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Perceptions of Sati: A Comparative Analysis Five 50-minute class periods and DBQ as an independent assignment. After completing this lesson, students will be able to: - analyze textual primary sources. - analyze visual primary sources. - recognize the ways that language reveals point-of-view. - analyze how the cultural biases of Europeans and Indians influence their attitudes toward the act of sati. - Sufficient copies of the Sati Introduction - Sufficient copies of the following sources (European viewpoint), stapled together: - Source 1: Letter, Francois Bernier - Source 5: Diary, Fanny Parks - Source 8: Engraving, James Peggs - Source 9: Nonfiction, James Peggs - Sufficient copies of the following sources (Indian viewpoint), stapled together: - Source 4: Nonfiction, Rajah Rammohun Roy - Source 7: Petition, Orthodox Hindus - Source 10: Nonfiction, Pandita Ramabai - Source 11: Object, Sati Handprints - Sufficient copies of Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Images - Sufficient copies of Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Texts - Ask students to respond on paper to the following question: “What traditions does your family engage in that other families might think are strange or unusual?” - After students have written down their individual answers, have them share them with the class. - Write the words “cultural bias” on the board and give students the definition: cultural bias is when we judge others according to the standards or norms of our own culture. Lead a discussion linking that definition back to the examples they shared. - Direct students to read the Sati Introduction. - After they have read the selection, have students answer the following questions on paper, then discuss as a class: - Define what the word “sati” refers to today. - What is the literal translation of the word in Sanskrit? Why might that word have been chosen to refer to the self-immolation ritual of widows? - What other restrictions have historically been put on widows? - Why might widows as a social group have had restrictions put on them? What about them makes them vulnerable? What about them makes them a possible threat to society? - Create a chronology of European views of sati. - How did European views of sati change over time? - Direct students to read each of the primary sources, being sure to keep the European sources separate from the Indian sources. - Distribute Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Images and Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Texts. - Direct students to fill out the worksheets for each of the eight assigned sources. They should complete this individually, either for homework or in class. - Discuss their responses as a class. - Have students go back through the textual sources and circle words used to characterize: the widows, the Brahmins, and the act of sati. Remind them to keep the sources written by Europeans separate from the sources written by Indians. - Divide students into small groups, then ask them to create charts of the words they circled in the documents. They must create two separate charts: the first will list words used by Europeans to describe widows, Brahmins, and sati. The second chart will list words used by Indians to describe widows, Brahmins, and sati. - Instruct students to use their charts to answer the questions below, continuing to work in small groups. - How would you characterize the language used by Europeans to describe the widows? The Brahmins? The act of sati? - Students should understand that the Europeans tend to describe the widows as victims, the Brahmins as perpetrators of evil, and the act of sati as a strange, barbaric ritual. Be sure to link these characterizations back to the concept of cultural bias. - How would you characterize the language used by Indians to describe the widows? The Brahmins? The act of sati? - Students should see that the language used by Indians allows for more agency on the part of widows. Widows are seen as having a variety of motives for engaging in the act of sati and having some control over the act itself. Brahmins are characterized in multiple ways but are generally not demonized. The act itself is described in more neutral language than the Europeans used. In general, Indians do less stereotyping and generalizing about the act and its participants. - Discuss their answers as a class. - Conclude by discussing why European and Indian perceptions may have differed and what motives the Europeans and the Indians may have had for using the language they did. - Students should again connect European and Indian perceptions with the concept of cultural bias. Because the Indians are familiar with sati and see it as part of their cultural standard, their characterizations of it are more complex. Indians are also less likely to characterize women as being victims than are Europeans. Both sides use inflammatory language to try to persuade their audiences to support their argument. - Distribute copies of the Document-Based Essay Question. - Allow students time in class to brainstorm and outline their ideas. - Instruct students to complete the essay outside of class. Collect in the next class period. - Teachers in classrooms with SMART Boards, student laptops, and access to SMART programs may wish to integrate their technology into the “comparing points-of-view” portion of the lesson. After students circle the language choices made by the Europeans and the Indians, divide them into groups, giving one laptop to each group. Instruct students to use the laptops to create two concept maps in SMART Ideas, one mapping the words used in the European sources, and one mapping the words used in the Indian sources. Then, have the groups email their concept maps to the teacher. Choose the best ones, display them on the SMART Board, and use them as a model for the class discussion about how to characterize the language choices found in both sets of sources. - As a hook, ask students what rituals they can think of that involve the use of fire. Brainstorm a list as a class, then ask students to write down any themes that they see. One theme should be the association of fire with purification or chasteness. Discuss why this is true. Bring this theme up again at the end of the “Comparing Points of View” section of the lesson by asking students to compare European and Indian uses of fire and concepts of what it means to be pure. - In the “Interpreting Sources” step, only have students fill out a complete worksheet for visual image and one textual source. Rather than filling out the rest of the worksheets alone, then discussing them, accelerate the lesson by having students fill them out as you discuss the documents. - Instruct students to complete the Document-Based Essay at home; do not allow for extra in-class time to complete outlines and do brainstorming around the question. Less Advanced Students: - Complete more steps of the lesson as a class rather than asking students to complete them individually. This is particularly necessary for the document interpretations: read the documents out loud as a class, then complete the text worksheets as a class. - Add an intermediate step in creating the document-based essay: ask students to hand in an outline of their answer, receive feedback from you, then turn the outline into an essay.	<urn:uuid:af6c2a94-1e5b-4167-be3b-5b50434fc1d1>	{ "date": "2015-05-30T08:32:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930916.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00314-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9329248666763306, "score": 4.03125, "token_count": 1568, "url": "http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson5/lesson5.php?menu=1&c=plans&s=0" }
Need: Sexual Behaviour and HIV Prevention Amongst Youth In-School Initiatives to Compliment Mass Media Strategies for Safer Sexual Behaviour and HIV Prevention Amongst Cameroonian Youth. The target population is rural and urban middle school students in the North- West and South West Regions of Cameroon. The overall goal of the project is to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs among youth in Cameroon. * To increase the HIV/AIDS awareness of middle school students in North-West and South-West Regions of Cameroon and cultivate self-confidence and healthy attitudes toward their own physical and emotional development during puberty as well as encouraging a positive attitude to people living with HIV. * To build the capacity of teachers within 2 000 middle schools in North-West and South-West regions to better understand and respond to the sexual health needs of their students. * To provide an enabling environment through advocacy initiatives to key local educational policy makers and headmasters, including a study tour to Cameroon and experience-sharing workshops. YOUR CONTRIBUTION NO MATTER HOW SMALL WILL MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE, WE LOOK FORWARD TO BUILDING OTHER BETTER WORLDS	<urn:uuid:628546de-9298-4fe9-aad9-b697ecf9f854>	{ "date": "2014-03-15T02:02:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678695535/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024455-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9075284004211426, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 242, "url": "http://worldpulse.com/pulsewire/exchange/post/10922" }
A dominantly inherited genetic condition that results in markedly elevated LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels beginning at birth, and cause heart attacks at an early age. Type II hyperlipoproteinemia; Hypercholesterolemic xanthomatosis; Low density lipoprotein receptor mutation Affected people have consistently high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad" cholesterol), which leads to premature atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Typically in affected men, heart attacks occur in their 40s to 50s, and 85% of men with this disorder have experienced a heart attack by age 60. The incidence of heart attacks in women with this disorder is also increased, but happens 10 years later than in men. Individuals from families with a strong history of early heart attacks should be evaluated with a lipid screen. Proper diet, exercise, and the use of newer drugs can bring lipids (fats in the blood) down to safer levels. The mutation that causes this genetic abnormality occurs on chromosome 19. It is possible for a person to inherit copies of the mutated gene for this disorder (one from each parent, making them genetically "homozygous"). In homozygous individuals the condition is more severe, and cholesterol values may exceed 600 mg/dL. These individuals develop waxy plaques (xanthomas) beneath the skin over their elbows, knees, buttocks. These are deposits of cholesterol in the skin. In addition, they develop deposits in tendons and around the cornea of the eye. Atherosclerosis begins before puberty and heart attacks and death may occur before age 30, or they may require highly invasive surgery such as a liver transplant. Those who have inherited only one copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) are called heterozygous. These individuals may respond well to diet modifications combined with statin drugs. - A strong family history of familial hypercholesterolemia or early heart attack - Elevated and therapy-resistant levels of LDL in either or both parents - Xanthomas (lesions caused by cholesterol rich lipoprotein deposits) - Cholesterol deposits in the eyelids (xanthelasmas) - Chest pain (angina) associated with coronary artery disease - Evidence of obesity Exams and Tests A physical examination may reveal xanthomas, xanthelasmas and cholesterol-laden deposits called a corneal arcus. Laboratory testing may show: - Elevated triglycerides - Protein electrophoresis may show abnormal results - Total plasma cholesterol that is greater than 300 mg/dL (adult) - Total plasma cholesterol that is greater than 250 mg/dL (children) - Serum LDL that is higher than 200 - Studies of heart function, such as a stress test, may be abnormal - Special studies of patient cells (fibroblasts) may show decreased uptake of LDL cholesterol - Genetic testing for mutations in the LDL receptor gene The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease and heart attack. The first step is to change what you eat. This is tried for several months before drug therapy is added. Diet changes include reducing total fat intake to less than 30% of the total calories consumed. Saturated fat intake is reduced by decreasing the amounts of beef, pork, and lamb; substituting low-fat dairy products; and eliminating coconut and palm oil. Cholesterol intake is reduced by eliminating egg yolks, organ meats, and sources of animal-derived saturated fat. Further reductions in the percentage of fat in the diet may be recommended after the initial trial period. Dietary counseling is often recommended to assist people with these adjustments to their eating habits. Exercise, especially to induce weight loss, may also aid in lowering cholesterol levels. Drug therapy may be initiated if diet, exercise, and weight-loss efforts have not reduced the cholesterol levels after an adequate trial period. Various cholesterol-reducing agents are available including: - Bile acid sequestrant resins (cholestyramine and colestipol) - Nicotinic acid (niacin) - Statin drugs MEDPED (Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Death) University of Utah The outcome is likely to be poor in people with the homozygote type of familial hypercholesterolemia because it causes early heart attacks and is resistant to treatment. The outcome of other types of familial hypercholesterolemia depends in part on the patient's compliance with treatment, but reduction in serum cholesterol levels can be achieved and may be significant in delaying a heart attack. - Heart attack at an early age - Cholesterol-rich deposits in skin, eyelids When to Contact a Medical Professional - Call your health care provider or go to the emergency room if you have crushing chest pain or other warning signs of heart attacks. - Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you or family members are found to have elevated total cholesterol levels. Families with a history of familial hypercholesterolemia may benefit from counseling, especially if both parents are affected. Prevention of early heart attacks requires recognition of existing elevated LDL levels, and a low-cholesterol, low-saturated fat, high-unsaturated fat diet in high-risk people may help to control LDL levels. Email to a Friend Typical mistypes for Familial hypercholesterolemia damilial hypercholesterolemia, camilial hypercholesterolemia, vamilial hypercholesterolemia, gamilial hypercholesterolemia, tamilial hypercholesterolemia, ramilial hypercholesterolemia, fzmilial hypercholesterolemia, fsmilial hypercholesterolemia, fwmilial hypercholesterolemia, fqmilial hypercholesterolemia, fanilial hypercholesterolemia, fakilial hypercholesterolemia, fajilial hypercholesterolemia, famulial hypercholesterolemia, famjlial hypercholesterolemia, famklial hypercholesterolemia, famolial hypercholesterolemia, fam9lial hypercholesterolemia, fam8lial hypercholesterolemia, famikial hypercholesterolemia, famipial hypercholesterolemia, famioial hypercholesterolemia, familual hypercholesterolemia, familjal hypercholesterolemia, familkal hypercholesterolemia, familoal hypercholesterolemia, famil9al hypercholesterolemia, famil8al hypercholesterolemia, familizl hypercholesterolemia, familisl hypercholesterolemia, 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hypercholesrerolemia, familial hypercholesferolemia, familial hypercholesgerolemia, familial hypercholesyerolemia, familial hypercholes6erolemia, familial hypercholes5erolemia, familial hypercholestwrolemia, familial hypercholestsrolemia, familial hypercholestdrolemia, familial hypercholestrrolemia, familial hypercholest4rolemia, familial hypercholest3rolemia, familial hypercholesteeolemia, familial hypercholestedolemia, familial hypercholestefolemia, familial hypercholestetolemia, familial hypercholeste5olemia, familial hypercholeste4olemia, familial hypercholesterilemia, familial hypercholesterklemia, familial hypercholesterllemia, familial hypercholesterplemia, familial hypercholester0lemia, familial hypercholester9lemia, familial hypercholesterokemia, familial hypercholesteropemia, familial hypercholesterooemia, familial hypercholesterolwmia, familial hypercholesterolsmia, familial hypercholesteroldmia, familial hypercholesterolrmia, familial hypercholesterol4mia, familial 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hypercholesteorlemia, familial hypercholesterloemia, familial hypercholesteroelmia, familial hypercholesterolmeia, familial hypercholesteroleima, familial hypercholesterolemai, ffamilial hypercholesterolemia, faamilial hypercholesterolemia, fammilial hypercholesterolemia, famiilial hypercholesterolemia, famillial hypercholesterolemia, familiial hypercholesterolemia, familiaal hypercholesterolemia, familiall hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hhypercholesterolemia, familial hyypercholesterolemia, familial hyppercholesterolemia, familial hypeercholesterolemia, familial hyperrcholesterolemia, familial hyperccholesterolemia, familial hyperchholesterolemia, familial hyperchoolesterolemia, familial hyperchollesterolemia, familial hypercholeesterolemia, familial hypercholessterolemia, familial hypercholestterolemia, familial hypercholesteerolemia, familial hypercholesterrolemia, familial hypercholesteroolemia, familial hypercholesterollemia, familial hypercholesteroleemia, familial hypercholesterolemmia, familial hypercholesterolemiia, familial hypercholesterolemiaa, etc.	<urn:uuid:a2bfd097-3296-437c-a837-48b5a333af93>	{ "date": "2013-05-20T22:31:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7070311903953552, "score": 3.84375, "token_count": 3024, "url": "http://healthabcpedia.net/cholesterol/329176.html" }
March 16, 2011 Exercising advice: Assumptions can steer physical activity behavior Higher expectations can be the prescription for more physical activity. According to a study by Kansas State University researcher Katie Heinrich, those who think they need more exercise than experts recommend are more physically active, while those who think they need less don't exercise as much. Heinrich, a kinesiology assistant professor, along with researchers Jay Maddock from the University of Hawaii and Adrian Bauman from the University of Sydney in Australia, explored the relationship between people's knowledge of guidelines for physical activity and their physical activity behavior. The March edition of the Journal of Physical Activity and Health published the results. "Instead of simply trying to educate the public about the current physical activity guidelines, it may be more effective to increase people's expectations to encourage them to do more physical activity than they think experts recommend," Heinrich said. The federal government's 2008 physical activity guidelines call for 300 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic activity such as fast walking or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity like jogging or running. More than 50 percent of Kansans did not meet the recommendations in 2009. The guidelines are supposed to educate the public about the minimal amount of physical activity that's necessary for health benefits, but previous studies have been unable to show that knowledge of physical activity guidelines was linked to meeting the guidelines, Heinrich said. "The guidelines did provide information on the specific amount of physical activity to do, but they didn't always indicate how individuals should attain the recommended amount of activity,” she said. “Understanding the utility of the physical activity guidelines is critical as physical activity rates remain low." Researchers found that nearly half of Hawaiian adults in a telephone survey knew the correct government recommendations. "Those who thought they needed more physical activity than recommended by experts for health benefits reported more daily minutes of walking or moderate or vigorous physical activity," Heinrich said. "Participants who thought they needed less physical activity for health benefits than recommended by experts did significantly less walking or moderate and vigorous physical activity." The research was supported by a multiyear grant of $3,152,266 from the Hawaii Department of Health to the University of Hawaii.	<urn:uuid:61f87c09-7f3b-4c4c-a9c9-bc58e383a613>	{ "date": "2016-10-26T23:05:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00098-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9537701606750488, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 456, "url": "http://www.k-state.edu/today/announcement.php?id=953&category=research&referredBy=K-State%20Today%20Archive" }
MANA INDIANS. The Mana Indians, who are known from a single Spanish document of 1683 (early copyists altered the name to Mano and Chano), cannot be related to any other known group. Their area is not specified but seems to have been somewhere in west central Texas. Charles W. Hackett, ed., Pichardo's Treatise on the Limits of Louisiana and Texas (4 vols., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1931–46). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Thomas N. Campbell, "MANA INDIANS," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmm08), accessed December 21, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.	<urn:uuid:9487967a-27ff-45d3-847f-c47a2bee902c>	{ "date": "2014-12-22T04:28:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773201.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9117817282676697, "score": 2.625, "token_count": 182, "url": "http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmm08" }
Since EC’s founding in 1972, the restoration division has restored over 35 miles of shoreline in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using the bioengineering protocol developed by our founder, Dr. Garbisch. Over the years engineers and scientists at EC have refined this technique, a process that has been proven over time as an effective long term solution to control shoreline erosion. The Restoration Division specializes in both freshwater wetlands and tidal salt marshes. From start to finish, we are often called upon to plan, design, obtain permits, construct, plant, and monitor a wetland project. Our well trained staff restore degraded wetlands and construct new wetlands to improve water quality, manage stormwater, enhance habitat, stabilize shoreline erosion, and mitigate wetland loss. We are proud to be the recipient of the largest planting contract ever sent out to bid by the Baltimore District ACOE. The EC team planted 550,000 wetland plants on Poplar Island in 2005 (one of the largest restoration projects using dredged material in the nation). Several of EC's projects are accessible to the public. If you would like to see for yourself how a Living Shoreline can enhance your property, or what a wetland designed to manage stormwater looks like, you can visit these sites. Move your curser over highlighted text to see image.	<urn:uuid:8383c902-e7d9-4016-928e-242524c1df06>	{ "date": "2014-12-17T19:52:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802764752.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075244-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9188736081123352, "score": 2.78125, "token_count": 275, "url": "http://www.wetland.org/restoration_home.htm" }
What Do Mosquitoes Eat? Female mosquitoes are more interesting than you might have initially thought. For example, did you know that it’s only female mosquitoes that feed on blood? The source of this blood can be from any warm-blooded creature, including humans. While researching what mosquitoes eat, it was discovered the sole reason why it's only the female mosquito that feeds on blood is because she is the one tasked with producing, and then laying, eggs. These eggs need protein and the blood that the female draws from animals, ourselves included, provides this protein. After a female mosquito mates with a male, her need for blood immediately increases. She will look for a suitable candidate and then go in for a feast. After the female is full of blood, her body will start producing eggs. She will then lay these eggs on any standing or still water she can find. Small, stagnant ponds or containers of water are among the female's favorite locations. Once a batch of eggs is laid, the female will quickly look for another host to feed from. Doing so means that she can begin producing the next batch of eggs and repeating the life cycle. She will repeat this process several times throughout her relatively short lifespan. As the year comes to an end and the weather gets cooler, females of certain mosquito species will start preparing for their hibernation. They will lay their final batch of eggs in a protected area, where they will stay safe during the winter. With the onset of cold weather the female changes her feeding habits. Instead of focusing on protein-rich blood, she will only feed on old, rotten fruit and other sugar-rich foods. The female mosquitoes need this extra sugar to fatten up before the cold winter. During hibernation, the female mosquito will freeze and actually pause her life. As spring approaches and the temperature slowly rises, she will thaw and produce one last batch of eggs before dying. The Proboscis, an Important Feeding Tool The female mosquito differs from the male in several ways. Key among these is that she is equipped with a proboscis. A proboscis is a special feeding instrument which allows the female mosquito to pierce the skin of those that she feeds on. It also acts somewhat like a straw, allowing her to draw blood easily from the host. When the female bites, her saliva will be passed to the host through the proboscis. This saliva then mixes with the blood of the host. Because the saliva contains several special purpose chemicals, it acts as an anticoagulant. This means it stops the host’s blood from clotting, making feeding easy. Not All Mosquito Species Feed on Blood While we generally think of all mosquito species as blood-sucking pests, this isn’t strictly true. In fact, there are a few mosquito species where the female only needs to feed on carbohydrates in order to produce eggs. The females of these species can still feed on blood if they wish, but this is not a biological necessity. Some other species don't even like human blood. They prefer other creatures like reptiles or birds and will only feed on humans as a last resort. Of these species, one of the most interesting is the elephant mosquito, also known as Toxorhynchites. This is one of the largest mosquito breeds in the world. They can reach up to 0.7 inches in length and boast almost an inch in wingspan. This mosquito can be found all over the world where there are dense forests or jungles. It’s not only identified by its enormous size, it’s also one of the most colorful mosquito species. Some people even find elephant mosquitoes rather beautiful! Before you get too freaked out by the thought of being bitten by this gigantic monster, you should know that this species—thankfully—do not feed on blood. Instead, they feed on foods rich in complex and simple carbohydrates. Like other mosquitoes, they like to eat honeydew or plant sap, and suck the juices from old or damaged fruit. Where this species’ diet becomes really interesting is when the offspring are still developing as larvae. Elephant mosquito larvae actually feed on other mosquito larvae. In fact, scientists have tried to introduce elephant mosquito larvae to areas outside of their natural habitat. They were hoping that the cannibalistic youngsters would exterminate other, disease-carrying, mosquito species. Unfortunately, the scientists ran into quite a big problem. They accidentally introduced the toxorhynchites amboinensis instead of the toxorhynchites splendens. These differing species ended up eating each other, not the bad guys that the scientists had hoped they would. What Do Male Mosquitoes Eat? Male mosquitoes have a much shorter lifespan compared to female mosquitoes. Many don't even live past a week. That doesn't mean they don't need to eat though. They still need fuel to perform their essential biological processes and duties. An essential part of both the male and female’s diet is nectar. This sweet, sugary substance provides male mosquitoes with all the energy and nutrients they need. Mosquitoes are especially attracted to flowers. If you happen to have a garden full of vibrant, colorful flowers, you might just find yourself with an infestation of these pests. Some people like to plant special flowers that attract butterflies, this can be a mistake, since most of those flowers attract mosquitoes as well. Mosquitoes also need water, both for drinking and for laying eggs. Therefore, any plant that grows in or around water is a lovely treat for these flying pests. Not only can they drink from the water source, but they will also feed from any nectar these plants provide. Plants which mosquitoes love to feed on include water-loving plants, such as irises and cardinal flowers. Both of these plants require a significant amount of water and they make a sweet treat for hungry mosquitoes. You shouldn’t avoid growing plants that mosquitoes like completely though. If you do plant a few mosquito favorites, just make sure that you do this far away from your outside sitting areas. This might even go some way toward minimizing the chances of being bitten. Male mosquitoes are innocent when it comes to biting humans though. They do not have the same piercing proboscis that female mosquitoes do. So, they can’t feed from us even if they wanted to. The male also doesn’t need the protein levels that blood provides. How Often Do Mosquitoes Feed? As I mentioned above, the female needs to feed on protein-rich blood to be able to produce eggs. She will usually feed until her abdomen is full. This can actually be seen while she feeds. After feeding and satisfying her hunger and that of her developing eggs, the female will rest for two to three days in a warm, damp location. While she is resting, her eggs will develop further. After the female is rested she will look for the perfect spot to lay her precious cargo. Once the eggs have been laid, the female is ready to start feeding again from a new host. If she is interrupted while feeding, she will find another host to continue her feast. The male mosquito will need to feed daily in order to get the nourishment he needs. The male will usually mate with a female and then die soon afterwards. How Long Can Mosquitoes Live Without Feeding? Females can easily go their whole life without feeding on blood, they just won't produce any viable eggs. Mosquitoes need the energy they get from the sweet substances they eat. Another important part of a mosquito’s diet is water. Did you know that mosquitoes can actually become dehydrated if they go too long without water? Without any food sources at all, mosquitoes will die relatively quickly because they do not have the energy needed to power their bodies. There are more than 3,000 species of these amazing insects in the world and discovering what mosquitoes eat in their varied and interesting diets has intrigued us. Article Last Updated on	<urn:uuid:739aa79f-f85b-468f-94c4-c748c3fe7d94>	{ "date": "2019-07-18T15:40:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525659.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718145614-20190718171614-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9615184664726257, "score": 3.515625, "token_count": 1664, "url": "https://pestseek.com/what-do-mosquitoes-eat/" }
English Listening Lesson Audio file: 1:25 min Story length: 198 words Here is the listening file for this lesson. This is a true story about Joanne. Born in England, she liked to tell stories when she was young. After growing up, Joanne worked in an office. She wasn’t happy because she wanted to write. One day on a train to London, she had an idea. It was a story about a special boy. When she got home, she started to write. She wrote about it every day. A few years later, Joanne moved to Portugal. Later, she met a man, got married and had a girl. Joanne continued to write. There were problems in Portugal, so she returned to England with her girl. Joanne had no job and life was difficult, but she didn’t stop writing. Five years after starting, her book was finished. Now she wanted to sell it. She sent the book to many book companies. No one wanted it. Then she sent it to a man named Christopher Little. He liked her book and took it to a company called Bloombury. They made the book. The book was a best seller. Kids around the world loved reading about Harry. Do you know who she is? She is J.K. Rowling, the creator of Harry Potter. Here’s a gap fill exercise. Download the pdf file. Listen to the story and fill in the blanks. Learn English Online with More Listening Practice Ready for more English lessons? Try this free English listening comprehension lesson about Instant noodles. This text and audio file are copyrighted. They may be used for non-commercial educational purposes. They may not be used or adapted for any commercial purpose. The image used in this lesson is owned by Daniel Ogren. Its use here complies the terms in the Creative Commons license.	<urn:uuid:b51d7330-5dc6-4e4c-b586-b4df112d7d67>	{ "date": "2019-10-22T04:09:20", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987798619.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022030805-20191022054305-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9740455746650696, "score": 2.859375, "token_count": 400, "url": "https://www.englishlistening.rocks/learn-how-to-improve-listening-fluency-mystery-woman/" }
What it took to save Blanchard Mountain Views of the valley below through an area of cleared trees on the drive up to the Samish Overlook that connects to the Oyster Dome trail. // Photo by Kelly Pearce It’s a hiking haven loved by many and a crown jewel of Skagit County. Just out of Bellingham via Chuckanut Drive, Oyster Dome overlooks an expanse of old growth forest. The trail climbs steadily up Blanchard Mountain under dense foliage. The summit is situated atop a rocky bluff where the Cascade Mountains jut off to the Salish Sea. On clear days, hikers often watch the sun rise and set above the distant archipelago of the San Juan islands. This hike is a vital part of what makes Bellingham’s outdoor scene unique, but, for nearly a decade, the area was in danger of becoming logged. Oyster Dome is a part of the Blanchard State Forest in the Chuckanut Mountain Range. Approximately 100,000 people make their way to this 4800 acre scenic area for hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding each year, according to data from the Washington Department of Natural Resources. State plans to log Blanchard mountain in the early-2000s were met with a large community outcry. The fight lasted over 15 years, as community organizations struggled to get funding to pull the land out of the hands of developers and loggers. “It is a tricky landscape because it is so heavily used by the public. So a lot of people, when they want to hike, they don’t like the idea of going on a trail through a recently harvested area. They want mature forest to be hiking through,” said Chris Hankey, the Baker District Manager of the Washington Department of Natural Resources.. Blanchard Mountain is managed by the Washington Department of Natural Resources. The DNR also works through logging issues and resolves ongoing concerns. “That’s what we do, we are required to make revenue for the public. Funds that go toward things like public infrastructure or public services,” Hankey said. In 2006, the DNR put together a diverse group of leaders from different interests and on all sides of the issue, called the Blanchard Strategy Group, comprised of foresters, business people, community members, conservation groups and representatives. They were all brought together and were appointed to come up with an ecologically, socially and economically appropriate solution. They essentially had to find a way to break the gridlock and see if they could all reach an agreement. They agreed on protecting a 1,600 acre forested core (of the total 4,500 acre forest). However, in order for there to be a protected core, there had to be money appropriated so that the area could be set aside. The Blanchard Strategy Group would gain full protection if they were able to raise enough funds to secure and buy out the 1,600 acre core in five years. The cost was over $12.8 million. Instead of that money going to the trust, such as the county and the school district, the money was to go to the DNR to buy land that would be managed for the trust. The land that the DNR tried to buy was private timber that was at risk of slipping to development rather than logging. The main goal and what enabled the agreement was not only to protect Blanchard Mountain but to sustain a working forest and keep timber jobs, timber production and rural economies. But the agreement was met with controversy. The Blanchard Strategy Group were only able to protect a third of the 4,500 acres of state forest. There were many concerns about how they would be able to secure enough money to help pay for the core. “It took us 15 all-day meetings to get to that point. And to fulfill that agreement required about $13 million. In 2008, the legislature put about $7 million in and we were rolling. We thought that we had a chance to not only get all the funding in just a couple years but to really open a broader conversation about state lands management and instead the recession hit,” said Mitch Friedman, the Executive Director of Conservation Northwest. It was at that point that the economy collapsed, leaving the state with a more limited budget. The McCleary Supreme Court ruling was prioritized, which required the legislature to put a lot more money and focus into schools. “And so what we thought would be a one or two year effort turned into a ten year effort – every single year making trips to Olympia as a coalition and trying to conditionalize,” Friedman said. It was challenging to reach funding, but stakeholders were able to give them more time due to these difficulties. In 2015, nearing the deadline, the community and constituents came together and fought their hardest to let legislature know how important Blanchard was to them. It was a tremendous community effort. “So many people really care about Blanchard. Bikers, hikers, air sports folks, the equestrians, the neighbors who live down there. And the legislators of the 40th district, all of those people plus the other interest that stood by their agreement in 2007. Even timber interest and Skagit County and the Burlington Edison School District, everybody stood by their agreement and all the citizens cared, wrote letters, made phone calls, went to meetings,” Friedman said. In 2017, Blanchard was funded by the Capital Budget Bill and Commissioner Hilary Franz of the DNR impeded logging so that the Blanchard Strategy Group could have more time to work with the legislators to get funding. On Jan. 18, 2018, the state legislature approved the Capital Budget which will protect the Blanchard Mountain core from logging, according to Conservation Northwest. “It’s been a decade of work by the Blanchard Strategy Group and also supporters of protecting Blanchard throughout Skagit and Whatcom County primarily, but also people as far as Seattle and beyond have been supportive,” said Molly Doran, the executive director of Skagit Land Trust. The majority of the trails are inside the core, but there are trails still outside the core which will be impacted periodically by management operations. Timber sales and other management activities will continue on Blanchard outside the core over time. “There’s a lot of land that’s still required to be managed, so logging operations and other kinds of operations will continue to occur periodically on Blanchard,” Hankey said. Hankey says that a challenge is trying to help people understand that timber harvesting, when done right, can be a huge benefit to society. He believes that a benefit from working forests is locally produced wood that is sustainably grown, processed in local mills and produces local jobs. “We still wind up having to import a lot of the wood that we use. I just hope people really think about that mentality,” Hankey said. “Why always try to push it off onto someone else, when we can grow it here? We can do it well, we can do it forever and so there are benefits from having working forests here.” According to Hankey, continued activities will follow forest practices, habitat conservation plans and the policy for sustainable forests. All timber sales will meet the rules, regulations and guidelines laid out on those documents. And within the core, there will continue to be recreation maintenance that will go on, some trail improvement work and plans for some new bridges that will support the horse riding community and the mountain biking community as well as hikers. Hankey hopes that the DNR recreation management will receive more funding to assist with maintenance. He said the DNR is going to communicate with the community to increase understanding of what’s happening on Blanchard Mountain. After listening to multiple people involved in the project, it is clear that Blanchard wouldn’t have been saved if it weren’t for the support and advocacy from the community coming together under a common goal. Oyster Dome and its surroundings which includes forests, trails and wildlife will continue to remain preserved for generations to come.	<urn:uuid:6808c798-bac9-4dfb-9011-940426ce8cb7>	{ "date": "2019-12-06T08:02:41", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00136.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9709697961807251, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 1692, "url": "http://www.westernfrontonline.com/2018/09/24/what-it-took-to-save-blanchard-mountain/" }
Recently while rereading John Stuart Mill’s Considerations on Representative Government, a tract published in 1861 by a self-described political “Radical,” an early feminist, and an advocate of “economic democracy,” it dawned on me that Mill’s defense of a “universal franchise” in the context of representative democracy would be condemned today as pure fascism. Although Mill thought that the franchise should be extended to include both sexes and should function without a property requirement, he insisted that representative government could only work if sensible restrictions were maintained. First of all, “the receipt of parish relief should be a peremptory disqualification for the franchise.” Further, “it is important that the assembly which votes their taxes, either general or local, should be elected exclusively by those who pay something toward the taxes imposed.” This did not mean, Mill qualifies, that the inadvertent payment of an excise tax should permit someone to vote. Rather Mill called for a capitation tax that should fall on every elector. He thought it was entirely proper that an elector “might feel that the money which he assisted in voting was partly his own and that he was interested in keeping down the amount.” Although Mill favored something like a modern welfare state, he believed that by limiting the vote to those who paid direct taxes of a certain amount, one could keep the “gross expenditure” of one’s city or country from getting out of hand. Equally important from Mill’s perspective was to restrict the vote to those who could read and write and demonstrate proficiency in these skills: “No one but those in whom an a priori theory has silenced common sense will maintain that power over others, over the whole community, should be imparted to people who have not acquired the commonest requisites for taking care of themselves — for pursuing intelligently their own interests.” The operative term here is “intelligently. “ Mill thought that those who couldn’t read as well as those who had no financial investment in what government did were unfit for the vote. He would also have limited the voting requirements to those who had mastered among other things “the elements of general history and of the history and institutions of their own country.” These too seemed “indispensable to an intelligent use of the suffrage” but Mill didn’t believe it advisable in 1861 to add to his minimal list of voting requirements. I won’t hide my own belief that there is a growing incompatibility between an increasingly expanding suffrage and the preservation of an established (in the traditional nineteenth-century sense) liberal constitutional order. A point has now been reached in which the government exists less and less to protect property, religious liberty, and an independent civil society. The state operates more and more to satisfy the appetites and internecine grievances of a mass electorate. Moreover, it is impossible to withdraw the suffrage once it has been given to any group (perhaps felons and illegal immigrants will soon be authorized to vote in order to express their newly invented “human right.”) The suffrage continues to expand in the name of democratic equality. What would have seemed perfectly reasonable preconditions for voting in the past, like residence requirements, poll taxes, and literacy tests can no longer be legally applied. If some such tests were applied at one time in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment, then surely it would have been possible to make them work in a less invidious way, without sacrificing the principle. But reasonable restrictions on the vote have become impossible, and “voting fraud,” which Mill feared would occur with an indiscriminately granted suffrage, is still very much a reality. It has now become proof positive of discrimination to require nonregistered voters to provide identification showing that they’re eligible to vote — or that they truly are who they say they are. Large voter turnout by minority groups whose grievances are especially compelling to the media and (let’s not be coy) the Democratic National Committee have come to be seen as essential for holding “democratic” or nondiscriminatory elections. And even when the announced number of votes in urban precincts with large minority populations look suspiciously inflated, one can only challenge the results at one’s peril. (After all, not even I would welcome being in the crosshairs of our PC media.)	<urn:uuid:8ea9d4cf-3f9c-49a8-a619-525371c82561>	{ "date": "2019-01-16T22:58:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657907.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116215800-20190117001800-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9756904244422913, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 914, "url": "https://www.lewrockwell.com/2016/08/paul-gottfried/politically-incorrect-liberal/" }
Are GMOs the answer to safer, more efficient farming or are they the poster child for an unhealthy food supply? For 50 years, plant breeders grappled with a vexing difficulty whose solution was tantalizingly evident, but out of reach. Rice loves to sink its roots into water-saturated soil, but most rice varieties die if the plants are totally submerged for more than a few days. In impoverished eastern India and Bangladesh alone, farmers lose an estimated 4 million tons of rice each year—enough to feed 30 million people—when floodwaters inundate their crops, something that is all too common in the low-lying, monsoon-wracked area, and bound to become even more common as sea levels rise because of climate change. But agricultural experts knew of one ancient, almost forgotten, variety of rice that could survive being submerged for as long as two weeks. Unfortunately, its yields were too skimpy to make it a practical source of food. Decades of trying to cross it with high-yielding rice strains resulted in a series of frustrating failures. It seemed like the genetic traits that gave the rice its ability to survive submersion were intractably linked to those that made it produce low quantities of grain. “I stood on a farm in Bangladesh and saw how the gene we discovered (which Mackill had introduced into a new rice variety) allowed farmers to triple their yields from flooded fields” In the mid-1990s, Pamela Ronald, Ph.D., a geneticist at the University of California, Davis, and her two associates David Mackill and Kenong Xu, brought their expertise to the problem and used genetic-engineering techniques and advanced computer programs to discover—out of the 42,000 genes in rice—a single gene that carried the submergence-tolerance trait. They spliced that gene into a high-yielding rice variety that would normally have died in a flood and transplanted the genetically modified seedlings along with unmodified seedlings into a Davis greenhouse plot that they intentionally flooded. Two weeks later, they returned. They noticed that most of the rice plants were weak, spindly, pale and dying, but encountered a few rows of vigorous, bright green plants. Bending over for a closer look, they determined that the survivors were the ones into which they had inserted the flood-resistant gene. Ronald was elated, but her happiest moment came several years later. “I stood on a farm in Bangladesh and saw how the gene we discovered (which Mackill had introduced into a new rice variety) allowed farmers to triple their yields from flooded fields,” she said when I visited her office earlier this year. Ronald is a trim, fit woman. She rides her bicycle five miles to and from work each day and the diet she and her husband and two teenage children eat is healthy and rarely includes red meat. She is also an evangelist for what she calls “plant genetic improvement.” Listening to her relate the story of her “scuba” rice and how it is helping feed some of the world’s poorest people, I found myself thinking, this is a no-brainer. What’s not to like? How is it that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) became one of the hot-button food issues of our day, sparking furious debate? On one side are agribusinesses, government agencies and scientists like Ronald. “The consensus that the process of genetic engineering is as safe or safer than conventional methods is stronger than even the consensus that the climate is changing or that vaccines are safe,” she said. The National Academy of Sciences, the American Medical Association, the World Health Organization, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and dozens of other internationally respected groups all agree that the GMOs currently on the market are as safe and healthful as their conventional counterparts. Yet almost two-thirds of American adults still feel that GMOs are unsafe, according to a survey released this year by the Pew Research Center. The gap between science and public opinion on GMOs is wider than it is on other controversial science, food and public health issues. “Scientists understand the authority of the well-respected, nonprofit global scientific organizations that say genetic modification is safe,” said Ronald. “The public is often not familiar with these leading agencies so instead get much of their information from digital and broadcast media. It is very difficult for the public to navigate this terrain.” The controversy includes claims by anti-GMO campaigners that genetically engineered crops can increase cancer and chronic illnesses. Plus, they say altered foods can contain unsuspected allergens and be nutritionally deficient. They hold out the specter that the technology is fraught with unknown, potentially catastrophic dangers. Others worry about the environmental damage done by the increased use of herbicides in connection with growing GM crops and that GM farming will perpetuate the evolution of weeds and insects that are immune to pesticides. Whether these concerns are warranted or not, some major food companies have responded by removing GMOs from their products. Popular products that have gone non-GMO include General Mills original-flavor Cheerios and Post Grape-Nuts. Kellogg’s-owned Kashi has pledged to remove GMOs from at least half of its products by the end of the year and Ben & Jerry’s is phasing out genetically modified products in its ice cream (and supports GMO labeling). Target offers about 70 GMO-free store-brand food products in its stores. The Safety Debate GMOs became commercially available to farmers in 1996. (GMO, GE, GM, transgenic and genetic modification all mean the same thing.) Some of the first genetically modified crops introduced were corn, cotton and soybeans. By 2013, American farmers planted GM varieties on about 170 million acres—close to half of the total land used for crops in the country. Roughly 90 percent of the corn and soybeans produced in the United States is GM, the majority of which is used in animal feed and fuel. Virtually all U.S.-grown sugar beets (which are not the same beets you eat) are modified—and account for over half of the sugar produced in the country. Genetically modified ingredients like high-fructose corn syrup and vegetable oil can be found in about three-quarters of the processed foods on supermarket shelves. Those who say there is no safety problem with GM foods point to the two decades of their widespread use and contend that no studies have confirmed that a human has been sickened by a GM product. They also point to literally thousands of animal studies showing that GMOs are both safe and no different from conventional crops. But most of these studies focus on a specific subset of GMO technology and are too arcane to be understood by nonscientists. They have titles like “Composition of grain… from second-generation glyphosate-tolerant soybean… is equivalent to that of conventional soybean.” Fortunately, researchers have reviewed such studies, often hundreds for a single paper, and produced reports that provide a broader perspective. In a 2010 article for the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, Wayne Parrott, Ph.D., of the University of Georgia, whose expertise is in plant breeding and genomics, compiled the results of more than 200 papers and concluded that taken as a whole, the research provides a “high level of assurance that such engineered crops [are] safe for food and feed use.” Another review of more than 1,700 studies that appeared in Critical Reviews in Biotechnology in 2014 stated: “The scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazards directly connected with the use [or eating] of GE crops.” Although many GMO supporters claim that the science on GMO safety is settled, the debate continues. In a 2011 paper, the respected Spanish toxicologist José L. Domingo, who is also the editor-in-chief of the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, published a comprehensive review of scientific papers addressing the safety of GM foods and plants. He found plenty of disagreement. The numbers of authors saying GMOs were safe and those raising “serious concerns” were nearly equal. Moreover, he noted, most of the favorable studies had been conducted by scientists working at the biotechnology companies responsible for commercializing GM crops. Then there’s the roster of studies calling the safety of GM crops into question, which opponents draw upon. In 2011, a group of Canadian researchers published a paper in the journal Reproductive Toxicology that found traces of glyphosate in the blood of 69 women living in Quebec, as well as in the fetuses of those who were pregnant. (Glyphosate is the world’s most-used weed killer, marketed by Monsanto as Roundup and Dow AgroSciences as Durango DMA; it’s commonly used in conjunction with GM crops.) They speculated that the pesticides came from the meat of livestock fed GM crops. And ultimately concluded that “given the potential toxicity of these environmental pollutants and the fragility of the fetus, more studies are needed.” Another study found that Brazil-nut genes inserted into soybeans could have caused allergic reactions if people with nut allergies consumed the soy. The seeds, however, never made it to the open market. A study revealing that rats fed corn modified to resist Roundup suffered more tumors and died earlier than rats fed non-GMO corn was published in Food and Chemical Toxicology in 2012. The paper had been reviewed and approved by a panel of scientists prior to publication, but the editors retracted it after pro-GMO forces attacked the researchers’ methods and conclusions. Those condemning the study claimed that the type of rats used in the experiment were prone to tumors and too few rats were studied to draw definite conclusions. Supporters of the research point out the study used the same number and type of rats used by seed companies in studies that show GMOs to be safe. Michael Hansen, Ph.D., senior scientist at the Consumers Union, told me that another problem is that most studies showing GMOs to be safe last only 90 days—a short span of time even in the life of a lab rat. Long-term studies over the entire natural lifetime of experimental animals (around two years for a rat) are needed, according to Hansen. “No one is saying that GMOs cause acute problems,” Hansen said. “You are not going to fall over dead or get sick the day after eating a chip made out of GMO corn, but there simply haven’t been adequate studies of their long-term effects. Before they can be shown to be safe, those studies need to be done.” When I asked if he could point to any studies that showed evidence of GMOs harming a human’s health, Hansen said that such studies would be virtually impossible to conduct. “You would have to track a group of people who had been exposed to GMOs and a group who had not.” The absence of such studies, he said, means that scientists really don’t know if GMOs are safe. “Saying there’s no evidence really doesn’t mean anything unless you’ve actually looked for evidence.” The Food and Drug Administration (the government agency charged with protecting human health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, supplements, pharmaceuticals, etc.) has approved GMOs currently in the marketplace, but Hansen takes issue with the basis of the FDA’s approach. In 1992, before the large-scale introduction of GMOs to American farms, the FDA concluded that it was not aware of any information showing that GM techniques pose any “different or greater safety concerns than foods developed by traditional plant breeding.” They looked at components such as protein, fat, oil and carbohydrate, and found GM food crops were the “same as or substantially similar to” their conventional counterparts and therefore did not require safety reviews. “The key factors in reviewing safety should be the characteristics of the food product rather than the fact that new methods are used [to develop the products],” the FDA wrote. As a result, formal safety tests are not mandatory for new GMO products to get FDA approval. Companies can voluntarily submit studies to the FDA for “safety consultations,” but even in such cases, the FDA doesn’t do its own tests. It relies instead on conclusions reached by the companies that produce and want to market the new GM products. And those reports are considered to be company secrets, so the FDA does not make them public. A typical letter of approval from the FDA granted to Monsanto reads: “It is our understanding that Monsanto has concluded that corn grain and forage derived from the new variety… do not raise issues that would require… approval by the FDA.” (Emphasis added.) “Voluntary consultations with industry do not constitute a true safety assessment,” said Hansen. But Monsanto contends that GM crops are more than adequately inspected. In an email, Tyson Pruitt, a company spokesman, wrote, “Biotech crops undergo more testing and oversight before commercialization than any other agricultural products, including conventional (or nonbiotech) crops. In the U.S., every biotechnology product has to be submitted to two or more of the following agencies for approval: FDA, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the EPA.” The Environmental Impact The vast majority of GMO crops do one of two things. They either create herbicide resistance, allowing farmers to chemically kill weeds but not damage their crops, or they cause plants to produce a toxin that kills some insects (a “built-in” insect resistance). There are environmental and human health benefits (and drawbacks) to both of these technologies. GMOs can save human lives by reducing dependency on pesticides that are highly toxic to humans. In developing countries where farmers often do not understand the dangers of insecticides or cannot afford protective clothing or safe application devices, about 250,000 fieldworkers die each year from pesticide poisoning (this figure includes suicides by intentional poisoning). Use of these chemicals is reduced dramatically when land is planted with GM crops carrying genes that cause the plants to produce their own insecticide, eliminating the need to spray dangerous chemicals. The gene actually comes from a soil-dwelling bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and produces a naturally occurring chemical that destroys the digestive tracts of certain insects (particularly the devastating pest, western corn rootworm) but is nontoxic to mammals, birds, bees and even earthworms. By planting Bt corn, U.S. farmers have reduced chemical insecticides tenfold. Today, less than 10 percent of U.S. corn farmers apply insecticide at all. Plants engineered to survive herbicides may benefit the environment by enabling farmers to adopt so-called no-till practices. Traditionally, farmers plow (till) the top eight or ten inches of soil on their fields, turning it over and burying stubble from the previous season’s crops, along with weeds, insect larvae and other soil-dwelling creatures that hinder crop growth the next season. Exposed to sun, wind and rain, the bare fields are prone to erosion, and earthworms and other organisms vital to the health of plants die. With no-till, the old crops’ residues are allowed to stay in place and new seeds are planted in narrow troughs sliced into the earth. This method means the soil is not disturbed, so water absorption increases, preventing evaporation and boosting populations of soil fauna. Carbon from the previous season’s crop residues stays buried in the soil (unlike when you till) and releases slowly into the air, which reduces planet-warming carbon in the atmosphere. This is called carbon sequestration. Although the amount of no-till acreage in the United States has steadily increased annually to now comprise about 34 percent of all cropland (thanks largely to herbicide-tolerant GMOs), not all farmers planting herbicide-resistant GMOs are adopting no-till practices (the biggest obstacle being high costs for no-till farming equipment). Unfortunately, there are harmful effects to both herbicide-resistant and insect-resistant crops. Markedly higher amounts of herbicide need to be applied to no-till fields to kill weeds that would have been effectively controlled by plowing and cultivation. U.S. farmers’ annual application of glyphosate has mushroomed. Since 1996—when herbicide-resistant crops were introduced—average herbicide use has about doubled in soybeans and more than doubled in cotton. In 2014, enough glyphosate was applied to spray nearly two-thirds of a pound on every cropland acre in the country. “No herbicide in history has come remotely close to glyphosate in terms of total pounds applied in the U.S., or globally,” says Charles Benbrook, research professor at Washington State University’s Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources. Earlier this year, the World Health Organization (WHO) said the chemical is “probably carcinogenic to humans” after reviewing research indicating higher than normal cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among farmers who used glyphosate and experiments showing that rats and mice fed food contaminated with the herbicide developed tumors. In a press release disputing the WHO’s conclusion, Philip Miller, Ph.D., Monsanto’s vice president of global regulatory affairs, said, “All labeled uses of glyphosate are safe for human health and supported by one of the most extensive worldwide human health databases ever compiled on an agricultural product.” He also said he did not know how WHO “could reach a conclusion that is such a dramatic departure from the conclusion reached by all regulatory agencies around the globe.” But there is agreement among experts that saturating farm fields with glyphosate has led to the evolution of herbicide resistance in at least 14 weed species in the U.S. To kill the “super weeds,” farmers have resorted to more powerful alternatives, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, a component of the Vietnam War-era defoliant Agent Orange, which has been linked to cancer and reproductive problems. Seed companies have already introduced GM crop varieties engineered to survive being sprayed with 2,4-D, which GMO opponents say will result in a surge in 2,4-D’s use similar to the rise in application of glyphosate. Similarly, insects are developing immunity to Bt. In 2009, Aaron Gassmann, Ph.D., an Iowa State University entomologist, discovered that corn rootworm in Iowa had begun to develop resistance to the pesticide. Rootworm Bt resistance has since developed in other states as well. The resistance also impacts many organic growers, as they are permitted to spray—and, thus, rely on—Bt insecticide (a natural pesticide) to control common pests, such as cabbage worms, on their crops. All the controversy left me wondering if there was any common ground between the pro- and anti-GMO camps. After I interviewed Pamela Ronald, I drove a short distance to UC Davis’s 16-acre organic student garden. As I got out of my car, I saw an ancient orange tractor chugging toward me, a cloud of dust billowing behind it. The driver climbed down and proffered a calloused hand. He looked every inch an organic farmer, from his sun-reddened face in the shadows cast by a wide-brimmed straw hat to his stained Carhartt jeans and muddy rubber boots. His name was Raoul Adamchak. He teaches students about organic farming and manages the market garden—which is strictly non-GMO. He is also married to Pamela Ronald. At the very least, I imagined that their perspectives on GMO technology would spark some lively dinner conversations. But Adamchak insisted that peace reigned around the family table. “We’re both interested in improving the sustainability of agriculture. I’m organic because I do not like to use toxic, synthetic pesticides and don’t want to be in an environment where they’re used. But 99 percent of American farmland is nonorganic. If there are GE crops that let those farmers reduce pesticide use or adopt environmentally beneficial no-till practices, then everyone benefits.” To that, Ronald later added, “We both have the same goal—an ecologically based system of farming. I believe that feeding the growing population without further destroying the environment is one of the greatest challenges of our time. And genetic modification has a role to play.” Ronald’s own work is an example of how genetically modified crops could help meet that challenge—she has engineered strains of rice to resist bacterial disease and improve yields by 40 percent. A GMO-free Day (click to enlarge in a new window) The Promise of GMOs Consumers in the U.S. stand to benefit from other newly introduced GMOs. Early this year federal regulators gave official blessing for modified versions of potatoes that do not bruise easily and produce less of the potentially carcinogenic chemical acrylamide when deep-fried. This year also saw the approval of GM apples that don’t brown when sliced, which could make a healthful product convenient—and more visually enticing—in school cafeterias and fast-food restaurants. Hawaiian papayas are available today because geneticists engineered them to resist a virus that had threatened to wipe out the industry in that state. Hundreds more GM foods have been developed by researchers and companies but have not yet entered commercial production. They include pink pineapples that produce the good-for-you antioxidant lycopene, super-fast-growing salmon that need less precious marine-feed resources to grow and soybeans that yield oil that’s high in heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. There’s also Golden Rice, where genes from a soil bacterium and corn were put into traditional rice so that it produced beta carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. If rice-dependent developing countries grew and ate Golden Rice, it could help prevent as many as 2 million deaths and 500,000 cases of blindness each year. “GMOs are not UFOs,” Ronald said. “Every crop has to be looked at on a case-by-case basis. You can’t generalize about genetically modified papayas and Golden Rice. They have completely different traits. They benefit completely different populations. What scares me most is that the poorest people who most need the technology may be denied access because of vague fears and prejudices of those who have enough to eat.” Her assertion points to a middle ground in the GMO debate. There are profound benefits to growing rice that allows a mother in the Philippines to spare her children from blindness or a farmer in Bangladesh to raise rice plants without exposing himself and his family to toxic insecticides or a Hawaiian papaya producer to stay in business. On the other hand, the direct benefits to consumers are less clear when you look at crops like corn and soy that make up the majority of GMOs grown in the U.S. today. Perhaps the federal agencies charged with protecting our health should require the multinational corporations selling GMOs to conduct rigorous, foolproof and thoroughly transparent testing before allowing GMOs to leave labs and enter the food supply. Better yet, perhaps the government agencies should be responsible for the testing. Shouldn’t they take steps to prevent herbicide-resistant weeds and pesticide-tolerant insects from entering the environment? Until then, maybe consumers shouldn’t be criticized for wanting GMOs to be labeled. Barry Estabrook is a three-times James Beard Award-winning journalist. His most recent book is Pig Tales: An Omnivore’s Quest for Sustainable Meat (W.W. Norton & Co., May 2015).	<urn:uuid:7bc8f94c-cdff-4d5f-81f5-3725a72c3f04>	{ "date": "2018-02-20T12:03:09", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812938.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220110011-20180220130011-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.962497889995575, "score": 3.390625, "token_count": 4921, "url": "http://www.eatingwell.com/article/285988/gmos-are-they-safe-what-are-the-pros-and-cons/" }
