text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
The Puritan Separatists - or Pilgrims - landed in Massachusetts in 1620 and their original economic system was a form of Communism. You could say they were one of the first communities to practice Communism.
There were no property rights or division of labour in the colony. Food was grown for the town and distributed equally among everyone. The women washed clothes for everyone. They preserved meat for all the families.
Sounds grand eh? Lenin and Marx would have been proud.
However, by 1623 - just 3 years of living Communist philosophy - the town was facing famine.
See, people started getting clever. They realised that if everyone was getting treated equally no matter their contribution, then why should they pull their weight if they'd receive what others produced anyway? Why should they toil in the sun all day to plant crops, just for the harvest to be shared equally with people who hadn't worked the fields? Why should the women toil all day washing other people's clothes, when people were sitting at home doing nothing but benefiting anyway? So more and more the people became lazy, making excuses or crying off sick to avoid working and contributing.
Sound familiar? Sound like the consequence of today's growing welfare state perhaps?
In any case, the governor of the Puritan colony decided that the only way to save the day was to give parcels of land to families and make them grow their own crops to feed themselves. The families needed to take PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY for their own survival.
And the results were instantaneous.
"They found that those who would pretend they couldn't work due to infirmity, weakness or inability (sound familiar?) gladly went to work in the fields. Corn production increased dramatically and famine was averted because communism was eliminated."The reasons why Communism failed in the colony were numerous. It failed because it treated the young and old the same. It rewarded the less productive as much as the more productive. Members of the community found that they could do less and still get the same benefit.....
And it failed because the colony didn't put any importance into maintaining the family unit. Men working for other people's children; women washing clothes for other men; children working for other families. There was no incentive to work or prosper as a family.
No wonder Communists still attack the family unit today. It's in their DNA - to destroy the glue that keeps society functioning and exceeding. That's why there's the push for Gay "marriage" and adoption of children by homosexuals by the Socialist/Communist movements. Always in White-run countries....
It's also why the Liberal media are pushing the notion that "traditional marriage" is no longer relevant in its current form and that other types of relationships are more modern. Like polyamory - having multiple romantic and sexual partners in an open relationship. And that a village should raise children. Everything hippies once practiced....and failed at.
People who think the Gay marriage agenda is all about marriage "equality" need to open their eyes real quick. Once the traditional family unit is destroyed by the Marxists then everything else tumbles down with it.
Sodom and Gomorrah on steroids.
Already we see children being raised more Liberal in our Western societies - growing up as selfish brats, expecting their needs and wants to be met immediately. The feminists have succeeded NOT in empowering females, but leading them to being exploited even more - all in the name of "female liberation". In the process, the role of the White male has been belittled. Today we sit with more and more women not marrying and having kids because they're waiting for the perfect man to come along - and men choosing not to marry as it's easier to sleep around and enjoy the benefits of all that feminist liberation without the attached responsibilities.
Add to this the Gaia worshipers calling for population control....of mainly White people - while they invite third-worlders in as immigrants to overpopulate our countries and take what we produce.
The more things change, the more they stay the same.
Oh well. As the Puritans found out, what sounds like Utopia is usually too good to be true. There is always a price to pay and we'll find out down the line the price we will pay for allowing a minority of ideologues to manipulate our morals, standards and our values in our Western countries.
Because Communism has NEVER worked anywhere it's been tried - it's against human nature, just as the Puritans found out.
The Pilgrims’ Short Lived Experiment in Communism
Click here for the full article. | <urn:uuid:e4b34428-19c3-45a9-b7fe-4f891f8e4f73> | {
"date": "2014-09-15T02:00:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657102753.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011142-00024-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9780266284942627,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 941,
"url": "http://ozziesaffa.blogspot.com/2013/11/usa-why-pilgrims-abandoned-communism.html"
} |
- There have been quite a few questions about creating and/or applying patches to packages when using ABS. This document outlines the steps and options required to do these tasks. http://www.kegel.com/academy/opensource.html also has some useful information on patching files.
If you are attempting to use a patch that you got from elsewhere (ie: you downloaded a patch to the Linux kernel), you can skip to the next section. However, if you need to edit source code, make files, configuration files, etc, you will need to be able to create a patch.
Note: If you need only to change one or two lines in a file (ie: a Makefile), you may be better off investigating the properties of
Creating a patch for a package involves creating two copies of the package, editing the new copy, and creating a unified diff between the two files. When creating an Arch Linux package, this can be done as follows:
- Add the download source of the file to the source array of the
PKGBUILDyou are creating. Of course, if you are altering an existing PKGBUILD, this step is taken care of.
- Create a dummy (empty, or containing a single
echocommand is good) build() function. If you are altering an existing
PKGBUILD, you should comment out most of the lines of the build function, as you're likely going to be running
makepkgseveral times, and you won't want to spend a lot of time waiting for a broken package to build.
makepkgThis will download the source files you need to edit into the
- Change to the
srcdirectory. In standard cases, there will be a directory containing a bunch of files that were unzipped or untarred from a downloaded archive there (Sometimes it's a single file, but diffs work on multiple files too!) You should make two copies of these directories. One is a pristine copy that makepkg won't be allowed to manipulate, and one will be the new copy that you will create a patch from. You can name the two copies
package.newor something similar.
- Change into the
package.newdirectory. Edit whichever files need to be edited. The changes needed depend on what the patch has to do; it might correct a Makefile paths, it may have to correct source errors (for example, to agree with
gcc 3.4), and so on. You can also edit files in subfolders of the
package.newdirectory, of course. Do not issue any commands that will inadvertently create a bunch of files in the
package.newdirectory; ie: do not try to compile the program to make sure your changes work. The problem is that all the new files will show up in the patch, and you don't want that. Instead, apply the patch to another copy of the directory (not the pristine directory), either manually with the
patchcommand, or in the
PKGBUILD(described below) and test the changes from there.
- Change back to the
diff -aur package.pristine package.newThis will output all the changes you made in unified diff format. You can scan these to make sure the patch is good.
diff -aur package.pristine package.new > package.patchto capture all the changes in a file named
package.patch. This is the file that will be used by patch. You may now apply the changes to a copy of the original directory and make sure they are working properly. You should also check to ensure that the patch does not contain any extraneous details. For example, you don't want the patch to convert all tabs in the files you edited to spaces because your text editor did that behind your back. You can edit the patch either using a text editor, or to be safer (and not accidentally introduce errors into the diff file), edit the original files and create the patch afresh.
This section outlines how to apply patches you created or downloaded from the Internet from within a
build() function. Follow these steps:
- Add an entry to the
sourcearray of the
PKGBUILDfor the patch file. If the file is available online, you can provide the full URL and it will automatically be downloaded and placed in the
srcdirectory. If it is a patch you created yourself, or is otherwise not available, you should place the file in the same directory as the
PKGBUILDfile, and just add the name of the file to the source array so that it is copied into the
srcdirectory. If you redistribute the
PKGBUILD, you should, of course, include the patch with the
- Create the
build()function in the
PKGBUILD. In most cases you will want to apply the patch first thing in the function, but you will know best where the patch lines need to be applied.
- The first step in is to change into the directory that needs to be patched (in the
build()function, not on your terminal! You want to automate the process of applying the patch). You can do this with something like
cd $startdir/src/$pkgname-$pkgveror something similar.
$pkgname-$pkgveris often the name of a directory created by untarring a downloaded source file, but not in all cases.
- Now you simply need to apply the patch from within this directory. This is very simply done by adding
patch -p1 -i ../pkgname.patchto your
pkgname.patchto the name of the file containing the diff (the file that was automatically copied into your
srcdirectory because it was in the
sourcearray of the
makepkg(from the terminal now). If all goes well, the patch will be automatically applied, and your new package will contain whatever changes were included in the patch. If not, you may have to experiment with the
-poption of patch. read
man patchfor more information.
Basically it works as follows. If the diff file was created to apply patches to files in
myversion/, the diff files will be applied to
myversion/file. You are running it from within the
yourversion/ directory (because you cd'd into that directory in the
PKGBUILD), so when patch applies the file, you want it to apply it to the file
file, taking off the
-p1 does this, by removing one directory from the path. However, if the developer patched in
myfiles/myversion, you need to remove two directories, so you use
If you don't apply a -p option, it will take off all directory structure. This is ok if all the files are in the base directory, but if the patch was created on
myversion/ and one of the edited files was
myversion/src/file, and you run the patch without a
-p option from within
yourversion, it will try to patch a file named
Most developers create patches from the parent directory of the directory that is being patched, so
-p1 will usually be right. | <urn:uuid:0d9677b3-1ca5-4f5b-8e56-0c359390849d> | {
"date": "2018-02-25T02:59:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9188061952590942,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 1487,
"url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Patching_in_ABS&oldid=21466"
} |
We want to find out how people are feeling about sustainability; both as a wider subject, and in relation to their personal lives. So in May 2018 we released a survey that asked young people about their attitudes to sustainability. Then, through work with schools during those first few months, we designed and released two further surveys, one for adults, and one for children under the age of twelve.
These surveys were designed to help you explore and question your own feelings, learning, thinking, knowledge, and assumptions around sustainability. Through which we would gain a better insight into how young people, teachers, and other community members and educators feel about sustainability and sustainability education.
Our surveys have now relaunched for their second year, please follow the links below to complete the one that is relevant to you.
- Children’s Attitudes to Sustainability (Ages 7 – 12)
- Youth Attitudes to Sustainability (Ages 12 – 24)
- Adult Attitudes to Sustainability (Ages 25 +)
Since the release of the surveys we have gathered over 1,900 responses from the UK and beyond.
These responses will form part of a five year longitudinal study, during which time we will re-release the surveys each year in order to compare the results year on year, and gather accurate data about trends and changes throughout our society, which supports our continuing work with UNESCO.
As well as giving us the above information, the data gathered will be used by SEEd to better understand our own client base, enabling us to design and deliver better and more relevant programmes for both educators and young people. Already we can see emerging differences between the ways that different age groups view both their understanding and their learning and teaching of sustainability as a subject, and we are beginning to get a picture of just what young people across the UK want to be taught about sustainability and climate change.
Alongside this the data will be used by SEEd to form part of our research and evidence work supporting our Campaign to Change the Education Act. Already results are showing that UK residents are concerned about sustainability and climate change, and that young people are asking for Education for Sustainable Development to be part of their compulsory studies. Being able to bring this nationwide, and indeed international, longitudinal study could be a powerful tool for change.
Each year the surveys will close at the end of July, and during August the years results will be collated, recorded, and then presented. These results will be available for the public in documents which you can find here on this page. Please follow the links below to view the documents.
A further use for this survey is as a school audit, and we encourage schools across the country and beyond to use it as such.
In order to use the survey as an audit simply ask the students and staff of your school/class to fill in the survey that is relevant to them (Adults, Youth, Children U 12), making sure that at the end of the survey they complete the box that asks which school, institution or organisation they are from. Once all students and staff have done this please contact us via [email protected], we can gather and separate all the surveys from your institution and send the data to you. Once you have the data you can use it to understand where your staff and students are at, or to compare their learning and understanding year on year alongside our research.
Although we will send you your data, we will retain copies of this data that will form part of our research.
Schools and other institutions will never be named within our results.
Please see the links below for the results to our Sustainability Attitudes Surveys.
- Sustainability Attitudes Survey Results Academic Year 2018/2019
For any further information on this research project please contact Rachael via [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:9def50a6-51c3-4ec6-9921-dbbe3ce8a1a2> | {
"date": "2019-11-19T16:05:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9609693288803101,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 788,
"url": "https://se-ed.co.uk/edu/sustainability-attitudes/"
} |
IT’S a real eye-opener. A surgical robot can make the micro-scale movements needed for the delicate procedure of cataract surgery.
Axsis, a small teleoperated system developed by roboticist Chris Wagner and his colleagues at Cambridge Consultants, UK, is designed to cut into the eye with greater accuracy than a human.
Globally, 20 million people a year have surgery on cataracts. They develop when the lens of the eye gets cloudy. To restore sight, a surgeon cuts a small hole in the lens, scoops out the cloudy bit, and replaces it with a plastic lens.
The process requires a steady hand, and a common complication arises if a surgeon accidentally pierces the back of the lens, causing hazy vision.
Axsis is designed to prevent such human errors. It has articulating pincers sticking out of “arms” about the size of drinks cans, with strong, light “tendons” made of the same material that NASA uses for its solar sails. A surgeon uses two joysticks to control the pincers while watching on a screen as they work. This is just a demonstration model (pictured); in the final product, the pincers will be replaced with scalpels.
“It won’t let you make the mistake of punching through the back of the lens“
One benefit of the system is that the software prevents certain boundaries being breached. “It won’t let you make the mistake of punching through the back of the lens,” says Wagner.
Surgeons already use robots, such as the da Vinci system, for some operations. But these robots are usually large, often completely enveloping the patient and using long, telescoping instruments. Axsis is scaled down to a small halo around the patient’s head.
And while other robots work at small scales – even on eyes – they haven’t done cataract surgery. Trials of a system developed by Dutch medical robotics firm Preceyes are ongoing at Oxford’s John Radcliffe Hospital and focus on the retina, rather than the lens.
Ophthalmologist Ian Murdoch at University College London says he is interested in the idea that Axsis prevents the back of the lens from being pierced. “This happens in about 0.1 to 0.7 per cent of cases,” he says. “If the complication rate is less then this would obviously be great.”
But Murdoch wonders whether Axsis provides much of an advantage over existing advanced cataract surgery techniques, such as laser cataract surgery.
Peter Kim, a surgeon at the Children’s National Health System in Washington DC, says microsurgical robots are already used in some clinical settings. “I applaud the miniaturisation, but I am not clear on the unmet need and value proposition,” he says.
Axsis’s creators say cataract surgery is just the start. “It will quickly find more applications,” says Wagner. It could, for example, be used in gastrointestinal operations. Put the pincer end of Axsis on an endoscope and it could solve minor problems – like removing polyps – then and there.
This article appeared in print under the headline “Eye, robot” | <urn:uuid:fe8e50ff-19f1-4212-92a2-f42166d14b52> | {
"date": "2018-01-18T20:29:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9315283894538879,
"score": 3.421875,
"token_count": 692,
"url": "https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23230992-900-robot-surgeon-can-slice-eyes-finely-enough-to-remove-cataracts/"
} |
As scientific and business interests from the developed world scour the earth in pursuit of natural materials that might be put to economic use, the question that goes with them is: what benefit will there be to the people of the land where something useful is found and extracted?
In November 2010, there was one thorny issue that kept international negotiations about the UN Convention on Biological Diversity going on into the early hours of the morning. That issue was access and benefit sharing (ABS) and the resulting Nagoya Protocol, in which signatory countries to the UN Convention agreed to set a target for 17% of the earth to be covered by protected zones, would not have been possible without some sort of agreement on ABS.
Developing countries said they would not agree to a target unless there was an agreement to share the benefits of natural resources with indigenous peoples. They also insisted that these rules should retroactively cover all years from the convention’s establishment in 1993, but this demand was rejected by the developed countries. Companies in developed countries, especially in the pharmaceutical sector, felt such rules would be too cumbersome.
A compromise eventually emerged: the developing countries dropped their insistence on retroactive credit, and the developed countries agreed to set rules on how access to natural resources could be gained and how the profits derived from them should be shared. Countries will have to transpose the ABS requirements into national law, and companies will have to reimburse indigenous people for natural resources extracted in their territory.
But, significantly, the United States, home to the world’s largest pharmaceutical sector and the centre of pharmaceutical research, is not a signatory to either the convention or the protocol. So American companies will not have to share the benefits of extraction, but companies from the 193 countries that are signatories to the convention will have to do so. | <urn:uuid:5e1fa4d3-a51b-4b0a-9aae-8300bc142030> | {
"date": "2017-11-19T07:20:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805417.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119061756-20171119081756-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9674374461174011,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 367,
"url": "https://www.politico.eu/article/sharing-the-benefits/"
} |
Sterilizing clip applicator, London, England, 1979-1981
Sterilisation involves cutting or blocking the Fallopian tubes. These tubes transport the sperm or eggs. This stainless steel applicator is used to attach clips to the Fallopian tubes. This is done in conjunction with a laparoscope. It allows the surgeon to operate through a small incision. This relatively minor surgical procedure has become routine. Sterilisation can also be done chemically.
Related Themes and Topics
There are 631 related objects. View all related objects
Glossary: genito-urinary medicine
The branch of medicine dealing with the genital and urinary organs.
The use of methods and techniques to prevent pregnancy from sex. | <urn:uuid:c5c3a7d2-ddc8-4d45-b657-ae1cfccd2518> | {
"date": "2016-10-27T18:43:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00428-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8467053771018982,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 149,
"url": "http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=92375"
} |
© 2010 Glowmundo Creations, a 501c3 non-profit organization dedicated to cultivating inner strength in children. All rights reserved.
“Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom”
~ Victor Frankl
Self awareness is described as the capacity for introspection and gauge our mental and emotional state reconciling ourselves as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals.
Developing self-awareness early in life allows children to make better decisions as they enter the teenage and adult years.
When we are self aware we know:
- Where our thinking is standing: "Mind muck" or "Glow Thoughts"
- Our strengths and weaknesses
- What motivates us and makes us happy
- What we want to change about ourselves or about our life
- How we see ourselves as a person
- To be aware of our inner and outer experiences
We focus on building understanding of these core concepts:
- Pillar #1 My difficulties are the result of my Mind Muck (negative thinking) and negative feelings and actions.
- Pillar #2 My Mind Muck and negative actions cause me to feel bad and negatively influences my friends, family and community.
- Pillar #3 My happiness and joy is the result of my Glow Thoughts (positive thinking) and positive feelings and actions.
- Pillar #4 My Glow Thoughts cause me to be happy and positively influences my friends, family and community.
The Ultimate "Glow Thought":
"I always have a choice in how I respond to my circumstances and to what others think, say and do." | <urn:uuid:d185880d-47a0-4888-9362-c16a17fa0849> | {
"date": "2014-10-31T09:38:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899531.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00201-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9156866669654846,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 344,
"url": "http://www.glowmundo.org/Self-Aware.html"
} |
Meaning: Atlas Copco lizard
Author/s: Rich and Rich (1989)
Synonyms: None known
First Discovery: Victoria, Australia
Chart Position: 272
Unearthed at Dinosaur-Cove in Victoria in 1984, Atlascopcosaurus was assigned to "Hypsilophodontidae" — a family of small, bipedal herbivores — by husband and wife team Tim and Patricia Vickers-Rich five years later solely on the strength of ridges on its cheek teeth.
However, non-hypsilophodonts such as Zalmoxes, Camptosaurus, Dryosaurus, Gasparinisaura and Talenkauen all have ridged cheek teeth too. Moreover, "Hypsilophodontidae" has since collapsed due to a lack of members. Even its flag-bearer Hypsilophodon has closer relatives elsewhere!
In their reappraisal of Australian dinosaurs in 2010, Agnolina and colleagues recovered Atlascopcosaurus as a basal ornithopod, perhaps closest to Gasparinisaura and Anabisetia, but its meagre remains continue to put the kibosh on a more concrete classification.
The species epithet, loadsi, honors the Atlas Copco regional company manager William Loads, who also assisted with the dig. Loadsa honor for the loadsi lizard. | <urn:uuid:f52cc881-7e5b-48ed-9936-e48313ab7202> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T14:10:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00304-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8994694352149963,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 289,
"url": "http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/ATLASCOPCOSAURUS"
} |
Legislators Consider Desalination In Water Package
Yesterday afternoon the Texas Water Development Board released a draft of the rules for how major water projects across the state are going to be funded. Some of those projects include desalination, which is often considered too expensive to try.
The Water Development Board has outlined $54 billion dollars in water-related projects that the state needs to take on in order to secure our water supply. The projects are roughly divided into three: one third of the money will be for pipelines moving water around the state, another third will go to conservation projects, and another third will be for new sources like reservoirs, groundwater exploration and desalination.
Desalination involves removing salt from seawater or brackish groundwater to make it drinkable. On Monday a joint committee at the Texas Legislature met to talk about the viability of desalination. Here’s Carlos Rubenstein, the chairman of the Water Development Board.
"Texans are looking for long-term drought-proof solutions to provide the citizens with needed water," Rubenstein said. "Certainly desal is within that third. It will be an integral part of meeting our water needs in Texas."
Desal has long been considered too energy intensive and expensive, but with over 600 miles of Texas coastline and an estimated 2.8 billion acre feet of brackish water underground—it’s worth the state’s time to consider it.
But State Senator Juan Hinojosa points out it isn’t clear how much more expensive desalinated water will be than normal ground water.
"To get the proper context it would seem to me you have to compare the cost of desal to the actual cost of water now," Hinojosa said. "How does that compare so I can get a better picture, a better feel for the cost involved of doing desalination projects?"
There are a lot of variables in pricing desalinated water. First of all, utilities have to factor in how far away the water is—whether it’s getting pumped in from the coast or from a distant aquifer. Then, the more salt that’s in the water, the more expensive it is to desalinate. Brackish water—that is, salty water from underground aquifers—can vary in its salinity. The Water Development Board estimates that desalinating brackish groundwater would cost about a third as much as desalinating ocean water.
The draft rules come on the heels of Prop 6, the ballot measure that sets aside $2 billion to start funding water projects. The Water Development Board will hold meetings to get feedback over the summer, finalizing the rules in September. | <urn:uuid:394fa36f-6788-49b9-a36f-4fa9c695f24d> | {
"date": "2015-08-01T20:15:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988860.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00191-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9519013166427612,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 557,
"url": "http://kwbu.org/post/legislators-consider-desalination-water-package"
} |
The promise of mass-market fuel-cell technology has been long coming — perhaps as far back as its invention in 1839 by “The Father of the Fuel Cell,” Sir William Grove.
What’s a fuel cell? The folks from “How Stuff Works” do a good job laying things out in the video below, but in a nutshell, a fuel cell is a device designed to produce electricity through a chemical reaction arising from the combination of a fuel (hydrogen, for instance) with oxygen.
Enthusiasts have long envisioned them in a wide array of mass-market applications, from generating energy at power plants to moving cars and powering homes.
But the first ones to hit the consumer market are not designed to power the car or the house. At one to four watts, they are more suitable as phone chargers — or as power sources for a high-efficiency flashlight.
The cell, built by Medis Technologies, is — at least in concept — similar to a glow-stick or a hand-warmer. The user squeezes the cell to mix two chemicals together, and the unit runs until the chemicals are exhausted — about 40 hours.
It comes with an assortment of connector tips, including those for USB ports, BlackBerrys and cellphones of various other models, MP3 players and similar devices.
“There are about 14 appliances that this will provide energy to,” said Jose Mejia, the chief executive. The cell runs on sodium borohydride, which does not generate heat when it runs, and is not flammable or toxic. (The fuel cell that the car makers are working on runs on hydrogen, which is stored under pressure and can burn; another candidate, for portable fuel cells, is methanol, but that is flammable and toxic.)
The company hopes to soon manufacture a version big enough to run a laptop computer, and later one that could run a whole house.
Mr. Mejia, a veteran of the computer and telecommunications industries, apologized that the first model is not refillable, meaning its plastic is likely to end up in landfills. But the company is establishing a system to take back the units — about the size of a disposable camera — for recycling, Mr. Mejia said.
In 12 to 18 months, Medis plans to market a version of the fuel cell that will accept a replaceable fuel cartridge.
The company expects to announce a deal soon with a major retailer, Mr. Mejia said, so the cell will be sold as an electronics accessory. For the moment, however, Medis markets the fuel cell as an item for an emergency kit, providing enough juice to keep operating a cellphone or an LED flashlight for far longer than a blackout is likely to last.
And the price? A bit high for everyday use — though that’s likely to come down as the technology develops. A version of the Medis fuel cell that comes with a flashlight is $50; a smaller version with cables and a variety of tips is $35. A replacement cell, minus the cable and tips, is $25. | <urn:uuid:18b5b14c-1dc0-4659-a18f-8636a411c544> | {
"date": "2019-12-09T07:22:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518337.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209065626-20191209093626-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9519002437591553,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 647,
"url": "https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/a-fuel-cell-for-your-cell-phone/"
} |
How to Farm Milkfish (Chanos Chanos)21 December 2009
This guide from the FAO Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme provides information on farming milkfish.
Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775 [Chanidae]
FAO Names: En - Milkfish, Fr - Chano, Es - Chano
Body fusiform, elongated, moderately compressed, smooth and streamlined. Body colour silvery on belly and sides grading to olive-green or blue on back. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins pale or yellowish with dark margins. Single dorsal fin with two spines and 13-17 soft rays. Short anal fin with two spines and 8-10 soft rays, close to caudal fin. Caudal fin large and deeply forked with large scale flaps at base in adults. Pectoral fins low on body with axillary (inner basal) scales. Pelvic fins abdominal with axillary scales and 11 or 12 rays. Scales cycloid, small and smooth, 75-91 on lateral line. No scutes (modified pointed scales) along belly. Transparent 'adipose' tissue covers eye. Mouth small and terminal without teeth. Lower jaw with small tubercle at tip, fitting into notch in upper jaw. No bony gular plate between arms of lower jaw. Four branchiostegal rays supporting underside of gill covers. Gill rakers fine and numerous. Attains typical length of one metre but may reach maximum length of 1.8 m (male).
Milkfish farming in Indonesia, Taiwan Province of China and the Philippines started about four to six centuries ago. Culture methods in a variety of enclosures are constantly being improved upon. Since the 1970s, large investments have been made in the Philippines (as well as in Taiwan Province of China, Indonesia and Hawaii) in terms of infrastructure, research, credit and training in support to the milkfish industry. For example, the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Aquaculture Department (AQD) was established in Iloilo, Philippines in 1973 with a special remit to find solutions for milkfish aquaculture problems. Government agencies and fisheries institutions were also involved in a national effort to intensify milkfish farming from the mid 1970s until now. In this work, research and development on farming systems, breeding and fry production technologies was carried out. There was no attempt at genetic improvement but fry translocation and trade occurred between Indonesia, Taiwan Province of China and the Philippines and geographic variations and heterogeneity were documented. More recently, unconfirmed reports indicate that milkfish are now being cultured to fingerling or juvenile size in the South Pacific Islands and in Singapore as tuna bait.
Milkfish farming was previously a traditional industry, with little emphasis on producing sexually mature, reproductively active fish in captivity. The traditional milkfish industry depended totally on an annual restocking of farm ponds with fingerlings reared from wild-caught fry. As a result, the industry suffered from regional, seasonal and annual variations in fry availability. These variations are generally unpredictable, and may be quite large over short periods of time.
Thus, the central problem faced by the international milkfish industry was to find a way to produce a reliable, adequate, high quality supply of milkfish fry that was not subject to large unpredictable variations in time and space. During the past decade, much progress has been made, particularly in regard to milkfish propagation and the mass production of fry by private hatcheries, research institutions and government agencies. Instead of relying on wild-caught fry, milkfish farms in the Philippines, Taiwan Province of China and Indonesia now obtain the majority of their fry from hatcheries, mainly due to the significant shortage of wild-caught fry.
Habitat and biology
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the only species in the Family Chanidae. Its distribution is restricted to either low latitude tropics or the subtropical northern hemisphere along continental shelves and around islands, where temperatures are greater than 20 °C (Red Sea and South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, north to Japan and south to Victoria, Australia; and in the Eastern Pacific from San Pedro, California to the Galapagos).
Adults occur in small to large schools near the coasts or around islands. They are well developed, migratory, large (up to 1.5 m and 20 kg), and mature sexually in five years. Milkfish only spawn in fully saline waters. The activity is most often correlated with the new or full moon phases, takes place mostly in the night and, in most regions, has one or two seasonal peaks. In the natural environment, spawning takes place near coral reefs during the warm months of the year, and populations near the equator spawn year-round. Juveniles and adults eat a wide variety of relatively soft and small food items, from microbial mats to detritus, epiphytes and zooplankton.
Milkfish is a heterosexual fish; hermaphrodism has not been reported. In natural spawning stocks the sex ratio is almost equal, with a slightly higher amount of females. The determination of sex is very difficult, because there are no easily identifiable morphological differences between males and females; however, the pheromone PGF2a (prostaglandin) has been found to be an effective way to identify mature male milkfish.
Milkfish eggs (1.1-1.2 mm in diameter) and larvae (3.5 mm at hatching) are pelagic and stay in the plankton for up to 2-3 weeks. Egg division begins an hour after and hatching occurs 35-36 hours after spawning. In the wild, eggs are probably released in deeper oceanic waters and in the outer reef region. Older larvae migrate onshore and settle in coastal wetlands (mangroves, estuaries) during the juvenile stage, or occasionally enter freshwater lakes. The larvae eat zooplankton and can thrive and grow in water as warm as 32 °C. They then migrate onshore and where they can be caught by fine-mesh nets operated along sandy beaches and mangrove areas; these 'fry' are 10-17 mm long and are used as seedstock in grow-out ponds, pens and cages. In the wild, juveniles are found in mangrove areas and coastal lagoons, and even travel upriver into lakes; they go back to sea when they get too large for the nursery habitat, or when they are about to mature sexually.
Milkfish can reach a maximum size of 180 cm SL (male/unsexed) and 124 cm SL (female). The maximum recorded weight and age is 14.0 kg and 15 years respectively. Resilience is low, with a minimum population doubling time of 4.5 - 14 years. Its fisheries importance is highly commercial, especially in aquaculture, and it is also used in game fish as bait. It is especially valued as a food fish in Southeast Asia.
Milkfish fry can either be obtained through collection from coastal areas or littoral waters or can be produced in captivity. The supply of wild fry is often unpredictable; catches in recent years have diminished and cannot satisfy the demand from ongrowing farms.
