example and cases aforesaid illustrated that the source credibility and emotional appeal can in fact cause an attitude change before logical reasoning come into play.
Meanwhile, it is not rational to deny logos effectiveness as logos is meant to supplement the other two elements to persuade the audience who is tend to trust the evidences, proofs and logical reasoning than the source itself. Good reasoning skill can help audience to process all statistical data, examples or testimony in a logical way and reach a conclusion the source intended.(Larson,2004,p.58) Previous examples also illustrated that the effect of source’s emotional appeal come into play after the source is considered credible .Thus this strengthen my notion that the source credibility is what that matters the most to the source .
What makes a source credible?
The source credibility is affected by two factors which are the competence and character (Lucas, 2004, p.429).Competence includes how the audience perceive the source’s intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject (Lucas,2004,p.429). A speaker or source should able to impress the audience that he/she know more than the audience do and have more relevant experience in a subject discussed.
Character covers on how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness and concern about the well being of the audience (Lucas, 2004,p.429). In other words, the speaker must create a bond or rapport with the audience to make the audience feel that the speaker does not have personal agenda and intend to help.
Summing up, in order to change the audience attitudes, the source must possess or have the ability to intergrate 3 characteristics which are the credibility that are made of competence and character, the ability to create emotional appeal that arouse motivation needs among the audience and the ability to form logical reasoning to make audience life simple.
1. Aristotle.(1984)Rhetoric.(W. R. Roberts, Trans.).New York: Modern Library.
2. Asch, S.E.(1956).Studies of independence and conformity: a minority of one against an unanimous majority. Psychological Monograph,70(416)
3. Baran, S.J., Davis, D.K. (2006).Mass Communication: Foundation, Ferment and Future.Fourth Edition.California: Thomson Wadsworth.
4. Coon,D., Mitterer,J.(2007) Introduction to Psychology. Eleventh edition. California : Wadsworth.
5. Dominick, J.R.(2002).The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in the Digital Age. New York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Festinger,L.(1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. California: Stanford University Press.
7. Guth,D.W.,Marsh,C.(2003).Public Relations: A Values- Driven Approach. Second Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
8. Hancock ,P.A.,& Garney,H.C.N.(2003).From the inverted –U to the extended-U: the evolution of a law of psychology. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments,7(1),p.5-14.
9. Larson,C.U.(2004).Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. Tenth Edition. California: Wadsworth
10. Lucas,S.(2004)The Art of Public Speaking. Eight Edition.New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. Maslow, A. (1954).Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row
12. McClelland, D.C.(1961).The Achieving Society.New York:Van Nostrand
13. Oskamp,S.,Schlutz,P.W.(2005)Attitudes and Opinions. Third Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Petty,R.E.& Cacioppo, J.T.(1986).Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Spring-Verlag. | <urn:uuid:ae5aa198-d40e-4b05-9c89-f18a30d00790> | {
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When it comes to first foods, think outside the cereal box!
Sometime in the second half of the first year, babies become ready for foods other than breastmilk or formula. But bland cereals offer little nutrition or flavor compared to fruits and veggies – so it’s fine (even preferable) to go right to soft, real foods.
Baby is ready for solids if he can sit up unassisted, shows interest in solid food, and has lost the tongue thrust reflex. In other words, he doesn’t push solid food out of his mouth with his tongue. This is an inborn protective reflex that keeps little babies from choking. They lose the reflex when they’re ready to eat. Still got the reflex? Baby’s not ready and you should wait.
Weight and age are less important than development. So don’t be pushed in to starting a young baby on solids just because he has hit a certain weight or a certain age. Let him show you he is developmentally ready for this big step.
So when you’re both ready…
Avocado is a great first choice – it’s creamy, high in nutrition and offers healthy fats which are important for a growing baby. Some babies will eat avocado by itself, others prefer it slightly sweetened by combining it with mashed banana or expressed breastmilk (or both). Avocado is easy to cut up into cubes and put right on the high chair tray. Let your little eater just go for it. There will be mashing. There will be squooshing. There may even be some eating. But bite for bite, avocado packs a healthy punch, so whatever gets in the tummy is good for him.
Sweet potatoes contain a ton of great phytonutrients and fiber. You can mash it and spoon feed it or cut it into small cubes and let junior tear in himself. Babies often prefer sweet foods and this is one that you can offer totally guilt free. Just like avocado, if it’s too thick you can mash it with a bit of expressed breastmilk or water to soften it.
Very ripe pears are soft, sweet and have a ton of fiber. Constipation is a common issue among babies just starting solids and many common first foods (apple sauce, mashed bananas) can make the issue worse. Pears don’t tend to cause the same problem. If they are very, very ripe and soft, you can cube them and let baby squoosh and mouth the chunks to his delight. Slightly firmer pears (but still soft and ripe) can be grated with a cheese grater to make a pile of fruit strings. Just make sure the pear is ripe enough that the strings just fall right apart when picked up. This one will be sticky. But yummy. (And don’t those two things always go together anyway?)
No matter what, remember that at this early age, offering solids is as much about baby learning tastes and textures as about the amount getting into their tummies. Breastmilk or formula is still the foundation of their diet.
So go enjoy a messy, green avocado together. Bon appetit! | <urn:uuid:eb1859d1-285b-4a59-8388-6178524e6ea4> | {
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Joined: 18 Apr 2002 Posts: 16777215 Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Posted: Sun Jan 12, 2003 11:47 pm Post subject:
RC4 is a stream cipher symmetric key algorithm.
RC4 uses a variable length key from 1 to 256 bytes to initialize a 256-byte state table. The state table is used for subsequent generation of pseudo-random bytes and then to generate a pseudo-random stream which is XORed with the plaintext to give the ciphertext. Each element in the state table is swapped at least once. The RC4 key is often limited to 40 bits, because of export restrictions but it is sometimes used as a 128 bit key. It has the capability of using keys between 1 and 2048 bits.
Public key operations take O(k2) steps, private key operations take O(k3) steps, and key generation takes O(k4) steps, where k is the number of bits in the modulus(n=pq).
The algorithm is based on the use of a random permutation.
Developed in 1987 by Ronald Rivest. RSA Data Security kept it as a trade secret.
On September 9, 1994, the RC4 algorithm was anonymously posted on the Internet on the Cyperpunks’ “anonymous remailers” list.
RC4 is used for file encryption in products such as RSA SecurPC. RC4 is used in many commercial software packages such as Lotus Notes and Oracle Secure SQL. It is also part of the Cellular Specification. RC4 is used for file encryption in products such as RSA SecurPC. It is also used for secure communications, as in the encryption of traffic to and from secure web sites using the SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol.
C code for generator for RC4
* SIZE is (1<<ALPHA) = (1 times 2 to the 8th) = 256.
* ind(x) is the low order 8 bits of x, or x mod 256.
static void rc4(m,r,aa)
int *m; /* Memory: array of SIZE ALPHA-bit terms */
int *r; /* Results: the sequence, same size as m */
int *aa; /* Accumulator: a single value */
register int a,x,y,i;
for (i=0; i<SIZE; ++i)
r[i] = m[ind(x+y)];
You cannot post new topics in this forum You cannot reply to topics in this forum You cannot edit your posts in this forum You cannot delete your posts in this forum You cannot vote in polls in this forum | <urn:uuid:b2ae6dc7-9223-4782-ad8b-81ae92a54d95> | {
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The archbishop of Canterbury put the questions before the king was crowned; and, after he had given his oral responses, he personally swore on the altar that he would keep all his promises.
"Sire, will you grant and keep and by your oath confirm to the people of England the laws and customs given to them by the previous just and god-fearing kings, your ancestors, and especially the laws, customs, and liberties granted to the clergy and people by the glorious king, the sainted Edward, your predecessor?" "I grant and promise them."
"Sire, will you in all your judgments, so far as in you lies, preserve to God and Holy Church, and to the people and clergy, entire peace and concord before God?" "I will preserve them."
"Sire, will you, so far as in you lies, cause justice to be rendered rightly, impartially, and wisely, in compassion and in truth?" "I will do so."
"Sire, do you grant to be held and observed the just laws and customs that the community of your realm shall determine, and will you, so far as in you lies, defend and strengthen them to the honour of God?" "I grant and promise them."
(French) Statutes of the Realm, I, 168
Edward II's coronation oath demonstrates the barons' distrust of Edward from the beginning. Edward was thus compelled to accept an addition to his coronation oath in which the king swore that he would observe 'the rightful laws and the customs which the community of the realm shall determine.' The interpretation of the oath has led to much debate concerning who constituted the 'community of the realm' and how it was to choose or decide.
In their declaration at Boulogne in January 1309, the barons quoted the controversial clause of the coronation oath to reinforce their demand that Gaveston be exiled—the king they said being bound by his oath to obey their decision. I suspect the enemies of Gaveston knew full well they had an ace up their sleeve with these new provisions in the coronation oath. They need only await the proper moment to make their demands. The moment was not long in coming.
'The doctrine of capacity' declared that homage was not due to the king in person but only to the crown as an institution. The Declaration distinguished between the person and the office of ruler to justify violent opposition to one if it was in the best interests of the other, and stressed the barons' loyalty to the crown.
The Ceremony and Banquet:
The Pauline annalist, claiming to be an eyewitness, gives a vivid impression of Edward’s coronation ceremony. According to his story there was some problem about the barons’ carrying of the regalia of St. Edward by virtue of their “ancient service,” since these were relics that only clergy should handle. As for the choice of Gaveston to carry the crown, this predictably aroused indignation among laymen and clerics alike. The press of people was so great that a strongly constructed internal plaster wall collapsed, bringing down in its wake the high altar together with the royal staging, and crushing to death a certain knight, John de Bakewell, who on account of his reputation as an “enemy” of the monastery was accorded little sympathy by the chronicler. In consequence the ceremonies were concluded with irreverant haste.
The same source records that the subsequent banquet, which continued late into the night, was likewise mismanaged. There was a superabundance of food but insufficient supervision of its distribution. Worse still, the banquet gave occasion for conflict. Gaveston sought to outshine the king himself by appearing in purple garments resplendent with pearls. One of the earls wished to reprove him in public but was urged not to spoil the feast by creating a disturbance. Their day would come, he was told. As for the queen’s uncles, perceiving that the king preferred Gaveston’s couch to that of the queen they returned with great indignation to France.
Haines, King Edward II. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003, p. 55 | <urn:uuid:3b37427d-b5ff-490e-b569-7c08c506f514> | {
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Massive Health Care Needs in Africa
African countries have massive health care needs. A few basic facts as of 2009 provided by the World Bank about Sub-Saharan Africa illustrate the point. In 2009, life expectancy at birth for Sub-Saharan Africa was 52.5 years; for Ethiopia, it was 55.7 years. The under-five mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa per 1,000 children was 130; for Ethiopia, it was 104. The prevalence of HIV in the 15-49 age group in Sub-Saharan Africa was 5.4 percent; for Ethiopia, it was about 2 percent. The incidence of TB per 100,000 people in Sub-Saharan Africa was 344 cases; for Ethiopia, it was 359 cases. The total number of clinical cases of malaria reported in 2009 for all of Sub-Saharan Africa was 72 million; Ethiopia accounted for 3 million of these cases. The number of reported deaths from malaria for all of Sub-Saharan Africa was 113,000; Ethiopia reported 1,100 of these deaths.
The share of GDP devoted to health care in Sub-Saharan Africa averaged 6.6 percent; in Ethiopia, it accounted for 4.3 percent. The countries in Sub-Saharan Africa generally, including Ethiopia, have a long way to go before they can be satisfied with their health care systems. Ethiopia does better than average on a number of these indicators, but poorer on several others even after allowing for its large population.
Health Care Coordination
There are numerous actors trying to improve health care in Africa. They include host governments, bilateral donors, international organizations, NGOs and private foundations. There is always room for improvement in the coordination of health care assistance from donor governments and organizations destined for developing nations.
The governments of recipient nations have the primary responsibility for assuring coordination. The resident offices of the World Health Organization and ad hoc donor groups frequently contribute to the coordination process but only the host government can assure that effective coordination takes place.
This is not an important role for an NGO such as People to People. On the other hand, if People to People identifies deficiencies in the coordination of health care, it should bring them to the attention of the host government. There will be occasions when its activities on the ground offer an ability to identify deficiencies that might be missed by the host government or the donor organizations.
Some of the more recent or returning donors in the health sector such as China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Chile, South Korea and Cuba have little experience with donor coordination and may, for example, need to be encouraged by host governments to coordinate more closely with larger and more established donors such as the European Union, World Health Organization and United States. The more information that is shared by donor governments and organizations early in the decision-making process, the easier it will be for the host government to improve health care delivery and assure that resources are not wasted or duplicated. It is also essential to bring foundations such as Gates, Packard, Carter, Clinton, and Soros that have made significant contributions to the health sector into this process.
An organization such as People to People is well placed to encourage coordination with Ethiopian diasporas in other countries and with other NGOs such as the Ethiopian North American Health Professionals Association that is also focused on aiding the health sector.
Health Care Advocacy
There is one particular role organizations like People to People can play that should occupy a much higher priority in the next several years. The national budgets of most donor governments, including the United States, are under increasing stress. There will simply be less money available to support all kinds of assistance programs in the developing world. Because People to People has a focus on the health sector, it is in its interest to advocate with appropriate elements of the United States government and governments in other countries where it can make its voice heard in favor of maintaining financial support of the health care sector.
There may be a tendency by governments to cut all foreign assistance sectors until there is significant improvement in the global economy. In any event, it is not realistic to expect increases in funding over the next several years, but good advocacy work can help in maintaining existing funding. The first goal is to ensure that governments continue to keep health care as a top priority in their foreign aid programs.
Over the past four years, the health sector has had powerful backers in the form of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Johnnie Carson. But both of these officials will be leaving government early in the New Year and their successors are not known. People to People can advocate after their successors are named to retain health care as a top priority and perhaps suggest ways that a focus on health care is institutionalized in the State Department.
People to People is even better placed to advocate how finite funding resources in the US and possibly other donor countries should be utilized. For example, has the time arrived when more of the limited U.S. funding should shift from a heavy focus on combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB to more attention on influenza, neglected tropical diseases or some other health challenge? This is not my area of expertise, but it is a question that People to People should be asking itself and then discussing with the government of Ethiopia just as health care NGOs operating in other countries should be doing with the governments in their countries.
Other health care NGOs in Ethiopia should be asking themselves the same question, coordinate their conclusions with all health care NGOs and then raise the issue with the government of Ethiopia. If there is a consensus that the current expenditure mix is not the right one, People to People and similar organizations can be an important voice in trying to change the mix even if additional financial resources from donor countries and organizations are not available. This message is most effective vis-à-vis donor organizations when it comes from recipient governments such as Ethiopia in combination with well-established NGOs such as People to People.
The Brain Drain
The medical profession—doctors, nurses, and technicians—has probably been more impacted by the brain drain than any other skill sector in Africa. Ethiopia has lost many of its professional medical staff over the past 40 years. This is another area where organizations like People to People could make a contribution by brainstorming and then proposing recommendations to the governments in their country of origin for slowing the outward migration of medical talent. Most of the solutions for dealing with this issue such as increasing pay and benefits for medical personnel are well known and would not add constructively to the dialogue. But there may be some innovative and low-cost ideas that have worked in some African countries but not been tried in others.
Alternatively, organizations such as People to People can propose additional ways to advance medical education in their home countries by making greater use of telemedicine and medical education over the Internet for use by medical staff in Ethiopia. Some African diaspora health care NGOs may have already developed this idea and it is only a question of copying what others have done.
If you're interested in writing for International Policy Digest - please send us an email via [email protected] | <urn:uuid:a354b6da-5065-44fa-925c-ed4312893df4> | {
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Spear and Cross
The spear was one of mankind's earliest weapons and is still used today for hunting, fishing and for fighting (in modified forms such as the bayonet).
It was the weapon of choice from the Lower Palaeolithic era until firearms took over in the Renaissance.
At Jesus' Crucifixion, the spear was as common as a policeman's handgun today.
Spear and Cross
Roman soldiers carried spears but the day after Jesus was crucified, a soldier, identified in the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus as a Centurion and called Loginus, attended the scene with another weapon; a club. His task was to break the legs of any victim hanging on a cross who was still alive.
The purpose of breaking legs was to make it impossible for the condemned to push up their torso against the suppedaneum in order to breathe; breaking legs would suffocate the victim. It was critical that none of the victims were still alive to defile the Sabbath by dying at the wrong time. But when Loginus approached, Jesus appeared to have already expired.
To make sure of this, Loginus pierced the side of Jesus with a spear. Unbeknownst to Loginus, he was fulfilling a prophecy, hence the spear's inclusion in the Arms of Christ.
From this wound flowed "blood and water". Although Jesus was presumed already dead at this time, the popular inference of the blood and water is that Jesus died of a broken heart. The blood is seen by Christians to represent redemption and the water represents baptism.
The spear is known as the Holy Spear (or Lance), - of Destiny, or of Longinus, or of Christ.
The spear is a weapon, used for hunting food or against an enemy. It is a Christian's duty to hunt truth and to fight evil. For this reason, the spear is a shown upright, ready for use. (See in contrast the Warrior's Cross.) | <urn:uuid:14b62bf7-294b-44f4-b205-c9fe09e2d8d3> | {
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Oil that becomes too thin, too thick or too acidic has exceeded its useful life.
Because they work to suspend contaminants and by-products of combustion, it is not uncommon for gasoline and diesel oils to become dark. It may be more noticeable in some applications. It does not mean the oil is failing or must be changed.
Fortunately, a number of different tools are available that measure motor oil’s condition and its ability to continuously protect and perform its other key functions. When motor oil exceeds its useful life or is impacted by a mechanical defect, it most commonly becomes too thin to separate metal parts, too thick to pump or too acidic for continued use.
When oil becomes too thin, it fails to provide the required oil film thickness to separate metal surfaces. Different engine designs require different starting oil thickness or viscosity. Viscosity at 100 °C is one of the most highlighted oil properties and is a good indicator of adequate oil film thickness in an engine at operating temperature.
A number of things can cause engine oil to become too thin to protect engine parts. Excessive mechanical shear can thin oil to the point of causing issues with engine protection. As motor oil cycles through the engine, it is exposed to shear stress in the engine’s upper end, piston walls and bearings that reduces its shear strength. Continuous exposure to these conditions causes oils built with inferior shear stability to thin excessively, leaving critical engine parts susceptible to metal-to-metal contact.
Fuel contamination of the oil sump is another major cause of excessively thin engine oil. Both gasoline and diesel fuel are thinner than engine oil and when mixed, the oil’s viscosity, film thickness and ability to separate parts are significantly reduced. While a small amount of fuel dilution is relatively common and does not have a material impact on oil life, excessive fuel dilution in mechanically compromised equipment is much more harmful.
When it comes to oil, although it may seem like “the thicker, the better,” oil that is too thick is just as detrimental as oil that is too thin. Excessively thick oil is the most commonly discussed oil failure and the subject of many big oil company marketing campaigns.
When oil becomes too thick to flow to engine parts, these areas are starved of oil, resulting in metal-to-metal contact that can lead to catastrophic engine damage. The precursor to sludge is oil that has become much thicker than its original design. The cause is a complex chemical reaction involving heat, combustion byproducts and oxygen combining to create chemical attack on the oil molecules.
The resulting chemical reaction creates a much thicker substance that does not flow or protect as well as the original oil. When the reaction continues, sludge begins to form in areas of higher localized temperature and low flow. While some varnish is normal, sludge is a sign of excessively degraded oil that needs to be replaced. In order to inhibit sludge and varnish, the oil must resist attack by oxidation forces. Synthetic base oils have a much higher level of saturated molecules that inherently resist this constant bombardment. Additionally, antioxidants are added to either reduce the formation of free-radical oxidation precursors or soak up these precursors once they form.
Another cause of oil thickening, primarily affecting diesel oils, is excessive sootloading in mechanically unsound engines. Diesel oils are designed to handle some soot contamination, but when the soot overloads the available dispersants in the oil, the oil thickens. The agglomerated soot particles reach a critical size and cause excessive wear commonly seen in diesel liners.
Acids are a normal by-product of burning fossil fuels. Different fuel types, engines and combustion conditions create varying levels of acid formation. These acids, transferred via blow-by gases, are carried away to the engine oil. Oils are designed with a detergent that neutralizes these acids before they accumulate and cause engine damage. The detergent level is measured with a test called Total Base Number (TBN). This measure of alkalinity drops over the life of the oil and reaches a critical level when the oil can no longer consume the acids created by combustion. When TBN reaches a critical level, acids build up quickly and attack the surfaces most susceptible, including yellow metals and lead-lined bearings. Without correction, this condition quickly worsens and results in excessive chemical wear. Although less common, this failure mode can cause significant damage if left uncorrected.
AMSOIL synthetic motor oils are formulated to provide a broad level of overall protection, evidenced by guaranteed extended drain intervals. Synthetic base oils help resist oxidative decomposition, and a properly balanced, high-quality additive package helps keep contaminants in check and engines running for a long time. | <urn:uuid:6b63ac62-e368-4434-8843-5c371f24f0ae> | {
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How many children are affected by egg allergy?
Recent Australian data indicates that the prevalence of raw egg allergy in 12 month old infants is approximately 8.9%1. Of these, 80.3% of infants have been found to tolerate baked egg. It is also important to note that the majority of children grow out of egg allergy eventually with egg tolerance often developing between the ages of 2 and 4 years.
What are the symptoms of egg allergy?
In those with egg allergy, Immediate reactions to egg ingestion are characterised by urticaria, angioedema, vomiting, diarrhoea and wheeze. Symptoms usually occur within 30 minutes or less of egg contact but may be delayed for 1-2 hours in a minority of cases. Severe life-threatening events and fatal anaphylaxis to egg in children are less common than to peanut and milk.
Are most children allergic to the egg-white or the yolk?
Egg white is considered to be the most frequent source of allergens and most children with an allergy react to the proteins in the egg whites, though in some rare occassions reactions to egg yolk have been reported.
Should patients avoid allergens during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
The Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) does not recommend restricting the mother's diet during pregnancy in order to eliminate allergenic foods as research does not support this as a strategy for reducing the development of allergenic diseases. Eggs can therefore be included in the diet of pregnant women as long as they are tolerated by the mother. Avoidance, by breastfeeding women, of cow's milk, egg and fish does not protect against infant food allergy.
When should eggs be introduced to an infant's diet?
In Australia, dietary guidelines recommend the introduction of solid foods at the age of approximately 6 months, beginning with the introduction of iron-enriched infant cereals. Vegetables, fruits, meats, poultry and fish are to be added gradually. Egg yolks are suggested as an example of a food that infants of age 8-12 months can consume. There are no specific recommendations for the introduction of egg whites to the diet however it is generally recommended from 9-12 months of age.
What is the ENC's postion in regards to eggs and the risk of Cardio Vascular Disease?
Scientific evidence shows little association between egg intake and risk of CVD. The ENC therefore concludes the following:
- In a healthy western population, there is insufficient evidence to excessively restrict egg intake as part of a healthy diet. Eggs should be considered in a similar way as other protein rich foods and selected as part of a varied diet that is low in saturated fat and contains a variety of cardio-protective foods such as fish, wholegrains, fruit, vegetables, legumes and nuts.
- Research supports the inclusion of six eggs per week as part of a healthy diet which is in line with the National Heart Foundation of Australia’s recommendations.
- In individuals at high risk, such as people with diabetes and those with hyperlipidaemia, there is little data to guide recommendations for egg consumption. However, prudent advice is that the inclusion of eggs in the context of a diet low in saturated fat and containing known cardio-protective foods is not associated with increased risk.
Should eggs be included in a child's diet?
Eggs are an ideal food for inclusion in children’s diets as they are nutritious and provide useful amounts of folate, vitamin A, iron, zinc, iodine and omega-3s in particular. Eggs are also a good source of protein for children to support growth and the immune system during this vital time of development.
Does dietary cholesterol impact on serum cholesterol?
Dietary cholesterol causes a small increase in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but substantially less than saturated fat and trans fat. This increase is seen predominantly in approximately 25% of the population who have been dubbed ‘hyper-responders’. It is important to note however, that dietary cholesterol has been shown to increase HDL cholesterol which maintains the LDL:HDL ratio, is a key predictor of heart disease risk. Dietary cholesterol ingestion has also been shown to increase the size of both LDL and HDL particles making LDL cholesterol less likely to build up in arteries and cause heart disease and making HDL particles more effective at removing cholesterol from the arteries.
Can hyper-responders eat eggs?
Hyper-responders can still enjoy up to 6 eggs per week as part of a diet low in saturated fat without increasing their risk of heart disease. While there is limited specific evidence regarding egg intake and hyper-responders to dietary cholesterol, since the LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio is maintained in this group of individuals there is no reason to restrict intake. Eggs provide a range of essential nutrients and antioxidants important for health and wellbeing, therefore unnecessary restriction of egg intake should be avoided.
What should I tell my patients that are at risk of high cholesterol in regards to egg consumption?
All Australians, (including those at risk of high cholesterol) may consume up to 6 eggs per week within a cardioprotective eating pattern (reduced saturated fat) without increasing their risk of heart disease. Dietary cholesterol intake has a small impact on cholesterol levels but this increase includes raising HDL (good) cholesterol levels which means overall heart disease risk does not increase. Patients at risk of high cholesterol levels are advised to prioritise a reduction in saturated fat intake and replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fats, rather than being overly concerned about dietary cholesterol intake.
How many people in Australia have diabetes?
Approximately one million Australians have been diagnosed with diabetes, including an estimated 130,000 people with type 1 diabetes. It is estimated a further 500,000 Australians have diabetes but are currently undiagnosed.
Can people with diabetes consume eggs?
Yes. The National Heart Foundation supports the consumption of up to six eggs per week for all Australians while acknowledging there is some evidence suggesting consumption of more than six eggs per weeks may increase heart disease risk in people with type two diabetes. However this evidence is weak and further research is required to confirm the effect of eggs on the risk of heart disease in people with type 2 diabetes.
What is nutrient density?
Nutrient dense foods have been defined as foods with a high proportion of vitamins and minerals for the amount of energy (kilojoules) they provide. Therefore foods that are relatively low in kilojoules but high in vitamins and minerals are classified as 'nutrient dense'.
Why are eggs nutrient dense?
A serve of eggs provides the same amount of kilojoules as two small apples (7% of a person’s daily energy needs) however provides significantly more than 7% of the recommended dietary intake (RDI) for at least 11 different vitamins and minerals. Eggs provide 59% of the RDI for selenium, 49% RDI for folate, 42% RDI for pantothenic acid, 40% RDI for vitamin B12, 32% RDI for vitamin A, 29% RDI for iodine and riboflavin, 24% RDI for vitamin E and 21% RDI for phosphorus. Other nutrients for which eggs contribute more than 10% of the RDI include iron (14%) and thiamin (11%). Eggs are also rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, providing 71% of the adequate intake (AI) for men and 127% AI for women.
Who should eat nutrient dense foods?
For general good health, most people will benefit from eating nutrient dense foods. However, the following groups may particularly benefit:
- Those on weight loss diets: People on weight loss diets often cut out or reduce their intake of foods from the core food groups as a strategy to lower their kilojoule intake. By choosing nutrient dense foods, people on weight loss diets can improve their nutrition status and eat less food but still meet their nutrient needs.
- Pregnant Women: Significant increases in vitamin and mineral needs, with only minor increases in kilojoule requirements during pregnancy, can be met by increasing the intake of nutrient rich foods.
- Children: Children have a small stomach capacity and fussy eaters in particular may benefit from nutrient dense foods. Toddlers and preschoolers need to be encouraged to try a wide a range of nutrient dense foods to assist them meet their needs.
- Teenagers: Nutritional requirements during adolescence are high to fuel rapid growth and development, however adolescents often have irregular eating patterns, with a tendency to skip breakfast, graze constantly, have a high intake of snacks, confectionery and soft drinks, experiment with different diets, and make poor food choices. Due to the wide range of nutrients found in eggs, they are a particularly useful inclusion in the diet of teenagers who may be following special diets.
- Elderly: Elderly people often have higher nutrient requirements, coupled with lower energy needs, therefore it is particularly important they have a high quality, nutrient rich diet. Low nutrient intakes have been reported in older Australians, which researchers attribute to diets of low nutrient density along with an insufficient quantity of food eaten.
What are antioxidants?
The term antioxidants covers a large number of substances (including some vitamins and minerals) which protect the body’s cells from the harmful effects of oxidation.
What type of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants are in eggs and how does this impact on eye health?
Eggs contain a range of vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin E and selenium which all act as antioxidants. Antioxidants help protect the retina of the eye from progressive oxidative damage that occurs with ageing. Eggs also contain the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin which are the two primary carotenoids found in the macular region of the retina as well as the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan –which also act as antioxidants. In relation to eye health, the main evidence of benefit from egg nutrients is in relation to lutein and zeaxanthin, as well as long chain omega-3 fatty acids.
Does overall lifestyle and diet have an impact on eye health?
Yes. One example in which this is evidenced is that uncontrolled diabetes can lead to eye disease. While specific evidence linking diet to eye health is relatively limited, it is known that the lens and retina of the eye suffer from oxidative damage with age and the antioxidant vitamins vitamin A, C and E have been implicated as being protective. Furthermore a body of evidence links diet, including intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin with incidence of age-related macular degeneration (the leading cause of vision loss and blindness) and it is also known that omega 3 DHA accumulates in the retina, playing a role in maintaining eye health.
My patient has diabetes/ high cholesterol, can I still suggest eggs as a good source of antioxidants for eye health?
Eggs contain the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin which have been linked with maintenance of eye health. Eye health is of particular importance for patients with diabetes as they are at increased risk of eye disease if their diabetes is not well controlled. As per the National Heart Foundation’s recommendations, all Australians can enjoy up to six eggs per week which will provide a range of nutrients including lutein and zeaxanthin for eye health.
Can eggs aid in weight management or weight loss eating plans?
Few studies have looked specifically at the effect of eggs on weight loss however new evidence supports the inclusion of eggs in an energy restricted diet with one study suggesting eggs may even enhance weight loss. A study involving 152 overweight and obese adults found that those consuming two eggs for breakfast on at least 5 days of the week lost 65% more weight and 34% more from their waist circumference than those eating a bagel breakfast . Similarly another study found that weight loss was achievable when two eggs were included in the daily menus of those following an energy-restricted diet with no adverse effects on blood cholesterol. Men eating 3 eggs per day as part of a carbohydrate-restricted weight loss diet have also been shown to experience similar changes in weight, waist circumference and LDL cholesterol to a group not eating eggs. In this particular study however the egg group had a more favourable effect on HDL cholesterol and inflammatory markers, two risk factors for heart disease.
Eggs may assist with weight loss by improving satiety. This has been shown in two studies where eggs were either provided for breakfast or lunch and resulted in less variation in plasma glucose and insulin, a suppressed ghrelin response, and reduced energy intake as well as increased feelings of fullness when compared to either a bagel breakfast or a jacket potato.
Does a high protein/ lower carb diet have a positive impact on body weight and BMI?
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated moderately higher protein, lower carbohydrate kilojoule controlled diets can provide an effective weight loss strategy. These diets may be particularly useful for individuals who have trouble with compliance on low fat, high carbohydrate diets due to hunger, or individuals with insulin resistance or diabetes. Studies have also found that the style of eating recommended in a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate eating plan, is easy to maintain, satisfying, and meets the needs of dieters.
Following a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate diet relies on the inclusion of regular serves of a wide range of high quality protein rich foods. Low saturated fat meals incorporating eggs provide such protein and contribute to the variety of foods that are encouraged in this type of eating plan.
How many adults are overweight or obese in Australia?
Initial results from the 2011-2013 Australian Health Survey, the largest and most comprehensive health survey ever conducted in Australia, show Australian adults continue to gain weight, and increase their girth. The initial findings, released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in October 2012, show men gained an average of 3.9kg and women 4.1kg between 1995 and 2011/2012. Prevalence of overweight and obesity increased to 63.4% in 2011-12, up from 61.2% in 2007-08 and 56.3% in 1995.
Are there many overweight or obese children in Australia?
The latest research shows 17% of Australian children aged 2-16 years are considered overweight and 6% obese. The 2010 NSW School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (SPANS) showed the prevalence of overweight in NSW children may be as high as 27.4% for some age groups. However according the initial results from the 2011-2013 Australian Health Survey, prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 5-17 years has remained stable between 2007-08 and 2001-12.