Lee Walsh: “Proprioception in 2015: What’s new and how should it be measured?” Neurosceince Research Australia Proprioception has been studied for over 120 years and has a controversial history. In the early 20th century debate focussed on whether skin, joint or muscle receptors were the primary source of proprioceptive information. Then in 1972 Goodwin, McCloskey and Matthews showed that muscle spindles contribute to conscious human proprioception. Other experiments around that time led to joint receptors being given a secondary role. Skin receptors and motor commands were hypothesised to have minor roles. Today the 1972 view stills stands strong with most scientists and physicians. However, there have been several important changes to understanding of proprioception over the last 10 - 15 years and together these changes have led to a new paradigm of proprioception. I will summarise the key evidence behind the need for a change in paradigm and discuss ways in which measurement of proprioception should change to control for new confounders.	<urn:uuid:4b5df660-3382-4c78-a4ce-a9ade9d42f95>	{ "date": "2018-09-21T19:12:41", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157503.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921190509-20180921210909-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9564304351806641, "score": 2.9375, "token_count": 216, "url": "https://cinet.jp/english/event/20151027_1393/" }
Nepal, at last, has become the worlds newest republic. On May 28, the newly elected Constituent Assembly took this historic decision. Fulfilling the democratic aspirations of millions of Nepalese people, it declared Nepal as a secular, federal, democratic, republic nation and announced the end of the monarchy and, with it, the 240-year-old Shah dynasty. All kinds of fears were expressed that the King and his supporters from feudal Hindu orthodoxy might challenge the decision and indulge in violence. But the deposed king, Gyanendra Shah, vacated the Narayanhiti Palace peacefully and handed over his crown, scepter and other heirlooms to the government. The royal palace was officially converted into the Museum. The government removed the king as head of the Nepalese Army, dropped the word royal from the name of the national airline and adopted a new national anthem that doesnt express allegiance to the throne. This ancient Himalayan society was once a colony of Britain. Since independence, it had a painful experience in the practice of parliamentary rule with years of wrangling between king and parliament. With the dissolution of partial democratic experiment in 1959, a party-less absolute monarchy ruled until 1989. A strong movement of the people led by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) forced the king to accept constitutional reforms. The Maoist rebellion with the participation of downtrodden poor started in 1996 and the resulting brutal repression claimed 14,000 victims. In 2001, Crown Prince Dipendra apparently killed all of his own royal family members, including King Birendra, and he shot himself and died. This unexpected development led Gyanendra, King Birendras surviving brother, to take over the throne. Gyanendra was unable to suppress the Maoist movement. The Maoist insurgency, a natural offshoot of Nepals feudal economy and social structure, reflected the peoples aspiration for an inclusive, democratic Nepal. The Maoists, through a peace accord in November 2006, entered into political mainstream. The parliamentary elections in April elected a new Constituent assembly (CA) to write the new constitution. The Maoists got a spectacular victory, winning 220 seats out of the total 601. The Nepalese Congress, the oldest political party, won 110 seats, while two other parties claimed 155. For the first time, an avowedly Maoist party came to power at the helm of a coalition government The Prime Minister, Girija Prasad Koirala, recently announced his resignation. The Maoists, having about 37% of the members with 29% of the popular vote, will hold the prime-ministerial post and significant ministries, such as home affairs, finance and defense. But opportunistic battles have begun for presidency. Girija Prasad Koirala of the Nepali Congress wants to be the first president of the republic. The Maoists want to make the presidency a ceremonial post and wants to hand it over either to a Left leader from the southern plains or to an ethnic woman. The other parties want a president who could act as a counterweight to the power of the Maoists. So, the Maoist chairman, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, a.k.a. Prachanda, as the prime minister would have the onerous task of finding solutions to all problems through consensus. Still, the Constituent Assembly was unable to focus on the important issue of writing the new constitution. The people desire a new constitution proclaiming an inclusive republic that guarantees economic, political and social rights to all. Also many important issues, such as the integration of the 19,000 Maoist Peoples Liberation Army with the Nepal Army, are pending. The government has to create a democratic and accountable military culture eliminating the authoritarian feudal practices. Several other thorny issues like the demands of some ethnic groups have also to be resolved. In the recent CA meeting, the members of CA from Madhesi parties raised an unreasonable demand for a single Madhes federal state constituted of plains areas adjoining India. The external influences, including the dubious role of the US, is one of reasons for the confusions prevailing in Nepal, today. The US wished for the continuance of the monarchy. Even now, the US has not yet recognized the Maoist victory and not removed the Maoist party from its list of terrorist organizations. It has an influence on factions of the Nepali Congress. Interference of any country in the internal affairs of Nepal would lead to the subversion of the peoples mandate and effect destructive consequences. It would affect not only Nepal but also neighboring India. Nepal, with 28 million people, is one of the worlds poorest countries. Income per capita is about $1,100, and one-third of its citizens live below the poverty line. So the peoples mandate in the elections is clearly for peace, stability and self-reliant growth. The building of a new Nepal with a constitution, representing the interests of hitherto marginalized poor is the need of the hour. N. Gunasekaran is a political activist and writer based in Chennai, India. From The Progressive Populist, August 1, 2008 Subscribe to The Progressive Populist	<urn:uuid:6ba7e5ba-42c3-455b-9c58-9319559a0a27>	{ "date": "2016-08-27T20:31:40", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982925602.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200845-00262-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9559266567230225, "score": 2.875, "token_count": 1057, "url": "http://www.populist.com/08.13.guna.html" }
Radio collars are helping National Geographic grantee Dr. Lisa Dabek and team track the elusive Matschie's tree kangaroo. These observations offer new insights into tree kangaroo location, range and habitat use—and may help save this endangered species. Time: 5:48 This video can be used with BioBlitz companion lesson plans on "Mapping Information" for grades 9-12. Get a bird's-eye view of the social updates from the 2014 BioBlitz. See highlights from the BioBlitz at Jean Lafitte National Historic Park and Preserve. See photos of what happened when more than 5,000 people participated in a 24-hour species count in Rocky Mountain National Park.	<urn:uuid:25edb009-89fe-4eb1-9e01-3532dcddfd10>	{ "date": "2015-05-04T04:03:45", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453690104.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041450-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8637681603431702, "score": 3.4375, "token_count": 148, "url": "http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/bioblitz-kangaroos/" }
Inattentive ADHD treatment should not be the same as the treatment for the other subtypes of ADHD. The symptoms of people with Inattentive ADHD (ADHD-PI) and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) are different and their response to stimulant medication is quite different. The treatment of ADHD-PI proves to be more difficult for some psychiatrist and psychologist because people without hyperactive or impulsive symptoms will not respond to stimulants as positively and in the same way as typical ADHD patients will. When using stimulants to treat Inattentive ADHD, the Adderall family of stimulants may perform better than the Ritalin family. - Ritalin has been found in studies to make individuals with no hyperactive symptoms, such as those with SCT or ADHD-PI, feel strange, anti-social or depressed. Ritalin acts differently than Adderall on the Neurotransmitters that are thought responsible for the symptoms of ADHD-PI but it is not clear why some people treated for Inattentive ADHD with Ritalin tolerate it so poorly. - Adderall, which is in the amphetamine class of stimulants, may occasionally also cause the side effects described above but studies have proved them to have less of these negative side effects and be better tolerated by patients with SCT and ADHD-PI when compared to the Ritalin or Methylphenidate family of stimulants. When using stimulants to treat Inattentive ADHD, practitioners must follow a “start low and go slow” approach because researchers have found that treating ADHD-PI is best achieved with low doses of stimulants that are titrated or adjusted to higher doses slowly. Russell Barkley, arguably the most respected expert in the ADHD scientific community, has reported that when treating Inattentive ADHD, physicians should expect that only one in five Inattentive ADHD patients will show a sufficiently therapeutic response to stimulant therapy to justify maintaining them on medication. Two thirds will show a mild improvement but those improvements are not enough to call them clinical responders. Barkley goes on to say that the dosing used to treat ADHD-PI is also different. He reports that the other subtypes do better on moderate to high doses of stimulants whereas, “Inattentive children, if they are going to respond at all, respond at very light doses, very small doses.” There are some researchers who feel that the treatment of Inattentive ADHD should not involve stimulants at all. One researcher reported that the treatment response to stimulants of people with ADHD-PI was “hauntingly familiar to that seen in normal children placed on stimulants” (Rapoport and colleagues). These researchers found that ‘normal’ children and children with Inattentive ADHD become hypo-active and report feeling ‘strange’ while on the stimulants. These same researchers have observed that when stimulants are used to treat people with Inattentive ADHD or SCT, that these patients become sluggish and their symptoms appear to worsen. Decreasing the activity level of people who have low activity levels to begin with, as is the case in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, or normal levels of activity, as is the case of ADHD-PI is, they report, inappropriate. Some psychiatrists have found that a few ADHD-PI and SCT patients do better when treated with Atomoxetine (Strattera) or Guanfacine (Tenex). These medications act on different neural pathways that are thought to be amiss in ADHD-PI and SCT. These medicines act less on motor activity and some psychiatrists and researchers believe that they are, therefore, better candidates for treating Inattentive ADHD symptoms such as slow cognitive processing and working memory deficiencies. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has been found to be more useful for treating the Inattentive subtype of ADHD than it is for treating the combined type or Hyperactive/Impulsive type of this disorder. The CBT treatment strategies that work best for treating Inattentive ADHD are behavioral therapies that specifically target the symptoms that are most problematic in ADHD-PI and SCT. Cognitive behavioral programs that address motivational deficiencies, memory problems, organizational skills deficiencies and time management problems have been shown to offer great promise for the treatment of ADHD-PI and SCT. Cognitive Behavioral Programs designed for the Hyperactive/Impulsive and Combined types of ADHD will not be nearly as useful for the treatment of Inattentive ADHD. These programs tend to address different areas of difficulty such as impulsive behavior that do not need remediation or treatment in patients with ADHD-PI and SCT. These programs often pay less attention to the unique difficulties seen in ADHD-PI, such as the everyday memory failures and motivational deficits that can cause major disruptions in the lives of people with ADHD-PI and SCT and for these reasons, they will be less effective. The treatment of Inattentive ADHD and SCT poses several challenges for health care providers not only because the symptoms of this disorder are different but also because their response to medication and behavioral therapies are different. Health care providers should be cautious when treating Inattentive ADHD or SCT with stimulant medication and should take a ‘start slow and go slow’ approach to treatment. All behavioral treatments for ADHD-PI and SCT should be tailored to treat the unique symptoms seen in these disorders. It is imperative that health care providers take these considerations into account because all Inattentive ADHD treatment programs will be more successful if an approach such as this one is implemented.	<urn:uuid:0b081829-d122-4382-9a91-03b43ef8db72>	{ "date": "2015-10-09T12:10:30", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737929054.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221849-00084-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9468258619308472, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 1153, "url": "http://www.treatment-counselor.com/inattentive-adhd-treatment.html" }
Alphabet Therapy is a technique which is used to enable communication for children with Angelman Syndrome, a serious genetic condition which causes profound developmental delays. It involves teaching the subject the alphabet and a series of key words, and showing the subject that by pointing to key words or spelling out concepts, he or she can communicate with other people. This technique was developed by Terry Jo Bichell and Cristina Valle. The two women combined principles from Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and the Rapid Prompting Method (RPM) to teach Bichell's son the alphabet, spurring the creation of a study to research the possibility of using Alphabet Therapy on other children with severe developmental disabilities. While expressly designed for people who suffer from Angelman Syndrome, a condition caused by the partial deletion of genetic material on the 15th chromosome, Alphabet Therapy has potential for other people with developmental disabilities as well. Applied Behavior Analysis involves using known information about behavior and learning to facilitate a productive educational session. The session leader looks at what works and what doesn't for the individual student, and utilizes existing information about how people learn to make the lesson as effective as possible. For example, people tend to repeat behaviors when they are rewarded for them, and abandon behaviors which meet with a neutral or negative response, and this can be used to encourage learning behavior. ABA is used in a wide variety of fields beyond treatment for people with developmental delays, and in addition to teaching people, it also encourages them to maintain and use the skills they acquire. The Rapid Prompting Method is a technique for teaching autistic children developed by Soma Mukhopadhyay to communicate with her autistic son. This technique involves a very rapid, focused session with the subject, focused on providing prompts which stimulate a response. RPM is supposed to facilitate learning, reasoning, and communication skills, with a focus on showing people that they can make choices, and those choices have consequences. In the case of Alphabet Therapy, instructors combine the tools utilized in these techniques to teach a child the alphabet. Once the child learns the alphabet, the teacher can start to string together letters to form key words and concepts. To communicate, the child can point at labeled cards, or individual letters of the alphabet, if they wish to spell things out. The idea behind Alphabet Therapy is that people with Angelman Syndrome have the potential to communicate, if they are given a chance to do so. By focusing on a child in a one on one session and using innovative teaching techniques, it is possible to give the child a voice of his or her own.	<urn:uuid:41598016-1293-43c8-8f8d-0d5e6c61d3c0>	{ "date": "2014-07-23T08:09:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877644.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00176-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9454473853111267, "score": 3.71875, "token_count": 523, "url": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-alphabet-therapy.htm" }
In refrence to the language parent for all Indo-European languages. A language spoken in a vast region throughout the Indian peninsula and all of Europe before writing and therefore lost. Although this lanuage is not currently known there are many linguists who study and reconstruct what this language was most likely like. Also called PIE or the PIE language. The name is derived from proto meaning before or simple and Indo-european which is a language group consiting of languages ranging from India to all of Europe. The PIE root *bher- means to bare. Proto-Indo-European is impossible to learn. PIE is greek to me. Prices shown in USD. Type your email address below to get our free Urban Word of the Day every morning! Emails are sent from [email protected]. We'll never spam you.	<urn:uuid:f572b89c-6d83-45ec-b48a-99d16ac95449>	{ "date": "2014-09-20T21:27:12", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133564.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00084-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9492889642715454, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 182, "url": "http://www.urbandictionary.com/products.php?term=Proto-Indo-European&defid=5271533" }
Human brain activity is key in deception research Vendemia's research attracted immediate interest from the federal government in the wake of the 2001 terrorist attacks. "Screening employees is the federal government's No. 1 motivation for supporting deception research," said Vendemia, whose work has been funded by the U.S. Department of Defense's Polygraph Institute and the National Science Foundation. "The goal is to keep terrorists from infiltrating and undermining the nation's security agencies." Vendemia's research group used EEG instruments in its early research to map out brain activity; now they also use a powerful Tesla 3 fMRI machine purchased with a research grant and housed at the McCausland Center for Brain Imaging. More than 200 people have been scanned with the device to further the deception research. What have they found so far? "We know that someone with a large, active memory has the ability to hold lots of new information, and that person is better at being deceptive," Vendemia said. "Their fMRI scans show that the areas of the brain associated with deception don't light up as fast as with someone who doesn't have the same memory ability." But the brain activity associated with the decision to tell a lie is revealed on the brain scan, and even the most practiced and casual of lies--telling someone you're fine when you're really not--still shows up on an fMRI scan. "Quite simply, it takes longer to lie than to tell the truth," Vendemia said. "Of all the studies I've done, this one has produced some of the strongest data I've ever had." Vendemia's brain scanning can distinguish between someone who is incorrectly remembering something and deliberately deceiving. In fact, a person can be tricked into unintentionally lying by erasing bits of their original memory. Research experiments that involve replacing key details of a crime scene with false information, for example, can alter someone's memory of what they saw. "It shows how key witness testimony can be false," Vendemia said.	<urn:uuid:6943442d-c25b-4851-8876-9a9d182d8ac8>	{ "date": "2014-07-24T00:18:37", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883905.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00144-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9703173637390137, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 412, "url": "http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=591&pg=2" }
This book studies comparisons and possible trajectories between three 'catholic' epistles, and traditions associated with Jesus. Part A analyzes why James would recall the teachings of Jesus, how he alters these teachings, and what such adaptation suggests about his audience. Part B turns to the Jesus tradition and 1 and 2 Peter. What can 1 Peter's use of Isaiah 53 tell us about the historical Jesus? How has 1 Peter conflated early Jesus traditions with those of ancient Judaism in order to develop certain ideas? How does 2 Peter allude to Gospel traditions? Moreover, how does the author of 2 Peter use early Jesus traditions as a sort of testimony? The book is an important contribution to scholarship on source criticism, ancient rhetoric, and the influence of Hellenistic, Judean and Roman traditions on early Christianity. Alicia J. Batten is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Religious Studies at Conrad Grebel University College, Canada. John S. Kloppenborg is Professor of Religion at the University of Toronto, Canada. He is well-known for his ground-breaking work on the Sayings Gospel Q. Introduction - Alicia J. Batten and John S. Kloppenborg/Part A: The Letter of James and Jesus Traditions/1. Q and James: A Source-Critical Conundrum - Paul Foster/2. Wholeness in James and the Q Source - Patrick J. Hartin/3. The Audience of James and the Sayings of Jesus - Dale C. Allison, Jr./4. The Urbanization of Jesus Traditions in James - Alicia J. Batten/5. Stoicism, Social Stratification, and the Q Tradition in James: A Suggestion about James' Audience - David A. Kaden/Part B: First and Second Peter and the Jesus Tradition/1. Jesus Remembered in 1 Peter? Early Jesus Traditions, Isaiah 53, and 1 Pet 2:21-25 - David G. Horrell/2. Early Jesus Tradition in 1 Peter 3:18-22 - Duane F. Watson/3. The Gospels of Matthew and John in the Second Letter of Peter - Terrance Callan/4. The Testimony of Peter: 2 Peter and the Gospel Traditions - Gene L. Green Number Of Pages: - ID: 9780567667915 - Saver Delivery: Yes - 1st Class Delivery: Yes - Courier Delivery: Yes - Store Delivery: Yes Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly © Copyright 2013 - 2016 WHSmith and its suppliers. WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36	<urn:uuid:2b3710a1-5478-4ea6-a0db-e33e88ad719f>	{ "date": "2016-12-05T16:13:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541697.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00160-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8557032942771912, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 569, "url": "https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/james-1-and-2-peter-and-early-jesus-traditions-the-library-of-new-testament-studies/9780567667915" }
Are Companies Like SolarCity Wasting Taxpayer Money? Not all forms of energy are equal; electrical energy is more precious, and costs much more than heat or mechanical energy. Companies such as SolarCity are wasting taxpayers’ money by increasing the grid’s entropy, and from a physics point of view, solar thermal makes more sense, and ultimately, it’s only these incentives that make SolarCity an economic reality. To properly talk about the question of what’s best to put on your roof, a few terms need to be defined. Exergy is the amount of energy available to be used in a system. A cup of boiling water can only release energy into its environment until it is in equilibrium with its surroundings. Entropy is the amount of disorder caused by making useful work. Turbine engineers can look at where entropy is created in an effort to reduce losses such as frictional loss and thermal loss; electrochemical losses can also be determined using entropy. In the case of rooftop solar, radiative heat energy is turned either into electricity using photovoltaic panels, or the heat is collected for other purposes using solar heating panels. Solar heating can generally be used for three purposes: heating your water at home, heating your home, or cooling your home. Cooling your home using heat is done using absorption coolers using various thermodynamic processes, and can drastically reduce electricity use for air conditioning in warmer climates. Passive measures can also reduce heating costs by up to 50 percent, which in turn will further lower A/C costs. From an efficiency standpoint, solar thermal collectors can collect up to 74 percent of the solar energy beaming onto them – this by itself means that the building underneath will require less heat. Combine that with better insulated windows, doors, and walls, and your heating and cooling costs – and energy use – will plummet. U.S. companies hold the claim that heating your house can be done with only a hair dryer, and cooled with dehumidification. Commercial solar panels can collect up to 22 percent of the energy landing on them. There are considerable system losses and entropy production from turning solar radiation into electricity, and then back into heat. – READ MORE	<urn:uuid:2e7ba0e5-45fe-4bf2-9e60-db50ca67908a>	{ "date": "2018-03-23T20:35:14", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648594.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323200519-20180323220519-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9419692754745483, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 453, "url": "https://truepundit.com/are-companies-like-solarcity-wasting-taxpayer-money/" }
Last—but not least!—health- and food-related news item as we reach the close of 2010 : the much-awaited 4.5-billion-dollar-budget child nutrition bill was voted and signed into law this month in Washington, D.C. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, as it is known officially, aims to improve the national school lunch program that currently serves over 31 million children, 62 percent of whom receive a subsidized meal (for free or at a reduced price). The bill had cleared the Senate last summer and was finally approved in the House on a 264 to 157 vote. Too bad it didn’t make front-page news. Controversial as it may be, it is a significant victory not only for First Lady Michelle Obama and her campaign against childhood obesity, “Let’s Move”, who gave huge support to the bill, but also for all the individuals and organizations who have been advocating tirelessly (and still will be) in order to improve schools’ nutrition programs. What does the new law mean? - The U.S. Department of Agriculture will have increased authority to regulate nutritional standards throughout schools’ food programs, including cafeterias, a la carte lines and vending machines, reducing access to sweetened drinks and junk food across the board. - Schools will be required to provide more whole grains, lean protein, fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as free drinking water where meals are served. - Schools that comply with the new meals standards (to be issued by the USDA) will receive a non-inflationary 6-cent subsidy increase per meal for the first time in over 35 years (current meal subsidy: 2.72 dollars; according to Chef Ann Cooper, less than 1 dollar is left to invest in food itself after paying for operations and overhead). - The Federal government will automatically enroll Medicaid children on the free lunch program, which will benefit an extra 115,000 children (many Medicaid-certified families do not supply the proper paperwork to apply for free school lunches). - The Federal government will use census data to automatically enroll all students of schools in poverty-stricken communities (criteria: household income must be inferior to 185 percent of the poverty line). The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates up to 10,000 schools in the country’s poorest neighborhoods will be able to participate, starting with the 2011-12 school year. - An after-school supper program for at-risk youth, now offered in D.C. and 13 states, will be expanded nationally, providing an additional 21 million meals annually. - Section 205 makes it mandatory that meal subsidies be used to fund subsidized lunches only (currently, they fund also a significant part of paid lunches because of schools’ reluctance to raise prices). Undoubtedly, all of this indicates that the legislators have taken a step in the right direction. Yet, the new text raises just as many questions as it is designed to answer. - Half of the child nutrition bill’s 4.5-billion-dollar budget (over the next ten years) comes from a cut in the SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or food stamps) program. How can we expect to sustainably feed low-income school children while simultaneously depriving their families of the means to feed themselves at home? President Obama has promised that he would work ceaselessly to recover funds for SNAP. - The expected increase in the price of paid school lunches (as a consequence of Section 205) is expected to cause a sharp decline in the number of takers. What kind of food will these children be fed? Will they resort to the local fast-food joint instead? - What will 6 cents buy you? According to Diane Pratt-Heavner of the School Nutrition Association, “in many communities 6 cents is the difference between canned and fresh produce or white and whole wheat bread.” Not everyone agrees. The National School Boards Association said “the actual increased cost of compliance” with the new meal standards is at least twice that amount. - Since when is an increased authority of the USDA over nutrition standards a guarantee of increased quality? The USDA, which also oversees agriculture and regulates agribusiness, has a well-known and well-documented reputation as a mouthpiece for the industrial food chain. The conflicts of interest that plague the agency are famous—what with using schools as a dumping ground for commodity foods surpluses created by the USDA farming subsidies. It’s going to have to work hard to gain the trust of all involved. Promoting CAFO meat and “fresh” produce shipped 1,500 miles away is not going to cut it as public awareness of what constitutes truly wholesome, healthy food grows. - Finally, what’s a healthy food program without the necessary education to go with it? Will teachers be enrolled and trained to play this new game? Will parents be invited to the conversation in order to make the necessary changes at home? Throughout this discussion, let’s keep in mind the good, encouraging, news that the public debate about this issue is full on, at last. And this is only the beginning. So here is to a New Year 2011 where all kids in America start learning to enjoy a new kind of food, a food that nurtures them and helps them focus, be healthy, be creative and meet on an even playing field.	<urn:uuid:78f19c62-0d51-4d67-bfb1-10563df308e5>	{ "date": "2014-10-22T23:49:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507448169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005728-00312-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9562659859657288, "score": 2.953125, "token_count": 1122, "url": "http://blog.thegreenplate.org/2010/12/healthy-school-lunches/" }
This six-item survey was designed to quantify the frequency of adverse school behaviors and parental concern about school performance. The survey was administered to 218 children, aged 9 to 17 years, prior to the start of vision therapy, and then after 12 weeks of treatment.The score was significantly better for children who were successful or improved after vision therapy as compared to children who were non-responders. The takeaway: Successful optometric vision therapy is associated with a reduction in frequency of adverse academic behavior and parental concern associated with reading and school work as reported by parents. The National Eye Institute, a division of the National Institutes of Health for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, funded a study to determine the most effective treatment for Convergence Insufficiency. This was a double-blind, masked study with both optometrists and ophthalmologists collaborating together. It involved nine sites throughout the U.S., including prestigious clinics such as the Mayo Clinic, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, and the Ratner Children’s Eye Center. The authors of this clinical trial found that vision therapy/orthoptics was more effective than pencil push-ups or placebo vision therapy/orthoptics in reducing symptoms and improving signs of convergence insufficiency in children 9 to 18 years of age. This article focuses on the scientific basis for Vision Therapy. It reviews studies that used objective recording techniques in order to assess the impact of vision therapy on the oculomotor system. A listing of some of the research reports and clinical studies on the relationship of vision to reading and learning ability and the effectiveness of vision therapy in the treatment of learning-related vision problems. This paper presents over 350 abstracts from 77 different journals within the fields of education, optometry, opthalmology, neurology and psychology. It includes all works relating to vision and learning, including papers that purport there is no relationship between vision and learning – of which there are only 15. This paper looks at studies on the largest areas of vision therapy treatment, which include accommodative and vergence anomalies. The results of several large sample retrospective studies provide compelling evidence of the effectiveness of vision therapy.	<urn:uuid:115dd308-89f4-49c5-aad7-c12a931977b0>	{ "date": "2016-02-11T00:23:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160918.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00210-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9606745839118958, "score": 3, "token_count": 442, "url": "http://www.thevisiontherapycenter.com/resources/clinical-studies" }
An exposé of pseudoscientific myths about our evolutionary past and how we should live today.We evolved to eat berries rather than bagels, to live in mud huts rather than condos, to sprint barefoot rather than play football—or did we? Are our bodies and brains truly at odds with modern life? Although it may seem as though we have barely had time to shed our hunter-gatherer legacy, biologist Marlene Zuk reveals that the story is not so simple. Popular theories about how our ancestors lived—and why we should emulate them—are often based on speculation, not scientific evidence. Armed with a razor-sharp wit and brilliant, eye-opening research, Zuk takes us to the cutting edge of biology to show that evolution can work much faster than was previously realized, meaning that we are not biologically the same as our caveman ancestors. Contrary to what the glossy magazines would have us believe, we do not enjoy potato chips because they crunch just like the insects our forebears snacked on. And women don’t go into shoe-shopping frenzies because their prehistoric foremothers gathered resources for their clans. As Zuk compellingly argues, such beliefs incorrectly assume that we’re stuck—finished evolving—and have been for tens of thousands of years. She draws on fascinating evidence that examines everything from adults’ ability to drink milk to the texture of our ear wax to show that we’ve actually never stopped evolving. Our nostalgic visions of an ideal evolutionary past in which we ate, lived, and reproduced as we were “meant to” fail to recognize that we were never perfectly suited to our environment. Evolution is about change, and every organism is full of trade-offs. From debunking the caveman diet to unraveling gender stereotypes, Zuk delivers an engrossing analysis of widespread paleofantasies and the scientific evidence that undermines them, all the while broadening our understanding of our origins and what they can really tell us about our present and our future.	<urn:uuid:ce858902-c5f6-411f-ad1b-7a55b4481c6a>	{ "date": "2018-04-21T07:43:45", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945082.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421071203-20180421091203-00376.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9604885578155518, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 423, "url": "http://www.okologie.org/books-documentaries/2013/10/13/paleofantasy-what-evolution-really-tells-us-about-sex-diet-and-how-we-live" }
Direct the EPA to ban the use of Neonicotinoid pesticides, until proven that it does not negatively impact honeybees. Numerous recent studies link the CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder) of honeybees to the use of certain Neonicotinoid pesticides (e.g. imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam). Population of honeybee colonies has been dropping at an alarming rate since 2006. EPA keeps on ignoring the fact that there are effects from these pesticides on bee health. If honeybee health were of any concern to the EPA, the use of these pesticides would have been banned years ago. Countries such as France, England, Italy, Germany and Slovenia have banned at least some form of Neonicotinoids (e.g. for seed treatments). EPA has agreed that there are "known acute toxicity of these compounds to pollinators" but has not even placed the use of these toxic pesticides on hold. Please sign at the link bellow: It needs 150 signatures to be searchable on the white house website.	<urn:uuid:bf57f750-6630-4826-80f4-f9f62212cedf>	{ "date": "2014-03-09T13:24:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999678747/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060758-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9233756065368652, "score": 2.84375, "token_count": 221, "url": "http://www.beesource.com/forums/showthread.php?280521-Petition-Direct-the-EPA-to-ban-the-use-of-Neonicotinoid-pesticides&p=921316" }
The latest news from academia, regulators research labs and other things of interest Posted: Nov 16, 2010 Spacetime cloak to conceal events revealed in new study Research published today, Tuesday 16 November 2010, in IOP Publishing's Journal of Optics ("A spacetime cloak, or a history editor" – free access), explains how the propagation of light can be manipulated to create a 'temporal void', allowing undetectable moments of invisibility. The study, by researchers from Imperial College London, involves a new class of materials called metamaterials, which can be artificially engineered to distort light or sound waves. With conventional materials, light typically travels along a straight line, but with metamaterials, scientists can exploit a wealth of additional flexibility to create undetectable blind spots. By deflecting certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, an image can be altered or made to look like it has disappeared. Previously, a team led by Professor Sir John Pendry at Imperial College London showed that metamaterials could be used to make an optical invisibility cloak. Now, a team led by Professor Martin McCall has mathematically extended the idea of a cloak that conceals objects to one that conceals events. "Light normally slows down as it enters a material, but it is theoretically possible to manipulate the light rays so that some parts speed up and others slow down," says McCall, from the Department of Physics at Imperial College London. When light is 'opened up' in this way, rather than being curved in space, the leading half of the light speeds up and arrives before an event, whilst the trailing half is made to lag behind and arrives too late. The result is that for a brief period the event is not illuminated, and escapes detection. Once the concealed passage has been used, the cloak can then be 'closed' seamlessly. Such a space-time cloak would open up a temporary corridor through which energy, information and matter could be manipulated or transported undetected. "If you had someone moving along the corridor, it would appear to a distant observer as if they had relocated instantaneously, creating the illusion of a Star-Trek transporter," says McCall. "So, theoretically, this person might be able to do something and you wouldn't notice!" How the "space-time" cloak works. While using the spacetime cloak to make people move undetected is still science fiction, there are many serious applications for the new research, which was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Leverhulme Trust. Co-author Dr Paul Kinsler developed a proof of concept design using customised optical fibres, which would enable researchers to use the event cloak in signal processing and computing. A given data channel could for example be interrupted to perform a priority calculation on a parallel channel during the cloak operation. Afterwards, it would appear to external parts of the circuit as though the original channel had processed information continuously, so as to achieve 'interrupt-without-interrupt'. Alberto Favaro, who also worked on the project, explains: "Imagine computer data moving down a channel to be like a highway full of cars. You want to have a pedestrian crossing without interrupting the traffic, so you slow down the cars that haven't reached the crossing, while the cars that are at or beyond the crossing get sped up, which creates a gap in the middle for the pedestrian to cross. Meanwhile an observer down the road would only see a steady stream of traffic." One issue that cropped up during their calculations was to speed up the transmitted data without violating the laws of relativity. Favaro solved this by devising a clever material whose properties varied in both space and time, allowing the cloak to be formed. "We're sure that there are many other possibilities opened up by our introduction of the concept of the spacetime cloak,' says McCall, "but as it's still theoretical at this stage we still need to work out the concrete details for our proposed applications." Metamaterials is an expanding field of science, with a vast array of potential uses, spanning defence, security, medicine, data transfer and computing. Many ordinary household devices that work using electromagnetic fields could be made more cheaply or to work at higher speeds. Metamaterials could also be used to control other types of waves as well as light, such as sound or water waves, opening up potential applications for protecting coastal or offshore installations, or even engineering buildings to withstand earthquake waves. Source: Imperial College If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks! Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:	<urn:uuid:e6885d5c-157a-4b38-84e0-c80a1625e031>	{ "date": "2016-05-30T20:18:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051113990.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005153-00211-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9506604075431824, "score": 3.375, "token_count": 962, "url": "http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19015.php" }
The Concept of Blockchain Blockchain is basically that safety zone where you can create and preserve things of utmost importance. Be it transactions, agreements, contracts etc, you have the liberty to store anything for future reference purposes. While the typical description of Blockchain might exude an impression of being mere virtual storage, it’s a lot dissimilar in the realms of reality. One of the prominent features that take blockchain away from the norm is its ability to create a sense of stronghold with the help of numbers. The data entered into the system of the Blockchain will spread across a string of computers that are enlisted in the network instead of staying in one place. Apart from serving the purpose of being a secure station to the data, the devices onboard can also make amendments in it if needed and the new version will be distributed across the network accordingly. Is Blockchain Secure? The system of Blockchain comprises of numerous blocks. All the transactions performed are stored in those fully encoded and hashed blocks. Furthermore, the hash of a block is not borne by that specific block alone. Instead, it’s spaced across a pair of them, therefore creating a connection and when this process is executed on a bigger scale, it ends up forming a Blockchain. Every recognized block gain immunity to any external attacks which make the whole system outright secure. Optimizing the Potential of Blockchain Blockchain technology has inscribed its name in history already by being the basis of the most popular digital currency, but still, a plethora of things are there to be achieved. Its capacity to deliver absolute transparency while not compromising on the collective quality is its unique selling point, and going by the current scenario, the market is still young and uphill is the only journey experts are predicting for it. Webcom Systems is one of the Blockchain Software Development Company in India providing blockchain platforms worldwide. If you are looking for the blockchain software platform, just send us your details. Get Your Free Blockchain Software Demo Now.	<urn:uuid:154d2a28-96a1-4d09-b5d3-5a6ceaef329b>	{ "date": "2019-11-13T12:05:29", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9288979172706604, "score": 2.59375, "token_count": 398, "url": "https://webcomsystem.net/blog/securing-the-change-with-blockchain-technology/" }
ACC, antarctic circumpolar current, BARBI model, rossby waves, transport through Drake Passage, coastal kelvin waves, realation windtress transport. - The ACC is the largest ocean current system. This current is driven directly or indirectly by the strong westerly winds, and it is one major topic of this study to investigate the variability of the ACC transport through Drake Passage due to fluctuations in these westerly winds. It is demonstrated, that the relationship between the mean zonal windstress over the southern ocean and the transport through Drake Passage can be described by a simple linear dynamic model, which contains the barotropic and the baroclinic time scales. Another topic of this study is the propagation of Rossby waves under the influence of topography and the connection of the southern ocean with the equatorial and northern latitudes via the interaction of Rossby waves, coastal and equatorial Kelvin waves. Furthermore, the relation between the transport and the bottom pressure on the one hand, and between transport and the meridional difference of potential energy on the other hand is studied further with a channel model.	<urn:uuid:95801679-8cad-4b96-97b8-d965b17c237e>	{ "date": "2014-04-25T04:16:20", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00523-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9262607097625732, "score": 2.59375, "token_count": 228, "url": "http://epic.awi.de/15388/" }
Narrator: This is Science Today. A new study has found children born prematurely or of low birthweight have the most severe, smog-induced asthma symptoms later in life. Kathleen Mortimer, an epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley says there's been lots of evidence in general that children of low birthweight have more respiratory problems, but this was the first study that looked particularly at air pollution. Mortimer: So it may be useful in identifying which groups are more responsive and whether the regulatory level are really protecting certain groups of the population. And it's also important because the rates of low birthweight are increasing and a lot of pre-term babies are surviving now that didn't used to survive - which is great, but you're also increasing the pool of people who seem to be greater responders to air pollution levels. Narrator: Currently, it's recommended that asthmatic children stay inside on high air pollution days, but Mortimer notes the air pollution levels they studied were below the air quality standards. Mortimer: And so it may help clinicians have a better idea about who is at greater risk on those days and whether they either have the child modify their behavior or their medication schedule or something maybe more useful. Narrator: For Science Today, I'm Larissa Branin.	<urn:uuid:73be7ba0-d20c-49f9-9722-fe50bec4f95f>	{ "date": "2013-12-05T01:22:56", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163037952/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131717-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9757820963859558, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 268, "url": "http://www.ucop.edu/sciencetoday/article/1282" }
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury PC, known as Anthony Ashley Cooper from 1621 to 1631, as Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Baronet from 1631 to 1661, and as The Lord Ashley from 1661 to 1672, was a prominent English politician during the Interregnum and during the reign of King Charles II. A founder of the Whig party, he is also remembered as the patron of John Locke. Anthony Ashley Cooper was born in 1621 and had lost both of his parents by the age of eight. He was brought up by Edward Tooker and other guardians named in his father's will, before attending Exeter College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. After he married the daughter of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, in 1639, Coventry's patronage secured Cooper a seat in the Short Parliament, although Cooper lost a disputed election to a seat in the Long Parliament. During the English Civil War, Cooper initially fought as a Royalist, before departing for the Parliamentary side in 1644. During the English Interregnum, he served on the English Council of State under Oliver Cromwell, although he opposed Cromwell's attempt to rule without parliament during the Rule of the Major-Generals. He also opposed the religious extremism of the Fifth Monarchists during Barebone's Parliament.	<urn:uuid:b575fba3-711f-4983-bdd0-a9fa7134b1df>	{ "date": "2014-09-01T08:36:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00412-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9848990440368652, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 276, "url": "http://www.worldofquotes.com/author/Shaftesbury/1/index.html" }
Alphabet as heritage > Architectural heritage Industrial and technical Marijan Bradanović i Daina Glavočić (and sculpture from Late Antiquity to Classicism) Kvarner is an area whose eventful history dates back to prehistoric times and antiquity. As the period of antiquity drew to a close, barbarian invasions through the Danube limes became more frequent and intense. For this reason, a system of defensive fortifications, the so-called Alpine Enclosure, was built in the 4th century AD to protect the inner area of the Western Roman Empire. The main logistics base was established in the port town of Tarsatica, in the location of today’s Rijeka, which had had little importance until then. In the 6th century, Kvarner was the location of Justinian’s Reconquista, an imperial project to reclaim the areas lost to barbarian invasions and bring them back into the Eastern Roman Empire. At that time, the coastal limes was built, a chain of early Byzantine fortifications, minor outposts and observation points, whose purpose was to help control and defend the sea route along the eastern Adriatic coast. There are dozens of such points all over Kvarner. Some of them are located on the inner sea route between the islands and the mainland (Lopar in the eastern suburb of Novi Vinodolski, Korintija at Cape Sokol in the north-east of the island of Krk). Some are located on small, distant islands or rocks that can be reached only by boat (Palacol near the island of Oruda). Inside these fortifications churches were built. Since they continued to serve as places of worship through later history, today they are generally the most preserved parts of these locations. The fortification on the slopes of Kamenjak, above the settlement of Barbat on the island of Rab, contains a well-preserved ruin of a single-aisled church with a broad, semicircular sanctuary. The church is dedicated to St. Kuzma and Damjan, pharmacists and surgeons who were worshipped by isolated military crews. On the small island of Sv. Marko, which today supports the arches of the Krk Bridge, are some remains of the single-aisled church of St. John the Gold-Mouthed (ckrva sv. Ivana Zlatoustog). At the site of Lovreški, on the eastern part of the island of Cres, are the ruins of the single-aisled church of St. Lawrence the Martyr (crkva sv. Lovre mučenika) with a polygonal sanctuary. Many cities of the Roman era were either abandoned or destroyed, like Fulfinum on the island of Krk, or were raised again, but with many difficulties and on a smaller scale, like Osor on the island of Cres. The Late Middle Ages was the beginning of a turbulent era of feudal particularism and changing authorities. This situation stabilised after the area was divided up among the Venetians, the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom and the German Empire. The first half of the 11th century was the period of early Romanesque and the heyday of Benedictine culture on the Croatian islands. In the Mediterranean area, the members of the order of St. Benedict contributed to the passing of antique knowledge into the Middle Ages by transcribing the manuscripts. The main centre of their activities on Kvarner was the monastery of St. Peter in Osor on the island of Cres, while another important centre was the church of St. Peter in Supetarska Draga on the island of Rab. Small, mostly Romanesque, churches are a valuable part of the cultivated landscape on Kvarner. Dozens of such humble, single-aisled churches with a semicircular apse are scattered across this unique landscape imbued with dry-stone walls along the coastline and on the islands. These churches are of Romanesque type, although they were built in the 13th or even 14th century. On the island of Cres there are some transitive Romanesque-Gothic churches with semicircular sanctuaries, while the naves are vaulted with pointed arches (the churches of Sv. Rok and Sv. Nedjelja in the village of Filozići). There are several occurrences of a vault being inserted into a Romanesque construction (the church of Sv. Kristofor or Krstipul above Martinšćica). The next period, the Venetian Gothic, was brought to the islands by the members of the Franciscan order. The first building constructed in this new style, the Franciscan church in the town of Krk (beginning of the 14th century), was followed by many monasteries. The continental Gothic style came to Kvarner through the county of Pazin, and traces of it are today present underneath the Baroque layers of the parish churches in the towns of Lovran and Brseč, as well as in the former Augustine and nowadays Dominican church of St. Jerome. The Late Gothic churches on the island of Cres were built by master builders from eastern Istria (for example, the church of St. Mary Magdalene in Filozići). The first signs of the early Venetian renaissance can be found in the new cathedral in Osor on the island of Cres. This church, together with some aristocrats’ palazzos represented the swan song of this ancient city. The construction was led by Codussi’s disciple G. da Bergamo, and the sculptures were created by G. Buora. While building the new parish church in Cres, the town which began developing rapidly on the back of the deserted, malaria-ridden town of Osor (which at that time was already only nominally the centre of the diocese), the master builder Franjo utilised some of the experience gained from Osor. On the islands of Rab and Krk, not only the Venetian, but also the Florentine influence is present, having come there indirectly through the Hungarian court. Some of the travelling master builders who worked there were the Albanian Andrija Aleši and the Croat Petar Radov Trogiranin. During the late Venetian administration, the islands stagnated, with the exception of some semi-urban and rural settlements. The fishing villages of Mali Lošinj and Veli Lošinj only developed during the heyday of sailing on Kvarner at the end of the 18th into the 19th century. The baroque churches of St. Anthony the Abbot (crkva sv. Antuna opata) and Our Lady of the Angels (crkva Gospe od Anđela) in Veli Lošinj host works of art that were brought there from Venice by Lošinj’s skilled seamen. A great part of the settlement of Lubenice on the island of Cres was built in the 17th and 18th century. The little town of Beli, with clear pre-antique and antique roots, consists today mostly of newly built houses, except the parish church which is a Romanesque building with some earlier substructions. The value of these settlements is in the fact that they fold so neatly into the surrounding landscape. From the mid-17th century, the towns of Liburnian Istria began to prosper, towns that until then had been heavily damaged in Venetian attacks during the uskok wars. The outstanding prehistoric location, the medieval organisation as towns within walls, and a unique combination of baroque architecture with a rather continental atmosphere and the Mediterranean tradition of using flagstones and cobblestones for pavements, give towns like Brseč and Mošćenice a very special appearance. The old town of Lovran stands out for its baroque palaces. The Baroque era in Rijeka began with the circular Jesuit church of St. Vitus (crkva sv. Vida), but the real flourishing of the town came with the Habsburg’s maritime and mercantilist politics in the 18th century. That was the time of major public building projects, like the construction of the Lazarett (today the headquarters of the Rijeka Fire Brigade) in 1725. That was also the time of foreign investments, like the Flemish investment in the Rijeka Sugar Refinery in the second half of the 18th century. Some of the original Refinery’s warehouses have been partly preserved at the location opposite the railway station. Well preserved too is the Refinery’s administrative building, depicted with rococo and baroque-classicistic frescos. In Rijeka, a town with dozens of preserved marble baroque altars, sculptors from Gorica left their mark, like G. and P. Paccassi and P. Lazzarini, or J. Contiero, Padovanac with workshop in Ljubljana. Rijeka gradually became the dominant centre from which master builders or stone masons (A. Verneda, B. and G. Martinuzzi, A. Michelazzi) began to work in the surrounding areas, some of them even on Venetian properties on Kvarner, thus breaking the monopoly that until then had belonged to the masters from the lagoon. In the second decade of the 19th century, the façade of the church of Our Lady of Assumption (crkva Uznesenja Marijina) in Rijeka was enhanced with a classicist adornment to the design by J. Storm. Count L. Nugent, inspired by the awakening of Croatian national consciousness and the doom of the Frankopan dynasty, conducted a romantic renovation of Trsat Castle. In the national context, these were prestigious ventures marking the beginning of a new period. A row of well-preserved, single-aisled churches with polygonal sanctuaries, often vaulted with cross-ribbed arches, attest to the development of the Gorski kotar region in the first half of the 18th century. Stylistically they belong to the baroque and gothic periods that are typical of the mountain areas, like the church of St. Michael (Sv. Mihovil) in the cemetery in Šimatovo, the church of the Holy Spirit (Sv. Duh) in Male Drage, and the church of St. Rok in the cemetery in Brod Moravice. Church interiors used to be decorated with vegetable ornaments. Following the sub-Alpine tradition, decoration also started appearing on outer façades. On the Church of Our Lady (crkva Majke Božje Škapularske) in the village of Moravička Sela, adornments have been modelled in the Mannerist style. Also preserved is a magnificent polychrome altar retable carved in wood from the first half of the 18th century. A wood-carved altar retable dating from the beginning of the 18th century is preserved in the church of St. Peter and Paul in Osojnik. Development became more intense after the first unsurfaced road was laid between Rijeka and Karlovac. The church of St. Francis (crkva sv. Franje) in Rtić near Lukovdol is an example of late baroque Gesamtkunstwerk achievement, with extravagant illusionistic painting and altar retables. A typical late baroque church with built-on chapels is the votive church of Our Lady