Fry from captive broodstock and spawners
To develop broodstock under captive conditions, large juvenile milkfish may be stocked, fed and maintained in floating sea cages in protected coves or in large, deep, fully saline ponds (as practiced in the Philippines), or in large deep concrete tanks on land (as practiced in Indonesia and Taiwan Province of China), until they reach sexual maturity with an average body weight of at least 1.5 kg. Land-based broodstock facilities are entirely dependent on fresh pumped seawater supplies and are often integrated with a hatchery.
Broodstocks reach maturity in five years in large floating cages, but may take 8-10 years in ponds and concrete tanks. On average, first-spawning broodstocks tend to be smaller than adults caught from the wild. As a result, first-time spawners produce fewer eggs than wild adults, but larger and older broodstocks produce as many eggs as wild adults of similar size. Broodstocks of about 8 years old and averaging 6 kg produce 3-4 million eggs.
Breeding milkfish in captive conditions and the mass production of fry, as practised in Taiwan Province of China, Indonesia and the Philippines, is mostly dependent on natural spawning, which assures high survival rates. Artificial induction is not normally used. On days when natural spawning occurs, the fish may feed less than usual but show increased swimming activity and exhibit chasing, occasional leaping, and water-slapping activities from late noon to early evening. Spawning usually takes place around midnight but daytime spawning sometimes occurs.
Wild-caught fry are collected with fine-mesh seines and bag nets of various indigenous designs in the Philippines, Taiwan Province of China and Indonesia. The most commonly used gear are push net 'sweepers' and dragged seines.
Milkfish hatcheries consist of larval rearing tanks, culture tanks for rotifers (Brachionus) and green algae (e.g. Chlorella) and hatching tanks for brine shrimp (Artemia). Larval rearing may be either operated in outdoor or indoor systems, depending on the specific conditions in the countries where fry are being produced.
Hatchery operations utilise either intensive (high stocking density, high volume tanks, daily feeding and water exchange) or semi-intensive (low stocking density, high volume tanks, minimal water exchange, feeding with mixed diet) systems, with an average survival rate of 30 percent (from stocked newly-hatched larvae). After hatching, the larvae are ideally kept at 50/litre in hatchery tanks (either concrete, fibreglass, canvas or polypropylene-covered earthen tanks) maintained with Chlorella and fed with rotifers during the early stages and later with copepods or brine shrimp for a total of 3-4 weeks. Following this, their size ranges between 2-3 cm and they are ready for transport to nurseries.
The fry may change hands two or more times before being used for grow-out; each time this happens, they are sorted and counted, transported, and stored for different periods of time. Fry are a highly perishable commodity and some of them die during gathering, storage, transport, nursery rearing and grow-out. The technologies for fry storage and transport are generally effective, although perhaps not yet optimised. Fry are stored in a cool place in plastic basins or clay pots at 100-500/litre, in water of 10-25 per cent, which is renewed daily. Dealers may store fry for 1-7 days, depending on the demand. Fry can be maintained on wheat flour or cooked chicken egg yolk for 1-2 weeks but soon begin to die, despite continued feeding. Recently, micro-encapsulated feeds have become commercially available for finfish but the cost compared to conventional live feeds is higher.
Nursery operations in milkfish producing countries vary according to established cultural practices.
In Taiwan Province of China, where commercial hatchery and nursery productions are integrated enterprises, milkfish fry are generally grown in either earthen ponds or elevated canvas or concrete tanks at intensive stocking densities of >2 000/litre.
In Indonesia, a well established backyard-type nursery is used. This consists of a series of elevated canvas or concrete 1-2 tonnes tanks and similar stocking densities to those used in Taiwan Province of China are employed.
In the Philippines, milkfish nurseries are integrated with grow-out facilities, where wild-caught or hatchery-reared fry are first acclimated into nursery compartments which comprise one third to one quarter of the total area of the Brackish water pond. Fry are stocked at a density of up to 1 000/litre and are fed with a naturally-grown micro-benthic food known as 'lab-lab' which grows on the fertilised pond bottom. Nursery rearing has also been carried out in hapa type suspended nylon nets installed in Brackish water ponds or lagoons and in freshwater lakes within the grow-out compartments, a traditionally practice in the Philippines. When natural food is becoming depleted, artificial feeds such as rice bran, corn bran, and stale bread or formulated feeds are provided. In about 4-6 weeks, the fry grow to 5-8 cm juveniles, which is the ideal size for releasing into grow-out ponds or pens. Depending on the desired grow-out period, juveniles or fingerling size milkfish are kept in nurseries or transition holding tanks up to the required stocking size of 30-40 g. Nursery rearing from fry to fingerling size normally achieves 70 percent survival.
Milkfish may be ongrown in ponds, pens or cages. Pond culture
Culture of milkfish in ponds may be in shallow or deep water systems.
Shallow water culture is practiced mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines. Milkfish are traditionally cultured in shallow Brackish water ponds in which the growth of benthic algae is encouraged through inorganic or organic fertilisation. Milkfish will survive on benthic algae alone only if the productivity of the algae exceeds the grazing rate of the fish; otherwise, supplemental commercial feeds are applied. The 'lab-lab' culture system in the Philippines is equivalent to shallow water culture in Taiwan Province of China. 'Lab-lab' is the term used in this country for the algal mat (and all micro-organisms associated with it) in the ongrowing ponds.
Brackish water ponds in the Philippines were mostly excavated from 'nipa' and mangrove areas. Shallow water pond design generally consists of several nursery and production ponds with a typical area of 2 000 m² for nursery ponds and 4 ha for production (ongrowing) ponds. Typically, ponds have a depth of 30-40 cm and are provided with independent water supplies.
The average yield of a typical integrated nursery, transition and shallow grow-out system that produces 3 crops a year is 800 kg/ha. Modified modular pond designs consisting of a series of grow-out compartments with a maximum of eight crops a year have been shown to increase yield to a high as 2 000 kg/ha.
Deep water culture was developed in the mid 1970s in response to the decline of profitability of shallow water culture, and the limited and increasing value of land and manpower resources. Deep-water ponds provide a more stable environment and extend the grow-out period into the winter season. Most deep-water milkfish ponds have been created by converting either shallow water ponds or freshwater ponds, with a depth of 2-3 m. Production from these systems has sharply increased in Taiwan Province of China, having expanded from 23 percent of the total production in 1981 to 75 per cent in 1990.
Most milkfish ponds in the Philippines and Indonesia are of the extensive and semi-intensive type, with large shallow pond units, tidal water exchange, natural food, minimal use of fertiliser alternating with commercial feeds and other inputs, and low to medium stocking rates (50 000-100 000/ha). The Taiwanese method of production, on the other hand, employs intensive stocking densities (150 000-200 000/ha). Few diseases or infestations have been recorded so far in milkfish grow-out farming in these Asian countries.
This system was introduced in the Philippines in 1979 in the Laguna Lake. At that time, the lake had a very high primary productivity, which met the nutritional needs of milkfish. Because of the low rate of input and the high rate of return, the pen culture area increased sharply from 1973 to 1983, and exceeded more than 50 percent of the total lake surface, which is 90 000 ha. As the primary production of the lake could not meet this sudden expansion of aquaculture, and feeding became necessary to meet the nutritional requirements of the cultured fish, the pen culture practices developed in lakes were later introduced into inter-tidal areas in the Philippines along coves and river estuaries as well. Pen operators stock fingerlings at 30 000-35 000/ha and provide supplemental commercial diets. However, disease spreads among culture pens and causes mass mortality. Government regulations are now being considered to maintain sustainable yields from this type of farming.
Fish cages are smaller and more restricted enclosures that can be staked in shallow waters or set-up in deep water with appropriate floats and anchors. Cage farming of milkfish is commonly carried out in marine waters along coastal bays. Stocking rates (in the Philippines) are quite high, from 5 up to 30/m³.
In the past, traditional feeding practices for milkfish grow-out production have consisted of natural food ('lab-lab') or a combination of phytoplankton and macroalgae (Enteromorpha intestinales, Cladophora spp. or Chaetomorpha linnum) encouraged by fertilisation. In the 1980s however, special commercial feeds for milkfish were developed and became almost exclusively used. As cage and pen culture technology proliferated in the 1990s, both in marine and inland waters, extruded milkfish feeds were further developed into floating and semi-floating forms, while sinking forms were used for pond and tank-based grow-out. Feed supplies are now manufactured commercially in the form of starters, growers and finishers, which are administered according to the production stage of the milkfish.
Milkfish are normally harvested at sizes of 20-40 cm (about 250-500 g). There are three known methods used for harvesting milkfish:
- Partial harvest. Selective harvest of uniformly grown milkfish from grow-out facilities (i.e. cages, pens, ponds, tanks) using seine or gillnets, retaining the undersize fish and harvesting only the commercial sized stocks, with an average body weight of 250 g or larger.
- Total harvest. Complete harvest in one crop period from grow-out facilities (i.e. total draining of ponds by gravity or pump, hauling of the entire net cage structure, seining or the use of gillnets in pens). The harvest size at this stage may vary from 250-500 g.
- Forced harvest. Emergency harvesting, regardless of fish size or grow-out stage, which is carried out during 'fish kills' due to oxygen depletions that are attributed to algal blooms, red tide occurrence, pollution or other environmental causes.
Handling and processing
200-400 g milkfish are harvested and marketed mostly fresh or chilled, whole or deboned, frozen, or processed (e.g. fresh frozen deboned, fresh frozen deboned descaled, and smoked fish deboned). In general, all marketed milkfish are produced in farms, only a few being caught from natural waters. In some countries (e.g. the Philippines) fishing for adult milkfish is officially banned in order to protect the natural broodstocks.
There are two known post-harvest processing techniques for milkfish, which are the traditional (i.e. drying, fermentation and smoking) or non-traditional methods (i.e. bottling, canning and freezing) and value-added products such as 'surimi' and deboned products as practiced in Taiwan Province of China and in the Philippines.
Regulations and standard protocols for manufacturing milkfish products exist for both domestic consumption and export, as follows:
- Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). Plant construction.
- Personnel hygiene and sanitation.
- Standard Sanitary Operating Procedures (SSOPs).
- HACCP compliance.
Milkfish farming is a centuries-old industry in Indonesia, Taiwan Province of China and the Philippines. It has been slow to modernise and now faces challenges from competing aquaculture species and current economic realities. The domestic market is large and the export market has globally expanded. Milkfish price and personal income affect the amount of milkfish consumed in the countries of origin. Studies conducted in Taiwan Province of China and the Philippines concluded that price and income had a negative and positive elasticity coefficient, respectively.
The following are the major determining factors affecting the cost of production in milkfish:
- Type of culture system: costs are lowest in systems dependent only on natural food; costs increase as artificial feed is introduced; costs are highest in systems dependent totally on commercial feeds.
- Increasing production: with milkfish production steadily increasing and culture practices becoming more intense, a big surplus of this commodity is foreseen in the near future.
- Cost of feed: feeds account for 60 to 80 percent of the total production cost.
- Low farm-gate prices: on average, the farm-gate price for milkfish is only about USD 2.00/kg in the Philippines. As the supply of milkfish is expected to increase way above demand, fish farmers cannot demand a higher farm-gate price even though they may be spending heavily to cover production costs.
- Lack of post-harvest facilities for value-adding and processing
Diseases and control measures
The major diseases affecting milkfish are included in the table below. In some cases antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals have been used in treatment but their inclusion in this table does not imply an FAO recommendation.
|Nematode infestation||Capillaria sp.||Parasitic nematode||Emaciated, although shows good appetite in early stage, then weakens, becomes listless, loses appetite & colour pattern darkens; fin & tail rot and skin patches/sores; faeces white & stringy/slimy; scrapes belly against bottom or may start to tremble; larval stage of parasite located in muscle tissue & can be seen through skin, appearing either coiled up or rod-like||Administer trichlorfon (with caution for small fish); niclosamide, levamisole or mebendazole mixed in feed|
|Anchor worm disease||Lernaea cyprinacea||Parasitic copepod||Parasite visible on skin, head embedded deep in the tissues of the host; haemorrhages and open wounds at site of infection; weight loss; respiratory difficulties; sluggishness; red areas; ulcers; scale loss; fin damage; scraping and sometimes hanging vertically or belly up; parasite length 5 to 22 mm||KMnO4 bath or 0.8-1.1 per cent NaCl (KMnO4 may be lethal to small fish at dosages required to kill Lernaea)|
|Trichodinosis||Trichodina sp.||Protozoan parasite||Slime covers skin like fog, fins clamped and denuded of tissue||250 ml/litre formalin bath for 15 min|
|Scolex infestation||Scolex pleuronectis||Helminth parasite||Infestation occurs commonly in the intestine||None stated|
|Cryptobia Infestation||Cryptobia sp.||Protozoan parasite||Dark coloration; increased mucus build-up; occasional appearance of skin lesions followed by scale loss; difficult or rapid breathing; reduced appetite and weight loss; secondary bacterial infections in advanced stage leading to pale and/or red skin patches and skin & fin rot||Treat with formaldehyde (250 ml/litre) or 10mg/litre malachite green; place infected fish in freshwater bath or treat with effective antibacterial agents|
|Caligus infestation||Caligus longipedis||Parasitic copepod||Loss of appetite; lethargic swimming; excess mucus production; lumpy body surface||Dip infected fish in freshwater (makes transparent parasite visible); bathe in 150 ppm H2 02 for 30 minutes|
Suppliers of pathology expertise
The following are examples of locations where expertise can be accessed:
- Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources .
- The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
Global annual aquaculture production of milkfish has increased every year since 1997; by 2005 it had risen to nearly 595 000 tonnes, with a value of almost USD 616 million. The most important producers at this time were the Philippines (289 000 tonnes), Indonesia (254 000 tonnes) and Taiwan Province of China (50 000 tonnes).
Market and trade
Producers of milkfish do not usually sell fish directly to consumers, but supply them through cooperatives, brokers, dealers, collectors or wholesalers, and retailers. In general, the majority of fish products are sold in auction markets through dealers, brokers, wholesalers or cooperatives to smaller dealers, and then retailers.
Increasingly, more of the milkfish harvest is processed into value-added forms: smoked, dried, marinated (brined, sweetened), fermented with rice, and canned or bottled in various styles (salmon style, sardine style, Spanish style, smoked in oil, etc.). Some companies in the Philippines now produce frozen prime cuts of milkfish bellies and backs, and even of heads and tails. Milkfish is exported in different product forms: quick-frozen, dried, canned, smoked or marinated.
The Philippines recorded an export of over 17 040 kg of milkfish products to the EU in 2002, valued at USD 58 000. While Taiwan Province of China concentrates on processed and value-added products for export to the USA, Indonesia has strengthened its export of hatchery-reared seedstock to the rest of the Asia-Pacific region for tuna bait and for grow-out.
Status and trends
Research and development
Successful induced spawning and larval rearing of milkfish were first accomplished at SEAFDEC/AQD in 1976-1978. The first generation cycle of milkfish in captivity was completed at AQD when the offspring of a wild female induced to spawn in 1978 in turn spawned in 1983. Since then, milkfish have matured and spawned in floating cages, ponds, and concrete tanks in the Philippines, Taiwan Province of China, Hawaii, and Indonesia. Since the successful completion of larval rearing technology in 1984, fry production has increased significantly, which has not only provided milkfish farmers in Taiwan Province of China with ample supply but also opened an export market to neighbouring countries.
To date no substantial technical and scientific research has been documented from major milkfish producing countries other than the policy and management related research being conducted by the WorldFish Center, the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department and the Bureau of Agricultural Research and BFAR of the Philippine Department of Agriculture.
Taiwan Province of China, however, has recently developed an improved strain of milkfish through selective breeding process resulting in a golden coloured F1 pioneered by a private farmer; this would accordingly command a better price than the original silvery coloured strain, once introduced in the market.
The development of more efficient culture systems has resulted in higher milkfish production, which continues to increase.
Diversification of aquaculture in Taiwan Province of China, however, has paved the way for prioritising other high valued commercial marine species of fish, which has affected the growth of the milkfish industry.
Based on current trends, production in the Philippines (which has expanded its traditional land-based milkfish farming from Brackish water fishponds to marine cages in coastal communities through the establishments of mariculture parks) is expected to rise from 289 000 tonnes in 2005 to 369 000 tonnes in 2010. Assuming that the population of the Philippines reached 84 million by the year 2005, at per capita milkfish consumption of 2.5 kg/yr the total milkfish requirement would reach 210 000 tonnes. With the actual milkfish production recorded as of 289 000 tonnes in 2005, there would have been an estimated supply surplus of 79 000 tonnes.In Indonesia backyard hatchery production of milkfish seeds has become a rural industry at the village level. The majority of these hatcheries have further shifted to fry production of high-value species of marine finfish.
Marketing of milkfish products contribute a lot to the sustainability of the industry in the major milkfish producing countries - Indonesia with its seed production exports, Taiwan Province of China with value-added milkfish products and the Philippines with whole fresh and processed products both for domestic and export markets.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT/WTO impositions of trade restrictions and the EU/US bio-safety and quality control standards are considerably affecting the producing countries and are foreseen to be an added burden among production costs.
Although HACCP from farm to product processing are now strictly observed (for both domestic and export markets) in the major producing countries, farmers and processors view this as another trade barrier that has been set by the importing industrialised countries.
The following recommendations are suggested:
- Opening up markets, both locally and abroad, for value-added products including boneless milkfish would be valuable. The Philippines is the only country in the world to produce boneless milkfish to date. Improving the distribution flow for boneless fish for local markets would also be useful.
- Investment in feed formulation to cut down production costs. Rationing the exact daily feed biomass requirements to reflect actual feed requirements is needed.
- Trimming down marketing layers. Through cooperatives, producers should be encouraged to market production directly to retailers, thereby bypassing the traditional market layers.
- Making public investments for post-harvest facilities.
The main issues in milkfish farming can be summarised as follows:
- Producers and consumers have benefited from new technology; however, broodstock technology is still unreliable and fry supply is not fully controlled.
- Milkfish will remain a traditional foodfish in the Philippines, Indonesia and Taiwan Province of China; however, the younger generation tends to avoid eating milkfish because of their bony flesh; thus new markets will be difficult to create.
- High land values and the relatively low value of milkfish mean that farmers will have to introduce new technology to increase unit productivity.
- Milkfish aquaculture will no longer rely only on natural productivity; the use of formulated feed will become the norm.
- More hatcheries, especially in Indonesia and Taiwan Province of China, are expected to come on-stream. This, and improved spawning technology, is expected to decrease fry costs.
- New product forms need to be developed, advertised and marketed.
- As mass production of milkfish fry in hatcheries expands, more fingerlings will become available for the baitfish industry.
- Further research and development on the marketing and processing of milkfish is desirable.
Responsible aquaculture practices
Due to global market demand, major milkfish producing countries have recently been promoting management practices that address food quality and safety issues. At the farm level for example, the Philippines complies with the minimum aquaculture HACCP requirements, from hatchery production to harvest, before milkfish products are processed for export. Taiwan Province of China has introduced product eco-labelling in order to export quality branded processed milkfish products, while Indonesia ensures the quality of milkfish fry when exporting to neighbouring Asian countries and accompanies them with health certificates. Traceability in the use of antibiotics and unregulated drugs is already strictly imposed in these countries. | <urn:uuid:cb92244d-3dba-4e68-bc82-8f14f37813c5> | {
"date": "2016-08-29T21:49:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982967784.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200927-00216-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9350144863128662,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 6491,
"url": "http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/808/cultured-aquatic-species-milkfish-chanos-chanos/"
} |
Saeed's family originate from Jaffa in Israel, but were forced into Jordinian refugee camps during the 1948 war. His grandfather returned to the West Bank in 1967 and settled in the Palestinian town of Ni'lin. Located in Area C, Ni'lin is under the full control of the Israeli military and being close to the border with Israel has lead to problems. "The land was only 5800 hectares," explains Saeed. "Most was confiscated by Israelis to build five colonies around us. Only 800 hectares is left to us." For this agricultural town, the loss has been devastating. One of the new colonies is the Israeli town of Kiryat Sefer, which - having been established only in 1997 - dwarfs Ni'lin with a population in excess of 40,000. Ni'lin's population has dwindled to less than 6,000.
Yet even the little land the town has left is under threat. In 2008, bulldozers returned to build a wall that would take a further 33% of Ni'lin's land, annexing the Palestinian's olive groves. The anxious residents came together and formed the Ni'lin Popular Committee Against The Wall, which rejected violence and instead began a peaceful protest in May 2008. Saeed romantically describes the protesters as embarking on a "very dangerous adventure," having been inspired by figures such as Martin Luther King and Mahatma Ghandi. "All that we have is unarmed resistance. The most effective struggle is the unarmed one. This is the system that worked in British India, apartheid South Africa and the Arab Spring."
Saeed's family aren't the only people suffering. "There is a road going through our village to connect the colonies with the main part of Israel. This is a road only Jewish people are allowed to use and it cuts the village in two. They have also taken the village’s water spring and they only give us water for three hours every day." Despite the problems he has faced, Saeed passionately insists Israelis and Palestinians, given equal rights, can live peacefully side by side. "I don’t hate the Israelis! Why would I hate them? We just want to have our rights. That’s all that we want. We don’t want to hate Israelis or Jews. We have no problem with Jews. We just want to live in peace. We know that it is not the whole of Israel fighting us."
Saeed's right. The whole of Israel does not support the occupation of the West Bank, as was demonstrated by last month's national elections. Newly formed centrist party, Yesh Atid, won 19 seats in the Israeli parliament and have promised to "revive" the peace process. The party is expected to join Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's latest coalition government, but Saeed isn't convinced this will make much difference. "That’s not going to change anything. It’s still Netanyahu leading and controlling everything. Whenever they want to they can commit a massacre in Gaza," he says.
The Israeli wall through Ni'lin has now been built and Saeed says his town has been turned into an "open prison". Still, Saeed hopefully recalls how even the Berlin Wall fell eventually. For now though, he savours the small victories. "Whenever they see someone they shoot. It was very scary in the beginning. When we arrived to the area where they were building the wall, an Israeli soldier made a line and said: 'if any Palestinian crossed this line they should consider themselves dead.' " What did they do? "We counted to three and jumped over the line together. They can't kill us all." | <urn:uuid:b2178080-2287-4fbf-85f9-c2f4146581c4> | {
"date": "2017-09-20T11:17:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687255.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920104615-20170920124615-00696.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9831146597862244,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 747,
"url": "http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/14559"
} |
Patrick McGovern, scientific director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, delves into the early history of fermentation in his latest book.
Courtesy of Alison Dunlap
Pu'er tea is packed in bings at a market in China's Yunnan province. A cake of Pu'er continues to change as it ages, and bits of tea are chipped off in order to brew.
Ellen Mack/Flickr Vision via Getty Images
A batch of sourdough starter can live indefinitely, but it also requires a certain amount of care and feeding. In Sweden, bakers jetting off for vacation can leave their precious starters in the care of a sitter at the airport.
Iced tea made from local berries is served with melon and squares of sweet sticky rice topped with fruits and nuts. The nuns eat these sweets on head-shaving day, to replenish their energy.
Allagash Brewing microbiologist and head of quality control Zach Bodah's favorite microscope picture of Brettanomyces (taken in house). The culture comes from Confluence Ale and is a blend of the Allagash house yeast and Brett yeast.
Courtesy of Zach Bodah/Allagash
Hold Your Horses: The main flavor of a sour beer is tartness, like a strawberry or lemon. But many sours also have a "funky" taste that some say smells like a horse blanket or a barnyard. | <urn:uuid:55010bc2-a6fb-49ab-8fd0-4e3c43f36d49> | {
"date": "2017-07-26T09:50:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9077029824256897,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 300,
"url": "http://www.npr.org/tags/151756542/fermentation"
} |
[For trouble viewing the images/movies on this page, go here]
A scan across Saturn's incredible halo of ice rings yields a study in precision and order.
This natural color mosaic was acquired by the Cassini spacecraft as it soared 39 degrees above the unilluminated side of the rings.
Major named gaps are labeled at top. The main rings themselves, along with the F ring, are labeled at bottom, along with their inner and outer boundaries. An unlabeled version is also presented here.
This mosaic was constructed from narrow-angle camera images taken immediately after the wide-angle camera mosaic PIA08388. Radial features can be seen in the rings that are about ten times smaller than in the wide-angle view. This scan is rotated 180 degrees compared to PIA08388 in order to present the rings with distance from Saturn increasing left to right.
The view combines 45 images -- 15 separate sets of red, green and blue images -- taken over the course of about 2.5 hours, as Cassini scanned across the rings.
The images in this view were obtained on May 9, 2007 at a distance of approximately 1.1 million kilometers (700,000 miles) from Saturn. Image scale in the radial (horizontal) direction is about 6 kilometers (4 miles) per pixel.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany. The imaging operations center and team lead (Dr. C. Porco) are based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. | <urn:uuid:7c51cc88-24a9-406a-91fe-d2763618af04> | {
"date": "2017-01-17T02:48:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9306526780128479,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 383,
"url": "http://ciclops.org/view/3858/Expanse-of-Ice"
} |
A pair of eagle-eyed NASA spacecraft -- the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Hubble Space Telescope -- are giving amazed scientists a ringside seat to the biggest global dust storm seen on Mars in several decades.
The Martian dust storm, larger by far than any seen on Earth, has raised a cloud of dust that has engulfed the entire planet for the past three months. As the Sun warms the airborne dust the upper atmospheric temperature has been raised by about 80 degrees Fahrenheit. This abrupt onset of global warming in Mars' thin atmosphere is happening at the same time as the planet's surface has chilled precipitously under the constant dust shroud.
"This is an opportunity of a lifetime," said Hubble observer Dr. James Bell of Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. "We have a phenomenal, unprecedented view from these two spacecraft."
"The beauty of Mars Global Surveyor is that we have almost two Martian years of continuous coverage and this is the first time during the mission that we have seen such a storm," added Dr. Richard Zurek of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
This storm is being closely watched by the team operating NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, which is heading toward a rendezvous with the Red Planet later this month. The Odyssey team plans to "toe-dip" its way into the Martian atmosphere, gradually deepening its pass through the atmosphere until the desired drag levels are found. A warm atmosphere "puffs up," creating more drag on the spacecraft.
The thermal emission spectrometer on Global Surveyor has been tracking the blooming dust storm by measuring temperature changes that trace the amount and location of dust in the atmosphere. Both Hubble and Global Surveyor caught the storm erupting in late June, which was unusually early in the spring of the Martian northern hemisphere compared to previous large storms. Hubble doesn't have continuous Mars coverage, but does show the whole planet in a single snapshot and shows the full range of dust activity from sunrise to sunset.
Planetary scientists photograph the entire planet every day using the Global Surveyor's camera. This has allowed them to pinpoint the actual location of places where dust was being raised, and see it migrate and interact with other Martian weather phenomena and surface topography. This also has provided them an unprecedented, detailed look at how storms start and "blossom" across the orange, arid planet.
"What we have learned is that this is not a single, continuing storm, but rather a planet-wide series of events that were triggered in and around the Hellas basin," said Dr. Mike Malin of Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, lead investigator on the camera. "What began as a local event stimulated separate storms many thousands of kilometers away. We saw the effects propagate very rapidly across the equator -- something quite unheard of in previous experience -- and move with the Southern Hemisphere jet stream to the east."
"By the time the first tendrils of dust injected into the stratosphere by the initial events circumnavigated the Southern Hemisphere, which took about a week, separate storms were raging in three main centers. The most intriguing observation is that the regional storm in Claritas/Syria has been active every day since the end of the first week of July," said Malin.
After three months, the storm is beginning to wane. The planet's shrouded surface has cooled, and this allowed the winds to die down and the fine dust to begin settling. However, Mars is approaching the closest point of its orbit to the Sun. Once the atmosphere begins to clear, the return of unfiltered solar radiation may trigger additional high winds and kick up the dust all over again. This "one-two punch" has been seen in previous Mars storms for centuries.
"Understanding global dust storms, such as that which we have witnessed this year, is a vital part of the science goals of the Mars Exploration Program," said Dr. James Garvin, NASA's lead scientist for Mars exploration, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. "Such extreme climate events could potentially provide clues to how climate changes operate on Mars, now and in the past, and provide linkages to the record of sediments on the planet."
Mars Global Surveyor is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.
NOTE TO EDITORS: Electronic images and additional information are available on the Internet at:
and via links in
For more information about the Mars Exploration Program please visit: | <urn:uuid:7fe03e20-f994-48b3-a585-751dd7a37095> | {
"date": "2015-04-27T09:14:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657868.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00201-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9410642981529236,
"score": 3.671875,
"token_count": 935,
"url": "http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/releases/2001/release_2001_199.html"
} |
About this book
Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts:
- theoretical and experimental principles;
- fractionation mechanisms of light and heavy elements;
- the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs.
The 5th edition has been revised and extended and now includes a new chapter on palaeoclimatology. Special emphasis has been given to the growing field of "heavy" elements. Many new references have been added, which will enable quick access to recent literature. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary source of information with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.
- DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05406-2
- Copyright Information Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
- Publisher Name Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
- eBook Packages Springer Book Archive
- Print ISBN 978-3-662-05408-6
- Online ISBN 978-3-662-05406-2
- Buy this book on publisher's site | <urn:uuid:83084e19-3b55-4a59-a4bb-07e466a3059c> | {
"date": "2018-09-22T21:48:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158691.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922201637-20180922222037-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7607061862945557,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 243,
"url": "https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-05406-2"
} |
Until recently, it was thought that dogs didn’t get the flu, but now researchers have learned that this is not the case.
What Are The Symptoms Of Dog Flu?