What are the most common nutritional issues in older adults?
The National Nutrition Survey shows those aged 65 years and over eat less than the recommended minimum number of serves from each of the core food groups, and have lower than ideal intakes of many vitamins and minerals. Self-reported consumption data of fruit and vegetables from the most recent National Health Survey showed that only 10% of adults in this age group consume the recommended five serves of vegetables and 2 serves of fruit each day. This, combined with the fact that many older adults have increased nutrient requirements and decreased food intake means nutrients that are commonly low in the diet of older Australians include fibre, calcium, vitamins A, E, B6, B12, folate, vitamin C, iron, magnesium and zinc .
Achieving optimal intakes of protein can also be a nutrition issue for older Australians. The protein RDI for adults aged 70 years and over (81 grams of protein per day for older men and 57 grams for older women) is around 25% higher than the protein needs of younger adults due to increased protein requirements with age. Inadequate protein intakes contribute to increased skin fragility, decreased immune function, poor wound healing and longer recovery times, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate protein intake in older adults.
How can eggs contribute to a healthy diet for older adults?
Eggs are a good source of protein for older adults, providing 16-22% RDI for people aged 70+ years which helps maintain muscle and bone strength with ageing. They also contain the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin which have been associated with a reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration. Due to the variety of nutrients found in eggs, they are an ideal food to include the diets of older adults. They are also economical, easily prepared and soft in texture which makes them appropriate for people of this age group. Eggs are recommended as part of a healthy eating pattern that also includes adequate amounts of wholegrain breads and cereals, fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy foods, lean meat, fish and poultry and unsaturated fats.
Should I worry about cholesterol or diabetes risk in my older patients?
Eggs are a nutritious food that can be included in a healthy, well-balanced diet for all people. While some older adults may unnecessarily be avoiding eggs because of their perceived fat and cholesterol content, research shows that egg consumption has little association with plasma cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
Why are omega-3s so important?
The health effects of omega 3s have been relatively well established with evidence linking them with protection from heart disease, some inflammatory conditions and certain autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis. Omega 3s are important for infant growth and development and long chain DHA (a type of omega 3) is heavily concentrated in the brain and retina of the eye.
What types of omega-3s do egg contain?
Eggs provide both long chain and short chain omega-3 fatty acids. They contain an average of 180mg total omega-3 per serve representing 12% of the omega-3 adequate intake (AI) recommendation for men and 20% for women. Of this, 114mg is long chain omega-3 fatty acids (mainly DHA), representing 71-127% of the long chain omega-3 AI. The rest of the omega 3 in eggs is mainly the shorter chain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Eggs are therefore a particularly useful source of long chain omega-3 fatty acids for ovo-vegetarians and others who do not eat fish regularly.
Do most Australians meet the recommendations for omega-3s intake?
Research indicates that many Australians are meeting the Adequate Intake (AI) recommendations for levels of omega-3 fatty acids however are failing to meet the optimal intake for disease prevention. Data from the Blue Mountains Eye Study shows a mean long chain omega-3 intake of 260mg in Australians aged 55 years and over which is higher than the population mean intake, however still lower than the optimal intake for disease prevention. Younger Australians are also failing to meet dietary targets with just 6% of children aged 5-16 years meeting the suggested dietary target for long chain omega 3 fatty acids per day. Eggs can therefore play a useful role in the diet to assist in boosting omega-3 intakes.
Is it safe to recommend eggs during pregnancy?
Eggs are a nutrient dense food meaning they can play an important role in contributing to nutrient intakes during pregnancy. There are some recommendations, however, when it comes to consuming eggs safely at this time. Eggs should be cooked thoroughly and avoid using cracked or dirty eggs. It is also important to avoid any products containing raw eggs such as home-made mayonnaise, chocolate mousse or aioli.
Can patients with gestational diabetes still eat eggs?
Patients with gestational diabetes can still eat eggs and it is recommended they follow the guidelines for all Australians to consume up to 6 eggs per week in the context of a diet low in saturated fat8. It is relevant to be aware that an analysis of 2 studies has suggested that higher intakes (more than 7 eggs per week) increases the risk of gestational diabetes although this evidence is relatively weak and further research is required to confirm the role of eggs in the diet of women with gestational diabetes.
What is the RDI for protein?
The RDI for protein varies depending on age and gender. Below is an indication of the recommended protein intake for various age groups:
- Children 1 to 3 years: 14 grams
- Children 4 to 8 years: 20 gramds
- Boys 9 to 13 years: 40 grams
- Girls 9 to 13 years: 35 grams
- Boys 14 - 18 Years: 65 grams
- Girls 14 to 18 years: 45 grams
- Men 19 to 70 years: 64 grams
- Women 19 to 70 years: 46 grams
- Men 70+ years: 81 grams
- Women 70+ years: 57 grams
Vegetarian patients - should I recommended them to eat eggs?
Due to the smaller variety of protein containing foods eaten by ovo-vegetarians, these people may have a limited intake of essential amino acids if they do not follow a balanced eating pattern. Additionally, the protein digestibility and lower biological protein value of many plant proteins may result in deficient dietary intakes of essential amino acids in ovo-vegetarian diets. The total protein content of a vegetarian diet is significantly lower than an omnivore diet. Due to their high protein quality and high digestibility, eggs may therefore be particularly useful in the diets of ovo-vegetarians.
Do most teenagers meet their RDIs?
Sufficient energy and nutrient intakes are essential for children and teenagers to achieve normal growth and development7. Adolescents have higher requirements for calcium than adults and need additional kilojoules to support the adolescent growth spurt, however research has shown that many teenagers have micronutrient intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Key nutrients of concern in adolescents’ diets are calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, folate, iodine, zinc (males only), and iron and phosphorus (females in particular). Intakes of vitamins D and E were also below the recommended levels.
Do most teenagers eat breakfast? And could eggs play a role there?
Research from the 2010 NSW SPANS study indicates that between 30-40% of secondary school students skip breakfast38. This is a concern as research shows breakfast eaters are more able to control their weight, have better nutrient intakes, have better concentration levels and are better able to perform mental tasks throughout the morning. Eggs have been shown to have a greater satiety index than ready-to-eat breakfast cereals or white bread, and when eaten for breakfast, eggs can reduce the amount of energy (kilojoules) consumed at lunch by 29%. Research has also shown that eating a variety of foods at breakfast is associated with better mental performance in adolescence61. As eggs provide a wide range of different nutrients including protein and at least 11 different vitamins and minerals, they can make a significant contribution to teenagers’ diets.
Could eggs assist in combating overweight/obesity issues in the teenage population of Australia?
The level of overweight and obesity in Australian adolescents remains high, due to declining levels of physical activity, more screen time and the need for dietary change62. Current figures suggest just under 1 in 4 adolescents are overweight or obese with 18% falling into the overweight category and 5% being obese. Eggs are a highly nutritious food and are relatively low in kilojoules, with one serve* providing 581 kilojoules. As eggs are rich in protein, they may also increase satiety therefore contributing to a greater ability to manage total food intake over the day
Do eggs have a positive impact on skin health or the occurence of acne?
Some evidence suggests higher protein, low glycaemic load diets can improve symptoms of acne that is common in teenagers. As a protein-rich food, eggs lower the glycaemic load of the diet and could therefore play a role in the treatment and prevention of acne although this requires confirmation with additional research.
How many eggs can I tell my patients to eat?
How many eggs is it safe to consume for:
- People with high cholesterol: Individuals with high cholesterol may consume up to six eggs per week as part of a low saturated fat diet. Saturated fat intake has a significantly greater impact on cholesterol levels compared to dietary cholesterol intake.
- People with diabetes: Individuals with diabetes may consume up to six eggs per week, as part of a low saturated fat diet. There is some evidence that consumption of higher amounts of eggs may increase the risk of heart disease in this population group however further research is required in this area before specific recommendations can be made.
- People at risk of CVD: Individuals at risk of CVD, can consume up to six eggs per week in the context of a diet low in saturated fat, without adversely affecting outcomes. While there has been calls from some researchers for this group to limit egg intake, the current best available evidence does not suggest this is necessary.
- People with metabolic syndrome: Individuals with metabolic syndrome can follow the same guidelines as the rest of population and consume up to six eggs per week8. There is some recent research in this group of individuals suggesting higher intakes of eggs helps improve carotenoid status through increasing HDL cholesterol as well as lipid levels and insulin sensitivity.
- Pregnant women: Pregnant women can enjoy up to six eggs per week to help contribute protein and valuable micronutrients to the diet.
- Children: Since most studies assessing the role of eggs in health are conducted in adults, it is difficult to quantify a particular level of egg intake for children. It is recommended that children follow the healthy eating recommendations set out in the Australian Dietary Guidelines, which recommend including eggs as part of the lean meat, fish, poultry and alternatives group. The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating recommends children aged 4-7years consume ½-1 serve from this food group each day and children aged 8-11 years consume 1-1 ½ serves. A serve of eggs is defined as 2 small eggs.
Why should I encourage my patients to include eggs in a healthy diet?
Eggs are a nutrient rich food being a natural source of at least 11 different vitamins and minerals as well as high quality protein, omega-3s and antioxidants. Due to the variety of nutrients found in eggs, they can make a significant contribution to increasing population daily nutrient intakes. Research supports this assertion with a US study showing egg consumers have higher intakes of vitamins A, E, B12 and folate compared to non-egg consumers.
What are the nutrients in eggs?
Eggs provide protein, fat (two thirds of which is unsaturated fat), omega-3s, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, selenium, zinc, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B5, B6, B12, folate and vitamins A, D and E.
I heard eggs are high in fat, but they do contain a lot of good nutrients, what is more important?
One egg contains around 5grams of fat (1 tsp) and of this, 2.6g is monounsaturated and 0.8g is polyunsaturated. The high level of nutrients in eggs means eating eggs will contribute positively to meeting daily nutritional needs.
Are there particular groups in the Australian population that may particularly benefit from including eggs in their diet?
There are some groups in the population who may particularly benefit from the inclusion of eggs in their diet. These include the following:
- Ovo-vegetarians – one serve of eggs contains useful amounts of selenium (59% RDI), vitamin B12 (40% RDI) and iron (14% RDI), all nutrients that can be lacking in a vegetarian diet .
- Pregnancy – eggs are an excellent way for pregnant women to meet their increased nutritional requirements, containing useful amounts of protein, iron, iodine, vitamin B12, vitamin A and omega-3 fats.
- Children and adolescents – eggs provide useful amounts of nutrients such as riboflavin, zinc, folate, vitamin A , iron and iodine that can be low in many children’s diets.
- Sports people – eggs provide a valuable source of nutrients required by sports people including iron, folate and vitamin B12. Eggs are also a source of protein which can help meet the higher protein requirements of sports people and the antioxidants in eggs may assist recovery from exercise by reducing muscle and cell damage.
- Elderly – due to their soft texture, eggs may be a particularly suitable food in the diets of frail elderly. As well as providing omega-3 for heart health benefits, eggs provide the vitamins A and E and the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin which have been associated with lower rates of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). | <urn:uuid:250fe5c5-d128-4487-b35e-cb225d7f7b80> | {
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MINNEAPOLIS (The Borowitz Report)—Human beings are more closely related to Neanderthals than originally thought, scientists confirmed today.
According to Professor Davis Logsdon, the chairman of the genetic science department at the University of Minnesota, the level of Neanderthal genes in a human may vary from person to person. “There are certain humans walking among us who are passing as humans but are really Neanderthals in human clothing, if you will,” he said.
He urged caution, however, in attributing brutish, beastly, or savage behavior to the amount of Neanderthal genes one possesses. “That’s really unfair to Neanderthals,” he added. | <urn:uuid:709b4820-dbe9-47cd-815a-b7fcc53ea5e6> | {
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New Website Invites Public to Help Identify Seafloor Life and Habitats
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Media Relations Office
September 13, 2012
The public is invited to help identify objects they see in images of the seafloor through a new interactive website called “Seafloor Explorer.” The result of a unique collaboration between oceanographers studying seafloor habitats, Web programmers and social scientists, Seafloor Explorer (www.seafloorexplorer.org) launches September 13.
The team has more than 40 million images, but are launching the site with a preliminary set of 100,000 – all of them taken by HabCam, a habitat mapping underwater vehicle. HabCam was developed and built by the HabCam group, which comprises marine biologists and engineers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) as well as fishermen and other scientists. The Seafloor Explorer interactive website was funded by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and built in collaboration with the HabCam Group by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA), the developers behind interactive sites found on Zooniverse.org.
Public contributors to the website will say whether they see fish, scallops and other organisms in each image, provide basic measurements, and describe whether the seafloor is sand or gravel, and whether they see boulders and other interesting objects in the frame.
“We’re really excited about this project,” says Dr. Scott Gallager, a WHOI biologist in the HabCam Group and Principal Investigator of the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project to develop the next generation HabCam imaging system, the first project to use the new annotation tool. “We’ll gain a greater understanding of organisms living on the seafloor and create maps of habitats at a resolution that we would not be able to do without this kind of help – because of the manpower required.”
Ultimately contributions by the public will help scientists answer questions about the distribution of scallops and other resources relative to their predators such as starfish and the composition of their habitat. Along the way, the contributors have a chance to enjoy working with seafloor imagery that has never been seen before, through a unique Web interface.
“There’s a lot of technology under the hood to make this a compelling user experience,” says Dr. Arfon Smith, director of Citizen Science at The Adler Planetarium, home of the Zooniverse websites.
The idea of using the public to provide analysis of scientific data is relatively new and is gaining acceptance in scientific circles. Over the past several years, CSA has developed the statistical context by which data extracted by citizens are interpreted. In that time, the CSA has used their technique in 14 projects such as Galaxy Zoo (www.galaxyzoo.org), Planet Hunters (www.planethunters.org), and Old Weather (www.oldweather.org), and the work has resulted in more than 40 peer-reviewed scientific papers.
“The website’s primary focus is to deliver on a real science goal that couldn’t be delivered in any other way or without significant financial resources,” says Smith. “With careful analysis of the data collected, the results are at least as good as what one would get from a professional. The method is somewhat radical, but the output is quite traditional.”
The HabCam team hopes the Seafloor Explorer website will add to the growing confidence of this kind of carefully monitored and administered citizen science. “CSA set a precedent and found a way to take crowd-sourced data and produce a valid scientific product,” says Amber York, a HabCam researcher in Gallager’s Lab.
The HabCam imagery used in this project was collected in coastal regions of the Northeast, including Georges Bank, the Mid-Atlantic Bight, and the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. To collect imagery, HabCam is towed from a ship and “flies” approximately 2.5 m (6-8 ft.) above the seafloor, collecting six to 10 images per second. Getting help going through the millions of images collected is one of the reasons the HabCam group reached out to the Citizen Science Alliance.
The team also hopes the Seafloor Explorer project will help them in efforts to develop automated classification of images.
“We have the right tools now to do automated classification of say, scallops and substrate. But what we need are training sets,” says York. “We need images that humans have identified and have said ‘Yes, that’s a scallop right there.’”
“Then our automated tools can use the human-annotated training sets to identify scallops in images humans haven’t looked at yet,” adds Gallager.
Seafloor Explorer marks the first ocean-based citizen science website created by CSA. “Our heritage is in astronomy,” says Smith. “So it is really exciting to launch this project. Science is overwhelmed by the amount of data we’re able to collect with advanced technology, and having people help out is great.”
CSA’s umbrella website, Zooniverse, has had approximately 700,000 volunteers contribute to data analysis, a number that increases by nearly 5,000 each week. With Seafloor Explorer, CSA says it will reach a new community of people and hopes, after analysis of the results by the scientists involved, to add another 150,000 images in the next year.
“We’re really led by the goals of the science team,” says Smith. “Over the next several months, we will look for the next opportunities.”
Media Contact for Zooniverse.org
+1 312 542 2200 (Office)
+1 312 694 3243 (Cell)
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators who collectively develop, manage and utilize internet-based citizen science projects in order to further science itself, and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific process. These projects use the time, abilities and energies of a distributed community of citizen scientists who are our collaborators.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, non-profit organization on Cape Cod, Mass., dedicated to marine research, engineering, and higher education. Established in 1930 on a recommendation from the National Academy of Sciences, its primary mission is to understand the oceans and their interaction with the Earth as a whole, and to communicate a basic understanding of the oceans' role in the changing global environment.
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Questions About Chinese Language Study
Jump to: I. Why learning Chinese ?
II. Is it difficult to learn Chinese ?
III. How to be a successful learner of Chinese ?
I. Why learning Chinese ?
There is little doubt about the benefit of studying a foreign language. Research has shown that academic achievement such as math and verbal SAT scores is positively correlated with the length of foreign language study. That is, the longer one studies a foreign language, the stronger his/her skills become to succeed in school. Studying a foreign language can definitely improve one's analytic and interpretative capacities.
With the increase of cultural and economic exchanges, more and more business work closely with companies in other countries. As we are in a global economy, the demand for people who can engage in cross-cultural communication is soaring. However, since cross-cultural communication is a two-way traffic, we cannot just sit ideal and wait for people in other countries to learn English. American companies need many different kind of workers who can communicate in different languages and understand other cultures. Knowing more than one language will help your career development, and enhance opportunities in government, business, medical and health care, law enforcement, teaching, technology, the military, communications, industry social service, and marketing.
Language is indispensable from culture. Learning a foreign language will give you not only an insider's view of another culture, but also a new perspective of better understand your own. Knowledge of another language and culture will help you better understand your native ones. In the meantime, it will expand your personal horizons and enable you become a responsible citizen. Your ability to communicate with people of other countries and gather information beyond the world of English will contribute to your community and your country.
Chinese is a large country that has a history of 5,000 years. As one of the four birthplaces of ancient civilization, Chinese culture has made a great contribution to human civilization. The influence of Chinese philosophy, religion, art, literature, medical science, technology, etc. has reached far beyond Asia.
As one of the major powers in the world, China is playing a more and more important role in the international affairs. China has a population of over 1.2 billion people, and is a huge market of all kinds of products. At present, China is one of the most dynamic areas in economic development throughout the world. Since the 1980's, China's annual economic growth has been over 8% consecutively, the fastest one of all countries in the last two decades of this century. While over 2,000 U.S. companies have invested in China, business and trade between the two countries is booming. Studying Chinese language and culture, so as to further understand China and promote friendship and cooperation between the Chinese and American people, is in the best interest of both nations.
Chinese is a language that differs from the Indo-European languages linguistically. It is, in a certain sense, "a true foreign language" (Jordan and Walton, 1987) to English speakers. Learning to speak Chinese will enable you to communicate with one-fifth of the world population; moreover, it will help you rediscover yourself and the world around you in meeting the new challenge.
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II. Is it difficult to learn Chinese ?
The answer is both "yes'' and "no". Learning Chinese, like learning any other foreign languages, is always a challenge for non-native speakers, even for Chinese people who speak other dialects as their mother tongues. However, as learning all other subjects and skills, it is precisely in the process of accepting the challenge and conquering the difficulties that people gain satisfaction and mater a new language or a new skill.
Chinese grammar is relatively simple, from the standpoint of most European languages. Since Chinese is an isolating/analytic language, it is exempt from the tedious conjugations and arduous memorization of all the inflections for agreements of gender, number, case, person, tense, etc. The word order of Chinese is basically SVO, and its syntactic structures resemble English considerably.
Chinese sound system is uncomplicated, either. There are 408 sounds, including all finals (mostly vowels, with several ending in -n or -ng), and the combinations of initials (similar to consonants) and finals. Even compounded by the four tones, the total number of meaningful syllables in Chinese is 1,382 only. Thus it is not exaggerated to say that the entire spoken Chinese contains merely various combinations of all these 1,382 syllables. Since there is no consonant clusters, and most of the sounds end with a vowel, the sounds in Chinese per se are not difficult to produce.
The writing system in Chinese is characters, and each character represents a morpheme/syllable. Obviously this means that reading and writing requires knowing thousands of characters. However, because the majority of Chinese words are formed by combining different characters/morphemes, basic literacy calls for about 1,500 characters only. As a matter of fact, average college-educated Chinese person who is not an expert in the of literature or history just know between 3,500 and 4,000 characters (Norman, 1988:73). With this amount of characters, an educated native speaker of Chinese can read and comprehend about 94% of all the printed materials in Chinese. Moreover, 85% of the characters belong to the category of x^ngsh4ng -- a principle of character formation that combines a semantic component (called "radical") and a phonetic component. Although it is generally true that characters are not phonetic, it is not totally impossible to guess the approximate sound of a character if one knows the pronunciation of the phonetic component of a specific character. For example, the character *® (=horse) is pronounced as "m2", whereas the characters ** (=mother, with a radical §k on the left, signifying "female"), *| (=scold, with two radicals §f on top, signifying "mouths" ), *X (= to pile up or stack, with a radical * on the left, signifying "stone") share the similar sound "ma", except their tones are different. Therefore, reading and writing characters is by no means as difficult as it is often reputed to be.
As the saying goes, everything has its good and bad sides. While Chinese is "easy" in some respects, it is "difficult" in others. First of all, unlike French or Spanish, Chinese grammar rules are not very rigorous -- exceptions to certain rules are not uncommon. The lack of inflections and agreements of gender, number, case, person, tense, etc. makes Chinese rely heavily on the appropriate arrangement of word order and use of function words, parcticularly the use of particles to indicate an action or event has/had happened (§F le) , is/was going on ( ·A zhe), or has been experienced (*L guo). Some notions such as "Resultative Complement", "Potential Complement", or "Directional Complement" may sound unusual to English speakers.
Secondly, Chinese is a tonal language that requires painstaking effort and conscious monitoring so that one can get both tones and intonation in speech correct. In addition, because there are only 1,382 meaningful syllables in Chinese, and morphemes are relatively fewer compared with English or other western languages, there are a large number of homophones -- words/morphemes that share the same pronunciation and tones. This results in using a lot of disyllabic word compounds in modern Chinese. Yet, which homophone corresponds to which morpheme/character to represent the right word may cause some confusions and difficulties to learners of Chinese.
Last, since Chinese is not a phonetic language and characters generally do not symbolize sounds, the memorization of characters is a real challenge. There seems to be no shortcut in learning characters but to work hard, parcticularly at the beginning stage.
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III. How to be a successful learner of Chinese?
While we all wish that there were a formula that can produce wonder in learning Chinese or any foreign language, reality is anther story. The reasons are rather simple: every learner may differ in IQ, personality, or in learning style. There are various learning strategies, each of which may work better for different people. When all these factors compounded: personality, learning style, and strategies operating within the same person, obviously there is no such thing as a formula that can turn everybody into a successful foreign language learner. However, based on research and teaching experience, we can offer some advises and suggestions in general, to help you become a successful Chinese language learner. In the meantime, we are looking forward to your sharing your successful stories with us in the future. Here are the suggestions:
1. Stay motivated. This is the impetus that will brings you through the journey of Chinese study. It is also the magic force that helps you overcome all frustrations and difficulties.
2. Set your own goals beyond the course objectives. Specifically, you may make a list of what you want to achieve on you own in a parcticular week, month, or semester. For example, the correct pronunciation of a specific speech sound or a tone; the appropriate use of grammar structure; performing a communicative task; memorizing 10 extra characters; learning some words or expressions that you think are useful; or whatever you are interested in but not in the textbook. The learning process of Chinese language is a prolonged one, thus you should change the emphasis when needed and constantly revise your approximation to the target language.
3. Constantly search for more effective learning strategies, and develop a personal learning style. Foreign language study is a process of constant learning and discovery. It is crucial "to learn how to learn" and obtain "learner autonomy"-- taking charge of your own study. What matters more is not how much time and effort you have spent, but how wisely you have made your strategic investment. You can get twice the result with half the effort if you have found the strategies that suit your personality and learning style, and have developed the right self-management skills as well. People are different -- what works for John may not necessarily work for Joe. Therefore, learners should keep their minds open. While periodically reflecting on the strategies they have been using, they should continually look for new alternatives.
4. Adopt an active approach to learning and practice. Chinese language study is not, and should not be limited inside the classroom. You should actively engage in all learning activities, seize every opportunity to practice purposely. While it is helpful to try to develop a "feel' for Chinese by experimenting with its grammar and words, it is more important to use the language for communication whenever possible. Those who are willing to go "extra miles" by adding related language learning activities to the regular program and/or intensify the efforts on a daily basis will definitely travel faster and further.
5. Remain a positive attitude. Any adult who is learning a foreign language will encounter the problem of the disparity between his/her willfully controlled native language and the intractable target language. However, a good foreign language learner can tolerate ambiguity -- the linguistic/cultural disorientation and frustrations that occur in the early stages of learning. He/she can live with the uncertainty and not getting flustered for not understanding every word. He/she accepts the status as a "linguistic toddler", and is willing to concede his/her "linguistic adulthood and dignity", even appear to be foolish if communication results. In addition, a good learner makes a conscious effort, and is able to empathize with the native speaker and culture of the target language.
6. Be adventurous, and dare to take risks. On the one hand, you must believe in yourself that you can learn the language well; on the other, you should not be inhibited, tense, or "up-tight" in the learning process. As long as you approach the target language with an open and relaxed attitude, you won't feel bad even if you know you are making a lot of mistakes. Indeed, as Nida put it nicely and humorously, "In general, one must murder a language before mastering it, and part of the murdering process must begin at once" (Nida, 1957).
7. Monitor yourself, and make your mistakes work FOR you but not against you. What separates a successful Chinese learner from others is not only he/she is willing to make mistakes, but also how he/she treats his/her mistakes. One may say that mistakes are like "candid cameras": they may make us look "bad", but can provide valuable information about how far we are off (or how close we are toward) the target language. If we can learn from our own mistakes, and make due adjustments, then one by one, we will be able to get rid of all the mistakes. Monitoring one's language performance does not mean just watching out for mistakes. It involves hypothesis testing, trial-and-error, and being self-critical. By self-monitoring, you will become more sensitive to language use, and also sensitive to the subtleties and nuances of Chinese as well.
8. Develop a certain technical "known-how" about languages and language learning. For example, give priority to Listening and Speaking first, then Reading. Use whatever linguistic knowledge you have, including your first language, to tackle the new language. Make comparisons with your native language and the target language. Although you are operating from your native language as your reference system (especially at the beginning stage), you must make an active effort to understand rationally the new reference system of the target language, and accommodate yourself to it intelligently and emotionally. You should focus on meaning but prepared to attend to form. You should know what to look out for when learning a new item -- a speech sound, a syntactic structure, a usage, or an expression. There are various techniques that you can experiment and use to deal specifically with pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, listening comprehension, character recognition and retention, reading, and writing. In addition, strategies that you have learned elsewhere for communication, memory enhancement, practice, review, emotion control, etc. can be used in the learning process also.
9. Develop the new language into an ordered system, and revise the system progressively. When learning a new item of Chinese, try to relate it to items learned previously and organize the discrete elements into a network or system. As you learn, probe the language, analyze it and make inference about it and discover rules and relationships. Gradually, you will be able to see a clearer picture of the whole, and you will learn to use it as a new reference system to deal with Chinese, instead of the one of your native language.
10. Engage in cooperative learning, and work closely with your classmates. Learning takes place primarily through interactions, parcticularly in the case of foreign language study. It is hard to imagine that one can learn to speak a language without talking with others. When you take the whole class as a team, when you share your knowledge, learning strategies, frustrations, and success with your teammates, you will see more cooperation than competition, and you will find out What fun it is to study Chinese
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Researchers have developed a genetically modified protein that, in experiments with animals, reverses vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder that causes large patches of unsightly discoloration on the skin.
Vitiligo affects an estimated 1 in 200 people worldwide. The autoimmune disorder is most dramatic in darker-skinned individuals because of the patchy loss of brown pigment. But it also can affect people with lighter complexions.
There is no successful treatment. Steroid creams are largely ineffective, and skin grafts are painful and expensive.
The depigmentation is the result of an immune system attack on melanocytes, cells responsible for skin color. Caroline Le Poole, a researcher with Loyola University in Chicago, says people usually develop the disorder after an extreme environmental exposure or trauma.
“They would for example go on a very sunny vacation and come back and then all of a sudden it starts taking off," said Le Poole. "Or they were maybe bitten by a dog and then it starts from there. But there’s even psychological factors that also come into play.”
Such as the loss of a job or a loved one. Le Poole and her colleagues discovered how a stress protein called “heat shock protein 70,” plays a role in triggering vitiligo.
That stress protein, also called HSP, kicks the body’s natural immunity into overdrive in some individuals, targeting and killing skin pigment cells.
Researchers made the discovery while studying ways to direct immune system T cells against melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer. By genetically modifying HSP, scientists say they also were able to switch off the body’s attack on the pigment cells.
In experiments on black mice, co-researcher Jose Alejandro Guevara says scientists were able to change the animals’ fur color by genetically manipulating their HSP.
“When we treated [them] to induce vitiligo they turned white; and when we treated [the mice] with the mutant HSP [protein] we prevent[ed] that," said Guevara.
Scientists also saw the patchy white fur of mice with vitiligo transform to black after the animals were vaccinated with the modified stress protein, which calmed the immune attack. Experiments using human skin tissue samples also showed similar immune responses.
Researchers hope to formulate a vaccine and conduct human trials within the next few years.
An article on the genetically modified skin protein to reverse vitiligo is published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. | <urn:uuid:70120991-1337-493d-8876-162c09920c65> | {
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Arrays of Autumn is aligned with CCS 2.OA.4. Students are expected to use addition to find the total number of objects in an array and write a repeated addition sentences.
Autumn is in full swing! Your students will love using this center and learning about arrays!
You will be able to scaffold multiple lessons using the cards provided. Start with an introduction lesson of "groups of" and extend to multiplication sentences.
*12 autumn array cards
*12 groups of cards
*12 repeated addition sentences cards
*12 multiplication cards
*2 recording worksheets (different levels)
DOWNLOAD THE PREVIEW TO SEE ALL YOU'LL RECEIVE! | <urn:uuid:8f6e6483-283c-49ab-843d-a1a3dc5d7a57> | {
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Anasazi Indian State Park
I drove half the day to get here, had to suffer through spotty AM radio reception (there was no FM), and marveled at how far from everything I was.
That is sort of a funny reaction, at least considering that Anasazi Indians beat me to this place by about nine centuries and lived here despite the bad radio reception and lack of good coffee.
What's more, they lived more efficiently than today's inhabitants do, grew a variety of crops and harvested others wild despite little rain and a short growing season, and then after about 75 years in this particular location at the edge of Boulder Mountain left suddenly and mysteriously, perhaps after a fire gutted the small village.
Mystery, yes, but one that we can now contemplate with ease, thanks to the great museum and reconstructed community at Anasazi Indian State Park in Boulder, in south-central Utah.In Boulder, at the rough intersection of 11,000-foot tall Boulder Mountain and the gaping deserts of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, whose western border is just a few miles away, archaeologists have determined that as many as 250 people lived on or near this four-acre site which was excavated in the 1950s as part of the Glen Canyon Dam Project. The site became a state park in 1960.
When they dug into the site, scientists found a 96-room community in two separate one-story apartment complexes, one U-shaped and the other L-shaped. The cluster featured ramadas for working in the shade, pits for storing food and valuables, and adobe stone houses. It is likely that 5-6 people lived in each house.
The Indians, who are believed to be Anasazi who migrated here from northeastern Nevada, used water from nearby creeks to irrigate a small crop of corn, beans, squash and gourds while supplementing that diet with fruits and berries taken from desert plants. The gardens were planted using four-foot long seed stakes.
Living arrangements were likely tight by today's standards, with multiple layers of families living under the same roof. But that cohesive family-based community would have also likely been a forceful impetus for teaching and story-telling as well as customs preservation.
But after 75 years, and maybe as few as 50 years, the village was burned. Scientists know that because structural supports for the homes were found singed from flames. That brought up mystifying questions: did the village burn accidentally? Was it burned while the tribe was retreating from enemies, or by the enemies themselves after triumph? Or was it burned during an inter-tribal fight? One possible clue: there was a serious drought in the region about 1150 AD, which was about the time the community's population was its largest.