in Sveta Gora near Gerovo. Baroque facades are still present on the parish church of St. Hermagor and Frotunat in Gerovo (first half of the 19th century). Preserved fragments of castles built by the Zrinski family can be found in Čabar, and one of their castles has been preserved entirely in Brod na Kupi. Rijeka’s greatest period of development came at the end of the 18th century, with industrial production reaching a peak at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Due to the construction of industrial plants, filling in the waterfront to create a modern harbour, railway (1873) and road connections with the hinterland and the cities of Central Europe (Budapest and Vienna), Rijeka became an important port and industrial transit centre with a Central European appearance rather than the Mediterranean appearance one might expect considering its geographical position on the Adriatic coast. Traces from the period between 1868 and the end of World War I, in which Rijeka was under Hungarian administration, can be found in the town’s urban structure, in the plans from the era of mayor Giovanni de Ciotta (1872 – 1896), in historicist and belle époque architectural features, and in large-dimensioned public, industrial and residential buildings with decorated facades, most of them built to the plans by state architects from Budapest, Trieste and other nearby centres of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Italian rule on Kvarner in the period between the two world wars saw the construction of rationalist, functional buildings designed to classical models. As tourism flourished on Kvarner in the 19th century, some fine examples of summer villas were built in the areas of Opatija, Lovran, Lošinj and Crikvenica. Some of these valuable projects were designed by the Viennese architect Carl Seidl, but local builders also got involved, like Andrea Rubinich and Attilio Moguolo, who built the villas of San Giovanni, Adela and Rosenvilla. Buildings that stood out by their grandeur and location in the bay of Lovran were the Grand Hotel Laurana (today the Orthopaedic Clinic), the belle époque Hotel Exelsior (1912), and the vividly coloured Villa Gianna (1904) in the centre of the town. One should also not miss the historicist hotels and guesthouses in Opatija like the Kvarner (1884, architect Wilhelm), the Imperial and the Opatija (1885). The most significant historicistic (neo-Gothic) and belle époque builders on Kvarner were Carl Seidl, Max Fabiani and Carlo Conighi. Their architecture is of great environmental value due to the degree of attention they paid to surrounding parks, gardens and lush Mediterranean green areas. Public architecture in Opatija also includes the simple building of the Zora cultural society (founded in 1889), the splendid historicist palace Casino di Lettura (today a shopping centre), or the Villa Rosalia (1896) that used to be very luxuriously furnished. Opatija hosts the large neo-Romanesque church of Our Lady of Annunciation (crkva Marijina Navještenja) with a remarkable dome (1906 – 1932) and luxuriant villas spread along the coastline towards Volosko, from villa Papo up to villa Madonna. Outstanding examples are the summer villas of Frappart, Magnolija and Astra, and the villa by Jakob Ludwig Münz, located directly above the sea and decorated with stained-glass windows from Innsbruck and the famous Hungarian Zsolnaj ceramics. In contrast to the above is the folk architecture of single-storey stone-built houses with a cellar in the ground floor that usually includes a trade workshop or a shop, typical of the entire coastal part of this region. This architecture follows the centuries-long tradition on Kvarner. It disappeared from the centre of Rijeka due to lack of maintenance, but this was fortunately not the case elsewhere. Along the coastline and on the islands there are still some ancient hilltop settlements, built as a result of the coastline descending so steeply into the sea underneath Mount Učka, or for safety reasons, for easier defence against attacks from the sea. These hilltop settlements used to be surrounded by defensive walls, have a main gate to the town, a roofed loggia for meetings, a central church with a high belfry, and a row of densely packed, mainly single-storey, stone houses with a terrace above the entrance into the cellar on the ground floor. In front of the church is usually the main town square, the venue for important events and celebrations. There are several such settlements on the islands, but their population has been drastically reduced over time. Today’s town of Rijeka stretches along the coastline and up the hills of Kozala, Trsat, Drenova and further into the hinterland. Some of the valuable buildings in Rijeka from the period between the two world wars were designed by the architects from Italy and Rijeka’s Technical Office (B. Angheben, R. Puhali, Dujmich, Y. Clerici) or from Trieste (Nordio-Frandoli). Part of the town, Sušak, is the location of some buildings designed by Croatian architects from Rijeka or Zagreb (J. Pičman - A. Albini, K. Ostrogović, I. Emili, D. Buneta). After World War II, mostly tower blocks and residential settlements on the outskirts of the town were built, as well as some large public buildings in the centre, like the church of St. Nicholas (B. Magaš), the Ri department store (N. Kučan), and the Croatia Line building (V. Grubišić). Fulfinum was an ancient port town on the island of Krk, originally inhabited by Roman veterans that shared the same destiny as many ancient towns. It was abandoned after the barbarian invasions, when its population took shelter on a hill that was easier to defend - the location of today’s town of Omišalj. Some fortified hills have been continuously inhabited since the Iron Ages. In antiquity they continued to live in direct contrast to the Roman town beneath the hill. During the barbarian invasions they gained importance as places of refuge for people from the surrounding areas. But even after Fulfinum was ruined, a large early Christian church with a three-leafed layout in the form of a Latin cross continued to exist for some time on its outskirts. Such spots came into the possession of the Benedictines in the early Middle Ages. When maintenance of the huge roofs constructed in late antiquity became too expensive, the monks built new churches. In the same location are the preserved remains of such a small, three-apsed building constructed upon the floor that was made using the so-called opus spicatum technique (the floor is a remnant of an earlier ancient piece of architecture). Similar in structure is the three-apsed church in a former Benedictine abbey in Dol pod Grotom, near Beli on the island of Cres. Tarsatica is the town from late antiquity out of which today’s town of Rijeka has grown. In the Roman era it was militarised and turned into a fortified castrum with a military headquarters in its centre. Its remains today include the representative portal (for centuries known as the Roman Arch), cobbled courtyards and external town walls, constructed with a characteristic combination of scattered pieces of stone and levelling layers of large Roman roof tiles called tegula. The remains of ancient Tarsatica can still be found inside the original town walls featuring the Clock Tower, the former main entrance to the town that preserved its original antique location despite numerous changes throughout history. From Kobler Square in front of the Roman Arch, the centre of the medieval commune, Užarska Street runs to the east following the route of the antique decumanus. Along this main town artery, several floor mosaics dating from late antiquity can be seen, like the ones that were found in the surrounding area and are now presented in the late Gothic-Baroque Garbas house at Užarska 26. At the eastern end of the Old Town, the former Tarsatica, in an area that had plenty of water from the nearby stream and bordered on the harbour in the River Rječina estuary, public baths were built in late antiquity. Here, among merchants, dock workers and soldiers gathered from all over the empire, the teachings of the early Christians began to spread, which is why this became the first Christian place of worship. The church of Our Lady of Assumption (crkva Uznesenja Marijina), built above the thermae, features early Christian floor mosaics in the substructure, as well as layers from the medieval (Romanesque and Gothic) and baroque and classicist phases. The Early Christian floor mosaics on the islands are often found as a result of the Kvarner islands becoming refuges for people fleeing from the mainland in the late antiquity. Extravagant mosaics were found and preserved beneath the cathedrals of Krk, Rab and the old cathedral in Osor (today’s church of St. Mary in the cemetery), then in the sanctuary of the former church of St. John the Evangelist (crkva sv. Ivana Evanđelista) on the island of Rab, and beside the Romanesque church of St. Marco in Baška on the island of Krk, built upon the remains of the basilica there with a nave and two aisles. From the earlier period of classical antiquity, a part of the mosaic showing Triton and a dolphin from the thermae (baths) of Krk has been preserved – it is displayed in the side room of a local inn. The early Croatian burial grounds in the Vinodol region originate from the early Middle Ages when the continental part of Kvarner belonged to the Croatian Principality, and the islands still came under Byzantine authority. The Croats, key allies of the Franks in the battle against Avar Khaganat, had very advanced military equipment, which we know about from the items found in the early Croatian burial ground of Stranče in the Vinodol region. Besides weapons and spurs, earrings used to be placed in the tombs. These came from manufacturers who produced jewellery under the influence of the Dalmatian towns. These items are now kept in the History and Maritime Museum in Rijeka. Carolingian influences in architecture and sculpture were very strong in the early Middle Ages. In architecture this mainly refers to the renovation of antique buildings. In sculpture it means the presence of stonemason’s workshops from Carolingian Istria, and even the use of soft stone from Istrian quarries that can be shaped more easily. The stone altar adornments include the typical motifs of overlapping triple ribbons interwoven with motifs of lilies, rosettes and animal details (birds, lions, etc.). The motifs of Christian symbolism were often taken from early Christian floor mosaics. Many finds of pre-Romanesque sculpture in dozens of churches on the islands attest to the prosperity and political importance that Kvarner enjoyed at that time, being the centre of attention of major forces, the Byzantine Empire and the Franks. Worth visiting are the pre-Romanesque works in the museum and the collection of sacred artefacts in Osor on the island of Cres (both on the main square besides the parish church), collections in Krk cathedral, in the parish church in Omišalj and the nearby lapidarium, and the Rab lapidarium in the renaissance church of St. Christopher (crkva sv. Kristofora). Benedictine communes used to be the centres of culture on the islands of Kvarner, the most prominent of them probably being the monastery of St. Peter in Osor on the island of Cres, founded by St. Gaudencije, a bishop from Cres. Reliefs that were once part of the early Romanesque adornments on the façade of the church of St. Peter were set into the walls of the houses in the surrounding area. The ruins of the church still contain the vaulted oratory with a niche for relics. Similar liturgical spaces have also been found in the ground floors of the early Romanesque belfries of St. Andrew and St. John the Evangelist on Rab. The sanctuary of the latter, ruined church contains a rare example of a deambulatory, a covered passage for solemn procession of the monks. The completely preserved church of St. Peter with a nave, two aisle and three apses in Supetarska Draga also dates from the early Romanesque period. The columns that divide the naves of the church are decorated with skilfully chiselled antique-like capitals that are characteristic of Benedictine stone mason’s workshops on Kvarner. The blind arcades on the façade of Rab Cathedral and its belfry date back to the 12th century, the period of late Romanesque. The treasure chamber of the cathedral hosts some of the finest examples of the Romanesque goldsmith’s trade, like the St. Christopher’s reliquary and parts of the adornment from a portable altar with enamel figures of the apostles. The Romanesque style on the island of Krk developed under the influence of craftsmen from Zadar. This can be seen from the typologically unique two-storey Romanesque church of St. Quirinus (crkva sv. Kvirina) that was built the end of the 12th century along the façade of the cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in the town of Krk. This excellent late Romanesque realisation (blind arches and cordon cornices on the apses, cubic capitals) attests to the political and economic rise of the dukes from Krk. Some three-leafed churches with a central ground plan like the church of St. Dunat near Punat and the church of St. Krševan near Milohnići date from the same period. Their origin is connected with the spreading of the jurisdiction of the Zadar archdiocese to the area of the Krk diocese. The culture of Glagolitic Benedictine monasteries is represented by the superbly preserved monastery church of St. Lucy (crkva sv. Lucije) in Jurandvor. Castles built in the Romanesque style are no rarity on Kvarner. Some fine examples include the fortresses of Krk’s Fortičini dukes near Omišalj and the fortress of Gradec near Risika also on the island of Krk. In the Vinodol region there is the castle of Belgrad, a fortified building that was partly built in this period, and before that in two earlier, late antique phases. The impressive ruins of Vinodol’s Ledenice and Hreljin castles, abandoned hundreds of years ago, are also fine examples of the Romanesque building period. This is also true for the northern part of Kastav’s town walls, in the area of Žudika. The Renaissance master builders from the Vinodol region had to seek work on the islands because building activities in the hinterland of Vinodol were reduced due to the Turkish threat, with the exception of works on fortifications. This is why the religious buildings built in the Vinodol area in the late 15th and the 16th century were mainly small, single-aisled late Gothic churches with a rectangular sanctuary (Bernardin Frankopan’s foundation), or the slightly more luxurious Paulist monasteries (Novi, Crikvenica). The defence of the castles was increased, particularly the castles of Trsat, Bakar, Grobnik, Drivenik, Ledenice, Novi and Grižane. Vinodol became the region of refuge for the clergy and inhabitants from the mainland, which explains the fact that many churches in this region even today host some fine examples of the Romanesque and Gothic goldsmith’s trade (Bribir, Novi, Bakar). At this time, from the court of Corvinus in Hungary, also came the Master of marble Madonnas who had been educated in Florence (the parish church in Bribir). Gothic, renaissance and Mannerist wood-carved sculptures have been very well preserved on Kvarner, partly because some items were the subject of particular worship, like the early Gothic miraculous crucifix of St. Vitus (sv. Vid) in Rijeka. In some smaller milieus these items remained preserved because in the baroque era there were no economic resources left to replace the old altar retable with a modern marble one. Artists who created some noted works were M. Moronzoni (choir stalls in Rab), A. da Murano (Virgin and Child in Cres and Vrbnik), P. Camps and G. da Malines (retables in Baška and Vrbnik). Also worth mentioning are the main altars of the parish churches in Vrbnik and Dobrinj, the altar of St. Klement in Klimno, and the collections of sacred artefacts in Krk, Dobrinj, Vrbnik, Osor and Rab. Baroque first appeared in the Jesuit church of St. Vitus (crkva sv. Vida) in Rijeka, the unfinished Crekvina in Kastav and the parish church in Mošćenice. Baroque elements in the Franciscan monastery of Trsat appeared as early as the second quarter of the 17th century, and shortly after that in the courts of Stari dvor and Novi dvor in Kraljevica. The Sugar Refinery administrative building in Rijeka is the largest work of secular architecture dating from the second half of the 18th century. The parish church of St. Andrew (sv. Andrija) in Bakar, the largest church on Kvarner, demonstrates the late baroque aspirations of 19th century architecture. Classicism came to Kvarner through Trieste, its most prominent realisation being the façade of the church of Our Lady of the Assumption (crkva Uznesenja Marijina) in Rijeka from the second decade of the 19th century. The renovation of Trsat Castle in the first half of the 19th century was the first romantic renovation of a medieval castle in Croatia. The Villa Angiolina marked the beginning of a new era in Opatija. After the villa’s construction in 1844, this small fishing village swiftly developed into a renowned seaside and health resort, especially after the Viennese Southern Railways Company came here in 1880. It was the time when many hotels, summer houses, guesthouses, pavilions, sanatoriums, swimming baths, parks and promenades were built. In 1889 Opatija was officially proclaimed an elite winter and summer health resort, a destination whose guests came mainly from Vienna. The tradition of welcoming famous personalities from politics and culture, and even crowned heads, was started by Higin Scarpa who built this classicist villa with its surrounding gardens. The Villas by Carl Seidl in Lovran from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are considered the most valuable examples of the architecture of historicism and secession. The most impressive of these were built for wealthy clients from Austria and are characterised by asymmetric ground plans and dimensions, luxurious interiors, details on the facades, mosaic decorations and lushly maintained gardens. He built the villas of Frappart, Santa Maria, Guera, Magnolia and others. Several examples of Seidl’s work can also be found in Opatija where he built the Villa Ariston and the small neo-Romanesque evangelic church. The Korzo is the main town promenade in Rijeka built at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, after tearing down the southern town walls and filling in the waterfront. The southern row of houses is dominated by the tall belle époque building of the former Hotel Royal (now the seat of the County and the Magma department store), whose upper façade is decorated with a stylised vegetable ornament, and the ground floor and the mezzanine with an open iron structure with large glass surfaces that was characteristic of the period. Similar in height is the house with stone relief balcony fences and glazed mezzanine at the other end of the Korzo. It was built by the architect Giacomo Mattiassi and once hosted a cinema. Also worth mentioning is the neo-renaissance Post Office building (end of the 19th century) and the picturesque narrow, yellow belle époque Milcenich-Cerniak house, designed by E. Ambrosini. On the opposite side is the classicist building now hosting the local radio station Radio Rijeka (1845), with a balcony supported by pillars, built to the design by Antonio Deseppi from Rijeka. It hosted the Public Reading Room (Narodna čitaonica) from 1889 – 1927. It was here that the political document called the Rijeka Resolution was issued in 1905. A few steps further on is the historicist façade of the Filodrammatica building, richly decorated with pillars and female figures, designed in 1890 by Giacomo Zammattio from Trieste for musical and stage performances. Behind its ornate neo-renaissance façade is the interior with rococo stuccoes (L.Strichtius) and a concert hall on the first floor with ceiling paintings by Eugenio Scomparini from Trieste. The Governor’s Palace was built as a residence for the Hungarian governor who ruled Rijeka from 1868 until 1914. It was designed in 1896 on behalf of the governor Lajos Batthyany by the Budapest architect Alajos Hauszmann in the style of late historicism with a neo-renaissance texture. Both the interior (the atrium, the salons and the Marble Hall) and the exterior with a monumental façade, arcade wings and the park were designed to serve the protocol. Located on a hilltop position, this palace has had an eventful history as the real and symbolic seat of state administration. It was the venue of fight between Italian annexionists (the Arditi) lead by the poet Gabriele D’Annunzio and the supporters of Rijeka’s independence and annexation to the State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The Palace today hosts the Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral. The Modello Palace, a work by the Atelier Helmer & Fellner from Vienna was built in 1885 for the Town Bank. Its façade features a combination of neo-renaissance reliefs and exuberant neo-Baroque reliefs. The extravagant ornamentation is enhanced by gentle stucco works on the staircase and gilded adornments in the interior, especially in the ballroom. The Modello Palace is an ambitious attempt to imitate the architecture of the Vienna Ring in a constant rivalry with Trieste. Today the Palace is home to the Town Library and the seat of the Italian union, the popular Circolo italiano di cultura. The Jadran Palace (Palazzo Adria) was built as the seat of a major Hungarian shipping company to the plans of Vilmos Freund, but it was modified by the architects from Rijeka Franjo Matijasić and Giacomo Zammattio during its construction in 1884. The Venetian sculptor Sebastiano Bonomi created four large sculptures for each large façade representing four continents (Europe, America, Africa and Asia) and naval professions (captain, pilot, helmsman and engineer). The railway station in Rijeka was built in 1890, after construction of the railway from Ljubljana and Budapest in 1873, by Ferenc Pfaff, the buildings expert for Hungarian Railways (MAV) from Budapest. The neo-classical building consists of three pavilions connected by lower wings. By locating the building off the main street, it was possible to form a square in front of the station, thus creating a sense of monumentality despite the fact that the surrounding buildings are higher than the railway station The Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc was built in 1885 to the designs of the Helmer & Fellner atelier from Vienna, which specialised in theatre buildings throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The theatre’s interior design, which reflects the Central European atmosphere of the town, resulted from the collaboration of regular associates of the atelier, Matsch, Kauffungen and Fritsch, and the Klimt brothers. The gable of the main façade features compositions of the figures Music and Drama, a work of the Venetian sculptor Benvenuti. In a town without electricity, the autonomous electrical lighting system, installed in the theatre building in 1885 by the Viennese firm of Kremenezky, was a real sensation. In front of the theatre is a smaller park that was reconstructed in 2005 as a replica of the historicist park. The Archduke’s Palace, the so-called Villa Giuseppe in Rijeka, was reconstructed in 1892 by the Rijeka architects Pietro and Raffaelle Culotti for Archduke Joseph Habsburg (Bratislava 1833 – Rijeka 1905), cousin of the Emperor and King Franz Josef I. Being an internationally renowned natural scientist, he laid out a botanical garden around his residence using exotic plants from all over the world. Today this richly decorated historicist property, surrounded by a park instead of the former gardens, hosts the State Archive in Rijeka. Kozala cemetery is an important monument of landscape architecture and an open-air sculpture park. It was opened to the public in 1838 and designed according to the plans of Luigi de Emilys (1851) and Venceslao Celligoi (1892 – 1915), who inspired the basic horseshoe-shaped ground plan. Among its many private chapels and mausoleums it includes works by Ivan Rendić (historicist mausoleums of Gorup 1882, Manasteriotti 1894, dall’ Asta-Mohovich 1899), G. Zammatti (the belle époque Whitehead mausoleum 1905), and mausoleums for the families of Scarpa (1861), Ploech (1888), Vio-Baccarcich (1889), Gelletich-Nicolaides (1896), etc. The Kozala cemetery includes works by almost all the architects, sculptors, monumental masons and painters who worked in Rijeka at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The town market place in Rijeka consists of two pavilions and a fish-market. It is located in the centre of the town, near the Theatre and the Modello Palace. The pavilions were designed by the engineer I. Vauchnig from the Municipal Technical Office. The walls on the shorter façades are solid, but the longer, lateral sides have almost no walls at all as they are made of glass set into a framework of cast iron. The fish-market was designed by C. Pergoli from the Municipal Technical Office who gave it a historicist, basilica-like appearance with polychrome effects of white stone adornments and red brick walls. The imaginative sculptural adornments of the capitals and the inner walls by U. Bottasso from Venice are characterised by belle époque plasterwork rich in motifs representing marine flora and fauna. There seem to be no two identical scenes. The Port Warehouses, popularly known as The Metropolis, are located in the port of Rijeka that was built at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th to the design of French engineer Hilarion Pascal and the Hungarian Antal Hajnal. The historicist warehouses no. 12 (1893 – 1894) and no. 13 (1897 – 1898), designed by Lajos Burgstaller i Vjenceslav Celligoi, with cast iron columns and ceilings of reinforced concrete (the Monier system), are the oldest preserved examples of such buildings in Croatia. The Metropolis complex (1909 – 1914), which to this day remains the largest building project ever undertaken in Rijeka, consists of five warehouses designed by the groups of architects and engineers Wehler, Rolberitz, Bereny, Bela Enyedi, Baranyaj, Prister, Celligoi and Träxler. Two rows of warehouses each over 300 m in length, at a location parallel to the waterfront, make up a street and were connected in 1914 by a series of covered bridges that enabled undisturbed communication between the buildings. The warehouses are rich in details of Hungarian secession, which makes them unique anywhere in the world. At the time of its construction, the Metropolis was a very functional system made of experimentally implemented reinforced concrete, with a very high load-bearing capacity (1500 to 2000 kg/m²) and a modern interior. The Church of St. Romuald and All Saints, or the Tempio votivo (1928 – 1934), was designed by Bruno Angheben from Rijeka as a double memorial church whose crypt contains the remains of Italian victims from both World Wars. It was planned as a Gesamtkunstwerk, meaning that the hall church, baptistery, crypt and belfry, parish house and the surrounding area, intended as a memorial park, were designed in the same style. Apart from Angheben, who designed the ciborium and the marquetry on the Stations of the Cross, the decoration was designed by the Rijeka artists Romolo Venucci (sculptures on the facade) and Ladislao de Gauss (two apsidal triptychs). The small orthodox synagogue in Rijeka was built between 1930 and 1932, even though an old, historicist synagogue still existed at that time (constructed by Lipót Baumhorn in 1906, but eventually destroyed after World War II). Designed by the architects Győző Angyal and Pietro Fabbro in the Italian rationalist style, today’s synagogue is the only one in Croatia that dates from the period of modern art. Riječki neboder (Rijeka skyscraper) is a rationalist building that was locally nicknamed “the chest of drawers” during its construction from 1939 to 1942. It was designed by Umberto Nordio, a renowned architect from Trieste, as a companion structure to the tower block in another part of the town, Sušak, that was built to the plans by Josip Pičman and Alfred Albini as part of the Croatian House of Culture (Hrvatski kulturni dom) (1936 – 1947). The church of St. Nicholas (crkva sv. Nikole) by the Rijeka architect Boris Magaš, dedicated to the patron saint of sailors, was daringly constructed with modern materials (concrete) as a large tent whose roof construction should partly serve as a promenade for pilgrims. Croatia’s Defenders Bridge (Most hrvatskih branitelja), built in 2002 to plans by the young architects’ studio 3LHD, is a prize-winning modern project of innovative technology stretching over the Mrtvi canal in the centre of Rijeka. The 47-metres-long bridge with a monument 9-metres high has won several international architecture awards. The Krk Bridge with a total length of 1,430 m was built between 1976 and 1980 and represents a significant achievement of civil engineering. The concrete arch connecting the mainland to the island of Sv. Marko has a length of 390 metres. At the time of construction, it was the largest bridge of its kind in the whole world, exceeding the former largest arch bridge, the one in Sydney, by 85 metres. The Hotel Miramare is a massive belle époque building in Crikvenica by the architect Rimanuczy. It was constructed in 1905 for a wealthy clientele, at a time when the town was developing as an elegant seaside and health resort for the Hungarian aristocracy and a direct competitor to nearby Opatija. Mošćenice is a hilltop settlement that was first mentioned in 1374. It has preserved its medieval urban structure with a row of peripheral houses forming the town wall. The only remains of this wall today are a rectangular tower (renovated and turned into a school) and the town gate. Similar ancient hilltop settlements on the coast are Veprinac, Kastav and Grobnik. Omišalj, a medieval settlement above a cove that cuts deeply into the landscape, is one of the typical hilltop settlements of the Kvarner islands, and also one of the five castles of the Frankopan family on the island of Krk. Above the harbour are the ruins of the Gradec fortress. The Frankopan castle (1442) was destroyed in the course of time, but Omišalj preserved the irregular medieval layout of streets that meet at the main square with the loggia, the belfry (both from the 15th century), and the parish church. There is a similar hilltop settlement on the island of Krk at Vrbnik, and on the island of Cres at Beli and Lubenice. Folk architecture in Gorski kotar of the 19th century was characterised by the use of the local building material - wood from the neighbouring forests. The typical house consisted of a wooden superstructure above a stone foundation with embedded cellar, steep wooden roof and a covered passage – locally known as a ganak – to successfully deal with huge amounts of snow. Houses in the rural environment included a room for keeping cattle. Although many such original houses gave way to modern concrete buildings, examples of the original wooden architecture can still be found in Gorski kotar, like the Delač and Ožanić–Žižek houses in Delači and the Mance house in the ethnic village of Kuti. The Castles of the Zrinski and Frankopan families, Croatian noblemen in the Middle Ages, were erected right across the Kvarner region. The Zrinski family built several castles, but none of them has been preserved completely. Today we can only have a presentiment of their former grandeur, based on the magnificent remnants of their stone walls. Among these are the fortress-palace in Brod na Kupi (1651), the Zrinski manor in Čabar, and the castle (court) in Severin na Kupi, that was the Frankopan’s property from the 16th century, with a chapel and a surrounding park. The former Frankopan castle in Stara Sušica belonged to Count Laval Nugent in the 19th century, but was afterwards sold to the Neubergers. Both owners converted it into a picturesque romantic building with several little towers, following the contemporary fashion. Today this castle is open to school pupils as a venue for outdoor classes throughout the year. Castles of the Zrinski and Frankopan families were also erected along the coastline: Trsat, Grobnik, Bakar, Kraljevica, Ledenice, Bribir, Hreljin, Grižane and Novi Vindolski, while on the islands are the castles of Krk and Gradec. THE KVARNER COUNTY TOURISM OFFICE 51410 Opatija, Nikole Tesle 2, tel: +385/51/272-988, fax: +385/51/272-909	<urn:uuid:f371c3cc-deea-4785-bf9e-a33d2868f102>	{ "date": "2016-09-27T14:05:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661087.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9598396420478821, "score": 3.46875, "token_count": 10178, "url": "http://www.kvarner.hr/kultura/english/architectural.html" }
Deep well injection is a waste disposal technology that has been used for decades in the United States, but concerns about its increased use are raising questions about its efficacy. The primary concerns are linked to the potential for groundwater and aquifer contamination as well as geological damage, mainly whether the practice of boring deeply into the earth might trigger small earthquakes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable describes deep well injection as “a liquid waste disposal technology.” It says: This alternative uses injection wells to place treated or untreated liquid waste into geologic formations that have no potential to allow migration of contaminants into potential potable water aquifers. […] Injection wells have been used for the disposal of industrial and hazardous wastes since the 1950s, so the equipment and methodology are readily available and well known; however the use of them today is continuing under very strict regulatory control. Deep well injection use rapidly increased in the 1960s and 1970s, and was initially regulated by the Federal Water Quality Administration prior to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. A statement of federal policy was issued acknowledging that it was a finite solution for waste disposal requiring regulation. According to the EPA: A typical injection well consists of concentric pipes, which extend several thousand feet down from the surface level into highly saline, permeable injection zones that are confined vertically by impermeable strata. The outermost pipe or surface casing, extends below the base of any underground sources of drinking water (USDW) and is cemented back to the surface to prevent contamination of the USDW. The practice has been used to treat wastewater as well as dispose of hazardous chemicals. “Deep well injection of treated municipal wastewater into non-potable aquifers has been used as an alternative to discharge of wastewater to surface waters for many decades,” according to Virginia Walsh and René Price writing in a 2010 Hydrogeology Journal paper. In 2008, the EPA listed 430 permitted municipal wastewater deep injection wells in the United States, 163 of which were sited in Florida. The authors note: These deep aquifers tend to be saline, and the discharge of fresh wastewater into them has raised concerns of geochemical reactions as a result of the mixing of the two waters, as well as the buoyant transport of the wastewater upwards into overlying aquifers. Confined brackish aquifers in Florida have been used extensively for aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) of potable freshwater […] and deeper saline aquifers have been used for disposal of waste fluids such as oil brines, industrial water and municipal wastewater. The treatment practice has been deemed safe, according to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Remediation Venture Office, which has its own 12,045-foot-deep well, constructed in 1961 to dispose of 165 million gallons of liquid waste between 1962 and 1966. The Army states the briny waste included “some metals, chlorides, wastewater and toxic organics.” Its use was discontinued in February 1966 because “of the possibility that the fluid injection was triggering earthquakes in the area.” The well was sealed in 1985. The National Resources Defense Counsel notes that deep well injection is frequently used in shale gas exploration as a method to dispose of fracking wastewater; however, there is concern about groundwater contamination associated with the disposal practice as well as the potential for earthquakes. Some water from drilling in Pennsylvania, for example, is being transported to Ohio for disposal. According to a paper in the 1996 Pace Environmental Law Review: For industry, deep-well injection is a precious, limited resource. There are only so many places in which hazardous wastes can be disposed of with confidence. Many people in industry believe properly managed deep-well injection can be a useful tool, offering benefits that far outweigh its inherent risks. With the ever-increasing mass of waste produced as a result of society’s demand for consumer goods, deep-well injection is a mainstay method of hazardous waste disposal for which no true replacement technology currently exists.	<urn:uuid:3d2f738b-a9d9-47a6-9c98-7a6e6818d1c9>	{ "date": "2014-09-01T13:38:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919066.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014519-00464-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9639555811882019, "score": 3.390625, "token_count": 831, "url": "http://www.rwlwater.com/what-is-deep-well-injection/" }
No Teacher Left Behind Teachers are helping to create Leaders in our Society Consistent Learning Opportunities for Teachers Teachers should be given funds in order to get recommended training throughout the year. Teachers should also be granted the opportunity to visit our schools in others states to be able to learn from other teachers. Teacher are receiving training of the things that will change in the school the following year, but what about how children change and the learning styles of children. Test or Standards should this be required by teachers every year? I believe that test and standards should not be required by teachers every year. I do believe that teachers should have to have required training over the year. Technology is the way our society has changed so much. I would not have gain the knowledge of social network if it was not for my children. I believe that all Teachers should have to take some type of technology class that is required all over the world. They must gain a certification in things that change tremendously. This should be all over the nation. ISTE Standards for Teachers Teachers are being taught on how to encourage, assess and provide students with an environment that will enhance their learning. The training class that teachers are taking are providing them with the professional growth and leadership that they need to assist them in enhancing the digital world for the students. Teachers are provided standards that will help them to engage with their student and their learning.	<urn:uuid:4501620e-3d77-4e63-8d6b-5066c4678d81>	{ "date": "2018-07-18T03:17:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590046.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718021906-20180718041906-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.977000892162323, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 285, "url": "https://www.smore.com/0rh38" }
Today is the 4th of July—an American celebration of freedom and independence since 1776. The anthology, FOR LOVE & LIBERTY: Untold Love Stories of the American Revolution, looks at historical romance through a more colorful lens. Four New York romance authors have come together to present tales of passion and patriotism that reveal the truly diverse threads that run through the tapestry of American history. Here, they offer some insights to their research and the role it played within their story… From Alyssa Cole: African-American Patriots were a part of the conflict from the very beginning. The conflict between Elijah and Kate reflects the choices facing black Americans at the start of the Revolutionary War. Crispus Attucks, a black American, was the first casualty of the war. “Be not afraid!” were the words he supposedly shouted, rallying his fellow Patriots before pandemonium exploded on Boston Common and he was killed. Blacks had already been enlisted as Minutemen in the Massachusetts militia, and many more across the North joined the ranks of the Continental Army. Despite this, in July of 1775 George Washington sent an edict to his recruiters telling them not to enroll “any deserter from the Ministerial army, nor any stroller, negro or vagabond.” This ruling was eventually reversed due to lack of manpower. Meanwhile, in that same year, the Loyalist Lord Dunmore (the Royal Governor of Virginia) sent out a proclamation promising freedom to blacks, especially the slaves of rebel Patriots, in exchanges for service to the Crown. This was actually the first large-scale emancipation of slaves in the United States. From Lena Hart: The Battle of Saratoga marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War when British General John Burgoyne surrendered to American forces. Burgoyne’s defeat was partly due to the assistance the American’s received from the Natives. With help from the Onyota’aka tribe (known today as the Oneida Indian Nation), the Americans defeated the British in the Battle of Saratoga. The Oneida tribe is one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and they divide themselves into three clans: the Wolf, Bear, and Turtle. In “A Sweet Surrender,” the heroine, Siara, is from the Bear clan, which was known to freely take in adoptees (including captive whites or blacks). In the story, Siara’s father was an African adoptee into the Bear clan, making her a Black Native American—a race of natives often overlooked or rarely discussed in history. From Kate McMurray: Fashionable and somewhat effeminate men were often referred to as dandies. These men were not automatically considered to be homosexual, because people in the late eighteenth century didn’t think that way. There was a class of dandies that were even more fancy and effeminate—they wore bright colors, tall wigs, and lots of ornamentation like lace and embroidery and feathers—called macaronis. (Here’s a good post on the topic: http://kingpinchic.com/2011/10/01/the-macaroni-the-dandy-and-gender-identity/) More than a gender expression, fashion was an expression of class, and in my story, Charles dresses this way partly because he wants to, but partly because he is trying to present himself as more upper-class and sophisticated than he actually is. The thing I learned that I hadn’t known before is that the line, “stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni” from “Yankee Doodle Dandy” comes from this and is not just a nonsense line. From Stacey Agdern: What was the hardest part of writing my story? Researching a language on the verge of extinction. According to history, the familiar language of Sephardic Jews is Ladino. It’s a romance language that mixes Hebrew, classical Spanish and a few other languages from the Iberian Peninsula. Because I was writing about Sephardic Jews during a time where they did speak Ladino, I wanted to add some phrases to the story. Unfortunately, Ladino is not spoken as widely as it once was. That made finding any resources extremely difficult. Thankfully, I was able to find a few sources and used them in the story. There you have it—four stories that encapsulates an intricate history and diversity that make up our unique country. Woven into each tale are well-researched backgrounds and actual events with, of course, breathtaking romance. Whether you consider America a “melting pot”—or more of a “tossed salad”—we are a nation rich with color, variety and, yes, love. To all our American compatriots—in truth and in spirit—Happy Independence Day! ♥ In BE NOT AFRAID by Alyssa Cole, a black Patriot captured by the British falls in love with a headstrong runaway determined to leave the colonies… while a wounded British soldier discovers the healing power of love in the arms of a gentle native woman in A SWEET SURRENDER by Lena Hart… in REBELS AT HEART by Kate McMurray, two men must make hard choices if they are to stay together when war arrives on the shores of their home in New York City… at last, in HOME by Stacey Agdern, a young Jewish couple must decide what can hold them together before war and geography tear them apart. “A Sweet Surrender” by Lena Hart She carried a flint knife with her as she ventured into the condemned woods alone, refusing to stay away as Etu had undoubtedly expected her to. When she entered the makeshift shelter, it took her a moment to realize the blankets were empty. She froze as panic set in. Had someone taken him? A shadow fell over her from behind and she sucked in her breath. Before she could spin around, a hard hand clasped over her mouth, smothering her scream. The small bowl of broth she’d carried slipped from her fingers and crashed to the ground. “I would hate to have to hurt you, love,” a strong, male voice said close to her ear. “But I will if you provoke me.” Siara knew with every fiber in her being that it was the stranger. His nakedness pressed firmly along her backside, though his voice was stronger and clearer than she would have expected it to be. She reached up to peel his hand away from her mouth. She had to let him know that she meant him no harm. His hand only tightened, jerking her head back against his bare chest. She reached for the flint knife, but he was quick, grabbing it before she could get to it. “Don’t make me hurt you,” he said harshly, tightening his arms around her. Panicked from the hard grip he had around her mouth, Siara swung her arm back. Her fist landed on his bandaged thigh and he drew in a sharp breath. She pulled away from him and he released her, bracing his weight on his other leg. She struggled internally with her concern for him and fear of potential retaliation. Though she hadn’t meant to hurt him, he’d left her no choice. She made a move for the knife in his hands, but he tossed it away and tackled her to the ground. Everything moved in a blur as she tried to push past him, but he grabbed her by the waist and forced her to the hard earth. He fell over her with a grunt, gripping her wrists and forcing them over her head. He was stronger than she would have expected. Too strong for someone who had just come from a lengthy recovery. “Stop fighting me,” he growled, his face just inches from hers. Their breathing came out in harsh pants as they glared at each other. He was sweating and looked a bit wan, and she realized he had over exerted himself. She was suddenly angry that he would undo so much of the progress his body had made these past few days. “It’s you who asks for fight,” she snapped, tugging at her arms. “I help you. I save you.” She added emphasis to her words, trying to make him understand. He stared down at her, saying nothing, though some of the rigidity had left him. It was then she realized how hard and warm his body was as it pressed over her into the ground. Her own body began to soften beneath him, tingling in places it never had before. ♥ Here’s the info on the giveaway! Prize: Each author is offering one e-book (reader’s choice) from their blacklist to a lucky commenter. That’s 4 winners! Eligibility: You must be a subscriber to the RNIC newsletter. How to enter: Leave a comment answering the following questions — What was the last multicultural historical romance you read? What did you like or love about it? Deadline to enter: July 14th at 11:59pm EST Note: By participating in this contest, the winner has given permission to RNIC to share his/her name and email address with the person conducting the contest so they can forward the prizes. Prizes open to U.S. and international entrants. Get in touch with the authors online: About the Authors: Alyssa Cole is a Brooklyn-based romance writer; she hosts a Romance Book Club and teaches romance writing at the Jefferson Market Library in NYC. Lena Hart is a Florida native currently living in the Harlem edge of New York City. She writes sensual, interracial romances with a hint of mystery and danger. Kate McMurray is a writer, editor, and romance fan who writes smart and sexy gay romance. Her books have won several Rainbow Awards. Stacey Agdern is the two time award winning Romance Specialist at Posman Books, an independent bookstore located in Grand Central Terminal.	<urn:uuid:98f46e36-646c-47c8-97ce-d9d57e06e874>	{ "date": "2018-02-23T14:36:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814787.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223134825-20180223154825-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9790041446685791, "score": 2.703125, "token_count": 2138, "url": "http://romancenovelsincolor.com/2014/07/giveaway-by-lena-alyssa-kate-stacey/" }
By Renee Ruwe Port Ewen - Many people don’t know that the most famous African American woman of 18th and 19th century was Ulster County’s own Sojourner Truth. She was born into slavery but became a renowned and celebrated anti-slavery activist. Records state that she was born in or about 1797 at Hurley in Ulster County, NY. Her name at birth was Isabella Baumfree, and her mother and father were named Betsey and James, respectively. According to historical accounts they were the property of Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh. As a youth, Truth spoke what was known as "low dutch." In 1815 she married a fellow slave and had five children - Diana, Peter, Elizabeth, Sophia, and a fifth child who died as an infant. According to information gathered from the Sojourner Truth Institute of Battle Creek, Truth was sold as a slave four more times until gaining her freedom in 1826. Her journey then took her to New York City, where she lived until 1843. It was around this time that she changed her name to Sojourner Truth and traveled as an itinerant preacher working against injustice. Accounts of the time say she was a "captivating speaker." Standing at nearly six feet tall, accounts say she had a low, deep voice and was a striking woman. Her memoir was published in 1850, told to Olive Gilbert. In 1851, at a women’s rights convention in Akron, Ohio, she presented her most famous speech, "Ain’t I a Woman." The speech was a short but stirring challenge to the notion that men were superior to women. During the Civil War, Truth worked to support Black Union soldiers, and after the war she continued to preach and travel. Some of her friends included fellow activists Susan B. Anthony and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Sojourner Truth died at her home on College Street in Battle Creek, MI, on November 26, 1883. Her funeral was attended by over 1,000 people and was held at the Congregational Presbyterian Church. She is Buried at Oak Hill cemetery in Battle Creek, MI. Her tombstone gave her age as 105 years old, though records show she was only 86 at the time of her death. On her tombstone is the inscription "Is God Dead" from an 1852 encounter with Frederick Douglass. In the encounter Frederick was speaking very despondently according to accounts when Sojourner spoke up, asking Frederick, "is God Gone?" Besides the institute, Truth was memorialized with a stamp issued in her honor at the Sojourner Truth Post Office in New Paltz, NY, on February 5, 1986. In 1968, May 18th was proclaimed Sojourner Truth day in Michigan. The recent Mars Pathfinder micro rover was named in her honor. Princeton Professor Nell Painter said of her " No other woman who had gone through the ordeal of slavery managed to survive with sufficient strength, poise and self confidence to become a public presence over the long term."	<urn:uuid:ed880e2c-29a6-48d7-91d3-fc09c82ad2c4>	{ "date": "2016-09-27T13:56:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661087.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9879176616668701, "score": 3.375, "token_count": 638, "url": "http://www.hvpress.net/news/125/ARTICLE/10448/2011-10-12.html" }
Traditionally, the drive to reduce waste in the supply chain has been focused on recycling. Plastic pallets and wood pallets can both be recycled, and wood and plastic pallet recycling is certainly effective at reducing waste, but is it as effective as reusing plastic pallets? Reusable packaging solutions are the wave of the future, and there are a number of important reasons why. Benefits of Reusing Plastic Pallets Over Recycling One of the important realities about recycling is that recycling does produce some waste. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to retain all of the material during the recycling process, and that process in itself can create some hazardous byproducts. Reusing a product as many times as possible before recycling becomes necessary, therefore, and has definite advantages for the environment. It also takes an effort to create a new plastic pallet, whether it is made from recycled materials or not. Having to make fewer pallets due to reusing them can save money and mean less hazardous waste from the manufacturing process released into the environment. Finally, if you work reusable pallets into your logistical plan, you have the opportunity for a much more streamlined supply chain process. You don’t have to constantly worry about where your next pallets are coming from and how to work them into the system because they are already in the system. When it comes to effective workflow, plastic pallets come with a lot of advantages beyond their reusability. Automation is becoming a greater and greater requirement in many supply chains, and plastic pallets, with their uniform dimensions, are well-suited to automated systems. They can be molded to exact specifications, meaning there is no need to recalibrate every time you insert new plastic pallets into the chain. Plastic pallets are much easier to clean than wood ones and don’t retain moisture or prove susceptible to bacteria in the way that wood pallets might. A Commitment to Sustainability From Polymer Solutions International Inc. At Polymer Solutions International Inc., we have a strong commitment to sustainability and environmentally-friendly solutions when it comes to our packaging. We are a plastic pallet designer, manufacturer and supplier who understands the benefits that sustainable, reusable packaging solutions can bring to your business and your industry and we are ready to bring those benefits to you today. We will not only provide you with reusable products, but we will also buy them back from you at the end of their usable lifespans and recycle them ourselves. That means you never have to worry about the impact of your pallets on the environment. We have a wide range of reliable bottled water racks and hygienic plastic pallets to suit your needs. To learn more about the benefits of our reusable packaging and how we can put them to work for you, or to order your own bottled water racks or hygienic plastic pallets right now, just call us at 610-325-7500, contact us online or visit our website and talk to us via Live Chat today.	<urn:uuid:191b790e-20c6-4fb2-ac6f-a526c13732c1>	{ "date": "2019-11-19T02:18:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669967.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119015704-20191119043704-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9628725647926331, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 621, "url": "https://prostack.com/2019/03/08/pallet-reusability/" }
A fertility watchdog warns that kids conceived through IVF treatments are at an increased risk of birth defects. A new US study has revealed that test-tube babies could be 30pct more likely to suffer from certain health problems and genetic flaws. They scientists have found that IVF babies suffered higher rates of heart valve defect, cleft lip and palate, and digestive system abnormalities. The Government's watchdog the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has decided to make people aware of the potential risks along with access to advice on its website. The HFEA also revealed that the majority of babies born by IVF are healthy and insists that more research is needed on the birth defect issues. "As with any medical procedure, it is important that patients understand what the treatment involves and what the risks may be," the Daily Express quoted an HFEA spokesman as saying. "Our Code of Practice says that clinicians must tell patients about the possible side effects and risks of treatment, including any risks for the child," he added.	<urn:uuid:d6a7586e-8e0d-48a3-bde6-5b26d098058f>	{ "date": "2017-10-23T10:12:28", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825889.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023092524-20171023112524-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9746150970458984, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 217, "url": "http://www.medindia.net/news/IVF-Babies-Are-At-Increased-Risks-Of-Birth-Defects-48988-1.htm" }
In a medical coding technology program, students will be prepared for careers in the medical field that involve helping others. Medical coders, also called healthcare and medical records technicians, are always in demand. An Associate of Arts (A.A.) degree in medical coding technology is the first step to getting started in this career path. A.A. Programs in Medical Coding Technology Students enrolled in the medical coding technology program are trained to seek occupations related to health information technology. Students learn to gather and code important healthcare information through the employment of the most up-to-date knowledge of disease processes, classification systems and medical office software available. Technical schools and community colleges offer this two-year program. Admission criteria typically require applicants to hold a GED certificate or high school diploma. Students enrolled in some schools may be required to complete prerequisite classes in business computer applications, anatomy and physiology and medical terminology. Applicants may also have to submit to a criminal background check. Coursework is typically a combination of classroom lectures, lab experiences and supervised clinical studies. After they complete the program, graduates will be ready to sit certification examinations. Coursework may typically include topic areas such as: •Coding and classification systems •Statistics in health information management •CPT procedural coding •Healthcare delivery systems •Health information management •Legal and ethical issues with healthcare systems A high job growth rate of 22% has been predicted for medical records and health information technicians during the decade between 2012 and 2022 (source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)). They may choose from various career titles such as: •Health information coders •Medical records technicians •Health information technicians Continuing Education Choices Those who successfully complete associate’s degree programs may seek entry-level occupations or opt for continued education. After they have garnered work experience, they may volunteer for specialty certification or earn bachelor or master degrees in health information technology and pursue health information manager positions. Certified medical records and health information technicians are preferred by most hirers who treat such certification as a demonstration of the candidates’ knowledge and skills of medical coding technology. The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) offers a Registered Health Information Technician (RHIT) credential to interested individuals who would have to complete formal training and pass a written exam. The Professional Association of Healthcare Coding Specialists (PAHCS), the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC) and the Board of Medical Specialty Coding & Compliance (BMSC) are other certifying agencies that offer credentials to these professionals. Specialty coding certifications are offered by both the PAHCS and the BMSC.	<urn:uuid:63678368-2d65-49c1-8342-0680b1207d80>	{ "date": "2018-04-25T14:06:00", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9252606630325317, "score": 2.765625, "token_count": 550, "url": "http://educationcareerarticles.com/education-articles/majors-overview/degree-overview-associate-arts-degree-medical-coding-technology/" }
You may want to thank David French in advance. Because, in the event that a comet or asteroid comes hurtling toward Earth, he may be the guy responsible for saving the entire planet. French, a doctoral candidate in aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University, has determined a way to effectively divert asteroids and other threatening objects from impacting Earth by attaching a long tether and ballast to the incoming object. By attaching the ballast, French explains, "you change the object's center of mass, effectively changing the object's orbit and allowing it to pass by the Earth, rather than impacting it." Sound far-fetched? NASA's Near Earth Object Program has identified more than 1,000 "potentially hazardous asteroids" and they are finding more all the time. "While none of these objects is currently projected to hit Earth in the near future, slight changes in the orbits of these bodies, which could be caused by the gravitational pull of other objects, push from the solar wind, or some other effect could cause an intersection," French explains. So French, and NC State Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Andre Mazzoleni, studied whether an asteroid-tether-ballast system could effectively alter the motion of an asteroid to ensure it missed hitting Earth. The answer? Yes. "It's hard to imagine the scale of both the problem and the potential solutions," French says. "The Earth has been hit by objects from space many times before, so we know how bad the effects could be. For example, about 65 million years ago, a very large asteroid is thought to have hit the Earth in the southern Gulf of Mexico, wiping out the dinosaurs, and, in 1907, a very small airburst of a comet over Siberia flattened a forest over an area equal in size to New York City. The scale of our solution is similarly hard to imagine. "Using a tether somewhere between 1,000 kilometers (roughly the distance from Raleigh to Miami) to 100,000 kilometers (you could wrap this around the Earth two and a half times) to divert an asteroid sounds extreme. But compare it to other schemes," French says, "They are all pretty far out. Other schemes include: a call for painting the asteroids in order to alter how light may influence their orbit; a plan that would guide a second asteroid into the threatening one; and of course, there are nukes. Nuclear weapons are an intriguing possibility, but have considerable political and technical obstacles. Would the rest of the world trust us to nuke an asteroid? Would we trust anyone else? And would the asteroid break into multiple asteroids, giving us more problems to solve?" The research was first presented last month at the NC State Graduate Student Research Symposium in Raleigh, N.C. The research, "Trajectory Diversion of an Earth-Threatening Asteroid via Elastic, Massive Tether-Ballast System," has also been reviewed and accepted for presentation this September at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics SPACE 2009 Conference and Exposition in Pasadena, CA. Cite This Page:	<urn:uuid:ccf9dd25-e177-4fea-b4de-cf353ab58c99>	{ "date": "2014-04-19T07:27:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00083-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519307017326355, "score": 3.890625, "token_count": 631, "url": "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090416125212.htm" }
Meaning of plotter Pronunciation: (plot'ur), [key] - a person or thing that plots. - an instrument, as a protractor, for plotting lines and measuring angles on a chart. - an output device that produces a graphical representation by drawing on paper, as with one or more attached pens. - plotter (Thesaurus)	<urn:uuid:b83a7684-ae3e-4801-bca0-9eddd78cd961>	{ "date": "2017-05-28T00:18:13", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609305.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527225634-20170528005634-00164.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8337998390197754, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 79, "url": "https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/plotter" }