Diagnosing dog flu can be difficult since many of the symptoms are the same as common respiratory diseases. A test is needed in order to confirm diagnosis. The following are symptoms of dog flu:
- Low fever
- Persistent cough
- Run1ny nose
Can Dogs Catch The Flu From Humans And Vice Versa?
Although people and dogs can both catch influenza viruses, they are susceptible to different strains of the virus. What this means is that you don’t need to worry about catching the flu from your dog. Researchers continue to keep an eye on this, but so far there has not been any evidence proving that humans can contract the virus from their pets. There has been some evidence that dogs might be able to catch the flu from people but there is still not enough data on the subject to either confirm or deny anything.
What Happens If A Dog Has The Flu?
The influenza virus in dogs is not highly contagious, so pet owners shouldn’t panic. However there is the possibility of dog flu leading to secondary infections that could develop into life threatening pneumonia. The good news is that with proper veterinarian care, your dog is most likely to make a full recovery. Experts have estimated that the fatality rate in dog influenza is only between 1-5%.
Most dogs that die from the flu have not been previously exposed to the virus and had no immunity. Therefore, nearly 100% of dogs exposed to the flu catch it, and 80% will show symptoms within 4 days.
Your dog is more likely to catch the flu if he or she has been to a boarding kennel, shelter, doggy daycare, dog park, or something along those lines. People who attend dog shows should also be on the look out for the virus.
How Is The Flu Treated In Dogs?
Treatment for the flu in dogs is very similar to that for humans. Since antibiotics do not work on the virus, the usual advice most veterinarians give pet owners is plenty of rest and fluids. However sometimes antibiotics may still be prescribed for secondary infections.
Is There A Flu Vaccine For Dogs?
A dog flu vaccine was approved in 2009 and is now available at most veterinary offices. Pet owners should know that the vaccine will not prevent a dog from getting the influenza virus, however it will lessen the severity and the duration of the virus. Whether or not you should vaccine your canine is entirely up to you. The vaccine consists of two shots and is given three weeks apart. These vaccines contain the killed virus and help build a dog’s immunity to the virus. So far there have not been any reported adverse reactions to the virus in dogs. | <urn:uuid:6b007209-70f0-4b36-a6a6-c056537bd966> | {
"date": "2018-03-21T20:12:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.96724534034729,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 582,
"url": "http://animalquestions.org/mammals/dogs/can-dogs-get-the-flu/"
} |
Yesterday was America’s 15th annual National HIV Testing Day, which was initiated by the National Association of People with AIDS and supported by the Centre for Disease Control.
The purpose of the event is to help increases awareness of HIV and AIDS, and the day helps promote early diagnosis and testing for HIV through safe and effective methods.
According to recent studies conducted by the CDC, around one-fourth of the estimated one million people living with HIV in the United States are unaware that they are infected with the disease and are at risk of transmitting the virus to others.
HIV and AIDS prevention advocates encourage routine testing for HIV/AIDS and help establish education programmes that teach young people about risky behaviours and methods to prevent contracting the virus.
The day has become a way for the advocate groups to get early detection and diagnosis in a private and safe environment to those who are infected.
In 2003 the CDC announced a new initiative, aimed at reducing barriers to early diagnosis of HIV infection and increasing access of persons infected with HIV to medical care and prevention services
People who have early detection through various new testing measures, such as rapid mobile units, can begin treatment at an early stage of infection and take steps to prevent transmitting HIV to others.
2007 GaySports.com; All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:7db00daf-9bf3-45aa-b3f0-1e9a83a0c915> | {
"date": "2016-05-05T10:42:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860126502.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161526-00184-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9658128619194031,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 259,
"url": "http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/06/28/us-observes-national-hiv-testing-day/"
} |
9.2.5 The discovery of photoelectricity - Link to a cheesy web site
Metals can emit
electrons when they are supplied with sufficient energy. In thermionic emission
this energy is supplied by heating the wire with an electric current. In the
case of photoelectricity the energy is supplied by illuminating the surface of
the metal with ultra violet light. This was first discovered by Heinrich Hertz
during his work on radio waves but he did not follow up his discovery.
Further investigations showed that other metals can emit photoelectrons. Photoelectrons are identical to any other electron, the prefix Ďphotoí just indicates how the electron gained its energy. Measurements on the photoelectric effect showed that;
∑ the number of photoelectrons emitted per second from any metal is proportional to the intensity of the illumination.
∑ photoelectrons emitted from a metal have a range of kinetic energies up to a maximum value.
no photoelectrons are emitted if the frequency of the incident light fall
below a certain threshold frequency irrespective of how intense the light is.
The existence of a threshold frequency presented a great puzzle to scientists of the time. According to wave theory there should not be a threshold frequency at all. Each electron should take energy from each incident light wave until it gained sufficient to leave the metal surface. With low frequency light emission should take longer to occur but it should eventually happen. It doesnít !
was developed from the quantum theory put forward a few years earlier by Max
Planck to explain the black body radiation curves (see earlier). In 1905
Einstein extended Planckís ideas and used them to explain the existence of the
threshold frequency in the photoelectric effect.
He suggested that the
quantum of energy emitted by an atom continued to exist as a concentrated packet
of energy. So when an atom emits light it loses a Ďlumpí of energy carried
away by a wavepacket, which we call a photon. The idea of a wavepacket helps to
visualise the idea of a photon which is different to waves on water. A
wavepacket is a concentration of energy that travels away from the source in one
direction only. A source of light emits photons travelling in all directions but
each photon travels away only in one specific direction.
The energy of a
photon is proportional to its frequency and is given by
where h = Planckís constant
f = frequency
If one considers a
stream of light directed at a metal surface. Any free electron near the surface
of the metal could be struck by a photon and thus gain kinetic energy. If
sufficient energy is gained the electron may leave the metal surface. The energy
gained must be equal to the whole energy of the photon (hf).
To escape from the
metal the electron must do work. The electron can only escape if it gains
sufficient energy from an encounter with a single photon. Thus the photon energy
must be greater than the work needed to escape from the metal surface and thus
the maximum KE of the photoelectron will be
W = work function of the metal (the work necessary to remove an electron
from the metal)
This equation is
known as Einsteinís photoelectric equation.
Why do the emitted photoelectrons have a range of KEís even if
monochromatic light is used ?
Show that the threshold frequency is given by
What would happen to the photoelectric emission if the metal is at
a positive potential
a negative potential
theory was proven by Millikanís experiments in 1916. If a positive voltage is
applied to the metal then it will stop photoelectric emission at a particular
frequency when the voltage reaches a value known as the stopping voltage Vs.
Extra work equal to eVs has to be done to remove the electron from
the metal and thus photoelectric emission will stop when
predicted that a graph of Vs against frequency would have the same
gradient irrespective of the material used.
devised a vacuum tube in which clean metal surfaces could be cut. He used a drum
with three different metals. The drum could be rotated and a freshly prepared
surface could be obtained using a knife which could also be rotated using an
induction motor arrangement. Light of a selected frequency could be obtained
from a spectrometer and shone onto the prepared metal surface. A metal cylinder
collected any photoelectrons released from the metal. An electroscope was used
to show the charge collected by the cylinder. Millikan then increased the
potential of the metal surface until the electroscope showed that no
photoelectrons were being emitted. This potential was then equal to the stopping
potential for that frequency of light.
made a series of measurements for each metal over a range of different
frequencies. The results he obtained fitted Einsteinís predictions exactly and
gave a value for h of 6.6 x 10-34 Js.
main features of the graph are
the gradient for any metal is always
equal to h/e
the intercept on the f axis is equal to
f0, the threshold frequency of the metal, hence the work function of
the metal may be calculated. | <urn:uuid:b403c3f8-33ac-4580-8d4d-d5d6bf40ba57> | {
"date": "2018-08-21T12:26:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218122.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821112537-20180821132537-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9121020436286926,
"score": 4.3125,
"token_count": 1082,
"url": "http://hors4th.tripod.com/a-level/TurningPoints/wave_particle_duality/9-2-5.htm"
} |
CHARLESTON, W.Va. (AP) — A new report says the Legislature should change the way fiscal notes are prepared for legislation.
The report from the West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy says fiscal notes are generally inaccurate, often biased, inconsistent and lacking in details.
Fiscal notes are estimates of the costs of legislation. They are prepared by the state agencies that the legislation would affect.
Forty-three of the Legislature's 134 members responded to a survey for the report. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents said fiscal notes accurately determine the costs of legislation less than half the time.
The report recommends that a neutral and independent entity review and finalize fiscal notes. It also recommends establishing and enforcing criteria and standards that fiscal notes must meet. | <urn:uuid:56cfa0aa-fba6-4def-9ade-c7a2bc7c6d88> | {
"date": "2014-03-08T20:17:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999662979/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060742-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.947872519493103,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 156,
"url": "http://www.tylerstarnews.com/page/content.detail/id/407976/Report--Fiscal-notes-for-W-Va--legislation-flawed.html?isap=1&nav=5047"
} |
14 September 2010—Today’s advanced robots and prosthetic arms can grab an egg or a plastic cup without crushing it, thanks to tactile sensors on the fingertips. But you wouldn’t say they’re sensitive enough to pat a baby to sleep. For that you’d need to cover the robot arm with pressure-sensitive synthetic skin that could sense a featherlight touch.
Two research groups, one at the University of California, Berkeley, and the other at Stanford, have independently made advances toward such a sensitive system. Their prototypes are as good as human skin at quickly detecting small amounts of pressure: Within 100 milliseconds, they can feel pressures ranging from 15 kilopascals to less than 1 kPa. (The gentlest touch you can feel is 1 kPa.) In the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, a bionic hand needs to feel 0.1 newtons of force over a fingertip, which, if you assume it has an area of about 1 square centimeter, translates to a pressure sensitivity of 1 kPa.
The research teams reported their results on the Web site of the journal Nature Materials on 12 September. The two prototypes are built on the same idea: They contain a pressure-sensitive rubber layer whose electrical properties change in response to pressure, and they have an underlying matrix of transistors that detect this change. But the teams used different materials and mechanisms.
The Berkeley researchers, led by electrical engineering and computer science professor Ali Javey, use an array of germanium-silicon nanowire transistors that they print on a rubbery polymer. A separate pressure-sensitive rubber layer laminated on top of the transistors becomes conductive under pressure, changing the transistor’s voltage and current outputs. The researchers made an 18-by-19 array of pressure-sensing pixels on a square sheet with 7-cm sides, and they can roughly map different amounts of pressure applied to the pixels. One day, says Javey, ”we’d like to be able to cover the body of a robot with this skin.”
Stanford chemical engineering professor Zhenan Bao and her colleagues took a slightly different approach: They molded an array of tiny square pyramids into a thin film of a polymer called polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS. The flexible film acts as the dielectric material at the gate electrodes of a transistor made from a single crystal of the organic semiconductor rubrene. The capacitance of the pyramidal film changes as the pyramids are squeezed, changing the transistor’s current.
The two designs have trade-offs in flexibility and pressure sensitivity. Stanford’s rubrene transistor is fabricated on a rigid silicon substrate. Berkeley’s nanowire-based skin, meanwhile, can be bent to a radius of 2.5 millimeters as many as 2000 times. But Bao’s team also used just the flexible pyramidal film minus the underlying transistors as a pressure sensor, measuring capacitance directly using external circuits, and were able to sense the weight of a fly placed on the sheet (a mere 3 pascals).
Japanese researchers at the University of Tokyo had previously built the most promising flexible electronic skin using pressure-sensitive rubber and organic transistors embedded on a plastic film. But it was at best half as sensitive as the new prototypes. Besides, says Javey, organic transistors require tens of volts to operate and are unstable, with electrical properties that change in a matter of days. The nanowire-based electronic skin, on the other hand, operates at a low 2 to 3 volts with good chemical and mechanical stability, he says.
The synthetic skins still don’t emulate one important feature of human skin: spatial resolution. On some parts of the body, human skin is able to differentiate between pinpricks 2 mm apart, says Cheol Park, who is working on nanotube-infused polymers for artificial skin at the National Institute of Aerospace. Each pixel in the Stanford and Berkeley prototypes is, respectively, 8 mm and about 3.5 mm to a side. Park hasn’t succeeded in achieving a small enough resolution using carbon-nanotube-infused polymers and is now working with boron nitride nanotubes, which he says show more promise.
Park finds the sensitivity and quick response time of the new skins impressive and the Stanford researchers’ capacitance-measuring approach with the pyramidal film especially innovative. However, the researchers will need to find a way to make large patches of these pressure sensors work reliably and at a low cost, he says.
For now, small patches of the flexible pressure sensors could be used as a coating for surgical tools used in laparoscopy, says Stefan Mannsfeld, a Stanford researcher who led the electronic skin development. Doctors will then be able to feel their way inside a body cavity without jabbing and damaging body tissue.
About the Author
Prachi Patel is a contributing editor to IEEE Spectrum. She writes regularly about energy, the environment, and engineering careers. In the September 2010 issue she reported on false assumptions about engineering graduates in India, China, and the United States. | <urn:uuid:0836a03d-79da-4ff3-8069-f731192ce7b4> | {
"date": "2015-07-29T16:00:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986451.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00225-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9239873290061951,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 1082,
"url": "http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics/synthetic-skin-sensitive-to-the-lightest-touch"
} |
Title: Restoring the ground layer of longleaf pine ecosystems
Author: Walker, Joan L.; Silletti, Andrea M.;
Source: In: Shibu, Jose; Jokela, Eric J.; Miller, Deborah L., eds. The longleaf pine ecosystem: Ecology, silviculture, and restoration. New York, NY: Springer: 297-325.
Publication Series: Book Chapter
Description: The longleaf pine ecosystem includes some of the most species-rich plant communities outside of the tropics, and most of that diversity resides in the ground layer vegetation. In addition to harboring many locally endemic and otherwise rare plant species (Peet this volume) and enhancing habitat for the resident fauna (Costa and DeLotelle this volume), the ground layer vegetation produces fine fuel needed to carry low-intensity surface fires that perpetuate the ecosystem. Ecosystem restoration requires the restoration of both the ground layer plant community and the pine canopy.
Keywords: ground layer, longleaf pine, Pinus palustris, restoration
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
- You may send email to [email protected] to request a hard copy of this publication. (Please specify exactly
which publication you are requesting and your mailing address.)
XML: View XML
Walker, Joan L.; Silletti, Andrea M. 2006. Restoring the ground layer of longleaf pine ecosystems. In: Shibu, Jose; Jokela, Eric J.; Miller, Deborah L., eds. The longleaf pine ecosystem: Ecology, silviculture, and restoration. New York, NY: Springer: 297-325.
Get the latest version of the Adobe Acrobat reader or Acrobat Reader for Windows with Search and Accessibility | <urn:uuid:2a509e45-b1b0-4c38-a12b-454b3431ed9f> | {
"date": "2017-03-29T21:22:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191396.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00531-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7893754243850708,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 407,
"url": "https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/47079"
} |
History of the Peace Corps in Georgia
|History of the Peace Corps|
|Since 1960, when then Senator John F. Kennedy challenged students at the University of Michigan to serve their country in the cause of peace by living and working in developing countries, more than 182,000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in 138 countries all over the globe.
As early as 1994, the government of Georgia indicated its desire to host Peace Corps Volunteers. Although the Peace Corps sent an assessment team to Georgia in response to that request, a decision to enter Georgia was indefinitely postponed due to security concerns over civil unrest in the Abkhazia and Ossetia provinces. In 1997, the Georgian government formally reiterated its desire to host Peace Corps Volunteers, and again an assessment team was sent. Although the security situation had significantly improved by this time, budgetary constraints prevented the Peace Corps from acting upon this request, and the decision was delayed yet again. In late 1999, after repeated inquiries from the Georgian government and consistent accounts from the U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi that the security situation remained conducive to the presence of Peace Corps Volunteers, the decision was made to reassess the possibility of setting up a program. The review was positive, and funds were set aside by the Peace Corps to establish a program in Georgia in 2000.
History and Future of Peace Corps Programming in Georgia
The Peace Corps’ first program in Georgia began in 2001 with a secondary education/English teaching project of 21 Volunteers. In 2002, we welcomed our second group of 24 Volunteers in this project, as well as two Volunteers in a pilot secondary education/English teacher-trainer project. These education projects resulted from a request by the government of Georgia for technical and human resource assistance from the Peace Corps, particularly in the rural areas of the country. In exploring various programming sectors, government officials and the Peace Corps concurred that education projects targeting English language learning and teaching would meet a growing demand and have the greatest potential for Georgia.
Peace Corps/Georgia works in close collaboration with the Georgian Ministry of Education, individual schools, universities, and communities that recognize that English language skills can provide Georgian citizens with many advantages. These advantages include the possibilities to further education and advance careers, the ability to access information and technology (particularly through electronic means), the chance to further a closer relationship with Western democratic countries, and the opportunity to learn about new business practices. The current education Volunteers in Georgia serve in secondary schools, universities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in villages and towns throughout the country.
The education projects effectively address the above issues while also introducing lessons and activities on critical thinking, problem solving, life skills, democratic values, civic responsibility, the identification of community development needs, and the implementation of solutions and projects to meet those needs.
Through the project, communities have the opportunity to communicate and share cultural information with native English speakers—a chance they would otherwise most likely not have. Teachers, students, and community members improve their listening and speaking skills through daily communication with Volunteers. Education Volunteers introduce new teaching methodologies and help Georgian teachers design and deliver lessons with a student-centered focus.
Currently, Peace Corps/Georgia’s programming includes the secondary education/English teaching project, the university English teaching project in regional universities, and a component for NGO development, which began in 2004 with 10 NGO development Volunteers.
This latter project addresses areas of social development through the work of local NGOs throughout Georgia including organizational management, community mobilization, and networking. Health and environmental education as well as youth development and women’s issues are areas targeted by local NGOs and where Volunteers work with their NGO counterparts to lend their assistance and skills. In 2004, the first 10 NGO Volunteers were placed throughout Georgia. In 2005, 16 more NGO development Volunteers were added to the program. These Volunteers assist nongovernmental organizations with all levels of organizational management, provide guidance towards transparency in financial and project operations, develop fundraising strategies for self-reliance and sustainability. Local NGOs are often driven by enthusiastic Georgian Volunteers who are highly educated but lack experience in development. There has been much interest by NGOs in bringing in Peace Corps Volunteers to assist them in their community outreach efforts. | <urn:uuid:50704882-535b-40b0-a6bc-1b2e4f00b02a> | {
"date": "2014-12-26T16:48:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549415.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9636408686637878,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 848,
"url": "http://peacecorpswiki.org/index.php?title=History_of_the_Peace_Corps_in_Georgia&oldid=5246"
} |
There are many problems health experts claim that are linked to acidity in the body. Depression, susceptibility to all sort of infections and allergies, and frequent suffering from fever and colds are some of them.
You may find it surprising but obesity, joint problems, osteoporosis, ulcers, heart problems and many others may be caused by the excessive levels of acid trapped within the body.
If there’s one common thing with all the mentioned health problems, it’s acidity in the body beyond normal.
If you are suffering from one or many of the symptoms of excessive acidity in the body, it is time for you to take extra care in your daily diets. To really eliminate the excessive amounts of acid in your blood, tissues and organs, a huge fraction of your diet should consist of alkalizing foods.
A List Of High Alkaline Nuts & Seeds
|Almond & Almond ButterA handful of almonds (about 23 nuts or one ounce) contains high amounts of protein, fiber, monounsaturated fat, vitamin E, calcium and other important minerals, and phytochemicals that may help protect against many common diseases.|
|Caraway SeedsVitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C as well as many B-complex vitamins like thiamin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and niacin particularly are concentrated in the caraway seeds.Is an excellent source of minerals like iron, copper, calcium, potassium, manganese, selenium, zinc and magnesium.|
|Cumin SeedsIt is a great aid in digestion and prevents indigestion, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea and morning sickness.Cumin seeds have antiseptic properties and aid in curing common colds.|
Fennel may be an effective diuretic and a potential drug for treatment of hypertension
Syrup prepared from fennel juice was formerly given for chronic coughs. It is one of the plants which is said to be disliked by fleas, and powdered fennel has the effect of driving away fleas from kennels and stables
In the Indian subcontinent, fennel seeds are also eaten raw, sometimes with some sweetener, as they are said to improve eyesight. Ancient Romans regarded fennel as the herb of sight.
|Flax SeedsOmega-3 essential fatty acids, “good” fats that have been shown to have heart-healthy effects. Each tablespoon of ground flaxseed contains about 1.8 grams of plant omega-3s.Lignans, which have both plant estrogen and antioxidant qualities. Flaxseed contains 75 to 800 times more lignans than other plant foods.Fiber. Flaxseed contains both the soluble and insoluble types.
|Pine NutsPine nuts are an excellent source of B-complex group of vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) and folates pine nuts contain healthy amounts of essential minerals like manganese, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and selenium.Pines are one of the richest sources of manganese. Manganese is an all-important co-factor for antioxidant enzyme, super-oxide dismutase. It is therefore, consumption of pines helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals|
|Pumpkin SeedsAre filled with lots of minerals including phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper.
Are a good source of vitamin K.
Are a good source vitamin E; they contain about 35.10 mg of tocopherol per 100 g
Are good for prostate health! The oil in pumpkin seeds alleviates difficult urination that happens with an enlarged prostate
|Sesame SeedsZinc in sesame seeds promotes bone health and prevents osteoporosis later in life.The antioxidants in sesame seeds fight free radicals, thereby promoting youthfulness and strengthening the immune system.|
|Sunflower Seeds It is a native species to North America and was used by American Indians for an important, high-energy food source|
|Can be used to test the acidity or alkalinity of many everyday substances like moisturized soap, lemon juice, milk, liquid detergent, and so on.| | <urn:uuid:899d9e1b-5641-493b-b33a-19f9c6ac70ef> | {
"date": "2015-04-25T18:09:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246650671.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045730-00087-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9177501201629639,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 911,
"url": "http://sylvancruickshank.com/alkaline-nuts-seeds-list/"
} |
Things that make your allergies or asthma worse are called triggers. It is important to know your triggers because avoiding them is your first step toward feeling better. Smoking is a trigger for many people who have asthma.
You do not have to be a smoker for smoking to cause harm. Exposure to someone else's smoking (called secondhand smoke) is a trigger for asthma attacks in children and adults.
Smoking weakens the lungs. When you have asthma and smoke, your lungs will weaken more rapidly. Smoking around a child with asthma will weaken their lungs too.
If You Smoke
If you smoke, ask your doctor or nurse to help you quit. There are many ways to quit smoking. List the reasons why you want to quit. Then, set a quit date. Many people need to try quitting more than once. Keep trying if you do not succeed at first.
Children who are around others who smoke are much more likely to:
Need emergency room care more often
Miss school more often
Have asthma that is harder to control
Have more colds
Begin smoking themselves
No one should smoke in your house. This includes you, your visitors, your child’s babysitters, and anyone else who comes to your house.
Smokers should smoke outside and wear a coat. The coat will keep smoke particles from sticking to their clothes. They should leave the coat outside or away from a child with asthma.
Ask people who work at your child’s daycare, preschool, school, and anyone else who takes care of your child if they smoke. If they do, make sure they smoke away from your child.
Stay away from restaurants and bars that allow smoking. Or, ask for a table as far away from smokers as possible.
Secondhand Smoke and Adults
Secondhand smoke will also cause more asthma attacks and make allergies worse in adults.
If there are smokers at your workplace, ask someone about policies regarding if and where smoking is allowed. Tips to help with secondhand smoke at work are:
Make sure there are proper containers for smokers to throw away their cigarette butts and matches.
Ask coworkers who smoke to keep their coats away from work areas.
Use a fan and keep windows open, if possible.
Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug:122(2).
Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. | <urn:uuid:e216589b-cbaa-414f-aa66-a6e64120c7ab> | {
"date": "2014-09-02T23:52:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909031808-00123-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9526186585426331,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 571,
"url": "http://www.conwayregional.org/body.cfm?xyzpdqabc=0&id=467&action=detail&AEArticleID=000504&AEProductID=Adam2004_117&AEProjectTypeIDURL=APT_60"
} |
Varanasi is located in India, about 1 hour flight from New Delhi, representing one of the oldest settlements in history and shows mostly, just like in the times in which it was founded, about 3500 years ago. The city is located right at the confluence of Varuna and Asi that flows into the Ganges or ‘Ganga’, as Indians call it, having the belief that it brings their immortality.
Varanasi is one of the seven Holy Cities of the Hindus, the most holy place on earth where every Hindu should reach at least once in life. Also, Varanasi is a center of the silk industry of very high quality, being globally recognized as having the finest fabrics, as it is an art carefully cultivated for thousands of years. The weavers of Varanasi are the ones who created ‘Benares brocade’, a very seductive silk, embroidered with gold and silver, which you can admire or buy from the bazaar Thatheri.
Hindus called Varanasi, Kashi (City of Divine Light) or Kashika (The one who shines), both being related with Shiva’s sacred fire. Shiva is the God of destruction, a sort of God in Hindu religion. Although this represents destruction, he is considered by Hindus as a positive force in the universe, because the destruction is, in Hinduism, the natural consequence of creation.
Shiva is adored in temples by …http://tripelonia.com/headline/explore-india-varanasi-s-divine-light/280 | <urn:uuid:31e18eee-e5ec-4e66-9111-0d98e79e8b33> | {
"date": "2017-12-14T04:19:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948539745.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214035620-20171214055620-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9650833606719971,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 330,
"url": "https://tripelonia.wordpress.com/2014/08/06/explore-india-varanasis-divine-light/"
} |
Marsupials and Eutherians Reunited
6 July 2001: The three living monophyletic divisions of Class Mammalia are the Prototheria (monotremes), Metatheria (marsupials), and Eutheria ('placental' mammals). Determining the sister relationships among these three groups is the most fundamental question in mammalian evolution. Phylogenetic comparison of these mammals by either anatomy or mitochondrial DNA has resulted in two conflicting hypotheses, Theria and Marsupionta, and has fueled a "genes versus morphology" controversy. We have cloned and analyzed a large nuclear gene, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF2R), from representatives of all three mammalian groups, including platypus, echidna, opossum, wallaby, hedgehog, mouse, rat, rabbit, cow, pig, bat, tree shrew, colugo, ringtail lemur, and human. Statistical analysis of this nuclear gene unambiguously supports the morphology-based Theria hypothesis that excludes monotremes from a clade of marsupials and eutherians. The M6P/IGF2R was also able to resolve the finer structure of the eutherian mammalian family tree. In particular, our analyses support sister group relationships between lagomorphs and rodents, and between the primates and Dermoptera. Statistical support for the grouping of the hedgehog with Feruungulata and Chiroptera was also strong. | <urn:uuid:39f004cc-2345-4bcf-948c-9826b4cc2972> | {
"date": "2014-10-02T06:22:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00260-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9077440500259399,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 321,
"url": "http://www.geneimprint.com/site/features/11420613"
} |
The Art of Bookbinding/Chapter 1
THE ART OF BOOKBINDING.
We commence with folding. It is generally the first thing the binder has to do with a book. The sheets are either supplied by the publisher or printer (mostly the printer); should the amateur wish to have his books in sheets, he may generally get them by asking his bookseller for them. It is necessary that they be carefully folded, for unless they are perfectly even, it is impossible that the margins (the blank space round the print) can be uniform when the book is cut. Where the margin is small, as in very small prayer books, a very great risk of cutting into the print is incurred; besides, it is rather annoying to see a book which has the folio or paging on one leaf nearly at the top, and on the next, the print touching the bottom; to remedy such an evil, the printer having done his duty by placing his margins quite true, it remains with the binder to perfect and bring the sheet into proper form by folding. The best bound book may be spoilt by having the sheets badly folded, and the binder is perfectly justified in rejecting any sheets that may be badly printed, that is, not in register.
The sheets are laid upon a table with the signatures (the letters or numbers that are at the foot of the first page of each sheet when folded) facing downwards on the left hand side. A folding-stick is held in the right hand, and the sheet is brought over from right to left, the folios being carefully placed together; if the paper is held up to the light, and is not too thick, it can be easily seen through. Holding the two together and laying them on the table the folder is drawn across the sheet, creasing the centre; then, holding the sheet down with the folder on the line to be creased, the top part is brought over and downwards till the folios or the bottom of the letterpress or print is again even. The folder is then drawn across, and so by bringing each folio together the sheet is completed. The process is extremely simple. The octavo sheet is generally folded into 4 folds, thus giving 8 leaves or 16 pages; a quarto, into 2, giving 4 leaves or 8 pages, and the sheets properly folded, will have their signatures outside at the foot of the first page. If the signature is not on the outside, one may be certain that the sheet has been wrongly folded.
I say generally; at one time the water or wire mark on the paper and the number of folds gave the size of the book.
There are numerous other sizes, but it is not necessary to give them all; the process of folding is in nearly all cases the same; here are however, a few of the sizes given in inches.
|Small Royal vo.||10||×||6¼|
|Large Royal 8vo.||10½||×||6¾|
As a final caution, the first and last sheets must be carefully examined; very often the sheet has to be cut up or divided, and the leaf or leaves placed in various positions in the book.
It is also advisable to cut the head of the sheets, using the folding-stick, cutting just beyond the back or middle fold; this prevents the sheet running into a side crease when pressing or rolling. Should such a crease occur the leaf or sheet must be damped by placing it between wet paper and subjecting it to pressure; no other method is likely to erase the break.