Despite whatever reason they left, the Anasazi left us with good examples of how to live in the desert. Besides their beautiful artwork, which can still be seen on varnished canyon walls, their lives appeared to have much less of an impact on their surrounding environment than our lives have had. For example, more Anasazi likely lived in this community than now live in all of Boulder. Their architecture was also often smarter than ours is — the pit houses were dug into the ground and thermally efficient in both summer and winter.
Today, visitors to Anasazi Indian State Park will find the reconstructed ruins of the community, as well as a separate reconstructed L-shaped structure that you can crawl in and out of. There is also an excellent museum with great examples of Anasazi pottery and exhibits. The park is open 9-5 seven days a week. There is no camping at the park, though camping is available on nearby public lands. Call (435) 335-7308 for more information.
Services in this corner of south-central Utah are scarce, though Boulder has a budding collection of motels and restaurants and a gas station or two.
Note: For the next two weeks Jeff has expanded his travels outside of Utah. Even travel writers need a vacation. You may consider holding your email questions/comments until he gets back!
|Back to top||Print this page||E-mail this page| | <urn:uuid:b5dfa9fd-7fb0-433f-bfc5-b49c2d421d26> | {
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A week ago, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published “Land, irrigation, water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States”.
The authors, a physicist from Bard College in New York, a physicist and a graduate student from Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, and a Yale graduate student with a master’s degree in political science, looked at lifecycle assessments (LCA’s) for livestock. An LCA tries to estimate environmental impacts by looking at the inputs used (e.g. energy, feed, fertilizer, water, etc.) and outputs generated (e.g. greenhouse gases, smog, manure, fertilizer runoff, etc.) when meat, milk or eggs are produced, processed, transported, distributed, consumed, and recycled.
The authors of this study noted that regional variations in production systems and environments are important: “the results of an LCA conducted in Iowa, for example, are unlikely to represent Vermont or Colorado”. A key challenge, they said, “is obtaining defensible numerical values and uncertainty ranges for the tens if not hundreds of parameters needed in the calculations”, such as daily feed intake, feed:gain, and intake on pasture. Because these values vary with season, region, and technology use, “one research effort, focused on a single location, is unlikely to yield definitive results”, they noted.
What they did: They took the results of an LCA conducted in Iowa (Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States; Agric. Syst. 103:380-389), and extrapolated them to the rest of the US by incorporating USDA regional data on land and fertilizer use, feed production, irrigation practices and cattle numbers.
What they learned: Beef have a larger environmental footprint than chickens or swine.
This isn’t news. Cattle are bigger than chickens and pigs, so it takes more feed to grow them. Cattle live longer than chickens and pigs, so they drink more water. Cattle are raised on less productive land than chickens, pigs or dairy cattle, so it takes more acres to raise beef cattle. Cattle consume more high fiber, less digestible forage than chickens or pigs, so they produce more greenhouse gases. The authors mention biodiversity, but suggest that there would be more biodiversity if cattle were gone. They are also concerned that cattle are sometimes raised in high rainfall areas. Perhaps they don’t understand that high rainfall areas can have steep hills, rocks and brushy areas that are not suited to crops, or pig, chicken or dairy barns.
The authors state that the results of this study could help to develop “corrective legislative measures”. Because of globalization, Americans’ dietary habits are rapidly adopted by “large and burgeoning economies as those of China and India”. Appropriately legislating American diets, they suggest, would help people in emerging economies make better eating decisions.
What it means: This paper is flawed. After criticizing previous studies because “the results of an LCA conducted in Iowa, for example, are unlikely to represent Vermont or Colorado”, they extrapolated a single Iowa-based LCA to the entire US. After criticizing past LCA’s for being based on weak data, they did not gather or incorporate any new data into their own study.
Pardon me, but your bias is showing: The authors referred to the FAO’s 2006 “Livestock Long Shadow” report, which stated that livestock are responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than all of the world’s transportation combined. They neglected to mention “Clearing the Air” (Adv. Agron. 103:1-40), which clarified many of the oversights in “Livestock’s Long Shadow”. They also failed to mention the FAO’s more recent 2013 “Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock” which used a much more rigorous and sound methodology to assess livestock’s environmental impacts.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences is a highly-respected scientific journal. Unfortunately, not all science is good science, and sometimes good journals publish bad science. Remember, it took 12 years for a leading medical journal (The Lancet) to retract a 1998 paper that suggested childhood measles/mumps/rubella vaccines were linked to autism. In the meantime, some well-meaning but misguided celebrities influenced a lot of concerned parents to not vaccinate their children.
Why you should care: This paper doesn’t encourage barley- vs. corn-fed, or grain- vs. forage- or grass-finished, or conventional vs. hormone- and antibiotic-free production, or natural vs. organic, or animal-welfare approved, or local vs. commodity production systems. This paper encourages not eating beef, and suggests that governments should help design the world’s menus.
What we are doing: Canada’s beef producers are constantly trying to reduce land, feed, energy and water use, improve range health and reduce nutrient and greenhouse gas losses. Improved production efficiencies often have environmental benefits.
Tim McAllister (AAFC Lethbridge) is leading a Beef Cluster project to measure how Canada’s beef industry’s feed, land, and water use, greenhouse gas production, carbon sequestration and biodiversity have changed since 1980, and identify ways to improve further.
The Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef is developing a sustainability assessment. Like the Beef Quality Audit, this will be a scorecard that will identify where our industry is improving, and where we can still do better. The historical context from the Cluster project, plus the ongoing sustainability assessment will help the industry to better respond to consumer questions, concerns, interests and demands for sustainable beef.
Canada’s beef industry prefers that government policy and regulation be developed on the basis of sound science. The science Canada’s beef industry supports through the National Check-off and the Beef Science Cluster will help to provide factual, defensible information to inform policy decisions and consumer choices.
When it comes to environmental impacts, it’s not what you eat, it’s what you take but don’t eat. The single most meaningful diet-related action that all Canadian consumers can take for the environment is to reduce the amount of food they waste. A 2011 FAO study found that the average North American consumer wastes more than 115kg of food each year. In North America, nearly 25% of the cereal products (e.g. bread, pastas), 25% of fish products, 18% of the fruit and vegetable products, 15% of the root and tuber products (e.g. carrots, potatoes), 15% of dairy products, 8% of meat products, and 5% of oilseed products (e.g. vegetable oil, margarine) are lost due to consumer-level waste.
Eat your food before it goes moldy, sour, limp or ‘off’, eat a balanced diet, clean your plate, and enjoy your beef.
Environmental Footprint of Beef Production
Audio: Dr. Reynold Bergen’s view of the study published in PNAS – radio interview (8:28 minutes)
Manitoba Farm Journal – Golden West Radio
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The sharing or reprinting of this BCRC Blog article is welcome and encouraged. Please provide acknowledgement to the Beef Cattle Research Council, list the website address, www.BeefResearch.ca, and let us know you chose to share the article by emailing us at [email protected].
We welcome your questions, comments and suggestions. Contact us directly or generate public discussion by posting your thoughts below. | <urn:uuid:c13035c8-89cf-4e30-8bda-72eb8112dd07> | {
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Info courtesy of: SOUTHAFRICA.COM
Each year on the 9th of August, South Africans of all backgrounds, races and cultural groups join together in celebrating National Women’s Day. This annual public holiday commemorates an eventful day in South Africa’s history – 9 August 1956.
What makes this day so special to South Africans? It was on the 9th of August in 1956 that a large group of women began a campaign to bring an end to the pass laws enforced by the government of the time. The pass laws meant that all black people were to carry a special “pass” or identification document which they had to produce to prove they were permitted to enter a certain area designated for white people. This was a major law of the apartheid regime and greatly restricted the freedom of movement of black people.
Read more here.
So tomorrow marks a public holiday. So in the spirit of liberalism it is the perfect day to: “Do it yourself woman!” We women can do anything we put our minds to!
Why not try this super-easy craft project:
Now before you make a cuppa coffee remember to wait a few minutes for the mug to cool when it’s out of the oven! | <urn:uuid:08e6cbbc-156d-402d-afdf-355f8953ac7d> | {
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The Glaucus has Arrived!
After many many revisions, experiments, and prototypes, we're pleased to announce that our newest robot, a quadruped with no hard moving parts that walks using only two input lines, is complete.
It's called the Glaucus, after the blue sea slug Glaucus Atlanticus. It has hollow interior chambers that interdigitate with one another. When either of these chambers is pressurized it deforms and bends the structure of the robot. This bending produces the walking motion. It is similar to how a salamander walks, by balancing itself on one pair of legs diagonal from one another while moving the opposite pair forward.
The Glaucus is a proof of concept for a method developed here that can reproduce nearly any geometry modeled on the computer as a seamless silicone skin. We hopes to apply these same techniques to practical problems in medicine and engineering as the technology develops. For starters, we hope to apply it directly to the orthotic cuffs and prosthetic sleeves we've been developing in parallel with the Glaucus project.
This is an open source project, and we encourage you to download the source files and make your own Glaucus. You can find all the 3d print downloads on Thingiverse, a tutorial on the process on Adafruit, and photos of the process on Flickr.
If you have any questions about this project or how to begin making your own soft robots, take a look at our forum, where we'd be happy to answer questions in detail. | <urn:uuid:e76f978f-b659-4a61-97f7-368b0f5028f8> | {
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|A map of Berwick, Maine|
from Stackpole's Old Kittery and Her Families
Ambrose Gibbons (my 11th great grandfather) was involved with John Mason as early as 1620 as part of his plan to settle northern New England. He was an early settler in Maine, and one of the first settlers in the Piscataqua Region. In 1630 he arrived aboard the ship Warwick with Roger Knight and Thomas Spencer. Their wives arrived the next year. He was first granted land at Sanders Point (Newcastle) in 1634, and then he removed to Oyster River (Durham, New Hampshire). I have another ancestor, Alexander Gould, who lived in the Newcastle, Maine area until 1672. http://nutfieldgenealogy.blogspot.com/2011/10/surname-saturday-gould.html
According to Anderson in his Great Migration series, Ambrose Gibbons was well educated, and many letters survived that he sent back and forth to Mason in London. The “Gibbons Papers” describe to John Mason a detailed account of life in New England, and many forgeries of letters exist. You can see many of these letters in the New Hampshire Provincial and State Papers and in the Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 1628 – 1686.
Gibbons built the “Great House at Newichawannock”, which was a garrison on the South Berwick, Maine side of the Piscataqua River. He was succeeded as steward of the region by Humphrey Chadbourne. The settlement did not flourish, and demands from London for goods and trade items were not met with success. Ambrose Gibbons’ will bequeathed his entire estate to his grandson Samuel Sherburne (my 9th great grandfather), with 21 pounds each to his other grandchildren Elizabeth, Mary, Henry, John, Ambrose, Sarah and Rebeckah.
His only child, Elizabeth Gibbons (1620 – 1667) married Henry Sherbourne as his first wife.
Ancestry of Joseph Waterhouse 1754 – 1837 of Standish Maine, by Walter Goodwin Davis, 1949 (available to read online at www.archive.org)
The Great Migration Begins, Robert Charles Anderson, (New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995), Volume II, pages 745 – 749.
My GIBBONS genealogy:
Generation 1: Ambrose Gibbons, born about 1590 in England, died between 11 July 1656 (date of will) and 9 May 1657 (date of probate) in Oyster River, New Hampshire; married to Rebecca Unknown by about 1617 in England. She died 14 May 1655 in New Hampshire. One child.
Generation 2: Rebecca Gibbons, born about 1620 in England, died 3 June 1667 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; married 13 November 1637 to Henry Sherborne as his first wife. He was the son of Joseph Sherborne and Amy Cowelln, baptized on 28 March 1611 in Oldham, Hampshire, England, and died before 7 December 1680 probably on the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire. Eleven children.
Generation 3: Samuel Sherburne, born a twin on 4 August 1638 in Portsmouth, died 4 August 1691 in Casco Bay, Maine; married on 15 December 1668 in Haverhill, Massachusetts to Love Hutchings, daughter of John Hutchins and Frances Unknown. She was born 16 July 1647 in Newbury, Massachusetts and died February 1739 in Kingston, New Hampshire. Ten children.
Generation 4: Elizabeth Sherburne m. Jonathan Sanborn
Generation 5: Margaret Sanborn m. Moses Sleeper
Generation 6: Hepzibah Sleeper m. Samuel Lane
Generation 7: Sarah Lane m. Elisha Batchelder
Generation 8: Jonathan Batchelder m. Nancy Thompson
Generation 9: George E. Batchelder m. Abigail M. Locke
Generation 10: George E. Batchelder m. Mary Katharine Emerson
Generation 11: Carrie Maude Batchelder m. Joseph Elmer Allen
Generation 12: Stanley Elmer Allen m. Gertrude Matilda Hitchings (my grandparents)
Heather Wilkinson Rojo, "Surname Saturday ~ GIBBONS of Oyster River, New Hampshire", Nutfield Genealogy, posted May 7, 2016, ( http://nutfieldgenealogy.blogspot.com/2016/05/surname-saturday-gibbons-of-oyster.html: accessed [access date]). | <urn:uuid:c6e62d5c-33a5-4602-9e45-ae93a23de915> | {
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Take Extra Precautions as Temperatures Drop Below Freezing
CHICAGO – Dangerously low temperatures are in the forecast and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) wants individuals and families to be safe when faced with the hazards of cold temperatures.
“Subfreezing temperatures can be dangerous and even life-threatening for people who don't take the proper precautions,” said Andrew Velasquez III, FEMA Regional Administrator. “It is important for everyone to monitor their local weather reports and take steps now to stay safe during times of extreme cold temperatures.”
During cold weather, you should take the following precautions:
- Stay indoors as much as possible and limit your exposure to the cold;
- Dress in layers and keep dry;
- Check on family, friends, and neighbors who are at risk and may need additional assistance;
- Know the symptoms of cold-related health issues such as frostbite and hypothermia and seek medical attention if health conditions are severe.
- Bring your pets indoors or ensure they have a warm shelter area with unfrozen water.
- Make sure your vehicle has an emergency kit that includes an ice scraper, blanket and flashlight – and keep the fuel tank above half full.
FEMA’s mission is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. | <urn:uuid:5de2116a-1ec4-420b-85f1-ff975c14e438> | {
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What is a Third Culture Kid?
“A third culture kid is a person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside their parents’ culture. The third culture kid builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. Although elements from each culture are assimilated into the third culture kid’s life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of the same background, other TCKs.”... (more)
PIG OUT ON JUNK FOOD: The MK's Guide to Survival in the U.S.
by Alma Daugherty Gordon
The title itself gives one piece of great advice for young people returning to the United States from places all around the world. Don't Pig Out on Junk Food offers valuable insights from experienced missionary kids (MKs) that will equip other MKs as well as the children of business, professional, military, diplomatic personnel to make their cross-cultural entry to the U.S. successful. This unique family resource begins with family preparation before departure and includes practical advice about education, money, work, social adjustments and personal issues. This handbook includes invaluable information about available resources, complete with phone numbers and address. Each chapter includes special assignments for family discussions.
Evangelical Missions Information
Service (EMIS). 1993.
160 pages, nine appendices, resources, index.
Join TCKWorld And Get Access To TCK Resources
News: We are currently renovating the site and changing its organization. Sign-up below below to be notified when TCKWorld is re-launched and receive a newsletter with practical tips sent to your email every other day.
TCK Academy Class
The first TCK class featuring Ruth Van Reken
An upcoming TCK research network. | <urn:uuid:961456b2-b90d-485f-b4ec-92c74d71df0d> | {
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A WHOOPING cough outbreak across Sussex is continuing to spread.
There have been 254 reported cases so far this year, eight times the number recorded for all of 2011.
In 1066 Country the figure now stands at 18 when there was only one case in the whole of last year.
East Sussex alone has risen from seven in 2011 to 101 so far this year.
Babies are at highest risk of severe complications and death from whooping cough, also known as pertussis.
Parents are being urged to make sure they are up to date with their baby’s vaccinations to help control the outbreak. Jamie Whitburn, spokesman for NHS Sussex said: “Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs and airways. It usually begins with a persistent dry and irritating cough which progresses to intense bouts of coughing. These are followed by a distinctive ‘whooping’ noise which is how the condition gets its name.
“Other symptoms include a runny nose, raised temperature and vomiting after coughing.
“Whooping cough can be treated successfully with antibiotics and most people make a full recovery.”
In the UK, children are vaccinated against whooping cough at two, three and four months of age, and again before starting school at about three years and four months.
Mr Whitburn added: “Although the number of cases of whooping cough has fallen dramatically since vaccination began, it is still possible for children to get the infection, so having the vaccination is vital.”
Dr Angela Iversen, director of the Surrey and Sussex Health Protection Unit, said: “Increases in levels of whooping cough are seen every three to four years and figures in 2011 were in line with cases reported in the last peak year of 2008.
“However, we are very concerned about the continuing increase in cases noted in 2012.
“The uptake of the vaccine which protects against whooping cough is very good but it is a highly infectious disease so when there is a case it can spread quickly.
“GPs have also been reminded to report cases quickly and been made aware of the Health Protection Agency’s (HPA) guidance to help reduce the spread of infection. This improved awareness may be contributing to the increase in numbers of laboratory confirmed cases.
“Parents should ensure that their children are vaccinated on time so that they are protected at the earliest opportunity and be alert to the signs and symptoms.
“We also advise parents to keep their babies away from older siblings or adults who have the infection.
“The Department of Health’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) is considering the most effective ways to tackle the ongoing outbreak and a number of options are under review.”
These include the introduction of a booster dose in teenagers and protecting new-born babies by either vaccinating them and their families and/or women during pregnancy.
People can speak to their GP for more information or log onto www.nhs.uk. | <urn:uuid:237aac29-ad25-457d-aaa2-a712d1054c40> | {
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What I have given is: A projectile with an unknown mass is launched 90 degrees vertically to a height of 0.650 m with a spring deformation of x = 0.031 m. The initial speed of the projectile is v0=3.6 m/sec and the projectile is resting on top of the spring gun "holder" before launch. Find the spring constant k. 2. Relevant equations W = d*F, P = F*v*cos(θ), W = Epot, ay=-g, P=ΔE/Δt, Etotal=Ekin+Epot. 3. The attempt at a solution I don't know exactly how to handle this problem, but I've been trying to attack it from many many angles with W = d*F, P = F*v*cos(θ), W = Epot, ay=-g and the relationship between distance, velocity, acceleration and time but it all comes down to me missing the mass and the force in every equation with at least two unknowns in every case. The closest I ever got was to realize that W being done on the projectile = Epot that the spring has before launch and wondering if I could use the W=d*F to figure out the F-value so I could figure the rest of the equations out but P=F*v seemed plausible as well hoping that cos(θ) = 1 in case of the angle being 0 but I gave up on that because it said in my formulae book that I need a particle with a speed in order to use it and the projectile is a static particle after all. So what do I do?! It's very important that I hand this in as I might not be able to continue my class if I don't and I prefer doing it on my own but I've come to a point spending hours and hours where I simply don't know what to do ... Maybe I'm just stupid and can't see the solution right in front of me but it really seems hard to me ... Please help! It's really urgent! Oh and I also got a clue from the teacher: Consider energy relations when you solve this problem. And I did and I still have no answer. | <urn:uuid:7e1dcb23-1e23-49aa-9112-ebadbf9ae157> | {
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In 1925, Duff Abrams introduced the concept of fineness modulus (FM) for estimating the proportions of fine and course aggregates in concrete mixtures. The premise: "aggregate of the same fineness modulus will require the same quantity of water to produce a mix of the same consistnecy and give a concrete of the same strength."
Before calculating FM, lab technicians perform a sieve analysis to determine the particle size distribution, or grading, of the aggregate sample. FM is the sum of the total percentages retained on each specified sieve divided by 100. ASTM C 33 requires the FM of fine aggregate to be between 2.3 and 3.1. The higher the FM, the coarser the aggregate. Fine aggregate affects many concrete properties, including workability and finishability. Usually, a lower FM results in more paste, making concrete easier to finish. For the high cement contents used in the production of high-strength concrete, coarse sand with an FM around 3.0 produces concrete with the best workability and highest compressive strength. | <urn:uuid:1e406764-e8a3-4ed2-80b6-6cbd6b08f273> | {
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Soil scientists at the James Hutton Institute are working to create the first unified digital map of soil properties within Great Britain, a development which will contribute to worldwide Global Soil Map projects and improve the data available to researchers and stakeholders in Britain and beyond to be used for many different projects.
Supported by the Macaulay Development Trust and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, PhD researcher Grant Campbell (Cranfield University/James Hutton Institute) aims to improve the scale of Scotland and England and Wales soils data by using digital soil mapping (DSM) and modelling algorithms with environmental data for a range of stakeholders.
Grant explains: “Current soil information is often insufficient to address major global issues such as food security, water resource management and climate change mitigation. In many places, much of the existing soils information is outdated and of poor resolution but in Great Britain we have a wealth of soils data we can use to develop and test methods to help provide adequate information in those data-poor areas.
“We hope to provide stakeholders with improved soil information, maps, models and data products, which may help them in developing strategies and policies for improved land management and resource use.”
The project will produce unique unified datasets across Scotland and England and Wales with future potential wide scale use for many different stakeholder groups such as academics, ecologists and hydrologists, building upon Scottish and GB intellectual capacity in terms of soils information and understanding.
Additionally, it is hoped to incorporate key soil properties such as pH and soil texture into specific soil functions, such as carbon sequestration. This project also seeks to make a significant contribution to the FAO Global Soil Partnership and GlobalSoilMap initiatives, which aim to generate digital global soil map products at 100m grid scales.
Digital soil mapping describes a set of techniques including the creation and population of spatial soil information systems using field and laboratory data, accompanied by additional environmental data (or covariates). For more information on the project and other related initiatives, visit the Dirt Doctors blog.
Article source: James Hutton Institute | <urn:uuid:ba26955c-c289-44b3-af4f-1afd13e450ac> | {
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This work is licensed under the GPLv2 license. See License.txt for details
Autobuild imports, configures, builds and installs various kinds of software packages. It can be used in software development to make sure that nothing is broken in the build process of a set of packages, or can be used as an automated installation tool.
Autobuild config files are Ruby scripts which configure rake to
imports the package from a SCM or (optionnaly) updates it
configures it. This phase can handle code generation, configuration (for instance for autotools-based packages), …
It takes the dependencies between packages into account in its build
process, updates the needed environment variables | <urn:uuid:d4c570b0-6a4e-47fd-afe7-15b6daac7169> | {
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The lemonade stand is a widely used and recognized symbol of capitalism and in particular entrepreneurship. The selling of lemonade on the streets of New York can be traced back to when a New York youngster sold it to thirsty street car riders over… [more]
Thelma Norwood, a 7th-grade student in Nassau, Delaware, wrote this letter in 1925. The school was segregated, or used only by African Americans, while separate schools were maintained for white students. The letter expresses appreciation on Du Pont… [more]
These two photographs show before and after pictures of Blocksom's School in Sussex County in rural Delaware. The first photo (taken in 1917) shows the pupils standing outside the original one-room schoolhouse made of wood. In addition to an outhouse… [more]
This module traces the shifting ways that age of consent laws have been defined, debated and deployed worldwide and from the Middle Ages to the present, and explores how such laws figure in debates over the nature of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, in campaigns against prostitution and child marriage, and teenage pregnancy, as well as struggles to achieve gender and sexual equality.
Isaac Taylor Headland (1859-1942), a resident of Beijing and a scholar at Peking (Beijing) University, joined other contemporaries interested in both popular culture and folklore in collecting and transcribing Chinese children's rhymes. The rhymes… [more]
Issac Taylor Headland (1859-1942), a resident of Beijing and a scholar at Peking (Beijing) University, joined other contemporaries interested in both popular culture and folklore in his own study of daily life in China. He was particularly concerned… [more]
This image offers an artistic view of a household celebrating the New Year's holiday. Here we find children at play amidst a scene of domestic joy and prosperity for an elite family of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). The detail of the image is rich in… [more] | <urn:uuid:8ca52339-56ce-4cdd-9a50-ae628d470bb1> | {
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An old photo brings a shocking revelation and it's up to Emily and her best friend Olivia to solve the case
Fourteen-year-old Emily O'Reilly and her best friend Olivia Webster have a knack for solving mysteries. Emily has been busily training her new puppy Sherlock to be a Search and Rescue dog so that the two can lead search-and-rescue missions someday. So when Emily stumbles across an old photo of Olivia's adoption day--a fact that has never been revealed to Olivia--the two quickly decide to uncover the mysterious details surrounding Olivia's birth parents.
But the two bite off more than they can chew as they dig into learning more about Olivia's adoption without notifying her parents. And to make matters worse, Emily's mother Marika, a convicted felon recently released on parole, will stop at nothing to contact her daughter--a fact that Emily is not happy about.
When her beloved stepmother Naomi disappears, Emily takes it upon herself to connect the dots and conduct her own snow-bound search-and-rescue mission with Sherlock. Will Emily ever find the secret behind Naomi's disappearance? And will Olivia ever learn the truth about her adopted parents?
"Colleen is a master storyteller." -Karen Kingsbury
Common Core Standards:
R.CCR.1 Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text; R.CCR.2 Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas; R.CCR.3 Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text; R.CCR.6 Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text; R.CCR.9 Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take; SL.CCR.1 Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively; SL.CCR.2 Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally | <urn:uuid:3172923c-f673-4486-a83b-35974c02251a> | {
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The dichotomous, or two way questions, is an extreme of the multiple choice question. The idea is to offer only two choices — yes or no, did or did not, cash or credit, railroad or airline, and so on. Such questions are the most widely used of the three basic types. The following are examples of dichotomous questions:
Would the service proposed by ‘X’ Lines make motor freight service more useful to you? Is any of the discount normally passed on to others? Did you buy it or was it a gift? Was it new or used when you got it?
In the last two questions the two alternatives are both stated; in the first two, one alternative is stated, while the other is implied. In the second question it seems obvious that the other alternative is that none of the discount was passed on or putting it another way that all of the discount was kept by the firms reporting. Probably there would be no confusion as to what the two alternatives were in this case. It is also likely, however that different results would have been obtained had both alternatives been stated explicitly. For example: Is any of this discount normally passed on to others or is all of it kept by your firm?
An experiment to test the effect of stating only one alternative used the following two questions. Do you think the United States should allow public speeches against democracy? Do you think the United States should forbid public speeches against democracy?
The following results were obtained:
First question Second question
Should allow 21% Should not forbid 39%
Should not allow 62 Should forbid 46
No opinion 17 no opinion 15
As the two questions ask exactly the same things one in a positive way and one in a negative way – the answers should be directly comparable. Those who say the United States should allow such speeches should also report that these speeches should not be forbidden. The results show that this did not occur. Only 21 percent wanted to allow speeches against democracy but 39 percent were against forbidding them. A close estimate of the true feelings on the subject would probably have been obtained if the question had stated both alternatives: Do you think the United States show allow or forbid public speeches against democracy?
Dichotomous questions have about the same advantages as multiple choice questions. They are quick and easy for an interviewer to handle. Editing and tabulation are relatively simple. They offer less opportunity for interviewer bias to creep into the results. The straight ‘yes’ ‘no’ type of answer makes it easy for the respondent to reply. But dichotomous questions may be deceptive in their seeming simplicity. Few dichotomous questions, for example are actually only two way. Take the following question: Do you expect to buy another diesel automobile some day? Undoubtedly some people definitely plan to buy another diesel car and others definitely plan not to but a large middle group may have no definite plans either way. Some of these might properly report, ‘don’t know’. Others might be in a ‘may be’ class. Even the ‘may be’s might fall into distinct groups those who probably would but were not sure and those who probably would not but were not sure. This would mean that instead of two possible answers there would be five: yes, no, probably, probably not, and don’t know. If the diesel question were reworded to include explicit statement of both of the original alternatives and to take into account the five alternatives actually existing, it might appear as follows:
Do you expect to buy another diesel automobile some day, or not?
Yes ____ No____
Probably ___ Don’t Know__
Probably not ____
The five alternatives would not be suggested to the respondents, but if one of them qualified an answer, the interviewer could then check the appropriate space. At the very least the ‘don’t know’ category should be provided. Then the ‘probablys’ would be classified in the ‘yes’ category and the ‘probably not’ in the ‘no’ category. As was pointed out in the discussion of multiple choice questions, however, if the alternatives are to actually stated to the respondent fewer persons will report than would otherwise therefore, if the ‘probably’ answers are not actually indicated to the respondent the number reporting them will have a downward bias and the number saying yes and no will have an upward bias. | <urn:uuid:ab6826d8-cdcd-425a-a6e8-9010064a1cb9> | {
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FIXING HEALTH: Blood Bank Bleeding
You are taking a drive to the country one day. You are in a good mood and enjoying the scenery. Without warning, a speeding bus swerves to avoid a pothole and careens into your vehicle. You are lucky to be alive but seriously injured.
You are taken to the nearest hospital where emergency surgery is done to stop the internal bleeding you suffered in the accident. The surgery is a success, but your life hangs in the balance. Not because of the condition of the hospital or the availability of staff, but because you cannot get the blood transfusions needed to keep you alive.
If you are lucky, you will have been in an accident soon after a blood drive. If you are not, as is sometimes the case, you may die because there is no blood.
This scenario is not far-fetched. It happens more often than you would imagine. It is difficult to quantify how many Jamaicans die from lack of availability of blood or blood products. However, one thing is certain, no matter your status in society or what wealth you have amassed, you face the same fate as everyone else. Nobody is immune from the shortage of blood.
NEED A DEDICATED TRAUMA SYSTEM
With the increase in violent crimes and the increased numbers of motor vehicle accidents occurring, Jamaica needs a dedicated trauma system. Key to such a system is a reliable blood banking service.
There are blood banks in Jamaica, so why is there such a shortage of blood?
This time we cannot solely blame the Government, the system or the health-care workers. The primary fault lies with each and every one of us Jamaican citizens.
We do not donate blood.
There are two types of blood donors. Voluntary donors, who give blood out of a sense of duty with no requirement for remuneration, and replacement donors, who donate because a family member or friend needs blood.
Voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors from low-risk populations are the safest blood donors.
In 2011, in 62 countries, national blood supplies were based on 100 per cent or almost 100 per cent voluntary, unpaid blood donations. Only 40 countries collected less than 25 per cent of their blood supplies from voluntary, unpaid blood donors.
In Jamaica, a mere 17-18 per cent are from voluntary donors. Compare this figure with our neighbours Cuba, CuraÁao and Nicaragua, which have 100 per cent voluntary donor supplies.
This reliance on replacement donors is akin to paying off an overdraft account at the bank. We always run a deficit because we do not voluntarily deposit blood to increase the reserves before they are needed.
NOT A CULTURE OF VOLUNTARY DONORS
Despite appeals by the National Blood Bank, the culture in Jamaica is simply not one of voluntary blood donation. We will rush to donate once a relative or friend needs blood. However, that may be too late as there are 'golden hours' soon after sustaining injuries where transfusions have a greater impact on survival. By the time replacement donors get to donate, the blood is tested for diseases, and sent to the hospital for further testing to ensure compatibility with the recipient, it could be too late. And to make matters even worst, oftentimes replacement donors are turned away because of recent illnesses, travel or tattoos. Had they and other potential donors contributed continually to the available pool, we may have had an adequate supply.
There are several myths that reinforce the culture against voluntary donation. Persons believe that the procedure is painful and shy away from it. Others think that they can get infections by donating blood. Both are false.
A small stick is an even smaller price for saving a life. The needles and tubes are sterile and discarded after each use. There is no serious risk to a healthy donor.
A public education campaign is needed to change these attitudes, similarly to those employed in other countries, such as Nicaragua, that saw a significant increase in the numbers of voluntary donors using such strategies.
The incentive must be one of pure altruism. Paying donors and enticing them with food exposes the blood bank to contaminated blood. Persons who stand to gain financially or otherwise are more likely to lie about their high-risk lifestyles and other factors that would see them rejected.
We must find some way to improve on our dismal rate of voluntary blood donation, as it is crippling the national transfusion service.
However, there are other challenges.
The Blood Bank currently gets a significant boost from corporate blood drives. However, not many companies view blood drives as a priority, as they are not 'sexy enough' for press releases. This is compounded by the lack of staff at the Blood Bank to man these drives.
In addition, when blood is distributed to hospitals, some units have to be discarded because of suboptimal transportation and storage. This fault lies partly with the Ministry of Health, which has not provided enough refrigerators to store the blood, and the staff that leaves the blood at room temperature for prolonged periods of time.