Government and the Economy Teacher Resources Find Government and the Economy educational ideas and activities Showing 61 - 80 of 154 resources Students recognize how international trade affects them as consumers and become familiar with basic agricultural crops grown in Kentucky. They identify items used in their daily lives and .heir place of origin and examine export/import graphics from the U.S. Farm Bureau, Students examine how to balance the federal budget. For this American economics lesson, students read the provided article "Congress Debates Cutting the Budget." Students then collaborate in small groups to determine how to balance the budget and then respond to discussion questions about the experience. What happens to seasonal manufacturing in the off-season? Scholars examine this peak production phenomenon and interview local businesspeople to learn more about the effects. Watch the five-minute video to introduce the lesson; it is a case study on a Peeps factory and exemplifies the concepts in a clear and concise way. There are discussion questions, background information, a printable interview guide, and innovative extension ideas included. Seventh graders study the ideologies of life, values, love, peace and struggle of African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans as citizens of the United States. Authors and artists are used as tools to open the eyes of the students and allow them to see the impact and significance of cultures upon the history of the United States. Through traditional stories from different groups, they explore the customs and beliefs of their culture and others. ELLs are introduced to the experiences of Filipino immigrants to the United States. As a class, they discuss the various waves of immigration to the United States and state the reasons why they would leave the Philippines. They compare timelines of Filipino and Puerto Rican immigration and consider two case studies of Filipino immigrants. To end the lesson, they research their own family's immigration story. Some materials are missing in this resource, so it will needed to be supplemented. Middle schoolers investigate the Hubble and Webb telescopes. In this space telescope instructional activity, students research Internet sites to find out what type of information these telescopes provide. They debate whether it is financially responsible to spend money to look for Earth-like planets. Students examine the economic crisis of 2008. For this banking bailout lesson, students read the provided articles "Nicole Bradbury: Robo-Signer Victim," and "Bankers' Sloppy and Illegal Work." Students respond to the provided discussion questions. Ninth graders examine how the game of baseball has played a significant role in shaping the culture of the Dominican Republic. They analyze a world map, and read and discuss an informational handout. Students can then create a sports page or a word search, or create a timeline of the history of baseball. Young scholars define philanthropy and evaluate how the government would functin without the help of volunteers. They write song lyrics, participate in a class discussion, and complete a Venn diagram. Students research pet food safety laws to find out what is required in general, explore what fellow students consume, consult with veterinarian about what he or she thinks about pet food safety, present findings to classmates, and consider campaign to improve pet food inspection and oversight. Students investigate international trade. In this global economics lesson plan, students discover how products are created and sold in other countries. Students complete worksheets based on different nations and their popular exports. Introduce your class to the often-mysterious world of Iran in this informative and engaging presentation. With political, social, and religious upheavals, Iran's recent history is a hot topic in recent news - as is its future. After this presentation and the discussion that will follow, your class will have a strong context for the stormy relationship between Iran, its neighbors, and the United States. Students study the concept of scarcity and that it requires people to make choices when trying to satisfy their unlimited wants. Groups are given bags of items and must distribute the items in the bag in a way that is acceptable to everyone in the group. Seventh graders examine the various racism and discrimination faced by various ethnic groups in the United States. In groups, they research the legal system and describe the purpose of the United States Constitution. They review cases brought before the Supreme Court and share their effectiveness to change society. To end the lesson, they discuss what the founding fathers meant by racial superiority. Students must read an article about dollar coins and underline the closing argument. They will also find the purpose and supporting facts of the story. Next they will outline their own speech, prior to writing a full paragraph with a strong closing argument. Here is an ambitious lesson which has learners take a look at which nations came up with the most important scientific inventions/advancements during the 20th century. Focusing on group work, cloning is explored. All of the worksheets necessary for implementing the lesson are here, along with quizzes and activities which are clearly explained. In this inventions and cloning worksheet, students answer multiple choice questions, rate the most important discoveries, answer short answer questions, and more. Students complete 8 activities total. Twelfth graders review facts about roles of Asia and Japan in World War II, read When My Name Was Keoko to familiarize themselves with daily life and historic events during World War II in Korea, and participate in student-led discussions on various themes following each chapter read. The postwar Jewish migration to Israel, the difficulties achieving peace in the Middle East, and the role the Middle East plays in global economics are the questions your clever class can answer. They'll show what they know as they respond to each of these short-answer questions. Learners decode archaeological artifacts in order to recreate an event, using discarded objects as a model for real-life artifacts. They apply this model to reconstructing historical or literary events from artifacts they create.	<urn:uuid:f4f0e12a-fe52-4050-9652-399b79600e63>	{ "date": "2014-04-23T09:22:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00147-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9361814260482788, "score": 3.8125, "token_count": 1187, "url": "http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson-plans/government-and-the-economy/4" }
Semantics usually deals with adult language, and language acquisition usually is studied from the perspective of syntax or from a functional perspective, but not systematically from a formal semantic one. This volume contains a collection of writings that focuses on semantic phenomena and their interpretation in the analysis of the language of a learner. The variety of phenomena that are addressed is substantial: temporal aspect and tense, specificity, quantification, scope, finiteness, focus structure, and focus particles. The number of languages in which these phenomena are investigated is very large as well: Dutch, English, German, Inuktitut, Italian, Japanese, and Polish, to name a few. The volume creates a theoretical as well as an empirical bridge between semantic research on the one hand and psycholinguistic acquisition studies on the other.	<urn:uuid:b43a36dd-12af-41f1-b929-76b58480d865>	{ "date": "2015-04-26T17:38:38", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655589.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00018-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9396504163742065, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 179, "url": "http://linguistlist.org/pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=19208" }
A team of engineers were required to measure the height of a flag pole. They only had a measuring tape, and were getting quite frustrated trying to keep the tape along the pole. It kept falling down, etc. A mathematician comes along, finds out their problem, and proceeds to remove the pole from the ground and measure it easily. When he leaves, one engineer says to the other: "Just like a mathematician! We need to know the height, and he gives us the length!" What is "pi"? Mathematician: Pi is thenumber expressing the relationship between the circumference of a circle and its diameter. Physicist: Pi is 3.1415927plus or minus 0.00000005 Engineer: Pi is about 3. "A mathematician is a device for turning coffee into theorems" -- P. Erdos Here's a limerick: Which, of course, translates to: Integral t-squared dt from 1 to the cube root of 3 times the cosine of three pi over 9 equals log of the cube root of 'e'. And it's correct, too. In arctic and tropical climes, the integers, addition, and times, taken (mod p) will yield a full finite field, as p ranges over the primes. The ark lands after The Flood. Noah lets all the animals out. Says, "Go and multiply." Several months pass. Noah decides to check up on the animals. All are doing fine except a pair of snakes. "What's the problem?" says Noah. "Cut down some trees and let us live there", say the snakes. Noah follows their advice. Several more weeks pass. Noah checks on the snakes again. Lots of little snakes, everybody is happy. Noah asks, "Want to tell me how the trees helped?" "Certainly", say the snakes. "We're adders, and we need logs to multiply." Three men are in a hot-air balloon. Soon, they find themselves lost in a canyon somewhere. One of the three men says, "I've got an idea. We can call for help in this canyon and the echo will carry our voices far." So he leans over the basket and yells out, "Helllloooooo! Where are we?" (They hear the echo several times). 15 minutes later, they hear this echoing voice: "Helllloooooo! You're lost!!" One of the men says, "That must have been a mathematician." Puzzled, one of the other men asks, "Why do you say that?" The reply: "For three reasons. (1) he took a long time to answer, (2) he was absolutely correct, and (3) his answer was absolutely useless." 1. What's the contour integral around Western Europe? Answer: Zero, because all the Poles are in Eastern Europe! 2. An English mathematician was asked by his very religious Do you believe in one God? 3. What is a compact city? Answer: Yes, up to isomorphism! It's a city that can be guarded by finitely many near-sighted policemen! Q: What's purple and commutes? A: An abelian grape. Q: What's yellow, and equivalent to the Axiom of Choice? A: Zorn's Lemon. The great logician Betrand Russell (or was it A.N. Whitehead?) once claimed that he could prove anything if given that 1+1=1. So one day, some smarty-pants asked him, "Ok. Prove that you're the Pope." He thought for a while and proclaimed, "I am one. The Pope is one. Therefore, the Pope and I are one." Lemma: All horses are the same color. Proof (by induction): Case n=1: In a set with only one horse, it is obvious that all horses in that set are the same color. Theorem: All horses have an infinite number of legs. Case n=k: Suppose you have a set of k+1 horses. Pull one of these horses out of the set, so that you have k horses. Suppose that all of these horses are the same color. Now put back the horse that you took out, and pull out a different one. Suppose that all of the k horses now in the set are the same color. Then the set of k+1 horses are all the same color. We have k true => k+1 true; therefore all horses are the same color. Proof (by intimidation): Everyone would agree that all horses have an even number of legs. It is also well-known that horses have forelegs in front and two legs in back. 4 + 2 = 6 legs, which is certainly an odd number of legs for a horse to have! Now the only number that is both even and odd is infinity; therefore all horses have an infinite number of legs. However, suppose that there is a horse somewhere that does not have an infinite number of legs. Well, that would be a horse of a different color; and by the Lemma, it doesn't Several students were asked the following problem: Prove that all odd integers are prime. Well, the first student to try to do this was a math student. Hey says "hmmm... Well, 1 is prime, 3 is prime, 5 is prime, and by induction, we have that all the odd integers are prime." Of course, there are some jeers from some of his friends. The physics student then said, "I'm not sure of the validity of your proof, but I think I'll try to prove it by experiment." He continues, "Well, 1 is prime, 3 is prime, 5 is prime, 7 is prime, 9 is ... uh, 9 is an experimental error, 11 is prime, 13 is prime... Well, it seems that The third student to try it was the engineering student, who responded, "Well, actually, I'm not sure of your answer either. Let's see... 1 is prime, 3 is prime, 5 is prime, 7 is prime, 9 is ..., 9 is ..., well if you approximate, 9 is prime, 11 is prime, 13 is prime... Well, it does seem right." Not to be outdone, the computer science student comes along and says "Well, you two sort've got the right idea, but you'd end up taking too long doing it. I've just whipped up a program to REALLY go and prove it..." He goes over to his terminal and runs his program. Reading the output on the screen he says, "1 is prime, 1 is prime, 1 is prime, 1 is prime...." A biologist, a statistician and a mathematician are on a photo-safari in africa. They drive out on the savannah in their jeep, stop and scout the horizon with The biologist : "Look! There's a herd of zebras! And there, in the middle : A white zebra! It's fantastic ! There are white zebra's ! We'll be famous !" The statistician : "It's not significant. We only know there's one The mathematician : "Actually, we only know there exists a zebra, which is white on one side." 1 + 1 = 3, for large values of 1 Theorem : All positive integers are equal. Sufficient to show that for any two positive integers, A and B, A = B. Further, it is sufficient to show that for all N > 0, if A and B (positive integers) satisfy (MAX(A, B) = N) then A = B. Proceed by induction. If N = 1, then A and B, being positive integers, must both be 1. So A = B. Assume that the theorem is true for some value k. Take A and B with MAX(A, B) = k+1. Then MAX((A-1), (B-1)) = k. And hence (A-1) = (B-1). Consequently, A = B. All positive integers are interesting. Assume the contrary. Then there is a lowest non-interesting positive integer. But, hey, that's pretty interesting! A contradiction. The shortest math joke ever: let epsilon < 0 () Two functions meet in a narrow street. () F1: Clear the way! F2: No, I won`t. F1: Move over, or I will differentiate you! F2: Ok, try it, I am the exp-function! Appart from (*) all jokes found at	<urn:uuid:b9d465db-a6db-4d1e-adbc-43679b83eb29>	{ "date": "2016-05-26T12:31:52", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275836.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00196-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589174389839172, "score": 2.703125, "token_count": 1921, "url": "http://www.sgoc.de/math.html" }
jolly rogers pirate.Pirates symbol jolly rogers of skull and cross bones.The Jolly Roger is any of various flags flown to identify a ship’s crew as pirates. The flag most commonly identified as the Jolly Roger today is the skull and crossbones, a flag consisting of a human skull above two long bones set in an x-mark arrangement on a black field. This design was used by several pirates, including Captains Edward England and John Taylor. Some Jolly Roger flags also include an hourglass, another common symbol representing death in 17th- and 18th-century Europe. Despite its prominence in popular culture, plain black flags were often employed by most pirates in the 17th-18th century. Historically, the flag was flown to frighten pirates’ victims into surrendering without a fight, since it conveyed the message that the attackers were outlaws who would not consider themselves bound by the usual rules of engagement.	<urn:uuid:5e5cce17-b1d0-4698-90df-c44aaede55d3>	{ "date": "2013-12-11T18:03:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164040899/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133400-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9725208282470703, "score": 3.53125, "token_count": 191, "url": "http://www.redbubble.com/people/nadil/works/8957846-jolly-rogers-pirate" }
When President Donald Trump announced on June 1 that the United States would exit the Paris climate accord, U.S. cities mounted a massive response: Hundreds of mayors pledged to remain committed to reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Combining climate-friendly politics with high energy usage, U.S. cities are in a position to make major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Residents and local governments in these urban areas not only tend to support such goals, but are also often located in coastal areas that face severe climate dangers. One such example is Philadelphia, which recently sent out a request for information to increase its renewable power purchases. "We're interested in reducing carbon emissions and preparing for climate change because it matters to Philadelphians," Sarah Wu, deputy director of sustainability in that city, told Live Science. "We're already experiencing extreme weather. … It's a global problem with local consequences." But how much can cities do on their own, without the federal government supporting the Paris accord, to curb climate change? We talked with climate experts to find out. [The Reality of Climate Change: 10 Myths Busted] Under the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 by the U.S. and 193 other countries and the European Union, nations committed to establishing their own plans to lower greenhouse gas emissions. The accord states that countries will limit temperature increases this century to "well below" 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above preindustrial levels and will work toward limiting increases to 2.7 degrees F (1.5 degrees C) — measures that experts say would help to prevent the worst effects of climate change. The day after Trump pulled the U.S. out of what he called a "draconian" accord that imposed unfair burdens on the country, more than 80 mayors signed a pledge, posted by the Climate Mayors group, promising to uphold the accord. That pledge has since swelled to include 340 mayors, representing 65 million Americans who live in those cities. The commitments of these cities are significant, said Janos Pasztor, executive director of the Carnegie Climate Geoengineering Governance Initiative nonprofit. "Across the world, the largest concentration of activities happens to be in the big cities," he said. "The emissions are also linked very much to big cities." Indeed, nine of the 10 biggest U.S. cities are located in the 10 states with the greatest greenhouse gas emissions in 2014, according to the EPA. Globally, cities account for 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. U.S. cities' climate capacity These cities can, therefore, make significant emissions reductions, said Seth Schultz, director of science and innovation for C40, a network of global "megacities" committed to climate action. That group's Deadline 2020 study looked at the world's "carbon budget," or the level of greenhouse gases the planet can emit and still stay below a 1.5-degree C increase. The study showed that "if left unchecked, C40 cities … by 2060, would consume the entire planet's carbon budget," he said. "It makes a very compelling case for how important cities are." The C40 report showed that C40 cities (including the 12 in the United States, such as Chicago, New Orleans and Portland) could, via their own actions, achieve over half of their share of the emissions reductions needed to stay on a 1.5-degree trajectory. (The remaining 49 percent of the cities' necessary reductions depend on things beyond a city's control, such as freight, rail and power grids connected to coal-burning power plants, which a city might not control or may only partially influence, Schutlz told Live Science.) But with Climate Mayors' swelling ranks, the nation's urban centers can do even more. If all U.S. cities with populations over 50,000 were to follow the C40 cities' plans, they could achieve 36 percent of the emissions reductions needed to meet the country's Paris pledge. (The U.S. pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 19-21 percent below 2015 levels by 2025.) This estimate comes from the Deadline 2020 report, which investigated emissions levels and the impact of emissions-reductions actions in cities. [8 Ways Global Warming Is Already Changing the World] In an effort led by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, cities could work with a coalitionof states, schools and businesses to help achieve an even loftier goal: meeting all of the United States' emissions-reductions targets under Paris. "We're going to do everything America would have done if it had stayed committed," Bloomberg told The New York Times. There's no single large action that cities can take to reduce their contribution to climate change, said David G. Victor, a climate expert at the University of California, San Diego. Rather, C40 counts 430 smaller, discrete actions cities can take. Cities had been taking such actions in the lead-up to the Paris accord, intensified those actions after the agreement and seem to be further committing themselves after Trump's announcement, "so this is very encouraging," Pasztor said. [Trump Pulls Out of Paris Climate Deal: 5 Likely Effects] "We are continuing to take action," Dan Zarrilli, senior director of New York City's climate policy and programs,told Live Science. "We just realize now we have to redouble our efforts. We directed our own agencies about how we can accelerate our efforts to fight climate change." Other Climate Mayors city officials agreed. "Here, in light of Trump canceling the Paris agreement, committing to the Paris accord goals is a continuation of the work we're already doing, but it's also a signal to the rest of the world that there is a significant portion of Americans who are committed to this goal," Wu of Philadelphia said. The most impactful efforts cities can take include shifting publicly owned utilities to renewables and reducing energy use, C40 told CityLab. For example, renewables make up 23 percent of Austin Energy's power generation mix. In Knoxville, Tennessee, the electricity utility has moved away from coal, while the city has worked to increase public transit ridership by offering amenities such as Wi-Fi, Erin Gill, director of Knoxville's Office of Sustainability, told Live Science. The planned conversion of city lights to LEDs will, combined with the city's other efforts, push Knoxville past its goal of a 20 percent reduction in municipal emissions, Gill said. Both Philadelphia and New York have worked to increase energy efficiency in buildings, as this electricity usage accounts for most of those cities' carbon emissions. Under Philadelphia's benchmarking program, begun in 2012, buildings receive report cards with tailored pointers on efficiency improvements. New York's building energy-efficiency programs, announced in 2016, will produce emissions cuts equivalent to taking more than half a million cars off the road. Houston is in a deregulated energy state, which means the power utility is not publicly owned, but the city has arranged renewable-energy purchase agreements with its private utility. The city also helped pioneer a program in which all city departments share one fleet of hybrid vehicles, and "efficiency skyrocketed," Lara Cottingham, deputy assistant director of sustainability and strategic customer initiatives for the city of Houston, told Live Science. Cities can do even more via collaborations. One of the greatest benefits of networks such as Climate Mayors, Zarrilli said, is that cities learn from one another. For example, Philadelphia and other cities based their building benchmarking programs on a New York initiative, Wu said. Many climate actions would take years to enact if started from scratch, but a program can spread rapidly after pioneering cities figure it out, Schultz told CityLab. "We've made it a priority to engage with other cities … to make sure the things we learn here in New York City can be exported out," Zarrilli said. And those groups recently moved to the even more powerful tactic of collective action, he said. For instance, New York and other Climate Mayors cities made a joint request to manufacturers for over 115,000 electric vehicles to use in city government fleets. Such actions particularly help smaller cities, Zarilli said, because the large joint purchases made with a city like New York can convince manufacturers to lower prices. City coalitions also raise the volume of mayors' voices politically, as they can speak for hundreds of millions of Americans who care about climate change, Wu said. Federal action is still needed As the C40 study shows, U.S. cities can do a lot, but not everything. Nonurban U.S. areas must also make significant reductions, Schultz said. Several crucial efforts will require federal and state action, including funding for alternative transportation and enforcement of the Clean Power Plan, according to a World Wildlife Fund and Local Governments for Sustainability report. The Trump administration has signaled that it will dismantle Obama's Clean Power Plan, which required states to reduce emissions from power plants by 32 percent within 25 years. The goal of cities and states, however, isn't to replace federal action indefinitely, John Coequyt, Sierra Club policy director, told CityLab, but to do as much as possible over the next four years.	<urn:uuid:1017e64e-2c6b-49be-9dbf-a8618862011b>	{ "date": "2019-10-16T17:49:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986669057.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016163146-20191016190646-00376.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.956959068775177, "score": 3.625, "token_count": 1886, "url": "https://www.livescience.com/59758-can-urban-america-save-paris-agreement.html" }
Human egg makes accidental debut on camera 11 June 2008, New Scientist Print Edition By Linda Geddes Look closely: this is history in the making. These are the clearest pictures ever taken of what is the starting point of every human life: ovulation occurring inside a woman's body. See the photos "The release of the oocyte from the ovary is a crucial event in human reproduction," says Jacques Donnez at the Catholic University of Louvain (UCL) in Brussels, Belgium. "These pictures are clearly important to better understand the mechanism." Observing ovulation in humans is extremely rare, and previous images have been fuzzy. Donnez captured the event by accident while preparing to carry out a partial hysterectomy on a 45-year-old woman. The release of an egg was considered a sudden, explosive event, but his pictures, to be published in Fertility and Sterility, show it taking place over a period of at least 15 minutes. Shortly before the egg is released, enzymes break down the tissue in the mature follicle, a fluid-filled sac on the surface of the ovary that contains the egg. This prompts the formation of a reddish protrusion, and after a while a hole appears, from which the egg emerges, surrounded by support cells. It then enters a Fallopian tube, which carries it to the uterus. While there are no immediate medical implications from the pictures, Darryl Russell, who researches reproductive health at the University of Adelaide in Australia, says they are remarkable: "In animals, even when we control hormone levels - allowing us to predict the time at which ovulation will occur - it is very rare to see it in progress." Read more at: Human egg makes accidental debut on camera	<urn:uuid:749ae765-608c-4c53-b689-283739266c02>	{ "date": "2018-04-25T02:54:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947690.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425022414-20180425042414-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.951389491558075, "score": 3.3125, "token_count": 366, "url": "http://smcool.blogspot.com/2008/06/human-egg-makes-accidental-debut-on.html" }
Ernst von Glasersfeld - "Once knowing is no longer understood as the search for an iconic representation of ontological reality but, instead, as a search for fitting ways of behaving and thinking, the traditional problem disappears. Knowledge can now be seen as something which the organism builds up in the attempt to order the as such amorphous flow of experience by establishing repeatable experiences and relatively reliable relations between them. The possibilities of constructing such an order are determined and perpetually constrained by the preceding steps in the construction. That means that the “real” world manifests itself exclusively there where our constructions break down. But since we can describe and explain these breakdowns only in the very concepts that we have used to build the failing structures, this process can never yield a picture of a world that we could hold responsible for their failure. - Glasersfeld (1984) "An Introduction to Radical Constructivism", as cited in: Frederick Burwick, Walter Pape (1990) Aesthetic Illusion: Theoretical and Historical Approaches. pp.26-27 - From an explorer who is condemned to seek 'structural properties' of an inaccessible reality, the experiencing organism now turns-into a builder of cognitive structures intended to solve such problems as the organism perceives. - Von Glasersfeld (1983) cited in: Gary D. Phye (1996) Handbook of Academic Learning: Construction of Knowledge. p. 360 - .. in spite of the fact that it often feels as though the meaning of words and sentences were conveyed to us by the sounds of speech or the signs on a printed page, It is easy to show that meanings do not travel through space and must under all circumstances be constructed in the head of the language users. - Von Glasersfeld (1989, p. 444) cited in: Wolff-Michael Roth (2011) Passibility: At the Limits of the Constructivist Metaphor. p. 110 - "...I believe I have come to adopt a cybernetic way of thinking... I became aware of this in the many conversations with students who were worrying about their future and asked for advice. I heard myself telling them that it was far more important to know what one did not want to do, than to have detailed plans of what one did want to do. One day it dawned on me that this was plain cybernetic advice; It is more useful to specify constraints rather than goals. - And then I explained it by adding that in one’s teens or twenties one usually has already discovered a number of things that one cannot stand, whereas it is quite impossible to foresee what, ten or twenty years later, will provide the satisfactions needed to maintain one’s equilibrium." - What we call knowledge does not and cannot have the purpose of producing representations of an independent reality, but instead has an adaptive function. - Von Glasersfeld cited in: E. John Capaldi, Robert W. Proctor (1999) Contextualism in psychological research?: a critical review. p. 10 - For me, as I later came to say, cybernetics is the art of creating equilibrium in a world of possibilities and constraints. This is not just a romantic description, it portrays the new way of thinking quite accurately. Cybernetics differs from the traditional scientific procedure, because it does not try to explain phenomena by searching for their causes, but rather by specifying the constraints that determine the direction of their development. - ( Von Glasersfeld (2010) Partial Memories: Sketches from an Improbable Life. p. 136 Cybernetics, Experience and the Concept of Self, 1970 - "As a metaphor - and I stress that it is intended as a metaphor - the concept of an invariant that arises out of mutually or cyclically balancing changes may help us to approach the concept of self. In cybernetics this metaphor is implemented in the ‘closed loop’, the circular arrangement of feedback mechanisms that maintain a given value within certain limits. They work toward an invariant, but the invariant is achieved not by a steady resistance, the way a rock stands unmoved in the wind, but by compensation over time. Whenever we happen to look in a feedback loop, we find the present act pitted against the immediate past, but already on the way to being compensated itself by the immediate future. The invariant the system achieves can, therefore, never be found or frozen in a single element because, by its very nature, it consists in one or more relationships - and relationships are not in things but between them. If the self, as I suggest, is a relational entity, it cannot have a locus in the world of experiential objects. It does not reside in the heart, as Aristotle thought, nor in the brain, as we tend to think today. It resides in no place at all, but merely manifests itself in the continuity of our acts of differentiating and relating and in the intuitive certainty we have that our experience is truly ours." ( - pp.186-7 cited in: Vincent Kenny (2010) Remembering Ernst von Glasersfeld at oikos.org, retrieved Oct 11, 2012. - The "second order cyberneticians" claimed that knowledge is a biological phenomenon (Maturana, 1970), that each individual constructs his or her own "reality" (Foerster, 1973) and that knowledge "fits" but does not "match" the world of experience (von Glasersfeld, 1987). - Ernst von Glasersfeld, who founded radical constructivism (RC) in the 1970s, is clearly on Kuhn's side - Luciano L'Abate (2011) Paradigms in Theory Construction. p. 236	<urn:uuid:3c492cf6-4db1-402e-8675-7dd5d1d1e44b>	{ "date": "2016-05-06T19:10:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461862047707.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164727-00188-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9425267577171326, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 1178, "url": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" }
General Equation of the Second Degree The equation of the form is When , and are not simultaneously zero, is called the general equation of the second degree or the quadratic equation in and . An equation of the form is said to be the homogeneous equation of degree , where is a positive integer, and if for some real number , we have For example, the equation is a homogeneous equation of degree , because But the general second degree equation is not homogeneous equation, because Second Degree Homogeneous Equation The equation of the form is called the second degree homogeneous equation.	<urn:uuid:ae54cf7f-a8fb-4043-8b6d-db15b7717b98>	{ "date": "2018-01-17T14:50:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886946.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117142113-20180117162113-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.928813099861145, "score": 2.875, "token_count": 125, "url": "https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/geometry/homogeneous-equation-of-second-degree.html" }
I am not asking anyone to do my assignment for me, I just have no clue what I am suppose to do. I don't know where to start or what exactly the program is looking for. If someone would kindly explain or would help me out with this, I will definitely appreciate all the help I can get. So my assignment is to write a program that used while loops to perform 6 different things. 1. prompt the users to input two integers: firstNum and secondNum (firstNum must be less than secondNum). 2. output all the odd numbers between firstNum and secondNum inclusive 3. output the sum of all the even numbers between firstNum and secondNum inclusive 4. output all the numbers and their squares between 1 and 10 5. output the sum of the squares of all the odd numbers between firstNum and secondNum inclusive 6. output all the uppercase letter. and lastly there is a hint: if currentNum % 2 = 0, then the currentNum is an even number. Otherwise it is an odd number. Once again, I am not expecting or asking anyone to do a whole code or my entire assignment for me. I just really need help because I am so confused with the whole program. Thank You.	<urn:uuid:d6d5b750-409d-44f8-a564-264f02813b52>	{ "date": "2014-11-23T01:52:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378956.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00124-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9310385584831238, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 255, "url": "http://www.codemiles.com/java/need-help-with-code-for-a-while-loop-program-t6870.html" }
Like a smile with missing teeth, the jet’s wings have a gappy quality. Their flaps are gone, exposing a tangle of multi-coloured pipes, tubes and wires. It’s not a dignified look for a plane used to ferrying the wealthy and famous around the globe, yet it will have been worth it if new shape-shifting wings can make aviation safer, quieter and more efficient. The flaps on conventional aircraft wings provide lift, allow safe slow flight and shorten takeoff and landing distances. Unfortunately, they also open up gaps in the wing’s edge, creating turbulent, messy, airflow, which generates noise and makes flight less efficient. This explains the major surgery underway on a Gulfstream III executive jet in one of the hangars at the newly renamed Nasa Armstrong Flight Research Center (formerly Dryden), about an hour north of Los Angeles, California. In place of the jet’s old flaps, Nasa engineers are fitting a new bendable wing control surface known as an Adaptive Compliant Trailing Edge (ACTE). The technology’s key advantage is that it eliminates the gaps in wing edges seen in traditional hinged flaps, replacing them with a gently contoured transition. This improves efficiency compared to traditional flaps which are designed for one particular set of flying conditions, according to Craig Stephens, lead engineer for ACTE at Nasa Armstrong. “It’s a continuous flap so you don’t have that break in the wing,” he says. “The structure having that ability allows you to have the aerodynamic efficiency over a wider range of the flight.” ACTE has been developed by a company named Flexsys. Stephens is reluctant to reveal too many details about how exactly the flexible structure is built and actuated, but the company’s website hints that composite materials, combined with aluminium or titanium, are involved. The system is designed to have jointless mechanisms, using the elasticity of the materials for shape morphing, and with built-in actuators and sensors. The finished article is sitting on a cradle near the Gulfstream III at Nasa Armstrong, awaiting installation. The high-gloss white surface looks plastic, with some flat parts, and some gently corrugated sections to allow bend and flex. Movement is limited at this early experimental stage, but eventually the entire wing could be fabricated from these materials, allowing it to constantly change shape during flight, much like a bird’s wing. It could be twisted in real time to help cancel out the loading effects of gusts of wind, for example. If wings could dump heavy loads they would no longer have to be built to be strong enough to withstand their full force, potentially allowing them to be lighter and therefore help make planes more fuel efficient. Stephens adds that the activity around the Gulfstream III is approaching a critical point. “We’re trying to finish the instrumentation,” he says. “We’re going to be integrating on the aircraft soon, and then we’ll start our flight test process.” “It’s very nerve-racking, adds Ethan Baumann, chief engineer on testing project. “It’s quite a lot coming together in these last few months.” Bauman gives me a tour of the interior of the plane. Any trappings of luxury have been removed. “We pulled the fancy leather couches and everything else out of here, and basically gutted the aeroplane,” he says. The body is now full of racks of equipment, connected by a spaghetti of cables. “Basically we have this airplane instrumented six ways to Sunday!” he exclaims. Only one chair is left – a window seat over the wing for the instrumentation engineer. The test pilots have been preparing in simulators to ensure they’re ready for anything the aircraft could do in flight, including possible emergencies. The tests are being conducted at Edwards Air Force Base, in restricted airspace, and with large, flat lakebeds nearby in case emergency landings are needed. “It’s exciting stuff,” says Tim Williams, a Nasa research pilot. “There are some serious risks here, but we are mitigating them.” Test flights start later this summer, and run until June next year. By then we should have a better idea of whether shape-shifting planes can deliver the benefits those developing them promise, and become a common sight at airports in the years to come.	<urn:uuid:a41787bc-2c8d-41aa-9c44-3b9f76112006>	{ "date": "2014-09-16T11:48:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657114926.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011154-00232-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9517313838005066, "score": 3.5625, "token_count": 947, "url": "http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140512-can-shape-shift-planes-take-off" }
Knin camp was a detention camp run by the rebel Serb army in Knin in the puppet state of Republika Srpska Krajina, that held Croatian detainees, soldiers and civilians, from 1991 until 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence. It consisted out of at least two facilities. The ICTY stated that a prison in Knin, run by the Yugoslav People's Army, held approximately 150 detainees, while the old hospital in Knin, run by “Martic’s Militia”, held approximately 120 detainees. At least two prisoners perished. Former prisoners testified that they were arrested by Serb paramilitary forces and then deported into Knin camp. The detainees were beaten, mistreated and humiliated. Some were threatened to read a written testimony in front of TV cameras from Belgrade and confess crimes against Serbs which they did not commit. One Croatian soldier testified that he was interrogated for 68 consecutive days and received food and water only once a day. Two Catholic priests, Mirko Barbarić and Franjo Halužan, were arrested in Benkovac and then brought to the Knin prison. There one Serb soldier ordered Halužan to make the sign of the cross with three fingers. After that gesture, the soldier kicked his arm with a baton. Other prisoners testified they were forced to eat two full spoons of salt and then drink 0,4 gallons of water at once. Some were tortured with electro shocks, had to eat cigarette ash, wash the toilette floors with their tongues and perform oral sex under threat of murder. In July 1991, Ivica Knez succumbed to heavy beatings and became the first Croatian casualty in a Krajina camp. Detainees were exchanged and released from the camp at the end of 1991 and beginning of 1992. On July 3, 2008, the War Crimes Council of the Šibenik County Court found the defendant Saša Počuča guilty of a war crime against civilians and a war crime against war prisoners in Knin camp and sentenced him to 8 years in prison. He was found to have been a guard in the prison where he tortured and mistreated prisoners. - "Yugoslavia – further reports of torture" (PDF). Amnesty International. March 1992. pp. 22–23. Retrieved December 15, 2010. - ICTY (2002-10-22). "Milošević Indictment (IT-02-54) - paragraph 64 h-i" (PDF). Retrieved January 2, 2011. - Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts, established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex VIII - Prison camps; Under the Direction of: M. Cherif Bassiouni; S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. IV), 27 May 1994 Annex VIII: Prison camps (part 9/10) - Knin. - "Crime in Knin". Centre for non-violence Osijek. Retrieved January 2, 2011. - Grad Glina, informacije i novosti o Glini: U Tepljuhu otkriven spomenik kninskim logorašima, 15 August 2009 - SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT FOR MILAN MARTIĆ, ICTY, The Hague, 12 June 2007 - Dragan Vasiljkovic captured after 43 days on run - Captain Dragan Vasiljkovic left high and dry - High Court rejected key Dragan Vasiljkovic evidence	<urn:uuid:097b26fa-286d-48f2-95fe-be4b31ecb054>	{ "date": "2017-07-27T09:56:16", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427750.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727082427-20170727102427-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9539140462875366, "score": 2.59375, "token_count": 742, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin_camp" }
Armenian Language Lessons This section has a free Eastern Armenian Lessons online course, which will enable English speakers to learn Armenian at their own pace. The specific version of Armenian which you will be learning here is reformed Eastern Armenia. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia, Russia and Iran. If you need to learn Western Armenian, this course would give you a base of Armenian knowledge, but it will more likely just confuse you. A project to make a Western Armenian version is underway at the bottom of this page. The reformed spelling is used in the Republic of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The reform was done under Soviet rule and is not followed by other Eastern Armenian speaking communities, like the Armenians of Iran, nor by Western Armenian speakers. All of these use the classic spelling. - Chapter 1 - Phonetics - Chapter 2 - Morphology - Chapter 3 - Adjectives - Chapter 4 - Numerals - Chapter 5 - Pronouns - Chapter 6a - Verbs - Chapter 6b - Verbs - Chapter 7 - Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections - Chapter 8 - Lexicology and Word Formation - Chapter 9a - Syntax - Chapter 9b - Syntax	<urn:uuid:31d08da4-9f54-4216-8854-6d8bbb7dada3>	{ "date": "2014-11-24T12:09:29", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380627.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00104-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8460065126419067, "score": 3.265625, "token_count": 263, "url": "http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Lessons" }
Tornadoes and School Transportation At times certain weather conditions may occur which will necessitate the cancellation or delay of school bus routes, school athletic, extracurricular activities, or field trips. This document provides suggested safety protocols and procedures on tornados. Information on other severe weather conditions, such as Flash Flood, Lighting, and Winter Storms/ Blizzards will published at a later time. Procedures Prior To Any Emergency It is said that the only thing harder than planning for an emergency is explaining why you did not. Prior to being involved in any emergency situation, whether it is a crash, first aid or weather related, is it important that basic procedures are in place and practiced. Best practice suggests: - each school bus carries an up-to-date roster of passengers, whether the function is a daily route or activity trip. - each school bus carries an up-to-date contact list for school officials and emergency responders consisting of at least telephone numbers (land line and mobile). To the extent practical similar information is available when traveling on out-of-corporation activity trips. - that students, including those that would only ride a school bus for activity trips, participate in school bus evacuation drills at least twice a school year. - On activity trips all passengers (students, adults, teachers, coaches, chaperones, etc.) are advised of: the school bus emergency exit locations and their operation. (e.g., service door, push out windows, side and rear emergency doors, and roof hatches) The school bus driver should demonstrate the operation of each type of exit. - the location of first aid kit and fire extinguisher. - the location and operation of the bus two-way radio or other communication equipment, if so equipped. According to the National Weather Service, “tornadoes can occur any time of day or night, any time of the year. In Indiana, peak tornado occurrences are from April to June and between 3 p.m. and 8 p.m.” The school corporation should have a written severe weather policy that includes school transportation procedures for routes, athletic, field trip and extracurricular activities. Prior to the threat of severe weather the responsibility of the school bus driver: is to be throughly familiar with all roads adjoining their route in the event they are needed to seek shelter. For athletic, extracurricular activities, and field trips the school bus driver should have a map available to determine alternate routes to safety; has pre-determine shelter options (buildings, schools, businesses, homes) along various parts of the route should evacuation be necessary and to the extent practical similar options when on activity trips. In emergency situations most people will offer others shelter when asked; is to know the difference between a tornado watch and a tornado warning. A “watch” means tornadoes are possible in your area; remain alert for approaching storms. A “warning” means a tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. - School administrators and school bus drivers are to routinely monitor weather reports for the prediction of severe weather or announcements of weather advisories. Once en route (daily route or activity trip) the school corporation should have a means to communicate this information to the school bus driver. - When a ‘tornado watch’ is issued a school bus driver is to be prepared for a sudden change in weather condition and alert for the appearance of violent wind, rain, hail, or a funnel shaped cloud. - When a ‘tornado warning’ is issued a school bus driver is to promptly seek shelter for the passengers. - If the warning is announced at or near the dismissal of school the school day students are to remain in the building in a designated safe area. - If the warning is announced while en route a school bus driver is to go a pre- identified shelter or building closest to their current location depending on the immediacy of the tornado threat. - If caught in the direct path of a tornado or one is sighted and pre-identified shelter is not accessible the school bus driver is to: - stop and evacuate the passengers. Do not attempt to ‘out run’ the tornado. Do not remain on the school bus. If the bus is radio equipped advise the school corporation of your bus number and location. - Seek safety in a below ground level area, such as a ditch, ravine, or depression in a location that is: - away from the bus; and - where practical on the side of the road without power lines, utility poles, trees etc. - Do not use above ground locations for shelter. (e.g., road or bridge over passes) - Instruct passengers to lie flat face first and to protect their head by using a jacket, other clothing, or their hands and arms. Advise passengers to ‘not sneak a peak’ at the tornado - After the emergency: - Account for all passengers, check for injuries, and provide first aid if needed. Obtain medical attention if needed. - Before leaving a shelter or the immediate area if out in the open the bus driver should monitor the local sky for a few minutes in the direction the tornado came from to ensure a second tornado does not follow a similar path. - Be alert for continued storm activity, downed power lines, ruptured gas lines, or structural damage to trees, buildings, roads and bridges.	<urn:uuid:1b0d032c-0880-4127-b597-6c1bd565aa8c>	{ "date": "2015-09-02T02:53:28", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645241661.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031401-00229-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9409843683242798, "score": 2.828125, "token_count": 1125, "url": "http://www.doe.in.gov/safety/tornadoes-and-school-transportation?mini=2013-08" }
[Articulate Presenter 5] SVG: The Future Web FormatTom Arah investigates SVG a new graphic format that could revolutionize the Web. As designers have found to their cost the Web was not originally intended to be a design-rich environment. Instead HTML (hypertext markup language) was devised as means of disseminating information in the form of simple, reflowable text. With the arrival of Mosaic and support for the <IMG> image tag things began to change. Now that GIF and JPEG bitmaps could be embedded in Web pages the browsing experience became much more visual. The use of flat-colour GIFs for buttons, logos and headings took Web design onto a new level fueled by the development of dedicated Web graphic programs such as Macromedia Fireworks and Adobe ImageStyler. However, in many ways this reliance on GIFs is just a historical accident as the format is by no means ideal. The body in charge of independent web standards, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), recognised as much and its Graphics Activity group helped develop a new dedicated Web bitmap format, PNG, with features such as better compression, ICC support and alpha transparency. Support for PNG is now growing, with the latest Navigator and Explorer supporting the format natively, but it will be a long time before PNG becomes the premier Web image format. In fact before that happens PNG is itself likely to be superceded. This new Web image standard will be radically different to both GIF and PNG as it won't be based on pixels at all but rather on vectors. The two main benefits that vector images offer over bitmaps - small file sizes and resolution-independent scalability - become absolutely compelling within a Web environment where download times are crucial and viewing platforms vary dramatically. The advantages of vectors for the Web are so clear that a number of developers have already tried producing their own solutions such as Corel Xara's WEB and Deneba Canvas's Colada CVW files. The classic example of the use of such formats is the embedded map where browsers can zoom in on the image without loss of quality and with a download considerably smaller than the comparable fixed-size bitmap. Corel Xara offers vector export but without the necessary plug-in browsers aren't able to see it. The benefits are obvious but so are the problems. To be able to view such formats the browser must either go to the trouble of installing a dedicated plug-in or have Java-based viewing available and enabled, otherwise they won't see a thing. Clearly what is needed is a universal independent standard that both graphic applications and browser developers can support natively and which can therefore deliver the critical mass necessary to ensure the format takes off. Cue the W3C. Back in Spring last year the W3C Graphics Activity group signalled that having finalised PNG they were ready to tackle a new Web-optimised vector format and that they were open to suggestions. A couple of technical CAD-inspired formats were considered but the two major submissions were Adobe's PGML (precision graphics markup language) and Microsoft's VML (vector markup language). The two options were very different in many ways with PGML stressing output quality based on Adobe's Postscript and PDF know-how while VML stressed the importance of re-editability based on Microsoft's Office 2000 experience. What connected both formats though was that they were both conceived of as varieties of XML. In other words, rather than being traditional binary files, both PGML and VML are text-based languages acting to describe graphics in the same way that HTML describes web pages. This has a range of knock-on advantages, as we'll see, but the immediate consequence is that it made it relatively straightforward to combine the best of both approaches into the new W3C-approved Scalable Vector Graphic standard, SVG. At the time of writing the SVG format still has to be finalised and approved but the working drafts posted on the W3C site over the last year make it clear how the format will work. Each SVG graphic is contained within a top level <svg> element which will enable an alternative bitmap to be shown for non-supporting browsers. Within the SVG the vector graphic will be built up with <rect>, <circle>, <ellipse>, <polyline>, <polygon>, and <line> elements with irregular objects handled with the all-encompassing <path>. Shapes can be nested and grouped into <g> elements and, crucially, these can be named and reused. The formatting of these objects is controlled through fill and stroke-based paint operations and again groups of parameters, such as gradients, can be named and reused. Best of all, wherever appropriate such formatting conforms to CSS and can be controlled on a global page level. Putting this all together it's possible to see how a SVG will operate in practice. By centring text over a semi-transparent circle on a rounded rectangle you would have a simple button template. By naming this as a group it could be repeated as many times as necessary with just the overlaying text altered. By embedding each <svg> within <a> anchor tags you could produce all the navigation buttons you need with minimal effort and minimal download. Best of all the buttons would remain live and open to styling. Using a master CSS style sheet you could instantly change the colour of the button elements and text typeface automatically across an entire site! This is huge power in a different league to scalable maps. Effectively you would have the restyling control offered by a dedicated web graphics program like ImageStyler but all available and controllable from a CSS style sheet. Best of all there would be no need to go through the current bitmap-based GIF route so that bandwidth demands could be cut to a fraction. It's no coincidence that today's major dedicated web graphics applications - Fireworks, Xara and ImageStyler - are all vector-based drawing programs optimised to output bitmaps. With SVG you could entirely cut out the bitmap middleman and keep the size and flexibility benefits of vectors throughout the production process from creation to viewing. Throw in the support of Microsoft, Netscape, Adobe, Autodesk, Corel and Quark and you can see that SVG is set to take the world of web graphics by storm. SVG could offer the vector and restyling benefits of Imagestyler without the need for a bitmap middleman. But hang on - hasn't something been forgotten in all this? You would never know it from the W3C deliberations - where the name is never even mentioned - but of course there already is a web vector standard out there: Macromedia's Shockwave Flash format, SWF. This isn't an XML-based language but a more traditional binary format that is embedded in the HTML page through <object> and <embed> tags rather like the GIF binary is through the <img> tag. However that's where the similarities cease as Flash is much, much more than just a GIF replacement. Flash has always recognised that another of the benefits of vector shapes over bitmapped pixels is that once an object has been described all you have to do to animate it is to describe a path or other transformation. In other words all-action movie files are only marginally larger than static images and both are much smaller than their GIF equivalent. Building on this core animation strength Macromedia has added a level of interactivity that in the latest Flash 4 even offers conditional processing. Even better are the multimedia features with excellent streaming MP3 sound and video support for QuickTime 4 movies. Taken together it means that, in comparison to a simple GIF or SVG button, Flash can offer a fully scalable, interactive animated character complete with lip-synched speech and background music! Flash vector movies offer far more than static images. Of course the downside of Flash's binary SWF format is that it needs the Flash player to be installed to be viewable. But even this is no longer a huge problem. The benefits that Flash offers are so vast that the Flash player is a must-have download if you want to be able to appreciate many of the most popular sites on the Web. As such a recent independent survey claims that 83% of browsers are now Flash-ready - a greater market penetration than Netscape, Explorer or even Java can boast. On my own site the figure is nearer 50%, but even so it's clear that Flash usage has reached a level where it becomes the browser manufacturers' responsibility to ensure that they are Flash-compatible and both Microsoft and Netscape now bundle the player with their latest releases. Critical mass has been reached. Suddenly the future for SVG isn't looking quite so bright. Flash offers greater functionality, better compression and a larger installed user base. More to the point it actually exists whereas SVG still hasn't got off the drawing board. Worst of all what looked like SVG's main strength, its XML basis, suddenly looks like a liability. There's simply no way that a text-based description of a graphic can be as efficient as a binary representation so that a Flash equivalent of an SVG file will inherently be smaller. The obvious comparison is to VRML, the text-based virtual reality markup language for describing 3D environments. This offers considerable power but its files are simply too large and slow to have made the impact expected of it. Into the gap has stepped Metacreations with its much more efficient streaming binary format, Metastream. Flash has been such a success that it has effectively moved the goalposts as far as vector-based web image formats are concerned. A simple vector-based replacement for GIFs won't be enough to knock Flash from its position as the de facto Web standard. So is SVG effectively dead on arrival? Absolutely not. Instead it has evolved into a completely new and radically ambitious proposal that could entirely change the face of the Web. Looking at the latest working draft submitted in July shows that SVG will tackle Flash head on. The W3C working draft gives details of the proposed SVG format. The first paragraph of the Introduction shows the format's new scope: "SVG is a language for describing two-dimensional graphics in XML. SVG allows for three types of graphic objects: vector graphic shapes (e.g., paths consisting of straight lines and curves), images and text. Graphical objects can be grouped, styled, transformed and composited into previously rendered objects. The feature set includes nested transformations, clipping paths, alpha masks, filter effects, template objects and extensibility." It's clear that the intention is to use SVG for a lot more than buttons. In particular, in addition to the vector elements described above, SVG also supports JPEG and PNG bitmaps through the <image> element. It's also clear that the compositing control offered over both bitmaps and vectors will be far greater than currently available with the ability to use advanced masks and alpha channels to control features like transparency. All controls available for fills will also be available for strokes which again takes SVG into new territory. Potentially most powerful of all are the filter effects which will allow bitmapped effects, such as semi-transparent drop shadows, to be applied client-side. Thanks to XML's extensibility it will also be possible to embed application-specific data to keep images live and editable and so turning SVG into an all-encompassing graphics standard. Just as significant is the handling of text through the <text> element. Crucially, this is dealt with as XML character data which means that all the text in the SVG remains selectable and searchable just as it is in HTML. With the use of CSS for controlling text formatting within the SVG the distinction blurs further. In fact the SVG should be able to incorporate HTML itself as another stated aim is "to provide a frame for the HTML/CSS processor so that dynamically reflowing text (subject to SVG transformations and compositing) could be inserted into the middle of an SVG document." The new picture of SVG that is emerging is a long way away from zoomable maps and stylizable buttons. In particular it is apparent that the full potential of SVG isn't as embedded fragments within HTML but rather the reverse with the SVG acting as the main document and containing shell. In other words, at its best, SVG will be the Web page itself. Of course this is where the scalable in scalable vector graphics really comes into its own. When the whole page including text is scalable, design can move onto a completely different level. The advanced composition controls are a huge bonus but the real difference will be that whatever device the browser is using, from handheld to 21" monitor to printer, the designer can control exactly what they will be viewing or outputting! Heaven. As the W3C puts it "this benefit to Web users as a community cannot be understated." The real benefit of scalability is that entire pages will look the same on whatever screen they are viewed. In this new page design role, SVG acts like a static Flash counterpart, but that's only the beginning. The second paragraph of the W3C introduction reveals that: "SVG drawings can be dynamic and interactive. The Document Object Model (DOM) for SVG allows for straightforward and efficient vector graphics animation via scripting. A rich set of event handlers such as onmouseover and onclick can be assigned to any SVG graphical object. Because of its compatibility and leveraging of other Web standards, features like scripting can be done on HTML and SVG elements simultaneously within the same Web page." In other words, SVGs will be able to act much like full Flash movies. Animation will be possible thanks to a "syntax for describing simple time-based modifications on any attribute or property on any of its elements." This will enable the creation of motion path animations, fade, scaling and rotation effects and could spell the end for the animated GIF. Interactivity meanwhile becomes possible thanks to the ability to assign standard event handlers to any object or group which will enable rollover and button-based control. Even more significant is the way this is implemented through SVG DOM support which opens up every element in the graphic to scripting. As the working draft says "Every attribute and style sheet setting is accessible to scripting, and SVG offers a set of additional DOM interfaces to support efficient animation via scripting. As a result, virtually any kind of animation can be achieved, including motion paths, color changes over time, and transparency effects." Ultimately it is this integration between the SVG proposal and other existing Web technologies such as DHTML and CSS that is the format's true killer feature and gives it the edge over the standalone Flash format. It means that the graphical elements of a Web page will no longer be seen as semi-detached add-ons but rather form its heart as a fully integrated and fully controllable part of the overall design. As other technologies such as SMIL (synchronised multimedia integration language) come on tap they will be similarly incorporated to produce an unmatchably rich Web experience in which text, graphics, multimedia, style and scripting elements are seamlessly blended. In fact it is this synergy of different technologies, all pulling together to create a product that is more than the sum of its parts, that represents the ultimate scalability in SVG. The benefits for the end user should be immense with the Web experience finally beginning to live up to the WebTV dream. In fact if SVG fulfils its potential it might just be that HTML will come to seem like the poor relation with the richest experiences on the Web only available through SVG and the next generation of XML-based browsers. The revolution could be just as radical for creators as consumers. The days of hand-coding in Notepad will certainly be over with a new breed of truly wysiwyg XML-authoring apps combining the features of Dreamweaver, Fireworks, ImageStyler and Flash into one master program. I can hardly wait. But of course I'll just have to. It's worth remembering that the SVG proposal hasn't yet been finalized at the time of writing and the most common sentence in it is still: "The exact mechanism for providing these capabilities hasn't been decided yet - many details need to be worked out." Even when the format has been approved there's a long way to go before supporting browsers have proved their reliability and developed the necessary user base (especially as Microsoft has steamed ahead with its own VML format in any case). Even then there's the chance that the format will be too download-heavy and slow to render to prove practical. As PNG and VRML have shown, there's a big gap between the drawing board and the real world. For the foreseeable future then there's no question that Flash remains the web vector format of choice. Moreover, with Macromedia's moves in opening up both the SWF format and Flash player code and various hints about future XML-compatibility, there's still a good chance that SWF will see off the SVG challenge. What's not in doubt is that the Web is changing and that the designer's nightmare is definitely coming to an end. In fact, with a technology like SVG at its heart, the Web looks set to become the designer's dream - visual, interactive, animated and scalable. The latest SVG working draft is available from http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-SVG/index.html Hopefully you've found the information you were looking for. For further information please click here. For free trials and special offers please click the following recommended links: For further information on the following design applications and subjects please click on the links below: [3D], [3ds max], [Adobe], [Acrobat], [Cinema 4D], [Corel], [CorelDRAW], [Creative Suite], [Digital Image], [Dreamweaver], [Director], [Fireworks], [Flash], [FreeHand], [FrameMaker], [FrontPage], [GoLive], [Graphic Design], [HTML/CSS], [Illustrator], [InDesign], [Macromedia], [Macromedia Studio], [Microsoft], [NetObjects Fusion], [PageMaker], [Paint Shop Pro], [Painter], [Photo Editing], [PhotoImpact], [Photoshop], [Photoshop Elements], [Publisher], [QuarkXPress], [Web Design] To continue your search on the designer-info.com site and beyond please use the Google and Amazon search boxes below: \|designer-info.com: independent, informed, intelligent, incisive, in-depth...\| All the work on the site (over 250 reviews, over 100 articles and tutorials) has been written by me, Tom Arah It's also me who maintains the site, answers your emails etc. The site is very popular and from your feedback I know it's a useful resource - but it takes a lot to keep it up. You can help keep the site running, independent and free by Bookmarking the site (if you don't you might never find it again), telling others about it and by coming back (new content is added every month). Even better you can make a donation eg $5 the typical cost of just one issue of a print magazine or buy anything via Amazon.com or Amazon.co.uk (now or next time you feel like shopping) using these links or the designer-info.com shop - it's a great way of quickly finding the best buys, it costs you nothing and I gain a small but much-appreciated commission. Thanks very much, Tom Arah [DTP/Publishing] [Vector Drawing] [Bitmap/Photo] [Web] [3D] [Articles/Tutorials] [Reviews/Archive] [Shop] [Home/What's New]	<urn:uuid:34e54ec0-c588-4f65-93eb-2a0f2d526eef>	{ "date": "2014-10-21T23:56:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445159.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00265-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9415355920791626, "score": 2.921875, "token_count": 4084, "url": "http://www.designer-info.com/Web/svg_format.htm" }