Refolding.—With regard to books that have been issued in numbers, they must be pulled to pieces or divided. The parts being arranged in consecutive order, so that not so much difficulty will be felt in collating the sheets, the outside wrapper is torn away, and each sheet pulled singly from its neighbour, care being taken to see if any thread used in sewing is in the centre of the sheet at the back; if so, it must be cut with a knife or it will tear the paper. As the sheets are pulled they must be laid on the left hand side, each sheet being placed face downwards; should they be placed face upwards the first sheet will be the last and the whole will require rearranging. All advertisements may be placed away from the sheets into a pile; these will be found very handy for lining boards, pasting on, or as waste. The title and contents will generally be found in the last part; place them in their proper places. The sheets must now be refolded, if improperly folded in the first instance. Turn the whole pile (or book now) over, and again go through each sheet; alter by refolding any sheet that may require it. Very often the sheets are already cut, and in this case the section must be dissected and each leaf refolded and reinserted in proper sequence, and placed carefully head-line to head-line. Great care must be exercised, as the previous creasings render the paper liable to be torn in the process.
Books that have been bound and cut would be rendered often worse by refolding, and as a general rule they are left alone. Bound books are pulled to pieces in the same manner, always taking care that the thread is cut or
Knocking-down Iron screwed into Press.
loose before tearing the sheet away; should trouble arise through the glue, etc., not coming away easily, the back may be damped with a sponge lightly charged with water, or perhaps a better method is to place the book or books in a press, screw up tightly, and soak the backs with thin paste, leaving them soaking for an hour or two; they will want repasting two or three times during the period; the whole of the paper, glue, and leather can then be easily scraped away with a blunt knife; a handful of shavings rubbed over the back will make it quite clean, and no difficulty will be met with if the sections are taken apart while damp. The sections must, as pulled, be placed evenly one on the other, as the paper at back retains sufficient glue to cause them to stick together if laid across one another; the whole must then be left to dry. When dry the groove should be knocked down on a flat surface, and for this the knocking-down iron screwed up in the lying press is perhaps the best thing to use. The groove is the projecting part of the
Martini's Folding Machine.
book close to the back, caused by the backing, and is the groove for the back edge of the mill-board to work in by a hinge; this hinge is technically called the "joint."
Machines.—There are many folding machines made by the various machinists; the working of them, however, is in nearly all cases identical. The machine is generally fed by a girl, who places the sheet to points, the arm lifting up at given periods to allow placing the sheet. Another arm carrying a long thin blade descends, taking the sheet through a slot in the table, where it is passed between rollers; another set of rollers at right angles creases it again. The rollers are arranged for two, three, or more creasings or folds. The sheets are delivered at the side into a box, from which they are taken from time to time. The cut is one of Martini's, and is probably the most advanced.
Gathering.—A gathering machine has been patented which is of a simple but ingenious contrivance for the quick gathering of sheets. The usual way to gather, is by laying piles of sheets upon a long table, and for the gatherer to take from each pile a sheet in succession. By the new method a round table is made to revolve by machinery, and upon it are placed the piles of sheets. As the table revolves the gatherer takes a sheet from each pile as it passes him. It will at once be seen that not only is space saved, but that a number of gatherers may be placed at the table; and that there is no possibility of the gatherers shirking their work, as the machine is made to register the revolutions. By comparing the number of sheets with the revolutions of the table, the amount of work done can be checked. | <urn:uuid:a88fa2b9-1a9b-465a-ac78-5c97a91d941c> | {
"date": "2017-05-28T07:07:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609605.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528062748-20170528082748-00116.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9533558487892151,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 1716,
"url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Bookbinding/Chapter_1"
} |
Multilateralism may sound like something you had to learn in geometry, but it’s a great word that every college student should know. In the context of world affairs, it means working with other countries in broad coalitions and through institutions like the United Nations to achieve goals, instead of acting on our own (unilaterally).
Bashing the United Nations is a common pastime of political pundits. When things don�t get done, may people blame the United Nations itself instead of the countries that make it up. As Americans, we come from a tradition of independence and isolation, so these feelings are understandable. But hostility toward countries like France that often disagree with us, the United Nations itself and United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan is, at best, selfish, and at worst, terribly destructive. Here’s why:
United States dominance in the world won’t last forever. We’re used to being the most powerful country in the world both militarily and economically, and we are undoubtedly still on top. Right after World War II the United States dominated the globe in a way never seen before, but our lead has been shrinking ever since, as other countries recovered from the scars of war, and from that extended economic distraction we call communism.
Today we are anything but economically independent. We’re conscious of our dependence on foreign oil, but our dependence on other foreign goods is even stronger, and not likely to go away. In a consumer society, the desire for goods with ever-lower prices will continue to drive production to the cheapest locales, and wealthy nations such as our own will grow more and more dependent on countries like China and India. We might be able to win a war with China, say, over Taiwan, but neither of our countries can afford the level of decimation to our economies that would result.
And militarily, countries like China can in the long term simply muster greater numbers of troops and a broader production base to supply them. If we spent as much as the next 20 countries combined on our military (oh wait, we do) we might maintain a lead for a few more generations, but history teaches us that no nation can be dominant forever.
So the question we should ask is, how can we best advance our own economic interests and the moral principles on which our nation is built, acknowledging that we won’t always be able to bully other countries into submission? If the United Nations didn’t exist, we’d have to build something a lot like it.
If we find the United Nations difficult to work with, it is because it represents in a very real way the desire of nations from around the world. Our inability to gain support there is representative of how our self-serving foreign policy is viewed globally.
And as for Annan, his second term as Secretary-General ends in December, and the members of the U.N. are currently selecting his replacement. What many Americans seem to forget is that Kofi Annan was practically hand-picked by the U.S. because he was seen as being more favorable to America than other candidates. Compared to many of its member states, the United Nation’s leader is much more sympathetic to American ideals and interests.
Unfortunately, the unilateral actions of the current administration in Iraq have made it difficult to gain world support on other issues of great importance. Iran, having seen that we are willing to attack nations whose leaders we dislike with little world support, has rightly recognized that nuclear weapons are the only sure deterrent for an American invasion. And our strained relationship with the countries of the European Union has made working together to thwart Iran’s desire for nukes significantly more difficult.
The first step toward progress is recognizing that most of our past actions have been blatant attempts to advance our own interests, merely using moral arguments as a cover. If anyone mistakenly believes we invaded Iraq solely to restore freedom to an oppressed people, I would raise this question; why didn’t we intervene elsewhere, where conditions were worse, and where there might have been less resistance to American armed forces? The conflict in Darfur, a region in western Sudan, has killed at least 50,000 people in the last few years. Or how about intervening a few years ago in the Congo? While there is a tenuous peace now, the civil war that began in the Congo in 1998 resulted in the deaths of over 4 million people.
I am no isolationist calling for the selfish withdrawal of our troops from anywhere that looks dangerous. In fact, if we really want to advance the principles on which the United States is founded, like liberty and justice for all, there are enough terrible situations in the world to keep our troops fighting for years.
But our nation would benefit from picking its fights more wisely in the future. We simply do not have the resources to fix the problems of the world on our own. To find a path forward, we must learn to work with other countries, and abandon our instinctive hostility toward the United Nations. | <urn:uuid:881e72a1-7044-4c27-bb28-19891415f755> | {
"date": "2017-02-22T22:00:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171053.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00584-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9657252430915833,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 1028,
"url": "https://globalizati.wordpress.com/2006/10/"
} |
For the past century, vipers were thought to be the fastest thing in nature, and they represented the pinnacle of snake strike performance. Well, not so anymore, according to a new study published in Biology Letters this week. Harmless snakes can strike just as fast as venomous ones.
For many snakes, striking can serve two important purposes: catch prey and defend against predators. But strike performance has actually only been measured in very few species. Despite high-speed photography in 1954 that showed much slower strike velocities in rattlesnakes than generally expected, vipers are still thought to have the fastest strike among all snakes.
To debunk the viper’s strike, a University of Louisiana at Lafayette trio led by David Penning compared the defensive strike performance of 14 Texas ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus) with that of vipers: six western cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and 12 western diamond-backed rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox). Each snake was presented with a stuffed glove as a target, and the team measured defensive accelerations, velocities, and durations for the three species.
The strike performance of the ratsnakes matches, and sometimes exceeds, that of the vipers. All three snakes had similar strike accelerations, velocities, and durations. To the right, you can see the defensive strike of a ratsnake (top) and a rattlesnake (bottom) recorded at 250 frames per second.
The highest strike accelerations were 274 meters per second squared (m/s2) by a ratsnake and 279 m/s2 by a rattlesnake – far greater than the jumping accelerations of black-tailed jackrabbits and kangaroo rats.
One consequence of such impressive strike performances involves physiological tolerance: Rapid head-first accelerations like that in snake strikes may reduce blood flow to the brain. Humans rarely experience these accelerations. Fighter jet pilots launching from an aircraft carrier experience take-off accelerations of 27 to 49 m/s2. Without anti-gravity suits, they can lose consciousness at accelerations that are less than a quarter of the values achieved by snakes in this study. Even with anti-G suits, pilots lose the ability to stand up from sitting at accelerations of 30 m/s2, and they can't move their limbs when accelerations reach 78 m/s2.
The long distances between a snake's heart and head might impair cranial blood flow during strikes, but strike durations are very short. All three snake species can strike faster than the blink of an eye, which takes 202 milliseconds in humans.
Mammalian startle responses can activate muscles in 14 to 151 milliseconds, and they produce observable movement in as little as 60 to 395 milliseconds. But that’s still too slow. Harmless and venomous snakes can reach their targets in about 50 to 90 milliseconds.
Image in the text: D.A. Penning et al., Biol Lett 2016 | <urn:uuid:f879ec04-0bad-427e-ab46-11859937786d> | {
"date": "2019-04-23T10:03:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596571.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423094921-20190423120921-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9463874697685242,
"score": 4,
"token_count": 630,
"url": "https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/harmless-snakes-strike-just-fast-vipers/"
} |
72 million children around the world do not have the basic right to education. The Millennium Development Goals, agreed to by leaders around the world, called for universal primary school education for all by 2015, but with only five years left this is still far from a reality.
The 1GOAL campaign, coordinated by the Global Campaign for Education, aims to deliver a legacy out of this year’s 1st World Cup in Africa: education for all. To achieve this, 1GOAL, which is backed by over 100 organisations in over 100 countries including FIFA, will be putting pressure on governments around the world to deliver the extra $12 billion a year that is needed to pay for every child to attend school.
“As humanity unites around the World Cup, millions of people are joining together to demand Education for All and to protect the right of every child to go to school” said Her Majesty Queen Rania of Jordan, co-chair of 1GOAL. “Together, we’re sending a message to world leaders: live up to your promises and give every child an education, because today, 72 million children are denied their only escape from poverty, their strongest shield against disease: their right to an education. This summer, as countries vie for the world championship, let’s make sure governments are once more champions of children by signing up to 1GOAL.”
From 19-26 April is Global Action Week with the theme: 1GOAL lesson for all. Some 15 million children in over 100 countries will sit down and take one lesson in support of the 1GOAL campaign which aims to get all children into school. With the support of football (soccer) players like Alessandro del Piero, Samuel Eto’o, Rio Ferdinand and celebrities like Jessica Alba and Shakira, 1GOAL aims to get 72 million people signing up to the campaign, to represent the 72 million children who still do not have the opportunity to go to school. The signatures will be used to put pressure on leaders at a summit on education to be held in South Africa in June, just as World Cup fever hits its peak.
And www.join1goal.org for more.
Find out more about the Millennium Development Goals | <urn:uuid:449e69a1-424e-4689-891e-af95cec45340> | {
"date": "2014-04-18T18:10:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00403-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518553018569946,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 461,
"url": "http://www.everyhumanhasrights.org/home/9-human-rights-news/20-join-1goal-education-for-all"
} |
Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive human traits and qualities like generosity, optimism, courage, hope etc. It takes a different approach from traditional approaches to psychology which is focused on psychopathology.
In a nutshell, positive psychology is the science of happiness.
Positive psychology has its roots from humanistic psychology of the 20th century, which focused heavily on happiness and fulfilment. It’s development has been heavily influenced by greek philosophy and western religion.
I believe positive psychology has a huge scope in unlocking human potential and making lives more happy and meaningful. Positive psychology can be used to help communities become more altruistic and generous. It can be used in organizations to inculcate the qualities of resilience and courage.
In the words of Martin Seligman,
3 Happy Lives
According to Martin Seligman, there are three ways in which we can approach happiness. One can live the pleasurable life; full of worldly pleasures. The good life, in which we make use of our strengths and virtues to enhance life and enjoy it with life’s pleasures. And the last, the meaningful life. Those who live meaningful lives derive deep meaning and fulfillment from their work or profession. Their lives are full of eudaimonic (meaningful) pleasure as opposed to hedonistic pleasures.
Later in his 2011 book ‘flourish’, Martin introduced the theory of PREMA. This theory imbibes the concepts of 3 happy lives and adds more to it. PREMA stands for:
- Positive Emotions
Martin also co created the Character Strength and Virtues Handbook with Christopher Peterson. The aim of this handbook is to provide a categorical collection of all humans virtues and strengths just like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (DSM) categorizes mental health problems. The handbook features 24 virtues with 6 core virtues. The core virtues are:
- Wisdom and Knowledge
During a TED Talk I saw on Youtube, Martin states that negativity can also help. He explains something called ‘depressive realism’ which is when mildly depressed individuals are able to think clearly about real life consequences because of their negativity. I highly recommend anyone interested in positive psychology to watch his TED Talk.
Theory of Flow
Given by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, this theory states that activities that fully engage the individual are the most satisfactory and pleasurable. Flow is characterized by intense concentration, loss of self awareness, a feeling of being perfectly challenged and a sense of ‘time flying’. A good example is when someone engages in their hobby or when you talk to your best friend you don’t even realize when time flies.
Set Point Theory of Happiness
Also known as hedonistic treadmill or adaptation, this theory states that all humans have a set level of happiness set by hereditary that can only be exceeded temporarily during certain life events. What this theory says, is that it claims that beyond a point people will never become happy. This particular claim of this theory stands against one of positive psychology’s major goals: making happy people happier. Though initial evidence like research on gamblers (Brickman et al, 1975) and some support from the Big 5 Personality Model. Current research has disproved this theory.
Carol Ryff and the Six Factor Model of Psychological Well Being
Carol developed a six factor model of well being consisting of positive relationships, personal mastery, autonomy, purpose and meaning, growth and fulfillment and personal development. These factors together are responsible for satisfaction, happiness and general well being in life. Carol further developed the Ryff scales; psychometric tools designed to assess psychological well being based on the above six factors.
Theory of Emotional Intelligence
Simply put, emotional intelligence is the capacity to identify the emotions of self and others and manage accordingly. People with high emotional intelligence are often quite successful in professional and personal lives. The term ’emotional intelligence’ was first given by Michael Beldoch in 1964, but popularized through the writings of journalist and psychologist Daniel Goleman in 1995.
According to Goleman, emotional intelligence is an array of skills and characteristics that drives leadership performance. Goleman’s theory focuses on five main constructs of EI:
- Self Awareness
- Self Regulation
- Social Skills
For the assessment of the same, organizations can use Emotional Competency Inventory (ECI), created in 1999 or it’s newer version Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (2007).
Theory of Creativity
Creativity is the application of past experiences to create novel ideas. Creativity is useful in problem solving as it allows us to the same tool in different ways. It is an extremely valuable skill whether you are an artist or scientist. Being creative can open doors for you.
James C Kaufman and Beghetto introduced a four-C model of creativity.
- mini-c which involves transformative learning or personally meaningful interpretations of experiences, actions and insights.
- little-c which involves everyday problem solving and creative expression.
- Pro-C which is exhibited by creative people in their personal or professional lives.
- Big-C which is considered to be a great example of creativity in one’s field.
I hope you liked this blog post. I have tried to explain as many topics in positive psychology in as brief as possible to give a very general overview to both layman and academic. | <urn:uuid:73688326-3a88-4feb-b44e-ca7416a2b458> | {
"date": "2018-03-23T18:21:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648431.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323180932-20180323200932-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9380825161933899,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 1120,
"url": "https://siddharthgargblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/02/what-is-positive-psychology/"
} |
Our audit of the Beverage Container Recycling Program (beverage program) at the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (department) revealed the following about the department:
The Beverage Container Recycling Program (beverage program) was created in 1986 by the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act (act). The intent of the act is to encourage and increase consumer recycling; it has a goal of recycling 80 percent of the aluminum, glass, plastic, and bimetal beverage containers sold in California. The act requires beverage distributors to make a redemption payment to the Beverage Container Recycling Fund (beverage fund) for every qualified beverage container sold or offered for sale. The cost of the redemption payment is passed along to consumers when they purchase beverages and, to encourage recycling, consumers can return used containers to recycling centers and receive a payment representing the initial California refund value (refund value). The Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (department) is responsible for enforcing the act; its Division of Recycling administers the beverage program and the beverage fund.1
Because of deficiencies in its forecasting process, the department is not always able to reliably project the revenues and expenditures for the beverage fund. We observed that over the past five fiscal years, the department's forecasting model has produced results that differ by between 3 percent and 15 percent from the actual revenues and expenditures. Ineffective supervisory oversight and lack of review of the accuracy of the forecasts have also weakened the value of the forecasting model. For example, the department's errors in forecasting the condition of the beverage fund resulted in a $158.1 million overstatement of the projected fund balance in the 2009-10 Governor's Budget, which was used to make budgeting decisions for the department. In addition, the actual balance in the beverage fund was understated in the governor's budget for three fiscal years—2004-05 through 2006-07—because revenues were not corrected to include prior year adjustments. A projected fund balance deficit in May 2009 prompted the department to reduce payments to program participants, as required by law.
Further, the department can more effectively manage the beverage program. State law requires it to establish an auditing system to ensure that redemption payments that are made comply with the act. However, the department has not followed its plan to audit certain beverage distributors, and when audits are conducted, a significant lag exists between the audit's completion and billing for identified underpayments. For example, at the conclusion of the fieldwork in June 2008 for one audit, the beverage distributor agreed that it had underpaid $941,000 with interest over a three-year period. Because of the large underpayment identified, and because the beverage distributor agreed with the amount, we assumed the department would quickly act to collect the underpayment. However, because of lags in the review process, it did not bill the beverage distributor until December 2008, six months later. The department's lengthy audit process may also increase its risk of failing to collect on underpayments, because it exceeds the two-year statute of limitations. We noted two instances in which the department exceeded the statute of limitations and lost the opportunity to collect a total of $324,000, and a third instance in which it did not complete an audit, potentially losing the opportunity to collect $431,000.
The department also conducts investigations of recyclers that collect used beverage containers from consumers to ensure that they do not commit fraud when claiming reimbursements from the beverage fund. Fraudulent activities include turning in beverage containers from other states or paying the refund value for ineligible materials. However, the department fails to document fraud leads it decides not to investigate. Also, because the department does not have a systematic and documented methodology for analyzing data regarding the volume of recycled containers, it is potentially missing opportunities to detect fraud.
To encourage and support recycling activities, the act authorizes the department to award grants to private entities and local governments, which totaled approximately $67.5 million in fiscal year 2008-09. Although it has a process to monitor grantees to ensure that funds are used properly, the department does not always perform key steps, such as visiting grantees and obtaining status reports on how projects are progressing. Furthermore, when funding market development and expansion (market development) grants, which are intended to encourage new and innovative recycling techniques, the department accepts a level of risk that financial institutions would not accept. As a result, for six completed market development grants we reviewed, the department did not ensure that grantees met their commitments, which ultimately cost the State nearly $2.2 million.
To improve its forecasting of revenues and expenditures for the beverage fund, the department should do the following:
The department should better follow its three-year plan to audit beverage distributors. Steps to accomplish this goal could include performing an analysis of risks that could result in underpayment of redemption payments or implementing policies to terminate audits after the department's initial assessment of a beverage distributor concludes that it is unlikely that an underpayment exists.
To avoid exceeding the statute of limitations for collecting underpayments, and to bill for collection sooner, the department should strive to complete the fieldwork for audits in a more timely fashion. Further, the department should take steps to implement policies to shorten the time needed to review completed audits before billings are made, and should also develop policies to expedite reviews when an audit identifies a significant underpayment.
To improve management of its fraud investigations, the department should take the following actions:
To improve oversight of grants and ensure that the intended value is received from the grant funds it awards, the department should do the following:
In its response, the department agreed with the recommendations and provided additional perspective and information related to our findings.
1 Until January 1, 2010, the Department of Conservation administered the Beverage Container Recycling Program. | <urn:uuid:aa55ea92-f9c0-470c-8462-39bdb66024b5> | {
"date": "2017-04-26T11:56:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121305.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00176-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9547836184501648,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1197,
"url": "http://www.bsa.ca.gov/reports/summary/2010-101"
} |
Discussing economic class is tricky in America, but the working and middle classes face vastly different financial challenges than upper-income families, and the gaps are growing wider. Good money advice for high earners could be lousy for low earners, and vice versa.
For example, certified financial planners recommend saving a three-month emergency fund before tackling other money goals.
That advice can make sense for affluent families — those who can afford a financial planner — since high earners often have enough discretionary income to create an emergency fund quickly. For families living paycheck to paycheck, the same advice could be an expensive mistake.
Here’s an example of the math for a middle-income family spending $4,000 a month. They might trim their spending to $3,600 and manage to save the extra $400. Three months’ worth of expenses would equal $10,800, which divided by $400 would take 27 months to accumulate — and that’s if they had no unexpected expenses in the meantime.
That’s at least two years where they might be passing up company matches in 401(k)s, losing tax breaks for retirement plan contributions and paying exorbitant interest rates on credit cards and other debt.
Everyone needs an emergency fund . But even a small one — $500 to $1,000 — will do for a start. Building up a three-month fund should come after retirement savings is on track and debt with high interest rates has been paid off.
Student loan protections may outweigh a faster payoff
Education debt is another example where the best advice depends on how well you’re fixed.
Families are more than twice as likely to have student loans now than they were a generation ago, Federal Reserve data show. Nearly 45% of families headed by people younger than 35, and 34% of those ages 35-44, have student loans, according to the Fed’s latest Survey of Consumer Finances.
But only those who got bachelor’s or graduate degrees in 2016 had higher incomes and net worths compared with their counterparts in 1989. Those who went to college but didn’t get at least a four-year degree had a median net worth that was 23% lower and real, inflation-adjusted income that was 16% lower than similarly educated families in 1989, the survey shows.
The lower your income and the less wealth you have, the less of a rush you should be in to pay off student loan debt. Extra money you might send to lenders likely would be better used to bolster your financial cushion. Yes, paying loans off early reduces how much interest you pay, but you can’t get that money back if you lose your job or face other financial setbacks.
Less affluent borrowers also shouldn’t refinance federal student loans, which have consumer protections and flexible repayment plans, into potentially lower-interest rate private loans that lack these options. Only those who are unlikely to need forbearance and deferral (high earners with plenty of savings) should consider refinancing or quickly paying off student loans.
Roth IRAs offer flexibility that 401(k)s don’t
Roth IRAs are another example of the best advice depending on your economic status.
The typical recommendation is that people should save in Roth IRAs only if they expect to be in the same or a higher tax bracket in the future, since these don’t offer a tax break up front, but promise tax-free withdrawals in retirement. That means most workers should stick to 401(k)s and regular IRAs that offer deductible contributions, since income typically drops in retirement.
But people who earn less are more likely to face income disruptions that could cause them to break into their retirement savings early.
Unemployment risk rises dramatically with lower education and income levels, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2015, the unemployment rate was 8% for those without a high school diploma and 5% for those without at least a four-year college degree. The unemployment rate for those with bachelor’s degrees was 2.8% and 1.5% for professional degrees.
If you have a 401(k) at work, it makes sense to contribute enough to get the full match. But if you can contribute more, the Roth might be the better option if your income is erratic. Roths allow you to withdraw the amount you’ve contributed at any time without triggering income taxes and penalties. Ideally, you would leave the money alone to grow, but you won’t be punished if you can’t.
This article was written by NerdWallet and was originally published by The Associated Press.
More From NerdWallet | <urn:uuid:25c0e50a-2313-4fc6-a70a-0326127fc970> | {
"date": "2019-01-22T19:15:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583867214.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122182019-20190122204019-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.963015079498291,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 963,
"url": "https://www.kjrh.com/financial-fitness/when-good-money-advice-is-bad-for-you"
} |
Academic freedom commonly means the freedom of professors to teach, research and publish, to criticize and help determine the policies of their institutions, and to address public issues as citizens without fear of institutional penalties.
Academic freedom commonly means the freedom of professors to teach, research and publish, to criticize and help determine the policies of their institutions, and to address public issues as citizens without fear of institutional penalties. Other meanings include the autonomy of the university in running its internal affairs, and the freedom of students to function within the academic programs they have chosen. The Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT) argues that "the common good depends upon the search for truth and its free exposition. Academic freedom is essential to these purposes." Demands for academic freedom in primary and secondary education have had little success.
In none of its meanings is academic freedom absolute. The freedom to teach, for example, is normally subject to approval of courses by academic bodies; the freedom to carry on research is often dependent on funding by universities or other groups. Hence academic freedom is generally linked to the idea of academic self-government, in the hope that limits will not be imposed arbitrarily and improperly.
Threats to Academic Freedom
Serious threats to academic freedom have come from those who hold the purse strings - wealthy benefactors, church bodies or provincial governments. Governing boards and academic administrators have transmitted such threats, the strongest being the loss of employment, to individuals, or have themselves originated threats. The alleged disloyalty of a professor to the president of an institution or to the ideals it was held to embody has been at the basis of several controversies. Threats to the freedom of professors have also come from colleagues or students unwilling to tolerate ideological or methodological diversity.
Notable incidents in the history of academic freedom during the last century include George Workman's difficulties at Victoria University, Toronto, in 1891 and his dismissal from Wesleyan Theological College, Montréal, in 1907, in both cases because of his religious modernism. Salem Bland lost his teaching position at Wesley College, Winnipeg, in 1917, allegedly because some board members were hostile to his social radicalism. A similar charge was heard when John King Gordon lost his position at United Theological College, Montréal, in 1933. In both instances the need to reduce the college budget may have been more important.
Three senior professors were dismissed from the University of Saskatchewan in 1919 because they were held to be disloyal to the President. Three years later the firing of W.G. Smith, Wesley College's vice-principal, had much the same cause. The unsuccessful attempt to fire Frank Underhill from University of Toronto in 1941 resulted from hostility among board members to the historian's provocative and outspoken views about politics. The attempt failed on Underhill's behalf. Such pressure was hard to ignore in wartime; university autonomy has never been more fully compromised than during the Second World War.
The dismissal in 1958 of Harry Crowe from United College, Winnipeg, a case in which an individual's attitude to his institution loomed large, led CAUT (founded 1951) to address issues of academic freedom for the first time. Since 1959 CAUT's Academic Freedom and Tenure Committee has investigated and helped resolve many cases across Canada. None was more complicated than the summary dismissal of several social scientists from Simon Fraser University in 1969, rooted in a disagreement between them and the governing board as to how the university should be organized and run. CAUT's ultimate sanction, if negotiations fail, is to urge academics not to take employment at the censured institution.
Silence on controversial subjects largely characterized the years before 1960. Since then, increasing freedom for professors has been due partly to the development of academic Tenure into tenure during good behaviour rather than during pleasure of the governing board, which is what several judgements in the first quarter of this century held it to be. Never was this more evident than in 1949, when the biochemist George Hunter was dismissed from the University of Alberta at very short notice for reasons that may have been political but were never made public.
Today, professors generally cannot be dismissed except for just cause, to be demonstrated before an impartial tribunal. Faculty unionization has tended to transform tenure into a seniority system; its relation to academic freedom is thus becoming less clear at a time when financial constraint is endangering that freedom in all its meanings. As well, recent attempts by some groups and at least one provincial government (Ontario) to suppress allegedly racist and sexist speech and research may inhibit academic freedom. In recent years the growing dependence of university research on corporate funding, notably in medicine and pharmacy, has raised the issue of academic freedom, as in the case of Nancy Olivieri at the University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children in the 1990s. | <urn:uuid:8729bf78-e722-4473-8e58-6f6f55be625b> | {
"date": "2014-10-26T07:43:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119660038.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030100-00090-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9725971221923828,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 972,
"url": "http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/academic-freedom/"
} |
The Center for the Study of War and Society at The University of Southern Mississippi continues its monthly War and Society Roundtable at 6:30 p.m. on Tuesday, March 9 at the downtown Hattiesburg branch of the Library of Hattiesburg, Petal and Forrest County.
This month’s book, “Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland,” is a timely and courageous tale of a young Irish nationalist, Michael Collins, who is credited with the establishment of modern Ireland. This biography was written by Tim Pat Coogan, a former journalist who served as editor of the “Irish Press” for 20 years.
“Michael Collins was arguably the most important individual in gaining Ireland’s independence from Great Britain from 1921-1922,” said Sean Farrell, assistant director of Library of Hattiesburg, Petal and Forrest County. “This biography chronicles his life, in particular, his struggles to launch a guerrilla or terrorist war against the British. Ultimately, his role in the negotiations brought an end to that war. Later, Collins died during the civil war that broke out after Ireland was granted limited independence.”
Copies of the book are available for loan at the Library of Hattiesburg, Petal and Forrest County. The War and Society Roundtable meets every month through May and meetings are free and open to the public. The Center for the Study of War and Society serves as a local, national, and international resource for the study of the history of warfare at the social, economic, political, cultural, and military levels.
For more information on the roundtable, contact Sean Farrell at the Library at 601-584-3166 or Kyle Zelner at Southern Miss at 601-266-6196 or at
. To learn more about the Center, visit http://www.usm.edu/history/warsociety.php.