It is prudent to have continuing medical education sessions with the staff to ensure adherence to the rigid safety procedures that govern the handling of blood products. The Ministry of Health must make the provision of adequate storage and transport units a priority to minimise wastage of this precious commodity.
We have seen steps in the right direction with the acquisition of a mobile blood unit. However, what is equally important is the budgetary allocation for maintenance of the unit.
We as a people need to rally around this cause and ensure that we do our part, one unit at a time, to ensure that we have a functional national transfusion service.
The life you save may be your own.
- Combine blood drives with health fairs and wellness days.
- Civic groups and community organisations should organise blood drives.
- Civilian volunteers for blood drive staff.
- Adequately staff the blood banks.
- Train staff to handle blood products appropriately.
- Ensure adequate storage is available in hospitals. | <urn:uuid:a1f0ccdf-fcc8-4065-878e-1279b567ee41> | {
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Montenegrin King Nicholas monument in Podgorica
What language do most Montenegrins speak?
Until 1991, this was an easy question to answer: the language most people in Montenegro spoke was called Serbo-Croatian. In 1991, the new constitution defined the official language as "Serbian in the ijekavian version". Following independence, many prominent Montenegrins argue that this, too, is inadequate. "If the Serbs call it Serbian, the Croats Croatian, the Bosnians Bosnian, why shouldn't we call it Montenegrin?" Montenegro's ruling DPS-SDP coalition is trying to declare Montenegrin the official language of the state.
In the 2003 census, 62.9 percent of the citizens said that they spoke Serbian, which was declared the republic's official language under its 1992 constitution, while only 25 percent said the language they spoke was Montenegrin. However, this may all have changed since independence. Research by the Centre for Democracy and Human Rights (CEDEM) in June 2007 revealed that roughly a third of citizens say they speak Montenegrin, another third opt for Serbian, and the balance are undecided.
The Serbian List insists that the language in the Constitution must be Serbian, considering, as they claim, that Montenegrins are in fact Serbs, or at least of Serbian roots. The Socialists People's Party, the People's Party and the Democratic Serbian Party are also in favour of Serbian as the official language. The DPS and its allies prefer that the language be known as Montenegrin. A compromise position will have to be found, in order to ensure the two-thirds majority in parliament required to adopt a new constitution (otherwise a referendum on the constitution will have to be called).
Dragan Koprivica, a writer and official of the Socialist People's Party, says that "as far as the history and literature of the Serbian and Montenegrin peoples go, it is clear that our ancestors and our greatest poets and writers were proud of speaking Serbian language":
"In Serbia and Bosnia, those who speak a very similar language obeyed the will of the majority of their people and called the language Serbian or Bosnian. In Montenegro, the majority of the people claims to speak Serbian. The argument of the government that the language should be named after the state is therefore flawed."
The Movement for Changes proposed a compromise solution: "The official language is a single language that may be referred to as Montenegrin, Serbian". Branko Radulovic, vice president of the Movement for Changes, told ESI:
"Linguistically speaking, it is obviously the same language, but seen through the lens of the nation and the state, different people can call it Serbian, Bosnian, or Croatian. Four years ago, the census showed 60 percent in favour of the Serbian language, but if you repeat the questioner now, you would probably get some 60 to 70% in favour of Montenegrin".
In August 2007 a representative of the ruling DPS, Miodrag Vukovic offered a similar solution:
"The official language in Montenegro is Montenegrin, but it may be referred to as Serbian, Bosnian or Croatian".
Vaselj Sinistaj, official of the Albanian Alternative, prefers the language to be called Montenegrin, after the state:
"In the municipalities where minorities are represented in great numbers, their mother tongue should also be used in official communication. Next to the state-official language, on the local level the same status should be given to minority languages. This should, concretely, be the case with Albanian in Ulcinj and Tuzi."
The Bosnian Party argues that Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian, and even Croatian, should all be listed as official languages. In the conflict between Serbian and Montenegrin, Bosnian may also sneak in as a political compromise.
"We all speak a single language, we are within the same linguistic system, but the people call it Serbian or Montenegrin. If Bosnian is added, we would support this proposal."
Beyond the political battlefield, there is the clash of linguists of the Faculty of Philosophy in Niksic. The followers of the recently passed away Vojislav Nikcevic, a linguist who wrote a grammar of the Montenegrin language, point out the fine differences between Serbian and Montenegrin.
Adnan Cirgic, executive director of the institute for Montenegrin language, told ESI that the Montenegrin language has had more than a thousand years of tradition, and that it developed alongside the Montenegrin nation in a particular geographic and historical environment.
"While until mid-19th century the Serbian writers wrote in a language foreign and incomprehensible to their people, Montenegrin language had a local base long before the birth of Vuk Karadzic, and it gave birth already then to some of the most famous works of Montenegrin literature. In that sense, Montenegro had little use for the Vuk's language reform (19th century), except with regard to orthography, because there was very little to reform. As a confirmation of wide differences, I would cite one characteristic example: Njegos's Mountain Wrath has been abridged and translated into Serbian language as a short story, for the benefit of the Serbian readers. If it were the same language, there would have been no need to translate it."
According to him, the most important difference is the dialectical usage of long e (e in Serbian, je, ije in Montenegrin).
"In addition to the 30 letters in Serbian, Montenegrin has three more distinct sounds, of which two are widely used all across the Montenegrin linguistic space. This has also been acknowledged by Serbian linguists. These consonants should therefore find their way into our standard language. Besides, Montenegrin has a handful of other sounds produced by the conversion of the long e which are unknown to Serbian… I am currently working on the differences between Serbian and Montenegrin language. The number of such differences is more than obvious and sufficient to speak about a separate Montenegrin standard."
He adds that Montenegrin is not officially standardised nor can be until the state adopts it under that name.
"This does not mean that textbooks are missing. Academic Vojislav Nikcevic already systematised the language: he wrote the grammar, orthographic rules, as well as a two-volume history of the language. We have started together the Dialectology of the Montenegrin language, and the Institute for Montenegrin language, founded by him, began working on the project of a Dictionary of Montenegrin Language. His textbooks are used in the programmes of Slavic Studies around the world. A month ago, a Polish linguist Przemislav Brom defended a PhD dissertation on Montenegrin language."
Montenegrin writer Balsa Brkovic, also argues for the adoption of Montenegrin, albeit not based on its differences with Serbian:
"Seeing that, out of four nations using the same language, which linguistically is undoubtedly the same, three (Serbs, Croats, Bosnians) call it by the name of their state or nation, the right of Montenegrins to do the same is indisputable. On the other hand, in reaction to this a number of Serbian linguists jump to claim that it is not the same language, but if Serbian and Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian, or Bosnian and Croatian are all different languages, then Montenegrin is just as different."
Commenting on the fact that most of South America speaks Spanish and the North English, Brkovic explains that in their cases the language came as the language of a colonial power and an imposed culture which ate up the native ones.
"Our case is very different. This language did not come to Montenegro from Serbia so that we should call it Serbian. There is another unusual reason for Montenegrins to call their language Montenegrin. All the ancient Croatian texts before the Vuk and Danicic 19th century reform can barely be understood nowadays. Even the Serbian texts from the same period can only be read if translated from the Church Slavonic, Slavo-Serbian etc. to the contemporary language. In Montenegro, however, if you take the texts written by Peter I, who lived long before the Vuk's reform, or even older texts, you will be surprised, for you do not need a translator. Why? Vuk, the creator of the reform was from Montenegro and he used this reform to impose the Montenegrin standard as a basis for the literary standard of all south Slavs. It is an undeniable proof: not only should Montenegrins not hesitate to call it their own name, but, and I do not like saying it like this, but they have at least as much right as others to call it as they wish."
However, professors advocating for the language to be called Serbian also claim that science is on their side. Jelica Stojanovic, linguist and professor at the Faculty of Philosophy in Niksic defends this position to ESI:
"Speaking of dialects, the territory of today's Montenegro fits perfectly (and always did!) into the wider continuum of the Serbian language, as its inalienable part – no speech, no dialect nor a single linguistic specificity or a trait ends on the borders of Montenegro, none of it is "only Montenegrin", nor "generally Montenegrin", as the non-scientific circles attempt to portray it. As for the traditional and cultural identification and name-giving, the language in Montenegro, ever since it has a name, has been only Serbian."
According to Stojanovic, neither the literary (standard) expression nor the local language spoken in Montenegro contain any linguistic elements to set it aside from the wider Serbian language.
"Now, if on account of this story you publish and interview with two people of different opinions, it does not mean that the scientific community of linguists is divided on the question. The best representation of the attitude of science and profession towards this "problem" is the recently held conference in Podgorica (organized by the Montenegrin academy of arts and sciences and the Institute for South East European Languages in Oslo). Of some forty participants, only one (R. Glusica) argued in favour of "standardisation" of the Montenegrin language. The non-scientific basis of his presentation has been clearly exposed in the subsequent discussion."
She gives the example of English, which is the only official language, or one of the languages, in some 45 countries of the world: "What would happen if they too applied our "golden rule" to "give" English each their local or national title?!" | <urn:uuid:29b2a863-d07d-48a4-8290-c9474b1e793a> | {
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An interesting study about ordinances governing backyard poultry ownership in Colorado was recently published, titled “A Method for Guarding Animal Welfare and Public Health: Tracking the Rise of Backyard Poultry Ordinances” (the “Report”).
The Report “tracks the development of municipal ordinances, with attention to provisions for animal health and welfare and significant concerns for public health.”
Public and animal health officials, as well as large commercial poultry operations, have been concerned about the spread of infectious, contagious diseases, such as avian influenza virus from small backyard flocks where owners are unaware of and not familiar with the typical biosecurity measures that are generally recommended in animal agriculture.
USDA has published a number of guidance documents for people interested in raising poultry for their personal consumption of eggs.
In “Biosecurity for Birds,” USDA explains:
Raising backyard poultry is a growing trend across the United States. It is very important for all backyard poultry owners to know the signs of two deadly poultry diseases, as well as the basic ‘biosecurity’ steps you can take to protect your birds. APHIS runs the Biosecurity for Birds campaign to help raise awareness among backyard, hobby and pet bird owners.
On the other hand, animal rights activists often blame commercial agriculture for the spread of avian influenza. See, e.g., An HSUS Report: Human Health Implications of Intensive Poultry Production and Avian Influenza, and Avian Influenza Just One Marker of Sickness in Industrial Agriculture .
The fact is that avian influenza is most often spread from wildlife to privately owned domestic flocks, regardless of the size of the flock. Therefore, for animal and public health concerns, statutes and regulations̶̶-federal, state, or local-should provide for the health and welfare of laying hens as well as ensuring quality standards for eggs.
Federal and state laws govern standards of egg quality relating to the prevention of contamination with Salmonella. As the Report discusses:
The federal regulations include requirements related to egg handling and storage prior to point of purchase by consumers, as well as testing for Salmonella on farms that have more than 3000 hens and implementation of biosecurity programs on those farms to control egg safety risks. For poultry meat safety, USDA inspects live birds and carcasses at federally inspected slaughter plants (i.e., plants that process meat for export or interstate commerce) to ensure that they are free of disease, and also evaluates conditions at those plants to ensure that they are sanitary and following ‘good commercial practices.’
However, as the Report states, local ordinances that permit ownership of backyard poultry usually do not include provisions related to either the health or safety of the hens.
[B]ackyard birds may pose significant risks to the general public. The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI, H5N1) in Egypt offers a shocking example. The majority (107/112) of Egypt’s clinically confirmed HPAI cases of human infection from 2006 to 2009 are linked to close contact with diseased backyard birds resulting in 36 deaths and human-to-human spread. In addition, the 2002 California outbreak of Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) originated in backyard flocks. The outbreak spread into commercial operations and resulted in depopulation of over 3 million birds, costing taxpayers $161 million. (citations omitted).
The Report, analyzing backyard poultry ordinances in Colorado, found, in part:
- The most common guidelines for poultry ordinances pertain to housing design and placement, the sex of birds, and total number of birds allowed, including specific space requirements for birds, in come cases.
- Ordinances commonly required housing to be predator resistant, easily cleaned, and maintained regularly to prevent the development of pests, rodents, or odors that would cause nuisances.
- In urban locations, the number of birds permitted was often limited to between 4 and 6 birds per lot.
- Ventilation requirements were often not included in ordinances.
- Roosters were commonly prohibited.
Notably, the Report stated that “[r]egulations pertaining directly to animal health and welfare were rare.”
The Report concluded that ordinances should include these provisions.
[O]ur study indicates that there are fewer guidelines for the health and welfare of backyard poultry than their commercial counterparts. Regulation is important in disease prevention. Fragmented oversight of animal welfare and health creates policy blind spots critical to shared human and animal health. | <urn:uuid:b3f1be65-803c-4ca3-b826-21977713c2a1> | {
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Once we have defined our crop, we can create as many crop cycles as we like, using the parameters outlined previously
On the desk, clik on the Crop Cycle icon. A list will show any existing Crop Cycles.
Agriculture > Crop Cycle
On the top right, click on New to create the first Crop Cycle. A new Crop Cycle document will open, and right away you see that two of the required items are a Land Unit and a Crop. We shall give it a descriptive name, to differentiate it from Crop Cycles we might create later.
- Title: Carrot Planting 2017
- Land Unit: Add a row, and select, Carrot Field 1
- Crop: Carrot from carrot-top
- Start Date: Today
- Leave the ISO 8601 Standard (week count) box unchecked
- Skip the next four fields for Crop Spacing
Save the new Crop Cycle
It should now look something like this
Repeat these for every Crop Cycle you need
As you can see a Project was created, with the same name as the Crop Cycle and linked to the Crop Cycle. If you click on the project, you'll see all the 'Sample Tasks' from the linked Crop, i.e. 'Carrot from carrot-top' in this case, were converted into actual 'Tasks' and linked to the Project, for easy management
Projects > Project | <urn:uuid:2c532533-eb15-42f0-91b8-b5d8d3c24b56> | {
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Description of Historic Place
Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park established in 1893. It is located on the Canadian Shield, northeast of Toronto and northwest of Ottawa. The terrain is hilly and heavily wooded, with five major rivers and numerous small lakes within its perimeters. The formal recognition encompasses 7571 square kilometres of land, 15% of which is water, and the various buildings, structures, roadways and pathways contained therein.
Algonquin Provincial Park was designated a national historic site in 1992 because of its contributions to park management; its pioneering development of park interpretation programs; and the role, as an inspiration to artists such as the Group of Seven, it has played in giving Canadians a sense of Canada.
The heritage value of this site resides in the cultural landscape, comprised of a large natural area of forests and water populated with indigenous flora and fauna, in occasional vacation structures and in its illustration of park management.
Established in 1893, Algonquin Park was the first provincial park in Canada. Originally proposed by Alexander Kirkwood of the Ontario Department of Crown Lands to preserve important headwaters and protect wildlife and forests, it achieved broader objectives.
Park management techniques developed at Algonquin were applied at national and provincial parks across Canada. Algonquin acted as a trying-ground for issues such as: wilderness protection versus recreation promotion; and forest conservation versus logging activity. The park reflects its three founding purposes: a forest reservation; a fish and game preserve; and a health resort and pleasure ground for the enjoyment of the people of Ontario. Forest management techniques have included logging regulation; fire prevention and control; and assisted reforestation. Wildlife management policies have banned, licensed or otherwise restricted hunting and fishing in the park and have applied various policies of intervention and conservation to the park's fish and game. A variety of facilities have been constructed to accommodate human enjoyment of the park.
Park interpretation was pioneered at Algonquin Park in the 1940s by biologist Dr. J.R. Dymond of the Royal Ontario Museum, and later applied at parks across Canada. A park museum, added in 1958, provided facilities for displaying the flora and fauna of the park and giving lectures by naturalists.
Algonquin's rugged lakeshores and wooded slopes have attracted cottagers, tourists, artists and wilderness enthusiasts, fostering intense affection for the park across the province and the nation. Accessibility began with a rail line through the park in 1896 and the consequent development and promotion of recreational facilities. Railway companies and other private enterprises erected hotels and lodges, individuals built summer cottages on leased land, and park management marked, mapped and maintained interior water-routes, portages and campsites for canoe-trippers and wilderness campers. When roads were developed across the park, automobile camping and boating facilities were added. The rugged beauty of Algonquin Park inspired many artists, including members of the Group of Seven, whose paintings added to the park's reputation.
Source: Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Minute, 1992.
The key elements that relate to the heritage value of Algonquin Park include:
- its natural assets, including: its hilly, rocky terrain; its numerous, clean rivers and lakes; its interesting mix of northern coniferous and southern deciduous forests; and the diversity of fauna associated with each type of forest
- its water resources, including the headwaters of five major rivers: the Petawawa, the Bonnechère, the Madawaska, l'Amable du Fond and the Oxtongue-Muskoka.
- its lumber resources, as a product for lumber and pulp industries
- evidence of fire prevention techniques, including: a network of fire detection towers built from as early as 1922
- evidence of assisted reforestation dating to the 1950s
- remnants of the Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway (later Grand Trunk Railway (GTR)) of 1896, and the Achray Railway Station
- hotels, lodges, cottages, camps such as Arrowhons, associated structures such as interior ranger cabins, the Park Administration Building, entrance gates on the east and west sides of Highway # 60
- landscape elements as illustrations of park management
- evidence of early park interpretation, including: nature trails; labelling of significant trees and plants, the outdoor logging museum, and the former Park Museum Building. | <urn:uuid:314a7839-7dcc-499b-ad0c-bf3ac86164fa> | {
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A new report adds two Strategic Instruction Model™ programs to an influential national database of education interventions that have been proven effective in the classroom.
The report found that Xtreme Reading and SIM’s Learning Strategies Curriculum, separately, have shown evidence of—in the parlance of the Institute of Education Sciences’ What Works Clearinghouse—“potentially positive effects” on reading achievement for struggling adolescent readers. The WWC rating means at least one study of each program reported statistically significant positive effects.
In both cases, the level of evidence met criteria to allow the programs to be included in the What Works Clearinghouse, a first for both interventions. Inclusion in the WWC is important: Educators who adopt interventions listed in the database are assured that the programs are effective and are supported by high-quality research.
The report, Summary of Research Generated by Striving Readers on the Effectiveness of Interventions for Struggling Adolescent Readers, was prepared for the IES’s National Center for Educational Evaluation and Regional Assistance. It reviewed studies of interventions tested during the Striving Readers initiative. Striving Readers grants were awarded in 2006 and 2009.
In regard to SIM programs, the authors found that two studies—one of Xtreme Reading and one of the SIM Learning Strategies Curriculum—reported statistically significant positive effects. A second study of Xtreme Reading reported effects that were not large enough to be considered significant under WWC criteria.
In considering the implications of the report, its authors wrote: “This body of evidence substantially increases the amount of credible information available to district administrators trying to decide how to best meet the needs of struggling adolescent readers.”
Read the full report here, including background on the Striving Readers initiative, the review process, and conclusions for all Striving Readers interventions. | <urn:uuid:7ba8293b-fbc9-4938-afd2-bdfd88845800> | {
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What does COMPETITION LAW stand for?
What does COMPETITION LAW mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: COMPETITION LAW.
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What does COMPETITION LAW mean?
- Competition law
- Competition law, known in the United States as antitrust law, is law that promotes or maintains market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions. Since the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level. Countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called effects doctrine. The protection of international competition is governed by international competition agreements. In 1945, during the negotiations preceding the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947, limited international competition obligations were proposed within the Charter for an International Trade Organisation. These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT Multilateral Negotiations, the World Trade Organization was created. The Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific basis. | <urn:uuid:94a89fd7-8382-4b6c-aa0b-b2772cb253cd> | {
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With the 1-h assimilation cycle, the RUC-2 integrates into one system
the RUC-1 and RSAS (RUC Surface Analysis System) from the 60-km era.
The RUC-2 surface analyses are improved over those from RUC-1 due to
the use of a forecast background combined
with new design features to ensure that the 40km surface analyses
not only draw more closely
to the data, but also have better consistency and reliability.
Specific advantages of RUC-2 surface analyses over those from RUC-1 are:
- use of a forecast background rather than persistence
- multivariate/univariate two-pass analysis for winds/pressure
instead of a single-pass univariate analysis
- consistency in data-void regions with terrain-induced dynamics and
surface physics in the 40-km version, allowing features of
the background (forecast) fields such as mountain/valley
circulations, drainage winds, effects
of variations in soil moisture, vegetation type, land use, roughness length,
cover, land/water contrast, and explicit clouds to be present
in the analysis.
- improved quality control due to the forecast background. This is
a fairly significant item, as the 60km QC led to frequent bullseyes that could
only be eliminated by black-listing problematic stations
- lack of spurious temperature, moisture, and wind
gradients at ocean or data-void boundaries.
The following new features are added to ensure that the 40km surface
draw very closely to surface data:
- All station pressure (altimeter) and surface wind observations are used
regardless of the difference between station and model elevation. The
pressure is reduced to the model elevation using the local lapse rate
over the bottom 5 levels in the background field.
- Temperature and dewpoint observations are reduced, via the local lapse
from model terrain height to actual station elevation, provided,
that the reduction does not exceed 70 mb. With this change and
the higher-resolution 40km terrain, a far higher percentage (95%) of
surface temperature and dewpoint observations in the western U.S.
are used in the 40km
3-d analysis than in the 60km RUC-1 3-d analysis.
for a list of surface stations used in the RUC-2 at a particular
time and the pressure separation between station pressure and model
pressure for each.
- The surface wind analysis is performed in two passes, as noted earlier.
The first pass is a multivariate wind/height analysis with weak
geostrophic coupling since some correlation between the
actual and geostrophic winds is expected at the surface,
especially over water. The second pass uses the first pass as its
background and is univariate, so that local details, particularly
in the wind observations, are drawn for.
- Expected surface observation errors for the 40km RUC-2 (a parameter in
the analysis) have been reduced from values in
the 60km RUC to force closer fit to observations.
- Through use of a minimum topography field, surface temperature and
dewpoint are diagnosed at close to the station elevation in both the
and RUC-2. The minimum topography field is determined
from a high-resolution 10km topography field, with the value for the
grid box being the minimum 10km elevation, which is
of valley elevations in rough terrain. The rationale is that
surface stations in
mountainous areas are usually located in valleys or open parks at
- The reduction from the model topography to the minimum topography is done
using the model lapse rate limited to be between the dry adiabatic and
Comparison of 60km RUC-1 and
40km RUC-2 surface temperature analyses
for 1200 UTC 19 February 1997.
3.d. Quality control
As in RUC-1, quality control in RUC-2 involves a buddy check. The buddy check
is of observation residuals, the differences betwen the observation and
the background field interpolated to the observation point, and not of the
observations alone. This is an important distinction, since it means that
any known anomaly in the previous forecast has already been subtracted out,
improving the sensitivity of the QC procedure to actual errors.
observation point, the parameter in question is estimated via optimum
interpolation of values from surrounding observation points. If the estimated
and measured values differ by more than a prescribed amount, further checks
determine whether the central observation or one of its neighbors is erroneous.
Bird contamination for radar/profiler winds
Checks are made for bird contamination for both VAD and profiler winds in
RUC-2. A careful check for bird (and other) contamination in profiler winds
is made at the Profiler Hub in Boulder, CO. This check includes use of
second-moment data to examine for likelihood of bird contamination.
If the quality control
flag produced by this check
indicates suspicious data, the profiler data at that level is not used
by RUC-2. For VAD winds, no second-moment data is available, so a cruder
and more conservative check is made. A solar angle is calculated, and if
the sun is down and the temperature is warmer than -2 deg C, VAD winds
are not used if they have a northerly component between 15 August and 15 November
or a southerly component between 15 February and 15 June.
3.e. Future improvements
A new 3-d variational analysis (Devenyi and Benjamin 1998) is nearing
completion for the RUC-2 and will follow the rest of the RUC-2 into
operations with a lag time of several months.
4. ONE-HOUR ASSIMILATION CYCLE FOR RUC-2
See also information on
1-h cycle and data used for more differences.
1-h assimilation cycle. The background for each analysis is
the previous 1-h forecast. The 1-h cycle allows much more complete use of profiler,
and VAD data, which are all available at least hourly. The time window for
aircraft data is now -1h to 0h instead of -2h to +1h, meaning that aircraft
data are now applied closer to the time that they are actually reported.
Grids from RUC-2 will be available almost 1 hour earlier
than those from RUC-1. The data cut-off
time from the 40km system is 20 min after the analysis valid time.
A catch-up cycle at 0000 and 1200 UTC runs at +55 min
to catch late-arriving rawinsonde data. Twelve-hour forecasts from
these times are run from the catch-up cycle analysis, rather than the
"early look" analysis at 20 min after.
5. RUC-2 FORECAST MODEL
The RUC-2 forecast model is an updated version of the generalized
vertical coordinate model described by Bleck and Benjamin (1993).
Modifications to a 20-line section of code in the model are sufficient
to modify it from the hybrid isentropic-sigma coordinate described
in section 2.c to either a pure sigma or pure isentropic model.
The RUC-2 model is considerably different from the RUC-1 model in
its parameterizations of physical processes such as cloud microphysics
turbulent mixing, radiation, and convective precipitation. To some
extent, this was made possible by changing the RUC-2 model to use
the code structure of the NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5,
Grell et al. 1994). This allowed relatively easy transfer of MM5
parameterizations (cloud microphysics, radiation) into the RUC-2
model, and will continue to do so in the future as new MM5 parameterizations
5.a. Basic dynamics/numerics
Here are some of the basic numerical characteristics of the RUC-2 model:
The atmospheric prognostic variables of the RUC-2 forecast model are:
- Arakawa-C staggered horizontal grid (Arakawa and Lamb 1977); u and v horizontal wind
points offset from mass points to improve numerical accuracy.
- No vertical staggering.
- Time step is 60 seconds at 40-km resolution.
- Positive definite advection schemes used for continuity equation
(advection of pressure thickness between levels) and for horizontal
advection (Smolarkiewicz 1983)
of virtual potential temperature and all vapor and hydrometeor
The soil prognostic variables (at six levels) of the RUC-2 forecast model are:
- pressure thickness between levels
- virtual potential temperature
- horizontal wind components
- water vapor mixing ratio
- cloud water mixing ratio
- rain water mixing ratio
- ice mixing ratio
- snow mixing ratio
- graupel (rimed snow) mixing ratio
- number concentration for ice particles
- turbulence kinetic energy
- turbulent variance of potential temperature
- turbulent variance of water vapor mixing ratio
- turbulent covariance of potential temperature perturbations
with water vapor mixing ratio perturbations
Other surface-related prognostic variables are snow water equivalent moisture
and snow temperature.
- soil temperature
- soil volumetric moisture content
5.b. Physical parameterizations | <urn:uuid:7a036004-1b0f-4ec1-bfb2-436bf5eaa9f7> | {
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Statistics: An Introduction
Statistics is a set of tools used to organize and analyze data. Data must either be numeric in origin or transformed by researchers into numbers. For instance, statistics could be used to analyze percentage scores English students receive on a grammar test: the percentage scores ranging from 0 to 100 are already in numeric form. Statistics could also be used to analyze grades on an essay by assigning numeric values to the letter grades, e.g., A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, and F=0.
Employing statistics serves two purposes, (1) description and (2) prediction. Statistics are used to describe the characteristics of groups. These characteristics are referred to as variables. Data is gathered and recorded for each variable. Descriptive statistics can then be used to reveal the distribution of the data in each variable.
Statistics is also frequently used for purposes of prediction. Prediction is based on the concept of generalizability: if enough data is compiled about a particular context (e.g., students studying writing in a specific set of classrooms), the patterns revealed through analysis of the data collected about that context can be generalized (or predicted to occur in) similar contexts. The prediction of what will happen in a similar context is probabilistic. That is, the researcher is not certain that the same things will happen in other contexts; instead, the researcher can only reasonably expect that the same things will happen.
Prediction is a method employed by individuals throughout daily life. For instance, if writing students begin class every day for the first half of the semester with a five-minute freewriting exercise, then they will likely come to class the first day of the second half of the semester prepared to again freewrite for the first five minutes of class. The students will have made a prediction about the class content based on their previous experiences in the class: Because they began all previous class sessions with freewriting, it would be probable that their next class session will begin the same way. Statistics is used to perform the same function; the difference is that precise probabilities are determined in terms of the percentage chance that an outcome will occur, complete with a range of error. Prediction is a primary goal of inferential statistics. | <urn:uuid:a43bdaa9-80a3-4009-ad3a-b7322d3c5bd3> | {
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We interact daily with gravity; it keeps our feet on the ground and the Earth orbiting around the Sun. Yet it’s not often that we stop and consider what gravity actually is. Our challenge to you is to share with us your own picture of gravity. What is it? How can we describe it? What experiments can we carry out to investigate it?
Our understanding of gravity has changed a great deal over time. Beginning in the seventeenth century scientists such as Galileo and Newton first built a picture of gravity, from studying its effect on falling objects, as a force between all massive bodies. In the early twentieth century Albert Einstein then developed a radically different picture: in Einstein’s general theory of relativity gravity can be thought of as a bending of space and time themselves. A key prediction of Einstein’s theory – the existence of gravitational waves – was confirmed in 2016 when the twin instruments of LIGO (the Laser Interferometer Gravity-wave Observatory) detected directly the gravitational wave signal from two black holes colliding more than a billion light years away. LIGO’s dramatic discoveries have opened up a whole new window on the cosmos – offering us a completely different way to observe the universe around us.
What to do
Entries can be from an individual pupil but where possible we encourage team entries of up to four pupils. There is no limit to the number of entries per school. There are three age group categories and each has their own particular aspect to consider.
1. Upper Primary:
We would like pupils to investigate gravity alongside forces such as the magnetic and electrostatic forces. The brief is to produce a poster (a template is available here to give ideas on what content we might expect). A short introduction suitable for pupils is available here.
Curriculum links: Forces (first and second level experiences and outcomes).
2. S1-3 (BGE):
Teams in this category are asked to produce a poster on their investigations into what gravity is and how our knowledge of it has changed over time. An accompanying submission of 1 page of text (excluding references) is required and judging will include poster and text. A short introduction suitable for pupils is available here.
Curriculum links: Forces (third level outcomes) and space (fourth level outcomes).
3. S4-6 (Senior phase):
Senior pupils are asked to produce a poster on our modern understanding of gravity which includes consideration of gravitational waves, how they were detected and the implications of their discovery. An accompanying submission of 2 pages of text is required (excluding references) and the essay should link to the theme of the poster but provide more detail. Judging will be of both poster and text. A short introduction suitable for pupils is available here.
- Forces, motion and energy (National 4)
- Cosmology (National 4 and 5)
- Waves and radiation (National 4 and 5)
- Newton’s Laws (National 5)
- Conservation of energy (National 5)
- Space exploration (National 5)
- Forces, energy and power (Higher)
- Particles and waves (Higher)
- Special relativity (Higher)
- General Relativity (Advanced Higher)
- Waves (Advanced Higher)
There is no standard format for the posters but we have put together some guidance to help pupils get started:
- Plan your poster: what are you trying to say? Identify the key message you want to get across.
- Do your research: use different sources for information and keep a list. We expect S1-3 and S4-6 to list their sources/references as part of the entry. These should not be listed on the poster but as part of the essay accompanying it.
- Making your poster: decide how you are going to put it together. Are you going to use a software package like PowerPoint or make it by hand? If making it by hand, an electronic version is required for submission, so this means either scanning it or taking a picture.
- Review your poster: before submitting the poster you should make sure that the text is clear and easy to read and that any images and diagrams used are suitable and copyright free.
An example poster from a previous competition is available to download here (pdf), but it is not compulsory to use this format or style – use your imagination, knowledge and creativity!
The deadline for entries is 31 March 2017. Winning teams will be invited to a celebration and presentation event in summer at the University of Glasgow.
Pupils will receive individual prizes relating to the topic of their entry. The winning team will also receive a trophy for their school.
Submitting an entry:
The competition is now closed. | <urn:uuid:dec397bf-d1ef-4236-bf50-94ec817d71fa> | {
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The Italian Adhering Body of the International Permafrost Association is completing an inventory of rock glaciers both in the Alps and in the north central Apennines. The results of these studies are also an Italian contribution to the IPA permafrost map of the Northern Hemisphere. Large-scale geomorphological mapping is in progress in selected mountain areas (central and western Alps and Apennines) which have proved to be affected by permafrost. Very detailed studies have also been carried out for more than 40 rock glaciers, including 14c datings, BTS measurements, geoelectrical soundings and remote sensing.