• Watering houseplants isn’t quite as easy as it sounds! For one thing, remember that you can kill plants by overwatering just as easily as by underwatering. House plants don’t need as much water in the winter. And plants in glazed or plastic pots don’t need as much water as those in plain terra cotta pots. If you’re someone who forgets to water houseplants, it may help to set a reminder on your phone or email. But check the soil before you water — if it’s dry in the top half inch, go ahead and water, but if it still feels damp, the plant doesn’t need any more moisture. • If caring for houseplants sounds like too much trouble, try a cactus dish garden. Most cacti like bright light, but they’ll tolerate the dry indoor air and infrequent watering . • It’s still too warm to move cold-hardy trees or shrubs in containers into an unheated garage or garden shed. • Check garden supplies that you keep in a shed or unheated garage. Make sure there’s nothing there that shouldn’t freeze, such as liquid fertilizer. Store pesticides in their own containers, and make sure they’re locked away from children and pets. • If you haven’t already done this, put the wire cages up around roses you want to protect for winter. It’s still too warm to cover them, but it’s a lot easier to set up the cages before the ground freezes. • Try not to walk on frozen lawns, as it can kill the grass crowns. • If you have bird feeders out, plan to check, clean and refill every two or three days as demand for food increases. Stephanie Bruner is a freelance writer in Des Moines with a degree in horticulture.	<urn:uuid:5e34db88-ada9-453d-91cd-05dbe58c9dab>	{ "date": "2014-07-29T21:39:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267865.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00336-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9231144785881042, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 407, "url": "http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121201/LIFE/312010018/" }
The University of Maine System strives to provide all with the information literacy skills needed to be successful in an academic environment. Below are two sets of tutorials that will help those who use them to achieve these skills. One is text based and the other is an interactive tool that allows the users to answer questions as they move through the tutorials. Mariner Tutorials – is a text based set of tutorials that describes how to do research, search URSUS and the system indexes, use the internet, evaluate resources, cite sources, and how to work with intellectual and academic honesty. TIP Tutorial (Tutorial for Info Power) – provides an interactive set of tutorials covering the investigation, searching, locating, evaluating, and utilizing of information. The TIP Tutorial includes a 25 question multiple-choice quiz.	<urn:uuid:9cf0e7d5-de78-483d-a584-d977a6a9c63f>	{ "date": "2015-01-27T18:52:13", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856041.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00027-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9038363099098206, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 161, "url": "http://libraries.maine.edu/mariner/tutorials/index.asp" }
Under a Glass Moon In the wilderness, everything wishes either to kill you, or to let something else do it and then consume your remains. Nature has no concept of laws or mercy; in order to live, you must play by its rules. — Jasny, Shifter Ranger Cold, icy polar habitats exist at Kavan’s North and South poles. Polar regions have short summers and long, harsh winters. Only creatures that have adapted—with thick fur, for example—survive there. This dry and hostile habitat often receives less than 4 inches of rain each year. Deserts are very hot by day, but cooler at night. Few animals and plants have adapted to survive these difficult conditions. Those that have are not to be underestimated. Habitats dominated by trees and shrubs are called forests. These regions all teem with life. Wherever it is too dry for forests to grow, or too wet for deserts to form, grasslands appear. Grasses support many plant-eaters as well as creatures who prey on them. Land that is 1970 feet or more above the sea is a mountain. The higher adventurers climb, the thinner the air, the lower the temperature, and the faster the wind speed. Only the toughest creatures survive at these heights, such as giants and trolls. Wherever salt or fresh water cannot easily drain, a wetland such as a swamp forms. They contain a large diversity of creatures, including birds, mammals, reptiles, insects, amphibians, and plants.	<urn:uuid:0f2364f3-21fc-4a5e-8810-46f3729bb102>	{ "date": "2018-04-24T16:30:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946807.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424154911-20180424174911-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9530210494995117, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 313, "url": "http://kavan.obsidianportal.com/wikis/regions" }
Astronomers at the University of Texas at Austin, in partnership with Google, have used artificial intelligence to uncover two more hidden planets in the Kepler space telescope archive. Reportedly, this particular technique shows promise for identifying many additional planets that traditional methods could not catch. According to a press statement given out by the University of Texas at Austin, the planets discovered this time were from Kepler’s extended mission, called K2. To find them, the team, led by an undergraduate at UT Austin, Anne Dattilo, created an algorithm that sifts through the data taken by Kepler to ferret out signals that were missed by traditional planet-hunting methods. Long term, the process should help astronomers find many more missed planets hiding in Kepler data. Other team members include NASA Sagan fellow at UT Austin Andrew Vanderburg and Google engineer Christopher Shallue. In 2017, Vanderburg and Shallue first used AI to uncover a planet around a Kepler star — one already known to harbour seven planets. The discovery made that solar system the only one known to have as many planets like our own. Dattilo explained that this project necessitated a new algorithm, as data taken during Kepler’s extended mission K2 differs significantly from that collected during the spacecraft’s original mission. “K2 data is more challenging to work with because the spacecraft is moving around all the time,” Vanderburg explained. This change came about after a mechanical failure. While mission planners found a workaround, the spacecraft was left with a wobble that AI had to take into account. The Kepler and K2 missions have already discovered thousands of planets around other stars, with an equal number of candidates awaiting confirmation. The two planets Dattilo’s team found “are both very typical of planets found in K2,” she said. “They’re really close into their host star, they have short orbital periods, and they’re hot. They are slightly larger than Earth.” Of the two planets, one is called K2-293b and orbits a star 1,300 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius. The other, K2-294b, orbits a star 1,230 light-years away, also located in Aquarius. Once the team used their algorithm to find these planets, they followed up by studying the host stars using ground-based telescopes to confirm that the planets are real. These observations were done with the 1.5-meter telescope at the Smithsonian Institution’s Whipple Observatory in Arizona and the Gillett Telescope at Gemini Observatory in Hawaii. The future of the AI concept for finding planets hidden in data sets looks bright. The current algorithm can be used to probe the entire K2 data set, Dattilo said — approximately 300,000 stars. She also believes the method is applicable to Kepler’s successor planet-hunting mission, TESS, which launched in April 2018. Kepler’s mission ended later that year. Dattilo plans to continue her work using AI for planet hunting when she enters graduate school in the fall.	<urn:uuid:1967f7f8-e708-4eb7-80cd-4a4744b17a46>	{ "date": "2019-04-21T16:14:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421160020-20190421182020-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.960226833820343, "score": 3.75, "token_count": 643, "url": "https://www.analyticsindiamag.com/ut-austin-scientists-discover-2-new-planets-using-artificial-intelligence/" }
Last week, President Bush vetoed a proposal that would extend the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). SCHIP, instituted in 1997, is a program designed to reduce the number of uninsured children by providing subsidized insurance to children of the working poor. A little background: Jointly financed by the federal and state governments, SCHIP is administered by the states, which determine the design of its program, eligibility groups, benefit packages, payment levels for coverage, and administrative and operating procedures. The program benefits became available on October 1, 1997 and consisted of $24 billion dollars in matching federal funds over a period of 10 years. Medicaid covers approximately 28 million uninsured children. SCHIP aims to extend coverage to 5 million "targeted low-income" children who are ineligible for Medicaid, typically from families with income up to 200 percent of the federal poverty level. In 2007, this comes to about $41,000 for a family of four. There is broad consensus that the program has helped reduce the rate of uninsurance among low income children by almost a third (perhaps such a program could benefit adults, whose rate of uninsurance has steadily climbed). Despite this, the number of uninsured children is relatively staggering– an estimated 9 million (up 600,000 from 2005 to 2006). Some of those are children that were the intended "targets" for SCHIP. It's been a decade and about 30 percent of eligible children have yet to enroll, according to a new government study. For an excellent primer on the specifics of SCHIP and the debate see this issue brief from the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Now for the politics:Read More… Early this year, emboldened by their gains in Congress the Democrats began an effort to expand the program, based on its successes and keeping in mind its previous bipartisan support. If SCHIP funding levels remain the same, many states run the risk of losing coverage for many uninsured children. In July, the Senate voted to allocate $35 billion over the next 5 years; the House later voted, by a far narrower margin, to increase the program by $50 billion. With funding set to expire on Sept. 30, in mid-September the House and Senate agreed on a compromise bill including the Senate's proposed spending increase, which officials estimated would allow the coverage of about four million additional children. This is the bill that President Bush has just vetoed. Appreciate our work? Rewire is a non-profit independent media publication. Your tax-deductible contribution helps support our research, reporting, and analysis. With the House vote at 265-149, the supporters of the bill will likely be unable to override Bush's veto, scheduled for October 18, 2007. In anticipation of the veto, Democratic leaders folded an extension of the S-CHIP program at its current funding level until mid-November into a stopgap budget measure recently passed. What are the reasons given by President Bush, for vetoing the expansion of a successful program? On Wednesday in Lancaster, PA he said, "I believe in private medicine. I believe in helping poor people, which was the intent of SCHIP, now being expanded beyond its initial intent. I also believe that the federal government should make it easier for people to afford private insurance. I don't want the federal government making decisions for doctors and customers." This, of course, is not what SCHIP does. Under it, children are covered by private insurance, and have choices as to which private company they use. "Typically, children have a choice from among competing private health-insurance companies," Stan Dorn, a senior research associate with the Urban Institute, a non-partisan, DC-based research group, said in an NPR interview. "There's no federally specified benefits package. There's no individual entitlement," says Dorn. There are also other myths, spoken as fact by President Bush, reported on by Julie Rovner of NPR. Strangely, what is missing in all this coverage of SCHIP is the awareness children's poverty does not occur in a vacuum. We hear nothing about the rest of their families, poor and likely uninsured themselves. Family income and parent's employment status are perhaps the most important determinants of whether children have health care coverage and of the specific type of coverage they have. Children in mother-headed families are less likely to have insurance. As are children whose parents' jobs do not provide adequate coverage for their dependants. What we have here is not a simple plan to insure poor children; it is a commentary on the state of this nation's working poor, many of whom are women. Poor pregnant women face these discrepancies before their children are born. Low-income women are consistently subject to poor or non-existent pre- and neo-natal care. If the Republicans truly cared about the welfare of pregnant women and the healthy children they hope to have, they would be at the forefront of such legislation. There are so many people in the US who, despite earning well above the federal poverty level are unable to provide health care for their families and young children. Nonetheless, last week we heard the president complain that SCHIP would cover children who don't need government help. "This program expands coverage, federal coverage, up to families earning $83,000 a year. That doesn't sound poor to me," Bush said in Lancaster. Despite the fact that this is not true (the bill actually places limitations on income level eligibility), it demonstrates the administration's cavalier attitude toward the fact that many families who earn well above poverty levels are also unable to cover their children. This debate on SCHIP seems to be a harbinger for the bigger debate about national health policy that has already become a staple issue in the presidential campaigns. It is being reported as a debate between two competing visions of universal coverage: federal or privatized. Allowing this framing of the debate is concession to party-politics. Republicans speak the words "socialized healthcare" with such loathing that you'd think it was the plague itself. Democrats are bending over backwards to make sure we don't think that they're actually advocating socialized healthcare. Yet the system of private coverage is disastrous and has left almost 50 million Americans in the lurch. Perhaps we'd gain more ground if we pushed our legislators outside the useless parameters of this bipartisan debate and into a conversation about how to solve the problem that when many people in our country get sick, they aren't able to get better.	<urn:uuid:e38de9b5-ee0a-4075-b311-07d476217a26>	{ "date": "2017-09-22T20:47:50", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689192.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922202048-20170922222048-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9731043577194214, "score": 2.703125, "token_count": 1322, "url": "https://rewire.news/article/2007/10/09/schip-just-the-beginning/" }
Call our quote line Source - Kansas State University Prevention is always better and often cheaper than treatment. This is the message that two Kansas State University veterinarians hope owners will remember when it comes to pet dental care. “Although prevention may be more effort for the owners, it has the best end result for their pets and often their pocketbook,” said Marjory Artzer, a clinical assistant professor at the K-State Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital. By the age of 3, about 80 percent of dogs and 70 percent of cats already have established periodontal disease, said Jennifer Akers, clinical assistant professor at the Teaching Hospital. She said preventative measures are key to identifying and stopping disease before it gets too bad. Dogs often have more straightforward periodontal disease, ranging from mild cases of gingivitis that can be reversed with cleaning, to more advanced cases where dogs can lose teeth, Akers said. Cats more commonly suffer from problems with tooth resorption and inflammatory disease in their mouth. Both conditions can be very painful for pets, but animals do not have to act as if they are pained for disease to exist in the mouth, according to the K-State veterinarians. Often pain comes on slowly, so the animal has time to adjust. “A lot of times we only know it has been problematic for them after we’ve instituted therapy and they go back to feeling good and have a change in behavior for the better,” Artzer said. Some signs of dental problems include bad breath, bleeding from the gingiva, changes in eating behavior or pawing and rubbing faces. Most dental pathology is best identified by a veterinarian, Artzer said, and to help identify any dental problems, owners should make sure their animals get an oral exam every year with their annual check-up. To help prevent periodontal disease, owners should brush pets’ teeth daily with a pet toothbrush and pet toothpaste. Human toothpaste must not be used, Akers said, as it can be toxic to animals. Water additives, dental chews and dental diets can also help prevent periodontal disease. “For cats, vigilance in observing and trying to intercede as early in the disease process as possible helps to keep them more comfortable longer,” Akers said. “Daily oral health care is important for preventing periodontal disease and also keeps the owners looking in the mouth on a routine basis for signs of problems.” Owners should not give dogs bones or other hard toys, as they are a common cause of tooth breakages. “With the best intention of providing something that owners may think is OK, it can have a very negative outcome,” Artzer said. “If we provide pets with appropriate toys to chew, that is a better scenario.” Both veterinarians said owners should start dental care when pets are babies and easily trainable so that they become accustomed to daily toothbrushing. It is especially important for small breed dogs because they are most at risk for periodontal disease. Unfortunately, according to Akers, veterinarians see many middle age older pets with terrible problems in their mouths, and the owners, only in hindsight, wished that they had done something about it at a young age. But with preventative measures, owners can improve their animal’s quality of life and prevent severe complications of periodontal disease, such as complicating factors for heart conditions, kidney problems or other dental diseases. “Dental care can help pets live a long, happy pain-free life; but no dental care can often lead to very detrimental consequences that can be very painful for our pets and very detrimental for their long term survival,” Akers said.	<urn:uuid:40cef195-50e5-441e-8bbe-87798206d4f7>	{ "date": "2017-08-20T09:53:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9587639570236206, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 783, "url": "https://www.vetsure.com/pet-information/cats/preventative-dental-care-key-to-healthy-pets/" }
Tiny new control device improves lateral stability of airplaneMay 13, 2005 in / Engineers at Lehigh University have designed and successfully flight-tested a new control device that a pilot can use to tailor the lateral stability of aircraft. Joachim Grenestedt, associate professor of mechanical engineering and mechanics, designed "canted tabs" that are attached to the ailerons, the movable control surfaces on the wings that are used to roll an aircraft upright. Grenestedt, an aeronautical enthusiast who owns and flies his own two-seater, said the tabs measure a few inches in length and width. The tabs rotate around an aluminum tube that is inserted into the aileron. Three tabs were mounted on each aileron for the test flights, which took place at the National Test Pilot School (NTPS) in Mojave, Calif. The tabs used in these tests could be adjusted in flight by as much as 30 degrees. When tested on an Aermacchi AM-3 "Bosbok" observation-reconnaissance plane with 8-foot-long ailerons, the tabs made the laterally unstable aircraft stable, Grenestedt said. "We took an unstable aircraft, fitted it with the canted tabs and made it stable. When the plane started to side slip, the tabs applied force to the ailerons, causing the plane to bank, or roll, and regain lateral stability." The Aermacchi does not possess the ability, required of civilian planes, to be rolled upright using the rudder alone. "Normally, you roll an airplane upright using ailerons," said Grenestedt. "If you lose the primary roll control, then you have to use the rudder." The Aermacchi lacks this back-up feature. Russ Stewart, a test pilot instructor with NTPS, said the canted tabs enabled him to roll the Aermacchi using rudders only. "The canted tabs actually made the plane handle properly," said Stewart, who has more than three decades of test-pilot experience. "When they started to deploy to about a third of their range, they turned stick forces to the proper direction." Stability is the tendency of an airplane to fly straight, level and in an upright position. Positive lateral stability means an airplane has the tendency, if disturbed, to return to its original stable position without corrective action by the pilot. Neutral stability means the restoring forces are absent and the plane neither returns from its disturbed position nor moves further away. Negative stability means the plane will tend to move further from its original position. In the case of the Aermacchi, the canted tabs were used to increase lateral stability. However, Grenestedt said the canted tabs could also be used to reduce lateral stability and thus decrease Dutch Roll tendencies and stick forces during cross wind takeoffs and landings. Dutch Roll is an oscillatory motion, combining roll, slip and yaw. These oscillations typically have a short period that is a challenge for the pilot to overcome. A moderate amount of Dutch Roll, while not fatal, tends to provoke nausea, especially in passengers. Grenestedt and Lehigh research scientist Bill Maroun modified a set of conventional ailerons for the Aermacchi, and fitted them with the canted tabs. "We did not know exactly how the Aermacchi would perform," said Grenestedt, who did all the design calculations with pencil and paper. "But the canted tabs showed that they can fix lateral stability deficiencies. "The largest benefit of the canted tabs may be to serve as a cure for lateral stability deficiencies in existing aircraft, reducing the need for extensive airframe modifications." Stewart took the modified Aermacchi on two solo flights to verify its safety and flutter resistance. He and Kent Nelson, an NTPS flight test engineer instructor, completed four more flights with instruments to measure linear and angular accelerations, rudder and aileron deflections, stick force, air speed and altitude. To measure lateral stability, the pilots used various maneuvers, including steady heading side slips, rudder releases, bank-to-bank rolls, and spiral stability flights. In particular, the steady heading side slips showed the effect of the canted tabs. "Deploying half rudder," said Stewart, "the canted tabs changed stick forces from 1 or 2 pounds negative [implying negative lateral stability] to up to 10 pounds positive." Each test flight lasted about an hour and reached an altitude of 5,000 feet. Grenestedt said the idea of mounting canted tabs on ailerons was proposed by his friend Sven-Olof Ridder, a fluid dynamics expert in Sweden who is well-known for his airplane and yacht designs. Source: Lehigh University "Tiny new control device improves lateral stability of airplane" May 13, 2005 http://phys.org/news/2005-05-tiny-device-lateral-stability-airplane.html	<urn:uuid:5e9ef92e-d9bf-457f-9b53-de62509e0e6e>	{ "date": "2015-11-28T21:27:25", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453805.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00135-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9452905058860779, "score": 3, "token_count": 1044, "url": "http://phys.org/print4090.html" }
Reinventing HVAC Design for Green Buildings By Peter Rumsey, P.E., and Chris Lotspeich Posted on: 01/26/2002 systems can and should be as varied in their composition as the range of climates and regions where structures are built. Noted green architect William McDonough, former Dean of the UVA School of Architecture, once said: “Our culture designs the same building for Reykjavik and Rangoon; we heat one and cool the other; why do we do it that way? I call this the Black Sun.” The energy intensity of architectural design is chiefly in the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that create interior comfort by compensating for climatic conditions. Sustainability principles and green building performance characteristics have pushed architects and engineers to reinvent the definition of a climate-responsive design. New strategies for providing comfort in buildings are progressing rapidly but still have much room for improvement. The palette of HVAC options is more expansive than the typical suite of measures now used most green buildings. As this palette evolves, so too will climate-responsive design. Sustainable HVAC systems can and should be as varied in their composition as the range of climates and regions where structures are built. For Sustainable HVAC Systems Design Sustainable building design should make optimal use of available energy flows in the local environment. Structural features and operations should be responsive to climatic conditions. In principle, it is best to use passive measures (such as heating by solar gain) rather than active ones (such as heating by burning fuel). Such techniques as natural ventilation, ground-coupled heat pumps and the like can economically contribute to space conditioning, even if they do not serve all of the required load, by reducing the size and energy intensity of HVAC system’s capacity. But climate control strategies need not be based entirely upon passive approaches to be sustainable. As long as there remains a role for active methods, they should be as environmentally friendly as possible. Mechanical system design is a key feature of sustainable buildings. The equipment associated with climate control — fans, pumps, motors, ducts, pipes, etc. — significantly affect capital and operating costs, energy use, indoor air quality, and environmental impact. Natural Ventilation and Raised Floor Distribution Systems Relatively simple strategies for reducing HVAC energy consumption have come into common use in an effort to streamline project engineering. For example, most new green buildings incorporate either or both natural ventilation and raised floor air distribution. Both of these techniques can work well, yet questions remain about their suitability to all climates and applications. Is natural ventilation alone sufficient in climates with hot, humid summers? What is the range of optimal building sizes for raised floor systems? These questions cannot be answered generically and definitively because design criteria and conditions vary. Natural and underfloor ventilation approaches are sufficient in some cases but not in others. But where they are not appropriate, what are the alternatives? Sustainable HVAC Systems A recent exhibition of green buildings in Europe, Australia and the US, Ten Shades of Green, showcased numerous low-energy climate control strategies. Each of the ten buildings has a unique approach, yet remain many more economical and energy-efficient designs exist, each applicable to a range of particular projects and local conditions. As with other aspects of sustainable architecture, “one size does not fit all.” Below is a partial list of sustainable HVAC system features. One of the more innovative cooling techniques available is the NightSky system, recently developed and pioneered by the Davis Energy Group in California (see Figure 1). It takes advantage of a simple natural phenomenon: The sky is colder at night than it is during the day, particularly in clear conditions, and heat moves from warmer buildings to the cooler sky. A thin layer of water is sprayed on the roof at night, cooled naturally by radiative heat transfer, and then collected for cooling during the day, typically in air handlers or slab cooling systems. While this system does not apply in all climates, it can provide more than 50% of the cooling in areas where night skies tend to be clear with temperatures well below daytime peaks. The NightSky system has been used on a variety of projects, including a US Customs Border patrol station in Nogales, AZ. In that building, the radiant/evaporative roof spray was credited with consistently producing water temperatures at or below 50?F and increasing the measured average efficiency of the cooling system by a factor of 15. One large San Francisco, CA, hotel has four-pipe fan coil units in each guestroom. For over half the year, the free cooling system serves the load, with energy savings exceeding $29,060 annually, which is equal to 34% of the cooling costs. VAV air diffusers are most widely used in U.S. East Coast office buildings. The Ziff Davis headquarters building in New York has over 1,200 Therma-Fusers. Radiant Heating and Radiant heating and cooling systems are widely used in Europe, as well as in parts of North America, but a large potential for stateside application remains. Radiant slab heating technologies have been used in the U.S. since the 1960s, but many performed insufficiently due to poor equipment and installation. Today, radiant system technologies have vastly improved. Slab radiant systems can be used to both heat and cool a building (although radiant cooling is not as applicable in very humid climates). The key to this system is to avoid putting very cold water in the slab while cooling. In most cases, the slab only needs to be kept in the 65–68?F temperature range to provide adequate cooling. In Europe, several sustainable buildings use new radiant chilled ceiling panels. Radiant systems lower a building’s energy use by eliminating the need for fans. Although often overlooked, fans typically use as much as half of an HVAC system’s annual energy consumption. Users of radiant systems are the biggest supporters of this technology, often noting the superior comfort it provides directly to occupants. Low Cost/Low Energy Current pumping systems design is far from optimal. Many systems use three-way valves on air handlers, resulting in full water flow at all times, regardless of heating or cooling requirements. Another common system replaces the three-way valves with two-way valves, but then uses a primary/secondary pumping scheme. This adds cost to the project and often does not result in energy savings due to difficult control issues. The most economical and energy-efficient design combines two-way valves and a primary-only pumping system with variable flow through the chillers or boilers. This system eliminates the use of all secondary pumping and saves considerable energy by varying the flow delivered to the cooling coils depending on cooling load. In addition to lower energy costs and fewer pumps, two-way valve systems do not require costly balance valves or manual balancing. While a full description of the technical details is beyond the scope of this article, there has been extensive discussion of this system option in engineering magazines and journals, and many examples proven in practice in numerous facilities large and small. At the Oakland Museum in Oakland, CA, an award-winning retrofit replaced three-way valves with two-way valves in combination with variable speed, primary-only pumping, saving over $4,100 per year in pumping system operating costs.A similar conversion in Building 858 at Sandia National Laboratories reduced flow by an average of 60%, saving over 470,000 kWh in pumping energy and $247,000 in operating Most engineers size air handlers using a “rule of thumb” of 500 fpm face velocity. Face velocity is the speed at which air passes over the filters or heating/cooling coils in an air handler. While this sizing method saves time, it does not provide the lowest-cost-of-ownership air handler. Optimal face velocities are typically much lower. Lower velocities result in larger air handler boxes, but several benefits result: A dedicated OA air handler solves the problem of decreased OA quantities delivered to occupied zones by maintaining a fixed flow of OA into those zones. A variation that further lowers energy use is to use a carbon dioxide sensor to reduce the amount of OA delivered to an occupancy zone as the number of people in that zone decreases. Also, the dedicated AHU can be used to improve indoor air quality by pretreating incoming OA with (de)humidification, filtration, and heating and cooling (see Figure 5). This allows the indoor air handling system design to focus primarily on return air management, reducing the conditioning requirements and therefore also decreasing the amount of filters, coils, pressure drop and lifecycle cost. This approach was used in combination with a low-face-velocity air handling system and highly efficient equipment in the design for the new Missouri Department of Natural Resources headquarters building in Jefferson City, MO, designed by BNIM Architects. The design’s overall energy use was calculated to be well below 60% of a typical building in the area. Modeling indicates that the low-face-velocity ventilation, efficient equipment and dedicated OA units alone saved nearly 70% of the cooling system energy use when compared to a standard system in the same building. Most of the energy savings were realized due to the efficient Green buildings with mechanical HVAC equipment can provide superior comfort and do not have to cost more than conventional buildings — and indeed, can cost less by simplifying or eliminating mechanical systems and other unnecessary capacity. But sustainable design requires an integrated, whole-systems approach to succeed. Each building should be considered in the unique context of its local environment and ultimate purpose. Collaboration between owners, architects, engineers, contractors and tenants needs to begin at the earliest stage of the project. A broad range of climate control approaches should be evaluated collectively, since HVAC system selection both influences and depends upon many other aspects of the design. Life-cycle cost analysis is vital, as all too often energy-savings measures (e.g., larger air handlers or VSDs) are rejected to reduce capital cost — thereby increasing energy use and total cost of ownership. Pressures to complete projects on time and under budget regularly produce decisions that are penny-wise but pound-foolish. Unfamiliar approaches, new and more efficient technologies, and innovative designs are frequently rejected lest they slow a project down or increase the risk to one of the participants. Follow sustainable design principles, apply engineering fundamentals in innovative ways, and build confidence based on proven examples. The result will be buildings that are more economical, comfortable, life affirming, and pleasant to be in. Key Resource Efficiency Design Principles 1. Big Pipes Principle Bigger, smoother pipes save energy while maintaining desired flow. Increased pipe and duct diameters decrease friction, resistance, pressure drop, and velocities in air and water handling. This in turn allows reductions in the size and capital cost of the pumps, fans, and other equipment that serve the load, thereby reducing the total cost of the system. This is often referred to as the “big pipes, small pumps” principle. 2. The Square Law Pressure drop is proportional to velocity squared. Doubling the surface area of a filter or coil (e.g., by increasing duct diameter, or pleating the filter) allows a 50% reduction in velocity while maintaining equivalent flow, and thereby reduces pressure drop to 1/4th. 3. The Cube Law Fan or pump power is proportional to flow cubed. Cutting velocity in half reduces fan or impeller speed by about 50%, which reduces fan or impeller energy use to 1/8th. 4. Thermal Integration Make use of all economically available differences in temperature from environmental conditions and facility processes before discarding them to the environment. Many buildings consume energy to create heat or coolth, and then spend even more energy removing “waste” heat or coolth from their inputs, processes and facilities, without matching up energy flows and applications. Even partial heating or cooling reduces the amount of fuel needed to complete the job. For example, “waste” heat from an oven or boiler can be used to preheat wash water or intake air. Municipal water or groundwater can act as a source of free cooling. Heat exchangers can allow energy transfer between media or flows that should not mix or make direct contact. In a sense even insulation can contribute to thermal integration, by reducing wasted energy through trapping heat or coolth that would otherwise be lost. courtesy of Rumsey Engineers. Peter Rumsey, P.E., CEM, is a recipient of the 2001 Energy Engineer of the Year award from the Bay Area Chapter of the Association of Energy Engineers. In 2001 he was awarded national recognition from ASHRAE for his work on the Oakland Museum of California. He runs his own engineering design company in Oakland, CA (www.RumseyEngineers.com), and in his career has worked on building energy issues in four continents. Peter is a graduate of UC Berkeley with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering. He can be reached at 510-663-2070 or [email protected]. Chris Lotspeich is an independent consultant. He worked for seven years at Rocky Mountain Institute on energy, sustainability, and security issues on six continents, including leading numerous industrial resource efficiency surveys. He has master’s degrees in both management and environmental studies from Yale, and a B.A. in International Politics from Wesleyan University. He can be reached at 970-948-3280 or Copyright © 2005 by BNP Media	<urn:uuid:f915905d-c424-4d19-a48a-c1d6118a415c>	{ "date": "2015-12-01T18:11:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468971.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00212-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9327036142349243, "score": 2.859375, "token_count": 2879, "url": "http://el.doccentre.info/eldoc/0503/reinventing-HVAC-buildings.html" }
I was watching this video of (WORLD RENOWNED NEUROLOGIST ON THE NEWEST GROUNDBREAKING SCIENCE TO IMPROVE YOUR HEALTH – Fight Mediocrity) where at one point it brings the topic of delivery. So I thought I should know the types of delivery and childbirths. 1. Vaginal Delivery Baby is born through the birth canal. It’s hard to know when exactly you will go into labor, but most women give birth at around 38-41 weeks of pregnancy. Benefits of vaginal delivery: - shorter hospital stays - lower infection rates - quicker recovery - babies born vaginally have a lower risk of respiratory problems 2. Cesarian Section (C-Section) A cesarean section or C-section is the delivery of a baby through a surgical incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. In certain circumstances, a C-section is scheduled in advance. In others, it’s done in response to an unforeseen complication. Events that may require C-Section: - Multiples (twins, triplets, etc) - A very large baby - Previous surgery, C-Sections, or other uterine conditions - Baby is in breech (bottom first) or transverse (sideways) position - Placenta previa (when the placenta is low in the uterus and covers the cervix) - Fibroid or other large obstruction 3. Vaginal Birth After Cesarian In the past, a C-section ended any hope of future vaginal deliveries. But today, thanks largely to changes in surgical technique, VBAC is possible in many cases. VBAC isn’t right for everyone, though. Sometimes a pregnancy complication or underlying condition prevents the possibility of a successful VBAC. 4. Vacuum Extraction During vacuum extraction, a health care provider applies the vacuum (a soft or rigid cup with a handle and a vacuum pump) to the baby’s head to help guide the baby out of the birth canal. 5. Forceps Delivery In a forceps delivery, a health care provider applies forceps (an instrument shaped like a pair of large spoons or salad tongs) to the baby’s head to help guide the baby out of the birth canal. An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum (the area of skin between the vagina and the anus). The incision enlarges the vaginal opening to allow the baby’s head to pass through more easily and to prevent tearing of the mother’s skin. Most women will not need one. This is reserved for special circumstances. There are two types of incisions: the midline, made directly back toward the anus, and the medio-lateral, which slants away from the anus. A local anesthetic might be used in mothers who do not opt for an epidural during labor. 7. Amniotomy (“Breaking the Bag of Water”) An amniotomy is the artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes, or sac, which contains the fluid surrounding the baby. The amniotomy can be done either before or during labor. An amniotomy is usually done to: - Induce or augment labor - Place an internal monitor to assess the uterine contraction pattern - Place an internal monitor on the baby’s scalp to assess the infant’s well-being - Check for meconium (a greenish-brown substance, which is the baby’s first stool) 8. Induced labor Induction of labor usually means that labor needs to be started for a number of reasons. It is most often used for pregnancies with medical problems or other complications. Medical reasons for inducing labor might include: What hurts more: a childbirth or kick on the balls? I’ll say Childbirth. It all sounds so painful and scary to me. I’m really moved by the fact that women show this amount of courage every time they give birth.	<urn:uuid:282f0e49-8938-42fa-a518-ca0cf2342810>	{ "date": "2018-06-18T19:16:28", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860776.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618183714-20180618203714-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8956571221351624, "score": 2.890625, "token_count": 862, "url": "https://manofsteelsuperman.wordpress.com/2016/11/17/types-of-childbirth-delivery-methods/" }
Who is Hamilton? William Rowan Hamilton was born in 1805 and is universally recognised as the greatest mathematician, and arguably the greatest scientist, that Ireland has produced to date. He came to early fame for his work on optics, including his remarkable prediction of the phenomenon of conical refraction, but his lasting fame is for his work on the fundamentals of mechanics. Hamilton’s canonical form of the equations of motion, and his emphasis on the importance of variational principles, remain at the heart of theoretical physics and were essential bridges from the world of classical physics to the modern quantum mechanics. On October 16th 1843 Hamilton’s discovery of quaternions, famously in a moment of inspiration at Broom Bridge, was important in the development of modern abstract algebra and the quaternions remain useful in calculating rotations of solid bodies and are thus important in satellite navigation and video game programming. He states that he pulled out his penknife and scratched on the stone of the bridge the fundamental defining relations for the quaternion algebra. It is annually commemorated by the mathematical community who re-enact the walk and celebrate this flash of creative inspiration at Broom Bridge every 16th October, now called Hamilton Day. Sir William Rowan Hamilton by David Spearman, Dictionary of Irish Biography Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865), mathematician, was born on the night of 3–4 August 1805 (the time was recorded as midnight) at his father's house in Dominick Street, Dublin. He was the second of five children who survived infancy, and the only son, of Archibald Hamilton (1778–1819) and his wife, Sarah (1780–1817). Background and education William's father Archibald was the son of an apothecary; he had served his apprenticeship in an attorney's office and now conducted his own modest legal practice. Both Archibald and his father William before him were freemen of the city of Dublin and his great-uncle Francis Hamilton had been an alderman. William's mother, Sarah, came of a Dublin family called Hutton, who owned a coach-building firm. At age three William was sent to live under the tutelage of his uncle James, who ran the diocesan school at Trim in Co. Meath. He stayed there, apart from short vacation visits to his family, until he entered Trinity College some fifteen years later. William appears to have been quite happy at Trim. James Hamilton was a classicist with some knowledge of oriental languages; he recognised his nephew's precocious talent and fed him an extraordinary diet of the classics, Hebrew, and a wide range of oriental and modern languages. He was quite a taskmaster, albeit a kindly and supportive one, and his nephew responded positively. James Hamilton observed William's remarkable computational skill but he was not competent, and probably not inclined, to encourage his mathematical bent. He did, however, produce for him a copy of Analytical geometry by Bartholomew Lloyd, which was to have a decisive effect. William was then sixteen, and his eyes were opened. ‘Ill-omened gift!’ he wrote, ‘It was the commencement of my present course of mathematical reading, which has in so great a degree withdrawn my attention, I may say my affection, from the Classics’ (letter to his cousin Arthur Hamilton, 1822, Graves, i, 112). Hamilton entered TCD in 1823. He was particularly fortunate that in the decade immediately preceding his entry the teaching of mathematics within the college had been altered almost beyond recognition: new methods from France and Germany were brought into the curriculum, French texts were introduced, and new textbooks were written in English expounding recent continental work. The chief architect of this reform was Bartholomew Lloyd, who was professor of mathematics from 1813 to 1822, then professor of natural philosophy till he was elected provost in 1831. There is no indication that the discipline of regular examinations was harmful to Hamilton, the revised syllabus was reasonably stimulating even to one of such prodigious abilities, and he had every opportunity and encouragement to read outside the course. His tutor, Charles Boyton, was a widely read and intelligent man, a competent mathematician, who, though he did not produce original work himself, could encourage and guide his brilliant student and appears generally to have been an excellent tutor. Optics and astronomy Hamilton's earliest attempts at original work were in geometry. His studies of the work of the French geometer Gaspard Monge on families of surfaces and their normals suggested a new approach to optics based on systems of rays treated mathematically as rectilinear congruences. Within a year of entering college Hamilton had submitted his first paper, describing this work, to the RIA. It was referred back with the recommendation that he should develop his ideas further before resubmitting. He did so, adding substantially to what he had already written, and in 1827 his first famous paper ‘Theory of systems of rays’, was read before the academy. His achievement did not pass unrecognised: John Brinkley, the Andrews professor of astronomy, had lately been appointed to the bishopric of Cloyne and the youthful Hamilton, before he had even graduated, was elected to the Andrews chair. This appointment was remarkable, as the new incumbent had almost no practical experience in astronomical observation and the potential field for the job included some able men of established reputation. Hamilton's appointment to this post, which since 1792 had carried the title of ‘royal astronomer of Ireland’, was profoundly significant in the extent to which it shaped his subsequent career. Fortunately the new royal astronomer did not feel constrained to devote himself unduly to astronomy, though he continued for some time with his important and highly original work in optics. He was, nonetheless, conscious of his responsibility to carry out observations and measurements, and to process and analyse these. Immediately after his appointment he went to stay with Brinkley at Cloyne, receiving valuable advice and guidance; he then accepted the invitation of Thomas Romney Robinson to spend some time with him at the Armagh observatory to gain practical experience. This helped him to assume responsibility for the round of routine observations, which were made with the help of his assistant and his own two sisters who lived with him at the observatory. His position, with a house at Dunsink (a few miles out of Dublin) and a secure if not over-generous salary, was less demanding than a tutorial fellowship, which he would otherwise have held. The field of optics, to which Hamilton still devoted his main efforts, had recently moved back into the centre of the scientific stage, following the discovery of the phenomenon of interference by Thomas Young, and subsequently the publication of two highly significant memoirs by Augustin Jean Fresnel in the early 1820s. For over a century the conflict between the wave and corpuscular theories of light had remained unresolved. Sir Isaac Newton had been led to reject the wave theory because the type of wave that would be required was transverse rather than longitudinal and he could not conceive of a mechanism whereby transverse light waves could propagate. He concluded that light must be corpuscular in nature. Young's demonstration of the phenomenon of interference for light pointed strongly towards a wave interpretation, as interference effects were already familiar features of wave systems – in sound, for example, or in water waves. Among the various observed phenomena that any theory of light would have to encompass was that of double refraction, which had been discovered in 1669 by Bartholomeus. Certain crystals, in particular that known as ‘Iceland spar’, gave a double image: a single ray of light entering the crystal produced two refracted rays, and the phenomenon was thus described as ‘double refraction’. Christiaan Huygens, as early as 1690, had invented an elegant and clever procedure for describing wave propagation, which could also allow for the simpler cases of double refraction, though the more complicated phenomenon in so-called ‘biaxial crystals’ could not be described by that method. Fresnel's remarkable achievement was to devise a model for the propagation of transverse light waves in crystals, which led to Huygens's construction where that was applicable but which could also describe the more complicated phenomena involving biaxial crystals. Fresnel's method was mathematically quite involved: it led to wave surfaces that were geometrically rather complicated and whose properties were by no means immediately obvious from their equations. Hamilton knew and was deeply interested in Fresnel's results. By a stroke of luck or genius or a combination of the two, he noticed a remarkable feature of the wave surface: for a particular direction of the incident ray on a biaxial crystal, instead of double refraction each incident ray gave rise to a complete cone of refracted rays. Hamilton immediately described his discovery to his Trinity colleague, Humphrey Lloyd (son of Bartholomew Lloyd), the recently appointed professor of natural philosophy, and suggested that he should perform the experiment to see if this new and quite unexpected phenomenon did in fact occur. If it did it would strikingly corroborate the Fresnel theory and, by implication, the wave theory of light. Although Lloyd's background and training were in mathematics, he had become interested in experiment and it was as an experimental physicist working in optics and in geomagnetism that he was to achieve distinction. The experiment proposed by Hamilton was not an easy one – the effect was easily obscured and the quality of the crystals available to Lloyd was relatively poor – so the fact that his attempts had a positive outcome was a tribute to Lloyd's considerable skill, as well as to his patience and persistence. The observation of conical refraction was generally seen as a powerful confirmation of the wave theory, the evidence for which was by now hard to reject, despite reservations about the hypotheses underlying Fresnel's theory and the problems posed by the newly observed absorption phenomena. It was a remarkable discovery, a triumph for Hamilton in particular, and one of the classic vindications of the scientific method. Fresnel's theory had been constructed to accommodate known experimental results; from it, following quite elaborate mathematical argument, a new prediction was extracted, which could not have been anticipated and in fact must have seemed rather improbable. Recognition followed swiftly. At the 1834 meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh, Lloyd was invited to give the main review talk on physical optics, and in 1836 he was elected to the Royal Society. In 1835, the year following the Edinburgh meeting at which Lloyd presented his report, the British Association met in Dublin and on this occasion Hamilton, who acted as local secretary and organiser of the meeting, now at the age of thirty a famous man, was knighted by the lord lieutenant. Dynamics and algebra Hamilton's interest now moved from optics to dynamics. In fact this did not represent a total change of direction, for his approach, described in his Essays on a general method in dynamics, closely paralleled his approach to optics. This parallelism between optics and dynamics, emphasised by Hamilton, was to become particularly significant in the twentieth century with the introduction of wave mechanics; Hamilton's work on dynamics is now widely regarded as his most important contribution, though at the time the Essays did not attract a great deal of interest. Only in the twentieth century did the power and generality of the Hamiltonian methods come to be appreciated. Perhaps the most important influence was that on Erwin Schrödinger, who received a thorough grounding in Hamiltonian dynamics from his professor, Friedrich Hasenöhrl, who, in turn, was a student of Arnold Sommerfeld. Schrödinger gave the Hamiltonian formulation a central role in his construction of quantum mechanics. From the mid-1830s until his death in 1865, Hamilton's preoccupation was with algebraic questions; his culminating achievement, which in his own view outweighed all his other work, was the discovery of quaternions in 1843. Hamilton believed that quaternions would provide a valuable key for the understanding of the physical world. This belief has not been vindicated: quaternions have made little direct contribution to the development of physics, though they have found extremely useful applications in the control of spacecraft and in three-dimensional computer modelling (as, for example, in video games). The profound and lasting influence of Hamilton's work in algebra, which began with his description of complex numbers as number pairs, and was followed by the discovery of quaternions and the recognition of their non-commutativity, was the stimulus it gave to the development of algebra as an abstract axiomatic discipline. There is some irony in this. Hamilton was led towards quaternions by a deep metaphysical motivation, based particularly on his reading of Kant, to whose work his friend Coleridge directed him. Hamilton grappled with the German original of the Critique of pure reason, and like his literary friends discovered a natural sympathy for Kant's idealism. But he also found in the Critique technical answers to the questions which he regarded as fundamental to his mathematics. Wanting an intuitive interpretation for the objects of mathematics, he could not accept a mathematics in which the basic elements were merely symbols. Following Kant, he gave meaning to the number system through the intuition of pure time. From this starting-point, which he regarded as fundamental, he constructed the real numbers, then the complex numbers as pairs of real numbers, and then quaternions. Hamilton's outlook parallels exactly that of L. E. J. Brouwer and the intuitionists of the twentieth century, whose constructive approach to mathematics contrasts with the emphasis on consistency alone which marks the more widely held formalist viewpoint. From a historical perspective it is interesting that it was Hamilton's intuitionist approach that led to the radical idea of a non-commutative algebra. The formalist outlook of his Cambridge contemporaries could in principle permit non-commutativity without any difficulty, but until Hamilton constructed the algebra of quaternions the old laws, derived from the real number system, were held to be sacrosanct. Hamilton's own account of his discovery of quaternions, the resolution of the problem that had thwarted and frustrated him for over a decade, is well known. It is an authentic and compelling description of the moment of discovery. It was 16 October 1843 and he was walking from Dunsink into Dublin to attend a meeting at the academy. ‘I then and there felt the galvanic circuit of thought close; and the sparks which fell from it were the fundamental equations between i, j, k; . . . I felt a problem to have been at that moment solved – an intellectual want relieved – which had haunted me for at least fifteen years before’ (letter to P. G. Tait, 1858, Graves, ii, 435–6). Hamilton straightway recorded the equations that give the multiplication law for his so-called quaternions in his pocket book: ‘nor could I resist’, he wrote, ‘the impulse – unphilosophical as it may have been – to cut with a knife on a stone of Brougham Bridge, as we passed it, the fundamental formula’ (letter to his son Archibald, 1865, Graves, ii, 435). Marriage, friends, and character Hamilton's personal life did not match the brilliant success of his academic and professional career. He suffered unrequited love for Catherine Disney, the sister of student friends, which was thwarted by her enforced and unhappy marriage to the Rev. William Barlow; as she lay dying, Hamilton, on his knees, offered her his book Lectures on quaternions. In 1833 he married Helen Maria Bayly (1804–69), to whom he seems to have been devoted, though the marriage was difficult and Helen, who was subject to frequent illnesses and was often absent from their home, was unable to provide an orderly domestic regime for her husband. They were plagued by periodic financial anxieties and Hamilton was troubled by excessive drinking during some periods of his life. But he had many close friends in whom he could confide and with whom he maintained a lively correspondence. Apart from his academic colleagues these included the Dunravens, whose son Lord Adare had been his pupil and lived for a time with him in Dunsink, and the de Veres who lived in remote and romantic Curragh Chase. The novelist Maria Edgeworth and her family were also Hamilton's close friends. Another friend was Lady Wilde, or Speranza as she was known, who invited him to be godfather to her son Oscar, describing him as her ‘little pagan’, which may have been what prompted Hamilton, for whom the responsibility of a godparent would not have been taken lightly, to decline. Hamilton was strongly influenced by the Romantic movement, which accorded with his natural temperament. Wordsworth, whom he visited on several occasions and who came to stay at Dunsink, was a much admired friend, as was Coleridge, who introduced him to the philosophy of Kant. As this influence suggests, Hamilton's science was much affected by his philosophical views and literary connections; at first strongly Berkeleian – not surprising in one connected with Trinity College at that time – his ideas and motives were later influenced by the Kantian perception of algebra as the science of pure time. Poetry was a continuing passion for him, and although Wordsworth gently persuaded him that his vocation was mathematics and not poetry he still wrote verse prolifically, finding an outlet for his deeper sentiments particularly in sonnet form. He saw mathematics as poetic in nature and judged the work of his contemporaries in terms of poetical quality. Among the French mathematicians Fourier commanded his particular respect: He wrote: ‘Fourier was a true poet in mathematics, and in the applications of mathematical science to nature (especially to the theory of heat). So was (though not Laplace) Lagrange, to whose memory I consider as having inscribed those essays on a general method in dynamics’ (letter to John Nichol, 1855, Graves, iii, 48). Politically Hamilton might be described as a moderate conservative. He was a committed member of the anglican Church of Ireland and a firm supporter of the established order. He certainly did not espouse the radical views that, to some extent, his father shared with his godfather, Archibald Rowan. In 1852 he wrote to the English mathematician Augustus De Morgan: ‘my uncle, the Rev. James Hamilton, was a Tory to the backbone, and doubtless taught me Toryism along with Church of Englandism, Hebrew and Sanskrit. My father used to enjoy provoking me into some political or other argument, in which I always took my uncle's side’ (letter to Augustus de Morgan, 1852, Graves, iii, 392). But although Hamilton did not share his godfather's political outlook, and although he firmly supported the union, he was nonetheless a patriotic Irishman who loved his country and was loyal to, and took pride in, its institutions. Hamilton was president of the RIA (1837–46). He was deeply committed to the academy, attached considerable significance to his responsibilities as president, and worked assiduously to promote its interests. He received many honours. His knighthood was conferred in 1835. The year before, he was awarded the Cunningham medal of the academy and the royal medal of the Royal Society, both of these in recognition of his work in optics and in particular the discovery of conical refraction. He was an honorary member of many learned societies though (extraordinarily and for some reason not fully understood), he was not a fellow of the Royal Society. Perhaps the best indication of his international standing is the decision of the newly founded National Academy of Sciences in the USA to place his name first on the list of distinguished scientists to be elected foreign associates. Death and reputation Hamilton died 2 September 1865 at his home at Dunsink, aged sixty, and was buried at Mount Jerome cemetery. His wife died four years later. There were two sons of their marriage, William Edwin and Archibald, and one daughter, Helen, who married Archdeacon John O'Regan (d. 1898) and whose son, John, was Hamilton's only grandchild. At the time of his death Hamilton's reputation was strongly linked with quaternions. Despite the importance of his contributions to algebra and to optics, posterity accords him greatest fame for his dynamics. The formulation that he devised for classical mechanics proved to be equally suited to quantum theory, whose development it facilitated. The Hamiltonian formalism shows no signs of obsolescence; new ideas continue to find this the most natural medium for their description and development, and the function that is now universally known as the Hamiltonian, is the starting-point for calculation in almost any area of physics. Hamilton's manuscript notebooks and miscellaneous papers are in Trinity College Library. A portrait by Sarah Purser hangs in the RIA and there is a portrait bust by J. H. Foley in the Long Room, Trinity College Library. Sources: Robert Perceval Graves, Life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton (3 vols, 1882–9); Thomas L. Hankins, Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1980); Sean O'Donnell, William Rowan Hamilton: portrait of a prodigy (1983); David R. Wilkins (ed.), Perplexingly easy: selected correspondence between William Rowan Hamilton and Peter Guthrie Tait (2005); William Rowan Hamilton, The mathematical papers (4 vols, 1931–2000); ODNB Reproduced with thanks to the Dictionary of Irish Biography	<urn:uuid:9dc44ba4-dcf6-4212-956d-158085fbd850>	{ "date": "2019-11-15T23:25:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668716.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115222436-20191116010436-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9855853915214539, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 4484, "url": "https://www.ria.ie/hamilton-did-it/who-hamilton" }