About The University of Southern Mississippi
The University of Southern Mississippi, founded in 1910, is a comprehensive doctoral and research-extensive university fulfilling its mission of being a leading university in engaging and empowering individuals to transform lives and communities. In a tradition of leadership for student development, Southern Miss is educating a 21st century work force providing intellectual capital, cultural enrichment and innovation to Mississippi and the world. Southern Miss is located in Hattiesburg, Miss., with an additional campus and teaching and research sites on the Mississippi Gulf Coast; further information is found at www.usm.edu. | <urn:uuid:1113f853-122f-4322-b6b3-9bd1fc7f49c5> | {
"date": "2015-11-27T03:24:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447906.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00346-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.946605920791626,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 509,
"url": "http://www.usm.edu/news/archives/older/cms/index29cd.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=3234"
} |
Date of Original Version
This is the accepted version of the chapter which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803592.ch19
Abstract or Description
The classification of martensitic displacive transformations into athermal, isothermal or anisothermal is discussed. Athermal does not mean “no temperature dependence” as is often thought, but is best considered to be short for the notion of no thermal activation. Processes with no thermal activation do not depend on time, as there is no need to wait for sufficient statistical fluctuations in some specific order parameter to overcome an activation barrier to initiate the process. Clearly, this kind of process contrasts with those that are thermally activated. In the literature, thermally activated martensites are usually termed isothermal martensites, suggesting a constant temperature. Actually such martensites also typically occur with continuous cooling. The important distinctive feature of these martensites is that they are thermally activated and hence are distinguishable in principle from athermal martensites. A third type of process, anisothermal, has been introduced to account for those transformations which are thought to be thermally activated but which occur on continuous cooling. They may occur so rapidly that they do not appear to have an incubation time, and hence could be mistakenly called an athermal transformation. These designations will be reviewed and discussed in terms of activation energies and kinetic processes of the various martensitic transformations.
International Conference on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT) (eds G. B. Olson, D. S. Lieberman and A. Saxena), 141-144. | <urn:uuid:7198314b-f202-4135-8c32-0a78a6e5bc09> | {
"date": "2017-09-23T22:02:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9166232943534851,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 348,
"url": "http://repository.cmu.edu/mse/11/"
} |
A NEW red-footed falcon couple – a bird species that was practically extinct in Slovakia – was seen nesting near Trnava for the first time in 40 years. This is the third such couple currently known to exist in the country.
“A colleague who lives in that area notified us of a red-footed falcon couple living there, and subsequently spotted a male bird there,” Jozef Chavko of the Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) organisation told the TASR newswire in mid June. “We went to check the area and after two days, we saw a lovely couple of this precious gem of Slovak nature in an abandoned magpie nest. I watched with bated breath at how the male brought food to the female, who, judging by how she was acting, had only been roosting for a few days.”
The last time a red-footed falcon couple was seen nesting in the Trnava area was in the late 1970s, and as many as 60 red-footed falcon couples could be seen nesting in Slovakia just 20 years ago. The species has all but vanished from Slovakia due to intensive farming.
According to Roman Slobodník, an expert coordinator for an EU-backed project to preserve the species in Slovakia, RPS has been working on the project in conjunction with its Hungarian peers since 2012. Thanks to such projects, there are now around 1,200 to 1,300 red-footed falcon couples in Hungary, and their numbers are increasing.
RPS’ Lucia Deutschová said that Slovakia’s bird population will benefit from positive developments in Hungary. “We could say with a little exaggeration that finding this couple near Trnava means for us what the discovery of the Higgs boson means for physicists,” said Deutschová.
23. Jun 2014 at 0:00 | Compiled by Zuzana Vilikovská | <urn:uuid:f86f5b96-381f-4b79-9427-67571303a99a> | {
"date": "2019-11-19T08:51:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670036.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119070311-20191119094311-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9807268977165222,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 406,
"url": "https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20051184/slovakias-third-red-footed-falcon-couple-spotted-near-trnava.html"
} |
Chemical development engineer
The chemical industry develops and manufactures the chemicals we need in everyday life in a safe, environmentally friendly and economical way. Chemical development engineers are responsible for designing and developing systems that utilise chemical processes in manufacturing and production. They design specialist equipment and industrial processes which are safe for workers and for the environment and monitor efficiency of systems with tests, modifying them to increase yield or productivity.
- Designing, monitoring and developing chemical equipment and processes.
- Ensuring systems are safe to use and as environmentally friendly as possible.
- Evaluating costs and preparing production reports.
- Conducting research.
- Supervising maintenance staff.
- Using software packages to design equipment and plants.
Travel: is dependent on the type of employer: trips abroad to other plants may be necessary with international employers.
Working hours: are usually 9 to 5, with longer hours for work on some development projects.
Location: Companies requiring chemical engineers are based all around the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
A BSc in chemistry/chemical engineering is necessary. Engineers Ireland lists accredited courses available across the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Management positions require three to five years prior experience in the environment. | <urn:uuid:63f1bb69-ddd7-4bd1-b482-9bdaca94aa31> | {
"date": "2018-08-22T01:55:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9263204336166382,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 246,
"url": "https://gradireland.com/careers-advice/job-descriptions/chemical-development-engineer"
} |
Who Was Who
ALVA, FERDINANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF.
Commander of the Spanish forces in the Netherlands in the years before the Armada.
ANJOU, FRANCIS, DUKE OF (1554-1584) Fourth son of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. Although twenty years Elizabeth's junior, he was considered a suitor for Elizabeth's hand for many years.
ANNE OF CLEVES (1515-1557) Fourth wife of King Henry VIII. She was the daughter of the Duke of Cleves. It was hoped that the marriage would bring an alliance with the German Protestants following the break with the Church of Rome. Reputedly, when Henry met her, he did not find her very attractive, and so divorced her. However, she fared well and was known affectionately as the "King's sister".
ARTHUR, PRINCE OF WALES (1486-1501) He was the eldest son of Henry VII. He married Katherine of Aragon in 1501, but died not long after. As Katherine had declared that the marriage had never been consummated, she married afterwards Henry VIII, becoming his first wife, but when Henry wished to divorce her, he used her marriage to his brother as the reason, stating that the Bible did not allow the marriage of a man with his brother's widow.
ARUNDEL, HENRY FITZALLAN, EARL OF A suitor to Queen Elizabeth in the early years of her Queenship.
ASCHAM, ROGER (c1515-1568) A renown English scholar. In 1548, after writing a treaty on Archery for Henry VIII, he was appointed tutor to Elizabeth. He did not lose favour under Edward VI or Mary I and also served Elizabeth. He wrote The Scholemaster, dealing with the art of education.
ASHLEY, JOHN, A distant cousin of Anne Boleyn, he was a servant of Elizabeth's from childhood, and married her governess Katherine Ashley.
ASHLEY, KATHERINE, Governess to Princess Elizabeth in childhood, and Mistress of the Robes and Chief Lady-in-Waiting to Elizabeth as Queen. She married Elizabeth's distant cousin, John Ashley. She was probably the only real mother figure that Elizabeth knew.
BABINGTON, SIR ANTHONY (1561 - 1586) He was a devoted English Catholic. He has given his name to a plot to kill Elizabeth that resulted in the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was one of the ringleaders of the plot, which was intended to rise English Catholics against Elizabeth in conjunction with a foreign invasion of England, murder the Queen, free Queen Mary, and put her on the throne. The plot was discovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, and Babington along with the other conspirators, was executed in the September of 1586.
BACON, FRANCIS, (1561-1626) He was the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon. He was also the nephew of William Cecil, Lord Burghley. He was a clever man, a politician, philosopher, and essayist. His works include Essays (1597) Advancement of Learning (1605) and Novum Organum.
BARNWELL, ROBERT, An Irish Catholic conspirator, executed under Queen Elizabeth for treason.
BEAUFORT, MARGARET, (1443-1509) Married Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, in 1455. She was Henry VII's mother and the great grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.
BEDFORD, FRANCIS RUSSELL, EARL OF, A soldier, and Privy Councillor to Queen Elizabeth.
BEDINGFIELD, SIR HENRY, Custodian of Princess Elizabeth during her imprisonment at Woodstock in the reign of Mary I.
BLOUNT, BESSIE, She was a mistress of Henry VIII and had a son by him, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond.
BOLEYN, ANNE, (c1507-1536) She became Henry VIII's second wife early in 1533 when she was already ready pregnant with Elizabeth. She was Queen for the legendary "thousand days" between 1533 and 1536. Disappointed because she did not bear him a son, Henry tired of her, and she was beheaded on false charges of adultery in May 1536, when Elizabeth was only 2 years old.
BOLEYN, MARY, Anne Boleyn's sister, thus aunt to Queen Elizabeth. She was also a mistress of Henry VIII, and married William Carey, a gentlemen of Henry's Privy Chamber.
BOLEYN, SIR THOMAS, EARL OF ORMONDE AND WILTSHIRE Father of Mary and Anne Boleyn.
BONNER, EDMUND, Bishop of London under Queen Mary I
BOTHWELL, EARL OF see JAMES HEPBURN, 4thEARL OF BOTHWELL
BRYAN, LADY, MARGARET, Governess to Mary, Edward, and Elizabeth.
BURBAGE, CUTHBERT (1566-1636) He built the original Globe Theatre in London in 1599.
BURBAGE, JAMES (1530-1597) He built the first English Theatre, simply named "The Theatre". He was the father of Richard and Cuthbert Burbage.
BURBAGE, RICHARD. (c1567-1619) He was the leading actor of the Lord Chamberlain's men, and is thought to have been the first actor to play Shakespeare's Hamlet, Othello and Lear. He also appeared in first productions of Ben Jonson.
CAMPION, EDMUND (1540-1581) English Jesuit and Catholic martyr. He was also a scholar and poet. He became a Jesuit in 15 73 and in 1580 was sent to England as a missionary. He was reluctantly executed for treason by Elizabeth's government in 1581.
CAMPION, THOMAS, (1567-1620) Poet and musician. He wrote The Art of English Poesie (1602) and Bookes Of Ayres, in which he composed both the words and music.
CAREY, HENRY, BARON HUNSDON, He was the son of Mary Boleyn. He was thus first cousin to Queen Elizabeth. He was a Privy Councillor and Lord Chamberlain.
CAREY, KATHERINE The daughter of Mary Boleyn and sister of Henry. First cousin of Queen Elizabeth. She married Francis Knollys.
CAREY, ROBERT, EARL OF MONMOUTH (c.1560-1639) A courtier. He delivered the news of Elizabeth's death to James I.
CARLOS, DON, (1545-1568) He was the illegitimate son of King Philip II of Spain. He proved to be mentally unstable and was imprisoned after a plot to kill his father.
CATHERINE DE MEDICI, (1519-1589) She married King Henry II of France in 1533. She was initially overshadowed by her husband's mistress Diane de Poitiers (1490-1566), but later as Queen Mother of France, was very powerful. Three of her sons were kings, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III, and her fourth son, also called Francis, was considered as a suitor to Elizabeth. She was also mother in law to Mary, Queen of Scots, who married her second son, Francis.
CECIL, SIR WILLIAM, LATER LORD BURGHLEY (1520-1598) Secretary of State and Lord treasurer under Queen Elizabeth. He was chief Minister to Elizabeth after surviving the political intrigues of the preceding reigns. He was a man of great administrative ability, and responsible for much of the success of Elizabeth's reign. Elizabeth trusted his judgement, and they worked well together for forty years. An ardent Protestant, he was very much suspicious of the Catholic powers in Europe, and was a keen advocate of the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. Her execution, which Elizabeth denied responsibility for, caused the only one serious breakdown in their relationship. Cecil was soon restored to favour, however, and Elizabeth grieved deeply at his death in 1598.
CECIL, ROBERT, LATER EARL OF SALISBURY (1563-1612) Son of Sir William Cecil, and like his father he became Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth. He retained his influence under King James I and was made Earl of Salisbury. Robert Cecil was largely responsible for the smooth transfer of power to James when Queen Elizabeth died.
CECILIA, PRINCESS OF SWEDEN, She acted as ambassador for her brother, King Eric, in his suit to marry Queen Elizabeth. She was delivered of a baby boy during her visit to England.
CHAPUYS, EUSTACE, Ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire.
CHARLES, ARCHDUKE, The son of Ferdinand and brother of Maximilian. He was a suitor to Queen Elizabeth in the early years of her reign.
CHARLES V (1500-1558) Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56). He was the father of Philip of Spain, and a nephew of Catherine of Aragon. Like his son, he was probably the most influential ruler in Christendom during the reign of Henry VIII.
CHARLES IX (1550-1574) King of France, suitor to Queen Elizabeth.
CHEKE, SIR JOHN, Greek scholar and Royal tutor.
CLINTON, EDWARD FIENNES, LORD, Privy Councillor to Queen Elizabeth and first Lord of the Admiralty.
COBHAM, HENRY Lord Warden of the Cinque ports under Queen Elizabeth.
COLIGNY, ADMIRAL, Leader of the Hugeunots in France.
COOKE, SIR ANTHONY, Greek scholar and royal tutor. Father of Mildred Cooke, second wife of William Cecil.
COOKE, MILDRED, Daughter of Sir Anthony, second wife of Sir William Cecil, mother of Robert Cecil. She had a reputation as a very learned woman and able scholar.
COURTENAY, EDWARD, Descendant of Edward IV. He was considered by many as a husband for Queen Elizabeth.
CRANMER, THOMAS, Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII, and sympathetic to Anne Boleyn. He was executed under Queen Mary I for heresy. | <urn:uuid:c0369ccb-d6e1-43a1-ae92-9581a88b6bf8> | {
"date": "2018-03-22T23:44:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648103.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322225408-20180323005408-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9746977090835571,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 2236,
"url": "http://www.elizabethi.org/contents/who/a-c.html"
} |
A stoke is a brain damage cause by lack of blood flow to a portion of the brain. It results in permanent damage to the brain tissue – and in many cases permanent disability for the sufferer. There are many physical consequences like speech disability, and paralysis.
Additionally, stroke survivors often deal with the psychological effects such as depression, anger, and frustration at their inability to perform tasks that were easy or automatic before the stroke.
The person’s general ability to take part in a rehabilitation program after the stroke is important consideration when decisions are being made about rehabilitation. Rehabilitation begins as soon as possible after a person is admitted to the hospital
Stroke survivors have an alternative option. They can turn to traditional Chinese cures combined with modern technology to speed up recovery and reclaim their lives.Traditional Chinese medical theory cites that excesses or deficiencies in work, exercise, emotions, and food intake can cause illness.
More people are discovering just how effective modern alternative health and therapeutic treatment is in healing ailments that range from relatively minor problems such tension headaches to serious illnesses like stroke.
Most stroke patients are left with some forms of permanent disability that interferes with normal life activities such as walking, speech, vision, reasoning, and memory. One form of rehabilitation involves using a mirror. It is believed that if a person who has had a stroke watches how the unaffected side of his or her body moves, it can give visual clues to help the person move the affected side.
Traditional Chinese medicine uses acupuncture which nowadays employs the additional use of a machine to stimulate the needles and, in effect, provide relief where needed. Acupuncture is one Chinese treatment which has been intensively researched, challenged, and corroborated by western doctors.
The Journal of American Association of Anatomist indicated that acupuncture points correspond to areas where connective tissues are thickest and which contain the most nerve endings. Far from being a fleeting trend, acupuncture has become an accepted health care practice. It involves science intersecting with nature.
Finally, electrotherapy is among the services, which offers holistic and integrated approach based on the intrinsic flow- and energy balance theory of health and healing. It has proven to be a very effective treatment, especially when administered within one year after a person suffers a stroke. It is able to help improve blood circulation, speech, and motor facilities. | <urn:uuid:1bd380e5-0210-4e30-bdf3-7106640bd2ab> | {
"date": "2017-03-30T06:36:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193284.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00206-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9607325792312622,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 475,
"url": "http://www.able-mart.com/aging-into-disability/alternative-cure-for-stroke-survivors"
} |
Teenagers and Contemporary Visual Culture
25 – 27 September 2012
Mansfield College, Oxford,
This conference looks to examine, explore and discuss the prevalence of representation of teenagers within contemporary visual culture. Whether as a focus for consumption, entertainment or individual and social expression the teenager, as seen in its myriad manifestations within popular culture and the media would seem to express something about the world in the 21st Century and beyond but does it allow for teenagers themselves to address the nature of their own identity and individual agency within an increasingly implicated and convergent world?
Possible Topics for Discussion:
Portrayals of teenage life and teen cultures (mainstream as well as counter-cultures);
Sexualities (hetero-, homo-, bi-, trans-, fluid, queer);
Impact of “big” events (death and mortality, pregnancy, addiction, marriage, mental illness, disability, etc.) on teens.
- Aesthetics and Stories:
Responding to/setting trends in teen fashion, music and pop culture;
Narrative and Storytelling;
Inter-textuality/pop culture allusions;
Adapting stories between media;
Making and breaking generic conventions;
Impact of star persona/celebrity.
Teen patterns of consumption;
Teens as producers (e.g teens in writers’ rooms and creative teams; teens as producers of fan fiction, videos and art; teens as campaigners/correspondents seeking to influence storylines, etc.);
Creator/showrunner as author;
Adapting and remaking teen entertainment in different countries;
Production process case studies;
Technologies of production, distribution and marketing (e.g. the impact of multiplatform experiences and social media);
Uses and Impacts of Teen Entertainment.
- Reception and Impact:
Teens and Tweens as Niche Audience?;
The impact and value of membership in fan communities that develop around visual culture;
Fandom and anti-fandom;
Celebrity and teen actors;
Transnational reception of teen entertainment;
Controversies and moral panics;
Regulation and censorship;
The appeal of teen visual culture for adults, and its implications;
Pedagogical value of teen entertainment;
Clinical studies of the impact of teen programming on teens;
Assessments of the meaning and cultural significance of specific storylines and characters;
Factors in the phenomenon: why some teen programming goes viral and others fail.
(300 word abstracts should be submitted by Friday 27th April 2012.) | <urn:uuid:a1ffb987-e0f3-451f-945f-e7ab733f6c3d> | {
"date": "2017-04-23T05:25:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00409-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8768233060836792,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 528,
"url": "http://antropologiadacrianca.blogspot.com/2012/03/cfp-teenagers-and-contemporary-visual.html"
} |
Measles cases in North East tops 200
- 6 April 2013
- From the section England
The number of confirmed cases of measles across the north-east of England has reached 200.
The Health Protection Agency (HPA) has already declared the outbreak as one of the worst in recent years.
Since September there have been 200 confirmed and 176 suspected cases, compared to just 18 confirmed in 2011.
The agency said 39% of all cases involved young people aged between 10 and 19 in the Stockton, Darlington and Middlesbrough areas.
Over the past week 19 new cases have been confirmed and a further 14 suspected cases reported.
In Wales, the outbreak has affected nearly 600 people so far in the south, mid and west of the country, where people have been queuing for free MMR vaccinations.
Julia Waller, immunisation manager for the HPA in the North East, said:"Measles is highly infectious and unvaccinated children and adults who haven't had it before are at risk when it is circulating, as it is now in this region.
"There is no treatment for measles, but it can be prevented by the MMR vaccine and two doses are required to ensure the best protection.
"If anyone is unsure about their immunisation status they should check with their GP.
"It's always possible to catch-up as the vaccine can be given at any age."
The most common symptoms are fever, cough, sore eyes and a rash that develops three or four days after the onset of illness, starting with the face and head and spreading down the body.
Those who develop symptoms are advised to stay away from nursery, school or work for at least four days. | <urn:uuid:7d488514-3ab1-4882-8059-cdbdc865a932> | {
"date": "2015-08-30T05:14:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064869.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00231-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9676315188407898,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 350,
"url": "http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-22051379"
} |
Occasionally I have discussions about the difference between the two. Many argue that they have the same meaning but I disagree and I will explain why. In my opinion and from what I have researched and learnt about the two topics are this:
Logical Thinking means = a way to analyze a problem to come up with an answer sometimes using a formal system similar to mathematics (a process) Common Sense = Is a way of taking social understandings and rules, and applying them to a situation In my opinion that explains the difference in the most simplest form and easiest way to understand. Logic is used to reach a conclusion using the most accurate route available to us. Common sense however is not always accurate and can sometimes be based on assumption with no facts. (to ASSUME can make an ASS out of U and ME) Lets look at an example of the two and how they could apply in our every day lives. At the end of every month you go to the cash point machine and find you are always overdrawn. Common sense would tell you that you are spending more than what you are earning. Logical thinking you would do this: Go home and analyze your outgoings and discover exactly where the money is going. You may discover that the bank has been overcharging you every month in which case that statement above that you are spending more than what you are earning is actually incorrect.
Logical thinking is extremely powerful, take that above example. I have done that and logical thinking led me to then shuffle my bills around, get better deals and save a fortune, as well as get my money back from the bank. If I had relied on common sense alone without further investigation or analysis then I would still have been overdrawn every month. If you have problems of any kind take a moment to jot it down on a piece of paper. Break it down, analyze it and look at tackling the problem with a logical mind. You will be surprised how this simple exercise can make a problem so much easier to solve Many people today worry about issues concerning money, health, jobs, retirement, children etc, however many people do little about tackling their problems in a logical manner, when these problems arise emotions kick in and logical thinking is a process which should involve no facts based on emotion.
It has been proven that people who think logically are smarter. They reach more accurate results and conclusions. They are people who reach a conclusion based on facts and accurate analysis. Incorporate some basic logical thinking into your life now. You will have wished you had done so years ago.
Article Source: http://ift.tt/1etLVj1
Republished by Blog Post Promoter | <urn:uuid:c4b29804-75f1-49f5-895f-7d733fdc3874> | {
"date": "2017-11-21T08:02:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806327.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121074123-20171121094123-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9730886816978455,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 539,
"url": "http://robertjrgraham.blogspot.com/2014/10/logical-thinking.html"
} |
The legal definitions of "conservatorship” and "guardianship” vary from state to state, but generally refer to a court-appointed individual who oversees the health and financial decisions of the person conserved. For the purposes of this article, the general term "conservatorship” will be used to refer to any adult guardianship.
Conservators are appointed by a court and have the authority and responsibility to manage the affairs of those who can no longer make their own decisions regarding finances or health-related decisions due to cognitive impairment. The court appointed person who oversees a person’s finances is referred to as "conservator of the estate.” A person who oversees medical and personal decisions is referred to as "conservator of the person.” A person who is incapacitated may need only one type of representative, or may need both. The same conservator may be appointed for both types, and is accountable to a court. A public conservator may be appointed if there is no family member who is willing, able or appropriate to carry out these responsibilities.
A public conservator may also be appointed if a conservator has mismanaged a conservatee’s assets or made poor choices regarding health care decisions. Court oversight includes regular detailed reports which outline how a conservator has managed the conservatee’s funds. This is to ensure that the conservator is not mismanaging or otherwise taking advantage of the conservatee’s assets. A court may also require permission prior to selling a conservatee’s property, approving major medical procedures, and withholding or terminating medical treatment. The conservator is not required to support the conservatee, but is required to manage the conservatee’s assets in a responsible manner and make appropriate personal decisions for the conservatee. A conservator of the estate is also obligated to secure all benefits for which the conservatee may qualify, including Social Security, Medicare or Medicaid, Veteran’s benefits, retirement, pension, and disability benefits, public assistance, and supplemental security income. Conservators are entitled to reimbursement for expenses from the conservatee’s estate, but the payments must be approved by the court.
When is a conservatorship not appropriate?
Often, families or well-intended senior care professionals believe that conservatorship is warranted if an older adult is spending money in a careless fashion, or not spending money "responsibly.” The reality is that older adults, like any adult, have the right to make poor decisions with their finances and to suffer the consequences of those decisions, as long as they have the capacity to do so. As a Franchise Operations Trainer for Always Best Care Senior Services and a former Deputy Public Conservator, I am acutely aware of the best way to avoid conservatorship. This includes planning ahead and signing durable powers of attorney for finances and health care. These documents allow a person to choose by name the person they would like to manage their health care decisions and their finances, should they lose the ability to make these decisions on their own.
More information on conservatorship, contact an Always Best Care Representative. To locate an Always Best Care Office nearest you, visit www.alwaysbestcare.com. | <urn:uuid:9528a9ab-529f-42ba-9f56-be3fa7190e60> | {
"date": "2014-03-09T16:11:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394009829804/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305085709-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9524442553520203,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 668,
"url": "http://www.alwaysbestcare.com/feature-articles/article---guardian-and-conservatorship.aspx"
} |
Tavis Smiley and Dr. Cornel West have been working hard to bring the issue of poverty into the consciousness of the citizens and political discourse of the United States. As a team, Smiley and West have been touring city to city, speaking to audiences concerned about the increasing wealth gap in this country. Their book, The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifeseto, is the culmination of their observations of American citizens throughout these travels.
While the economy is technically in recovery from the Great Recession, a vast slice of Americans have not experienced a real recovery. A “jobless recovery,” where the beneficiaries of an improving economy are the wealthy while the middle class struggles with unemployment, is not a real recovery. Despite this disadvantage, the prevalence and pervasiveness of poverty is still astonishing. According to Smiley and West, 150 million people in this country are in or near poverty. That number represents one out of every two individuals — half the country.
The issue of poverty, affecting this number of individuals, is bigger than poverty itself. The government tallies 46 million Americans living in poverty according to the 2010 census and the government’s own definitions of poverty. Many more individuals are affected by poverty because they are living dangerously close. Many middle class households, particularly those already living in debt or in a paycheck-to-paycheck situation, are one lost paycheck away from a dangerous financial situation, and many families are already experiencing a personal decline due to the inability to find gainful employment.
Poverty has traditionally been a problem classified as urban or rural. Minorities have been and are disproportionately affected by poverty, but poverty is not a suburban problem, too. With white, middle-class families now facing the issue of poverty, whether by losing a job or being dangerously close to not being able to afford their homes, the issue is gaining more attention. While poverty is making life difficult for an increasing number of Americans, those in or seeking office, whether Democrats or Republicans, are not concerned. In order to receive a voice in political discourse, you need money. While the United States may have been founded on the ideals of freedom and liberty, these have generally only been granted to an elite selection of its inhabitants. The distribution of social power is expanded only by revolution among the disenfranchised.
Smiley and West contacted Consumerism Commentary with an interest in speaking to me about these issues — to defend their position, and to open my eyes to the realities faced even by the middle class in this country, many of whom are the “new poor.” We arranged an interview for the Consumerism Commentary Podcast, airing Sunday, May 13. Unfortunately, Dr. West was unable to participate in the interview at the last minutes as he was in New York waiting for a verdict after a conviction related to a political protest in that city. Tavis Smiley was able to participate, but our time together was short. We weren’t able to address all the questions I had prepared, but the discussion was valuable.
Listen to the entire discussion with Tavis Smiley, podcast host Jay Frosting, and myself, Luke Landes, once it is available this weekend. Smiley is the host of Tavis Smiley on PBS and The Tavis Smiley Show on Public Radio International. Update: Listen to the podcast here.
In the interview, Smiley dispelled many of the myths about poverty. One such myth is the idea that those in poverty are entirely to blame for their financial situation.
On Consumerism Commentary, I’ve written that taking personal responsibility for your decisions, financial and otherwise, plays the biggest role in achieving financial security and independence. This is today’s American promise: “Anyone can make it in America.” The media love rags-to-riches stories, even if it doesn’t reflect a reality for the majority of Americans. It’s true that this country’s brand of capitalism is favorable to the situations European immigrants left behind. Religious intolerance, a caste system based on ancestry, and an economic system wherein generally only the first-born male would have rights to any property drove pioneers to create a new society or join a country with a promise to create a better life for yourself. Never mind that doing so displaced others who occupied the land here.
Even in this new society, you had to be a member of the elite to receive the rights as endowed. Not everyone begins on equal footing. The lack of early educational opportunities throughout this country is one of the strongest causes of generational poverty. As Smiley addresses in the podcast, Washington state is the home to large multi-national corporations, providing a huge advantage to those who reside in Washington thanks to the tax these companies pay. The educational opportunities in Washington state far outshine the opportunities in Washington, D.C., for example. Until a quality education for the entire country is given priority, generational poverty will continue to exist.
In the interview, we also address the issue of austerity. The concept of reducing the deficit and national debt is and should be a high priority for policymakers, but the timing of austerity measures, such as reducing funding to societal programs, is just as important. Smiley argues that we cannot cut the budget for these important issues when the economy is not “flowing,” saying that the budget is being balanced on the backs of poor people. Budgets are moral documents, and you can determine a country’s real priorities by evaluating where the money is going. If this country does not address the economy for the 99 percent — those who have seen no benefit from this “jobless recovery” — rather than the “1 percent,” Smiley warns of the downfall of the United States as a world leader.
No empire in the history of the world that at some point did not falter or fail. Every empire had its day. Americans don’t want to think we could be dangerously close to the edge… Poverty is the moral and spiritual issue of our time.
Time did not permit us to explore all the topics I would have liked to cover in the interview with Tavis Smiley. For example, I would have liked to talk more about the Occupy movement and getting a national stage for the issue of poverty. In recent weeks, civil rights are again receiving national attention, from the perspective of same-sex marriage. Not to minimize that issue of equal treatment under the law for all individuals, poverty deserves the same attention from our nation’s leaders.
Be sure to subscribe to the Consumerism Commentary Podcast to hear the interview with Tavis Smiley, where we address more topics related to poverty than are outlined above, as soon as it is available. Be sure also to read The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto. Update: The interview is now available as a podcast here.
Photo: DC Central Kitchen
Updated May 14, 2012 and originally published May 11, 2012. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to the RSS feed or receive daily emails. Follow @ConsumerismComm on Twitter and visit our Facebook page for more updates. | <urn:uuid:b90c4599-8093-4767-b1fa-b529a1f42610> | {
"date": "2015-05-23T14:56:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927767.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00154-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9569839835166931,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 1459,
"url": "http://www.consumerismcommentary.com/tavis-smiley-poverty-democracy/"
} |
25 April 2013
Hans Schlegel during the D2 mission
Astronaut Hans Schlegel in the Spacelab wearing an ultrasonic measurement device on his forehead. Under the AR-TISSU experiment, tissue thickness and stability along the axis of the body were studied under microgravity conditions. The picture was taken during the 1993 D2 mission.