Research continued at two stations installed in the Valtellina area (central Alps) some five years ago to monitor creep phenomena in rock glaciers. A new research station has been established on an active rock glacier in the upper Valtellina catchment. In this area, located at about 2700 m a.s.l., meteorological instruments and more than 15 thermistors measuring ground temperature at different depths have been installed.
Research on permafrost and periglacial geomorphology is also in progress for the area surrounding the Italian research station in Antarctica (Terra Victoria). Finally, the ultimate Italian version of the permafrost glossary has been submitted to the IPA Working Group on Terminology for inclusion in the multilingual glossary.
Prepared by Francesco Dramis | <urn:uuid:b7dc6cca-53ab-4e96-9387-8747d69bb684> | {
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San Francisco cable cars travel at about 9.5 miles per hour.
San Francisco’s cable cars have had many ups and downs since they first clattered into service in 1873. When Mayor Roger Lapham proposed eliminating the cable car system in 1947 to save money, Friedel Klussmann, affectionately nicknamed the Cable Car Lady, and other citizens rallied to preserve it. Today, these classic people movers—unique in the United States—carry nearly 8 million riders halfway to the stars every year.
RUSH HOUR, OLD SCHOOL In the 1880s and ’90s, cable cars left from the bustling Ferry Building as often as every 15 seconds..
EXTREME MAKEOVER Early in the 20th century, people made discarded streetcars into homes in an area known as Carville–by–the–Sea. One house built around a cable car still exists.
CRUISING SPEED The current cable system pulls all cars along at an average 9.5 miles per hour.
THE SAN FRANCISCO TREAT The cable car began its long association with Rice-A-Roni in a 1959 television commercial.
A MOVING TRIBUTE In 1964, the Secretary of the Interior named San Francisco cable cars a moving National Historic Landmark.
FIRST LADY Fannie Mae Barnes became the city’s first—and so far only—gripwoman in 1998 at the age of 52.
Photo courtesy of PDPhoto.org
This article was first published in July 2006. Some facts may have aged gracelessly. Please call ahead to verify information. | <urn:uuid:b0050d64-0489-4827-9f6f-5cba9ad3ad10> | {
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|Download these layers: UTMGRID | UTMPT|
(ESRI Shapefile with ArcGIS .lyr and ArcView 3x .avl)
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid is an X-Y coordinate system used as a reference on medium- to small-scale maps for representing the three-dimensional curved surface of the earth on a 2-D plane (e.g. a map or computer screen). In this grid, the world is divided into 60 north-south zones, each covering a strip 6° wide in longitude. These zones are numbered consecutively beginning with Zone 1, between 180° and 174° west longitude, and progressing eastward to Zone 60, between 174° and 180° east longitude. Thus, the conterminous 48 States are covered by 10 zones, from Zone 10 on the west coast through Zone 19 in New England. In each zone, coordinates are measured north and east in meters. (One meter equals 39.37 inches, or slightly more than 1 yard.) The northing values are measured continuously from zero at the Equator, in a northerly direction. Southerly values are similarly measured from the Equator, south. A central meridian through the middle of each 6° zone is assigned a "false" easting value of 500,000 meters. Grid values to the west of this central meridian are less than 500,000; to the east, more than 500,000.
MassGIS provides two datalayers which represent this referencing system for the parts of the two Zones (18 and 19) that cover Massachusetts:
- UTMGRID_POLY - a polygon/line layer that can be plotted on a map as a coordinate reference
- UTMPT_PT - a point layer that represents the nodes (line intersections) of the UTMGRID_POLY layer
MassGIS staff produced UTMGRID_POLY using the ARC/INFO command GENERATE. Because two Zones cross Massachusetts and meet at the 72-degrees line of longitude (west of Worcester), each was generated separately, converted to the Mass. Stateplane Mainland coordinate system, and then joined in Arc with MAPJOIN. Consequently, along the "seam" of the two zones the grid blocks have varying sizes and shapes. (Traditionally, map series that use the UTM system, i.e. USGS Topographic Maps, are tiled so that no two zones appear in the same map sheet, thus avoiding such geometric inconsistency.) MassGIS then made the point coverage by using the ARC/INFO command NODEPOINT, in which each node of the grid was converted into a point in UTMPT_PT. All coverages were converted to ArcSDE geodatabase layers.
The polygon attribute table for UTMGRID_POLY contains the following item:
ZONE UTM Zone
18 => to the west of 72-degrees Longitude
19 => to the east of 72-degrees Longitude
MassGIS is maintaining these datalayers. For additional resources on the UTM coordinate system, visit the following Web sites:
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Cockroach Pest Control Milton Keynes, Bletchley & Newport Pagnell
There are three main types of cockroaches in the UK; the first 2 are The Cockroach (Order Dictyoptera) and the Oriental Cockroach (Blatta Orientalis). You will find these in forests, fields, heath, and moorlands and then there's the German Cockroach (Blatella Germanica) These only like warm, humid conditions.
However, they can all be associated with human habitation. There is a public distaste over the presence in housing, particularly in restaurants, kitchens and hotels. They are most active during the night and prefer to stay hidden in cracks and crevices in the day time. They are attracted to food that's available and will feed on anything from food to animal faeces.
Signs Of A Cockroach's Presence
- Droppings - Black grainy droppings found in cabinets, along the walls or routes they have travelled.
- Smear Marks - Where water is plentiful, brown and irregular shaped smear marks will appear in horizontal services and wall-floor junctions.
- Shredded skin - Brownish skins found close to where they are breeding.
- Eggshells - These are small dark brown oval-shaped casings.
- Damage - Look for signs of damage on food packets also on books and leather goods.
- Live Cockroaches - Usually found around Kitchens and bathrooms leaving a musty smell from cockroaches present in large numbers.
The Problems Cockroach's Cause
- They can carry all kinds of disease, Salmonella Typhi - which causes Typhoid and Poliomyelitis - Which causes Polio and Dysentery. Dysentery is an illness that causes acute diarrhoea, which may include bleeding.
- Cockroaches can bite it is rare, but it's a possibility of leaving you with wounds.
- They can reproduce very quickly so Infestations can overrun your home in no time.
- They can cause allergies leading to asthma.
- Cockroaches will eat through books and their bindings and paperwork.
Cockroach Control Methods
- Baits such as gel and flowable powders containing either Fipronil, Hydramethylnon, Imidacloprid or Abamectin are all stomach poisons.
- Residual spray and Dust Formulations are containing Organophosphorus, Carbamate or Photo-Stable Pyrethroid Insecticides.
- Space Spray Formulations, these will usually be formulated to deliver small aerosol particles of Pyrethroid Insecticide. They are unlikely to achieve full control but are useful in the detection of insects from harbourages.
Prevention Of Future Cockroach Damage & Infestation
- Make sure your home is clean, de-cluttered and sanitised to avoid the attraction of cockroaches.
- Seal up cracks and holes that they may be able to enter through.
- Fix any leaking pipes, or anything water may be able to escape through, as they need water.
- Make your own Natural Cockroach Bait.
- Keep your home as fresh as possible as some cockroaches love warm, humid conditions.
- Store any dry foods in tightly sealed containers and keep pet food in sealed bags.
For more information or a free, no-obligation quote for Cockroach pest control and removal from a property in Milton Keynes, Bletchley & Newport Pagnell or the surrounding areas covered, contact us for a free quote. | <urn:uuid:28c07a2e-f645-4c6c-887c-84f69a7248c4> | {
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The Beagle Point is a modern hybrid and does not have very much documented history. It is believed they originated in the United States within the last 20 years. As for the parents, Beagle-type dogs have existed for over 2,500 years. The modern breed originated in Great Britain around the 1800s. They were bred to be scent hounds and track rabbits. These Beagles were much smaller than the Beagle of today and they could fit in the hunter’s pocket. Beagles began to be imported into the United States in the 1860s and was accepted as a breed by the American Kennel Club in 1885. As of March 2017, the American Kennel Club ranks the Beagle breed in the top ten of popular breeds. Queen Elizabeth I owned pocket Beagles and United States President Lyndon Johnson owned two Beagles, named Him and Her. The United States government started training Beagles in 1984. Because of their keen smell they patrol airports, seaports, cargo facilities and border entry points. They can stop contraband foods, plants and narcotics from entering the United States. The Pointer history can be traced back to 1650 in England. It is believed that the Pointer breed was developed by crossing Greyhounds, Foxhounds, Bloodhounds and Bull Terriers. The Pointer was bred to be a gun dog and “point” out birds and small game. The Pointer first entered a Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1877. Pointers in the United States can be traced back to the Civil War period. It is believed that they were brought into the U.S by English owners. Currently in the southern states, the Pointer is referred to as the "bird dog." The American Kennel Club recognized the Pointer in 1884 as a member of its Sporting Group. | <urn:uuid:5ea4d42d-bc7a-4fd2-8da4-fa0d56f6930c> | {
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Though Concord was generally accepted as being pure Vitis labrusca, horticulturists today believe it is a hybrid with another species and that most of the older American-type grapes involve more than one species. Ephraim Bull’s Concord seedling grew near a Catawba grape and may have been cross pollinated by it, he said.
The Concord grape, with its distinctive flavor, is as American as apple pie. It’s the preferred jelly in peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, which sweetened up soldier rations during World War II, and is the flavor in Nehi grape soda. Concord juice has been served in U.S. churches for sacramental communion for more than 150 years.
Native to North America, the dark-blue, slip-skin grape is a descendant of wild grape Vitis labrusca species that grew uncultivated in New England in the early 1800s. The grape’s origin has been well documented, and according to the Concord Grape Association, it was developed by Ephraim Wales Bull in 1849, and is named for Concord, Massachusetts, where the original Concord parent vine still grows today, near Bull’s farmhouse.
Bull planted and evaluated some 22,000 seedlings before he found his perfect grape—one that survived cold winters and killing frosts and thrived in U.S. soils where European Vitis vinifera grapes did not.
The variety won first prize at Boston Horticultural Society Exhibition in 1853. In 1866, Horace Greeley named it best grape for general cultivation, awarded it a cash prize, and declared it “the grape for millions.”
Welch’s grape juice
Dr. Thomas Welch made the first unfermented grape juice known to be processed in the United States in 1869 from Concord grapes. Welch, a New Jersey dentist and physician, and his son Charles cooked, squeezed, and filtered 40 pounds of their homegrown grapes into juice in their kitchen, sealing the juice bottles with cork and wax and boiling them in water to kill yeast and prevent fermentation.
Welch used the first batch of Concord grape juice for communion in the local Methodist church, and most of his first grape juice orders were from churches.
In recent years, grape juice has been popular with consumers for its health benefits.
Coast to coast
Concord, with its versatility as a fresh-eating table grape and processed grape, was found to be adaptable to a wide range of soil and climate conditions, growing well in most grape production regions. By the mid-1870s, it was more widely planted in the Northeast than all other grape varieties combined. A heavy concentration of Concord vineyards was planted in what’s known as the Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt, a narrow stretch of land along Lake Erie along the border of Pennsylvania and New York.
Concords made their way out West as well. In the book The Wine Project: Washington State’s Winemaking History by Ron Irvine and Dr. Walter Clore, A.P. Shipley of Walla Walla, Washington, is said to have imported 45 American and European grape varieties from the eastern United States during the 1860s and, after growing them a while, discarded all but the Concord.
The Washington State Board of Horticulture’s first report, published in 1893, listed Concord and other grape varieties being grown, according to The Wine Project. In 1904, E.P. Dopps of Outlook planted the first Concord grapes in Washington’s Yakima Valley, according to Clore, and the state’s grape juice industry started around 1914.
Prohibition, while putting an end to legitimate winemaking, had an interesting effect on grape acreage and plantings, writes G.A. Cahoon in A History of Fruit Varieties, edited by David C. Ferree. “Concord grape juice was in demand and sold with specific instruction on how to avoid fermentation, which was certainly the reason for making the statement in the first place,” stated Cahoon.
Washington State leads the nation in Concord production today. Washington growers, on about 25,000 acres, produce almost half of the nationwide 400,000-ton annual production. Other major Concord-producing states include New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Ohio. | <urn:uuid:8786b010-e318-4c8c-a8ea-2f803f95e38b> | {
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Length: 13.100 cm
Britain, Europe and Prehistory
Room 41: Europe AD 300-1100
Viking, 9th-10th century AD
From Anga on the island of Gotland, Sweden
This copper-alloy openwork fitting was for guiding the reins of a horse when pulling a waggon or sledge. Both sides are decorated with Borre Style animal masks in relief and interlacing bodies. The fitting was probably originally gilded, like the fragment of a similar example found in a field at Cliffe, North Yorkshire in 1997. The type is mainly found in Sweden, but the spread of Viking settlement and culture would explain the discovery of similar objects so far apart. A number of Swedish runestones record the names of local men who had joined the raids on England.
The fitting would have been attached by the perforated lugs round the base to a wooden bow. This was strapped across the shoulders of the horse as part of the harness. The reins would have passed through the two large, circular openings on either side of the centre. These fittings are sometimes found in pairs, indicating two horses would have been harnessed together.
D. Kidd and L. Thunmark-Nylén, 'James Curle of Melrose and his collection of Gotlandic antiquities', Fornvännen, 85 (1990) | <urn:uuid:0c86da33-57cb-4b00-bda6-8192608a24fa> | {
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The science and technology backyard (STB) programme was initiated in 2009 with professors and graduate students from China Agricultural University (CAU) moving into villages in Quzhou County, Hebei province, to help smallholders improve farming practices.
“If farmers over-invest resources into improving yields of one crop, they are in big trouble if that crop fails.”
Leah Samberg, University of Minnesota Twin Cities in the United States
Over five years, the countywide average yield of key crops such as wheat and maize increased from 62.8 per cent of what is theoretically possible to 79.6 per cent, according to a recent research study published in Nature. Following the success of the pilot programme, there are now 71 STBs operating in 21 of China’s 23 provinces.
“Usually, scientists take techniques and hope farmers can adopt them but they don’t really think about what the farmers really need. In this study, we lived in the villages and worked together with the farmers. We asked them to put their experience and wisdom into the techniques and then revised them,” says lead author Weifeng Zhang, a professor at CAU.
Using experiments to compare farmers’ practices against their own, the scientists identified the factors contributing most to yield gaps and came up with ten recommended practices to tackle them. After asking farmers for feedback, a revised set of recommendations were tested by 71 leading farmers and their yields increased from 67.9 per cent of what is attainable to an average of 97 per cent between 2009 and 2014.
Recommendations were conveyed through field demonstrations, farming schools, yield contests and posters along main roads. Loose cooperatives of 30 to 40 households were organised to help farmers bulk buy inputs or coordinate large-scale tasks like irrigation or ploughing.
Zhang believes the system should be replicated in other Asian countries as many face similar constraints such as decent access to inputs and the need for stable political and education systems.
However, Maximo Torero, director of markets, trade and institutions at the International Food Policy Research Institute, says it is not that simple though. “Each region has different characteristics in agro-ecological conditions but also on their level of institutional development.”
Focusing on yield gaps also ignores whether there is demand for extra crops, he adds, and other factors like infrastructure connecting smallholders to markets may be more important. Leah Samberg, a research associate studying small-scale agriculture at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities in the United States, says the approach does not differ greatly from other “agricultural extension” programmes that help farmers apply scientific findings through education.
The STB’s well-designed and participatory approach, long-time scales and diversity of factors are major strengths, she says, but reported yield increases cover a short period and may not be that robust.
Samberg agrees with Torero that narrow focus on yield gaps for specific crops may be counterproductive as diversification makes farmers more immune to shocks. “If farmers over-invest resources into improving yields of one crop, they are in big trouble if that crop fails,” she notes.
This piece was produced by SciDev.Net’s South-East Asia & Pacific desk.
This article was made possible with support from Monsanto. | <urn:uuid:c8d5688f-7ab2-4259-a8f2-01e4dd2db9cb> | {
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Binghamton, NY (WBNG Binghamton) Wes Ernsberger helped his church become solar powered two years ago.
Using the computer, he can see in real time the energy generated by the solar cells on the roof of the Unitarian Universalist Church in Binghamton.
"Our overall carbon footprint is going down each year," said Ernsberger, "Our ultimate goal is to become what we call 'carbon neutral' where we're not making the planet any worse."
Ernsberger used a federal grant install the panels at little cost in 2010.
Now, other businesses can install panels in New York tax free thanks to a state law that took effect on January 1.
The law eliminates the state sales tax for solar power systems, and also has provisions to eliminate some county taxes as well.
Ernsberger said the cells are so good in the summer, they help pay for electricity in the winter.
"We have an excess of electricity and so that gets shipped out over the grid," he said, "And we receive a credit on that in our bill."
C. Roger Westgate, a professor at Binghamton University and director of the Center for Autonomous Solar Power, said bringing down costs through government incentives is key for the emerging technology.
"It becomes more economical," said Westgate, "And the payback period after the initial cost is much shorter when you have substantial federal and state incentives."
Westgate said solar power systems have dropped in price by almost half from $6 to $3 per watt generated.
He said the average small power system generates 1,000 watts.
"The efficiency is growing slowly," Westgate said, "But the cost is dropping dramatically."
Together with government incentives, he said small systems could pay for themselves in five to ten years instead of 15 to 20. | <urn:uuid:1f60224a-f00e-402e-9fb8-d838a92caf1d> | {
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By Amy Kathleen Miller
My painting called “On Alert” was a joy to work on, because it made me think about how the African elephants have love and compassion for their calves. A mother elephant will carry her calf for two years before giving birth. That is a long time to be pregnant. The elephants in this painting look like a mother elephant on the lookout for her calf or even for her herd. Elephants look out for each other.
I want to share two stories about how compassionate elephants can be to each other in their herd. One of the elephants is a sweet and devoted member of the herd.
Cynthia Moss, an expert on these animals, has told a great story of a mother’s devotion that I’ll pass along here.
Echo, the “beautiful matriarch” of her elephant family, gave birth to a male calf, Ely, who could not stand up because his front legs were bent. He was born with rigid carpal joints. Echo continually tried to lift him up by reaching her trunk under him and lifting him up. She would not give up. Ely stood and was able to shuffle around before collapsing to the ground. Eventually, the other elephants gave up and left.
Even though Echo and her other daughter Enid were very hungry and thirsty, they wouldn’t leave an exhausted Ely to go to the watering hole. After a great deal of effort, all three elephants were able to reach the watering hole, where Echo and Enid splashed themselves as well as Ely. Echo and Enid then made low rumbling calls to the rest of their family. After three days, Ely’s joints loosened and he was finally able to stand.
But there is more to this story. When Ely was seven years old, he suffered a serious wound from a spear that had become embedded about one foot into his back. Echo had another calf at this time, but she remained bonded with Ely and would not allow veterinarians to come near him. When Ely fell down after being tranquilized, Echo and the other clan members tried to lift him. Echo, Enid, and another of Echo’s daughters, Eliot, remained near Ely despite attempts by the veterinarians to disperse the elephants so they could help Ely.
The elephants refused to leave despite the gunshots being fired over their heads. Finally, Ely was treated and survived the injury. Echo’s lifelong devotion to Ely was rewarded and Ely made it into adulthood.
Elephants have strong feelings for each other. They experience joy, grief, and depression, and they do mourn the loss of their friends and family.
Shirley and Jenny, two female elephants who were unintentionally reunited after living apart for 22 years, showed that they truly had missed each other when they were separated. At different times, each was brought to the Elephant Sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tennessee, founded and run by Carol Buckley, where elephants live out their lives in peace like an elephant should.
Upon these two elephants’ initial meeting, when Shirley was introduced to Jenny, there was an urgency in Jenny’s behavior. Jenny really wanted to get near Shirley and get into her stall. They roared loudly, emanating from deep in each elephant’s heart as if they were old friends. A search of their records did prove that they did have a relationship where they were in a circus together. Shirley was a 20-year-old elephant and Jenny was just a calf. Even after so much time apart, they remembered each other.
These two stories just prove that elephants have emotions similar to ours.
Editor’s Note: “Amy’s Angle” is a weekly Wednesday feature in this blog.
Copyright 2012, Daddysangbassdude Media
- Wild Elephants Hold Eery Vigil (green-trust.org)
- Wild Elephants Gather to Mourn Death of “Elephant Whisperer” (sott.net)
- Oakland Zoo Hosts Cynthia Moss for Celebrating Elephants Reception, Lecture & Silent Auction (prweb.com)
- The Elephant Whisperer – by Rob Kirby (jhaines6.wordpress.com) | <urn:uuid:17989cca-c41d-46db-8dc4-84980d569f8d> | {
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By Dr. Sebastian Lüning and Prof. Fritz Vahrenholt
(Translated/edited by P. Gosselin)
It’s the end of the year tally at the DWD German Weather Service for 2015. In a press release the DWD reported on December 30, 2015:
2015 second warmest year in Germany – tied with 2000 and 2007
2015 in Germany saw a mean temperature of 9.9°C, thus – after the preliminary analysis of measurements taken from some 2000 surface stations belonging to the DWD – it is the second warmest year on record since measurements began in 1881, tied with 2000 and 2007. The temperature record of 2014 stands by a wide margin at 10.3°C. Moreover the past 12 months were also drier and sunnier than normal, the DWD reports.
In 2015, 10 of 12 months were warmer than normal. Only September and October came in below the multi-year mean. August was the second warmest and November and December were even the record warmest ever since 1881. In July and August extreme heat dominated Germany, and the Franconian town of Kitzingen measured 40.3 °C , setting a new Germany record high.”
What a disappointment. We were already looking forward to a new annual record – and then came the blow. Only the silver medal, and that shared with two other years. Theoretically 2015 got only one third of a silver medal.
Back on September 21, 2015, German public television ntv held out hope:
According to scientists 2015 could be the warmest year on record worldwide since measurements began 135 years ago. Also Germany could break a record. So far in the country 2014 has been the warmest, said the chairperson of the German meteorological Society (DMG), Gudrun Rosenhagen at the 10th German Climate Conference in Hamburg. And this year is well on the way to break the record.”
What a pity, Frau Rosenhagen. By the way we are still waiting for an answer to our question sent to the DMG (see “Answer requested: Is the solar trend in the statement released by the German Meteorological Society correct?“). In its press release the DWD claims that in 2015 ten of twelve months were warmer than the mean. We assume this is in comparison to the now obsolete and ancient 1961 to 1990 reference period. When using the more up-to-date 1981 to 2010 reference period, the number of warmer than normal months likely drops.
It also remains a mystery how Germany’s year 2000 managed to reach 2nd place. It was a rained out summer and public swimming pools saw very few swimmers. [The following video shows ARD television asking whatever had happened to the summer amid cold rainy weather]:
Thanks to Klima Manifest Heiligenroth
The DWD forgets to mention that over the past 15 years there has been no warming whatsoever. What follows are a number monthly mean temperature plots going back over the recent past. For whatever reason, what the DWD refuses to make public, is made public thanks to Josef Kowatsch. What follows are three examples of the development of monthly mean temperatures in Germany – based on the DWD’s own original data.
February Germany temperature plot since 1988:
July Germany mean temperature plot since 2000:
October mean temperature plot, last 16 years:
No global record
Also the global temperature failed to set a new record in 2015. The UAH measured figures show an extended global temperature pause. 2015 came in only in third place, as NASA satellite expert Roy Spencer of the University of Alabama in Huntsville documents here.
This makes 2015 the third warmest year globally (+0.27°C) in the satellite record (since 1979), well behind 1998 (+0.48 deg C) and 2010 (+0.34 deg. C).
That’s quite lousy for an El Niño year, which in mid 2015 the year was regarded as a candidate for a world record. Somehow the wind behind 2015 must have disappeared in the second half.
Temperature trend as to satellite measurements. Figure: Roy Spencer, UAH.
Moreover surface station datasets GISS and HadCRUT are in crisis. Over the past years they have interfered multiple times with the datasets and carried out a number of highly dubious corrections that make little sense. The data are now highly questionable, and alleged records are suspicious. Here there has to be and there will be consequences. | <urn:uuid:07516854-5fe3-4ba8-bba8-27ab9edbde5a> | {
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As we start a new school year together and consider the mission and vision of our University, there is an acute awareness for the need to work toward a more just and humane world. Multiple systems of injustice have in an organized and systematic way worked to insure systems of inequality where the haves get more and the have nots get less. Marginalization and disenfranchisement seem to be celebrated while justice and equity seem to be demonized. Power, greed, control, and false narratives have taken center stage in national and international politics to the degree that there is very little honor left in the public square. In the face of all of this, the field of religion has been rocked by scandal and the public perception of those who work in religious life has been marred.
Humanity is made up of innumerable individuals, no two alike, and yet society is a composite whole moving gradually toward collective ideas and characteristics (Holmes, This Thing Called You 1997). How do we respond to the state of emergency our world finds itself in? Perhaps the answer lies in a return to prayer. Not the type of prayer that is filled mindless or empty platitudes, rather payer that is centered in deep faith that calls humanity to its highest ideas and character.
Despite what may appear, we are not, by choice or ideology, a culture set against solitude, interiority, and prayer. Nor are we more malicious than past generations. We differ from the past more by busyness than badness (Rolheiser 2013). All of our religious traditions have in common a commitment to prayer. The prayer I believe we need is a movement of thought, within the mind of the one praying, along a definite line of meditation; that is, for a specific purpose (Holmes 1997). This prayer is effective because a person’s thoughts become the law of her or his life. As the life of the individual goes, so goes the life of the community, region, nation, and ultimately the world. Prayer is our ability to raise our consciousness above the limitations of the physical plane in connection with any matter and as we see and speak things above what our senses behold we begin to respond to the physical in different ways (Fox 1966). It makes little difference the circumstance or its cause; prayer changes the way one responds to both circumstance and cause, because prayer changes the one praying!
Prayer is a form of thought, and negative thoughts (prayers) can create negative experiences! Professor William R. Parker of Redlands University investigated prayer therapy and discovered that unless prayer is positive it may be dangerous. The thoughts or desires we hold eventually conquer and control our lives (Holmes, A New Design for Living 2010). We can literally teach ourselves and the world around us to function in unhealthy ways if our hearts and minds are tuned to the frequency of negativity. Perhaps our news cycles have been informing our prayers and we can no longer see the ways in which we are complicit in cultural norms that are destructive to human flourishing.
Real prayer has power, not through repetition, rather through genuine belief and acceptance. It is the law of life that as we think and speak we also act. It is a greater law of life that as we think and speak towards others they respond in kind towards us. This does not mean that every individual will return our kindness, but society becomes the best version of itself when the individual is the best version of themselves. This best self is centered in affirmative prayer that calls us to transcend the bruises of everyday life and seeks to see that which reflects the goodness of The Divine. Prayer gives us the opportunity to experience consciously striving to integrate one’s life in terms not of isolation and self-absorption but of self-transcendence toward the ultimate value one perceives (Hartin 2010).
What if our religious organizations, churches, temples, or houses of worship began to re-imagine prayer? What if we became the places where we make prayer for ourselves, communities, regions and nations? What would the world look like if people of faith really began to pray?
Feel free to comment below.
Peace Is Possible,
Rt. Rev. Edward Donalson III, DMin | Director of Liturgy and Worship | Assistant Clinical Professor
SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTRY | SEATTLE UNIVERSITY
Fox, Emmet. 1966. The Sermon on the Mount. New York: HarperOne.
Hartin, Patrick J. 2010. Exploring the Spirituality of the Gospels. Collegeville: Liturgical Press.
Holmes, Ernest. 2010. A New Design for Living. Edited by Willis H. Kinnear. New York: Penguin Group.
—. 1997. The Science of Mind. New York: G.P. Putnums Sons.
—. 1997. This Thing Called You. New York: Penguin Group.
Rolheiser, Ronald. 2013. Prayer: Our Deepest Longing. Cincinnati: Franciscan Media. | <urn:uuid:63dc64b6-cf79-4ef6-b074-ad4cdc463b60> | {
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Last modified: 2010-12-03 by ian macdonald
Keywords: solomon islands | subnational |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
From the Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids") website:
Central includes the Florida Islands (Nggela Sule and Nggela Pile are the largest), Savo Island, and the Russell Islands.
Choiseul includes Choiseul, Wagina (Vaghena), Rob Roy, and Taro Islands.
Guadalcanal includes Guadalcanal Island and adjacent islets.
Isabel includes Santa Isabel, San Jorge, Barora Fa, Barora Ite, the Ghizunabeana Islands, and others.
Makira includes San Cristobal, Ulawa, Uki Ni Masi, Santa Ana, Santa Catalina, and others.
Malaita includes Malaita, Maramasike, Manaoba, Ndai, and the islets and reefs of Stewart Islands (Sikaiana), Ontong Java (Lord Howe), Roncador, etc.
Rennell and Bellona includes Rennell Island (Mu Nggava) and Bellona Island (Mu Ngiki).
Temotu includes the Santa Cruz Islands (Vanikoro and Ndeni are largest), Reef Islands, Duff Islands, and the remote islands of Anuta, Fatutaka, and Tikopia.
Western includes the New Georgia Islands (New Georgia, Kolombangara, Vella Lavella, Rendova, Ranongga, Gizo, etc.), and the Shortland Islands (Alu, Treasury Islands, Fauro).
Before World War II, the Solomon Islands were divided into twelve administrative districts (...): Choiseul, Eastern Solomons, Gizo, Guadalcanal, Lord Howe, Malaita, Nggela and Savo, Rennell and Bellona Islands, Santa Cruz, Shortlands, Sikaiana (Stewart), Ysabel and Cape Marsh (...) Source: Encyclopędia Britannica World Atlas, 1951 edition.
Around 1945 the capital of country was moved from Tulagi to Honiara.
Postwar division of Solomon Islands (...): these districts were further subdivided into councils (in some cases one council was one district): Central, Eastern, Malaita, Western.
The Provincial Government Act of 1981 established seven provinces:
The new provinces were the same as the council areas under the previous system.
- Eastern district split into Makira and Temotu provinces;
- Central district split into Central, Guadalcanal, and Isabel provinces;
- Malaita and Western districts became provinces.
Around July 1983, the Capital Territory split from Guadalcanal district.
On 25 February 1995, Choiseul province split from Western. Possibly on a different date, Rennell and Bellona split from Central; Capital Territory merged with Guadalcanal.
Other names of subdivisions
Choiseul: Lauru (variant)
Makira: Makira and Ulawa (variant)
Temotu: Eastern Islands (variant)
Santiago Dotor, 18 May 2004
image by Jens Pattke, 3 January 2009
The photo shows the parade on the occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the
independence of the Solomon Islands. On the car of the "Ministry of Provincial
Governments" are provincial flags. All flags are unknown to me. This photo show
but the real existence of Solomon Islands provincial flags.
Jens Pattke, 3 January 2009 | <urn:uuid:75eb8a15-c775-4772-8b4e-34a226fc931b> | {
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Astronomy: December Observing Highlights
December hosts more hours of darkness than any other month. This is because the solstice occurs just after midmonth. On December 21 for those in the Central Time Zone and to the west and just after midnight on December 22 for those in the Eastern Time Zone, the solstice occurs. This is the moment that Earth’s northern axis tilts as far away from the sun as it gets.
All these extra hours of darkness, not to mention the coming cold of winter, makes people want to curl up inside by a fire and read a good book. But if you can brave the cold dark nights, you can see some beautiful astronomical delights.
The two brightest planets, Jupiter and Venus, are taking up residence in the evening sky. They are not hard to miss. Look for an unmistakably bright point of light in the west after sunset; that will be Venus. The bright beacon climbing high in the east-southeast is Jupiter.
The winter constellations, most notably the grand Orion, are also appearing in the east during mid-evening. The full moon of December is called the Cold Moon, which occurs on December 10 this year. A total lunar eclipse will also occur on that date, which will require early morning viewing for those of us in North America. See more about the eclipse in next week’s blog.
Two annual meteor showers occur in December, with the Geminids on December 13 being one of the best of the year with 80 meteors an hour possible. A waning moon will interfere with the show, however. The Ursids is the second shower, occurring on December 22, but it only provides about 9 meteors an hour at maximum.