E is for Eiffel Tower: A France Alphabet by Helen L. Wilbur From its achievements in architecture (Chartres Cathedral), science (Louis Pasteur), and literature (Marcel Proust), the country of France has had a profound impact on the world. E is for Eiffel Tower: A France Alphabet explores its venerable history and cultural heritage. Sumptuous artwork magnifies each letter topic's poem and expository text. Artists and critics tried to stifle The daring design of Gustave Eiffel. Yet a hundred years later, still it stands A symbol of France to other lands. Young readers can experience the treasures of the Louvre Museum, play hide-and-seek in the gardens of Versailles Palace, or get a bird's-eye view of Paris from the Eiffel Tower. The achievements of Claude Monet and Victor Hugo come to life alongside stunning monuments, breathtaking scenery, and history-in-the-making moments. This is Helen Wilbur's fourth book with Sleeping Bear. Helen also authored Lily's Victory Garden; M is for Meow: A Cat Alphabet; and Z is for Zeus: A Greek Mythology Alphabet. She lives in New York City. Yan Nascimbene's work includes over 40 books. Among his prestigious awards are the Society of Illustrators' Silver Medal and the Bologna International Book Fair Graphic Award. His book, Yuki and the One Thousand Carriers, received the Society of Illustrators' Gold Medal. Yan lives in France. - Dewey: 944 - Graphics: Full-color illustrations - Hardcover (9781585365050): 40 pages, 11 (w) x 10 (h), © 2010, 10/12/2010 - PDF (9781410307514): 40 pages, 11 (w) x 10 (h), © 2010, 11/12/2010 - Hosted ebook (9781627534543): 40 pages, © 2014, 08/15/2013 - Subject: Geography, Language Arts - Series: Discover the World - Suggested Interest Level: Age 6 - Age 8 - ATOS Reading Level: 7.6 - ATOS Interest Level: MG - Accelerated Reader® Quiz: 139766 - Accelerated Reader® Points: 1.0 No reviews found. Author: Helen L. Wilbur A former librarian, Helen L. Wilbur spent many years in the world of publishing. She has a B.A. in English Language and Literature from the University of Chicago and an M.A. in Library Science from Columbia University. Helen’s award-winning children’s books include Finnegan and Fox: The Ten-Foot Cop (2014 Bank Street Best Books of the Year for Children, 2013 Creative Child Seal of Excellence Award), Lily’s Victory Garden (2011 Storytelling World Resource Honor Award: Stories for Pre-Adolescent Listeners Category, 2011 IRA Teacher’s Choices Reading List – Primary Category), Z is for Zeus: A Greek Mythology Alphabet (2009 Mom’s Choice Award) and M is for Meow: A Cat Alphabet (a 2007 ASPCA Henry Bergh Honor Book). She shares her writing experiences at conferences, schools, and libraries. Helen lives on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, and spends her summers in the mountains of New Hampshire. Read more about her at helenwilbur.com. Illustrator: Yan Nascimbene Half-French and half-Italian, Yan Nascimbene spent his childhood and adolescence between Paris, Turin, and the south of France before moving to the United States where, as an art student, he met his wife Joan, a painter, writer and ceramist. Yan has drawn over 300 book covers and 40 fully illustrated books, some of which he wrote. His previous children's books include Hachiko: The True Story of a Loyal Dog and Castle of Books.Widely exhibited in France, Italy, the United States and Japan, Yan was awarded the Society of Illustrators' Silver Medal twice and the Bologna International Book-fair Graphic Award three times.	<urn:uuid:8740578d-84c0-40b4-9ba7-22b99fe75803>	{ "date": "2018-10-19T22:14:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512460.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019212313-20181019233813-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8972870111465454, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 865, "url": "https://sleepingbearpress.com/shop/show/11474" }
Technology Use Planning Overview My favorite quote while doing research on the topic of technology use & planning is “The curriculum must be the vehicle for technology integration. Just as reading is content-free (i.e., incorporates all subject areas), so is technology. We must weave technology into the fabric of learning.” (Earle). To me, this sums up technology use, technology is not the end, it is the one of the means to reach the end. Technology becomes part of the lesson, like the textbook, calculator, pencil or worksheet. What is Technology Use Planning? Technology use planning is the deliberate act of setting goals for a school (or business, or other organization), and determining how technology can help achieve those goals. According to Gilbrahar, “technology planning is a major determinant of what is taught, how it is taught and which technology will be used. As technology determines the instruction directly, the decisions about choosing appropriate technology get worthier. By choosing the appropriate technology, teachers have opportunities to change and adapt curriculum in different ways or to improve the quality of classroom activities.” Gilbrahar continues that Technology use planning is not about choosing the tools, but rather determining which technologies will help accomplish the educational goals. Technology planning begins with goal setting, and then determining the needs based on the goals. Schools need to set their goals, next develop a plan to meet those goals rather than just invest in technology for the sake of technology. Kleiman states, “the rapid influx of technology into schools is, in many cases, running ahead of the educational vision and careful planning.” Also, having technology will not improve learning unless schools address the need for professional development, technical support, the availability of appropriate software, classroom management, and curriculum integration. (Kleiman). How can we use the National Education Technology Plan as a resource for technology planning? The National Education Technology Plan calls for “revolutionary transformation” of education using technology. The Plan lays out several areas for improvement. These areas are: learning, assessment, teaching, infrastructure, and productivity. Schools can and should use the NETP as a foundation as they develop their own technology plans. The plan recommends that states continue to set their curriculum, and update the curriculum to include 21st century skills such as s critical thinking, complex problem solving, collaboration, multimedia communication. These skills can and should be expected learning outcomes in curriculum planning. As part of that planning, districts must assess what technologies will help students achieve the learning outcomes. Thoughts on See’s Article This was my favorite reading for this assignment. I agree wholeheartedly with See’s assessment that schools’ technology plans should be output based, not input based. Technology planners should develop a plan that specifies what it is that students, staff, and administration will be able to do with technology and let those outcomes determine the types and amount of technology that a school needs. See continues that “technical applications must be taught as part of an existing subject so students understand how technology can be a tool that makes them a more productive and powerful person.” As a teacher, I agree 100%, I also know that I will need to learn in order to understand how to use the tools, and what kind of lessons I can create to seamlessly integrate technology. Personal Experience with Technology Use Planning From the classroom teacher perspective, I have had very limited experience with technology use planning. In March of 2012, our school published a five year strategic technology plan. As a classroom teacher, I did not have any input into the plan (although there were teacher representatives from all the schools in our town), nor had I reviewed it until this project. I reviewed the plan, and think that it is a good first step, the success of the plan will come with the follow-up and adjustments to the plan. Technology planning has had an impact on the daily operations of the school where I teach. The school recently switched its grading and attendance programs so that we would be compliant with state record keeping requirements. The program that we use, has many components that we do not utilize, and is not always very user friendly. Professional development would help in allowing us to fully integrate the tools into our planning. One key component to technology use planning is professional development. Teachers need to learn not only how to use the technology, but also how to integrate it into the curriculum. Teachers need to understand, that technology is just another tool, like a calculator, the technology becomes part of the everyday learning. “For technology to be used fully in K-12 schools, significant changes are required in teaching practices, curriculum, and classroom organization; that these changes take place over years, not weeks or months, and require significant professional development and support for teachers; and that the needed levels of training and support change as teachers progress through these stages.” (Kleiman). “Integrating technology is not about technology—it is primarily about content and effective instructional practices. Technology involves the tools with which we deliver content and implement practices in better ways. Its focus must be on curriculum and learning. Integration is defined not by the amount or type of technology used, but by how and why it is used”. (Earle). Again, its how we use the tools to reach the goal, a key part is professional development, teachers need to know how to use the tools, so the content is learned by the student. I found this assignment challenging. There is so much that goes into a good Technology use plan, that I felt, how will I ever know all of this! Of course, that is why I am enrolled in the program. Since the start of this class, I have already learned an incredible amount, and my thoughts on technology in education are growing and evolving everyday. Back in January, my focus was, how can I use technology in the class? Now, I’m asking more questions such as, how can I get access to technology in our school? How do we plan effectively for technology integration into curriculum? What tools are available, and how can students use them to learn? How do we create a dynamic acceptable use policy? I am excited to see where this journey will take both my students & me! I chose the following AECT standards: 3.4 Policies and Regulations because any policies put in place need to be part of technology use planning. “Policies and regulations are the rules and actions of society (or its surrogates) that affect the diffusion and use of Instructional Technology” (Seels & Richey, 1994, p. 47). This includes such areas as web-based instruction, instructional and community television, copyright law, standards for equipment and programs, use policies, and the creation of a system which supports the effective and ethical utilization of instructional technology products and processes. 5.4 Long-Range Planning because Technology use planning requires schools to look out to the future to plan their needs. Long-range planning that focuses on the organization as a whole is strategic planning….Long-range is usually defined as a future period of about three to five years or longer. During strategic planning, managers are trying to decide in the present what must be done to ensure organizational success in the future.” (Certo et al., 1990, p. 168). SMETS candidates demonstrate formal efforts to address the future of this highly dynamic field including the systematic review and implementation of current SMET developments and innovations. Bennett, H. (2003) Successful K-12 technology planning: Ten essential elements, Teacher Librarian, 31(1), 22-25. retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.boisestate.edu/docview/224878294/fulltextPDF/13D93428AB3502EDD2D/1?accountid=9649 Earle, R. (2002). The Integration of instructional technology into public education: promises and challenges. ET Magazine Website: 42 (1), 5-13. Retrieved from http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic87187.files/Earle02.pdf Gülbahar, Y. (2007). Technology planning: A roadmap to successful technology integration in schools. Computers & Education, 49(4), 943-956. retrieved from http://www.mdecgateway.org/olms/data/resource/3917/Technology%20Planning.pdf Kleiman, G. M. (2000). Myths and realities about technology in K-12 schools. Leadership and the New Technologies, 14(10). Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/educ260/documents/myths.pdf Mansfield Public Schools, (2012). Five year strategic technology plan. Retrieved from http://www.mansfieldschools.com/pdf%20files/5%20Year%20Tech%20Plan%202012.pdf See, J. (1992). Developing effective technology plans. The Computing Teacher, 19, (8). Retrieved from http://www.nctp.com/html/john_see.cfm US Department of Education. (2010). Transforming America, learning powered by technology. retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/sites/default/files/netp2010-execsumm.pdf	<urn:uuid:8a51a25f-9aa7-4d04-9b9f-88d7e82c34bd>	{ "date": "2018-02-23T00:54:57", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814300.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222235935-20180223015935-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9390191435813904, "score": 3.5, "token_count": 1933, "url": "https://carolinecooneyedtech.wordpress.com/category/standard-5-evaluation/5-4-long-range-planning/" }
James D. Wright (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 2. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 81-87, 2015 14 Pages Posted: 21 Apr 2015 Date Written: 2015 This article reviews the evolution of the concept of assimilation in American social science. It distinguishes assimilation from accommodation as modal adaptation outcomes of different immigrant generations, as well as various aspects that are commonly conflated by the concept (cultural adaptations, economic mobility, social acceptance into a native mainstream); discusses interrelated cultural (subtractive and additive acculturation), structural (primary and secondary integration), and psychological (identification) dimensions of the concept; and describes the process of “segmented assimilation” — how it is that different groups, in varying contexts of reception and incorporation, adapt to and are absorbed into different sectors of the society. Keywords: Assimilation, segmented assimilation, immigration, structural integration, acculturation, reactive ethnicity, identification, modes of incorporation, context of reception, segregation, racialization Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation Rumbaut, Rubén G., Assimilation of Immigrants (2015). James D. Wright (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 2. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 81-87, 2015. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2595896	<urn:uuid:90062e8e-59fd-4983-b600-64a77ca863b0>	{ "date": "2017-09-23T06:04:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8670846223831177, "score": 2.953125, "token_count": 307, "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2595896" }
All of these 95% confidence intervals will be of the form point estimate plus and minus 1.96 times the appropriate measure of uncertainty for the point estimate. A 95% confidence interval for a single population mean is or or . A 95% confidence interval for the difference between two population means, x - y, is When population standard deviations are equal, a 95% confidence interval for the difference between two population means is or or , where sp is the pooled sample standard deviation, so called because it combines or pools the information from both samples to estimate their common population variance Both expressions are informative. The first shows that sp2 is a weighted combination of the individual sample variances, with weights equal to one less than the sample sizes. The second shows that it is calculated by summing up the squared deviations from each sample and dividing by 2 less than the combined sample size. It's worth noting that The right hand side is the sum of the denominators that are used when calculating the individual SDs. In general, when there are many ways to answer a question, the approach that makes assumptions is better in some sense when the assumptions are met. The 95% CIs that assume equal population variances will have true coverage closer to 95% for smaller sample sizes if the population variances are, in fact, equal. The downside is that the population variances have to be equal (or not so different that it matters). Many argue that the interval that makes no assumptions should be used routinely for large samples because it will be approximately correct whether or not the assumptions are met. However, methods (yet to be seen) that adjust for the effects of other variables often make assumptions similar to the equality of population SDs. It seems strange to say that the SDs should be treated as unequal unless adjustments are being made! For this reason, I tend to use the common variances version of CIs, transforming the data if necessary to better satisfy requirement for equal population variances. That said, it is important to add that assumptions should not be made when they are known from the start to be false.	<urn:uuid:77e17848-edfe-44e5-a68a-7c5935268bbe>	{ "date": "2016-02-07T08:31:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148758.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00170-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9317439794540405, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 431, "url": "http://www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/ci_means/formulae.htm" }
After five years, there are still so, so many questions. Can the Gulf Coast make it all the way back — not just from Hurricane Katrina, and not just from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and not just from the recession, but from the toxic multiplier effect of all three? The answer to all of those questions, Gulf Coast leaders, environmental scholars and economists say, is yes. The first thing these people — the rebuilders and analysts and planners who have wrestled with Katrina’s legacy for five years — want you to understand is that it’s still bad in the Gulf Coast: - Only 22 percent of the 18,000 residents of New Orleans’ Lower 9th Ward, which was all but obliterated by floodwaters, have returned, and hundreds of millions of dollars allocated to help city residents rebuild still sit unspent . Across the greater Gulf Coast region, more than 4,000 of the poorest and toughest-to-house residents remain without permanent housing , while tens of thousands of homes remain vacant or uninhabitable. - Post-traumatic stress disorder remains disproportionally high — especially among children in the region. “I guarantee you there have been many deaths in this city just due to the fact that people were having so much stress right after the storm,” says Frank Minyard, the coroner for Orleans Parish and New Orleans. In the larger region, more than a third of the children in displaced families have been clinically diagnosed with PTSD, anxiety or depression since Katrina hit. - The crime rate in New Orleans, which soared amid the collapse of law enforcement after Katrina, remains double the national average. - In New Orleans, median household income among African-American families is $26,000 below that of white families, and for Latinos, it lags by $15,000. In the hardest-hit areas of coastal Mississippi and Alabama, employment remains as much as 10 percent below what it would have been had Katrina not come through. - Annual percentage declines in tourism are projected to remain in the double digits for at least two more years, constricting a significant source of the region’s revenue. That’s on top of tourism income that’s already 40 percent below what it was before Katrina hit; meanwhile, tourism officials say false perceptions about the impact of the oil spill on resort beaches will make the matter worse. - The oil spill killed as many as 24,000 more jobs beyond what disappeared after the hurricane, and a moratorium on the offshore drilling that employs tens of thousands in the region remains in place. “Despite all these three shocks” — Katrina, the recession and the oil spill — “New Orleans is rebounding and, in some ways, beginning to rebound better than before,” says Amy Liu, a senior fellow at the nonprofit Brookings Institution, who co-directed a massive five-year overview of the Katrina recovery for the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center. In Mississippi, says Gov. Haley Barbour, “almost anywhere on the coast, except the very far west, you couldn’t really tell anything had happened if you didn’t know what it looked like before.” “Our beaches are beautiful; the waters are clear; the fishing is fine,” he said. ‘Not about survival but about resurrection’ Remember, the response to Katrina was a failure so complete that it became political shorthand, like “Watergate” and “yellowcake uranium.” Today, political critics are always on the hunt for what they can flourish as “Obama’s Katrina” — a signature breakdown that tars Barack Obama’s presidency the way Katrina tarred George W. Bush’s. But national assumptions about the Gulf Coast are a poor reflection of what’s actually happened there over the past five years, say Liu and her co-author, Allison Plyer, deputy director of the New Orleans data center. They are part of a growing community of environmental and economic specialists who are trying to overturn the common view that the hurricane and the oil spill were ultimately crushing blows to the Gulf Coast. It’s a view taking hold with leaders at all levels of government, who say that while we should never lose sight of the destruction Katrina caused, it’s just as important to recognize the self-reliance and entrepreneurial spirit it unleashed. Mayor Mitch Landrieu, for example, says New Orleans’ schools, arts communities and neighborhoods have blossomed. The future, he says, “is not about survival but about resurrection.” Mayor Les Fillingame of Bay St. Louis, Miss., where downtown is thriving again, says his city is “in full-mode revitalization.” “I feel we are well beyond recovery,” he says. The takeaway, says Scott S. Cowen, president of Tulane University in New Orleans and an economist by training, is that “overwhelmingly, there are more positives than negatives five years after Katrina.” Hurricane sounded alarm for long-term planning, engagement What happened? Basically, Katrina happened. Before Katrina, New Orleans never had a great deal of civic engagement, says Frederick D. Weil, a sociologist at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. That’s why the city actually shrank in population even as the rest of the so-called New South was booming over the last half-century. But instead of retreating into their historical parochial shells, New Orleanians came together, Weil says in a project on civic engagement after Katrina, funded by the National Science Foundation. In the absence of working government structures, “communities were motivated to work together to further their recovery,” Weil concludes in the paper, which was excerpted in the New Orleans data center report. “Citizens had an incentive to cooperate and provide each other with mutual assistance; communities had an incentive to partner with one another; elites had an incentive to accept leadership initiatives from outside their traditional ranks; and government had an incentive to accept offers of assistance and partnership from engaged citizens and communities. “A virtuous circle of growing mutual trust and civic engagement began to displace the old vicious circle of distrust and disengagement.” In their report, Liu and Plyer, citing Weil’s research, conclude that “since 2005, New Orleanians have arguably undertaken more major reforms simultaneously than any other modern American city.” Even as poverty and crime rates remain stubbornly high, the overall quality of life is rising, thanks significantly to grass-roots campaigns to build activism in the arts and in schools and to build new commerce from the ground up, they say. There are more nonprofit arts organizations now than ever before, at 30 per 100,000 population, the IRS says. That’s two-thirds more than there were in 2004, and it’s 2½ times the national rate. New Orleans’ schools are arguably better than they have ever been, with 95 percent of children attending schools that meet state standards in Jefferson Parish and 59 percent in Orleans Parish — up from 80 percent and 28 percent, respectively, in 2003, the state Education Department reports. And at 450 of every 100,000 adults, the proportion of residents starting new businesses is more than double what it was before Katrina and 41 percent above the national average, state records show. That self-reliance is particularly important nowadays, because a hurricane like Katrina probably isn’t a one-time event, Landrieu says, and the New Orleans levee system still hasn’t been bolstered sufficiently to withstand the “category 4 and 5 storms we know are coming our way.” Vera Triplett, a resident of the historic Gentilly neighborhood who helped found the Gentilly Civic Improvement Association in the wake of the hurricane, said “the lesson learned” after Katrina is that “we were not going to make any headway at all if we waited on the government.” "I can tell you that in the Gentilly community, 100 percent everything we got done was because of citizens,” Triplett said this week at a neighborhood forum on the recovery. Recovery spending buffers against recession Katrina is also why the Gulf Coast weathered the recession that began in late 2008 better than almost any other region of the country, says Douglas G. Duncan, chief economist for Fannie Mae. The region underwent a mammoth rebuilding boom after the hurricane, work that didn’t stop as the national economy took a dive. The recession had a real effect, economists say, especially in stalling sales of all those new homes that were being built. But in the main, federal dollars flowing to the region to rebuild infrastructure encouraged hiring, and once the recession hit, they cushioned the impact. Employment is below pre-Katrina levels, as it is across much of the country. But at about 7 percent, the overall unemployment rate is 2½ percentage points lower than the national average, thanks to strong growth in white-collar professions, including the law, insurance and higher education. Those jobs are better-paying than the traditional shipbuilding and engineering jobs they’re replacing, according to U.S. Labor Department statistics. In New Orleans, in fact, average wages have caught up with the national average for the first time in 25 years, having climbed 14 percent since 2005. The big unknown, of course, is what impact the April 20 Deepwater Horizon oil spill will ultimately have. The fishing industry suffered a severe shock, especially among immigrant and refugee communities, and potential longer-term health and environmental effects still need to be assessed. While industry and government leaders and scientists disagree about how much of the spilled oil remains in the Gulf of Mexico, tourism-reliant coastal communities from Florida to Louisiana say the goop has been scrubbed from their beaches, which are open for business. Perception is as much a problem here as reality,because tourism drives 15 percent of employment along the Gulf Coast, and “the true wild card” is whether leisure travelers are getting that message, the independent economic forecasting venture Oxford Economics said in a report last month for the U.S. Travel Association. One of the legacies of Katrina, economic analysts and disaster officials say, is the vast network of services and resources that sprouted after the hurricane. When the Deepwater Horizon blew up, they were in place and ready to go. Those organizations learned a number of “critical lessons” about coordinating efforts and communicating timely information during the response to Katrina, says Maureen Y. Lichtveld, associate director of the population sciences program at Tulane University. There was abundant good information immediately when the oil rig exploded, especially on Web sites created by government agencies and by reliable, scientifically vetted community organizations, she said at an oil-spill workshop organized last month by the National Academies and the Department of Health and Human Services. Liu's project recommends that the network of agencies and community groups that formed under such great hardship after Katrina serve as a model for the longer-term environmental recovery from the oil spill. That’s because the experience of Katrina left residents of the region “better equipped to emerge from future shocks,” Plyer, Liu's co-author, says. Plyer says: “The oil spill exposes unfinished business from Katrina. It’s actually an opportunity.”	<urn:uuid:fbbc4fd2-5c63-4c96-9629-9f73a513f2e8>	{ "date": "2016-02-13T00:43:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165484.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00183-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9611144661903381, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 2385, "url": "http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/breaking/Gulf_Coast_could_be_poised_for_comeback-101552198.html" }
Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS) are objects on, or areas of, the seabed that may release pollution in the future. A rationale for, and design of, a geospatial database to inventory and manipu-late PPMS is presented. Built as an S-100 Product Specification, it is specified through human-readable UML diagrams and implemented through machine-readable GML files, and includes auxiliary information such as pollution-control resources and potentially vulnerable sites in order to support analyses of the core data. The design and some aspects of implementation are presented, along with metadata requirements and structure, and a perspective on potential uses of the database. Journal or Conference Title International Hydrographic Review International Hydrographic Organization Masetti, Giuseppe; Calder, Brian R.; and Alexander, Lee, "Potentially Polluting Marine Sites GeoDB: An S-100 Geospatial Database as an Effective Contribution to the Protection of the Marine Environment" (2012). International Hydrographic Review. 1088.	<urn:uuid:0988ef81-0753-4dbc-9bb2-2c0f72d048e1>	{ "date": "2018-10-22T22:56:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515555.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022222133-20181023003633-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.823523759841919, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 214, "url": "https://scholars.unh.edu/ccom/1088/" }
Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods, 5th Edition This price is valid for United States. Change location to view local pricing and availability. Now in its Fifth Edition, this essential textbook has been used by thousands of students annually in schools of architecture, engineering, and construction technology. The bestselling reference focuses on the basic materials and methods used in building construction, emphasizing common construction systems such as light wood frames, masonry bearing walls, steel frames, and reinforced concrete. New introductory material on the processes, organization, constraints, and choices in construction offers a better look at the management of construction. New sections covering the building envelope uncover the secrets to designing enclosures for thermal insulation, vapor retarders, air barriers, and moisture control. The Fifth Edition also features more axonometric detail drawings and revised photographs for a thoroughly illustrated approach and the latest IBC 2006, CSI MasterFormat, ASTM references, and LEED information.	<urn:uuid:43faa6fc-000e-4233-bde0-280751242296>	{ "date": "2013-05-22T21:54:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8849434852600098, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 190, "url": "http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047007468X.html" }
David B. Kopel and Stephen D'Andrilli (From an article in American Rifleman, February 1990) "What America can learn from Switzerland is that the best way to reduce gun misuse is to promote responsible gun ownership." In the right to bear arms debate, pro-gun Americans point to Switzerland, where almost every adult male is legally required to possess a gun. One of the few nations with a higher per capita rate of gun ownership than the United States, Switzerland has virtually no gun crime. Therefore, argue the pro-gunners, America doesn't need gun control. Yet Handgun Control, Inc. (HCI), in its brochure "Handgun Facts," points to Switzerland as one of the advanced nations with strict handgun laws." The brochure states that all guns are registered, and handgun purchases require a background check and a permit. Gun crime in Switzerland is virtually non-existent. Therefore, concludes Handgun Control, America needs strict gun control. Who's right? As usual, Handgun Control is wrong, but that doesn't necessarily make the pro-gun side right. Gun ownership in Switzerland defies the simple categories of the American gun debate. Like America, Switzerland won its independence in a revolutionary war fought by an armed citizenry. In 1291, several cantons (states) began a war of national liberation against Austria's Hapsburg Empire. In legend, the revolution was precipitated by William Tell, although there is no definitive proof of his existence. Over the next century, the Swiss militia liberated most Switzerland from the Austrians. The ordinary citizens who composed the militia used the deadliest assault weapons of the time, swords and bows. Crucial to the Swiss victory was the motivation of the free Swiss troops. - From the very first years of Swiss independence, the Swiss were commanded to keep and bear arms. After 1515. Switzerland adopted a policy of armed neutrality. For the next four centuries, the great empires of Europe rose and fell, swallowing many weaker countries. Russia and France both invaded, and the Habsburgs and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire remained special threats. But Switzerland almost always retained its independence. The Swiss policy was Prévention de Ia guerre par Ia volonté de se défendre During World War I, both France and Germany considered invading Switzerland to attack each other's flank. In World War II, Hitler wanted the Swiss gold reserves and needed free communications and transit through Switzerland to supply Axis forces in the Mediterranean. But when military planners looked at Switzerland's well-armed citizenry, mountainous terrain, and civil defence fortifications, Switzerland lost its appeal as an invasion target. While two World Wars raged, Switzerland enjoyed a secure peace. At home, the "Swiss Confederation" developed only a weak central government, leaving most authority in the hands of the cantons or lower levels of government. The tradition of local autonomy helped keep Switzerland from experiencing the bitter civil wars between Catholics and Protestants that devastated Germany, France and England. In 1847-48, liberals throughout Europe revolted against aristocratic rule. Only in Switzerland did they succeed, taking control of the whole nation following a brief conflict called the Sonderbrund War. (Total casualties were only 128.) Civil rights were firmly guaranteed, and all vestiges of feudalism were abolished. Despite the hopes of German reformers, the Swiss did not send their people's army into Germany in 1848 to assist popular revolution there. When the German revolution failed, autocratic Prussia considered invading Switzerland, but decided the task was impossible. As one historian summarises: "Switzerland was created in battle, reached its present dimensions by conquest and defended its existence by armed neutrality thereafter." The experience of Swiss history has made national independence and power virtually synonymous with an armed citizenry. Today, military service for Swiss males is universal. At about age 20, every Swiss male goes through 118 consecutive days of recruit training in the Rekrutenschule. This training may be a young man's first encounter with his countrymen who speak different languages. (Switzerland has four official languages: German, French, Italian and Romansch.) Even before required training begins, young men and women may take optional courses with the Swiss army's M57 assault rifle. They keep that gun at home for three months and receive six half-day training sessions. - From age 21 to 32, a Swiss man serves as a "frontline" troop in the Auszug, and devotes three weeks a year (in eight of the 12 years) to continued training. From age 33 to 42, he serves in the Landwehr (like America's National Guard); every few years, he reports for two-week training periods. Finally, from ages 43, to 50, he serves in the Landsturm; in this period, he only spends 13 days total in "home guard courses." Over a soldier's career he also spends scattered days on mandatory equipment inspections and required target practice. Thus, in a 30-year mandatory military career, a Swiss man only spends about one year in direct military service. Following discharge from the regular army, men serve on reserve status until age 50 (55 for officers). By the Federal Constitution of 1874, military servicemen are given their first equipment, clothing and arms. After the first training period, conscripts must keep gun, ammunition and equipment an ihrem Wohnort ("in their homes") until the end of their term of service. Today, enlisted men are issued M57 automatic assault rifles and officers are given pistols. Each reservist is issued 24 rounds of ammunition in sealed packs for emergency use. (Contrary to Handgun Control's claim that "all ammunition must be accounted for," the emergency ammunition is the only ammo that requires accounting.) After discharge from service, the man is given a bolt rifle free from registration or obligation. Starting in the 1994, the government will give ex-reservists assault rifles. Officers carry pistols rather than rifles and are given their pistols at the end of their service. When the government adopts a new infantry rifle, it sells the old ones to the public. Reservists are encouraged to buy military ammunition (7.5 and 5.6mm-5.56 mm in other countries-for rifles and 9 and 7.65 mm Luger for pistols, which is sold at cost by the government, for target practice. Non-military ammunition for long-gun hunting and .22 Long Rifle (LR) ammo are not subsidised, but are subiect to no sales controls. Non-military non-hunting ammunition more powerful than .22 LR (such as .38 Spl.) is registered at the time of sale. Swiss military ammo must be registered if bought at a private store, but need not be registered if bought at a range The nation's 3,000 shooting ranges sell the overwhelming majority of ammunition. Technically, ammunition bought at the range must be used at the range, but the rule is barely known and almost never obeyed. The army sells a variety of machine guns, submachine guns, anti-tank weapons, anti-aircraft guns, howitzers and cannons. Purchasers of these weapons require an easily obtained cantonal license, and the weapons are registered. In a nation of six million people, there are at least two million guns, including 600,00 fully automatic assault rifles, half a million pistols, and numerous machine guns. Virtually every home has a gun. Besides subsidised military surplus, the Swiss can buy other firearms easily too. While long guns require no special purchase procedures, handguns are sold only to those with a Waffenerwerbsschien (purchase certificate) issued by a cantonal authority. A certificate is issued to every applicant over 18 who is not a criminal or mentally infirm. There are no restrictions on the carrying of long guns. About half the cantons have strict permit procedures for carrying handguns, and the other half have no rules at all There is no discernible difference in the crime rate between the cantons as a result of the different policies. Thanks to a lawsuit brought by the Swiss gun lobby, semi-automatic rifles require no purchase permit and are not registered by the government. Thus, the only long guns registered by the government are full automatics. (Three cantons do require collectors of more than 10 guns to register.) Gun sales from one individual to another are regulated in five cantons and completely uncontrolled in all the rest. Retail gun dealers do keep records of over-the-counter gun transactions; transactions are not reported to or collected by the government. (This is also the policy in the U.S. during those periods the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms feels like obeying the law.) In Switzerland, purchases from dealers of hunting long guns and of smallbore rifles are not even recorded by the dealer. In other words, the dealer would not record the sale of a .30-06 hunting rifle, but would record the sale of a .30-06 Garand. Thus, Handgun Control's assertion that all Swiss guns are registered is just plain wrong, and its claim that "Switzerland and Israel strictly control handgun availability" is more than a little inaccurate. Anybody, including this author, can make mistakes about the complexities about foreign gun laws. Nevertheless, even the most careless authors ought to do better than Handgun Control's brochure "Handgun Facts," in which almost every "fact" about Switzerland is wrong. But Handgun Control's misstatements are no worse than those contained in a highly biased Library of Congress book Gun Control Laws in Foreign Countries (which tax dollars paid for). That book claims that in Switzerland "the policy is not to provide automatic guns and other dangerous weapons to the general population"-an utter untruth, at least if one considers adults to be part of "the general population." The book also asserts that "the sale of handguns to individuals is restricted and reflects a clear Swiss government policy of keeping this strict control." Yet the only individuals who are "restricted" from buying handguns are children, the insane and ex-criminals. If ever a nation had "a well-regulated militia," it is Switzerland. Nineteenth-century economist Adam Smith thought Switzerland the only place where the whole body of the people had successfully been drilled in militia skills. Indeed, the militia is virtually synonymous with the nation. "The Swiss do not have an army, they are the army, says one government publication. Fully deployed, the Swiss army has 15.2 men per square kilometre; in contrast, the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. have only .2 soldiers per square kilometre. Switzerland is 76 times denser with soldiers than either superpower. Indeed, only Israel has more army per square kilometre. Switzerland is also the only Western nation to provide shelters fully stocked with food and enough supplies to last a year for all its citizens in case of war. The banks and supermarkets subsidise much of the stockpiling. The banks also have plans to move their gold into the mountainous center of Switzerland in case of invasion. The nation is ready to mobilise on a moment's notice. Said one Swiss citizen-soldier, "If we start in the morning, we would be mobilised by late afternoon. That is why the gun is at home, the ammunition is at home. The younger people all have automatic rifles. They are ready to fight." Citizen-soldiers on their way to mobilisation points may flag down and commandeer passing automobiles. Since 1291, when the landsgemeinden (people's assemblies) formed circles in the village squares, and only men carrying swords could vote, weapons have been the mark of citizenship. As a Military Department spokesman said, "It is an old Swiss tradition that only an armed man can have political rights." This policy is based on the understanding that only those who bear the burden of keeping Switzerland free are entitled to fully enjoy the benefits of freedom. In 1977, the Münchenstein Initiative proposed allowing citizens to choose social or hospital work over military duty. It was rejected at the polls, and in both houses of parliament (the Bundesversarn- mlung's Nationalrat and Ständerat). There are provisions for conscientious objectors, but this group only numbers .2% of conscripts. In 1978, Switzerland refused to ratify a Council of Europe Convention on Control of Firearms. Since then, Switzerland has been pressured by other European governments, which charge that it is a source for terrorist weapons. As a result, in 1982 the central government proposed a law barring foreigners in Switzerland from buying guns they could not buy in their own countries and also requiring that Swiss citizens obtain a license to buy any gun, rather than just handguns. Outraged Swiss gun owners formed a group called "Pro Tell," named after national hero William Tell. In 1983, the Federal Council (the executive cabinet) abandoned the restrictive proposal because "the opposition was too heavy" and suggested that the cantons regulate the matter. A few months earlier, the Cantonal Council of Freiburg had already enacted such a law by a one-vote margin. A popular referendum overturned the law the next year, by a 60%-40% vote. Whatever the effect of Swiss guns abroad, they are not even a trivial crime problem domestically. Despite all the guns, the murder rate is a small fraction of the American rate, and is less than the rate in Canada or England, which strictly control guns, or in Japan, which virtually prohibits them. The gun crime rate is so low that statistics are not even kept. The suicide rate, though, is almost double the American rate. Guns are used in about one-fifth of all Swiss suicides compared to three-fifths of American and one-third of Canadian suicides. It is not Switzerland's cultural makeup, or its gun policies per se, that explain that low crime rate. Rather, it is the emphasis on community duty, of which gun ownership is the most important part, that best explains low crime rate. In Cities With Little Crime, author Marshall Clinard contrasts the low crime rate in Switzerland with the higher rate in Sweden, where gun control is more extensive. The higher Swedish rate is all the more surprising in view of Sweden's much lower population density and its ethnic homogeneity. One of the reasons for the low crime rate, says Clinard, is that Swiss cities grew relatively slowly. Most families live for generations in the same area. Therefore, large, heterogeneous cities with slum cultures never developed. Proud to have the weakest central government in the West, Switzerlan is governed mainly by its 3,095 Einwohrnergemeinde (communes, sub-states of a canton). Several cantons still make their laws by the traditional Landsgemeinden system, whereby all eligible voters assemble in annual outdoor meetings. Unlike the rest of Europe, the police force is decentralised. Judges and jurors are popularly elected. With less mobility, and more deeply developed community ties, there is less crime. Most democratic nations impose long prison terms more frequently than does America, but Switzerland does not. For all crimes except murder, the Swiss rarely inflict a prison term of more than a year; most serious offenders receive suspended sentences. As in Japan, the focus of the criminal justice system is on the reintegration of the offender into the community, rather than punishment. As for the non-criminal Swiss, the saying is that everyone is his own policeman. Foreign visitors are surprised to see Swiss pedestrians always waiting at traffic lights, even when there is no traffic. The mass transit systems successfully depends on voluntary payment. Clinard infers that strong central governments weaken citizen initiative and individual responsibility. He concludes: Communities or cities that wish to prevent crime should encourage greater political decentralisation by developing small government units and encouraging citizen responsibility for obedience to the law and crime control." In Nations Not Obsessed With Crime, Freda Adler comes to many of the same conclusions as Clinard. She, too, emphasises the communal system of government-in which all laws are enacted by popular vote-and the stability of residential patterns. Most Swiss still live in traditional patriarchal families. In fact, Switzerland has the lowest percentage of working mothers of any European country. While America was debating the Equal Rights Amendment, Switzerland was wondering whether women should be allowed to vote. (The long delay in female suffrage may have something to do with the equation of civil rights and militia service.) Schools are strict, and teenagers have less freedom than in most of the rest of Europe. Studies shows that Swiss teenagers, unlike teenagers in other countries, feel closer to their parents than to their fellow teenagers. Communications between the generations are open. Among the factors contributing to the inter-generational harmony is military service, which provides an opportunity for all groups of males to interact. Adults and youth share many sports, such as skiing and swimming. Target shooting is another important shared pastime, with community awards and team trophies often displayed in restaurants and taverns. At the annual Feldschiessen weekend, more than 200,000 Swiss attend national marksmanship competitions. In the home, writes John McPhee, "while a father cleans his rifle at the kitchen table his son is watching, and 'the boy gets close to the weapon' ". Marshall Clinard explains that because army weapons must be kept in the home much activity associated with the proper care of weapons, target practice, or conversations about military activities become common in the family. All of this, together with the other varied activities carried out in Switzerland across age lines, has served to inhibit the age separation, alienation, and growth of a separate youth culture that has increasingly become characteristic of the United States, Sweden, and many other highly developed countries. Although these factors represent only one aspect of a total Swiss way of life, they play no small part in the low crime rate and the crime trend." Close analysis of Swiss gun laws also shows how silly it is for Handgun Control to point to Switzerland as a model. If-as Handgun Control claims-Switzerland's lenient licensing system is the reason Switzerland has so little handgun crime, then Handgun Control ought to commit itself to reform of several American laws. First of all, Handgun Control should oppose the gun prohibition laws in Washington, D.C., and other cities-since Switzerland proves that lenient licensing is all that is needed to stop gun crime. Second, Handgun Control should work to repeal laws which prohibit Americans from owning howitzers, anti-aircraft guns, and other military weapons. Switzerland allows ownership of these weapons by anyone who can meet the simple requirements for a handgun license. And thanks to the "howitzer licensing" system there is no howitzer crime in Switzerland. Since Swiss-style handgun licensing is the main reason Switzerland has no handgun crime (claims Handgun Control), a Swiss-style system of howitzer licensing would also be a good idea for America. Lastly, Handgun Control should reverse its policy, and work for repeal of America's ban on the possession of machine guns manufactured after 1986. Handgun Control should push America to adopt the Swiss policy: having the government sell machine guns at discount prices to anyone with an easily obtained permit. It is not likely, though, that Handgun Control will follow the logic of its advertising, and work to let Americans own licensed machine guns and howitzers. But until Handgun Control does so, it should stop talking about what a good handgun licensing system Switzerland has. If Handgun Control should stop its rhetoric about Switzerland, what should pro-gun Americans do? They can talk about Switzerland, but they cannot expect to win the American gun argument with the Swiss example. Analysis of Switzerland does demolish the simplistic notion "more guns, more gun crime." More important than the number of guns is their cultural context. In Switzerland, guns are an important element of a cohesive social structure that keeps crime low. While Switzerland is clear proof that guns are not in themselves "daemons" (as one Denver priest recently claimed), Switzerland does not by itself prove the ease against gun control in America. Indeed, author Clinard argues that strict gun controls are necessary in the U.S. Clinard's argument cannot be dismissed out of hand. After all, few readers of this magazine would want America to adopt the lenient criminal sentencing practices of Switzerland. Opponents of lenient sentencing would argue, correctly, that America does not have the stable, integrated community structures of Switzerland. Thus, the American government must take a more coercive, authoritarian role in controlling prisoners, to make up for the lack of community controls. The same point might be made about guns. Although guns are more available to the Swiss, Swiss gun culture is more authoritarian than America's. Gun ownership is a mandatory community duty, not a matter of individual free choice. In Switzerland, defence of the nation is not a job for professional soldiers or for people who join the army to learn technical skills for civilian jobs. Defence of the nation is the responsibility of every male citizen. Thus, American gun owners must win the gun control argument based on conditions in America, not conditions in Switzerland. The implicit argument of Clinard (and of most American gun controllers) is that while the Swiss may be responsible enough to own even the deadliest guns, Americans are not. Before rejecting this argument, American gun owners might wonder if an unmanned American mass transit system could count on payment by the honour code. Further, America obviously has a large criminal class of gun abusers, and Switzerland does not. If strict gun control could actually disarm that criminal element in America, there might be an argument for gun control. But as Josh Sugarmann, former communications director for the National Coalition to Ban Handguns (NCBH), wrote in The Washington Monthly: "handgun controls do little to stop criminals from obtaining handguns." Sugarmann and NCBH favour gun control not to disarm criminals, but because they believe that non-criminal Americans cannot be trusted with handguns. The coalition's political affairs director, Eric Ellman, has said that "the majority of gun owners are not responsible." Yet a look at the facts shows that more than 99% of American citizens who are not professional felons are just as suited for gun ownership as any Swiss militiaman. Ordinary American citizens use guns competently. Every 48 seconds, someone uses a handgun to defend himself against a crime (according to Florida State University's Gary Kleck, using data collected by liberal pollster Peter Hart in a poll paid for by the anti-gun lobby). Regular American citizens do not shoot each other in moments of passion; the vast majority of such shootings are perpetrated by thugs with a record of violence and substance abuse. And contrary to the claims of the anti-gun lobby, Americans are not so careless that they cannot be trusted with potentially dangerous objects like guns. Gun accidents account for less than 2% of the nation's 92,000 accidental deaths annually. Suicides have little to do with gun availability. Japan has no guns, while Switzerland is deluged with every gun in the book, and both nations have the same suicide rate. Of course the more that U.S. governments can do to make gun use in America even more responsible, the better. Switzerland shows how successful governments can be in promoting responsible gun use. Elementary schools in America should have gun safety classes which teach children never to touch a gun unless a parent is present, and they should be taught to tell an adult if they see an unattended gun. The NRA actively promotes this idea, and the National Association of Chiefs of Police endorses it. But Handgun Control opposes this reasonable, sensible safety measure. Has HCI gone off the deep end? High schools and colleges wishing to offer target shooting as a sport should be allowed to do so. Unlike football or swimming, scholastic target shooting has never resulted in a fatality. The anti-gun groups oppose the sensible step of allowing the schools to offer students the safest sport ever invented. Have they gone off the deep end'? Finally, local governments should enact reasonable zoning laws, which allow the construction of indoor shooting ranges (properly ventilated and sound insulated) in urban areas. In some cases, governments should subsidise the building of ranges. At target ranges, Americans can take lessons in gun responsibility, and practice safe gun handling skills. As you might expect, the anti-gunners oppose this simple safety measure too. They've gone off the deep end. What have we learned from Switzerland'? Guns in themselves are not a cause of gun crime; if they were, everyone in Switzerland would long ago have been shot in a domestic quarrel. Cultural conditions, not gun laws, are the most important factors in a nation's crime rate. Young adults in Washington, D.C., are subject to strict gun control, but no social control, and they commit a staggering amount of armed crime. Young adults in Zurich are subject to minimal gun control, but strict social control, and they commit almost no crime. America-with its traditions of individual liberty-cannot import Switzerland's culture of social control. Teenagers, women, and almost everyone else have more freedom in America than in Switzerland. What America can learn from Switzerland is that the best way to reduce gun misuse is to promote responsible gun ownership. While America cannot adopt the Swiss model, America can foster responsible gun ownership along more individualistic, American lines. Firearms safety classes in elementary schools, optional marksmanship classes in high schools and colleges, and the widespread availability of adult safety training at licensed shooting ranges are some of the ways that America can make its tradition of responsible gun use even stronger. Armed to the Teeth, and Free by Stephen P. Halbrook The Wall Street Journal Europe June 4, 1999 In 1994, when the U.S. Congress debated whether to ban "assault weapons," a talk show host asked then-Senator Bill Bradley (New Jersey), a sponsor of the ban, whether guns cause crime. The host noted that, in Switzerland, all males are issued assault rifles for militia service and keep them at home, yet little crime exists there. Sen. Bradley responded that the Swiss "are pretty dull." For those who think that target shooting is more fun than golf, however, Switzerland is anything but "dull." By car or train, you see shooting ranges everywhere, but few golf courses. If there is a Schuetzenfest (shooting festival) in town, you will find rifles slung on hat racks in restaurants, and you will encounter men and women, old and young, walking, biking and taking the tram with rifles over their shoulders, to and from the range. They stroll right past the police station and no one bats an eye. (Try this in the U.S., and a SWAT Team might do you in.) Tourists-especially those from Japan, where guns are banned to all but the police-think it's a revolution. But shooting is the national sport, and the backbone of the national defense as well. More per capita firepower exists in Switzerland than in any other place in the world, yet it is one of the safest places to be. According to the U.N. International Study on Firearm Regulation, England's 1994 homicide rate was 1.4 (9% involving firearms), and the robbery rate 116, per 100,000 population. In the United States, the homicide rate was 9.0 (70% involving firearms), and the robbery rate 234, per 100,000. England has strict gun control laws, ergo, the homicide rate is lower than in the U.S. However, such comparisons can be dangerous: In 1900, when England had no gun controls, the homicide rate was only 1.0 per 100,000. Moreover, using data through 1996, the U.S. Department of Justice study "Crime and Justice" concluded that in England the robbery rate was 1.4 times higher, the assault rate was 2.3 times higher, and the burglary rate was 1.7 times higher than in the U.S. This suggests that lawfully armed citizens in the U.S. deter such crimes. Only the murder and rape rates in the U.S. were higher than in England. The small number of violent predators who commit most of these crimes in the U.S. have little trouble arming themselves unlawfully. The U.N. study omits mention of Switzerland, which is awash in guns and has substantially lower murder and robbery rates than England, where most guns are banned. Here are the figures: The Swiss Federal Police Office reports that in 1997 there were 87 intentional homicides and 102 attempted homicides in the entire country. Some 91 of these 189 murders and attempts involved firearms. With its population of seven million (including 1.2 million foreigners), Switzerland had a homicide rate of 1.2 per 100,000. There were 2,498 robberies (and attempted robberies), of which 546 involved firearms, resulting in a robbery rate of 36 per 100,000. Almost half of these crimes were committed by non-resident foreigners, whom locals call "criminal tourists." Sometimes, the data sound too good to be true. In 1993, not a single armed robbery was reported in Geneva. No one seems to be looking at the Swiss example in the U.S., however. Congress is stampeding to pass additional firearm restrictions in response to the events of April 20, when two students used guns and bombs to murder a dozen classmates and a teacher in Littleton, Colorado. Yet in 1996, a man who legally owned guns under England's strict regulations went on a rampage, murdering 16 children and a teacher in Dunblane, Scotland. Parliament then banned all handguns and most rifles. But there have been no school massacres in Switzerland, where guns and kids mix freely. At shooting matches, bicycles aplenty are parked outside. Inside the firing shelter, the competitors pay 12-year-olds tips to keep score. The 16-year-olds shoot rifles with men and women of all ages. In fact, the tourist brochure "Zurich News" recommends September's Knabenschiessen (boy's shooting contest) as a must-see: "The oldest Zurich tradition . . . consists of a shooting contest at the Albisguetli (range) for 12 to 16 year-old boys and girls and a colorful three-day fun-fair." The event has been held since 1657, and attracts thousands of teenage participants and spectators. While many shoot for sport, all males aged 20 to 42 are required by militia system regulation to keep rifles and/or pistols at home. In addition, gun shops abound. Yet firearms are rarely used in crime. Homicide is tied to a willingness to resort to violence, not the mere presence of guns. The prevalence of firearms in the home and the participation of youth in shooting matches bind youth to adults and discourages a generation gap. By contrast, homicide rates are highest in the underdeveloped countries, many of which ban private firearm possession. In some, private murder does not compare to the genocidal murder committed by governments against their unarmed subjects. In America, firearms take on a sinister reputation from the nightly news and violent movies. But in Switzerland, firearms symbolize a wholesome, community activity. The typical weekend shooting festival brings out the entire family. Beside the range is a huge tent where scores or hundreds of people are eating, drinking, and socializing. With cantonal and rifle club banners fluttering in the wind, the melody of rifle fire blends with Alpine music and cow bells. Since its founding in 1291, Switzerland has depended on an armed populace for its defense. William Tell used a crossbow not only to shoot the apple from his son's head, but also to kill the tyrant Gessler. For centuries, the cantonal republic defeated the powerful armies of the European monarchs. Machiavelli wrote in 1532: "The Swiss are well armed and enjoy great freedom." This coincidence has not escaped the notice of those who oppose liberty. Monarchist philosopher Jean Bodin, writing in 1606, denounced free speech and arms possession by commoners. Subjects must be disarmed to prevent democratic sedition, he said. The Swiss proved, Bodin wrongly averred, that arms bearing was "the cause of an infinite number of murders." The Swiss militia model, however, preserved democracy and held Europe's despots at bay. In fact, it inspired the rebellious American colonists. John Adams praised the democratic Swiss Cantons, where every man was entitled to vote on laws and to bear arms. Patrick Henry, another American Founding Father, lauded the Swiss for maintaining their independence without "a mighty and splendid President" or a standing army. The Swiss influence is clear in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which provides: "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." Today, it has become fashionable to hate this orphan of the Bill of Rights. However, a quick glance at history shows that tyrannical governments kill far more than do private criminals. But first, governments must disarm their victims. In 1933, the Nazis seized power via massive search-and-seizure operations for firearms against "Communists," i.e., all political opponents. In 1938, during the Night of the Broken Glass, they disarmed the Jews. When the Nazis occupied Europe in 1939-41, they proclaimed the death penalty for any person who failed to surrender all firearms within 24 hours. There may be various reasons why the Nazis did not invade Switzerland, but one of those reasons is that every Swiss man had a rifle at home. For this we have no better record than the Nazi invasion plans, which stated that, because of the Swiss shooting skills, Switzerland would be difficult to conquer and pacify. European countries occupied by the Nazis had strict gun controls before the war, and the registration lists facilitated confiscation of firearms and the execution of their owners. By being able to keep out of both world wars in part through the dissuasive factor of an armed populace, Switzerland demonstrates that civilian firearm possession may prevent large numbers of deaths and even genocide. The Holocaust never came to Switzerland, the Jewish population of which was armed just like their fellow citizens. In the rest of Europe, what if there had been not just one, but two, three, or many Warsaw Ghetto Uprisings? Traditionally, the Swiss Cantons had few firearm regulations. The first federal firearms law was recently enacted. Certain firearm purchases require a permit, and others do not. On retirement, every soldier may keep his rifle or pistol. Surplus assault rifles may be purchased by any Swiss citizen from the Military Department. The bottom line is one of attitude. Populations with training in civic virtue, though armed, do not experience sensational massacres or high crime rates. Indeed, armed citizens deter crime. Switzerland fits this mold. Similarly, America's lawful "gun culture" is peaceful. Sadly, some of its subcultures are not. Return to Offense And Defense \|Home\|\|Greetings\|\|Who We Are\|\|Helpful Info\|\|Rest Room\|\|Search\|\|Contact Us\|	<urn:uuid:636da31d-5427-4c17-9df1-5ba56dab8526>	{ "date": "2014-09-02T09:09:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909030952-00040-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9595799446105957, "score": 2.59375, "token_count": 7297, "url": "http://www.ecclesia.org/truth/swiss.html" }