DLR (CC-BY 3.0).
D2 mission – a working day up in space
Astronaut Hans Schlegel working with the FPM experimentation system for fluid physics during the D2 mission (STS-55).
Science in microgravity
Astronaut Hans Schlegel particularly enjoyed the medical experiments during the D2 mission. The 10-day German Spacelab mission was launched into space 20 years ago.
In 1993, during the second German D2 Spacelab Mission, astronaut Hans Schlegel orbited Earth 160 times and conducting numerous international experiments as payload specialist. This was Schlegel's first flight into space. Twenty years later, he recollects how the mission began, which of the experiments he remembers the most, and what work was like on board Spacelab, the space laboratory.
This interview was conducted by Manuela Braun.
The D2 mission got off to a nerve-wracking start; the launch sequence was terminated just three seconds before the scheduled launch time on 22 March 1993. How long after disembarking does it take for your adrenaline level to go back to normal?
On this mission, even in the days preceding the launch, we experienced many, many postponements. And now, it suddenly appeared that everything was falling into place. The local weather had improved, and all the other parameters, including for example the weather over the Atlantic at the possible emergency landing sites, were in our favour. Our spacecraft was working properly. The team was well prepared and ready to go. Then, as we were seated in the shuttle throughout the two and a half hour countdown, we kept hearing the same thing: everything is working; we are heading up into orbit today. We were already at the stage where the rocket engines were ignited, and at the point where the main engines were being swivelled into position. This caused the Shuttle to move slightly out of alignment – we could sense the movement. Then, suddenly, just three seconds before launch, we heard a warning siren we were familiar with from simulations. Of course, when it happens for real, you get an adrenaline rush – if, indeed, any increase is possible so shortly before a launch. Within a few hundredths of a second, the on board computer had shut down the engines. We were aware of this because the background noise started dying out. Then came the tension; what has happened? Is the situation dangerous or not? Will we have to exit within the next few seconds, glide to the ground in escape baskets and go into the bunker? On the one hand I was disappointed about the cancelled launch, but I was also relieved that this dangerous situation had been resolved successfully. At the time, I did not feel very affected, but looking at the photos of us disembarking, I can now see total disappointment all over my face. A very interesting experience, but not one that I would be keen to repeat.
It then took almost an entire month before things really took off. You trained extensively for your first flight, but does training – no matter how extensive and thorough – prepare you for those first moments of weightlessness during a flight on the Shuttle?
Experiencing a launch failure, and then concentrating again to prepare for another launch is very much as it is in sports. You need to be able to focus as though this were the first and only launch. You then prepare for that event. Our training is also designed to prepare us for zero gravity – for example during parabolic flights, where we can experience microgravity – virtual weightlessness – for 20 seconds at a time, with several repetitions per flight. But sustained exposure to weightlessness and the physical adjustments our body has to make – these are things that you can only prepare for theoretically. We hear all about it, but actually coming to terms with the physical and psychological reality is something that everyone has to do for him or herself. It can take between two to five days to achieve a balance, and to learn how to deal with weightlessness.
Your mission lasted 10 days that were fully occupied with experiments ranging from robotics to biology. You are a trained physicist. Which of those experiments has made the most lasting impression on you?
During the preparatory stages, you do not distinguish between them. If you conduct an experiment after a 10-hour work day in space, you apply the same care and attention to it as you would to an experiment at the start of the day. However, naturally enough, you learn a great deal during your training because one must carry out these experiments with a critical eye. Is everything proceeding as planned or is there a deviation due to a fault in the equipment or the performance? Of course, that's precisely what made me become a physicist – experimentation with reasoning. To be perfectly honest… I particularly liked the medical experiments where the astronaut is not only the person performing the study, but also the guinea pig. For example, during the launch, I had a catheter inserted in a vein on my left elbow that went through the jugular vein to just five centimetres from my heart. During the flight you have to check that everything is being recorded. It also requires 'removing' your own physical feelings and perhaps also a psychological aspect, because you are monitoring the readings from your own body. I found this to be particularly challenging – but at some point, you get used to it.
Whenever you see photos of astronauts during experiments, they are often smiling or look amazed. Are you genuinely as delighted and puzzled by the results that you get to witness?
To be perfectly honest, we know that we're being photographed, so we try and put on a friendly face. On the other hand, the mission and successful completion of experiments make you feel satisfied, happy and give you the sense that you've really accomplished something. The first time I recall thinking to myself that I was in a relaxed state of mind was after four or five days when, while in contact with the ground station, I heard someone laughing in the background. At that point you know, not only that you've conducted your experiments correctly, but that the scientists on the ground are in a relaxed mood about the successful mission. This joy is transmitted to the astronauts.
On the D2 mission, you flew through space with Spacelab. In 2008 you flew to the International Space Station, the ISS, to help install the European Columbus Module. How would you compare working life on board the two space laboratories?
Very different indeed. Purely in terms of size, Spacelab and the Columbus Module are very similar – six and a half metres long, five metres in diameter, equipped with experimentation cabinets and life support systems. However, the procedure was completely different. For the D2 mission, we spent years gaining an understanding of and rehearsing the individual experiments. Then, over a period of just 10 days, we carried out one experiment after another without any deviation whatsoever – everything was very tightly defined. Today, with the Columbus Module, we have a laboratory that remains in orbit for years, and in which experiments in weightlessness are conducted right around the clock. It is a bit more like a laboratory down here on Earth, where several series of experiments can be conducted in succession with different parameters.
During that D2 mission, you were in space for 10 days. For the Columbus mission, you were up there for 13 days. Would you ever have been attracted to a long duration mission of the kind now familiar to us today?
Oh yes! That was why, after the D2 mission, I worked as a backup cosmonaut for a German-Russian mission, and why I later applied to be a European astronaut and be trained in the USA for a long duration flight. This never happened for me, though. Instead, I was selected to carry out a Shuttle flight, and to take the Columbus laboratory up to the Space Station. I ought to be satisfied with that, and it was indeed a great honour. Nonetheless, my real dream was to spend a long time in space. Today, I am still an astronaut and am still mission-capable, but given that I am now 61, I can well imagine that I won't be selected.
What about the Moon or Mars?
Absolutely! My vision is that mankind might return to the Moon to learn how to survive on other planets, and perhaps even to build a base there. For me, the ultimate objective – and mankind will do this – is to fly to Mars and settle there. The only questions are these: will we do it and when will that be? I hope to be here to experience the event when it happens.
Last modified:25/04/2013 09:42:35 | <urn:uuid:749978aa-c8f2-4f86-a1c7-5e5010ba3311> | {
"date": "2014-04-18T01:41:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00051-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9770920276641846,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 1852,
"url": "http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10212/332_read-6804/year-all/332_page-1/"
} |
- Older patients with delirium are at increased risk of death within the year following diagnosis, according to a new study.
- Delirium in elderly patients is frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed as depression, dementia or severe illness.
- Physicians and caregivers should pay attention to each patient’s mental state and request care for those who display symptoms of delirium.
Hospital patients over 65 who are referred for a psychiatric consultation and found to have delirium are more likely than those without delirium to die within one year following diagnosis, according to a new study published in the journal General Hospital Psychiatry.
“Clinical physicians should pay close attention to delirious patients,” says lead author Jian-An Su, M.D., a psychiatrist at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. “Early psychiatric consultation could decrease mortality.”
Delirium is a sudden change in mental status associated with physical illness and related medications. A delirious patient may experience bouts of confusion, lethargy, agitation, or hallucinations alternating with periods of lucidity.
The new study is based on records for more than 600 patients over 65 years of age examined by psychiatrists in a Taiwanese hospital between 2002 and 2006. Of these, 172 were diagnosed with delirium. The researchers later reviewed state records to find out how many of the patients had subsequently died. The findings were compared to those for a similar group of patients who had not experienced delirium.
Elderly inpatients who were diagnosed with delirium had significantly higher death rates than other patients in the first year after delirium onset, found the authors. The results held regardless of patients’ gender, physical illnesses, or treatment with antipsychotic medications.
In the elderly, delirium is often characterized by “quiet” symptoms, such as confusion and lethargy. “These patients are frequently overlooked, under-diagnosed, or misdiagnosed as having depression, dementia, or severe illness,” note the authors.
“Primary physicians -- whether intensivists, hospitalists, surgical teams, or others -- must first be attuned to a patient’s behavior and cognitions in order to request a psychiatric consultation for a complete evaluation,” says Ian Cook, M.D., of the Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Cook suggests that a brief series of questions such as, “Can you tell me the name of where we are? What day is it? Why are you here in the hospital?” could help attending physicians recognize patients with delirium more consistently, along with observing behaviors such as agitation or excessive sleepiness. Many resources on delirium also advise family members to alert providers immediately if their loved one displays sudden changes in mental status while in the hospital.
For More Information:
Reach the Health Behavior News Service, part of the Center for Advancing Health, at [email protected] or (202) 387-2829.
General Hospital Psychiatry is a peer-reviewed research journal published bimonthly by Elsevier Inc. For information about the journal, contact Wayne Katon, M.D., at (206) 543-7177.
Tsai, M-C. et al. Three-year mortality of delirium among elderly inpatients in consultation–liaison service. General Hospital Psychiatry In Press. | <urn:uuid:dc0fa7b6-cdc3-42a4-ab47-6b21a6db438a> | {
"date": "2018-03-24T13:41:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650685.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324132337-20180324152337-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9323530197143555,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 709,
"url": "http://www.cfah.org/hbns/2011/elderly-hospital-patients-with-delirium-more-likely-to-die-within-a-year"
} |
One of the more interesting superstitions of Vietnam is the belief in the
wandering soul. It is the Vietnamese belief that the dead must be buried in their
homeland, or their soul will wander aimlessly in pain and suffering. Vietnamese feel that
if a person is improperly buried, then their soul wanders constantly. They can sometimes
be contacted on the anniversary of their death and near where they died. Vietnamese honor
these dead souls on a holiday when they return to the site where they passed away.
Tradition has it that the young Vietnamese boy Kien Muc Lien reached
enlightenment at an early age. His mother was not so lucky. She was evil, and upon her
death, she was sentenced to spend eternity being tormented by demons and ghosts and in
constant pain from hunger. Kien Muc Lien magically sent food to his mother. The demons
were enraged and turned it into flames before she could eat. The son then asked Buddha to
help him care for his mother. Buddha told him to hold a special ceremony. The boy held the
ceremony, called "Lu Van" (Wandering Soul) to pray for his mothers soul;
and ask that her sins be pardoned. His wishes were granted.
Vu Lan Day is absolution of the soul. This is especially true in the case of
parents. It allows their wandering souls to return home safely. The Vietnamese celebrate
this holiday with many ceremonies including the floating of lights down the rivers at
night to guide the lost souls to Nirvana.
It is held on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month every year at the Hoi An
pagodas. The holiday is so popular than many tourists visit Vietnam during this time of
the year to see the ceremonies. They set aside a day for the wandering souls and offer
food for deceased relatives whom they believe might wander into the homes of their
Ann Crawford says in Customs and Culture of Vietnam, Charles E. Tuttle,
Rutland, Vt., 1966: "Wandering Souls' Day is the second largest festival of the year.
(Tet is the first.) Though it falls on the 15th day of the seventh month, it may be
celebrated at any convenient time during the latter half of the month. It is not just a
Buddhist holiday but also celebrated by all Vietnamese who believe in the existence of
God, good and evil. They believe that sinful souls can be absolved of their punishment and
delivered from hell through prayers said by the living on the first and 15th of every
month. Wandering Soul's Day, however, is believed to be the best time for priests and
relatives to secure general amnesty for all souls. On this day, the gates of hell are said
to open at sunset and the souls fly out unclothed and hungry. Thus plenty of food is left
at family altars."
This belief in the Wandering Soul is a strong one and even today, we find news
stories about it. The following was written by Mark McDonald and was published by the Mercury
News Vietnam Bureau under the title of "Remains of the War" in 2000.
"The death certificate has been typed onto thin brown paper, with thick
carbon-paper keystrokes. The document is creased and smudged from three decades of folding
and weeping, but this much remains clear: Le Duy Hien, age 26, was killed on May 5, 1968.
Hien is one of some 300,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong soldiers still missing in
action from what is known here as the American War.
In marked contrast to the U.S. effort, the search for Vietnamese MIAs has
largely been left to the families of the missing. Even now, 25 years after the end of the
war, their relatives can be seen all over Vietnam, mostly on weekends, trudging forlornly
through the sprawling military cemeteries reserved for the liet si -- the martyred. They
go from headstone to headstone, pausing briefly at each one, looking for the name of a
lost son, a dead husband, a missing brother.
Strangers have buried you in careless haste, no loved ones near, no
friend, no proper rites . . . and under the wan moon, no kindly smoke of incense wreathes
for you, the Vietnamese poet Nguyen Du wrote in his elegy, A Call to Wandering
To reach out to Le Duy Hien's wandering soul, the family holds a somber
memorial ceremony every May 5 -- the date on his official death certificate. However, the
family has been unable to follow the Vietnamese custom of digging up his bones after three
years for cleaning and re-burial, and it causes Hien's mother no small amount of grief
that her son's soul is still at large.
She believes Hien is not at rest,'' says Le The Luan, Hien's younger
brother, who is now 54. ``Like all Vietnamese families, she wants to have us find his
remains so he can be stable and at peace.
The biggest problem for Hien's family is right there on his faded death
certificate: On the dotted line that states where the young North Vietnamese sergeant went
down, it only says, `On a battlefield in the south.
Sadly, Hien's family has no clues to his possible whereabouts. They know he
headed off down the Ho Chi Minh Trail after being drafted, but he wrote the family just
one letter, a letter that gave no details about his unit, its location or ultimate
Therefore, Le Duy Hien's body remains undiscovered -- and his soul remains at
large. His mother receives a small monthly payment from the government because, under
Vietnamese law, all MIAs from the American War are now considered dead. The money,
however, barely covers the cost of the incense she burns for him every day.
The Vietnamese are great poets and there are many poems that honor these
wandering souls. One was written by Linh Duy Vo. It is entitled "The Wings of
Freedom" and is dedicated to the South Vietnamese Freedom Fighters. Part of the poem
Four thousand years, countless perils
The blessed South Vietnam still exists
But your broken wings hurriedly bid farewell
You perished without whispers...
Gray clouds sadly enveloped your wandering soul
Dark oceans mourningly embraced your wings.
During the American involvement in Vietnam, an attempt was made to use this
belief against the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong. Since it was clear that they would die
far from home, their bodies probably never found or never properly buried, it was certain
that they would become a wandering soul after death.
Editing the recording
The operation was code-named "Wandering Soul." Engineers spent weeks
recording eerie sounds. They were similar to the sounds employed during a scary radio show
or movie. Very creepy and designed to send shivers down the back. These cries and wails
were intended to represent souls of the enemy dead who had failed to find the peace of a
proper burial. The wailing soul cannot be put to rest until this proper burial takes
place. The purpose of these sounds was to panic and disrupt the enemy and cause him to
flee his position. Helicopters were used to broadcast Vietnamese voices pretending to be
from beyond the grave. They called on their "descendents" in the Vietcong to
defect, to cease fighting. This campaign played the sounds and messages all night in order
to spook the superstitious enemy. Despite eventually realizing that they were hearing a
recording beamed from a helicopter, the enemy gunners could not help but fear that their
souls would some day end up moaning and wailing in a similar fashion after death.
The messages were broadcast by both the 6th PSYOP Battalion of the
United States Army and some units of the United States Navy. In general, the messages were
Daddy, daddy, come home with me, come home. Daddy! Daddy!
Ha! (his daughter's name). Who is that? Who is calling me? Oh, my
daughter? My wife? Daddy is back home with you, my daughter! I am back home with you, my
wife. But my body is gone. I am dead, my family.
..Tragic, how tragic.
My friends, I come back to let you know that I am dead! I am dead! It's
Hell, Hell! It is a senseless death! How senseless! Senseless! But when I realized the
truth, it was too late. Too late. Friends, while you are still alive, there is still a
chance you will be reunited with your love ones. Do you hear what I say? Go home! Go home,
my friends! Hurry! Hurry! If not, you will end up like me. Go home my friends before it is
too late. Go home! Go home my friends!
One wartime news story tells of the operation at Fire Support Base (FSB)
Chamberlain. It was published in Tropic Lightning News, 23 February 1970.
"If you were a Wolfhound of the First Battalion, 27th Infantry, 25th
Infantry Division, and were at Fire Support Base Chamberlain on the night of February 10
you might have sworn the place was being haunted by poltergeists, ghosts that is.
The moans, groans and weird sounds began at eight that night, a likely time for
the cloudlike forms to reveal themselves. Of course, ghosts are nonexistent, or are they?
In this case the ghosts and weird sounds were furnished by the Sixth PSYOP Team and the
S-5 Section of the 1/27th Wolfhounds who were conducting a night mission at Chamberlain.
With the help of loud speakers and a tape of The Wandering Soul, a mythical
tale of a Viet Cong gone to Buddha, the mission was a success.
The Wandering Soul is a tape about the soul of a dead Viet Cong. It
describes the wandering of this soul about the countryside. The dead VC tells his comrades
to look at what has happened to his soul and that he will never be at rest, always
wandering, said Captain William Goodman of Philadelphia, the battalion S-5.
Buddhists believe very strongly that if they arent properly buried and
properly mourned, their soul will wander through eternity, added First Lieutenant
Peter Boni of Boston, the officer in charge of the Sixth PSYOP Team. We play upon
the psychological superstitions and fears of the enemy.
The method is very effective, Boni said.
The tape makes the friendly villagers return to their homes, and any
suspecting persons who remain are questioned, Goodman said. A quick-reaction sweep
following the tape by the l/27th Recon Platoon netted three detainees, one of whom was
jailed. It was the first time this type of tape has been used in the Third Brigade
and reviewing the results we plan to use this method again, Boni said."
Sometimes the Wandering Soul tape was used in conjunction with other sounds to
multiply the fear in the heart of the enemy. A former member of the 6th PSYOP Battalion
told me, "You know what we did on 'Nui Ba Den Mountain' in 1970? The 6th PSYOP got an
Air Force pilot to fly to Bangkok, to get an actual recording of a tiger from their zoo.
We had a Chieu Hoi (rallier to the national government from enemy ranks) come down the
mountain and tell of a tiger that was attacking the Viet Cong for the past few weeks. So,
we mixed the tiger roar onto a tape of 69-T, 'the wandering soul', and a 2-man team got up
on the mountain, played the tape and 150 Viet Cong came off that mountain.
LTC Raymond Deitch, 6th PSYOP Battalion Commander
Raymond Deitch, former commander of the U.S. Army 6th PSYOP Battalion was
interviewed on the History Channel Secrets of War series, episode 51,
Psychological Warfare. Talking about Operation Wandering Soul he said, "It
exploited the belief among many of the Vietnamese people that once a person is dead the
remains must be placed in an ancestral burial ground or that person will forever wander
aimlessly in space forever.
South Vietnamese Nationals make a recording
A male voice was recorded through an echo chamber that represented the soul of
the dead soldier. In some cases, the recording was actually too persuasive for its own
good. The tape was so effective that we were instructed not to play it within earshot of
the South Vietnamese forces, because they were as susceptible as the Viet Cong or North
The PSYOP-POLWAR Newsletter of 20 November 1969 mentioned the Wandering
Soul campaign briefly, "The First Infantry's Divisions G-5 staff used 'Wandering
Soul' broadcasts of eerie sounds intended to represent the souls of enemy dead who have
not found peace (i.e. by being buried in the village family plot). Communist troops, of
course, knew perfectly well that the sounds were coming from a tape recorder on an enemy
helicopter, but the idea was that the sounds would at least get a Communist soldier to
think about where his soul would rest in the likely event of his being killed far from
Huey Helicopter with mounted loudspeakers
Duane Yeager mentioned the operation is an article entitled "Winning
Vietnamese minds was what the U.S. Army's 4th Psychological Operations Group was all
about," in Vietnam Magazine, December 1990. He says:
As with the leaflet catalog, PSYOP units also produced and maintained a library of
audiotape propaganda messages for support of tactical operations. As one Viet Cong
commander complained, these audio messages were hard to ignore, for the sound even
penetrated through the earth to VC hidden in underground tunnels. One of the most
effective such tapes was 'The Wandering Soul,' an eerie tape, played mostly at night, that
constantly reminded NVA soldiers of the hardships they were enduring, home, and the loved
ones they had left behind.
Robert H. Stoner reports a Navy operation. He tells of Operation Sea Float/Solid
Anchor. This was a joint US-Vietnamese attempt to inject an allied presence into An Xuyen
Province, 175 miles southwest of Saigon. Stoner says:
This evening's adventure was to insert and extract a Beach Jumper Unit Duffel Bag Team.
(This team planted and monitored vibration-and body heat-activated sensors that helped track movements of the bad guys
around our base). On the way out, we were to play some Wandering Soul
tapes the Psychological Warfare boys had dreamed up to terrorize the guerillas. The line
was the guerillas would become so frightened, they'd come over to the government
Aviation Electricians Mate Senior Chief (E8) Bill Rutledge took part in a Navy
operation using Army helicopters temporarily surplus from the Army inventory. He says:
The only Navy Helicopter Gunships that ever flew combat missions were assigned to
Helicopter Attack (Light) Squadron Three (HAL-3)(the Seawolves), under the operational
control of Commander, Task Force (CTF) 116, in Vietnam from 1966-1972. This unit was the
most decorated naval aviation unit in history. Navy pilots and enlisted gunners flew
heavily armed Army UH1B "Huey" Gunships at low level and in the night covering
the Navy Seals, The Brown Water Riverine Forces, and any allied unit in contact with enemy
Viet Cong and regular North Vietnamese Army forces. They supported the PBR (Patrol Boat,
River) operations with fire support, recon, and medevac services. The unit was tasked with
additional responsibilities, including assistance to the Vietnamese Navy units operating
in the Mekong Delta.
The Saigon Brass came up with an added mission. We were already dropping Chieu Hoi
passes, small Republic of Vietnam Flags and surrender pamphlets during our regular
missions. In addition, we were now to place one large speaker in each back door of the
Gunship to play a PSYOP Cassette repeating tape while flying over known enemy controlled
areas. Invariably, playing of the tape to win the "hearts and minds" of the
enemy forces would cause the enemy forces to fire on the helicopter. With the large
speakers in the door, it was difficult for the door gunners to return fire. The
Saigon-issued mission orders put the aircrews at great risk. We were not there to win
hearts and minds. We were there to protect allied forces on the ground and to search for,
and destroy any enemy we could find.
Navy Helicopter Gunship
Knowing that every time we used the PSYOP tape we took fire, we installed smaller
speakers and bigger door guns. The lead helicopter was armed with a 50 caliber machine gun
and dual M60 7.62mm machine guns. The trailing helicopter had a door-mounted M134
6-Barrelled 7.62 minigun that fired up to 4000 rounds per minute and a M60 machine gun. In
addition the helicopters were armed with an external rocket pod (seven 2.75 inch rockets)
for the pilot and an external minigun for the co-pilot.
We then played the tape with the intention of taking fire. The gunners were at the
ready. One gunship flew low and another gunship flew high, ready to roll in for the kill
at the first sign of Viet Cong activity. Apparently, someone in Saigon found out what we
were doing and told us to stop. We did not stop, but used the tape less often. Killing was
our business and the PSYOP tapes helped make business damn good. We never saw the result
of the PSYOP program but heard rumors of enemy forces occasionally defecting.
A Seawolf helicopter pilot who flew a number of PSYOP missions in 1968-69 recalled
playing what he called "The Howling Ghost" tape many times. He said that
"On about half the missions a PSYOP officer would fly with us and attempt to direct
the mission. We dropped leaflets, magazines, and played the tape. Without exception we
drew fire each mission. This was one of the primary objectives of the mission." When
not flying the PSYOP missions, the pilot, "Seawolf 57," flew mostly in support
of the Navy SEALS.
The Wandering Soul tape did not just appear full-blown on the Vietnam scene. There were
earlier variations. One former operations officer of the 10th PSYOP Battalion (1968) told
I do not remember that Wandering Soul reverb tape at all. I note that the time of
that tape follows my tour by 1 year. Our tapes were of Vietnamese funeral music and most
were the standard fare sent to us from Group.
He recorded Robert Brown's "Fire" from 1968 and used the "demonic"
portion repeatedly in an endless loop. He mentioned that the tapes often enraged the Viet
Cong and led directly to their death. "Our C-47 'Gabby' aircraft came back one night
and I waited for them at Binh Thuy for an after-action report. After all, this tape was my
baby and they were beta testing it. The pilot stormed in, spoke briefly with the
Commanding Officer and then came to talk to me. He said that they would never play that
tape again. He had received incredible ground fire the moment they turned it on.
He had stumbled on to a Battalion-sized Viet Cong force and they were bold enough to
attack our aircraft. That's an important intelligence point. It was rare for a Viet Cong
unit to engage our aircraft unless they were absolutely sure of their strength and
security. Of course that was what I wanted. Over the Commanding Officer's objection I
scheduled our C-47 for a repeat visit over the same target. The next night they went up
again, but what I wasn't told until later was that Spooky (a gun ship) went along with our
aircraft and flew the speaker mission in opposing orbit and all blacked out. When our
aircraft played the recording, the ground fire erupted again and Spooky "hosed
em" with all three cannon in full cyclic rpm." This sounds very much like an
early aspect of Project Quick Speak where we tried to get
the enemy to react to our tapes so they could be engaged. He concludes:
This incident happened but was never officially reported. The crew felt damned
good about seeing the ground fire halt instantaneously as Spooky answered back. It was no
fun being an unarmed flying target. As I remember it, no one worried too much that what we
did was against Group regulations.
A former 1st Infantry Division sergeant who served several tours in Vietnam from
1968 to 1970 remembers the taped funeral music. He comments:
The damn reverb effect of the recording is eerie. I saw and picked-up leaflets and
once heard Funeral Music played over the valleys around Landing Zone Mary Ann. A Kit
Carson Scout told me what the music was. This was a ghostly sound. Hell, listening to that
made me want to Chieu Hoi myself. It must have been effective as hell in the jungle at
We have seen no data to verify the success of the Wandering Soul operation. I
suspect it did not do well. The one continuing factor I find is that in most cases the
Viet Cong took fire when they reacted to the tape. This does not seem to be a successful
way to motivate defections.
The Psychological Operations leaflet and poster catalog of the 244th Psychological
Operation Company, Detachment 2, Quang Ngai, Vietnam, offers a leaflet that fits in
very well with this topic. The title is "Two Ways of Appreciating Combatants."
It depicts a live person with the text "One, Human" and a dead person with the
text "One, wicked and Abandoned."
The text compares the life of a Communist soldier with that of a Government of
Viet Nam soldier. It first says of the Communist, " We think of how these wounds
torment your body until the day you die in the nooks and corner of the thick forests and
mountains. In a strange mound, no incense where your bodies are buried. Who will think of
you?..." It next tells of the ARVN soldier, "For us, if we die in the
battlefield our bodies will be carried to our native village and buried there. If we are
wounded, we are taken to a military hospital for medical treatment and recuperation."
Is this a grave?
Another leaflet asks, "Is this a grave?" Beneath a photo of a dead
NVA soldier. Text on the back is, "Unfortunately, it is not. But it is the final
resting place, many, many kilometers from the graves of his ancestors. His body cannot be
identified, his grave cannot be marked, and his soul will never find rest..." | <urn:uuid:b5b5a989-292f-4813-a9cb-ac3880c94fb2> | {
"date": "2014-11-01T06:37:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637904722.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025824-00067-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9681476354598999,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 4963,
"url": "http://www.pcf45.com/sealords/cuadai/wanderingsoul.html"
} |
Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of Nematode Larvae of the Genera Anisakis and Contracaecum (Anisakidae) in Two Populations of Mugil Cephalus (Mugilidae) from Saloum and Senegal Rivers
Anisakis sp. and Contracaecum sp. are nematodes belonging to the family of Anisakidae. They are worldwide distributed and use a great number of fish species as intermediate, paratenic or final host. Despite their effects on fish and human beings, they play ecological role as biological tags to identify fish population or bioindicators of marine pollution. From January to December 2009, the helminthological examinations of 129 and 167 specimens of Mugil cephalus originating from Saloum and Senegal estuaries respectively revealed the presence of Anisakis sp. and Contracaecum sp. larvae. Generally, whatever the season or locality, the kidney lodges more larvae of Anisakis sp. than the liver or the general cavity. All Contracaecum sp. larvae were found in the mesentery of Mugil cephalus whatever the locality and season. In each locality, the prevalence of Anisakis sp. larvae was higher in rainy season than in dry season whereas the larvae of Contracaecum sp. were more frequent in dry season than in wet season. Mean intensity of the Anisakidae larvae showed significant differences according to the season in the estuary of Saloum and non significant variation in the estuary of Senegal. The mean abundance of these larvae varied significantly depending on the locality, the season or the site of infection. These results are explained by factors related to the host (fat content in infested organs), factors in relation to the environment (temperature, salinity) and the presence of birds, final hosts. In the Saloum estuary, Anisakis sp. was dominant in rainy season, while Contracaecum sp. dominates in dry season. However, in the estuary of Senegal, Anisakis sp. was dominant all the year. So we can say that Anisakis sp. is characteristic of the estuary of Senegal while Contracaecum sp. is characteristic of the Saloum estuary. Distribution of anisakidae larvae is more related to the locality, the season and the site of infection rather than the fish gender.