Annual meteor showers are created by Earth passing through the debris trail of comets. But the Geminids is unusual in that the space object that left behind the debris trail was an asteroid known as 3200 Phaethon. Recent research has bolstered the evidence that Phaethon is related to asteroid belt inhabitants such as Pallas, one of the largest known asteroids. Phaethon’s composition is significantly similar, but Phaethon is a rebellious child, sometimes acting comet-like.
For more on this month's observing, see The Night Sky Guide for December 2011.
-- Kelly Kizer Whitt loves clean, clear, and dark skies. Kelly studied English and Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and worked for Astronomy magazine. She writes the SkyGuide for AstronomyToday.com. You can follow her on Twitter at twitter.com/Astronomommy. | <urn:uuid:07b5037a-8e06-4879-aa49-8af4991b39e5> | {
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|Module Name||Introduction to Programming|
|Module Short Title||N/a|
|Semester Taught||Both semesters|
|Contact Hours||Lecture hours: 44|
Lab hours: 22
Tutorial hours: 22
Total hours: 88
|Module Personnel||Dr Kenneth Dawson-Howe & Dr Arthur Hughes|
When students have successfully completed this module they should be able to:
- Solve introductory programming problems in Java.
- Break problems into sub-problems, which can then be solved using simple algorithms.
- Design algorithms using sequence, selection, iteration and recursion.
- Design simple classes using primitive data types, Strings and arrays.
- Build object-based programs using class-based decomposition.
- Write, compile, test, and debug object-based programs using an Interactive
- Development Environment (IDE).
- Recognise the software engineering concerns that give rise to the use of classes and other abstraction mechanisms.
This module provides an introductory course in computer programming. This course takes a practical approach to teaching the fundamental concepts of computer programming with a strong emphasis on tutorial and laboratory work and is an important vehicle for developing students’ analytical and problem-solving skills.
This module aims to give students an understanding of how computers can be employed to solve real-world (albeit small) problems. Specifically, this course introduces students to the object-oriented approach to program design and teaches them how to write programs in an object-oriented language (in this case Java).
Students also have the opportunity to reinforce their problem solving and programming skills by developing solutions to programming problems and implementing those solutions as object-based programs.
Specific topics addressed in this module include:
- Types and variables including integer, floating-point and string types.
- Sequencing, assignment and expressions.
- Boolean expressions.
- Selection statements: if, if-else, nested if, and switch-case.
- Iteration statements: while, for, do-while, and nested loops.
- Using, creating and designing methods and recursive methods.
- Design of simple algorithms using sequencing, selection, iteration and methods.
- Arrays including higher dimensional arrays.
- Using, creating and designing classes and objects including attributes and methods.
- Abstraction, encapsulation and immutability in designing classes.
|Recommended Reading List|
Java How to Program (late objects), Tenth Edition, Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel, Prentice Hall, 2015.
Introduction to Programming in Java: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne, Addison Wesly, 2008.
Algorithmics The Spirit of Computing,Third Edition, David Harel with Yishai Feldman, Addison Wesly, 2004.
Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with Java, Second Edition, John R. Hubbard, McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004.
Please check the Blackboard CS1010 Module website for details of other texts and online resources.
To pass the annual examination in CS1010, candidates must achieve a mark of at least 40% overall. The overall mark is a weighted average of the marks for the eTests (80%) and the coursework mark (20%).
There are typically 4 eTests held during the academic year. The coursework in this course consists of a number of programming assignments (roughly 11 during the first semester and roughly 4 during the second semester), along with some marks given for laboratory and tutorial sessions during the second semester.
To pass the supplemental examination in CS1010, candidates must achieve a mark of at least 40% in the supplemental eTest.
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Educators from coast to coast are turning for support to the technology experts they trusttheir students.
- In Miramar, Fla., students at the H.D. Perry Middle School have developed expertise in specialties ranging from 3-D graphics to database management, thanks to the “invenTEAM mentors” program. The Florida program derives from a Technology Innovation Challenge Grant project in Olympia, Wash., known as Generation Why (http://genwhy.wednet.edu).
Generation Why offers an 18-week course that lets each student develop a particular area of expertise and then mentor a teacher interested in integrating technology into the curriculum. Students interested in participating develop a Solutions Process sheet setting forth the rubrics of a particular project. These sheets guide the training of teachers or peers and help students become “certified mentors.”
- Students from North Carolina to Rhode Island participate in SWAT Teams (Students Working to Advance Technology), the brainchild of North Carolina teacher Lucy Miller. In Rhode Island, at the Narragansett Elementary School, fourth-graders are involved in SWAT in four roles: “Reporters,” who produce school publications, “Web Weavers,” who work on school web sites, “Tech Troopers,” who serve as classroom tech experts, and “Computer Buddies,” who work with young students in labs and classrooms. In a SWAT program in Queens, N.Y., at the Harry Eichler School, student techies teach both teachers and other students the finer points of various software programs.
- In Kentucky, STLP stands for the Student Technology Leadership Program. A statewide initiative offers resources and help to schools interested in participating in STLP (http://www.kde.state.ky.us/oet/customer/stlp). Each participating school has a “TechTeam” that includes adults as well as students. The teams decide how to address various tech issues, ranging from troubleshooting to training.
- At Sutton, Mass., Elementary School, students got involved in running technology programs because there was no other source of technical support. Now, students in the Technology Rich Classroom program give mini-workshops at open house, teaching not only the faculty and their peers but also members of the community at large.
- In the Kanawha City Elementary School in West Virginia, fifth and sixth graders participating in the Compu-Kids program report to school before classes begin. They handle tasks ranging from producing handouts to building the schools web site and publishing a school newsletter and daily video broadcast. Compu-Kids has a waiting list, and participating students must keep up with their schoolwork or be dropped from the program. Kanawha educators say the program appeals not just to the students who have computers at home or who get the best grades. “Some students are motivated by technology,” commented district technology director April Bowles, “even when they’re not into other subjects.” | <urn:uuid:7e78d6f4-a521-48bb-bbad-a1b8869d6750> | {
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What Is Life Insurance?
Purchasing life insurance is one of the most important things you can do to protect your family. It can be confusing knowing which type of life insurance to buy and how much. Our aim is to demystify life insurance and explain the different types available in terms that are easy to understand. Read on for more information.
What Is Life Insurance?
Put simply, life insurance pays money to your beneficiary(s) in the event of your death. Life insurance helps pay for things like living expenses, medical bills, funeral costs, and other expenses.
Different Types of Life Insurance
There are two primary types of life insurance—term life insurance and whole life insurance. There are several sub-types of term life and whole life insurance. Let’s take a closer look.
Term Life Insurance: As the name suggests, a term life insurance policy is one that you purchase for a set amount of time—10, 20, or 30 years, for example.
One of the main advantages of term life insurance is that it’s generally more affordable than whole life insurance. If you outlive the term of your policy, you’ll need to determine whether your family has enough in savings and investments at that time to carry them through life if you were gone tomorrow. If not, you should consider purchasing another life insurance policy at the time your term life policy ends.
Subtypes of term life insurance include:
- Level Term: Your premium and death benefit won’t change for the entire length of the term.
- Decreasing Term: Your premium remains the same, but the death benefit decreases every year until it hits zero. The idea behind this type of policy is that you have steady premiums, which help you manage costs, and, although your death benefit decreases, your beneficiaries are aging and thus will need less with every passing year.
- Annual Renewable Term: The death benefit remains constant throughout the term (e.g. 20 years), but the policy renews every year, typically with an increase in premium. The premiums with this type of term plan are often less initially, but can become more expensive over time.
There are many advantages to choosing a term life policy—term life policies are straightforward and simple to understand, the premiums are generally significantly lower, they can sometimes be used to repay loans or other financial obligations, and some term life plans can be converted to cash value life insurance plans if a person’s needs change. A life insurance expert can help you understand whether a term life insurance plan is right for you.
Consumers can generally get term life insurance quotes with no medical exam required at no charge. Additionally, instant issue life insurance policies are available without a medical exam.
Whole Life Insurance:
As the name suggests, whole (or permanent) life insurance follows you throughout your life and pays a benefit to your beneficiary(s) when you die, regardless of how long you live.
Traditional whole life insurance policies have guaranteed premiums, a cash value, and the option of receiving dividends while the insured person is alive or an increased benefit after the insured person dies. The cash value (a type of savings plan) works this way: in the early years of the policy, the insurance company charges a higher premium than what’s needed to pay claims in order to keep the premium at a set rate. By law, once these overpayments reach a certain amount, they must be made available to the insured in the form of cash value should the person decide not to continue the policy.
There are several additional types of whole life insurance. They include:
- Universal Life: A whole life policy that also provides a cash value account into which part of the premium goes. Once money has accumulated in the account, the insured person may be able to use that money to reduce their premiums. One of the main advantages of a universal life policy is that you may be able stop paying the premium payments during times of hardship as long as there is enough cash value to cover the cost of the insurance. You can also borrow against the policy in the form of a loan. Universal life policy holders may also be able to increase or decrease the death benefit over time. The main disadvantage is that a universal life policy is more expensive than a term policy.
- Variable Life: Combines death protection with an investment option that allows you to invest in stocks, bonds, and money market mutual funds. While your policy value may grow more quickly, this type of policy comes with more risk, as it’s subject to market fluctuations.
Variable Universal Life: Combines the features of variable and universal life policies; you have the investment options, as well as the ability to adjust your premiums and death benefits.
How Much Life Insurance Do I Need?
To determine how much life insurance to purchase, you need to know how much your family needs each month. Don’t just guess—if you don’t already have one, you should create a financial plan. Consider the following:
- How much debt you have, aside from a mortgage
- How much you spend each month
- How much you save each month
- How much you need to retire
- How much your survivors need
The most important question is how much your survivors will need until they no longer need the earned income you’re bringing home today. If, for example, you create a financial plan and determine that by age 65 your maximum Social Security benefit plus income from investments will replace the income you and/or your spouse earn today, you’ll know that you’ll need enough life insurance to replace your earned income until you’re 65.
There are other factors to consider, including targeted investment return, the anticipated inflation rate, and the immediate cash needs of your beneficiaries in the case of your death for funeral expenses, final expenses, mortgage balance, debts, etc. The good news is that you don’t have to figure this out on your own—an expert life insurance consultant can help you determine how much you need to protect your family.
Learn more about term life insurance quotes with no exam. | <urn:uuid:5e607989-09bb-4583-9cde-a1dce5c0ccbd> | {
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By Mike Westerdal author of Lean Hybrid Muscle RELOADED
When growth hormone travels from the pituitary gland to the liver it stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are polypeptide protein hormones. Though there are a number of varieties, among the various IGFs, IGF1 is of the most interest to weightlifters due to its capacity to stimulate anabolic, muscle-building effects. It is comprised of 70 different inter-connected amino acids and is produced when growth hormone levels in the bloodstream rise, increasing the production of binding proteins. IGF1 is known to be the mediator of growth hormone anabolic effects. As such, the interconnected relationship between IGF1 and growth hormone is frequently referred to as the Growth Hormone/IGF1 Axis.
The growth of skeletal muscle cells (hypertrophy) is largely regulated by at least three identified processes:
1) satellite cell activity
2) gene transcription
3) protein translation
Evidence indicates that IGF1 can positively influence each of these mechanisms. Research has shown that an increase of IGF1 in the bloodstreams spurs growth and regeneration by the body’s cells—particularly among skeletal muscle cells, where it is shown to positively impact muscle strength, size and efficiency. Specifically, it contributes to skeletal muscle growth (hypertrophy) by provoking the synthesis of protein while helping to block muscle atrophy.
Other cells that are positively affected by IGF1 include cartilage, liver, kidney, skin tissue, lung, nerve and bone. IGF1 deficiencies can result in stunted growth as well as a host of other related health problems. There are also indications that because it is capable of activating insulin receptors, IGF1 has the ability to complement and enhance insulin’s effects on muscle development. Because IGF1 levels are so closely tied to growth hormone levels, lower levels of growth hormone in the bloodstream correlate to similar reductions in the production of IGF1. As is the case with growth hormone, IGF1 production peaks during childhood and adolescence and declines as we get older.
We know that the ability of muscle cells to bet bigger and stronger is the result of their unique capacity to continuously adapt to the stress of resistance training with weights. Part of the cells’ capability to accomplish this remarkable feat is attributed to muscle precursor cells that reside in and around skeletal muscle cells. These precursor cells are often referred to as satellite cells. For the most part, satellite cells sit dormant until they are called into duty by hormones such as IGF1.
Once activated by IGF1 the satellite cells divide and their nuclei become genetically similar to those found in skeletal muscle cells. This is a process known as differentiation. Once the satellite cells’ nuclei become similar to those of skeletal muscle cells they become critical to muscle growth and development. This is because skeletal muscle cells must increase their number of nuclei in order to grow larger and repair themselves. The larger the muscle, the more nuclei it requires.
Whenever a muscle grows in response to the stress of resistance training with weights, you will always find a correlating increase in the number of nuclei within the skeletal muscle cells.
But this is not the only way that IGF1 facilitates muscle development, growth and repair. IGF1 also interacts with a number of different stress-activated proteins that assist in the regulation of reactions in the muscle cells that maintenance, repair and growth. When IGF1 binds with these various protein receptors it stimulates a host of biological processes that contribute to and regulate muscle cell growth and development.
There are a number of strategies you can employ to stimulate production of IGF1 in your body. First, because it stimulates a strong hormonal response, resistance training with weights will boost production of IGF1. In particular, it induces its most potent anabolic state in skeletal muscle cells during the intense physical stress generated by heavy weight lifting. This is due in part to the fact that lifting heavy weights stimulates the production of growth hormone, which in turn signals the liver to produce IGF1.
Nutrition also has a very strong effect on the body’s ability to manufacture IGF1. For example, a structured regimen that includes occasional fasting combined with periods of undereating has been shown to have a positive impact on the body’s production of IGF1. Note that carb intake has a significant influence on IGF1 production. Evidence indicates that carb consumption should be minimized to one meal per day or immediately after an exercise session. Overall it is important to maintain sufficient calorie intake and increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acids. Omega 3 not only enhances anabolic actions but it also assists in protecting against insulin resistance.
CLICK HERE to learn more about a step-by-step system for eating the right foods, at the right times, with the best training program for maximum anabolic hormone production. | <urn:uuid:94401ac0-40db-4adc-a14b-ad2d957f3f29> | {
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Thursday, June 30, 2011
Mapping the Detention of Migrants
The Global Detention Project is carrying out research into how countries around the world detain migrants. They examine how countries detain on administrative (as opposed to criminal) grounds asylum seekers and irregular immigrants until they can be deported, their identities established, or their claims adjudicated.
As part of the project a number of Google Maps have been created that show the location of detention institutions in different countries around the world. For example, in the U.S. 961 sites used for detention, either directly owned by or under contract with the federal government, have been mapped using the Google Maps API.
Global Detention Project
Posted by Keir Clarke at 8:59 AM | <urn:uuid:2d95bd95-3d29-4d89-a933-24d970a48df4> | {
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This is a first posting on Chapter 6; there may be others.
Mathematics is not about sets; it is about measurement of the world. But this book needs to assess set theory because:
- Set theory is common currency in mathematics. It is presupposed and taken for granted in all advanced mathematical writings since the early 20th century
- It is often alleged to be the foundation of mathematics. Most attempts to find a realist approach to mathematics ultimately connect to set theoretic axioms
- The validity of set theory in general or, at least, the formal axiomatic approach to set theory, is highly questionable in a reality-based approach.
- If set theory is valid, or can properly be rehabilitated, a reality-based answer to the question: “What is a set?” is essential.
- One needs to address the key question: What, properly, would be the measurement function performed by sets?
- It is essential to assess the status of the proclaimed axioms of set theory
- If there is a valid concept of mathematical set, it remains to assess its value. The clearest way to offer an affirmative answer is to provide a non-trivial application to something of demonstrable value
These are a lot of bases to cover and even readers sympathetic to my approach are likely to find Chapter 6 the most difficult one in the book. The chapter begins with a positive treatment of mathematical sets and only offers its critical review of formal axiomatic set theory at the end. Chapter 6 covers such topics as:
- What is a mathematical set? How does a set differ from a concept? In what sense is a set open-ended, like a concept? In what sense is it not open-ended? What is its proper sphere? What measurement-related function does it serve?
- Proper domain of set theory. Set theory as specifically applicable to mathematics. Mathematics conceptualizes the world with respect to measurement of differences. Set theory as presupposing mathematical concepts. An indication of proper hierarchy in mathematics.
- Sets as a) primitive measurements b) performing a function of isolation c) a perspective on distinguished objects of measurement. A reality perspective on set theoretic “constructions.” Constructions as recognitions of relationships among quantities.
- Point set topology as a non-trivial and important application of sets. What is the purpose of point set topology and why is it important?
- Axioms of set theory, context and nature of the ZF axioms and their application to mathematics. Critical comments.
- Why has mathematics survived? (I claim that it has.) | <urn:uuid:c98d9a17-6726-4b7f-a309-bff2593a02e5> | {
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Pathogenesis of gallstones
Robert Coben, MD
By the end of this lecture you should be familiar with:
1. Pathogenesis of gallstones.
2. Clinical manifestations of gallstones.
3. Approach to the diagnosis of Gallstones
and their related morbidity.
4. Treatment modalities for gallstone disease.
are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. In the United States over 10% of the
total population have gallstones. Each year 1,000,000 new patients are diagnosed.
Performance of 500,000 cholecystectomies leads to an annual expense of more than $5
billion in direct costs. Gallstone prevalence varies with age, sex and ethnic group.
Ultrasound surveys show a female: male ratio of 2:1 in the younger population and an
increasing prevalence in both sexes with age. After the age of 60, 10-15% men and 20-40%
women have gallstones. Childbearing, estrogen-replacement therapy, and oral
contraceptives increase the risk of developing gallstones.
Gallstone prevalence is especially high in certain populations and regions of the world. Some of the highest incidence of
gallstone disease are seen in the Scandinavian countries, Chile and among Native
Americans. The incidence is also higher in markedly obese individuals and in those who lose
weight rapidly. Gallstones
are more frequent among patients with certain diseases such as :
regional enteritis (Crohn's disease), cirrhosis of the liver and chronic hemolytic conditions.
While they are widely prevalent, gallstones are asymptomatic in the majority of cases. The
management of gallstone disease has evolved considerably during the past decade: it is now
generally agreed that in most situations patients with gallstones require no treatment until
they become symptomatic.
Pathogenesis of Gallstones
The reemergence of oral dissolution therapy has increased the clinical relevance of gallstone
composition. Gallstones are made mainly of cholesterol, bilirubin and calcium salts, with
smaller amounts of protein and other materials. In Western Countries essentially all
gallstones, whether cholesterol or pigmented, arise in the gallbladder, while in the Orient a
significant fraction of pigmented stones originate in the bile ducts. In Western Countries
cholesterol is the principal constituent of more than three quarters of gallstones. In the
simplest sense, cholesterol gallstones form when the cholesterol concentration in bile
exceeds the ability of bile to hold cholesterol in solution. Non-cholesterol stones are
categorized as black or brown pigment stones, consisting of calcium salts of bilirubin. In
normal individuals only about 1% the bilirubin in gallbladder bile is unconjugated. When the
percentage of unconjugated bilirubin increases so does the risk of developing bilirubin
1. Black pigment stones (bilirubin stones)
a. consist of polymers of bilirubin, with large amounts of mucoprotein.
b. usually contain less than 10% cholesterol.
c. contain 30-60% unconjugated bilirubin by weight. Unconjugated bilirubin is not water
soluble, while conjugated bilirubin is water soluble.
d. 50% are radiopaque, 50% are radiolucent (stones that are more than 4% calcium by
weight are radiopaque).
e. are common in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hemolytic conditions, such as the
thalassemias and possibly sickle cell anemia, in which bilirubin excretion is increased.
2. Brown pigment stones
a. are made of Ca salts of unconjugated bilirubin, with variable amounts of protein and
b. are usually primary biliary stones
c. are usually associated with biliary infection. Bacteria in the biliary system release
glucuronidases, which hydrolyze glucuronic acid from conjugated bilirubin. The
resulting unconjugated bilirubin precipitating as its calcium salt.
d. are more prevalent in Asians, associated with decreased secretory IgA
3. Cholesterol stones
a. 75-80% of gallstones in this country are classified as cholesterol (non-pigmented)
stones. Almost all cholesterol stones are radiolucent. Cholesterol is the major
component (usually greater than 70% by weight).
b. Cholesterol-saturated bile is a prerequisite for the formation of cholesterol gallstones,
and the incidence of gallstones within a population is correlated with the prevalence
of saturated bile. In both experimental models and young people at high risk,
precipitation of cholesterol follows saturation.
c. The solubility of cholesterol is determined primarily by the relative proportions of bile
acids, lecithin, and cholesterol in the bile. Thus, anything that causes a decrease in
bile salts, an increase in cholesterol, or a decrease in lecithin will create a relative
insolubility of cholesterol in solution.
d. It has also been shown that most patients with gallstones have a smaller pool of bile
acid than matched controls without stones.
Stages in Cholesterol Gallstone Formation:
1. Formation of saturated bile: The most critical factor is the ratio of cholesterol/bile acids.
In general the likelihood of stone formation is increased by anything that raises
cholesterol level or lowers bile acid levels, such as:
a. Impaired bile salt return: Seen with ileal disease (Crohn's), ileal resection or bypass.
Drugs that bind bile acids in the gut, such as cholestyramine could also theoretically
cause this problem, but new synthesis of bile acids by the liver usually suffices to
compensate for the losses.
b. Oversensitive feedback mechanism to turn off Cholesterol-7-hydroxylase, the
key regulatory enzyme in bile acid synthesis. Evidence for this is the existence of a
group of gallstone patients who have a small bile acid pool but normal rate of bile
c. Excessive cholesterol synthesis in the face of a normal bile acid pool. HMG-
CoA reductase, the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis, is stimulated by insulin
and food intake, both increased in obesity.
d. Combination of mechanisms: endogenous and exogenous estrogen's appear to
both increase cholesterol secretion and decrease chenodeoxycholate secretion. This
is associated with estrogen treatment in women, Native American ethnic group, and
the formation of gallstones in some patients with a lean body mass.
2. Nucleation: The next step in cholesterol gallstone formation is nucleation of cholesterol
into crystals, followed by agglomeration of crystals and growth of the microlith into
Nucleation promoters: Even when supersaturated with cholesterol, fresh bile from
subjects without gallstones rarely contains cholesterol crystals. The same bile, when
incubated, forms crystals very slowly (up to 15 days). Bile of patients with cholesterol
gallstones, on the other hand, usually does contain cholesterol crystals, and its
nucleation time, when incubated, is much more rapid (mean of 2.9 days). Nucleation of
cholesterol occurs far more rapidly from gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol
gallstones than from hepatic bile in the same patients, even when hepatic bile samples
are supersaturated with cholesterol. The addition of even small amounts of gallbladder
bile to the hepatic bile samples causes rapid nucleation. These observations have led to
the isolation of proteins in the gallbladder that promote or retard the nucleation of
cholesterol crystals. At least five proteins have been identified as putative nucleation
promoters, in addition to gallbladder mucoprotein. High doses of aspirin reduce the
incidence of gallstones in a prairie-dog model, perhaps by inhibiting the synthesis of a
nucleation promoter. Success in other species has been variable.
3. Growth: The crystal acquires additional cholesterol to form a visible stone. Cholesterol
stones often contain alternating layers of cholesterol crystals and mucoprotein. Pure
cholesterol crystals are quite soft. Protein adds strength to the stone. This stage of
stone formation is largely influenced by gallbladder stasis. In theory, microscopic
cholesterol crystals would be regularly ejected from the gallbladder if its contractions were
effective enough. Gallstones forming in patients with high spinal cord injury or treated
with the somatostatin analog Octreotide have been largely associated with impaired
4. Gallbladder sludge, or thickened gallbladder mucoprotein with tiny entrapped cholesterol
crystals, is thought to be the usual precursor of gallstones. Sludge may also occur in
asymptomatic patients with prolonged fasting and can be seen on standard
ultrasonography of the gallbladder. Sludge can sometimes cause biliary pain,
cholecystitis, or acute pancreatitis, but may also resolve without treatment. The antibiotic
ceftriaxone can precipitate in the gallbladder and bile ducts as sludge.
Bile Duct Stones
Primary bile duct stones are stones formed in the biliary tree as the result of bile stasis, e.g.
above a stricture, around foreign material such as a suture, or in association with infection.
They are often earthy, muddy stones that can reach large dimensions, and are composed
predominantly of calcium bilirubinate and minor amounts of cholesterol or fatty acids. These
stones do not dissolve well in lipid solvents and may be found in the intrahepatic or
extrahepatic bile ducts.
Secondary bile duct stones are found in the bile ducts in association with gallbladder stones,
either having migrated out of the gallbladder or having formed concomitantly in the bile ducts.
Their matrix reflects the composition of gallbladder stones, i.e. predominantly cholesterol in
~80%, and black pigment in ~20% of cases. Black pigment stones are usually idiopathic, but
may be associated with chronic hemolysis or cirrhosis. Bacterial infection is not thought to be
important in the pathogenesis of either type of secondary stones.
Clinical manifestations of gallstones
Asymptomatic gallstones: 80% of people harboring gallstones are asymptomatic at any
given point in time. Asymptomatic gallstones should be managed expectantly in the majority
of patients. There are some exceptions such as patients with sickle cell anemia (symptoms of
gallstones may mimic those of sickle cell crisis, and elective cholecystectomy is much safer
than urgent operations in this group), patients in remote locations where urgent medical care
is not possible, and patients with gallstones and calcification of the gallbladder wall which is
considered a premalignant condition.
Symptomatic gallstones need to be treated in a time frame that is appropriate for the
seriousness of the clinical presentation, and the patient's general health. Recurrent biliary
pain (or colic) is the most common indication for treatment.
Biliary colic is a term that has persisted despite the understanding that biliary
disease does not involve the colon or colic. The term "colic" is actually misleading, as the
pain does not wax and wane; rather, it is felt as a steady, severe aching or pressure-type
sensation. Usually the pain is felt in the epigastrium or right upper quadrant, and often
radiates to the infrascapular area or right scapula. It is thought that0 sudden obstruction of
the cystic duct by a calculus produces increased intraluminal pressure and distention of the
gallbladder, leading to a visceral-type pain. Discrete attacks may be precipitated by meals, or
may occur at any time of the day or night. The frequency of episodes may vary from weeks
Characteristically, biliary pain begins suddenly and persists for 1 to 3 hours, although it may
last as little as 15 minutes or as long as 6 hours. The pain is not intensified by moving about.
In fact, most patients are restless and pace the floor, attempting but failing to find a position
that affords relief. A narcotic is often required for analgesia, and a residual aching discomfort
may persist for a day or so. The pain may subside gradually or rapidly after a stone becomes
disimpacted or passes through the cystic duct. Nausea is common and vomiting occurs
occasionally. Results of hepatic chemistry determinations usually are normal.
Acute cholecystitis. Persistent obstruction of the cystic duct, in contrast to the transient
obstruction that produces biliary pain, results in acute cholecystitis. Acute inflammation of the
gallbladder is caused by calculous obstruction of the cystic duct in >90% of cases (some
patients may present with acalculous cholecystitis). The inflammation is thought to be caused
mechanically by increased intraluminal pressure and ischemia, or chemically by release of
lysolecithin by phospholipase activity. Bacterial infection may supervene; enteric organisms
have been cultured from 75% of patients with acute cholecystitis. Bile acids, deconjugated
by the bacteria, also may contribute to the inflammation.
It is estimated that 30% of patients with acute cholecystitis admitted for cholecystectomy have
had no previous symptoms suggestive of cholelithiasis. Approximately 50% have had
symptoms of acute cholecystitis for at least 48 hours prior to admission, and therefore are
febrile and dehydrated and may have an ileus in addition to abdominal pain. Biliary colic may
precede or, less often, accompany or follow acute cholecystitis. In contrast to biliary colic,
acute cholecystitis causes a parietal-type epigastric or right upper-quadrant pain that
increases with jarring or respiration. The patient prefers to remain motionless. Nausea is
common and vomiting occurs occasionally.
The fever usually is low grade (averaging about 38 o C), and shaking chills do not occur. The
gallbladder is generally enlarged, but local guarding of the abdomen hinders effective
palpation in more than half of the patients. Local cutaneous hyperesthesia is not
uncommon. Deep inspiration during palpation of the right upper quadrant produces
increased tenderness and inspiratory arrest (Murphy's sign). Tenderness in the scapular area
(Boas' sign) is less common. Hepatomegaly occurs in 25% of patients, but the peripheral
stigmata of chronic liver disease are absent. Splenomegaly may be found when pigment
stones are associated with hemolytic disease.
A leukocyte count of 10,000 to 15,000/mm 3 with a shift to the left is usual. In a large series
of patients with acute cholecystitis elevation of the following values were reported: serum
bilirubin (almost never more than 5 mg/100 ml in the absence of concomitant bile duct
obstruction) in 37%, alkaline phosphatase (usually to less than twice normal) in 31% and
transaminases (usually to less than five times normal) in 41% of patients. Values typically
returned to normal within 1 week after resolution of symptoms.
In up to 75% of patients with acute cholecystitis, symptoms resolve spontaneously within 72
hours after onset, after the stone presumably disimpacts or passes through the cystic duct. In
the remaining 25%, the inflammation progresses to necrosis, perforation or empyema of the
gallbladder unless intervention occurs. Clinical indications of progression are persistent
symptoms; signs of peritonitis; or rising temperature, pulse rate and white blood cell count. In
elderly or diabetic patients or in patients treated with corticosteroids for other reasons, mild signs
and symptoms may belie the severity of the inflammation. When surgery is not performed,
cholecystitis recurs in 25% of patients within the first year of follow-up and in 60% of patients
within 6 years. | <urn:uuid:3c40a0d0-a51b-4c49-86d4-fdddb40fc14e> | {
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Linkages between Surface Temperature and Tropospheric Ozone
From NASA My NASA Data
This lesson is designed to help students gain knowledge in using the MY NASA DATA Live Access Server (LAS) to obtain a microset of data, in using Excel to graph the data, then using the graphs to investigate the relationship between surface temperature and tropospheric ozone. They will also analyze changes in tropospheric ozone and then hypothesize about the consequences of these changes. The measurements are taken over Chattanooga, TN. Students are provided content-related activities to enhance background knowledge, and then are provided detailed instructions on how to download data from the MY NASA DATA Live Access Server (LAS) and to use Excel to graph the data. The lesson provides detailed procedure, related links and sample graphs, follow-up questions and extensions, and Teacher Notes.
Intended for grade levels:
Type of resource:
No specific technical requirements, just a browser required
Cost / Copyright:
Cost information is not known
This product is free and clear for general use.
DLESE Catalog ID: MYND-000-000-000-027
Resource contact / Creator / Publisher:
Contact: Dr Lin Chambers | <urn:uuid:5bfba970-59f9-4367-9839-841002e1a1d8> | {
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Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which a vertebra slips forward, over the underlying vertebra. This is more common in the lower back (lumbar region of the spine). Spondylolisthesis due to degenerative changes of ageing is known as degenerative spondylolisthesis. It is more common in individuals above 50 years of age with a female predisposition.
Due to advancing age, degenerative changes in the spine begin to cumulate. These changes adversely affect the structural components of the spine such as intervertebral discs, facet joints, vertebrae and ligaments.
Degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc reduce its thickness due to a reduction in the water content. The reduction in the height of these intervertebral discs reduces their ability to absorb shock leading to increased pressure at the facet joints and vertebrae. The facet joints develop osteoarthritis and weaken. The degenerative changes also cause a thickening and laxity of the ligaments, the soft tissues holding the vertebrae in place. Ligamentum flavum, the ligament present over the back of the spine, may also be affected.
A combination of these degenerative changes causes a disruption of the normal vertebral alignment, causing one vertebrae to slide forward over the other. Although poor posture, overweight, repetitive movement and trauma or injury may not cause degenerative spondylolisthesis, they can aggravate the condition.