Astronomers have discovered a white dwarf who survived a supernova explosion. Such dwarfs have unusual characteristics and behavior compared to standard stars. When a big star exhausts all nuclear fuel, it can shed its outer layers of matter and shrink into a hot, wrinkled celestial body called a white dwarf. In the end, when gravity continues to compress the star’s dying core, it can collapse — explode into a supernova — and leave behind a superdense neutron star or black hole. The authors of the new study discovered an unusual star named LP 40-365. This is a white dwarf that moves incredibly fast to the edge of the galaxy. Scientists consider him to be a “partially burnt remnant of flight”, suggesting that this star managed to survive a supernova explosion and stay alive. True, it should be said that the explosion was not so powerful – according to astronomers, its strength was even lower than the average. Such explosions are called type Ia cricket bombs. Oddly enough, this unusual star is not an isolated case. Using data from the Gaia Space Telescope of the European Space Agency, the authors of the study also found three additional stars in other parts of the Galaxy with properties and trajectories similar to LP 40-365. Researchers say that these four strange stars may represent a new type of fate for white dwarfs, who are running out of fuel. They explode and remain charred, shrunken and sweeping across the galaxy at incredible speeds, but still largely intact. Such partially burned dwarfs form a special class of “runaway” stars, according to the authors of the study, and can shed light on the complex factors that cause stars to explode. But scientists have yet to figure out the mechanism of such a transformation.	<urn:uuid:d1ef9aa9-fbf0-4052-9598-8c86fd3630ee>	{ "date": "2020-01-18T09:03:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00136.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9355412721633911, "score": 3.65625, "token_count": 364, "url": "https://earth-chronicles.com/space/a-new-type-of-white-dwarf-discovered.html" }
The essential condition for a map, to be used in routing, is integrity of the road network. Ideally, there should be a single strongly connected component. All edges of the road network should be accessible for routing. Unfortunately, there are currently 1,000,000+ inaccessible edges (road segments) in OSM data. It looks that fixing them all will be hard toil. Here is a small tool that can make this task easier: It works in a very simple way: it displays one of the inaccessible road segments found by OSRM test, and loads it automatically into JOSM for editing. Currently, inaccessible edges from selected areas (Poland, Finland, European part of Russia, Thailand and Japan) are suggested for fixing. In the near future it will be extended to the whole world. The utility has user interface in English and Russian, other languages can be added if somebody helps me with translation. Also, there is a description of the most typical situations: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/So_that_is_what_inaccessible_road_is! and suggestions how to fix them. Inaccessible roads in Thailand Visualized a bit differently from OSRM Small Components layer, the components are clustered.	<urn:uuid:26a0c835-5d51-4fbc-805a-1a9ae0c11475>	{ "date": "2018-01-19T19:39:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8978367447853088, "score": 2.828125, "token_count": 260, "url": "http://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Zkir/diary/17915" }
The Cincinnati Bible Wars: When the KJV was removed from public schools Dr. Warren ThrockmortonDr. Warren Throckmorton's Weblog - 2011 May 03 The month of May marks 400 years since the publication of the King James Version of the Bible. The most published book in history, the KJV was once widely read in public schools around the nation. However, in 1872 that trend was reversed by the Ohio Supreme Court in Minor v. Board of Education of Cincinnati which addressed what was called at the time, the “Cincinnati Bible Wars.” In 1869, the Cincinnati Board of Education voted to remove the KJV from the public schools, sparking angry protests and petition drives locally and news interest from coast to coast. Initially, the removal of the KJV was proposed to attract Catholic families who were troubled by readings of the Protestant KJV. However, the case soon became a dispute about the role of religion generally in the public schools. Proponents of the Bible argued that America was a Christian nation with the Bible as the foundation. Opponents argued that the mandatory Bible reading of the KJV unconstitutionally privileged Protestant Christianity. Modern day proponents of America as a Christian nation, such as Wallbuilder’s David Barton and the American Family Association’s Bryan Fischer have proposed that the First Amendment to the Constitution was meant to prevent the nation from establishing a denomination of Christianity as a national religion but was not meant to address the religious freedom of non-Christian religions. To be sure, at the time, there were those who wanted an explicitly Christian nation. However, as adopted the First Amendment would collapse into contradiction if Barton’s and Fischer’s views were accurate. Christianity would have been established in exclusion of other beliefs, the very result forbidden by the amendment. The reasoning of the Ohio court regarding the KJV in public schools is worth considering in light of current debates over the relationship of church and state. Proponents of Bible reading had appealed to section 7, article 1, of the Ohio constitution which states: "Religion, morality, and knowledge, however, being essential to good government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass suitable laws, to protect every religious denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of instruction.” This of course is adapted from the Northwest Ordinance, the federal statute which provided rules for admission of new states from the western territories. Those favoring the KJV argued, among other points, that the Ohio Constitution allowed Bible reading since religion was to be encouraged. The Ohio Supreme Court disagreed and reversed the lower court, thus agreeing with the Cincinnati school board. The Ohio court addressed the concept that the constitutions of the nation and the state meant Christian when religion was written. The logic is clear and compelling. Referring to section 7, article 1 of the Ohio Constitution, the Justice John Welch wrote (in italics): The real claim here is, that by "religion," in this clause of the constitution, is meant "Christian religion," and that by "religious denomination" in the same clause is meant "Christian denomination." If this claim is well founded, I do not see how we can consistently avoid giving a like meaning to the same words and their cognates, "worship," "religious society," "sect," "conscience," "religious belief," throughout the entire section. To do so, it will readily be seen, would be to withdraw from every person not of Christian belief the guaranties therein vouchsafed, and to withdraw many of them from Christians themselves. In that sense the clause of section 7 in question would read as follows: "Christianity, morality, and knowledge, however, being essential to good government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass suitable laws to protect every Christian denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of instruction." Nor can I see why, in order to be consistent, the concluding clause of section 2, article 6, should not read as follows: . . . . "But no Christian, or other sect or sects, shall ever have any exclusive right to or control of any part of the school funds of the state; but Christians, as a body, including all their sects, may have control of the whole of said funds." I do not say that such a reading of the sections in question is literally contended for; and yet I see no fair escape from it, if the word "Christianity," or the words "Christian religion," or "the religion of the Bible," are to be interpolated, or substituted for the word "religion," at the place indicated. The court here correctly notes the real substance of the argument in favor of daily Bible reading in the Cincinnati public schools. Those arguing for the reading of the KJV were arguing that the framers meant Protestant Christianity when they wrote religion into the founding documents. On the contrary, the Ohio court offers this challenge (in italics): If, by this generic word "religion," was really meant "the Christian religion," or "Bible religion," why was it not plainly so written? Surely the subject was of importance enough to justify the pains, and surely it was of interest enough to exclude the supposition that it was written in haste, or thoughtlessly slurred over. At the time of adopting our present constitution, this word "religion" had had a place in our old constitution for half a century, which was surely ample time for studying its meaning and effect, in order to make the necessary correction or alteration, so as to render its true meaning definite and certain. The same word "religion," and in much the same connection, is found in the constitution of the United States. The latter constitution, at least, if not our own also, in a sense, speaks to mankind, and speaks of the rights of man. Neither the word "Christianity," "Christian," nor "Bible," is to be found in either. When they speak of "religion," they must mean the religion of man, and not the religion of any class of men. When they speak of "all men" having certain rights, they cannot mean merely "all Christian men." Some of the very men who helped to frame these constitutions were themselves not Christian men. We are told that this word "religion" must mean "Christian religion," because "Christianity is a part of the common law of this country," lying behind and above its constitutions. Those who make this assertion can hardly be serious, and intend the real import of their language. If Christianity is a law of the state, like every other law, it must have a sanction. Adequate penalties must be provided to enforce obedience to all its requirements and precepts. No one seriously contends for any such doctrine in this country, or, I might almost say, in this age of the world. The only foundation -- rather, the only excuse -- for the proposition, that Christianity is part of the law of this country, is the fact that it is a Christian country, and that its constitutions and laws are made by a Christian people. The United States does have a Christian heritage, of this there can be no doubt. The common cultural understanding was based in one form of Christianity or another. Even the unbelieving had been schooled in the Bible and knew the themes and stories. Those who rejected the miracles and the Trinitarian view of God, such as Jefferson, Adams and Franklin, were men who believed that the moral teachings of Jesus were sound. However, as the Ohio court opines, the state adds nothing of spiritual significance to the church, while the church has no need of the state’s imprimatur. One of the lawyers opposing the KJV in Cincinnati schools was Thomas Stanley Matthews. Matthews was a Presbyterian elder and staunch Christian who later became an Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court. His legal brief in the case reads like a theological treatise against giving the state power to enforce religious views on citizens. He revered the Bible but believed that the Christian position was to reject state coercion of individual conscience. As evidenced above, the Ohio court agreed with Matthews and provided its own lesson in theology. Judge Welch argued that Christianity needed no state support, saying, "True Christianity asks no aid from the sword of civil authority. It began without the sword, and wherever it has taken the sword it has perished by the sword. To depend on civil authority for its enforcement is to acknowledge its own weakness, which it can never afford to do. It is able to fight its own battles. Its weapons are moral and spiritual, and not carnal." Will the Bible, KJV or otherwise, last another 400 years? I suspect it will, and not because Christians win the culture war or establish the Bible in public institutions. The Bible lasts because it is timeless in Authorship and content, and because it speaks to the deepest needs of people.	<urn:uuid:8f438469-2028-4da4-94dc-7edb2fe19d22>	{ "date": "2016-09-28T07:02:00", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661326.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9777907729148865, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 1851, "url": "http://www.crosswalk.com/blogs/dr-warren-throckmorton/the-cincinnati-bible-wars-when-the-kjv-was-removed-from-public-schools.html" }
Graphic designers shape our visual environment, combining words and images into messages that inform, persuade, sell, and entertain. It’s a field that combines art and technology with business and culture. The Graphic Design program prepares student designers for many exciting employment opportunities. Graphic designers make valuable contributions across a variety of media including print, environmental, and interactive. Students work with teachers who are themselves professional practitioners to learn how to design for print, interaction, and experience design. For students interested in professional design practice as a career, the department provides a thorough art and design foundation, including intensive drawing, classes in art history, and introductory experiences in various fine arts media. Once this core of foundation classes has been completed, students are intellectually and creatively prepared for the rigor of advanced study, which includes coursework in computer graphics, advertising art, and computer aided design. The Department of Art has excellent computer labs with complete image generation, typography, and multimedia capabilities, using current industry standards in software and hardware, scanners, and printers. Change is a constant in graphic design, as technology and modes of communication evolve. The curriculum at Jackson State University is constantly evolving as well to keep abreast of these changes and to prepare students to enter the profession with current knowledge and skills.	<urn:uuid:8a335f3e-78fc-49b8-b1be-9ddee4caf32c>	{ "date": "2016-05-24T21:32:50", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049273667.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002113-00096-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9494664669036865, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 260, "url": "http://www.jsums.edu/art/academics/graphic-design/" }
“Once children learn how to learn, nothing is going to narrow their mind. The essence of teaching is to make learning contagious, to have one idea spark another” Education system saw remarkable changes in the year 2010. Many reforms were sought, formulated, implemented, reviewed and deliberated upon. Broadly, the changes happened with Right to Education, grading system and introduction of continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) coming into effect; welcoming technology, research, innovation and raising concerns over issues such as shortage of teachers, teacher training; and so on. Right to Education The Right to Education Act finally came into effect on April 1, 2010, with the aim of improving the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) across the country. With this enactment government has promised to provide all children between the age of six and 14 the right to school education and making it imperative for every school in the country to allocate 25% seats for students from disadvantaged section of the society. The implementation has begun at many schools. Rajini Jain, Principal, MCD School, Andrews Ganj says, “RTE is effectively being implemented at our school. Many NGOs have also joined hands with us as a support for the same, like Times of India and so on. It is during the summer vacations that we use their help and mobilise children from disadvantaged areas through play-way method and share with them the value of education, followed by their enrollment in the schools after the vacations.” CCE and the Grading system This year Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) took some vital steps in the area of school education. They introduced and executed a new examination system, changing the basis of the same from a marks-based evaluation system to a grading system, making 10th standard board examination as another option. Continuous and Comprehensive Examination (CCE) was rolled-out that has introduced a range of activities and non conventional methods as against the regular yearly or half yearly pencil- aper tests. To support this, Bandana R P Lazarus, Head – Dept. of Biology, Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj said, “I think CCE is a very good scheme as the students to be monitored and observed everyday giving us a holistic picture of their development. We get an idea of not only the academic but also their scholastic aptitude. This has also led to mass participation of children in extra-curricular activities.” Additionally, talks are on for making unified Common Entrance Exam (CEE) for different streams. For instance, 14 new central universities had a CEE for enrolling students in various graduate courses for students who had passed 12th standard exam. On the basis of respective scores, they could then seek admission. Training for Teachers There have been numerous deliberations of teacher shortage, lack of quality teaching and access of teachers to the right kind of material for making teaching learning process more interactive and effective. Additionally, efforts are being made not only by government but private institutions also to go beyond the above mentioned lacunae and provide for the best education system. To elaborate, TeacherSITY is an organisation that works for teacher empowerment and has partnered with associations such as Army Welfare Education Society, KVS, NVS and some private CBSE affiliated schools. The work of the organisation reflects through the words of Shabda Birfani Bedi, Director Research, Educational Research and Deisgn, TeacherSITY. She shared that TeacherSITY runs “a technology intergrated 215 days prorgamme, by way of a pre-programme and a post programme. So any teacher who registers for the prorgamme for it has to register online, has to go through a five day residential programme and do a pre-proragmme assignment that is web based. The reach of the programme has been close to 2800 teachers, which has been so because of the use of technology. Even for the post programme, which is for 180 days has a technology interface. Partnership with management has been observed to be very useful in running prorgammes because they help in some kind of regulation to ensure that all three parts of the prorgamme are taken seriously by the teachers. Teachers need a forum where teachers can display their innovations. And that becomes a critical component for them to enhance their self esteem.” Technology, Partnerships for Education CBSE turned international by collaborating with 25 schools across Gulf countries, bring forth CBSE International wing. Private partnerships have been on a roll with increased investments from companies such as CORE Projects and Technologies Ltd. The firm is bidding to set up 50 schools in partnership with the Rajasthan government, and wants to partner the Central government to establish more schools across India. In an announcement made by NComputing, earlier this year it was mentioned that it was selected to provide desktop computer access to 600 government schools as part of a computer literacy initiative launched by the Bihar government. Rolta signed a formal MOU with Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) as the Resource Partner, for providing Geospatial Technology Vocation Course, for XI & XII standard students. An agreement was signed between Everonn Education worth `47 crore with the Director, Secondary Education, government of Haryana for implementing Comprehensive Computer Education Project (CCEP) in 213 schools in 20 districts across the state. Signs of innovations were again displayed across a huge spectrum in school education. NIIT, for instance, in association with Fourier Systems, a worldwide leader in science education, launched Mobile Science Lab for schools – an innovative learning solution, which integrates Science Lab with classrooms. Investments @ Education The education sector across Indian markets saw a lot of corporate investments. Additionally, more and more schools are also adapting technology, especially, in the form of interactive whiteboards to catch up with the private schools. Reportedly, companies such Everonn, Educomp, NIIT Ltd, Edserv, and so on, have made an investment in education sector in a manner that could not go unnoticed. CORE Projects and Technologies Ltd, a technology provider to educational institutions, recently disclosed that it is planning to open 30 schools, with an initial investment of `450 crore. S Giridharan, EdServ Chairman and CEO mentioned that `130 crore fund has been raised for business expansion. With the funds raised, he said they were well funded for the Pan-India expansion, and confident of achieving revenues worth `150 crore and a net profit of `40 crore for the financial year 2011. Around `325 crore will be reportedly invested by the private equity $1.4 billion New Silk Route (NSR) in Hyderabad-based Sri Chaitanya Education l Group, known to be one of the country’s largest network of private schools and junior colleges. This has been noticed as the biggest foreign investment in India’s education section. . Everonn Education planned and decided to setup around 300 schools across India over a period of five years. What 2011 should focus on, is a powerful combination of relevant initiatives, aligned with idustrial partnership and life long learning. \\	<urn:uuid:7670a30a-f8fd-4927-849a-b454dc2805b9>	{ "date": "2019-08-25T00:23:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9678030610084534, "score": 2.890625, "token_count": 1458, "url": "https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2011/01/school-education-2010-2/" }
Eye care technology is a constantly evolving field, with advancements in eye care emerging nearly every day. Several new techniques and technologies have become popular and some of today’s newest technological advancements poised to become tomorrow’s standard of care. Many of these advancements correct common vision problems, such as myopia (nearsightedness), presbyopia (farsightedness) and astigmatism, which is blurred vision due to an irregular shape of the clear front cover of the eye. Some technological breakthroughs address eye diseases such as cataracts, which is clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. Others help eye doctors diagnose eye problems more accurately. PREMIUM INTRAOCULAR LENS SURGERY Premium intraocular lens surgery corrects cataracts. In this procedure, the eye surgeon removes the lens of the eye and replaces with a plastic lens, known as an intraocular lens (IOL), which stays in the eye permanently. While the new lens normally provides excellent distance vision, there are multi-focus, premium IOLs that eliminate the patient’s need for reading glasses after surgery. BLADELESS LASER CATARACT SURGERY Instead of a scalpel, doctors can now use the power of laser light to perform bladeless laser cataract surgery. Eye doctors use a special laser, known as a femtosecond laser, to perform many of the steps currently done by hand. Using this new procedure, doctors can perform cataract surgery more precisely and safely than ever before. As an added benefit, bladeless laser cataract surgery causes virtually no pain and is associated with very few complications. LASIK eye surgery uses a laser to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism. As one of the most commonly performed types of laser eye surgery, LASIK has already helped millions of people see clearly without the use of glasses or contact lenses. LASIK is an acronym for Laser in-situ Keratomileusis. It is effective, safe and associated with very few side effects. CUSTOM LASIK TECHNOLOGY While safe and effective, yesterday’s LASIK treatments were inflexible and based strictly on a patient’s optical prescription. The standard technology does not account for the naturally occurring optical imperfections unique to each patient’s eyes. Today’s LASIK technology is highly customizable in that it allows eye doctors to take more measurements and create procedures specific to the individual’s eyes. Crystalens® is an artificial lens implant. Unlike other intraocular lenses, Crystalens can treat both cataracts and presbyopia. Many patients who wore reading glasses before surgery find they rarely, if ever, wear them after the procedure. Crystalens® was modeled after the human eye and therefore works similar to the eye’s natural lens. This lens implant uses the eye muscle to flex and accommodate, which means to focus on one object then focus on another. This ability to flex, accommodate and adjust like the eye’s natural lens allows patients to enjoy a fuller, more natural range of vision. CANON FUNDUS PHOTO The Canon Fundus Photo is a special instrument featuring an attached camera. An eye doctor uses the Canon Fundus Photo to photograph the inside surface of a patient’s eye. Spectralis is highly advanced imaging technology that offers a great deal of detail, precision and versatility in the images it creates. A doctor or eye specialist would use the instrument to scan the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, to look for irregularities, separations or inflammation. This test helps doctors detect glaucoma and vitreous floaters, which are those “floaters” that appear like floating spots in the field of vision. The technology makes it easy for eye doctors to compare current photos with previous images to determine the progress of a disease or the effectiveness of treatment. These technological advancements in eye care can help everyone enjoy clear, bright vision today and improve the vision care of generations to come.	<urn:uuid:6fc4a61d-3f67-48bb-86d7-8b6d8b1337a9>	{ "date": "2019-06-17T19:29:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998558.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617183209-20190617205209-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9184064269065857, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 856, "url": "https://www.sealyeyecenter.com/2016/01/11/new-advancements-in-eye-care-technology/" }
Benefits of Demand-Controlled Pumping A version of this article appears in the Water/Energy: Linking Efficiency Efforts (Special Edition) issue of Home Energy Magazine. June 12, 2007 Much water and energy is wasted in residential buildings, due to poorly designed, poorly installed—and therefore poorly functioning—hot water delivery systems. Homes built in the United States today are typically larger than ever before and include a number of hot water fixtures not seen a generation ago, such as second and third bathrooms and spa-style showers. And water heaters are typically far away from many of the hot water fixtures. All this adds up to long waits for hot water at fixtures and water and energy down the drain to no purpose (see “Hot Water Runs Cold,” HE Mar/Apr ’05, p. 28). One solution to water and energy waste is to deliver hot water quickly to where it is needed. By bringing water quickly to fixtures that are far from the water heater, a demand-controlled pumping system minimizes the waste of water and energy running down the drain while someone waits for the hot water to arrive.When signaled to do so by a hot water user using a push-button control, an electronically demand-controlled pumping system sends cold water back to ... To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription. The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to [email protected].	<urn:uuid:8f9122e9-07b8-4451-b81d-b4ea8e69e480>	{ "date": "2017-06-24T11:04:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00497.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9202563762664795, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 317, "url": "http://homeenergy.org/show/article/nav/archive/page/1/magazine/47/id/427" }
Sudden crime waves, injuries and other random acts have been blamed on the monthly phenomenon, sometimes by doctors, nurses and the police. But research by a group of psychologists in Canada has finally debunked the myth, proving that the lunar cycle has no influence on these freak occurrences. More than 770 hospital patients were studied in the three-year project with those suffering from psychological problems being closely analysed. Patients suffered problems ranging from panic attacks to suicidal behaviour and often claimed to have mystery chest pains. No evidence of a lunar link was discovered. "This may be coincidental or due to factors we did not take into account,” Professor Genevieve Belleville, a psychologist for Canada's Universite Laval told the journal General Hospital Psychiatry. "But one thing is certain – we observed no full moon or new moon effect on psychological problems. "The analyses revealed no link between the incidence of psychological problems and the four lunar phases." The pains were instead attributed to the mental health of the patients and timing found to have no specific pattern – with one exception. Anxiety attacks were 32 per cent less frequent during the last quarter of a lunar cycle than at other times. The full moon causing odd behaviour is a myth that has been believed for centuries. Around 80 per cent of nurses and 63 per cent of doctors in the hospitals had been convinced they were seeing more patients for mental problems during a full moon than any other time. Police forces from Brighton to Ohio have also beefed up their night time presence during the full moon after blaming it for rises in crime, according to reports. Commentators even claimed the reason George W. Bush unexpectedly won the 2000 US presidential election was as a result of the full moon sending voters crazy.	<urn:uuid:b5610646-65e2-4892-8c6d-d6db353b7976>	{ "date": "2013-05-24T08:38:09", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9709927439689636, "score": 2.875, "token_count": 356, "url": "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9690095/Full-moon-does-not-cause-madness-study-shows.html" }
The historical Greeks considered the practice of adult and child sacrifice barbarous. However, exposure of newborns was widely practiced in ancient Greece. In Greece the decision to expose a child was typically the father's, although in Sparta the decision was made by a group of elders. Exposure was the preferred method of disposal, as that act in itself was not murder; moreover, the exposed child technically had a chance of being rescued by the gods or any passersby.This very situation was a recurring motif in Greek mythology. If the husband accepted it, it would live, but if he refused it, it would die. Babies would often be rejected if they were illegitimate, unhealthy or deformed, the wrong sex (female for example), or too great a burden on the family. These babies would not be directly killed, but put in a clay pot or jar and deserted outside the front door or on the roadway. In ancient Greek religion, this practice took the responsibility away from the parents because the child would die of natural causes, for example hunger, asphyxiation or exposure to the elements. In some periods of Roman history it was traditional for a newborn to be brought to the pater familias, the family patriarch, who would then decide whether the child was to be kept and raised, or left to die by exposure. The Twelve Tables of Roman law obliged him to put to death a child that was visibly deformed. The concurrent practices of slavery and infanticide contributed to the "background noise" of the crises during the Republic. In the High Middle Ages, abandoning unwanted children finally eclipsed infanticide. Unwanted children were left at the door of church or abbey, and the clergy was assumed to take care of their upbringing. This practice also gave rise to the first orphanages. In Kamchatka, babies were killed and thrown to the dogs. American explorer George Kennan noted that among the Koryaks, a Mongoloid people of north-eastern Siberia, infanticide was still common in the 19th century. One of the twins was always sacrificed. Since feudal Japan the common slang for infanticide was "mabiki" (間引き) which means to pull plants from an overcrowded garden. A typical method in Japan was smothering through wet paper on the baby's mouth and nose. Mabiki persisted in the 19th century and early 20th century. I can fully understand you not wanting to put your kid to death, it's a severe cultural taboo nowadays. Obviously part of a brave new world means we will have different cultural practices and it sounds to me like we won't be capable of supporting defectives until the world is far less populated. The biggest voices against infanticide in the past were Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. I'm under the impression that most can agree that none of those viewpoints lead to a healthy society in the long term.	<urn:uuid:764031a9-f90c-4aab-ba25-590111540b17>	{ "date": "2014-09-21T06:08:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134620.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00339-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9823893904685974, "score": 3.296875, "token_count": 600, "url": "http://www.deathmetal.org/forum/index.php/topic,15943.msg75831.html" }
This publication attempts to provide a basic introduction to date palm propagation, production and protection, and to summarise the body of information that has been acquired concerning date palm cultural techniques. It should serve as a reference volume for research workers, and a source of much more detailed information for extension specialists, date growers and anyone interested in the date palm industry. The book's 12 chapters cover the botanical and systematical description, origin, geographical distribution and nutritional value, economic importance, climatic requirements, orchard management, harvesting, and pest and diseases of date palm. Illustrations are an essential component in any technical document and the included drawings and photographs have been carefully selected by the authors to assist readers to grasp the salient points developed in each section. The present publication updates and complements technical information included in the two earlier FAO books: "Dates Handling, Processing and Packaging" (1962) and "Date Production and Protection" (1982). This was achieved thanks to the enthusiastic cooperation of all the authors who are involved in the UTF/NAM/004/NAM "Date Production Support Programme in Namibia" either as national or international personnel. Thanks also go to Ms. Delita Strauss and Ms. Lucie Herzigova for their excellent and valuable assistance in typing and formatting the manuscript; and to Me. Sami K. Al-Shahed for the final systematic editing of the second edition. We sincerely hope that this publication shall prove fruitful and useful. Authors welcome any views or suggestions to assist in improving subsequent editions, so that it remains a meaningful and valuable tool to date specialists.	<urn:uuid:5a09689d-523e-403e-80f7-162cf63c132f>	{ "date": "2016-10-27T22:40:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00294-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9022855162620544, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 329, "url": "http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y4360E/y4360e01.htm" }
How do you express an idea? Poets use words, dancers use movement, and physicists rely on a mix of mathematics and specific terminology to give form to the ephemeral. As knowledge builds, so too does the language that encodes that knowledge. Specialization creates communities with their own dialects and tools. When a physicist steps from their area of expertise and into another, they can easily get lost in a thicket of unfamiliar terms and descriptions. Yet there is mounting evidence that some of today’s most promising avenues of inquiry in physics lie not within specialties, but between them. Of particular interest: the area between high energy physics and quantum information. On the surface, these areas appear disparate: high energy physics aims to understand the fundamental building blocks of our physical universe at the smallest scales; quantum information science seeks to harness the weirdness of quantum theory to develop new systems for ultra-fast computation and ultra-secure communications. In recent years, there have been tantalizing hints of connection: high energy theorists have been borrowing techniques and concepts originally developed in quantum information to make headway with some of their deepest puzzles, such as the conundrums of quantum gravity. A year ago, scientists from around the world formed It from Qubit: Simons Collaboration on Quantum Fields, Gravity, and Information, aiming to promote communication and connection between the two research communities. In July 2016, Perimeter Institute held the first major conference of that collaboration. An unusual gathering The “It from Qubit” combined workshop-and-summer-school brought together 180 researchers from around the world – many more than the organizers originally expected, and far fewer than the number who actually applied to attend. Livestreams of the main lectures and research seminars enabled remote participation to meet the demand (recordings can be viewed here). The final mix was a great snapshot of modern physics, blending a broad mix of specialties: quantum gravity, particle theory, condensed matter physics, quantum foundations, quantum information, and computer science. “It’s really exciting to see ideas that were originally formulated for completely different reasons having resonance and utility,” said Patrick Hayden, a quantum information theorist from Stanford University, who is also the director of the It from Qubit collaboration. “It gives you a new perspective on your own field. Things that you thought were routine and uninteresting – from a different perspective become much more profound, [while] things that you thought were crucially important recede a little bit into the background.” Participants set their sights on big issues: Does spacetime emerge from entanglement? How can quantum mechanics and gravity be unified? Can the new applications for quantum information uncover something fundamental about information itself? The program started with introductory lectures and deepened towards more advanced topics, while also featuring discussions, seminars, and problem-solving sessions. Graduate students found themselves working alongside world-leading researchers as they all dived into unfamiliar waters. “I’m here to learn,” said Dorit Aharonov, a quantum computation researcher from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who spent hours in conversation with a broad mix of attendees. “I’ve always wanted to understand these deep questions about gravity and black holes, and why quantum does not meet well with gravity. For me, this is an opportunity to learn about those things in my language.” Translating big ideas This is no small thing. Accurate translation does not just transpose these words for those. It deftly carts knowledge across the divide, allowing for it to be understood and applied in new ways. Aharonov, like many attendees, said she expected to pursue new collaborations and research stemming from the gathering. That is exactly the result organizers were hoping for. “There’s an overlay of the old questions, the old language and these new ideas. It just seems remarkable how well they fit together,” said Robert C. Myers, a string theorist at Perimeter Institute who took the lead in organizing the event. “The questions that I may be asking are old to me, but they may be completely new questions to someone else, and so they’re being challenged in new ways. The enthusiasm and energy of the participants was amazing. There was a really remarkable buzz throughout the entire two weeks.” One of the goals of the summer school – and of the broader collaboration itself – is to train a new generation of researchers to be fluent in both quantum information science and high energy physics. It’s not a token effort; much of the progress in the field is being pushed by junior researchers, said Ted Jacobson, a gravitational theory researcher and professor at the University of Maryland. “Of the 10 people that are producing the most interesting new ideas right now, sparking the field, probably eight of them are young people,” Jacobson said. “It’s fantastic, and it gives me great hope for the field. … They have the benefit of all the hard work that came before and the revelations of string theory and AdS/CFT duality. And now they’re charging forward with it and really making sense of it.” Whether or not the “It from Qubit” summer school, workshop, or broader collaboration leads to the resolution of big physics challenges is almost beside the point, said Vijay Balasubramanian, a particle physicist at the University of Pennsylvania. What is more important, he said, is that the young researchers flooding into the area will acquire valuable tools and techniques to dismantle the barriers of language and meaning that exist between high energy physics and quantum information. “These are the people who are going to make the progress for tomorrow,” Balasubramanian said. “I’ve been talking with a lot of the students, and they’re completely fired up. They like this interface. It From Qubit strikes a note that students find inspiring. “And honestly, maybe spacetime is built from entanglement. Maybe it isn’t. But if it isn’t, the students … are going to go off and do wonderful things in other directions anyway.”	<urn:uuid:0f9a7fa3-e639-41cb-a50a-daaa3e0b6594>	{ "date": "2017-03-26T20:54:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00136-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9472821950912476, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 1299, "url": "https://insidetheperimeter.ca/search-common-language/" }
If there were a pill containing an elixir that could mitigate and reverse metabolic processes within your aging body, it would be the supreme discovery and investment opportunity of the 21st century. The initial research and clinical trials are convincing, while an avenue for direct investment in the financial markets remains elusive, but not far off. Anti-aging scientist Dr. David Sinclair is a professor in the Department of Genetics and co-director of the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Harvard Medical School, and he has stated that research into compounds that target aging’s basic processes “have now become the hottest thing.” If the FDA approves a fountain of youth pill, it would likely develop into a pharmaceutical pill pusher’s ultimate dream. Unraveling the Mysteries of Aging – Harvard University, Mar. 2017 Boston researchers make breakthrough in reverse aging – WCVB 5 Boston, Mar. 2018 In the early 1990s, Dr. Leonard Guarente, who is now the Novartis Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discovered that a class of proteins found in virtually all animals protected against the effects of aging in yeast. Since then, comparable results were seen other organisms. Much of human health is based upon how efficient your body is at manufacturing and using energy, and a cell’s ability to generate energy declines over time. Scientists discovered that the gradual decline of a co-enzyme named nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) leads to the loss of key proteins known as sirtuins, which are key in the growth of healthy blood vessels and muscles. The fewer NAD molecules there are available in the body, the more aggressive the breakdown of DNA is over time, leading to cell damage, cell mutation and death, and the eventual loss of vital organ function. When researchers gave mice NAD, the levels of sirtuin did not respond. A study out of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis showed that at least in mice, a natural precursor to NAD – nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) – converts to NAD within minutes. When supplementing healthy mice with NMN, it compensated for any loss of energy production because the increase in NAD boosted energy burn. Results showed a reduction in the usual signs of aging, such as the loss of insulin sensitivity, weight gain, and declines in physical activity. Natural compound reduces signs of aging in healthy mice is being tested in small clinical trial – Washington University School of Medicine, Oct. 2016 More recently, scientists at MIT found that by treating elder mice with NMN for only two months, the health of the mice’s blood vessels visibly improved. The aging mice gained 80% more exercise endurance, as well as restoring their muscle mass to that of much younger mice. The study suggests that we may be able to rescue muscle mass in an aging population through supplemental or drug intervention. The loss of muscle mass ultimately leads to the loss of bone, osteoporosis, and frailty, all major issues with aging. An increase in blood flow would also help prevent and repair the neurological damage that is responsible for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Critical step found in DNA repair, cellular aging – Harvard Gazette, Mar. 2017 Compound prevents neurological damage, shows cognitive benefits in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease – NIH, Feb. 2018 Impairment of an Endothelial NAD+-H2S Signaling Network Is a Reversible Cause of Vascular Aging… “A decline in capillary density and blood flow with age is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Understanding why this occurs is key to future gains in human health. NAD precursors reverse aspects of aging, in part, by activating sirtuin deacylases (SIRT1–SIRT7) that mediate the benefits of exercise and dietary restriction (DR). We show that SIRT1 in endothelial cells is a key mediator of pro-angiogenic signals secreted from myocytes. Treatment of mice with the NAD + booster nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) improves blood flow and increases endurance in elderly mice by promoting SIRT1-dependent increases in capillary density, an effect augmented by exercise or increasing the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), a DR mimetic and regulator of endothelial NAD + levels. These findings have implications for improving blood flow to organs and tissues, increasing human performance, and reestablishing a virtuous cycle of mobility in the elderly.” – Cell, Mar. 2018 Activating proteins linked to longevity may help to increase endurance and combat frailty in the elderly… “In normal aging, the number of blood vessels goes down, so you lose the capacity to deliver nutrients and oxygen to tissues like muscle, and that contributes to decline,” Guarente says. ‘The effect of the precursors that boost NAD is to counteract the decline that occurs with normal aging, to reactivate SIRT1, and to restore function in endothelial cells to give rise to more blood vessels.’ These effects were enhanced when the researchers treated the mice with both NMN and hydrogen sulfide, another sirtuin activator.” – MIT, Mar. 2018 A few biotech firms want to take on the human clinical trials. One company I was able to confirm is Unity Biotech (NASDAQ / UBX), and I recommend placing it on your watch list for the time being. They are set to launch early clinical trials for osteoarthritis. They are also working towards clinical trials for glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic neuropathy. Dr. Sinclair is advising additional biotech companies that require your due diligence in identifying them. One privately held company, Elysium, offers over the counter supplements. The Scientific Advisory Board has a network of over 25 world-renowned researchers and clinicians, including eight Nobel Prize-winning scientists. Dr. Guarente warns that you should hold off on any NMN supplements until results in human clinical trials are completed. A readily available option is to eat more foods that contain the nutrients that help create higher levels of NMN in your body. The benefits include: - Lower body weight - Increased energy/better mitochondrial function - Lowering diabetes - Lower cholesterol and triglycerides - Less activation of aging genes - Improved eye sight - Increased bone density and muscle - Better immune system function Imagining the Downside of Immortality… “Imagine nobody dies. All of a sudden, whether through divine intervention or an elixir slipped into the water supply, death is banished. Life goes on and on; all of us are freed from fear that our loved ones will be plucked from us, and each of us is rich in the most precious resource of all: time… what would happen to all our death-defying systems if there were no more death? The logical answer is that they would be superfluous. We would have no need for progress or art, faith or fame. Suddenly, we would have nothing to do, yet in the greatest of ironies, we would have endless eons in which to do it. Action would lose its purpose and time its value. This is the true awfulness of immortality.” – NYT, Aug. 2011 “The chronic, slow processes of death are pushed out and the fast ones take over. The last thing we want to do is keep people sicker for longer.” – Dr. Sinclair, Jul. 2018 In the meantime, Nebraska utilized Fentanyl for a death penalty execution today. Some things do last forever, such as music and love. Prince – The Truth “The Fountain of Youth” headline art painted by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1546. A full resolution image is online via Gemäldegalerie Berlin, Germany. Plan Your Trade, Trade Your Plan TraderStef on Twitter	<urn:uuid:b88b221a-e31a-4af5-95a2-6a64d0b546b3>	{ "date": "2018-11-21T17:43:29", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039749562.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121173523-20181121195523-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9405653476715088, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 1641, "url": "https://www.crushthestreet.com/articles/breaking-news/nobel-laureates-anti-aging-fountain-of-youth-in-a-pill" }
Is a Nuclear War with China Possible? While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used. After all, for centuries national conflicts have led to wars, with nations employing their deadliest weapons. The current deterioration of U.S. relations with China might end up providing us with yet another example of this phenomenon. The gathering tension between the United States and China is clear enough. Disturbed by China's growing economic and military strength, the U.S. government recently challenged China's claims in the South China Sea, increased the U.S. military presence in Australia, and deepened U.S. military ties with other nations in the Pacific region. According to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, the United States was "asserting our own position as a Pacific power." But need this lead to nuclear war? Not necessarily. And yet, there are signs that it could. After all, both the United States and China possess large numbers of nuclear weapons. The U.S. government threatened to attack China with nuclear weapons during the Korean War and, later, during the conflict over the future of China's offshore islands, Quemoy and Matsu. In the midst of the latter confrontation, President Dwight Eisenhower declared publicly, and chillingly, that U.S. nuclear weapons would "be used just exactly as you would use a bullet or anything else." Of course, China didn't have nuclear weapons then. Now that it does, perhaps the behavior of national leaders will be more temperate. But the loose nuclear threats of U.S. and Soviet government officials during the Cold War, when both nations had vast nuclear arsenals, should convince us that, even as the military ante is raised, nuclear saber-rattling persists. Some pundits argue that nuclear weapons prevent wars between nuclear-armed nations; and, admittedly, there haven't been very many -- at least not yet. But the Kargil War of 1999, between nuclear-armed India and nuclear-armed Pakistan, should convince us that such wars can occur. Indeed, in that case, the conflict almost slipped into a nuclear war. Pakistan's foreign secretary threatened that, if the war escalated, his country felt free to use "any weapon" in its arsenal. During the conflict, Pakistan did move nuclear weapons toward its border, while India, it is claimed, readied its own nuclear missiles for an attack on Pakistan. At the least, though, don't nuclear weapons deter a nuclear attack? Do they? Obviously, NATO leaders didn't feel deterred, for, throughout the Cold War, NATO's strategy was to respond to a Soviet conventional military attack on Western Europe by launching a Western nuclear attack on the nuclear-armed Soviet Union. Furthermore, if U.S. government officials really believed that nuclear deterrence worked, they would not have resorted to championing "Star Wars" and its modern variant, national missile defense. Why are these vastly expensive -- and probably unworkable -- military defense systems needed if other nuclear powers are deterred from attacking by U.S. nuclear might? Of course, the bottom line for those Americans convinced that nuclear weapons safeguard them from a Chinese nuclear attack might be that the U.S. nuclear arsenal is far greater than its Chinese counterpart. Today, it is estimated that the U.S. government possesses over five thousand nuclear warheads, while the Chinese government has a total inventory of roughly three hundred. Moreover, only about forty of these Chinese nuclear weapons can reach the United States. Surely the United States would "win" any nuclear war with China. But what would that "victory" entail? A nuclear attack by China would immediately slaughter at least 10 million Americans in a great storm of blast and fire, while leaving many more dying horribly of sickness and radiation poisoning. The Chinese death toll in a nuclear war would be far higher. Both nations would be reduced to smoldering, radioactive wastelands. Also, radioactive debris sent aloft by the nuclear explosions would blot out the sun and bring on a "nuclear winter" around the globe -- destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction. Moreover, in another decade the extent of this catastrophe would be far worse. The Chinese government is currently expanding its nuclear arsenal, and by the year 2020 it is expected to more than double its number of nuclear weapons that can hit the United States. The U.S. government, in turn, has plans to spend hundreds of billions of dollars "modernizing" its nuclear weapons and nuclear production facilities over the next decade. To avert the enormous disaster of a U.S.-China nuclear war, there are two obvious actions that can be taken. The first is to get rid of nuclear weapons, as the nuclear powers have agreed to do but thus far have resisted doing. The second, conducted while the nuclear disarmament process is occurring, is to improve U.S.-China relations. If the American and Chinese people are interested in ensuring their survival and that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies. Lawrence Wittner is Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany. His latest book is "Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement" (Stanford University Press).	<urn:uuid:bfab708b-622c-47f8-b7db-185619acafc8>	{ "date": "2013-12-09T23:44:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164001281/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133321-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589884877204895, "score": 2.625, "token_count": 1080, "url": "http://www.zcommunications.org/is-a-nuclear-war-with-china-possible-by-lawrence-s-wittner.html" }
Nearly 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth annually, almost all of them in developing countries. Pregnancy and childbirth-related complications are the leading cause of death among adolescent girls, contributing to maternal and child mortality rates and to the vicious cycle of poverty and poor health. After a systematic review of the evidence, WHO has developed guidelines on Preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries, which focus on key actions that aim to reduce the number of adolescent pregnancies in developing countries. The first set of actions seeks to prevent early pregnancy by preventing marriage before 18 years of age, increasing knowledge and understanding the importance of pregnancy prevention, increasing the use of contraception and preventing coerced sex. The second set of actions seeks to prevent poor reproductive outcomes by reducing unsafe abortions and by increasing the use of skilled antenatal, childbirth and postnatal care. In 2012, in collaboration with WHO and UNFPA, FCI developed this advocacy toolkit, available in English, French, and Spanish, to promote the dissemination of the guidelines’ recommendations to policy makers and program planners globally. Designed for advocates, the toolkit encourages and enables evidence-based action among decision-makers, opinion leaders, medical personnel, researchers, and affected communities to prevent early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescent girls. The toolkit includes a guide to using these tools to develop a step-by-step process to effect policy change, a policy brief summarizing the recommendations in the guidelines, and a slide presentation. More information, including the full guidelines document, is available at the WHO website. Introduction: From Evidence To Action: How To Use This Toolkit (81 KB) Policy brief for policy makers (389 KB) Policy brief for advocates (1.5 MB) Slide presentation (1.3 MB) Guidelines (WHO website) Introduction: Des faits à l'action: Comment utiliser ce guide pratique (96 KB) Note d'orientation (1 MB) Présentation (1.2 MB) Directives (bientôt disponible sur le site Web de l'OMS) Introducción: De la evidencia a la acción: Cómo utilizar esta caja de herramientas (90 KB) Nota de orientación sobre políticas (0.8 MB) Presentación (1.4 MB) This publication is only available for download at this time.	<urn:uuid:3c169b37-ccfc-4cba-ab68-a3417d744687>	{ "date": "2016-07-23T15:05:21", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823072.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00075-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7813438177108765, "score": 3.59375, "token_count": 514, "url": "http://familycareintl.org/en/resources/publications/103" }