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Biology and Life Science ISSN 2157-6076
Copyright © Macrothink Institute
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'macrothink.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders. | <urn:uuid:f27eacba-45be-4890-9958-300db9e6ec1e> | {
"date": "2015-03-28T14:21:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297587.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00038-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9391884803771973,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 604,
"url": "http://macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/4685/0"
} |
Learners from year 7 and 8 were given a great opportunity to take part in a STEM workshop aimed at inspiring tomorrow’s engineers based around developing sustainable energy resources for the future. The STEM workshop was packed with hands-on activities, careers information and inspirational films from engineers working in energy right now. Learners received their own workbook to capture learning as they explore concepts of energy generation, sustainability and technologies. Learners were given the opportunity to explore concepts in physics, design & technology and engineering. The highlight of the session was the challenge of building a mini electric car and testing it at different voltages to see which group’s electric car could travel to a certain distance and stop. The learners were really engaged in modifying their vehicle to make sure they had the best chance of winning. There were many delighted faces as they watched their electric car shoot off down the track. It was a great experience for our all the learners, “I have now been inspired to become an engineer” is a fitting quote from one learner to sum up their great experience. | <urn:uuid:0095679e-f3cd-45f1-9e9f-b197bc68bba0> | {
"date": "2020-01-19T04:39:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9874852895736694,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 216,
"url": "https://www.longdendalehighschool.org.uk/news/stem-energy-quest-workshop"
} |
People living near factories may well wonder what health problems emissions from those plants may cause. Most have seen the film Erin Brockovich which details the cancer-causing effects of a nearby Pacific Gas & Electric plant on the residents of Hinkley, California.
Now it appears that passive benzene exposure from local petroleum refineries and manufacturing plants raises the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). And the closer one is to the plant, the higher the non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk, according to the results of an Emory University study.
Benzene is a component of gasoline, and exposure to it can cause genetic and chromosomal changes.
For every mile the average distance to benzene release sites increased, there was a 0.31% decrease in the risk of NHL.
As industrial production in the United States has increased over the past several decades, so has the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The researchers analyzed data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry, and found that for every mile the average distance to benzene release sites increased, there was a 0.31% decrease in the risk of NHL.
The metro-Atlanta area, Augusta, and Savannah had the highest incidences of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Significantly higher than expected rates were seen in the areas surrounding benzene release sites located in the metro-Atlanta region and one in Savannah. However, the incidence of the disease was unrelated to proximity to such sites in other, more rural, parts of Georgia.
The researchers concluded that additional studies are needed to examine patterns of non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in other geographic regions and interactions between benzene and exposure to other carcinogens. They hope that similar studies will help researchers and officials to identify public health threats and enact policies to decrease the risk of cancer from industrial carcinogen exposure.
The study is published online in the journal Cancer. | <urn:uuid:1f03e81a-4c37-42ab-84a4-39fc68108c40> | {
"date": "2019-05-23T07:34:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257156.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523063645-20190523085645-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440184235572815,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 412,
"url": "http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/cancer/art4128.html"
} |
60. Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindley, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 21: plate 1791. 1835.
Arbutus tomentosa Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 282. 1813
Shrubs, erect or mound-forming, 1-3 m; burl present; bark of older stems persistent, gray, shredded; twigs usually short-hairy, some-times with long hairs and glandular hairs. Leaves bifacial in stomatal distribution; petiole 2-5 mm; blade dark to bright green, dull abaxially, ± shiny adaxially, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, base truncate to ± lobed, margins entire, sometimes toothed, cupped or ± rolled, (distal portion glabrous, proximal tomentose), surfaces short-hairy or glabrous abaxially, papillate, scabrous, sometimes finely glandular-hairy or ± glabrous adaxially. Inflorescences panicles, 2-8-branched; immature inflorescence pen-dent, axis 1-2.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., usually short-hairy, sometimes with long hairs and glandular hairs; bracts not appressed, leaflike, lanceolate, 8-15 mm, apex acute, surfaces glabrous, hairy, or finely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 2-5 mm, sparsely hairy, sometimes glandular, or hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary white-hairy and sometimes sparsely glandular. Fruits depressed-globose, 6-10 mm diam., sparsely hairy or glabrous. Stones distinct.
Subspecies 4 (4 in the flora): California.
Arctostaphylos tomentosa is found in coastal central California, in areas that receive summer fog. Most subspecies are narrowly distributed. | <urn:uuid:31cceb6a-f7dc-4d73-a6ec-a679fec2ffa5> | {
"date": "2018-06-19T18:42:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863109.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619173519-20180619193519-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.73850017786026,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 440,
"url": "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250065603"
} |
MOST ENCYCLOPEDIAS, the Britannica included, make no mention of Albert Brisbane, although they pay homage to his son Arthur's journalistic attainments. The only published study of his life and work remains his wife's "mental biography," which appeared shortly after his death in 1890. Yet throughout the 1840's he was widely acclaimed as an eminent social philosopher. As the interpreter and promoter of Fourier's grand scheme of Association he became the leader of a reform movement that swept across the United States. Horace Greeley was one of his first converts and opened to him the columns of the influential Tribune; Parke Godwin, of the New York Evening Post, became one of his ardent admirers; the Transcendentalists of Brook Farm swallowed Brisbane's doctrine whole. About 8000 Americans in all invested their goods and their future in Fourieristic phalanxes. These enthusiasts believed that the success of their experimental communities would speedily bring the millennium, and united in national conventions to hasten the coming of the glorious day. Their dreams were of short duration; one after another the phalanxes collapsed like pricked balloons.
Yet although Fourier's utopia went the way of all panaceas, it stirred the enthusiasm of many Americans for more than a decade and made a definite impress upon the nineteenth-century movement for social reform. Brisbane's reputation rests squarely on the importance of Association in the history of American culture. | <urn:uuid:52aaff41-0e85-4789-9b59-40036eb9a203> | {
"date": "2015-10-09T06:27:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913815.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00100-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9685923457145691,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 291,
"url": "https://www.questia.com/read/3922973/critics-crusaders-a-century-of-american-protest"
} |
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) - The California Highway Patrol has created the first written guidelines on motorcycle "lane-splitting," the maneuver by which cyclists pass vehicles in adjacent lanes by driving between them.
The Sacramento Bee reported Monday that California is the only state that allows lane-splitting. Until now, there have never been safety guidelines for the polarizing practice that often pits motorcycles against cars and trucks.
The guidelines say motorcyclists can ride between two cars if there is room, but only at speeds no more than 10 miles-per-hour faster than the vehicles they're passing.
The rules also say that motorcyclists should not attempt the move at full freeway speeds, or in any traffic going faster than 30 mph.
The guidelines come as the number of motorcyclists in California have risen, as well as the number of motorcycle crashes.
The Associated Press | <urn:uuid:b6d06314-2b8b-45f7-bf5c-7c274415664f> | {
"date": "2015-05-05T01:07:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430455166292.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501043926-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9750823974609375,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 183,
"url": "http://www.news10.net/news/article/229860/2/CHP-posts-rules-for-motorcycle-lane-splitting"
} |
We are back with another awesome Book Art project designed by the fabulous Ana of Babble Dabble Do. Last month we explored storytelling with pop-up books and today we are playing around with math art and geometry while creating a shapes book. After you and the kids make the project, be sure to read the books I recommend. You’ll find 5 at the bottom of this post, and 5 over at Babble Dabble Do.
If you saw yesterday’s post about the Kaleidograph Design Toy (if not, head over there and enter the giveaway!) this cut out shape book follows a similar concept. Each page opens up to reveal a new shape in descending size. As with all of Babble Dabble Do’s projects, the design of the book is exceeding pleasing to the eye.
Math Art: Make a Shape Book
The first thing you need to do is head over and download the template —> My Shape Book Template at Babble Dabble Do. You will also find all the instructions for assembly on Ana’s post.
My 5 year old and I decided to color our book with watercolors, but Ana has some other variations, too.
At first New Kid was quite adamant that I NOT cut out the shapes! I had to explain to him that the entire design and function of the book was based on the cut outs so he relented, but insisted that I cut them out veeeerrrry carefully.
I think his favorite part of the whole project was stacking the shapes in order. He had recently played with the Kaleidograph, so the concept of relative size was fresh in his mind.
He liked naming the shapes as he turned the pages. Geometry lesson? Check!
He did, however inform me that I had forgotten to include a diamond and a rumpus. (That would be a “rhombus” to the rest of us.)
The watercolor paper was too thick to staple, so I used a hole punch and a piece of yarn to bind the shape book pages together.
Take a peek at what Ana created:
Children’s Books about Shapes
Read these books to teach your children more about the wonderful role shapes play in our world. (Affiliate links included below.)
Museum Shapes. Recently my son’s kindergarten class went on a field trip to the MOMA, and my older son’s 3rd grade class has visited both the Met and the Guggenheim. (I know! How cool is that?) I love that we are able to visit some amazing art in person and no doubt you have a wonderful museum or gallery near you. One of the best ways for young kids to learn about art is to look for familiar shapes in the pictures.
Round is a Mooncake: A Book of Shapes. Told in a gentle rhyme, a young girl looks around her home and neighborhood and discovers the shapes in objects. Many of the objects are culturally Chinese, like dim sum and inking stones. There is a glossary at the back so kids can learn about any unfamiliar items. I’m a big fan of Grace Lin’s illustrations, which bring this book to life.
Mouse Shapes. Three mice hide and escape from a cat by building with colorful shapes in this classic book. This is a nice introduction to shapes for younger kids.
Color Zoo Board Book. Lois Ehlert’s signature bold, graphic style is on display with this clever board book. The die-cut concept is similar to what Ana has created with her shape book for our project. As each page is turned a new layer reveals a different animal. On the reverse of each page, the shape is labelled so young kids can compare which shapes are used to make each creature.
When a Line Bends . . . A Shape Begins. Rhyming text takes kids on a journey demonstrating how a single line can transform into all kinds of shapes and objects. Got a ball of string? Cut off a piece and let your kids explore the concept on their own.
Find five more books to read at Babble Dabble Do.
Thanks again to Ana at Babble Dabble Do for designing this project. We hope you are enjoying our Book Art series as we look forward to bringing you another awesome project and book list soon. | <urn:uuid:c91e6a4e-c9a8-49b3-a912-fbc53ed8a46a> | {
"date": "2015-11-29T01:34:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398455135.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205415-00064-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9599208831787109,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 906,
"url": "http://www.whatdowedoallday.com/2014/05/math-art-book-project-shapes.html"
} |
The first step to solving a career problem is to bridge the gap between where you are and where you want to be. Exploring your values, interests, and skills will help you find educational and career options that match up with your goals. Whether you are choosing a major, searching for a job, or applying to grad schools, our theory-based services can help you develop and implement a plan for the future.
Know About Yourself
Knowing what is important to you (your values), what you enjoy (your interests), and what you do well (your skills) will make it easier for you to make a career decision. Think of values, interests, and skills as the three legs of a stool. You will sit more comfortably with your decision if each leg is equally strong. The pyramid below is a simple way to remember what is important in making career decisions.
Engage in some or all of the activities below to learn more about your values, interests, and skills:
- Use a Computer Assisted Career Guidance System (SIGI3, or FOCUS2) and complete an interest, skills, or values assessment by creating a free account.
- Complete the Self-Directed Search (SDS) with the help of a Career Advisor at the Career Center. The SDS is an instrument designed to help you organize information about your interests and abilities. After you complete the inventory, you will be able to see how this information about yourself connects to occupations and fields of study.
- Complete the "Module III: Exploring Your Interests, Values, & Skills" activities.
Know About Your Options
Now that you have explored information about yourself, it’s time to connect that knowledge to what you have learned about your options. If you have yet to explore your educational or career options, visit here to get started.
Your Decision Making Process
Once you have a clear understanding of your options and self-knowledge, you can use this information to reflect on your decision-making process.
You can go through a decision making exercise here
Thinking about Your Decision Making
Have you ever had stage fright before a big performance or experienced butterflies before giving a presentation? These experiences are a natural reaction to stressful events in your environment. Similarly, some people become anxious or overwhelmed when thinking about career decisions they must make.
If you feel unsure about your career decision, a career advisor can help. The Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) is an assessment available to you at the Career Center that can help you learn more about the way you think about your career choices and explore new ways of thinking about this decision.
To learn more about cognitive information processing (CIP) theory in career service delivery, visit the FSU Career Center's Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career Development (Tech Center). | <urn:uuid:d54eb8b6-d165-4dc5-b1ff-a7bb59290fc2> | {
"date": "2018-04-21T13:17:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945222.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421125711-20180421145711-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9378823041915894,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 576,
"url": "http://www.career.fsu.edu/node/3961/"
} |
Killer whale pods each have their own set of calls they use to communicate, sometimes referred to as the pod’s “dialect.” By characterising an individual pod’s calls, researchers can track the pod’s seasonal movements, gaining a better understanding of the whales’ lives.
Jessica Sportelli, at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, studies a pod of relatively unknown killer whales in Pond Inlet, Nunavut, Canada. Because little is currently known about this pod’s ecology, Sportelli will describe their repertoire of calls at the 178th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, which will take place Dec. 2-6, at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego.
The talk, “Call discrimination for an unknown pod of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Eastern Canadian Arctic,” will be presented at 10:05 a.m. Pacific (U.S.) on Tuesday, Dec. 3 as part of a session on low-frequency sound production and passive acoustic monitoring. MORE | <urn:uuid:6e920e6b-2465-4c46-8e77-d727c6b21efe> | {
"date": "2019-12-05T15:56:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540481076.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205141605-20191205165605-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9057051539421082,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 233,
"url": "https://insideecology.com/2019/12/04/characterising-whale-vocalisation-can-help-map-migration/"
} |
Comparison of global flood hazard maps
A new paper about the inter-comparison and validation of global riverine flood models has just been published and can be accessed here
The work considers 6 different models for global flood hazard maps, including the model developed at European Commission Joint Research Center and based on the Copernicus Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS). Flood maps are validated against observed satellite data in 3 test areas in Africa, showing the accuracy of models in reproducing large-scale flood events.
The research is part of an ongoing inter-comparison project at the Global Flood Partnership (GFP https://gfp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ ).
By Gabriele Mantovani Sept. 17, 2018, 2:10 p.m. | <urn:uuid:6c7518d3-efc7-49fc-b617-3b335bdc7dff> | {
"date": "2019-04-19T18:37:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8976088166236877,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 163,
"url": "http://www.globalfloods.eu/news/64-comparison-of-global-flood-hazard-maps/"
} |
A HISTORY of LEHIGH COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA Published by James J. Haurer 1902
Lower Milford Township lies in the southern part of the county, and is bounded on the northeast by Upper Saucon Township, southwest by Bucks County, and northwest by Upper Milford Township, and southwest by Montgomery County. Population according to the census of 1900 was 1133. It was organized a separate township in 1847. The soil is very fertile, being shale and gravel and very productive, the surface is very irregular. Farming is the principal pursuit of the people. The following hills are within the township, Hosensack Hill (Muehlberg) in the southern part, Chestnut Hill in the northeastern part, Mosser's Ridge (Dillingers) in the northwestern part, Mill Ridge in the central part. Hosensack creek rises on the west side of Chestnut Hill, flows southwest into the Perkiomen creek, Dubbs, Eberhard, Dickenshied, Schantz, Walter, Indian, Trump, Swamp, Hickens, Saucon, Krauss and Ortt's creeks are the other streams which drain the township. The first settlement was undoubtedly made in 1715, about one-fourth mile west of the Swamp Church, the building was still standing a few years ago and the date 1715 could still be seen on the mantel piece. The early settlers came principally from Germany as can be seen by the names of Schuler, Eberhard, Ortt, Yeakel, etc.
OLD LAND MARKS. The Old King's High Road and the Great Philadelphia Road were the first roads in the township. Walbert's tavern near Kraussdale which was founded in 1735 is now abandoned; Larosch's tavern, between Hosensack and Zionsville on the property of the late Dr. John Ziegler, was opened in 1786, and is now abandoned; the Swamp church was built in 1730 near the county line of Lehigh and Bucks counties, on the road leading from Dillingereville to Spinnersville, it belongs to the Reformed denomination. Chestnut Hill Union church (Lutheran and Reformed) was founded in 1740; Schwenkfelder's church was founded in 1755. Schools were early established and among the first schools were those at Swamp Church, 1725-30, Hosensack, 1734, Chestnut Hi11 is not known, Kraussdale, 1742. The sclools at the present time compare favorably with the schools of the other townships, there are eleven schools and term is seven months, John and Andrew Krauss, sons of Baltzer Krause, Jr., built their first organ in 1790, and continued the business in the vicinity of Kraussdale until 1840 when they moved their factory to Palm, Montgomery county, and it was there, for a long time, continued by George S. and Edwin B, Krauss.
The first grist mill was built in 1745 near Hosensack on the Hosensack creek, and was known as Kriebel's mill; Schantz's mill,1800 ; Gehrhard's mill, 1785 ; Stauffer's mill,1786 ; Heiler's mill,1780 ; Heist's (Walter's) mill, 1790, and Dubbs’ mill, 1800. Among the other' industries were Antrim's Casement mill, Dubbs' pottery, Dillinger's oil mill, Burkhalter's and Dubbs' tanneries and Dubbs’ forge. Limestones are found in large quantities and limekilns for burning lime found everywhere. There are four creameries in the township at Hosensack, Kraussdale, Limeport and Plover, all of which are doing an excellent business.
VILLAGES-Dillingersville, is situated on the road leading from Zionsville to Spinnersville. It was founded in 1735, contains a store, hotel, post office and is the election place of the township. Population in 1900 was 150, Hosensack is situated on the old King's High road, twelve miles southwest of Allentown. It was founded in 1759 and contains a store, hotel, creamery and post office. The Farmer's Alliance of the lower end of the County has its headquarters there and are in good condition, Population 100. Limeport is on the road leading from Allentown to Steinsburg, it was founded in 1815, and contains two stores, two hotels, post office, creamery, limestone quarries and lime kilns, Population in 1900 was 200. Kraussdale, on the old King's High road, founded in 1735, contains a creamery, grist mill and the machine shops of Krauss Bros. were until lately located here, Population in 1900 was 30. Corning, on the Perkiomen R.R. contains a store, post office and coal yard. Population in 1900 was 130. Plover, on the road leading from Dillingersville to the Swamp church, contains a store, creamery and post office, founded in 1881 by W.R. Schuler. Population in 1900 was 70. | <urn:uuid:e0702655-2f65-438d-83bd-4cf9bc888a2e> | {
"date": "2018-05-21T02:57:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863923.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521023747-20180521043747-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9725778698921204,
"score": 3.328125,
"token_count": 1079,
"url": "http://lehighvalleyhistory.net/lower-milford"
} |
In 1988, Congress enacted the Abandoned Shipwreck Act (Pub. L. 100-298, 43 U.S.C. §§ 2101-2106), in an effort to give states more authority to protect the historical provenance of abandoned shipwrecks in state waters. It was one of the more controversial laws Congress passed that year because it pitted treasure salvors and divers, on the one hand, against states and historic preservationists on the other. In the end, the states won passage of the legislation, but some twelve years later, the question remains whether the Act has had the intended effect. Two significant decisions since 1988 have called into question the law's stated Congressional policy.
The Abandoned Shipwreck Act and Congressional Policy
First, a description of the Act itself. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act (ASA) asserted title of the United States to any "abandoned shipwreck" that is (1) embedded in submerged lands of a State, (2) embedded in coral formations protected by a state, or (3) on submerged lands of a state and included in or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register, and transferred this title to the states in or on whose submerged lands the shipwreck is located. Submerged lands include lands beneath state waters generally out to three nautical miles. The stated policy of Congress in enacting the ASA was to allow states to protect natural resources and habitat areas, guarantee recreational exploration of shipwreck sites, and allow for appropriate public and private sector recovery of shipwrecks. Congress also declared that the law of salvage and the law of finds - traditional admiralty principles for the recovery of shipwrecks - were not to apply to abandoned shipwrecks to which title had been transferred. Although it was a small law by today's standards, it attempted to modify 200 years of admiralty law applicable to the recovery and ownership of shipwrecks. Perhaps, with hindsight, the goals were too ambitious.
Brother Jonathan and the Eleventh Amendment
In 1998, the Supreme Court, in a turgid decision construing the application of the Eleventh Amendment to the ASA, ruled that the Eleventh Amendment was not a bar to a federal court's jurisdiction over an admiralty claim brought by a salvor who had located S.S. Brother Jonathan in California waters. California v. Deep Sea Research, 523 U.S. 491 (1998). The Eleventh Amendment generally protects the States from being sued in federal court without their consent. Although the Court's decision is limited in its effect, and did not reach the question of the underlying constitutionality of the ASA, it still may have a chilling impact on state claims to shipwrecks abandoned in their waters.
To review the facts briefly, Deep Sea Research, Inc. (DSR), a salvage company, claimed to have located the ship known as Brother Jonathan in California's territorial waters. The vessel, a 220-ft., (67 m) wooden-hulled, double side-wheeled steamship, sank in 1865 after striking a submerged rock during a voyage between San Francisco and Vancouver. Most of the ship's passengers and crew perished. The ship's cargo included a shipment of up to $2 million in gold. In 1991, DSR filed an action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California seeking rights to the wreck of Brother Jonathan and its cargo. The State of California intervened, claiming it had title to the wreck under the ASA. According to California, the ASA applied because the vessel was abandoned and was both embedded on state land and eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.
DSR disputed the State's title claim and also argued that the ASA could not divest the federal courts of the exclusive admiralty and maritime jurisdiction conferred by Article III, Sec. 2 of the United States Constitution. Both the district court and the court of appeals sided with the salvor. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to address the question whether a state's Eleventh Amendment immunity was different in an in rem admiralty action and whether it depends upon evidence of the State's actual possession of the res, i.e., the wreck or part thereof, or whether the State can assert bare ownership under cover of the ASA.
Although the Supreme Court has been the jealous guardian of the states' prerogatives under the Eleventh Amendment, especially in recent years, in this case, the Court distinguished the application of the Eleventh Amendment in more traditional cases from those in which the federal courts are exercising in rem admiralty jurisdiction. The Court was reluctant to disrupt the federal courts' "constitutionally established jurisdiction" in the area of admiralty jurisdiction, and concluded that where a vessel is not in the actual possession of a sovereign, as it was not in the case of Brother Jonathan, the Eleventh Amendment does not bar federal jurisdiction over the vessel. The district court could resolve the dispute between DSR and the State of California. 523 U.S. 491 at 507-508.
The ASA was intended to grant additional powers to states, and to allow claims to abandoned shipwrecks located in state waters to be adjudicated essentially in state courts. In state courts, presumably state historic preservation law would apply to the recovery and protection of wrecks. But, the Supreme Court has put this presumption in serious doubt, allowing federal courts sitting in admiralty to continue to exercise jurisdiction over wrecks, which a state has not already located. Although the decision represents a traditional deference to federal courts' admiralty jurisdiction, the Court has significantly undercut a basic premise of the ASA.
Since the Court's interpretation is one of constitutional prerogative, there is little, if anything, that Congress can do about it.
Spanish Frigates and Salvage Claims
A more recent decision that limits the reach of the ASA is the July 21, 2000 decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 17546. The Sea Hunt decision concerned the rights of Spain, on the one hand, and the Commonwealth of Virginia, on the other, to two Spanish Royal Naval vessels
, La Galga and Juno, which had been lost off the shores of present-day Virginia in 1750 and 1802, respectively.
La Galga was a 50-gun frigate commissioned into the Spanish Navy in 1732. She left Havana on her last voyage on August 18, 1750, in order to escort a convoy of merchant ships to Spain. On August 25, 1750, the convoy encountered a hurricane near Bermuda that scattered the ships and forced them westward toward the American coast. La Galga eventually sank off the coast of the Maryland/Virginia border. Most of the crew and passengers reached land safely. Juno, a 34-gun frigate, entered the service of the Spanish Navy in 1790. On January 15, 1802, the vessel set sail from Veracruz bound for Spain. Beset by a ferocious storm, Juno took on water, and sank - causing at least 413 sailors, soldiers, and civilians to perish.
The Commonwealth of Virginia asserted ownership over La Galga and Juno pursuant to the ASA. The Virginia Marine Resources Commission
granted Sea Hunt, a maritime salvage company based in Virginia, permits to explore for wrecks off the Virginia coast. Sea Hunt spent about a million dollars in remote sensing, survey, diving, and identification operations, as a result of which the company claimed to have found the remains of La Galga and Juno. Sea Hunt brought an in rem admiralty action against the two wrecks on March 11, 1998. The district court granted Sea Hunt exclusive rights to salvage the wrecks, but directed the company to send notice to the United States and Spain. Spain intervened claiming that it was and still is the true and bona fide owner of Juno and LA Galga, and that it had never abandoned or relinquished or transferred such ownership and title. The district court found that Spain had abandoned its claim to La Galga but not to Juno.
On appeal, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals sided with Spain's claims to both shipwrecks. The Court of Appeals considered whether these frigates
had been abandoned by Spain within the meaning of the ASA. The Court had to decide whether the law allowed a finding of implied abandonment, as the Commonwealth of Virginia argued
, or one of express abandonment, as Spain and the United States argued. The Court sided with Spain, finding that an "owner who comes forward has definitely indicated his claim of possession, and in such a case abandonment cannot be implied." 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 17456 at *11.
The Court also found that the legislative history of the ASA suggests that sovereign vessels must be treated differently from privately owned ones, relying on a State Department letter in the House Report, which states, "The U.S. only abandons its sovereignty over, and title to, sunken U.S. warships by affirmative act; mere passage of time or lack of positive assertions of right are insufficient to establish such abandonment." H.R. Rep. No. 100-514(II), at 13 (1988). Since the United States never intended to abandon its claims to its warships in foreign waters, a different standard would not be applied to those of another nation albeit located in U.S. waters. In this instance, Spain had maintained the two vessels on its national naval registry and never intentionally abandoned its ownership interests in any treaties Spain had entered into
with the U.S or U.K.
Both the Brother Jonathan and Sea Hunt decisions are major rulings affecting and in many ways limiting the intended reach of the ASA. Although it is likely the parties will appeal the Sea Hunt decision, it is in many ways more defensible than the Brother Jonathan decision. The ASA was never intended to wrest ownership of warships away from sovereign nations. On the other hand, it was intended to give states greater, if not exclusive, jurisdiction over other abandoned wrecks in state waters. The implications of the Brother Jonathan case are that states will either have to spend more of their own resources to locate wrecks of importance to them or enter into early arrangements with treasure salvors that give those salvors a greater share of the salvage in exchange for allowing the states greater access to information about their historic provenance.
The preceding was authored by Joan M. Bondareff, of Dyer Ellis & Joseph, P.C.
Bondareff was senior counsel to the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries at the time of passage of the Abandoned Shipwreck Act. | <urn:uuid:300682c3-1175-469c-b7eb-8f1e65b53d5f> | {
"date": "2015-05-05T21:24:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430456976384.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501050936-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9625254273414612,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 2196,
"url": "http://www.marinelink.com/news/article/the-abandoned-shipwreck-act-useful-tool-for-preservation-or-paper-tiger/319563.aspx"
} |
Recently, the Cabinet approved the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018. This Bill is not yet available to the public. But the process of introducing a Bill that dealt with trafficking in India started a few years back and a Bill was made available to the public for their comments in 2016. This was the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2016. This blog makes an attempt to give a short history of trafficking regulations in the country since independence, bring forth some of the important provisions of the Bill of 2016 and critique the same.
Back in 1956, the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 (SITA) was passed. This Act was amended in 1978 and then in 1986 when there was a change in nomenclature of the Act and since then it has been known as the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA). The definition of prostitution was also amended and the Act applied to persons in prostitution and not just females since it was first passed. Although the name contains the word ‘traffic’, the Indian law for the longest did not define trafficking and this Act focussed only on prostitution in the country.
From the Lok Sabha debates regarding SITA, 1956 it can be understood that the legislators felt that sex between two consenting adults falls under private domain and thus the State has no control over the act, even if there is an exchange of money. According to them, it would have also been futile to ban prostitution without having an effective infrastructure to rehabilitate women. The intention thus of the parliamentarians was only of restricting the practice and only controlling it from being carried out in an organized way.
The ITPA 1956 defines prostitution as ‘the sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for commercial purposes.’ Essentially meaning that all prostitution is sexual exploitation and abuse. At the same time we had IPC sections that punished buying and selling of minors for the purpose of prostitution. Even with the intention set out above, research showed that the law was implemented in a moralistic manner to punish women in prostitution which meant that most arrests were of women soliciting in public.
In 2011, India ratified the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, 2000, supplementing which was the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol). Subsequent to this the Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 2013 and then the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 was passed. Both, for the first time, defined trafficking under Section 370. This definition is based on the Palermo Protocol and can be divided into three parts: i) the act including recruiting, transporting, harbouring, transferring and receiving a person, ii) using means of threats, force, abduction, practicing fraud, deception, abuse of power or inducement in order to gain consent, iii) prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the forced removal of organs.
The Ordinance again considered all prostitution as sexual exploitation. The Act made some amendments to this section to include under exploitation, any act of physical exploitation or any form of sexual exploitation, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or forced removal of organs. Prostitution was dropped from the Act after some collectives objected to its equation to sexual exploitation. But the Palermo Protocol considers ‘prostitution of other’ as a form of exploitation which would mean someone profiting from the prostitution of another person and this term would have been a better inclusion to the section 370 instead of what it is today. The other terms under exploitation in this section remain undefined.
The Bill made available to public in 2016 failed to define trafficking, nor did it mention that trafficking may be defined as per section 370 of IPC.