The forward displacement of the vertebrae results in narrowing of the spinal canal at the displacement site. This results in compression of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves leading to symptoms similar to stenosis, a condition that results from narrowing of the spinal canal. The common symptoms of degenerative spondylolisthesis include back pain, leg pain, weakness of arm or leg, feeling of numbness or tingling in the legs, muscle spasms, tight hamstring muscles and improper gait or limp. Sitting or bending forward slightly relaxes the spinal canal and relieves the symptoms whereas standing and walking constricts the spinal canal aggravating the symptoms. In rare cases, degenerative spondylolisthesis may also result in loss of bladder or bowel function which is a medical emergency.
Diagnosis of degenerative spondylolisthesis involves medical history along with physical and neurological examinations. X-ray of the spine may be required for a confirmation of the diagnosis. Loss of disc height, bone spurs and even the slipped vertebrae are clearly visible in an X-ray report. Other imaging tests such as MRI and CT scan may also be performed. MRI is usually performed to assess a compression of the nerves.
Surgery is rarely required in the management of degenerative spondylolisthesis. The common nonsurgical treatments employed include brief period of rest, activity modification, pain medications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, spinal injection and physical therapy. Back braces may also be recommended to support the back and reduce mechanical pain due to movement. Acupuncture may also be beneficial in few cases.
Spinal surgery is recommended only in patients who do not respond to non-surgical treatment even after 3 to 6 months or those with spinal instability and neurologic dysfunction.
The surgery for degenerative spondylolisthesis involves laminectomy and spinal fusion. Laminectomy relaxes the spinal canal reducing the pressure on the nerves and relieving the symptoms. Spinal fusion involves the fusion of painful, displaced vertebrae into a single unit with screws; thereby stabilizing the spine.
Consult your doctor for any queries about degenerative spondylolisthesis and its treatment. | <urn:uuid:fd3ccb56-150f-4766-9602-95d7aa70cba0> | {
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September 23, 2009 |
GREENBELT, Md. — A NASA team is developing a transparent coating that mimics the self-cleaning properties of the lotus plant to prevent dirt from sticking to the surfaces of spaceflight gear and bacteria from growing inside astronaut living quarters.
Materials engineers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., are working to develop a “lotus” coating that can survive the harsh space environment and minimize contaminants from adhering to the surfaces of radiators, spacesuits, scientific instruments, robotic rovers, solar array panels, windows and other hardware used to gather scientific data or carry out exploratory activities during missions.
The technology, which was inspired by the lotus plant that lives along muddy waterways in Asia, was commercially developed as a coating for windows to reduce the need for cleaning. Although a lotus leaf appears smooth, under a microscope, its surface actually contains innumerable tiny spikes. These spikes greatly reduce the area on which water and dirt can attach, preventing them from adhering strongly to the leaf. Water droplets literally roll off, taking mud, tiny insects, and contaminants with them.
The coating, made primarily from silica, zinc oxide, and other oxides, offers countless commercial applications on Earth. It also offers great potential for use in space, particularly on landed missions to Mars or the moon where dust can accumulate on rovers and prevent them from carrying out their missions. Understanding the potential, Northrop Grumman Electronics Systems, Linthicum, Md., teamed with nGimat Corporation, based in Atlanta, Ga., to find more applications for the coating technology, ultimately turning to Goddard for its expertise in making equipment ready to endure the harsh space environment.
“Indeed, the ability to replicate these properties could prove invaluable to NASA,” said Wanda Peters, Principal Investigator for NASA’s lotus coating research.
During the Apollo moonwalks, for example, such a technology could have prevented the highly abrasive lunar dust from adhering to astronauts’ spacesuits. “However, the coating as it was originally formulated will not be able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions found in space,” Peters said.
The Goddard team has experimented with and tested different formulas to determine their suitability for spaceflight. “No one formula will meet all our needs,” added Peters. “For example, the coating that’s applied to spacesuits needs to stick to a flexible surface, while a coating developed to protect moving parts needs to be exceptionally durable to resist wear and tear.”
The Goddard team has met with exploration systems engineers at NASA’s Johnson Spaceflight Center, Houston, Texas, to demonstrate the modified coatings and get mission requirements.
The team also is trying to partner with Northrop Grumman to add biocide capabilities that would kill bacteria, which thrive and produce foul odors wherever people are confined to a small space for long periods, like the space station. NASA could apply the same biocide-infused coating on a planetary lander to prevent Earth-borne bacteria from adhering and potentially contaminating the surface of an extraterrestrial object. The team believes this version of the coating may have commercial interest to hospitals as well.
“We are modifying and testing the formula to ensure it can withstand all the challenges our hardware will encounter — extreme temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, solar wind, and electrostatic charging. Outgassing of the coating also must be addressed for use inside astronauts’ habitation areas,” Peters added. “We also are making sure it remains durable and cleanable in the space environment.”
“We have a great team,” said Peters. “Goddard is the only NASA center researching this type of coating, and we believe continued research will deliver great benefits to NASA’s exploration missions and will produce many positive applications outside NASA.”
This research is also supported by the Exploration Technology Development Program’s Dust Management Project, led and managed by NASA’s Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, and is one of several technologies being assessed and developed by this project for application to space exploration missions.
For images, refer to: | <urn:uuid:758c7b01-ffd4-44be-8e3b-8e407db7a0d0> | {
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September 15-October 15 is National Hispanic Heritage Month. Here are some Hispanic and Latino inventors and scientists whose contributions have changed the world.
CLATONIA JOAQUIN DORTICUS (CUBA)
Little is known about Dorticus’ personal life, aside from him moving to New Jersey, where he filed for many patents, the most famous of which was a huge contribution to the world of photography. Before Dectorius, photo development usually meant that the picture needed to be dipped in several chemical baths. Dorticus’ print washer, however, would keep prints from sticking to the side and saved water with automatic register and shutoff. The false bottom of the tank also prevented leftover chemicals from ruining the negatives. In addition to his print washer, he also patented a photograph embossing machine, giving the image either a relief or 3D look.
GUILLERMO GONZALEZ CAMARENA (MEXICO)
It’s very likely the device you’re reading this on has a color display, and for that, you can thank Guillermo Camarena. At the age of 17, he invented and patented his “chromoscopic adapter for television equipment.” When in use, it would adapt black-and-white TVs to color without the need to buy a new set. He would later send his first color transmission from his lab in Mexico City on August 31, 1946. The first publicly-announced color broadcast in Mexico was overseen by him, airing on February 8, 1963. The National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, his alma mater, named their Intellectual Property Center in his honor.
ALEJANDRO ZAFFRONI (URUGUAY)
The concept of controlled drug delivery is easy to understand, but its execution is far more difficult. Alejandro Zaffroni dedicated himself to finding a way to deliver a drug over a set amount of time without the need for an IV. In 1968, he founded ALZA to further his research, basing it on the science of endocrinology. Products like NicoDermCQ and Glucotrol were developed by his company, and he filed for the patent for the “bandage for administering drugs.” He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2012, one of the few Hispanic inductees.
LUIS VON AHN (GUATEMALA)
Think back to when you last signed up for a website or had to import personal information. You were probably asked to fill out a CAPTCHA, right? You have Dr. Von Ahn to thank for the “Methods and Apparatuses for Controlling Access to Computer Systems and for Annotating Media Files,” and its successor, the reCAPTCHA. In his free time (when he’s not stopping spam bots from flooding servers), he works as a consulting professor for Carnegie Mellon University. He’s also the founder and CEO of Duolingo. (We checked- Duolingo does, in fact, use the reCAPTCHA he designed.)
ELLEN OCHOA (UNITED STATES)
Much of Ochoa’s early research was spent studying optical systems. She filed for a few patents on the topic, including “Position, Rotation, and Intensity Invariant Recognizing Method.” Eventually, she was named Chief of the Intelligent Systems Technology Branch at the NASA Ames Research Center. However, her biggest claim to fame is as the first Hispanic woman to go to space. Her nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1993 was just the first of her four flights and multiple stints as Mission Control. She currently serves as the Vice Chair of the National Science Board. | <urn:uuid:7dacb01a-94e4-4821-9a8c-1db818a6c28c> | {
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Why do strands of spaghetti so rarely snap into only two pieces? Take a look at the solution to a mystery that, no fooling, baffled famed physicist Richard Feynman.
Take a spaghetti strand by both ends. Slowly and smoothly bend it farther and farther until it snaps. Count the pieces. There could be three pieces, or one or two large pieces with a lot of small shards, but spaghetti bent in this way will rarely snap in two pieces.
This doesn't make sense. The spaghetti snaps because its curvature becomes too great. Once a weak point broken, the curvature should decrease, allowing the spaghetti to straighten out and preventing further breaks. There should always be two pieces. Nobel Prize-winner Richard Feynman spent some time trying to figure out the solution, and couldn't.
In 2005, however, a solution was found. It turns out that releasing the curve in one section of the spaghetti temporarily increases the curve in the other sections. Since the spaghetti was bent to its limit in the first place, the increase in curvature leads to many more breaks.
The idea that a break can increase tension is counter-intuitive. The Naked Scientists has a very elegant explanation of why it doesn't. Many of us have stood a thin rod of metal or plastic upright on a flat surface, put a finger on one end, and bent the rod. The example that the site gives is a plastic ruler, but it also works with tent or fishing poles.
If the pressure bending the pole is suddenly released, the pole often straightens up so fast that it jumps off the ground slightly. The momentum of the pole straightening ‘kicks' a section of it backwards enough that it hops a little.
The same thing happens when a spaghetti strand breaks. The section of the curve near the break straightens up fast. That straightening causes a kick backwards. The difference between that and the pole is instead of the kick pushing against the ground, it pushes against another section of spaghetti. Since that section is already bent to capacity, the extra push causes it to break. This same motion, the kick from one section shattering the next, can be repeated at several points in the same strand, leaving the bender with spaghetti shrapnel.
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Primary Source of the Month
Family of Five at Tea, c. 17651770
by I. L. La Fargue, Holland
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Dressed in their finery, this family of five is seated for tea in an extravagant parlor. Tea, at the time, was still a costly commodity. Served in fashionable porcelain cups and with lumps of expensive sugar, the practice of afternoon tea was reserved for the wealthy. Set on a low table, the serving pieces (like the teapot and creamer seen above) were silver, while cups, saucers, and sugar bowls were made of porcelain. Proper tea equipage also included slop bowls, tongs, teaspoons, and trays. The manner in which a table was set told a lot about the host's finances, taste, and status. The presiding lady poured the tea, serving the highest-ranking guest first. The conversation, or "chat," was light and "pleasant". Gossiping, discussing business affairs, courting, celebrating, and card-playing were all proper entertainments. Proper execution of the tea ceremony showed a lady had good breeding and proper deportment.
Notice the plush carpets, gilded mirrors, and elaborate wallpaper of the parlor. This portrait announces the family's wealth and importance. However, it is the family's display of genteel refinement which signals their worthiness of respect. In the eighteenth century, proper deportment was considered the highest form of civilized life. Keeping good posture, the gentleman sits with his back straight, acceptably positioning his arm in his unbuttoned waistcoat. The lady does the same with the help of stays. Even the children maintain proper posture. From an early age, colonial children were taught to wear stays and learned rules of etiquette from tutors and books.
As a public icon of the family, this portrait was carefully staged in order to portray the family's moral virtue by way of proper deportment. American colonists, observing these European social standards in newspapers and paintings like the one above, sought to emulate the behavior for themselves. Even as they sought to split with their mother country, American colonists still regarded Europe as a model of refinement. Though this painting is from Holland, it shows how wealthy American colonists would have behaved. | <urn:uuid:5a406fda-e28c-44d6-b308-99d430a99c02> | {
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A cost-of-living index is calculated from price data for goods and services in two or more cities. The cost of living in the base city is expressed as 100. The cost of living in destination cities is compared against this number, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit.
The easiest way to calculate a cost-of-living index is to simply select a group of goods and services for creating the index, apply data from a price survey to each type of good or service, add up the total for each city, and then compare the totals, as reported by the Economist Intelligence Unit. However, the problem with this method is that either of two cities can emerge as more expensive, depending on which city is used as the base.
For example, if London is the base city, with a score of 100, and New York is the destination city, with a score of 120, then the cost of living index for New York is 120. Under this scenario, New York is 20 percent more costly than London, as stated by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
Various calculation methods can be used to compute a cost-of-living index, and various types of numbers can be used for price data, including government statistics, numbers from privately commissioned studies and corporate estimates, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. Differences in the calculation methods and types of price data used lead to differing results for a cost-of-living index. | <urn:uuid:ae3174d7-4879-40ce-a8c9-3bef36e91205> | {
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- Family Cruciferae
- Armoracia rusticana syn. Cochlearia armoracia
- Armoracia lapathifolia
- Mountain Radish, Red Cole, Great Raifort
Overconsumption can irritate the mucous membranes rather than heal them as happens when smaller amounts are taken.
It should be avoided by those with low thyroid function.
A horseradish poultice can cause blistering. Therefore, great care should be taken before attempting this form.
It should not be given to children under four years of age.
Native to Europe, particularly the Volga-Don region, horseradish long ago spread to western Asia and is now cultivated in many parts of the world. A member of the mustard and cabbage family, the plant is a perennial, growing to twenty inches, having deep roots, large leaves, and clusters of four-petaled white flowers. The huge leaves can sometimes be two feet long and six inches wide. The herb is widely cultivated for its root, which is dug up in the fall.
It has been suggested that Pliny (23-79 CE) had horseradish in mind when he described a plant that warded off scorpions. However, for most of its history, the herb has been used mainly as a diuretic and remains a popular condiment throughout many parts of the world.
It is best known for its pungent taste and is one of the five bitter herbs consumed at Passover seder.
The Cherokee used the plant to treat asthma, coughs, and bronchitis. Many tribes, including the Ontario, Delaware, and Mohegan, have applied poultices of the leaves to treat neuralgia and toothache.
- antibiotic (against both Gram+ and Gram-)
- promotes perspiration
- strong digestive stimulant
- glucosilinates (mainly sinigrin)
- vitamins and minerals (especially chromium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, vitamins A and C, calcium, manganese, niacin, and zinc)
The glycosides are responsible for its reddening effect on the skin, an indication, along with a sensation of warmth, of increased circulation to the area.
Volatile oils and isothiocyanates in the root may have mild antibiotic properties.
Today, horseradish is a much undervalued herbal medicine having many healing properties. It has the ability to stimulate the digestion, promote sweating thereby lowering fevers, loosen phlegm and move it out of the system, and rid the body of many harmful organisms. It is especially effective for colds and bronchitis, and urinary or gastrointestinal infections. Ground fresh horseradish mixed with a little honey and added to a cup of hot water is a time-honoured cough remedy.
It is also effective in strengthening the stomach, but it does contain certain oils that can irritate stomach ulcers.
When horseradish is crushed, a component called sinigrin produces allyl isothiocyanate, an antibiotic substance, making it a good remedy for respiratory and urinary tract infections.
A sandwich with freshly grated root is a home remedy for hay fever. The large leaves are often used as an addition to salads.
Externally, a poultice can be used to soothe chilblains. The herb is a good rubefacient, stimulating blood flow and bringing it to the surface of the skin and turning it red, necessary in healing. However, care must be taken not to do more damage to the flesh as it can cause blistering if not handled properly. This gentle action is beneficial for relieving joint and muscle pain by creating warmth and stimulating circulation in the area. It acts as a counterirritant, which interferes with the transmission of pain messages from peripheral nerves to the brain.
A tea can be made from the solution remaining after grated horseradish has steeped in vinegar for a week. This can also be used as a condiment.
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Research Divisions/Units » Entomology Division
This division conducts research into the insect pest problems of CRIG's mandated crops (cocoa, coffee, cashew, shea and kola) and develops technologies to efficiently manage these pests in an environmentally sustainable manner. The division is also responsible for the thorough screening and evaluation of new insecticides and application equipment for the chemical control of insect pests of the mandated crops.
Current research activities
- Studies on the biology, ecology and population dynamics of cocoa mirids.
- Laboratory and field screening of insecticides for the chemical control of major insect pests of the mandated crops, and subsequent recommendation of the most appropriate insecticides for use by farmers.
- Development of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy involving the use of cultural methods, sex pheromones, natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) for the management of cocoa capsids, as well as mealybugs.
- Screening and recommendation of spray application equipment for use by farmers.
- Studies on the incidence and population distribution of cocoa stem borers.
- Studies on the incidence and population dynamics of cashew sap-sucking bugs and stem borers.
- Investigations into the use of the predatory ant, Oecophylla longinoda as biological control agents against cashew sap-sucking bugs.
- Research into increased pesticide residues in cocoa beans: underlying causes and management.
- Reassessment of the pest status of cashew insect pests.
- Education and sensitization of stakeholders on the management of insect pests of mandated crops.
The division collaborates with other scientific divisions at CRIG through the thrust multidisciplinary system, as well as other sister research institutions, universities, donor agencies and farmer groups in developing farmer centred, cost effective and environmentally friendly insect pest management strategies. | <urn:uuid:9cfa519a-85db-4680-a485-146e7f7159d6> | {
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The pocket gophers are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae. These are the “true” gophers, though several ground squirrels of the family Sciuridae are often called gophers as well. The name “pocket gopher” on its own may be used to refer to any of a number of subspecies of the family.
Pocket gophers are widely distributed in North America, extending into Central America.
Gophers are heavily built, and most are 12 to 30 cm (4.7 to 12 in) long, weighing a few hundred grams. A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg (2.2 lb). Within any species, the males are larger than the females and can be nearly double their weight.
Most gophers have brown fur that often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live. Their most characteristic features are their large cheek pouches, from which the word “pocket” in their name derives.
These pouches are fur-lined, and can be turned inside out. They extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. They have small eyes and a short, hairy tail, which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards.
All pocket gophers are burrowers. They are larder hoarders, and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows. Gophers can collect large hoards. Their presence is unambiguously announced by the appearance of mounds of fresh dirt about 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter.
These mounds will often appear in vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil (see Soil biomantle). They also enjoy feeding on vegetables. For this reason, some species are considered agricultural pests. They may also damage trees in forests.
Although they will attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth. Pocket gophers are solitary outside of the breeding season, aggressively maintaining territories that vary in size depending on the resources available.
Males and females may share some burrows and nesting chambers if their territories border each other, but in general, each pocket gopher inhabits its own individual tunnel system.
Depending on the species and local conditions, pocket gophers may have a specific annual breeding season, or may breed repeatedly through the year. Each litter typically consists of two to five young, although this may be much higher in some species.
The young are born blind and helpless, and are weaned at around forty days.
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Nike's ‘Considered Design' programme, aims to create performance products that minimise environmental impact by reducing waste during the design and development process, use environmentally preferred materials, and eliminate toxics. To make the kits, Nike uses discarded water bottles destined for landfill sites in Japan and Taiwan, where they can take up to 500 years to decompose. This saves precious raw materials and reduces energy consumption by up to 30% compared to conventional fabrics.
The bottles are placed in a large washing machine to clean them and get rid of labels before they are chopped into tiny flakes and melted down into a yarn that is ultimately spun to make the fabric for the jerseys and shorts. Use of recycled polyester across its new range of club kits means Nike has saved nearly 13 million plastic water bottles, a total of around 254,000 kg of polyester waste - enough to cover more than 29 football pitches, and to stretch over 3,000 kilometres if laid out end-to-end.
The process is used for all shirts, whether worn by the players or available to fans. Other Nike kits using recycled materials include the World Cup shirts worn by Brazil, Portugal, The Netherlands, USA and Australia. | <urn:uuid:d6d4f77f-f0ab-4887-befc-2bd82a42e6e3> | {
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Moorland in Denbighshire is the latest upland area to be “restored” in order to alleviate flooding in the lowlands.
A project that began last autumn is already two-thirds towards its target of blocking up more than 70km of drainage ditches dug by post-war sheep farmers to improve grazing.
By the end of the 18-month project, it is hoped that more than 450ha of wetlands will have been restored – equivalent to 600 football pitches.
The Snowdonia and Hiraethog Peat Bog Restoration Project is a joint venture between Snowdonia National Park Authority (SNPA), RSPB Cymru, NRW, Welsh Water and the National Trust.
Emyr Williams, SNPA’s director of land management, said: “Accomplishing this ambitious project is no small feat.
“So far, we have been able to manage the water in 45km of ditches and clear 12ha of blanket and lowland bog.
“We will work on the remaining 25km of ditches during next winter.”
Last Friday politicians and conservationists visited the Denbigh Moors to check on progress.
Proponents of natural flooding solutions say that, as well as storing more water, restored upland bogs provide cleaner water, support more wildlife and release less carbon.
Over the past four years the National Trust has created 30,000 dams to block up 300km of drainage ditches and restore water levels on the Migneint upland bog.
A similar approach is being adopted in the Pumlumon area of Mid Wales, the source of the Severn and Wye rivers.
Here, Montgomeryshire Wildlife Trust aims to restore 3,730ha of blanket bogs to store 41.9bn litres of water.
It said natural solutions costs a fraction of traditional concrete flooding schemes.
James Byrne, of Wildlife Trusts Wales, said all blanket bogs in Wales could be restored for £16m. In contrast, hard-engineering schemes currently cost more than £100m in Wales.
He said: “Wales is unique in its ability to nature to reduce flooding thanks to its blanket bogs which, if restored, would hold up to 20 times their own weight in water.”
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WEST CHESTER – The sad reality is that readers of the Daily Local News in print and online find stories concerning drug and alcohol abuse all too often.
Sometimes the names are unknown to most people. And sometimes – as in the case of Garrett Reid, son of former Eagles coach Andy Reid – the names are very, very familiar. Often the stories concern arrests made or crimes committed while the offenders are either high on drugs or drunk. And sometimes the stories concern the untimely deaths of young people due to overdoses of drugs or alcohol.
And when people read these stories often they shake their heads and wonder why the people are involved in drugs and/or alcohol. Many find it a moral dilemma and think that the decisions made to abuse drugs and/or alcohol are voluntary. Science tells us they’re not.
Drug and alcohol abuse are diseases – addictions. The people who abuse these substances are slaves to them, their bodies forever changed.
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse: “Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her. Although the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, the brain changes that occur over time challenge an addicted person’s self control and hamper his or her ability to resist intense impulses to take drugs.”
The NIDA says: “Many people do not understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse , quitting is difficult, even for those who are ready to do so. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and lead productive lives.
“Drug abuse and addiction have negative consequences for individuals and for society. Estimates of the total overall costs of substance abuse in the United States, including productivity and health- and crime-related costs, exceed $600 billion annually. This includes approximately $193 billion for illicit drugs, $193 billion for tobacco, and $235 billion for alcohol. As staggering as these numbers are, they do not fully describe the breadth of destructive public health and safety implications of drug abuse and addiction, such as family disintegration, loss of employment, failure in school, domestic violence, and child abuse.”
For the past few months the Daily Local News has talked to those responsible for treatment of drug and alcohol abuse as well as counselors, families of those who suffer, law enforcement and even those suffering themselves with the disease.
The collection of stories in this section is presented with the hope that our readers will gain some insight into the problems associated with drug and alcohol abuse. For the addicts or alcoholics themselves, their stories are not meant to garner pity but to help those who aren’t overpowered by drugs and/or alcohol understand their plight.
Drug and alcohol dependence is treatable. Science says so. But the road to freedom and living a life without them is a tough one. It doesn’t come easy to those affected. The stories in this section are aimed at showing our readers the why’s, the why not’s, the how’s and the human side of a disease that knows no boundaries of economics, demographics or personalities.
Click the links below to view our complete series on addiction: | <urn:uuid:9a19cd6c-eef5-4f85-98d2-ba671f1109f8> | {
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The Gold Museum is part of the Cultural Division of the Banco de la República.
According to the UNESCO definition, "A museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment". The Colombian Gold Museum is thus working and has worked on the basis of general objectives, which together form its mission:
- The mission of the Gold Museum of the Banco de la República is to preserve, research, catalogue and exhibit its archaeological collections in goldwork, ceramics, lithics and other materials as the cultural heritage of present and future generations of Colombian citizens, to strengthen the cultural identity of Colombians through enjoyment, learning and inspiration.
This mission is carried out in its branch in Bogotá and in six more permanent exhibition rooms, the Regional Museums. Since 1954, more than 200 international exhibitions have traveled abroad to share our heritage with the world.
Banco de la República began in 1939 helping to protect the archaeological patrimony of Colombia. The object known as poporo quimbaya was the first one in a collection that has already 75 years.
The work of many people towards the fulfilment of its mission as a cultural entity is required for the Gold Museum to be visited. The Museum is responsibility of a Director and her work team in Bogotá is divided into sections and offices.
For preservation purposes, the Registrars Section manages and controls the different collections so they are kept appropriately and safely. The inventory is kept in a data base that is continuously updated. Registrars are responsible for taking care of the reserves of the collections of metal, ceramics and other materials, they take the pieces to the employees requesting them for research, analysis, photographing, assembly or other specific activities and then returns them to the deposits keeping a record of each movement with the care of a notary. They are also responsible for coordinating the transfer of national and international exhibits and for taking digital photographs with state of art technology.
The Restoration Office works on the ancient objects belonging to the collections to ensure their preservation over time, as well as to maintain their adequate and accurate appearance during the exhibits. It also prepares reports on the condition of each object and conceive and manufacture the metal stands holding each of the objects in the new exhibitions of the Museum.
The Preventive Conservation Office measures and controls the environmental conditions of the reserves and the exhibits in Bogotá and throughout the country, and monitor the condition of the objects, ensuring the protection of the archaeological heritage for the future.
Accountable for research, the Archaeology Office, lead by the Director, is committed to be continuously updated on the latest events in this field to catalogue and produce scientific knowledge on the collection relating the objects to the correct archaeological societies and cultures that produced them. It also carries out studies on the objects as a never-ending source of knowledge and supports multiple scientific investigations. Thanks to their understanding of the different types of public, the archaeologists conceive and coordinate the scripts of the new exhibits and complete their curating process.
The editing and printing process of books and catalogues, as well as the Boletín Museo del Oro and the Museum's Web Site for broadcasting purposes is coordinated by the Dissemination Section, which is also responsible for the Documentation Centre and the planning of cultural activities. Research and education is carried out through the Education Services Office, which promotes contact with teachers and offers them various didactic resources on matters regarding the Museum.
The Museography Section puts the collection on show and is accountable for the architecture, design and aesthetics of the exhibits. It guarantees the quality of the presentation of all the visible parts in the rooms; it designs, assembles and maintains permanent and temporary exhibits as the main form of communication of a museum with its public. Museology receives support from the Carpenter's Workshop.
The IT Coordinator provides support for all the personal computers in the Museum, connected to a modern network offering a large number of tools, and advises and coordinates multiple projects related to new IT and electronic technologies in the museums of the XXI century.
Finally, the Customer Service Section takes care of the visitors who are the reason for the existence of the Museum and prepares the programmes of activities directed to the public. It organises events and it is also the communication channel with the press. Thanks to the coordinators of the rooms, the animators and the assistants, Customer Service It is also the warm face receiving the visitors and providing them with service and information. This is the final result and the materialisation of all the projects generated in the technical and administrative areas to meet the mission of this great cultural centre.
We must also mention the store, restaurant, and café, the security service, the maintenance technicians, the janitor service and all the external roles, as well as those carried out by the Banco de la República or the Cultural Division. They are all crucial for the life of the Museum and for the good performance of its employees. The Security Service, highly professional, management, architecture, human resource management, IT, the chemistry department, legal advice and contracts, procurement, auditing and so many other tasks depending directly on the Bank, reinforce inside the Gold Museum the solidity and stability characterising the Banco de la República's work both in economics and in culture.
You may write in English to
Museo del Oro - Banco de la República
Carrera 7 No. 14-78 1er piso Bogotá, 1 Colombia (from 9 am to 4 pm).
Administrative Office Hours:
Monday to Friday, 8:15 a.m. a 5:00 p.m.
Here you will find the answers to the most frequently asked questions and the email address to contact us.
The Organization Chart of the Banco de la República, the goals and performance reports and the agencies controlling our cultural and heritage activities are available. | <urn:uuid:c005ce94-5021-42ce-ac96-ca7c0df32053> | {
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A challenge for almost all beginners is to learn the notes on the fretboard. The notes on a guitar are inherently more difficult to learn than on a piano, since you don’t have the help of white and black keys. But here’s what worked best for me:
1) Learn the notes on the low E string. Almost everyone learns this first. Knowing just the notes on low E you can power chord your way through a lot of songs :-).
2) Now you obviously also know the notes on high E (illustrated below as the same notes having the same colors).
3) Here’s something that was a bit of an eye-opener for me: the D string is exactly two frets shifted up the next from the E. This means third finger in a three-finger power chord is on the octave (same note) as the first finger.
4) So now you know three strings, from really only knowing one :-). Time to learn a new string – A.
5) The G string is two frets shifted up from the A, just like the relation between E and D.
6) Now there’s only one string left. Either you just memorize that two, or you use the fact that B is two frets shifted down from A. So just like the relation between E and D and A and G, but in the other direction.
So now you know the whole fretboard from really only memorizing two strings!
Another good exercise is to find and play all instances of a note across the fretboard. Start with all Es. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:19003687-bc7e-4dde-83c0-593a97bae427> | {
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Tentative Water-Sharing Agreement Reached for Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River System
After more than a decade of wrangling, Alabama, Georgia and Florida have announced a tentative agreement on a Florida proposal for sharing water from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river system.
Alabama and Georgia officials said the proposal, which was offered late Monday, appears to meet their future growth needs through 2050. Florida officials said the proposal will protect endangered species along the Apalachicola River floodplain and oysters in Apalachicola Bay.
"It's all there," said Florida Department of Environmental Protection Secretary David Struhs. "We're really confident we've done that."
The states will meet by March 18 to vote on formally accepting the proposal.
Florida and Georgia officials and federal representative Lindsay Thomas called the agreement historic. The Florida chapter of the Nature Conservancy said it was encouraged by the agreement while other interest groups along the hundreds of miles of rivers said that they had not seen the proposal but that they were encouraged by the apparent progress.
The proposal aims to protect the Apalachicola River and bay by setting minimum river flows at Chattahoochee that would double to 10,000 cubic feet per second when there is more water in upstream federal reservoirs.
The proposal would require the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to fill up federal reservoirs during the wetter spring months so that water is available in the late summer when there is less rainfall, Struhs said.
"You share the adversity, but you also share the benefits - it cuts both ways," he said.
The proposal, Struhs said, will require the growing Atlanta area to conserve or seek new water supplies after 2030, when the region is expected to use up its available water. Likewise during droughts all the various users of the rivers would be affected.
Representatives of the three states said they will try to draft a proposal in the next 60 days that they can all support. If they vote to accept a proposal, there will be a 60-day public comment period, and hearings would be held in the three states. If they eventually approve the proposal, it will be sent to the federal representative for review.
The states have been battling over water use for more than a decade. The states and Congress agreed in 1997 to establish the talks toward reaching a water-sharing agreement to avoid a lengthy court fight.
Scientists say fish and wildlife in the Apalachicola River and oysters in the bay need periodic flooding and drought to mimic natural cycles. Fresh water pushes back the stone crabs and other predators that can decimate oyster reefs.
But other water users along the river also want water during droughts. They include recreational boaters, farmers, shipping interests, waterfront homeowners and Atlanta-area water utilities.
The Apalachicola Bay and River Keeper environmental group in Eastpoint criticized an earlier Florida draft proposal for allowing Georgia to guarantee only a minimal amount of water to Florida. David McLain, executive director of the group, said Tuesday he could not comment on the new proposal because he has not had time to read it.
"I'm encouraged we have at least gotten to this point," he said. However, he added, "A flawed agreement is not in our interest either."
But Bob Bendick, southeast division director of The Nature Conservancy, said his group was encouraged, particularly by the agreement's recognition of "the need to manage for variable river flows that are similar to the natural flow regime."
Georgia had offered its own proposal Friday, but Florida officials said they could not support it.
Georgia representative Bob Kerr said Tuesday that the proposal made by Florida on Monday was close to Georgia's.
If the states had not agreed to an extension, the talks would have ended and the issue could have gone to the U.S. Supreme Court.
"We think this is a substantial and acceptable step in reaching" an agreement, Kerr said.
Alabama negotiator Jim Campbell said he had not read the proposal, but he had seen some proposed water flow rates for the Chattahoochee River near Columbus, Ga.
"The numbers look all right," he said.
Georgia water interests expressed hope that an agreement will be reached.