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a relatively "new" diagnosis, and there are wide variations in point of view as to its causes and method of treatment. In addition to the symptom of fatigue, the condition is also characterized by mild muscle aches, congestion of the nasal passages, and sometimes nerve-related disorders such as sciatica and neuritis. Often accompanying the symptoms of fatigue are nervousness, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, and irritability. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a condition that is related to immune deficiency and clinically associated with a lingering viral infection, systemic tissue "acidity", and a variety of liver problems. Therefore, the body's resistance is unable to restore a state of good health, and many uncomfortable symptoms linger for weeks or even months. The Epstein Barr virus, or EBV, is often the causal factor in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. EBV is a type of herpes virus, and was first described in the medical literature in 1964. It has been estimated that this virus infects most of the adult population worldwide, although most exhibit no symptoms. It is only in recent years that many physicians are attributing a wide range of clinical complaints to this virus. The diagnosis as well as the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus is a subject of controversy among many in the medical profession. However, from a clinical point of view, EBV can be effectively managed with diet, lifestyle changes, and natural therapeutics. One supplement which has shown promising results for my patients is the amino acid L-Lysine. As most of you know, lysine became a popular nutritional supplement several years ago as a result of the medical reports on its therapeutic use for the herpes simplex virus. As early as 1974, a research group published a study indicating lysine's effectiveness in suppressing recurrent attacks and speeding the healing time of the herpes virus. In these early studies on lysine, it was found that when the herpes virus invades a cell, it alters cell metabolism and results in the synthesis of proteins which are high in the amino acid arginine and low in lysine. From this data, it was postulated that a high lysine to arginine ratio in the cell could serve as an inhibitor to the virus. Studies on blood levels of lysine have supported this notion, as it has been shown that increases in blood levels of lysine have corresponding significant decreases in recurrence rate of herpes outbreaks. And conversely, the frequency of attacks increase as the concentration levels fall below certain levels in the blood. In a later study at the Indiana University School of Medicine, subjects were given an average daily dose of approximately 1000 mg of lysine. 84% of those surveyed said that the supplementation prevented recurrence or decreased the frequency of infection. Whereas 79% described their symptoms as severe or intolerable without lysine, only 8% voiced these complaints when taking the supplement. 90% of those who did not take lysine indicated that healing took 6 to 15 days, but 83% of those that took lysine stated that the lesions healed in 5 days or less. This study reported overall effectiveness in 88% of the cases. Although there are no published studies on the use of lysine with EBV patients, I have seen that it can be effectively used in the overall management of the symptoms. I have found that a between-meal dosage of 1000 mg, two to three times daily is beneficial. Herbal medicine has a long tradition of application in the treatment and prevention of immune-related disorders; and viral conditions such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome are no exception. And the popular native American herb Echinacea is the place to start. Echinacea (E. angustifolia and E. purpurea) is considered to have anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating properties. It encourages anti-viral activity, as it increases the number of white blood cells that "engulf" microbial invaders such as those found in acute and chronic viruses. Although its mainstream use in America is increasing, Echinacea has been widely studied in Europe, where over 50 over-the-counter preparations are available to treat conditions such as colds and influenza.	<urn:uuid:04f08dfe-b56c-426e-b235-0418e025ddbd>	{ "date": "2014-10-30T18:12:20", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898644.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00153-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9673560261726379, "score": 2.828125, "token_count": 856, "url": "http://www.healthy.net/scr/Article.aspx?Id=910" }
Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Also known as the Lettres anglaises ou philosophiques, Voltaire's response to his exile in England offered the French public of 1734 a panoramic view of British culture. Perceiving them as a veiled attack against the ancien regime, however, the French government ordered the letters burned and Voltaire persecuted.Read more... Add library to Favorites Please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours.	<urn:uuid:18028aef-6af2-4b22-933b-45f0f097f96f>	{ "date": "2016-09-30T17:01:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662321.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00082-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9471516609191895, "score": 3.3125, "token_count": 152, "url": "http://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-on-england/oclc/6745576" }
GODEFROY DE VIEUXPONT (Vieux-Pont), JOSEPH, interpreter, fur-trader, militia captain; b. 20 July 1645 at Trois-Rivières, sixth child of Jean Godefroy* de Lintot and Marie Leneuf, d. c. 1716. Governor Huault* de Montmagny had been his godfather. In 1649 his uncle, the Sieur Michel Leneuf* Du Hérisson, had been granted the fief of Vieuxpont: “one league of land along the St Lawrence River, in the locality of Trois-Rivières and going up the said river, by five leagues in depth, extending into the said lands and places not already granted.” Leneuf made a donation of his land to his nephew by a private agreement dated 15 Nov. 1667. The new seigneur rendered fealty and homage at Quebec on 7 July 1668. Louis de Buade* de Frontenac allowed Vieuxpont to enlarge his seigneury by granting him a new concession on 23 Aug. 1674. It consisted of 15 acres, comprising the territory stretching “from the third to the fourth river.” He rendered fealty and homage for this on 26 Aug. 1677. On 14 Nov. 1674 Frontenac suggested to the minister of the Marine that interpreters for the Huron and Algonkian languages be appointed: “The 200 écus that I am told the directors of the company have allotted to the post of grand master of the waters and forests, which appears to me an office of little utility in Canada at present. would be better used for this purpose and would not increase their expenses. If you were to approve of my suggestion, the Sieurs Le Moyne and Vieux-Pont will be very suitable for such a position.” Apparently Vieuxpont, backed up, by Frontenac’s friendship, was participating in the fur trade illegally; at least this was the accusation made by Intendant Duchesneau* before M. de Seignelay. On the occasion of the governor’s conference with the Ottawas at Montreal, in September 1682, Vieuxpont served as his interpreter. The purpose of the meeting was to establish peace with the Indians and to urge them to trade with the French. But Frontenac had already been recalled. Le Febvre* de La Barre replaced him, and on 10 October, at Quebec, he held an assembly of the notables at which Vieuxpont was present. They decided to show an energetic attitude towards the Iroquois, and this was the origin of the disastrous wars that marked La Barre’s régime. On 12 Nov. 1682 the new governor took up again his predecessor’s idea: “One of the persons who is the most necessary for the king’s service in this country is an interpreter of the various Indian languages, and we can hardly do without such a person in the present state of affairs. We have here a nobleman called M. de Vieux-Pont, who understands them all and speaks them well. It would be proper for the king to grant him the maintenance that is given to company captains on half-pay, in order that the intendant and I may use his services more freely and divert him without misgivings from his own affairs.” In 1687, at the time of Brisay de Denonville’s expedition against the Senecas, Vieuxpont was captain of the militia at Trois-Rivières. He commanded a company formed of settlers from that region. During the siege of Quebec in 1690, he was wounded by fire from the English ships. A contemporary account says: “The Sieur de Vieuxpont’s musket was carried away and his arm dislocated by one of the shots.” On 21 Oct. 1675, at Trois-Rivières, Vieuxpont had married Catherine, daughter of Maurice Poulin* de La Fontaine and Jeanne Jallot. Ten children were born of this marriage. Vieuxpont is thought to have died around 1716. Coll. de manuscrits relatifs à la N.-F., I, 524. “Correspondance de Frontenac (1672–82),” APQ Rapport, 1926–27, 76. É.-Z. Massicotte, “Inventaire des actes de foi et hommage conservés aux archives judiciaires de Montréal,” APQ Rapport, 1921–22, 102. P.-G. Roy, Inv. concessions, I, 286f. Bonnault, “Le Canada militaire,” 519. P.-G. Roy, La famille Godefroy de Tonnancour (Lévis, 1904). Sulte, Mélanges historiques (Malchelosse), XI. Cite This Article Hervé Biron, “GODEFROY DE VIEUXPONT, JOSEPH,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed July 29, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/godefroy_de_vieuxpont_joseph_2E.html. The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/godefroy_de_vieuxpont_joseph_2E.html \|Author of Article:\|\|Hervé Biron\| \|Title of Article:\|\|GODEFROY DE VIEUXPONT, JOSEPH\| \|Publication Name:\|\|Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2\| \|Publisher:\|\|University of Toronto/Université Laval\| \|Year of publication:\|\|1969\| \|Year of revision:\|\|1969\| \|Access Date:\|\|July 29, 2014\|	<urn:uuid:fe7de011-17b0-41aa-b815-a003e4cde3bc>	{ "date": "2014-07-29T12:45:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267330.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00324-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9239169359207153, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 1339, "url": "http://biographi.ca/en/bio/godefroy_de_vieuxpont_joseph_2E.html?revision_id=540" }
The International Atomic Energy Agency: Fifty Years of International Science (and Other Things) By Mark Goodman The International Atomic Energy Agency has been much in the news of late, particularly for its nuclear verification activities in Iran, Iraq, Libya and North Korea. This newfound prominence earned the IAEA and its Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. Now often described as the “UN nuclear watchdog,” the IAEA first came into the public eye fifteen years ago with its earlier investigation of Iraq’s clandestine nuclear weapons program. But its broader missions, including nuclear science and technology and international development, are less well known. The IAEA was the 1953 brainchild of President Eisenhower. The earliest efforts at international nuclear control had ended in failure. The Acheson-Lilienthal Report and Baruch Plan of 1946 had called for full international control of all aspects of nuclear energy, but were mired immediately in Soviet opposition. In 1949, the first Soviet nuclear test dashed hopes for halting the spread of the nuclear genie. Eisenhower’s vision, presented in his December 1953 Atoms for Peace speech to the UN General Assembly, was to take fissionable material from weapons programs and use it for peaceful nuclear energy. An international Atomic Energy Agency would receive materials and make them available under strict safeguards. It would, Eisenhower said, “encourage world-wide investigation into the most effective peace- time uses of fissionable material.” This proposal led to a series of large international conferences in Geneva to discuss the science and politics of peaceful uses of nuclear energy. One result was the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency, an international treaty like the Charter of the United Nations. The IAEA was born when this treaty entered into force in July 1957 and is now approaching its fiftieth anniversary. The IAEA mission, according to its Statute, is to “seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. It shall ensure, so far as it is able, that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose.” To fulfill this mission, the Statute gives the IAEA a broad mandate in the international scientific arena, including: - “To encourage and assist research on, and development and practical application of, atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world,” - "To foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy,” and - “To encourage the exchange of training of scientists and experts in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy.” Aside from the ICTP, however, the IAEA is not generally in the business of sponsoring physics research. Given its mission and its limited budget, the IAEA focuses its support for nuclear science on enhancing cooperation and information sharing “to increase Member State capabilities in the development and application of nuclear science as a tool for their economic development.” In physics, the IAEA has coordinated projects on neutron sources –both research reactors and accelerators–aimed mainly at helping countries make the best use of those facilities both for research and for isotope production. The IAEA maintains an extensive database both of scientific literature (including atomic, nuclear and radiation physics, plasma physics and particle physics) and a wide variety of nuclear and atomic physics data, all available at no cost to IAEA member states and often to the general public. The IAEA also recently agreed to provide administrative support for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Like any international organization, the IAEA is a creature of its member states, the vast majority of whom are developing countries. A relatively small number of those countries are interested in direct uses of nuclear energy, either through nuclear power or through research facilities such as reactors, accelerators and tokamaks. But every member state can benefit from the application of nuclear techniques to the problems of economic and social development. This is why the IAEA has focused much of its effort on the development, refinement and application of those techniques. The IAEA has chosen to focus on the use of nuclear techniques where they offer a comparative advantage in meeting the development needs of its member states: food and agriculture, medicine and health, water resources, and the marine and terrestrial environment. In medicine, for example, nuclear techniques are central to radiology, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy, as well as research using bio-chemicals tagged with radioisotopes. Skill in applying knowledge of the interaction and absorption of ionizing radiation with matter is essential for health physics, to protect patients and to ensure proper radiation doses. Building on its programs in radiation therapy, the IAEA recently undertook a new cancer therapy initiative called PACT, which is both an acronym (for Program of Action on Cancer Therapy) and a description of how the IAEA operates–through partnerships with other organizations. The IAEA has expertise in some of the techniques necessary for diagnosing and treating cancer, but is far from having a comprehensive approach to the problem. PACT is a partnership with the World Health Organization, the International Union Against Cancer (representing over 200 organizations worldwide) and others. The IAEA is also seeking the support of philanthropic and development organizations to meet this rapidly growing need. The roughly $150 million the IAEA has spent over the last 25 years to improve its member states’ capabilities in radiation therapy is but a drop in the bucket for a disease that kills over 7 million people a year. Over half of new cases are in the developing world. In another example of the use of nuclear techniques for development, the IAEA was a pioneer in research, development and application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) for pest control. The SIT uses radiation to sterilize large numbers of male insects; when sterile males mate with fertile wild females, the result is a form of birth control. As with other methods of insect control, the SIT tends to result in temporary and localized success, followed by re-infestation. However, in one case, the IAEA was able to eradicate completely the tsetse fly from the island of Zanzibar. Tsetse flies carry sleeping sickness, a parasitic disease that affects both humans and particularly cattle. Controlling tsetse flies can lead to healthier, more productive cattle herds and significantly improve the welfare of subsistence herders. The IAEA is now working on a similar project in certain areas of Ethiopia where the tsetse fly is endemic, hoping that their relative isolation will lead to success similar to that in Zanzibar. The IAEA has also applied the SIT to combat fruit flies in the Middle East and screwworm in the Caribbean, and has begun an effort to control malaria-bearing mosquitoes. As with PACT, IAEA activities in insect control depend on partnerships with other organizations, including the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and development organizations such as the African Development Bank. There is something of a role reversal in the area of nuclear verification, where the IAEA depends on the technical capabilities of its member states for the technical capability to carry out its responsibilities to apply “safeguards” (a combination of verification inspections and material accountancy) to nuclear material (mainly uranium and plutonium) in peaceful nuclear activities worldwide. Much of the equipment the IAEA uses to monitor nuclear facilities and measure the inventory and flow of nuclear material was developed by member states through Member State Support Programs (MSSPs). The United States has by far the largest and most diverse MSSP, and much of the IAEA's instrumentation was originally developed through the U.S. Support Program by the Department of Energy's National Laboratories, although other countries are playing an increasing role in developing and refining safeguards technology. As it encounters new verification challenges, particularly the challenge of detecting undeclared nuclear activities and materials, the IAEA relies on MSSPs for the development of new techniques. One of the most successful of these has been the use of environmental sampling and analysis, often using highly sensitive techniques to analyze individual particles in swipe samples taken at declared or suspected nuclear facilities. This technique was instrumental in detecting North Korean cheating on its safeguards agreement in the early 1990s, and has been critical in investigating safeguards violations by Iran and Libya. The IAEA is now looking ahead at other possible verification techniques, such as noble gas sampling, antineutrino monitoring and the use of hyperspectral commercial satellite imagery, and is seeking the help of MSSPs to evaluate their promise in meeting current and future challenges. The IAEA is a diverse organization with many accomplishments, not just as a “nuclear watchdog” but also as an engine of international development. But as much as been accomplished over the past 50 years to advance President Eisenhower’s vision, much remains to be done to realize his vision of a world where fear of nuclear warfare has receded and nuclear energy is known primarily for its contributions to international peace, cooperation and human development. Mark Goodman is a physicist in the State Department’s Office of Multilateral Nuclear and Security Affairs, which is responsible for US policy toward the IAEA. ©1995 - 2014, AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY APS encourages the redistribution of the materials included in this newspaper provided that attribution to the source is noted and the materials are not truncated or changed. Contributing Editor: Jennifer Ouellette Staff Writer: Ernie Tretkoff Art Director and Special Publications Manager: Kerry G. Johnson Publication Designer and Production: Nancy Bennett-Karasik	<urn:uuid:f980a786-fb96-4f18-b03f-f6759f8c31f2>	{ "date": "2014-03-11T08:03:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011155657/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091915-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9525050520896912, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 2019, "url": "http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200612/iaea.cfm?renderforprint=1" }
Does lung cancer spread when exposed to air? My father has been diagnosed with Stage I non-small cell lung cancer. We are considering surgical resection. Is there any truth to the claim that cancer spreads when the "air hits it"? Blair Marshall, MD, Thoracic Surgeon, responds: There is no scientific data that supports that theory. That concept stems from rumors, most probably related to when a patient undergoes surgery for cancer and then may later dies of cancer that has spread. In this situation, the patient probably had microscopic disease that could not have been detected before they had the operation. After the operation, this microscopic disease will ultimately grow and cause patient symptoms and even death. However, because the patient had an operation, one might think that the surgery caused the spread. In actuality, if that patient had not undergone any surgery at all, they still would have developed widespread disease. For stage I lung cancer, the disease is limited to a region of the lung. There is plenty of published scientific data that supports surgery as the standard treatment option for patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer and is associated with excellent survival rates. Operating on stage I non-small cell lung cancer is a current standard treatment because the results are so good, thus, this would contradict the theory that exposing a tumor to air causes it to spread.	<urn:uuid:6a67491c-5022-482f-86a0-ca1322ce7015>	{ "date": "2014-12-21T06:11:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770742.121/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00139-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9707747101783752, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 277, "url": "http://www.oncolink.org/includes/print_article.cfm?Page=2&id=1916&Section=Ask_The_Experts" }
Noah’s Flood could be and oftern is called a supernatural event in that it was castastrophic, like none before nor since, yet it was natural in that an expoded planet between the orbits of Jupiter and Mercury caused meteor showers which probably set off the runaway tectonic plate movements during the flood year, one legend from India that a planet appeared in the sky, was soon as big as an elephant, then hit the earth beginning the Flood of Manu, which was Noah’s Flood. The geologic column actually bears stark testimony to that catastrophe caused by the exploded planet, the flood caused sedimentary layers of the earth covering entire continents with many billions of mostly marine creatures entombed therein, clear evidence that the ocean had been up on the continents, the mountains risen at the close of the flood, what the geology actually indicates when examined with unbiased eyes. Ancient flood legends abound in most all ancient cutures, of a flood which covered the whole world, so what are the odds that all the ancient world knew of the global flood if it were not true? Just because bibliophobic geologists don’t look at the geologic column seeing the flood does not mean it’s not the case, and when challenged to debate, the uniformiarian advocates avoid debating creationists at all costs. See much more here http://genesisveracityfoundation.com.	<urn:uuid:bffdc6ec-7e8c-4174-a874-0079897c4b9c>	{ "date": "2017-03-29T09:17:00", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00521-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9578811526298523, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 287, "url": "https://dancingfromgenesis.wordpress.com/2012/08/24/young-earth-creationism-comments-supernatural-catastrophic-noahs-flood-mythical-event-geologic-evidence-what-caused-deluge-astronomical-reasons-meteor-shower-exploded-planet-orbits-astronomy-bible-b/" }
Grinding thin telescope mirror blanks: Thin glass mirror making techniques differ only slightly from "standard" mirror making practices. Keep these principals in mind when grinding and polishing your thin mirror blank, and you'll be fine. Also, be sure to support your thin mirror properly in the telescope: When grinding thin mirror blanks, be conscious of downward pressure, which if excessive, may bend the mirror blank momentarily out of shape. While this is not a problem during rough grinding (as the amount of flex is exceedingly small) the effect becomes important as you reach the later stages of making your telescope mirror. At later stages you should see that the stroke forces applied to your thin mirror blank aren't excessive, and that they are distributed evenly across the mirror blank surface. To achieve uniform distribution over the entire surface area, grind your mirror blank using a slightly yielding backing substrate such as a thick section (1/2 inch or so) of wet newspaper or carpet, which will support the entire back of the mirror blank while at the same time having some "give" which allows the forces you apply to be spread evenly across the glass. When you place your hands on the back of your mirror blank, you change the shape of the glass by expanding it where it directly contacts the heat from your hands. If sources of heat are not kept from the glass, distortions can be "ground in" to your telescope mirror. Arrange a method of keeping the heat from your hands off your mirror blank (and tool if made of glass) while fine grinding and polishing - gloves for example, or other form of thermal barrier laid across the back of the glass to keep the heat off your mirror blank. Ideally, your mirror blank AND the objects that will be contacting your mirror blank (tool, water, grit or polishing compound, backing material, etc) should all have had time to equalize to ambient room temperature. Ever rubbed your hands together to warm them up on a cold day? Friction from fast polishing will warm your mirror blank just as it warms your hands, though the effect is not necessarily as desirable. The heat from polishing friction distorts thin and thick mirror blanks alike, and unlike the heat from your hands which starts at the back of your mirror blank, friction creates heat distortions emanating from the front surface of the blank. Since heat from friction increases with fast strokes and heavy downward pressure, slow polishing strokes and light pressures will keep heat expansion in your telescope mirror blank to a minimum. Long polishing sessions using consistent pressure creates good temperature equalization between your mirror blank and tool. Short polishing sessions are used during parabolizing - see that your mirror blank and tool start out at an equal temperature during these short sessions, and use light or no downward pressure to minimize friction heating. Thin Telescope Mirrors and Mirror Making There is a wealth of great information on the internet regarding the benefits of thin mirrors, and techniques for grinding thin mirror blanks. Here is one such website created by someone with much experience the realm of creating fine homemade telescopes using thin (and ultra-thin!) mirror blanks... Mel Bartels. Highly recommended! Mel Bartels ATM Telescope Website	<urn:uuid:086711fe-1032-45b9-bd72-83b5ab26e3e5>	{ "date": "2018-04-19T19:20:25", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937016.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419184909-20180419204909-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.912520706653595, "score": 2.890625, "token_count": 648, "url": "http://www.telescopemirrorblanks.com/thin_mirror_making.html" }
\|Scientific Name:\|\|Mobula hypostoma\| \|Species Authority:\|\|(Bancroft, 1831)\| Cephalopterus hypostomus Bancroft, 1831 \|Taxonomic Notes:\|\|Similarity of morphology among mobulids may account for common misidentification of this ray. McEachran and Carvalho (2002) indicate that records from the eastern Atlantic are actually M. rochebrunei.\| \|Red List Category & Criteria:\|\|Data Deficient ver 3.1\| \|Assessor(s):\|\|Bizzarro, J., Smith, W., Baum, J., Domingo, A. & Menni, R.\| \|Reviewer(s):\|\|Valenti, S.V., Kyne, P.M. & SSG Pelagic Shark Workshop participants (Shark Red List Authority)\| The Atlantic Devilray (Mobula hypostoma) is endemic to the western Atlantic, found from North Carolina (USA) to northern Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico, and Greater and Lesser Antilles. This small sized devil ray (reaches a maximum size of 120 cm disc width) is primarily pelagic in coastal waters, although it occasionally enters oceanic waters. It is taken as bycatch in longline, net and possibly other fisheries, but very little specific information is currently available on its capture, abundance and population trends from across its range. Although trawl survey data from the east coast of the USA suggests possible increasing trends there, this represents the northern extent of its range, and further information is required on its abundance and interaction with fisheries from the Caribbean Sea and South America. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient until population trends and the impact of fisheries can be determined. \|Range Description:\|\|Northwest (marginally), western central and southwest Atlantic: distributed from Cape Lookout, North Carolina (USA), south through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean to Brazil (including Fernando de Noronha Archipelago) and Uruguay, with one record from Mar del Plata, Argentina (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953, Cousseau and Menni 1983, McEachran and Carvalho 2002, Cousseau and Menni 1983, Soto 1997).\| Native:Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas; Barbados; Brazil; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Haiti; Jamaica; Martinique; Mexico; Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico (main island)); Saint Lucia; United States (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina); Uruguay \|FAO Marine Fishing Areas:\|\| Atlantic – northwest; Atlantic – southwest; Atlantic – western central \|Range Map:\|\|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.\| \|Population:\|\|Little information is currently available on abundance and population trends of this species throughout its range. At the time of writing, information was only available from the southern and northern extent of this species' distribution, and further information is required from throughout the rest of its range. Most published information on this species from Brazil refers to occurrence (Lessa 1986, Juras et al. 1987, Lessa et al. 1995, Menni and Stehmann 2000). In Uruguay, towards the southern extent of its range, it is only occasionally captured in longline fisheries. Data from Uruguay's national observer programme indicate that an average of 4.4 individuals per year were recorded during a 10-year period, 80% of which were released, suggesting that these fisheries are not a threat to the species (A. Domingo pers. obs. 2008). On the east coast of the U.S.A., at the northern extent of its range, the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program is a research trawl survey that has been conducted each spring, summer, and fall since 1989 from approximately Cape Lookout to Cape Canaveral (available at: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/mrri/SEAMAP/seamap.html). Through 2005, this survey captured the Atlantic devilray in 15 of the 17 survey years (n = 113), and the estimated instantaneous rate of change in the survey was 0.105 (95% CI: 0.037-0.173), suggesting that the species has been increasing in this region (Myers et al. unpublished data).\| \|Current Population Trend:\|\|Unknown\| \|Habitat and Ecology:\|\|This species occurs pelagicaly in coastal and occasionally oceanic waters (McEachran and Carvalho 2002), and travels in schools (Robbins et al. 1986). As with all myliobatoid rays, the reproductive mode of M. hypostoma is aplacental viviparity, with embryonic nutrition supplied from a protein- and lipid-rich histotroph from highly developed trophonemata. One pup is produced per litter (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Long resting periods may account for extended reproductive cycles in mobulid species. The maximum recorded size is 120 cm disc width (DW); males mature at 114 cm DW and females mature at 111 cm DW (McEachran and Carvalho 2002). Size at birth is 55 cm DW (McEachran and Carvalho 2002), but nothing else is known of its life history. Prey items include zooplankton, small pelagic crustaceans, and ray-finned fishes (McEachran and Carvalho 2002).\| \|Use and Trade:\|\|Mobulid rays in the Western Central Atlantic are utilized in some areas for their flesh, which is salted and marketed. Other body parts are sometimes used for the production of oil.\| \|Major Threat(s):\|\|None of the Western Atlantic devil ray species are abundant enough to be considered of significant commercial interest to fisheries; however they are taken as bycatch in longline and net fisheries (McEachran and Carvalho 2002). This species may be susceptible to capture in surface gill nets, longlines, purse seines and directed harpoons, like other mobulid species. Very little specific information is currently available on the capture of this species in fisheries throughout its range. It is known to be occasionally taken incidentally in pelagic longline fisheries off Brazil and Uruguay, where it is typically discarded at sea (Amorim et al. 1998, A. Domingo pers. obs. 2008). The catch per unit of effort of Mobula spp, (probably consisting at least partially of M. hypostoma) by the pelagic longline fishery in an expansive, oceanic area of the southwestern Atlantic during 1998-2007 (among > 2.800.000 hooks) was 0.00001 individuals/ 1000 hooks. Mobulid rays appear to be particularly susceptible to overfishing as their fecundity is the lowest of all elasmobranchs (with litter sizes of typically only one pup and a reproductive periodicity of 1-3 years (White et al. 2006)). Therefore, further information is required on the interaction of this species with fisheries throughout its range, particularly in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and northern coasts of South America.\| Assessment of catches and the impact of fisheries on this species throughout its range are required. The development and implementation of management plans (national and/or regional e.g., under the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks: IPOA-Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species across the regions where this ray occurs. \|Citation:\|\|Bizzarro, J., Smith, W., Baum, J., Domingo, A. & Menni, R. 2009. Mobula hypostoma. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T161737A5492018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161737A5492018.en . Downloaded on 13 October 2015.\| \|Feedback:\|\|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided\|	<urn:uuid:65921a04-dd08-4324-a7fe-77caae281bd2>	{ "date": "2015-10-13T09:21:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738004493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222004-00004-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8660773634910583, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 1735, "url": "http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/161737/0" }
A simple advert and a simple brand. Completely new to the UK market. “It sold over two million bottles in Germany last year”; I translate this as “your German counterparts are using it and so should you”. You might think my translation is a slight leap, however, the next statement in the advert is: “To find out why, get down to Boots, leading supermarkets or pharmacies”. They are so confident in the product that they don’t need to say anything more about it. Their sales pitch is the statistic about Germany. How and to what extent do social pressures constrain people’s opinions? Psychologists have revealed that most people, even the most assertive and independent of us, will conform to social pressure when we are in a situation with a group of other people. The classic experiment by Asch in 1955 involved a group of people being shown a vertical line and then being asked to identify its identical line from a set of another three lines. The experiment showed that when people do this task by themselves, they perform it really well. However, put them in a group and the results tell a whole different story. The original experiment involved a group of 9 men being tested in this task at the same time. However, only one of the men was a true participant – the rest were confederates of the experiment. The majority of the men were asked to give a unanimous wrong answer and the experiment was to see if the genuine participant would agree with them or not. 75% of the participants agreed with the majority at least once. There were big individual differences between participants. About 25% of the participants would never agree with the majority, while other participants agreed with majority opinion most of the time. Why do people conform to social pressure? After the original experiment the participants were asked what the reasons were for their answers. Their reasons were varied: - Non-conformers said they had confidence in their own judgement and had the ability to recover from doubt. - Other non-conformers said that they thought the majority were actually correct but continued to disagree because they felt they had a responsibility to say what they thought they could see. - Some of the conformers said that they questioned their own judgement which made them think they were wrong, the majority were right and so they went with the majority answer. - Other conformers suspected that the others were simply copying the first person’s answer but still conformed anyway. This reveals a few of the layers of how social pressure causes different types of characters to react, the most important point being that for whatever reason, the majority would rather conform than not. How does social pressure relate to your video production? The psychology of social pressure and majority opinion is ingrained in how social media functions. Whether we realise it or not, it is the tendency of people to conform that we are trying to harness when using social media to grow our audiences. In order to ‘social proof’ your videos, you need to use techniques that persuade your audience that social opinion is in favour of your product or brand. Here are some examples: Vox pops & testimonial videos These types of video production basically constitute word of mouth recommendations on video. This is an extremely powerful tool, assuming that the testimonials are authentic – do not even try to fake it – you will be found out and it will be embarrassing. It is very persuasive to see people just like you telling you that they have benefited from a particular product or service, how they have specifically benefited and that you will too. Using statistics in video production Using statistics in your video in the right way can be extremely persuasive. You can use statistics to demonstrate what people think and feel about your product and you can demonstrate that ‘the majority’ are in favour of what you have to offer. The Alpecin advert uses one statistic about sales in Germany to convince men in the UK that they should buy their product. Use footage of events This is a slightly more subtle approach but if you can use footage of successful events that show a lot of people getting a lot out of your event, you will be giving your audience the impression that your event was of high quality and leave them feeling like they should have been there. Interview well known individuals in your industry By interviewing well known exports in your industry you will immediately benefit through the association; this is known as the “halo effect”. Here is a short video that we made on the topic: Sharing popular video content, again, and again You may have had success with particular videos or other content in the past. By success, think in terms of number of views but more important are shares, likes and comments. You can harness the potential of these successes to garner more likes etc by thinking of creative ways to bring this same content to future audiences. A good way to do this might be having features on your website such as ‘most liked video’s this year’, ‘most read articles this month’, or ‘most popular’. This will help extend the life cycle of your successful content helping it reach more and more people. Your audience will be interested in what other people have been interested in. I hope you have gained some insight into how the psychology of social pressure is relevant to how you market your product and that you now have some ideas about how to ‘social proof’ your video productions.	<urn:uuid:8089c659-bbda-4521-8b93-37691ad5e26e>	{ "date": "2014-07-23T20:07:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883466.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00152-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9773879647254944, "score": 2.78125, "token_count": 1131, "url": "http://mwpdigitalmedia.com/blog/use-opinions-social-pressure-better-video-marketing/" }
How Much Will I Need? To determine the quantity of Coppercoat required, calculate the hull area by multiplying the waterline length by the addition of the beam and the draft. Then, depending on the vessel, apply a factor: For full bodied craft such as motorboats or displacement and full keeled yachts, no factor is applied. For medium bodied craft, such as large fin and skeg or bilge keeled yachts, multiply by a factor of 0.75. For light bodied craft, such as fin keeled yachts, multiply by a factor of 0.60. If the calculation is in feet, multiply the figure by 0.093 to convert to square meters. Given that Coppercoat has an effective coverage rate of 4 square meters per litre, divide this figure by 4 to determine how many litres are required. A 34ft motorboat, with a 30ft waterline length, a 12ft beam & a 2ft draft; 30 x (12+2) = 420 ft2, x 0.093 = 39.06 m2, / 4 = 9.76 litres required. As Coppercoat is supplied in 1 litre units, 10 litres should be used. A 28ft fin keeled yacht, with a 26ft waterline length, a 11ft beam & a 5ft draft; 26 x (11+5) x 0.6 = 250 ft2, x 0.093 = 23.25 m2, / 4 = 5.81 litres required. As Coppercoat is supplied in 1 litre units, 6 litres should be used.	<urn:uuid:349b57bc-aa35-4cc1-a9d0-10b93017548e>	{ "date": "2017-11-19T15:43:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8764899373054504, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 342, "url": "http://www.ambientech.es/coppercoat.htm" }
Tuesday, July 14 Winds of Change Alberta has long been known for its oil and ranching. Natural resources are what keeps Alberta's engine running. Unfortunately, the oil and gas business depends on non renewable resources, and bitumen extraction in the Athabasca tarsands has the reputation of being one of the major polluters in northern Alberta.With the price of oil hovering around $50-$60 a barrel, it is becoming less and less profitable to extract oil from the oilsands of Northern Alberta. An even more serious culprit in regards to polluting the air is the burning of coal to fuel our electric plants. According to the Clean Air Alliance in Ontario, coal-fired power plants are the single largest industrial contributors to this crisis. Coal-fired power plants are major producers of: -Nitrogen oxides, which combine with other pollutants to form ground-level ozone, one of the most noxious parts of the smog brew. -Sulphur dioxide, which contributes to the yellow haze that hangs over Southern Ontario and is a major factor in causing acid-rain damage to our lakes, rivers and forests. -Mercury, which can in even tiny amounts have a devastating impact on the human nervous system, especially for children and the unborn. Exposure to mercury can cause brain and kidney damage and even death. Mercury exposure has also been linked to impairment of children's reasoning skills. -Lead, which is also particularly harmful to children and can cause brain damage, impair growth, damage kidneys and cause learning and behavioral problems. -Heavy metals, including cadmium and chromium, which are known cancer-causing toxins. The Nanticoke coal-fired electricity generating station on Lake Erie is Canada's single largest source of air pollution. This gigantic coal-fired power plant -- the largest in North America -- produces a toxic brew of pollutants, including sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, lead, cancerous heavy metals and arsenic. (Nanticoke is owned by Ontario Power Generation -- formerly Ontario Hydro -- which, in turn, is 100% owned by the Government of Ontario.) The pollution coming out of Nanticoke's giant smokestacks is the equivalent of the pollution produced by 3.3 million cars. Its emissions contribute not only to the choking smog that lies over Southern Ontario every summer, but also to the potentially devastating impacts of global climate change and to the well-known problems caused by acid rain. Coal Energy is Dirty Energy. Its time to seek out greener and renewable energy resources. The most obvious is Wind Power. Southern Alberta is home to the Chinook wind. The warm Pacific air is drawn up from the coast and travels at high altitudes until it blows down the Eastern slopes of the Rockies. The temperature can change from sub zero to double digit positive numbers in an hour. The First Nations call the Chinook the 'snow eater' as snow literally disappears from the ground. The Chinook wind blows at about 60 km/hour and in some places in southern Alberta it can reach gusts of 100 km /hour.These prime conditions make Alberta a player in wind energy. In my opinion, it is a no-brainer. Wind blows constantly in some places and the trees are actually dwarfed due to the high speed and consistency of the wind. Near the town of Halkirk, Alberta, the wind doesn't stop. I had the opportunity to visit the area with Dan Tocher, VP of Stakeholder Relations at Greengate Power Corporation. Greengate is a wind energy developer from Calgary, currently developing over 1550 MW of wind power on approxiamately 200,000 acres of land in Alberta. These projects are close to existing transmission lines. This allows Greengate to exploit some of Alberta's wind rich areas with little or no upgrades needed to the existing transmission lines. Wind power is clean energy and is beneficial in many ways. It is non-polluting, it doesn't endanger the natural habitat where the turbines are located,and it will create jobs for the area around the projects. In the end, windpower could compensate for the bad image of the oilsands and give us more green credibility in the eyes of the world.It will also neutralize the deep carbon footprint left by coal-fired power plants that are scattered across Canada. There is a proverb from Africa that states: "The earth is not ours; it is a treasure we hold in trust for future generations."	<urn:uuid:9d5e3de1-0e77-436f-a331-4aad96aaf34e>	{ "date": "2018-03-20T01:46:52", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9420738816261292, "score": 3.25, "token_count": 919, "url": "http://canarioca.blogspot.com/2009/02/winds-of-change.html" }
Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria Gospatric was born about 1037, he was the great-grandson of the Saxon king Ethelred the Redeless, through his mother Ealdgyth, whose own mother, Ælfgifu, who had married Uchtred the Bold, ealdorman of Northumbria. His paternal ancestry is uncertain. Simeon of Durham stated that Gospatric was the son of Cumbrian 'Prince' Maldred by his wife Ealdgyth of Bamburgh. Maldred himself was the son of Crínáin , Abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethoc, the daughter of Scottish King Malcolm II. Gospatric is a British Celtic name meaning 'Servant of St. Patrick'. Following his victory at the Battle of Hastings, in early 1067, William the Conqueror appointed Copsig as Earl of Bernicia. Copsig, whose family had a history of being rulers of Bernicia, had been a supporter of Tostig Godwineson, the unruly brother of King Harold II, Copsig had shared Tostig's exile in 1065. Within five weeks, Copsig had been killed by Oswulf, a grandson of Uchtred the Bold, Earl of Northumbria, Oswulf then installed himself as Earl. Oswulf himself was killed by bandits after spending less than six months as Earl. Gospatric, who was probably a relative of both Oswulf and Uchtred, posseessed a plausible claim to the Earldom, offered King William a large amount of money to be granted the Earldom of Bernicia, which Wiliam accepted. In early 1068, Gospatric joined in a rebellion against the Conqueror, allied with Edgar Ætheling, the Anglo-Saxon claimant to the throne, and Edwin, Earl of Mercia and his brother Morcar. The rebellion failed and William dispossessed many of the northern landowners and granted the lands to Normans. Gospatric forfieted his earldom to the Fleming Robert Comine and went into exile in Scotland. Despite local rebellions such as those of the heroic Hereward the Wake in East Anglia and that of Eadric the Wild in Herefordshire, William continued to extend his authority over England with an iron fist. The following year, Gospatric joined the invading army of Danes, Scots, and Englishmen under Edgar the Aetheling, last representitive of the old Saxon House of Wessex, who had a strong claim to be the heir of Edward the Confessor. Despite warnings from Bishop Ethelwin, that a rebel army had mobilised against him, Robert Comine,the new Earl of Northumbria, rode into Durham with a small force on 28 January 1069, where he and his men were surrounded and slaughtered. The rebels then turned their attention to York where they killed the guardian of the castle. William's response was swift and brutal, in what has come to be known as the 'Harrying of the North', Norman massacres ensued and William ravaged York and its church, he fell on the besiegers, killing or putting them to flight and then marched to the river Tees, ravaging the surrounding countryside as he proceeded north. Gospatric was able, due to his holding Bamburgh castle, to make terms with the king, Edgar fled to Scotland, where Malcolm III, King of Scots was married to his sister Margaret. Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria , who had joined the revolt, submitted to William, along with Gospatric, and both were pardoned and allowed to retain their lands, Gospatric's Earldom was re-instated. But William's vengeance was not satiated, he marched over the Pennines during the winter and defeated the remaining rebels at Shrewsbury. The Anglo-Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis stated in his Ecclesiastical History :- "The King stopped at nothing to hunt his enemies. He cut down many people and destroyed homes and land. Nowhere else had he shown such cruelty. This made a real change. To his shame, William made no effort to control his fury, punishing the innocent with the guilty. He ordered that crops and herds, tools and food be burned to ashes. More than 100,000 people perished of starvation. I have often praised William in this book, but I can say nothing good about this brutal slaughter. God will punish him." In 1072 William the Conqueror again stripped Gospatric of his Earldom of Northumbria, and replaced him with Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton, the son of Siward the Strong. Gospatric fled into exile in Scotland and soon afterwards went to Flanders. When he returned to Scotland he was granted Dunbar Castle and the adjacent lands in Lothian, later to become the Earldom of Dunbar, by Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots, who was probably Gospatric's uncle. He rebuilt the wood and wattle Fortress of Bar into the stone castle of Dunbar, which was to become one of the mightiest castles in Scotland. Gospatric did not live long in Scottish exile, Roger of Hoveden's chronicle relates:- "[N]ot long after this, being reduced to extreme infirmity, he sent for Aldwin and Turgot, the monks, who at this time were living at Meilros, in poverty and contrite in spirit for the sake of Christ, and ended his life with a full confession of his sins, and great lamentations and penitence, at Ubbanford, which is also called Northam, and was buried in the porch of the church there. Gospatric left three sons, his eldest son Dolfin, was given the government of Carlisle by Malcolm Canmore but was expelled from his position by the Conqueror's successor, William Rufus. The second son, Gospatric II, Earl of Dunbar, was killed at the battle of the Standard in 1138, but left four sons, the descendants of the eldest of these, Gospatric III, Earl of Lothian or Earl of Dunbar, were to become one of the most powerful families in Scotland, the Earls of Dunbar and March controlled much of Lothian, and all of the Borders. Gospatric's youngest son, Waltheof, became Lord of Allerdale and Abbot of Crowland. Among Gospatric's male line descendants were the Neville family, immensely powerful in the north of England during the middle ages. He also left at least one daughter, Uchtreda, who married Duncan II of Scotland, the son of King Malcolm Canmore. This marriage produced one son, William FitzDuncan, who was born around 1094.	<urn:uuid:22a40be1-2b14-4230-9cbb-fdb9814b3d62>	{ "date": "2014-08-20T20:25:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500812662.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021332-00228-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9829166531562805, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 1436, "url": "http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/normans_19.html" }
Satnav is making us stupid. You often read of people doing things like traveling 400 miles in the wrong direction, or driving into rivers, or turning disastrously onto train tracks– all by too credulously following their satnav’s directions. But these are only the extreme cases. Anyone with a smart-phone knows how even under normal conditions using satnav tends quickly to atrophy your ability to remember and navigate places and routes by yourself. You just don’t need these skills anymore. It needn’t be that way. Here’s seven ways satnav could be re-designed to positively assist in making you learn about your environment, while still getting you easily to your destination. 1.) Point out interesting things Satnav is designed to save us the bother of noticing the outside world. But if you don’t notice it, you don’t remember it. Memorable satnav would be like a chatty companion, always pointing out objects of interest as they passed, giving you a generous shot at remembering them. “We’re driving through the town of Wem. Notice that the buildings are all pretty new. That’s because the Great Fire of Wem destroyed most of the town in 1677. Began when a 14 year old girl knocked over a candle. Anyhow- here’s the town hall, for what it’s worth” 2.) Make all routes unique Satnav makes all journeys the same, yet each is unique. Memory adores what is unique. Memorable satnav would make each journey completely unique- sometimes meaningfully, sometimes by appealing to amusing trivia- a job for which the internet is almost designed. E.g. _” Here’s an interesting piece of trivia. Your journey begins at an altitude of 145 metres, and ends an hour later by the sea. That’s a fall of… “Correct. One point. At that rate, you would reach the centre of the earth if you carried on going for… ” 23 years?”. 3.) Demand active recall Directions go in one ear, and out the other when you use satnav: you only need them for as long as you are making your next turn, after all. But without any repetition, memories don’t get formed. Memorable satnav would prompt you to recall the places you’ve just been. There’s no better way to form memories than by being forced to recall them. _“ok, just now, we passed through which 14th century market town in order to join the A458? “Correct. Ten points. You now have the Mr. Moustache achievement.”_ 4.) Help you make connections Satnav doesn’t notice when you’ve done a route before- and quite often, as a result, neither do you. You just don’t need to make any connections. But memories are connections, so you don’t end up making any memories as a result. Memorable satnav would notice when you are nearby something you know, and it would help you make the connection. “You’ll recall that last time you passed through here, you stopped at the Coach and Horses, and ate dinner there. Here’s a message to your future self you took the time to record “Mate- glad you’re still alive. Whatever you do, don’t eat the Butternut Squash” 5.) Vary experience creatively Satnav typically takes you on the same route, even if there are other interesting possibilities that would take only fractionally longer. Memorable satnav would creatively vary the routes to give you a broader and more interconnected experience of places you pass through frequently. As with all learning, the broader the range of examples, the more powerful and flexible the understanding that results. “Ok, last time we were on our way to Burnley, as you no doubt recall, we went straight on at the approaching junction. This time, for badness, we’ll take a left after the postbox, and go cross-country. There are some lovely views, and we’ll pass St. Thomas’ church, where the poet Silvia Plath is buried”. 6.) Remind you of past routes Satnav forgets about the trips you’ve taken in the past as soon as you have. But if you’re going to remember anything, then you need to be reminded of it, not only as you’re learning it- but after a week, a month, a year. This is called spaced repetition. Intelligent satnav would give you just such optimally scheduled reminders of the routes you’ve taken in the past. _“Where were we going when we passed a chimney last week?” “The giant one?” “Wrong. Minus five points. We were going to Peterborough.”_ 7) Make geography socially relevant We’re social beings. Facebook has taught us that we like to “share information” with our friends. To make our journeys more memorable, satnav should draw attention to our friends’ travels in the past. “Your friend Dan had a breakdown a year back just on the right here, right in the middle of nowhere. And get this- his mobile ran out of battery, and he had to wade through a river to get to a farmhouse where he could call a breakdown crew. I’ve taken the liberty of auto-dialling him now, actually, so that you can help him re-live this painful episode” I’d actually really like to make an app that does this. Easily done by scraping Wikipedia and Facebook for geographically tagged info, and using collaborative filtering for popular directions etc, a bit of AI to narrate the stuff, and yadadadada all the techno babble I hear round the office all day. It’s probably worth mentioning that Memrise is currently providing something pretty damn close to the vocab-equivalent of this experience. Check it out	<urn:uuid:2ef52e63-5875-4f6b-9244-2a002c27cbaf>	{ "date": "2018-03-22T12:02:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647883.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322112241-20180322132241-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9438154697418213, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 1307, "url": "https://blog.memrise.com/2011/03/05/how-to-build-a-satnav-that-doesnt-make-you-stupid/" }
Adenine: A white, crystalline derivative; one of the four basic nucleotides that comprise DNA. Adipose tissue: A type of connective tissue specialized for lipid (fat) storage. Aggregate cost: The sum total of costs. AIDS: Auto-immune deficiency syndrome. The disease is caused by the HIV retrovirus, a specialized virus which attacks the human immune system. Albumin: A protein in many animal and vegetable tissues, including human plasma. Amino Acids: Any organic acid containing one or more amino groups (NH2) and a carboxyl group (CO2H); forming the essential components of proteins. Ammonia: A colorless, volatile, pungent alkaline gas, soluble in water; formed by the body as a product of protein metabolism; converted to urea by the liver or excreted by the kidney. Antibody: A three-lobed globulin containing two short and two long chains of protein, found in blood and other body fluids, that can be incited by the presence of antigen; it has a destructive influence on the antigen that stimulated its formation, thus producing immunity. B-cells bombard viral particles with antibodies until they find one which works, and then manufacture large quantities of the effective antibody and release it into the blood . They also retain a memory of these antibodies - if the virus ever attempts to reinfect the body, B-cells quickly manufacture the remembered antibody and wipe it out. Antigenic drift: Many viruses mutate frequently in order to avoid destruction by the immune systems of their hosts. The gradual evolution of viral strains that results from these mutations is known as antigenic drift. Antisense strand: Most genetic material, both DNA and RNA, appears as two chains or strands of nucleotides wound together into a double helix - the common picture of DNA. Each nucleotide - A, T, C and G - has an attractive opposite (A attracts T, C attracts G). As a result, one strand, the "sense" strand, contains the information (for example, ATG-AAA) and the other strand, the "antisense" strand contains the opposite of this information (TAC-TTT - according to the pairing rules). Antisense RNA is the "antisense" half of a complete double RNA strand. RNA viruses consist of two types - "sense" RNA viruses, whose genetic material consists of the "sense" half of a complete strand, and "antisense" RNA viruses, which have the "antisense" half. Sense RNA viruses can have their genetic material read out directly by the ribosomes of their host cells - antisense RNA viruses must first copy themselves into a "sense" strand of RNA. Asymptomatic: Free of symptoms. B Cell: One of the two major types of lymphocytes (white blood cells), derived from bone marrow lymphocytes. Bacteria: Any of various one-celled microorganisms of the plant kingdom, existing as free- living organisms or as parasites of other organisms. Bacteria reproduce through subdivision, and are classified according to their shape and behavior. Bacteriophage: A very delicate bacterial virus with considerable variation in structure which may attack and destroy bacteria cells under certain conditions; it contains a nucleic acid core and a protein coat. Blood sugar: The carbohydrate, principally glucose, of the blood. Blood transfusion: Introduction of new matching blood into the bloodstream. Budding: Cells are constantly sampling their outside environment, taking in substances from outside of the cell, as well as releasing substances to the external environment - in this way, cells can communicate with one another to form complex organisms. This is typically accomplished through budding: the cell membrane bends inward or outward and closes in upon itself, forming a "bubble" of membrane for the transport of substances. Many viruses utilize this mechanism as a method of entry and exit from a host cell - they are carriend into the cell when it buds inward, and released when it buds outward. Many viruses retain the "bubble" of cell membrane (lipid), creating a protective lipid envelope for themselves - thus these viruses' development is completed as they are released from the cell and simultaneously given their lipid envelope.	<urn:uuid:393cf47c-e278-4bb9-98a8-050d58a4d910>	{ "date": "2019-05-22T05:26:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256763.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522043027-20190522065027-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9378323554992676, "score": 3.234375, "token_count": 888, "url": "http://epidemic.org/glossary/glossaryA-B/" }
Juneteenth is the oldest known US celebration of the end of slavery. African-Americans and others mark the anniversary much like the Fourth of July, with parties, picnics and gatherings with family and friends. Here's a look at Juneteenth, also called Emancipation Day, by the numbers: 153 - Years since Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger (Union Army) first read the proclamation, General Orders, No. 3, in Galveston, Texas, notifying slaves of their emancipation, on June 19, 1865. January 1, 1863 - Date President Abraham Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, freeing those enslaved. 901 - Days in between the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation and General Orders, No. 3. 13th - Amendment to the US Constitution that abolished slavery. 3,953,760 - Estimated number of slaves in the United States in 1860. 30.2 - Percentage of the population of Texas comprised of slaves, or "bondsmen," in 1860. 500,000 - Estimated number of free blacks in the United States in 1860. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, about half were in the North and half were in the South. 15 - States where it was legal to have slaves before the Civil War: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. 45 - States with laws or resolutions celebrating Juneteenth. January 1, 1980 - Juneteenth became a state holiday in Texas, although it had been celebrated informally since 1865. "Every year we must remind successive generations that this event triggered a series of events that one by one defines the challenges and responsibilities of successive generations. That's why we need this holiday." -- Al Edwards (D-Texas), sponsor of the bill. 45,133,880 - African-Americans (one race alone or in combination) in the United States in 2016, according to the most recent Census Bureau estimate. 145 years - Age of the oldest Juneteenth celebration in the world, in Emancipation Park in Houston. 8 - Consecutive years during which Barack Obama, during his presidency, issued a statement to mark Juneteenth: 2009-2016. 40 - Congressional co-sponsors of House Resolution 268, Texas Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee's bill to "observe the historical significance of Juneteenth Independence Day," introduced in the House on June 17, 2013. It has been referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. - By the Numbers: Juneteenth - On Juneteenth, let's commit to ending separation of parents and children at the border - The story from 1931 we still need to hear on Juneteenth - Powerball winning numbers are ... - Marijuana legalization by the numbers - Mega Millions winning numbers are ... - Halloween 2018 by the numbers - Melania Trump's poll numbers plummet - Government shutdown: By the numbers - Do good economic numbers help Trump?	<urn:uuid:df980eb9-dbc5-405b-84eb-6ae13646ded9>	{ "date": "2019-01-23T05:38:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583897417.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123044447-20190123070447-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9452150464057922, "score": 4.0625, "token_count": 625, "url": "https://www.wthitv.com/content/national/485705042.html" }

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