"It would be nice if this could get settled," said Pat Stevens of the Atlanta Regional Commission. "When these kinds of arguments go on forever, citizens lose, taxpayers lose, lawyers get rich."
Struhs said that an eventual agreement would help Florida by safeguarding water supplies that could not be ensured by a court fight.
"A judge could say, 'Here is how we are going to allocate water,' " Struhs said. "Five years, 10 years later, you could be back in court allocating it all over again."
New water-sharing proposal would:
Set minimum flows on the Apalachicola River at Chattahoochee at 5,000 cubic feet per second, the minimum needed for endangered mussels to survive.
Double the river flow at Chattahoochee to 10,000 cubic feet per second in March and April when there is more water in upstream federal reservoirs.
Extend the agreement until 2050, forcing the growing Atlanta region to look for new water supplies when it uses up its available water by 2030.
Allow water releases from reservoirs to help barges move upstream only when "emergency circumstances" exist or when barges are needed to ship goods that can't be hauled over land.
Require a drought plan to be approved within three years. Until then, a committee will meet when needed to determine when drought conditions exist.
Establish a scientific advisory panel to measure biological changes in the river system in response to changes in water flow. | <urn:uuid:cc67cc6a-bf09-4571-90f0-5249a5999562> | {
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The concept of continuous functions appears everywhere. All of calculus is about them. In fact, calculus was born because there was a need to describe and study two things that we consider "continuous": change and motion.
In calculus, something being continuous has the same meaning as in everyday use. For example, the growth of a plant is continuous. It doesn't grow by leaps, but continuously.
We know intuitively when something is continuous. For example, I'm pretty sure you'll agree that the following things are continuous:
And I hope you'll agree the following things are not continuous:
The opposite of something continuous (using this everyday usage of the word continuity) is called discrete.
Here we are talking about the physical intuition behind continuous functions. But how we translate this intuitive concept into the language of math, specifically, that of functions?
As in many other instances, here graphs can help a lot to develop a clear intuitive understanding. Here are some graphs of continuous functions:
Intuitively, we can say that a function is continuous when you can draw its graph without lifting your pencil. So, clearly, the functions above are continuous.
Now, let's see an example of a discontinuous function:
Clearly, you can't draw this graph without lifting your pencil at some point. This intuitive definition of continuous functions is easy to understand, but it is not specific enough. How could a computer decide whether or not a given function is continuous, using that definition?
To reach a more exact definition of a continuous function, we first need a slightly modified concept of limit.
When we talked about limits, we said that the expression:
Means that as x approaches a, f(x) approaches L. Graphically:
Here, it doesn't matter "how" x approaches a. It could approach it with values greater than a, or values that are less than a.
If we only allow x to approach a with values that are less than a, we say that we are taking the left-sided (or left-handed) limit, and it is expressed as:
Conversely, if we only allow x to approach a with values greater than a, we say that we are taking the right-sided (or right-handed) limit, and we write it as:
This expression is read: "The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the right equals L".
For example, in the function:
The left-sided limit as x approaches a is:
And the right sided limit is:
We can see (using our intuitive definition) that this function is not continuous. Why? Because it has a leap. In terms of one-sided limits, this is expressed as:
So, our first condition for a function to be continuous is that at each point the one-sided limits must be equal.
Is this sufficient to cover all cases of discontinuous functions? What about the following function:
We can see that:
But, this function is not continuous at point a. To cover this case we must include the condition:
But there's a nice detail here. Whenever we have that the one-sided limits are equal, we also have that they equal the "common" limit, that is:
So, we can reduce our conditions for a function to be continuous at a point "a" to a single one:
In most textbooks they tell you that for a continuous functions, two conditions are met:
The second condition is what we saw in the previous section. The first one, though, I believe, is nonsense.
If f(x) is not defined for x=a, we can't even talk about f(x) being continuous at that point. Why? Because continuity is only defined for points in the domain of the function!
As we saw in domain of a function, for a function to be correctly defined, we must specify the domain. For example:
This function is not defined for x=1. So, the domain must be all real numbers that aren't 1. We can't even talk about the continuity of this function at x=1.
However, if the define the piecewise function:
We have that, if x is distinct from 1:
But f(1)=0. So, we have that:
This implies that this is not a continuous function. It looks like this:
Most "discontinuous" functions you'll encounter in problems will be like the previous one (not the piecewise function, but the first one). Your job would be to find (if it exists) a point where the function is not defined. | <urn:uuid:c9f8d253-97d4-49e6-bf9f-ce71507df1cc> | {
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This festival is a celebration to commemorate St. Joseph’s Day, the Patron Saint of Carpenters. It is focused around the creation and destruction of giant wood and papier-mâché monuments full of “ninots” (i.e. puppets).
Nowadays, this celebration is in the process of being inscribed by UNESCO on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as a “Cultural space of the Valencia Fallas festival’. This List was created under the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
As UNESCO proclaimed in the 2003 convention, ICH is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history. This means that ICH is constantly evolving with the changing circumstances of those who practice and value this heritage. In some cases, changes in ICH are caused by mobility processes of the bearers of such heritage, in other words, due to migration flows in the community that maintain such cultural heritage.
As somebody who was born in Valencia and spent most of my days there, I have been able to witness the evolution of this festival in the context of intense immigration. For example, the combined effect of the Spanish economic growth in the mid-nineties and the historical bonds with Latinoamerica increased the influx of Latin American people to Spain. From this time onwards one can see during the week of the festival, pupils from these countries making puppets (ninots) to be placed at the schools` Fallas monuments. In addition at the street stands selling the typical snack for this festival (buñuelos), one can see how Latinoamericans are now preparing them.
Another example of migration flow was due to the Eurozone Crisis between 2008-2012/13 which forced many skilled Valencian students to leave their homeland (emigration). Consequently you can see fewer younger locals participating in the festival’s traditional costumed parades.
Under no circumstances should these examples necessarily be read as “cause and effect” relation as there is no empirical evidence, but merely to point out signs of correlation and trends for future research.
Some of the first questions for analysing the relationship between the transmission of traditional and cultural practices and migration might be: how are these changes being shaped by the ‘bearers’ of the Fallas festival in Valencia? Does it affect the celebration of this festival?
Apart from the positive and negative impacts of migration on the transmission and continuity of ICH manifestantions and practices, there is one aspect that especially attracts my attention. This is the current migratory flow in Valencia and its implications on the ‘authentic’ nature of the Fallas festival.
“Authenticity” in tangible cultural heritage is a defining characteristic. However, this term specifically applied to intangible cultural heritage is not relevant at all. ICH is about reinterpreting the past with the purposes of the present.
What defines ICH is the way in which that “interpretation of the past with the purpose of the present” serves communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals. Because of this, the bearers of a given cultural expression or practice are keeping that alive and passing on to future generations.
ICH can serve communities in different ways: by providing people with a sense of identity and continuity; by helping communities to cope with a changing environment (when these cultural expressions are referring to age-old ways of managing natural resources) and by providing income to the community as a tourism resource.
If authenticity is deemed to be a value of a given ICH manifestation, then initially, that value should be recognized by the community that practice that ICH sample. Secondly, it should be defined as “community self-esteem and pride”. Thirdly, it should be described as the value for those who practice that sample of cultural heritage and give them a sense of identity and continuity necessary for their self-esteem and pride as a community. On these grounds, authenticity could be equivalent to “community self-identification”.
Alternatively, if one is asking if the authentic value of ICH is affected in a context of intense immigration, one should determine which one of the following dimensions of impact to focus on:
a) The “tangible attributes of ICH” such as songs, dances, special clothing, processions, special food in a traditional festival, or
b) The “symbolic values of ICH”, that is, the narratives and meanings transmitted and created in the minds of the bearers of such heritage | <urn:uuid:96109d3f-3635-4c3a-af04-0937918a062a> | {
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Tracing the history of thought on the molecular origins of surface phenomena, this volume offers a critical and detailed examination and assessment of modern theories.The opening chapters survey the earliest efforts to recapture these phenomena by using crude mechanical models of liquids as well as subsequent quasi-thermodynamic methods. A discussion of statistical mechanics leads to the application of results in mean-field approximation to some tractable but artificial model systems. More realistic models are portrayed both by computer simulation and by approximation to some portrayed both by computer simulation and by approximations of the precise statistical equations. Emphasis throughout the text is consistently placed on the liquid-gas surface, with a focus on liquid-liquid surfaces in the final two chapters.Students, teachers, and professionals will find in this volume a comprehensive account of the field: theorists will encounter novel problems to which to apply the basic principles of thermodynamics, and industrial scientists will deem it an invaluable guide to understanding and predicting the properties of the interfacial region. Its extensive cross-referencing effectively assembles many diverse topics and theoretical approaches, making this book indispensable to all those engaged in research into interfaces in fluid-phase equilibria. | <urn:uuid:83023591-690c-4ad7-83ac-ea4457848769> | {
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Playback Theater is a practice of hearing somebody’s story or watching some activity, and then acting as an improvisational mirror to that person or those people who were involved in the situation. Playback theater actors creatively go through the kind motions and interactions which are appropriate for the particular story they’ve been presented with. Somebody tells the story of what happened to them, some tragic event in their life, like the mother did this, the father did that, that guy came in and did this. Then the playback theater people take that story and act it out in front of the person and everybody else in their audience. Often significant shifts occur in the person’s perspective as they experience from the outside the different voices in the situation being acted out. Playback theater could be applied to political conflicts or public issues, too. I don’t know whether it has been done or not, but the playback model seems to be very suitable for those things, too.
Dynamic Facilitation applies multiperspectivity in real time by having people speak and giving them adequate space to be fully heard. Everybody involved in the situation is given the space to really say their sense of the truth and their perspective and to be respected and heard for that perspective. That’s part of the facilitation technique in Dynamic Facilitation, where the facilitator becomes the multiperspectival “designated listener” and seeks to experience and reflect back each speaker’s full viewpoint so they feel fully heard and everyone in the group gets what they’re saying at a deeper level.
In 1991 Maclean’s magazine in Canada chose a dozen people for their differences and in a very public way had them engage in conversation with each other. Their 3-day event was designed to see if these folks could come up with a shared vision for Canada during a time when it was a very divided country. Because it was so public – being covered fulltime by both a national magazine and a public affairs TV documentary – in a sense it was like Anna Deavere Smith’s work. It takes these very different people and shows you how this person believes this, this person believes that, this other person believes this other thing – and what happened when they all got together to seek common ground. In effect, Maclean’s was saying to their Canadian audience: “These are strong willed vocal representatives of some very different perspectives, and we are going to put them together and have them talk and you are going to watch them and see how they interact – see if it goes well, see if it doesn’t, see what they come up with.” All this is a multiple viewpoint drama that is real and in real time. This is not being acted out or a play. The whole initiative and its results are quite remarkable.
And of course certain documentaries focus on multiperspectivity. This style of documentary is to document this person’s perspective and that person’s perspective and so on. That is very good and it’s much easier to do than having a dramatic artist like Anna Deavere Smith do it. I notice when the face of Anna Deavere Smith is always in the “middle”, there is something humanizing about that, as opposed to seeing the very different actual people’s very different faces. Viewing the real people, you can kind of keep them separate, you don’t have the same subliminal linkage of all these people as being all human beings with legitimate struggling perspectives. But the documentaries are extremely valuable, anyway.
And there are also fictional representations of that kind of thing. The director Kurosawa is very famous for a movie called Rashomon which presents a number of different people who all have a different perspective on an instance of rape. And within the movie he has all of them speaking about what they each saw or heard or believed happened. Those different perspectives don’t really quite fit together. So there is a funny way in which you get the same feeling from watching Rashomon as you get when you’re watching Anna Deavere Smith.
An interesting twist on all this is research that’s been done recently on eyewitnesses: People were shown a movie of the same situation. Then they were asked after some other activities to describe what it was they saw in the movie. Different people described it differently even though they had all watched the same movie. What does this tell us about the descriptions people give who were across the street from each other when a real life incident happened? This finding is shaking up our whole sense of what we thought was the most dependable kind of evidence we could have in a trial. Eyewitnesses were there, they saw it! But the fact is that they experienced different things and that they remember different things. So what do we do with that?
There is a way in which people witnessing the same situation but having different experiences is very problematic for us. And there is a way in which that it can be valuable. There is the story of the blind men and the elephant: These several blind men are all feeling the same elephant but having different experiences. The one feeling the elephant’s ear thinks the elephant is a giant plant with big leaves. Another is feeling a leg and claiming the elephant is actually like a tree. Another is feeling the elephant’s trunk and saying that it feels like a snake. They are all creating their independent images of what this elephant is but none of them are seeing the whole elephnat. But if they got together and talked, they might be able to come up with a model of what the whole elephant looks like. That’s not part of the fable, but it’s part of the implications of this phenomenon. We should take the opportunity to help people with different perspectives build larger, deeper understandings out of their diverse pieces of the puzzle.
A group called National Issues Forums runs one of America’s largest citizen deliberative activities. They have citizens across the country deliberate for an evening or afternoon about some public issue. The citizen deliberators are given briefing materials in written and/or video form which briefly describe 3 to 5 perspectives on the issue they are deliberating. Each perspective is presented to embody the legitimacy of its argumentation. The briefing materials acknowledge that there are people who hold those perspectives and who would be arguing in those ways. Advocates of each perspective would say, “This is what makes sense, and this is why it makes sense, and here’s all the evidence I am trying to convince you with.“ And the materials do that for all the other perspectives as well. So people who are deliberating get to enter into the worldviews of several different people before they even start talking about what’s involved with this issue. So that is a more analytical form of multiperspectivity. NIF is analyzing an issue and creating these 3 to 5 perspectives that together seek to represent the conversation that is happening around this issue in the larger society, so that the deliberators can be brought up to speed even before they start their deliberations. They sense what’s going on in this conflict and then start to explore together what they think. The process of creating those diverse arguments is called “framing an issue for deliberation”.
Lastly I want to add to these examples the many novels and short stories that serve our multiperspective awareness. One of the powers of fiction, both written and audiovisual, is to help us climb into the world of other people or situations with which we are unfamiliar. In really high quality novels, you climb into somebody’s head and into their life experience in such a way you think, “Oh, that’s different from my way of looking things! That’s different from what I’ve lived through, but I get it! I really get why a person like that thinks, feels and acts that way.“
There is another practice called The Council of All Beings created by Joanna Macy and John Seed. Since this is an effort to bring in the viewpoints of other species, you have people in the Council who are there to speak for certain trees, certain animals, certain plants, certain landscapes or mountains, and so on. The participants that are there try and speak for the perspectives and issues of those entities who usually can’t participate in society’s other councils. It’s somewhat analogous to some of the things that happen in some native cultures who give voice to “all our relations” – all the entities and forces of life.
Both within specific efforts to deliberate on a particular issue on behalf of the larger society, and in general in the larger society, all these approaches can help people be able to see more clearly the multiple viewpoints that make up any given situation and that make it “a situation”. That’s their gift. And because we want to have a wiser democracy, we want to have people who can see into that as part of the complexity of whatever it is they’re addressing so that they can take that into account and generate the kinds of benefits that would satisfy most or all of those people involved, and all the lifeforms existing today and in the future. | <urn:uuid:f9113e86-2729-4f7d-b2d6-b7adf0d0fad0> | {
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Ethnographic Museum is located in the building of the former Stock Exchange. From the Ethnographic Department of the National museum in Belgrade in 1901 an independent institution – the Ethnographic Museum was separated.
The existence of ethnographic collections dates from much earlier. The year 1837 is important for the history of Serbian museums, because the word museum is then mentioned for the first time in Serbian.
On the return from his trip in Serbia, the German geologist Herder gave specimens of minerals he found, to Prince Milos Obrenovic, who placed them in the museum at Kragujevac. It is known that Prince Milos had in his collection old coins richly ornamented clothes, arms, metal and stone monuments. For the establishment of the Ethnographic museum and for the work on the study of the people the Ethnographic Exhibition and the All-Slavic Gathering in Moscow in 1867 played a great role. This exhibition induced cultural workers of Serbia to make, as soon as possible, the necessary preparations for the establishment of an historical-ethnographical museum.
Collection of the museum was damaged during the World Wars.
The museum possesses 20,000 exhibits of costume items, 4,000 exhibits of jewelry and 80 complete national costumes. There are also agricultural, hunting and fishing tools, textile in general, household items etc. | <urn:uuid:d38609c7-c1a9-45e5-b621-f60d3a5a62f9> | {
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Guy Glosson picks his way carefully through a maze of mesquite, stepping gingerly to avoid prickly pear, cholla, and the occasional cow patty, while alternately ducking and dodging low-hanging limbs just beginning to show the first hints of green.
“Watch your step,” he warns. “I don't know how to get through here without picking up some thorns.”
The caution was a bit late as a few pricklies had already managed to work their way through this reporter's thin socks to find tender skin.
Glosson points out the meager vegetation striving to survive under the mesquite canopy, with some success in thin spots, less under heavy cover. He notes that opening up the canopy more will allow native grasses to flourish and provide grazing for some 600 head of cattle.
We emerge from the brush onto a swath of newly cleared rangeland where uprooted mesquite and other undesirable vegetation lies scattered like the aftermath of a hurricane. Occasional “islands” of mesquite and oak remain untouched, oases in a desert of ruin.
“It's part of the program,” Glosson explains. “We leave plenty of cover for wildlife habitat, but the cleared areas provide improved grazing for the cattle. Bobwhite quail also do better with plenty of open spaces.”
Mesquite Grove Ranch, a 33,000-acre spread near Jayton, Texas, provides grazing for 600 head of mixed-breed cattle each year and also provides habitat for whitetail deer, turkey, wild hogs, and antelope. Leased hunting has become an integral part of the operation's income.
The cleared swaths are part of a 529-acre renovation project begun this year, with help from USDA's Environmental Quality -Incentives Program (EQIP). The process has progressed at a much more rapid pace, too, because of new technology available to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
Charlie Morris, Resource Team Leader/District Conservationist with NRCS stationed at Spur, says aerial photography and Global Positioning System technology, allows NRCS and Glosson, Mesquite Grove Ranch manager, to pinpoint where they'll take out the mesquite and where they'll leave those brush islands for habitat.
Glosson looks around at the mesquite canopy and explains that trying to follow the plan without precise coordinates would result in much more random removal than he's comfortable with. Also, to meet program standards and specifications for EQIP funds, the acreage must be certified and a specified amount of habitat must remain.
“We outline the areas for brush removal on a topographical map,” Morris explains. “Then we use a Terrain Navigator program to delineate selected areas onto a topographical map, complete with detailed coordinates with longitude and latitude. The heavy equipment operator uses the GPS coordinates to clean up what's needed but leaves the designated habitat areas.”
Morris says ArcView, a program NRCS uses, downloads GPS coordinates onto a computer and plots the cleared areas on aerial photography.
Buddy Watson, Soil and District Conservationist, also with NRCS, uses a four-wheeler, equipped with a GPS beacon and a hand-held monitor to check acreage for treatment.
“Saving time is the biggest advantage with GPS technology,” he says. “Checking 300 acres or a little more takes the best part of a day and then I'll spend a half-day downloading the information into ArcView.”
Morris says using traditional survey methods, rod and chain, two men would spend a week or more surveying the same acreage. “And sometimes we've just had to walk and guess. Surveys so far on Mesquite Grove Ranch show an error factor of about 1 percent. We can live with that.”
Morris says the rancher leaves more brush than would be advisable if not for EQIP mandates and the value of wildlife for the overall operation. Mesquite Grove Ranch has an 8-year contract to plan and implement the conservation program.
“Specifications call for 30 percent to 50 percent brush retention for wildlife habitat,” Watson says.
“We target mesquite and cedar,” he says.
Glosson sees a number of advantages from the program and the technology. “Without EQIP, we couldn't afford to do this,” he says. USDA cost-share on the project is 75 percent, about $450,000.
“We can't pay for those improvements with livestock, especially while we're in a 10-year drought,” Glosson says.
And the GPS takes a lot of guesswork out of implementing the plan. “We use the GPS coordinates to drive directly to the spot we want to treat,” he says.
Glosson also says the precision allows them to create a more natural habitat for wildlife, using curved borders instead of straight lines for the wildlife areas.
“Curves look more natural and provide better protection for animals,” he says. “With straight lines, a deer will be in view longer than with curves. They can slip in and out of these areas with fewer sightings.”
Morris says following an accurate map also allows equipment operators to save desirable vegetation, such as oak, and hackberry, while taking out as much mesquite and cedar as possible, within the prescribed parameters of the EQIP program.
They're taking everything out mechanically, using a special blade on a backhoe to clip the mesquite off below the ground.
“We don't burn anything but rake the brush into windrows,” Glosson says. “That also makes good habitat for quail and small mammals.”
They replant cleared areas with a mixture of native grasses to improve grazing. “Clearing these areas will make a tremendous improvement in the rangeland grazing,' Morris says.
Glosson says he's seen improvements in soil water retention just since he started removing some of the mesquite. “Springs that had been dry for several years have begun to seep again,” he says.
Morris says the NRCS uses GPS coupled with ArcView and Customer Toolkit to provide quality service to private landowners. “We're fortunate to have it available to use on this ranch. It helps with both planning and implementing a conservation program.”
Glosson says rooting mesquite out of rangeland “requires a lot of energy.” He says any tool that can make the process a bit simpler is a welcome addition.
e-mail: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:eaf41b7a-63ac-4226-bfe3-2cc1abc043bd> | {
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Retinitis Pigmentosa With High Myopia & Its Ayurvedic Treatment
Retinitis Pigmentosa is defined as degeneration in retina or dystrophy. Mostly cases cause of Retinitis pigmentosa is hereditary but in our practice we saw a lot of cases in which no family history of this disease.
- Initial symptoms is Night Blindness gradually loss of vision in dim light and night, like difficulty in stepping of leder and patient ignore the condition because they do not know the condition of this type problems.
- Loss of Peripheral vision because mainly Rod cells of retina are degenerated in early stages and rod cells are responsible for dim light vision and peripheral vision, so initial symptoms are found in that areas.
- Tunnel vision, when all rod cells are damaged only cones and some rods cell are present then found tunnel vision, the person only seen straight like Horse (when a eye cap is apply).
- Floaters may be seen in front of eyes due to degeneration part not able transfer signals to brain.
- complete blind, this condition is develops in most advanced stages (10-40 yrs duration of disease)
- In later stages some patients complained colorful appearance like rainbow or single color whole day like yelow, blue etc. | <urn:uuid:fdba4a62-8f94-4b13-83ab-d9e9eda1a13c> | {
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Your dog might not be able to talk to you about your bad day at work, but when he lays that little snout on your lap, you sense he just gets it. How much do we really know about what’s going on behind those puppy-dog eyes? “A dog’s mind is roughly equivalent to that of a human two-year-old’s,” says Stanley Coren, PhD, author of The Intelligence of Dogs. “But dogs also have the social consciousness of a teenager.” Put that together with a keen sense of smell, and dogs might be getting a basic read on everything from simple emotions to serious changes in your body chemistry. Read on for eight fascinating facts about the human-dog connection.
You swear your dog acts extra-tame and attentive when you’re down in the dumps. Is it all in your head—or are your emotions registering on his radar? In a study published in the journal Animal Cognition, dogs did, in fact, approach people who appeared to be upset more often than those who weren’t—whether it was their owner or a stranger. Scientists are still a few steps away from saying dogs have true empathy for humans—it’s possible they'd react the same way to an equally strong emotion, like raucous laughter—but they’re optimistic. “The dogs in the study would lick all around sad people’s hands or faces, and some sweetly brought over toys,” says study author Deborah Custance, PhD, a psychologist at Goldsmiths, University of London. “They behaved in a way we would’ve expected if we interpreted it as empathy.” | <urn:uuid:dd27e07a-13cd-4d07-a7ad-2cb147c94e47> | {
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Linux and Unix route command
route [-v] [-A family] add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [metric N] [mss M] [window W] [irtt I] [reject] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If]
route [-v] [-A family] del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw] [netmask Nm] [metric N] [[dev] If]
route [-V] [--version] [-h] [--help]
When the add or del options are used, route modifies the routing tables. Without these options, route displays the current contents of the routing tables.
|-A family||use the specified address family (eg `inet'; use `route --help' for a full list).|
|-F||operate on the kernel's FIB (Forwarding Information Base) routing table. This is the default.|
|-C||operate on the kernel's routing cache.|
|-v||select verbose operation.|
|-n||show numerical addresses instead of trying to determine symbolic host names. This is useful if you are trying to determine why the route to your nameserver has vanished.|
|-e||use netstat-format for displaying the routing table. -ee will generate a very long line with all parameters from the routing table.|
|del||delete a route.|
|add||add a new route.|
|target||the destination network or host. You can provide IP addresses in dotted decimal or host/network names.|
|-net||the target is a network.|
|-host||the target is a host.|
|netmask NM||when adding a network route, the netmask to be used.|
|gw GW||route packets via a gateway. NOTE: The specified gateway must be reachable first. This usually means that you have to set up a static route to the gateway beforehand. If you specify the address of one of your local interfaces, it will be used to decide about the interface to which the packets should be routed to. This is a BSD-style compatibility hack.|
|metric M||set the metric field in the routing table (used by routing daemons) to M.|
|mss M||set the TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) for connections over this route to M bytes. The default is the device MTU minus headers, or a lower MTU when path mtu discovery occurred. This setting can be used to force smaller TCP packets on the other end when path mtu discovery does not work (usually because of misconfigured firewalls that block ICMP Fragmentation Needed)|
|window W||set the TCP window size for connections over this route to W bytes. This is typically only used on AX.25 networks and with drivers unable to handle back to back frames.|
|irtt I||set the initial round trip time (irtt) for TCP connections over this route to I milliseconds (1-12000). This is typically only used on AX.25 networks. If omitted the RFC 1122 default of 300ms is used.|
|reject||install a blocking route, which will force a route lookup to fail. This is for example used to mask out networks before using the default route. This is NOT for firewalling.|
|mod, dyn, reinstate||install a dynamic or modified route. These flags are for diagnostic purposes, and are generally only set by routing daemons.|
|dev If||force the route to be associated with the specified device, as the kernel will otherwise try to determine the device on its own (by checking already existing routes and device specifications, and where the route is added to). In most normal networks you won't need this. |
If dev If is the last option on the command line, the word dev may be omitted, as it's the default. Otherwise the order of the route modifiers (metric - netmask - gw - dev) doesn't matter.
Shows routing table for all IPs bound to the server.
route add -net 184.108.40.206 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
adds a route to the network 192.56.76.x via "eth0" The Class C netmask modifier is not really necessary here because >192.* is a Class C IP address. The word "dev" can be omitted here.
route add -net 220.127.116.11 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev eth0
This command sets all of the class D (multicast) IP routes to go via "eth0". This is the correct normal configuration for a multicasting kernel. | <urn:uuid:6d517468-f558-45a1-a96e-e29a74380bc8> | {
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Edward Dart's Water Tower Place in Chicago.
Although noted Chicago architect Edward Dart (1922-1975) designed everything from well-known public spaces and Modernist lakefront houses to iconic churches, I’d never heard of him. And as you’ll read in Lisa Skolnik’s article, “Discovering Dart,” in our Winter 2013 issue of Preservation, neither had the family who purchased one of his houses.
So, to get a better sense of who this accomplished but often overlooked architect was -- and why he was so obscure -- I called Matthew Seymour, a project manager for Central Building and Preservation in Chicago, who had written his master’s thesis in preservation on Dart and served as a source for our feature.
Though his sister published his biography in 1993, Dart’s early life is still, to a large extent, a mystery. What we do know is that he was born in New Orleans in 1922 to parents of French descent, and that he exhibited a talent for drawing and sketching while in the U.S. Navy, a hobby he carried on throughout his years serving during WWII.
“All I know is that people who are still alive that knew him personally, who were his friends, said that he was the nicest guy in the world,” Seymour says of Dart’s personal life.
After completing his post-war architectural studies at Yale in 1949 under the tutelage of greats like Louis Kahn and Eero Saarinen, Dart interviewed with several firms in California, but almost immediately decided instead to move to Chicago. There he would largely work alone before joining the firm of Jerrold Loebl, a former professor, in 1965.
As an architect, Dart is probably best known for Water Tower Place, a 74-story mixed-use Chicago fixture on Michigan Avenue, complete with one of the world’s first vertical shopping malls. Coincidentally, it was the project during which he died, unexpectedly, at the age of 53. He’s also well known for tens of private houses that dot Chicago’s northern and western suburbs, such as the Henrich House in Barrington, designed in 1962.
But Dart’s churches are the works that define him. His ultimate masterpiece, in Seymour’s eyes, is the often-overlooked St. Procopius Abbey and Monastery in Lisle, Ill. It’s the work that best demonstrates what Seymour calls the “Dart Design Philosophy.”
The philosophy combines Dart’s unique use of materials -- wood, steel, glass, and especially Chicago Common Brick, which adds an element of softness and warmth to the interiors of his designs -- with unusual shapes and geometric forms to create both aesthetically pleasing and functional structures. The final element of the philosophy was the almost seamless incorporation of a project into its site and surroundings, much like the designs of Frank Lloyd Wright.
Exterior and interior of St. Procopius Abbey and Monastery.
However, Dart’s designs seem to take an extra step in finding a way to cater to the lifestyle and desires of his clients, as opposed to the works of Wright, which often dominated their inhabitants. The elements of this philosophy combined to create a unique version of Midcentury Modernism.
“Developing your own style, being inventive, and trying to design buildings that don’t look like anything else had to be really hard,” Seymour says. “It’s his own style, and I think it does have a place in the history and evolution of architecture.”
But if that’s the case, the question is even more intriguing; why the obscurity? Seymour says that it could be that Dart died young, just as he was reaching the height of his career. But he also points out that the Midcentury Modern era during which Dart practiced has only recently been drawing interest.
Perhaps, then, this is only the beginning of Dart’s fame. | <urn:uuid:9707d50e-32d9-4b68-a3b8-65a231fdc90e> | {
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Many people currently believe that the essential cause of the famous French revolution is a rising power of the middle class of bourgeoisie clashing with the power of the nobility. The revolution took place because different types of causes, fundamental and immediate. Another reason that this statement is deceitful is because the revolution was not caused by one group of people, but rather the crowd called the Third Assembly, which was 80% of the French population at the time, was the revolutionary group. But this group was separated into many different status groups, which ranged from wealthy to dirt poor.
First it is important to analyze the deep seeded causes of the revolution, fundamental causes. The most important fundamental cause was economic, from the time when Louis XIV built Versailles and went on his wars there was a money deficiency. To make up for a lack of funds, new tax laws were put in place, because the country ran on a Three Estate system, only the third estate felt the pain of taxation.
As the third estate was already the poorest, necessary funds could not be drawn, so taxes continually increased, this oppressive taxation caused a rooted hatred of the French government and resulted in being a fundamental cause for revolution. Another fundamental cause was the enlightenment, writers such as John Locke sparked beliefs that the French commoners did not have to be ruled by a "God appointed" ruler, but instead a people appointed ruler, a sovereign that was inclined for the best interest of the people, not himself. This belief caught on quickly and built on the economic fundamental causes to create more deep seeded rage for the regime of France.
Another set of causes of the French revolution are immediate causes, which can be directly linked to the... | <urn:uuid:8a42b029-c572-4f1a-a99c-ecf71a4b3cd5> | {
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In the early 1990s, Stanford University appointed a Committee on Undergraduate Education (CUE) that was charged with conducting a thorough analysis of the strengths and weaknesses in the undergraduate curriculum. The committee completed its work in 1994. Among several of the recommendations that went forward from the committee to the University Senate was the strengthening of the language requirement.
The committee argued that high school language experience alone was insufficient preparation for Stanford undergraduates. The Senate, therefore, legislated a strengthened language requirement, permitting one year of university-level language study to count toward the fulfillment of the requirement and in some cases Advanced Placement scores. The Stanford Senate also acknowledged that in order to insure that Stanford offers access to the highest quality language programs in the United States, new structures needed to be established to monitor and assess language teaching and student performances within the language departments.
Elizabeth Bernhardt was appointed Director in July of 1995 and began her duties on September 1 that year. Professor Bernhardt, whose academic appointment is in German Studies, is an applied linguist who has conducted pioneering work in comprehension assessment. | <urn:uuid:15058d16-f0cb-48c3-9add-4ca75fa4ba6c> | {
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Subsets and Splits