The Bill builds an unnecessary parallel structure like the district, state and central anti trafficking committees and homes. A ‘protection home’ under Section 8 of the Bill is a parallel structure. There is a ‘protective home’ even for longer detentions for the purposes of proper care, guardianship, education, training and medical and psychiatric treatment under Sections 21 of the ITPA as well. But from Section 8 of the draft law it seems that a protection home under this law it would be a short-term home to provide immediate need of food, shelter, clothing and medical care. Instead, the condition of these homes already under ITPA could be improved.
There is a provision of establishing a district anti trafficking committee under Section 3 of the draft law. This committee would meet at least once in 3 months and this is where a victim would be produced after rescue. But there is no clarity of the rescue procedure to be followed under this law. Under ITPA those rescued (section 16) or found during a search (section 15) are produced before the appropriate Magistrate under section 17 who then decides on the safe custody of the victim. Under Chapter VI of the JJ Act, the Child Welfare Committee makes such decisions for children in need of care and protection (section 2(14)) which can include trafficked children or those vulnerable to trafficking. In both the cases, the system is well defined and established. Producing victims in front of the district anti-trafficking committee under this draft law would only be in addition to the above system.
But apart from some of these practicalities, the Bill does not clarify on the definitions of the terms under trafficking. Clarity in definitions will also make it easier to identify victims on ground which may not be easy. Because men, women and children will continue to migrate for better opportunities, out of distress and may end up getting exploited in different ways that fit the definition of trafficking. It might also be suggested that efforts be made to tackle the vulnerabilities rather than only focus on destination-based strategies of rescue and rehabilitation.
The Bill also follows the same intent as in ITPA of rescuing and rehabilitating those rescued from trafficking. This would mean, even rescue of adults with little scope of respecting their agency to move and work even if it means under exploitative conditions. It might also be helpful to consider alternatives like community-based programs to the rescue-rehabilitation model. With the introduction of the Bill, there is no discussion on deletion of section 8 of ITPA which punishes soliciting for prostitution and is the most misused section.
The present Act under chapter VII proposes creating specialised schemes for victims, especially women engaged in prostitution or any other form of commercial sexual exploitation leaving out from the focus other victims of trafficking which might include labour trafficking, organ trafficking, etc. The next chapter requires for the registration of placement agencies with the intention of preventing trafficking for labour but there is no punishment for agencies that might indulge in trafficking for labour. Mere registration may not be sufficient. The general penalty under section 18 is too vague which punishes violation of any directions by the Government under this proposed Act. The Bill proposes punishment of forfeiture of property in order to break the organized nexus of trafficking. The Bill also fails to provide any concrete steps to prevent trafficking although the word ‘prevention’ is retained in the title.
Of some positives is the establishment of Special Courts at the level of Court of Session unlike the ITPA where it is at the level of the Court of Metropolitan Magistrate.
Very recently the Cabinet approved a new draft. Although not in the public domain yet, there are various commentaries on it. The press release by the government sheds some light on what the Bill contains. It introduces something called ‘aggravated offences’ which had been missing in the earlier draft. But some of the institutional replications remain. It also remains to be seen how NIA would be involved in investigating cases of trafficking because as the laws are implemented today, the investigation hardly moves put of the place where the rescue is conducted, in most cases even source and transit traffickers are not traced. | <urn:uuid:9900e311-efb6-4d4c-b094-0ea997fd0c33> | {
"date": "2019-02-18T13:34:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9564682245254517,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 1637,
"url": "https://inbreakthrough.org/trafficking-law-in-india-too-many-unanswered-questions/"
} |
If you’ve ever thought of planting some bulbs that will come back year after year, now is the time to order them from the catalogues or check out your favorite nursery. Many of the nurseries have them in stock right now. Although it’s not time to plant them yet, you need to get yours before all the good ones are gone.
You will be planting them the latter part of December or early January (I’ll let you know when) to get the best results. In the meantime, you should keep them in a paper bag (not plastic) in the vegetable drawer in the fridge (not the freezer).
If you go to pick them out at the nursery, get the largest, most firm bulbs you can find. It pays to go through them to pick out the best ones because they will have the best flowers. Bulbs that are soft don’t do well.
Irises and daffodils will come back each year, but tulips won’t. We just don’t have enough winter chill hours around here. They WILL actually bloom, but only once. After that, you can just dig them up and put whatever is left in the compost pile. Irises, paperwhites, and daffodils on the other hand, will come back year after year.
The daffodils are usually the first ones to come up in the spring; sort of like they’re telling you that spring is actually here.
Plant the bulbs about twice as deep as the bulb is tall in soil that has lots of vegetative matter (compost) in it so that it’s easy to grow in.
September/October is the time to plant wildflower seeds. If you have a sunny place that you’ve always wanted to see what it would look like with flowers on it, consider wildflower seeds. They’ll grow in almost any soil–even in the little bit of soil out there between the rocks where nothing else will. It’s worth a shot.
If you decide to plant some wild flowers, take your string trimmer and cut all the grass off clear down to the ground. If you want to add some compost, now is the time…just lay it on top of the bare soil. Mix the seeds with sand – 4 parts sand to one part seeds to get good coverage. Broadcast the seeds over the area – use of a hand-help spreader works well. The seeds need to make good contact with the soil. Walk over the area using your shoes to tamp the seeds down or if you’re doing a large area, rent a lawn roller. Water the seeds well to make sure they make good contact with the soil. You won’t need to water them again unless it doesn’t rain for several weeks. The seeds will germinate over the winter but usually won’t bloom until spring. They’re not much to see during the winter–bluebonnets for example only have a little plant (called a rosette) about 3-4 inches across that’s low to the ground and not visible from very far away.
Water them once again in the spring when things start to green up and they will respond with a great show of flowers. Enjoy the show. Don’t mow them or pull them up until the seed pods open and drop the seeds. They’ll be brown and kind of ugly for a couple of weeks at the end.
Bob Webster’s Shades of Green Nursery in San Antonio has fresh wildflower seeds and you can also order them online from Wildseed Farms.com in Fredericksburg.
Speaking of Bob Webster; he’ll be having his fall Saturday Seminars starting Saturday, October 2. If you’ve not been to one, you’re missing some good learning experiences.
October 2 – GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR FALL PERENNIALS … Fall is the time of year when many perennials reach their peak. We will show you the best and the brightest.
October 9 – KNOW YOUR BULBS … There are many bulbs that naturalize in our area so it is important to know when and how to plant them for maximum effect. Come learn the secrets.
October 16 – COOL WEATHER HANGING BASKETS a la DONNA … Hanging baskets created at this time of year will last through spring. Donna will show you how.
October 23 – FALL LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE …There are many important things to do in the landscape including feeding, weeding, composting, and over-seeding. We’ll teach you how to do it all organically.
October 30 – BONSAI DAY …The San Antonio Bonsai Sociey will be conducting two seminars – 9:45 am and 1:45 pm. If you would like to learn more about this ancient art form, don’t miss this incredible opportunity!
November 6 – ANNUALS=WINTER COLOR … For outstanding cool/cold weather color, nothing beats annuals. Come learn how to maximize their potential.
Seminars begin at 9:45 am (the coffee will be ready by 9:00).
Late October is the time to plant garlic in our area. I usually get the elephant garlic cloves from the grocery. Plant the cloves (pointy side up) about 4 inches deep in soil with lots of vegetative matter. They are ready to dig up in June.
It’s time to plant onions, too. “Long Day” onions will make green onions, not bulbs. Bulbing onions would be the 1015Y or 1015W, Granex,Vidalia, and/or California Sweet.
There is still time to plant beets, carrots, lettuce, radishes, and Swiss chard now. Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi go in now if you haven’t planted them yet.
Send your comments and/or questions to [email protected] or see the website at www.thehillcountrygardener.com. | <urn:uuid:5904a17e-d424-4ba2-bc0a-bf6da59a73f6> | {
"date": "2014-10-20T22:07:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443438.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00361-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9342197179794312,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 1284,
"url": "http://blog.mysanantonio.com/waytogrow/2010/09/order-those-bulbs/"
} |
HOW THE SUBJUGATION OF STATE NATIONAL STATUS CAME ABOUT
This information was displayed on Wikipedia until, for some unknown reason, it was deleted. It was submitted by LB Bork of the People’s Awareness Coaltion. The entry explains how our country was transformed from a Constitutional Republic of independent states into a federal corporation.
State National Origin
The premise for the State National is inherent to the Law of Nations and the Principles of Natural Law. Emerich de Vattel noted that every nation that governs itself, under what form so-ever, without dependence on any foreign power, is a sovereign state, its rights are naturally the same as those of any other state. Such are the moral persons who live together in a natural society, subject to the law of nations. To give a nation a right to make an immediate figure in this grand society, it is sufficient that it be really sovereign and independent, that is, that it govern itself by its own authority and laws. The members of a nation carry a nationality of a state/nation, which is considered the international, or external, recognition of a citizen—i.e., the political office or status—as to his or her having belonging to a nation. The country of which they are members are considered to be the state, which refers to estate, or status or condition of the society and its dominion. The lawful dominion of a nation would be considered legitiums principatus (the legitimate owner or principal), from the Latin.
The Federation State
The Law of Nations recognizes that several sovereign and independent states may unite themselves together by a perpetual confederacy, without ceasing to be, each individually, a perfect state. They will together constitute a federal republic: their joint deliberations will not impair the sovereignty of each member, though they may, in certain respects, put some restraint on the exercise of it, in virtue of voluntary engagements. A person, i.e., a citizen—the political status, does not cease to be free and independent, when he is obliged to fulfill engagements which he has voluntarily contracted.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The Several States’ International Agent
The United States of America is considered a federal republic under the Law of Nations. In essence, the nature of the Constitution for the United States of America is grounded in private international law, which is the nature of a treaty or an international agreement between nations. From its inception, the federal government of the United States of America was created to function as a constitutionally limited federation state. In practical sense, this contracted state is fundamentally an agent for several states of the American union. Accordingly, the original federal government—i.e., the United States—did not have nationals of its own. Hence, in strict sense, a federation state is neither a country nor a nation but is simply a contractually created entity functioning as a corporate agent in certain capacities for the benefit of its creator(s). Due to the international nature of its existence, the United States appears to be a country and a nation but only in its external sense in regard to constitutionally specified relations it maintains with other nations or federation states. In such regard, Justice Marshall of the Supreme Court of the United States had noted that:
- “The United States of America are a corporation endowed with the capacity to sue and be sued, to convey and receive property.”
Thus, the make-up of this of federal republic system, known as the United States of America, is a corporation—under the principles of a corporate body politic, over being a nation/state or government—in regard to the principles of being a government body politic. The latter body politic conforms to the principles of the Law of Nations and the Principles of Natural Law in regard to a people.
State National Background
As to the principles of the Law of Nations, the State National is to be considered an inherent status that is attached to each state/nation in the Union. Prior to the War Between the States and its Reconstruction Acts and Reconstruction Amendments, there was absence of a status entitled “citizen and/or national of the United States” as defined by statute. Generally, before that time, a citizen of the United States meant that such people were a citizen and national of one of the countries within the federal republic known as the United States of America. In adopting the principles of the Law of Nations and the natural law which is attached to it, the American system of law reflected in Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Revised 6th Edition, denotes that country means “the state of which one is a member.” The reference further goes on to illustrate the rules of jus sanguinis and jus soli by setting forth that “Every man’s country is in general the state in which he happens to have been born.” Such reference denotes the nationality of the child being dependent on the condition of the father in regard to the nationality of his father.
Subjugation of State National Status
On July 9, 1868 it is chronicled that the United States implemented the Fourteenth Amendment creating and defining for the first time in American history the person known as a citizen of the United States:
- “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”
Prior to the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, and embodied in the Tenth Article in Amendment, the federal government (specifically Congress) could not interfere with the people (representatives) of the American republics/countries. After its implementation, men and women are considered to have dual citizenship, United States citizenship as a primary citizenship, and state citizenship (de facto) as a secondary citizenship. Due to the fact that the United States is a corporate body and not a bona fide nation under the Law of Nations and the Principles of Natural Law, this new status creates the legal entity known as citizen of the United States.
Now, in further exploration of the language found in the Fourteenth Amendment:
- “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States…”
The wording of privileges and immunities upon citizens of the United States of the Fourteenth Amendment differs from the privileges and immunities clause in the body of the Constitution. Consequently citizens of the United States are legally not entitled to constitutionally enumerated rights due to the fact that they have been voluntarily relinquished. This is a critical element in the distinction between a national of one of the several states and a citizen and national of the United States. The latter which maintains privileges and immunities that are granted, and therefore by definition can be revoked, while the former maintains rights and immunities that are unalienable, and wherefore protected by the Constitution for the United States of America. Therefore, back in reference to the phrase “subject to the jurisdiction thereof”, it is also of importance that subjugation to jurisdiction is voluntarily and accomplished through the acceptance of benefit through contract, e.g., registering to vote and voting, running for any elected office, working for state or federal government, joining the armed forces, registering a child’s birth by certificate, and obtaining a Social Security Number (which includes maintaining bank accounts and credit cards with such number), licenses, welfare and food stamps, unemployment benefits, etc. It can therefore be concluded that individuals who accept these benefits are by default—as evidenced by their overt actions—are acting in rebellion against the system of government provided under natural law.
The question as to why American nationality was introduced and aggressively promoted by certain factions over state nationality after the War deserves consideration:
- In the years immediately preceding the War Between the States, Northern countries held significant economic advantages while Southern countries possessed superior agricultural land and productivity output by virtue of their larger, low cost, slave population. Historians and scholars opine, therefore, that economic opportunity may have motivated a Northern invasion of the Southern countries (there is no evidence suggesting Southern countries invaded Northern countries and only the opposite has ever been established).
- Other researchers prefer the argument that Northern countries fought to end slavery. Unfortunately, slavery was common in the North, just not as economically viable as in the agricultural South. In fact the border states remained slave states after the war had ceased. Notwithstanding that the settled research and chronology of fact establishes that the slavery issue was introduced in to the political discourse nearing the end of the war, and subsequently not a justification for it.
- Lastly, a popular theory for explaining the war rests with the study of Southern countries secession from the Union. However, the original constitutional government for the United States was a voluntary creation of the several states and contractually provides for peaceful secession.
Given the disparity of thought for war justification and general lack of consensus for its implementation, it is practical to look at the issue from the top down instead of the bottom up.
- Bottom up: conditions in an otherwise civilized coalition of independent countries deteriorated in to an aggressive invasion, total war and the deaths of millions.
- Top down: there was a post-war desired outcome so the specific reasons for invasion, battles and war are of secondary, and debatable, importance.
Judging by the punitive nature of congressional acts commonly referred to as Reconstruction Law and Reconstruction Amendments enacted pursuant to the War (punitive in the sense of deteriorating individual liberties, restrictions upon individuals, and congressional jurisdiction over formerly free men), it is conceivable that much was pre-written before the war including pre-planned objectives. Evidence of this can be no clearer than the “conversion” from state nationals—with their unalienable rights (as protected by the Constitution)—into the de facto citizens of the United States—with their privileges and immunities (as established herein)—within the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, it should be noted that the usurpation of the lawful governmental system of natural law is found in state constitutions where primary allegiance to the United States is mandatory.
The State Nationals of the Union
The term State National—in reference to the American union of states—is used to describe the status of a man or a woman who formally rejects the federal citizenship of the United States, its benefits and disabilities and required political allegiance. Such people assume the rightful status of a national of their nation (commonly referred to as state in American vernacular) of domicile. Such people have been politically disenfranchised and wherefore maintain their peaceful existence in private societies. The operative distinction is that of nationality by lawful right (de jure) verses nationality of fact (de facto) voluntarily accepted in a political contract. There are relatively few de jure nationals in America due to the fact that most Americans have opted to be citizens and nationals of the United States and contract into its privileges, immunities, and liabilities; by operation of law, such people are considered to be in rebellion and are legal entities over being men and women under the principles of natural law.
Nationality is a Natural Right
- “The state of a person in relation to the nation in which he was born. A man retains his nationality of origin during his minority, but, as in the case of his domicile of origin, he may change his nationality upon attaining full age; he cannot, however, renounce his allegiance without permission of the government.”
It is understandable, therefore, that the United States Congress had to make the new federal nationality and citizenship a voluntary political choice in order not to infringe upon the natural rights of men and women and consequently in 1868 enacted Public Law 15 United States Statutes at Large, Chapter 249, Pages 223-224 (image herein noted). Interestingly, this declaration by Congress was put in place the day before implementation of the Fourteenth Amendment; therefore providing Congress effective cover respecting the guaranteed right of nationality on the eve of the introduction of ITS own brand of corporate based citizenship and nationality as regulated by the Law of Persons. By the language noted in the Preamble of this Act, it is obvious that the intent of Congress was to strip the allegiance of the citizens/nationals of the several states by preying on their ignorance via operation of law: the 14th Amendment.
The State National in America today understands the nature of events culminating in hundreds of millions of men and women for over 140 years volunteering for citizenship status in a de facto governmental system, and in rebellion against their de jure political rights and lawful system of law. A practical historic reference can be found in history in Roman Civil Law. The poignant, yet unfortunate, irony of the matter is conscientious small-government groups whose quest for freedom, liberty and justice is hampered by their own voluntary insertion in to the de facto body politic wherein they themselves are prima facie insurgents in rebellion of the de jure bodies politic who can assure and protect the very liberties they seek.
United States’ Recognition of Rightful Nationality
Notwithstanding its successful procurement of citizens by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment, the federal government continues to recognize the State National status. Title 8 of the United States Code (USC) codifies the constitutionally recognized status under “Aliens and Nationality”, which is quasi-public law. The definitions of of Title 8 (Chapter 12, Section 1101) defines a “national” as a person owing permanent allegiance to a state; and further goes on to define that an “alien” is any person not a citizen or national of the United States, which establishes that one is foreign to the political system (under the Fourteenth Amendment). Furthermore, the U.S. Government Printing Office lists the distinct nationalities of the states in Chapter 5.22-5.23 on page 93: Nationalities, etc. Chapter 5.23 shows forms to be used for nouns and adjectives denoting the nationalities of the several states of the Union:
- “In designating the natives of the States, the following forms will be used: Alabamian, Alaskan, Arizonan, Arkansan, Californian,” and so on.
In contrast to the de jure nationality, the de facto nationality can be found at Title 8 USC §1101(a)(22) – the term “national of the United States” means: (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States. Accordingly, such references establish the distinctions between a State National and a national of the United States within Title 8 of the United States Code.
United States’ Nationality is Effectively Genocide
Finally we are to consider the concepts of genocide and of cultural genocide representing the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group. Although it cannot be contested that national, political and cultural groups formerly known as nationals of the several states have been systematically exterminated (or nearly), one should independently research the political climate in the District of Columbia (1850-1860) to fully understand the federal government’s appetite for consolidation of power, control over its creator(s) and their resources, and the surreptitious influence thereupon by a stealthy influential nonAmerican force.
Vattel, The Law of Nations (from the French translation)
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Revised 6th Edition
Ballentine’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Edition
Webster’s Dictionary, 1828
- In reference to the use of “perpetual” in regard to a federal republic by Vattel, the word had this meaning: PERPETUAL. That which is to last without limitation as to time; as, a perpetual statute, which is one without limit as to time, although not expressed to be so (Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856). Wherefore, in law it does not mean forever, per se, but means without a specified end to the relationship of the union of nations.
- It should be noted that prior to the 14th Amendment, the term “alien” meant a person that was not a citizen/national of one of the several states in reference to the federal system. The term in question has appeared in state constitutions (Wisconsin, Bill of Rights, Article I, §15) for property ownership, but was never defined to have meaning in regard to each state being foreign to each other, i.e., someone being an alien from another state in the Union.
Vattel, Book I, Chapter I § 4
Vattel, Book I, Chapter XI § 122
Vattel, Book I, Chapter I § 10
From the term, United States of America —Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856
BODY POLITIC, government, corporations. 1. When applied to the government this phrase signifies the state. 2. As to the persons who compose the body politic, they take collectively the name, of people, or nation; and individually they are citizens, when considered in relation to their political rights, and subjects as being submitted to the laws of the state. 3. When it refers to corporations, the term body politic means that the members of such corporations shall be considered as an artificial person. —Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856
Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the United States Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization. The term “uniform” serves are prima facie evidence that there is more than one country in regard to naturalization and relates one rule for all, i.e., The United States has the ability to create naturalizaion law for not only people coming into the United States, but also each individual state.
The Intent of the 14th Amendment: “We intend to make citizenship National. Heretofore, a man has been a citizen of the United States because he was a citizen of some-one of the States: now, we propose to reverse that, and make him a citizen of any State where he chooses to reside, by defining in advance his national [state] citizenship—and our Amendment declares that “all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the States wherein they reside.” —The Reconstruction Problem, speech of James Blaine, Skowhegan, Maine (August 29, 1866), Page 64.
See issues with the violation of the lawful ratification of amendments to the Constitution under Article V.
Citizen of a State: A citizen of the United States, residing in any state of the Union; Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (see citizens resident in the state). Citizens Resident in the State: Natural Persons who are citizens and residents, and Corporations chartered in the State. —Ballentine’s Law Dictionary, Third Edition
In 1828, Noah Webster defined an insurgent as a person who rises in opposition to civil or political authority and openly and actively resists the execution of laws. He further established that an insurgent differed from a rebel; the insurgent opposes the execution of a particular law or laws; and a rebel attempts to overthrow or change government, or he revolts and attempts to place his country under another authority. Also he noted, all rebels are insurgents, but all insurgents are not rebels.
Allegiance to the United States. Every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United States, and no law or ordinance of the State in contravention or subversion thereof can have any binding force. —North Carolina State Constitution. Article I-Declaration of Rights, Section 5.
Dyett v Turner, 20 Utah 2d 403, Download Case
See The Law of Persons – The Institutes of Roman Law (1892) by Rudolph Sohm. Translated from the 4th Edition of the German by: James Crawford Ledlie, B.C.L., M.A. of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law and of Lincoln College, Oxford.
See Title 8 USC §1101 (a) (21) The term “national” means a person owing permanent allegiance to a state. (23) The term “naturalization” means the conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.
The term quasi-public had never been defined in reference to constitutional law, but is inherent due to the private international law nature of a federal republic.
Within Chapter 12 of Title 8 USC §1101(a)(21)
Within Chapter 12 of Title 8 USC §1101(a)(3)
alien, adj. Owing political allegiance to another country or government; foreign: alien residents. n., An unnaturalized foreign resident of a country. Also called noncitizen. View Source
Style Manual: An Official Guide to the Form and Style of Federal Government Printing for 2008, Download File http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2008_style_manual&docid=f:chapter5.pdf
More information: People’s Awareness Coalition | <urn:uuid:b1be7378-62f8-42c2-b55b-fc033793dcd4> | {
"date": "2017-04-28T19:55:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123048.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00413-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9456396102905273,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 4396,
"url": "https://anticorruptionsociety.com/national/our-state-national-status/"
} |
*Please note, we do not sell Corrective Reading materials. Click on the "Where to Purchase" button below to view purchasing options or click here to find your local DI representative.*
Corrective Reading is a powerful Direct Instruction remedial reading series that solves a wide range of problems for struggling older readers, even if they have failed with other approaches. Explicit, step-by-step lessons are organized around two major strands, Decoding and Comprehension, which may be used separately or together to customize instruction for particular student needs. Each strand of Corrective Reading has four levels that teach foundation skills for non-readers to seventh-grade-level material – potentially all in about 2 1/2 years.
Corrective Reading is typically taught to students in grades 4 and above whose reading is characterized by misidentified words, confusion of similar words, word omissions or insertions, lack of attention to punctuation, and poor comprehension. It is effective with students who have poor attention, poor recall of directions, or who meet criteria to receive special services. With a high success rate, frequent teacher feedback, and built-in opportunities to earn reinforcement throughout each lesson, even students with histories of failure remain motivated and on task.
Decoding lessons range from instruction in letter sounds and blending to the reading of sophisticated passages such as those found in content-area textbooks. Comprehension skills covered range from simple classification and true-false identification to complex analogies, analyses, and inferential comprehension strategies. With progress through each level, students read increasingly more difficult material with accuracy, fluency, solid comprehension and improved study skills. The program is ideally complemented with the Expressive Writing or Reasoning and Writing Direct Instruction programs. | <urn:uuid:0a1254ee-9f6a-4dca-b384-3f24c9d33ce7> | {
"date": "2018-11-14T02:21:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741578.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114020650-20181114042650-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9296920895576477,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 348,
"url": "https://www.nifdi.org/programs/reading/corrective-reading"
} |
All power to the Soviets
The October Revolution in Russia was carried through by the Bolshevik Party under the slogan 'All Power to the Soviets'. In the course of the 1905 and, decisively, in the 1917 revolutions, Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolsheviks had come to understand the historic significance of the soviet form of organisation. The soviet, a council representing all of the exploited and oppressed groups, basing itself on the principle of direct elections, recallability and the abolition of bureaucratic privilege, was rightly seen by the Bolsheviks as the best possible organisational expression of the power of the proletariat and its allies. It was the best possible basis for the dictatorship of the proletariat the soviet state. In 1938 Trotsky wrote in the Transitional Programme that: 'The slogan of soviets, therefore, crowns the programme of transitional demands,' He explained that in the struggle for power soviets were the means for uniting all of the forces struggling against capitalism. In Lenin and Trotsky's view there was no substitute for soviets as organs of working class power. What led them to this view was the actual nature of the soviets themselves.
The soviet form of organisation directly elected councils arises at the point where the day to day struggles of the masses take place in the context of a revolutionary crisis. Soviets are an extraordinary form of organisation to deal with the extraordinary problems posed by a revolutionary situation. Precisely because of this, they are more immediately sensitive and responsive to the needs and wishes of the masses than the established, often bureaucratic, forms of organisation. They are representative of workers and their allies in struggle. A participant in the local (Rajon) Soviet in Vyborg in 1917 gives a flavour of this truly representative characteristic of the soviet form: '...the masses of the Rajon (Vyborg) brought all their needs and expectations to the Soviet, for them it was the meaningful and accessible organ of power. From morning to night workers, youth, soldiers, came with various problems. None went away without an answer.'
Compare this proximity of the soviet to the rank and file with the distance the TUC bureaucrats place between themselves and their six and a half million members! By virtue of representing the masses in struggle the soviet develops another characteristics It is uniquely suited to serve as an instrument for revolutionary struggle. Because it is truly representative of these masses it can all the more easily and effectively, call them to arms. In 1905 and 1917 the Petrograd Soviet was able to mobilise tens of thousands across industries in strike action to secure the eight hour day. Its job was to co ordinate and direct the struggle of those to whom it was accountable. Of the 1905 Soviet in Petrograd, Trotsky commented that it resembled a 'council of war, more than a parliament'.
This very feature was what made Trotsky optimistic in 1917 that the soviets were susceptible to Bolshevik influence. The test of action could not be easily delayed by a cumbersome bureaucratic machine. Every passing hour posed a new problem for the soviets to resolve in practice. The programme of revolutionary action can, quickly and often dramatically, reveal its superiority to the masses. The programme of delay and compromise of reformism is not protected by the million and one delaying mechanisms of the parliamentary talking shop. Trotsky noted:
“Of all the forms of revolutionary representation, the soviet is the most flexible, immediate and transparent. But it is still only a form. It cannot give more than the masses are capable of putting into it at a given moment. Beyond that it can only assist the masses in understanding the mistakes they have made and correcting them. In this function of the soviets lay one of the most important guarantees of the development of the revolution.”
The third vital element of the soviet form that led Lenin and Trotsky to value it so highly for the purposes of revolution, was that it was an embryonic organ of power, of workers' power. This was revealed in both 1905 and 1917. The soviets developed out of strikes but took on the functions of administration, of organising supplies and of organising a proletarian militia. In the strikes of 1905 the soviet was born in Russia. The first one developed in Ivanovo Voznesenk, in May. During a strike by 40,000 workers in this textile town, 110 deputies elected by the strikers met on the river bank. The significance of this meeting was that it united all the workers of the district on a city wide basis, irrespective of trade or skill.
The Petrograd proletariat the vanguard in 1905 as it was in 19 17 was quick to emulate its brothers and sisters in Ivanovo Voznesenk. During the October general strike 40 delegates met in the Technological Institute and established a soviet to organise the strike, but also to do more. It declared:
“The assembly of deputies from all factories will form a general workers' committee in St Petersburg. The committee will strengthen and unify our movement, represent the St Petersburg workers to the public, and decide actions during the strike as well as its termination.”
A 'second government'
This was no mere strike committee. By November it had 562 delegates. It issued Izvestia as a daily bulletin-occupying the printing presses of the bourgeois papers to ensure it was regularly and professionally produced. Under Trotsky's leadership it advanced a programme of political demands aimed against the power of the Tsarist autocracy. It forbade the distribution of papers that were censored by the state. Only those bearing an 'uncensored' stamp from the Soviet were distributed. Most significantly, it continued its existence and its struggles after the strike was terminated. The St Petersburg chief of police was so worried about the Soviet that he warned, prophetically, that it was threatening to become a 'second government'. Its potential as an organ of workers' power revealed itself in October 1905. This potential was realised in October 1917.
Initially in 1905 the Bolsheviks were suspicious of the Soviet. They saw it as a Menshevik ploy to set up a rival non party body, through which they could then outmanoeuvre the Bolsheviks. This suspicion stemmed from the Soviet's refusal to confine itself to purely trade union questions. A leading Bolshevik agitator, P Mendelev, declared:
“The Soviet of Workers' Deputies has no right to exist as a political organisation, and the Social Democrats must resign from it, since its existence damages the development of the Social Democratic movement, The Soviet may exist as a trade union organisation or it should not exist at all.”
The suspicions that the Bolsheviks felt towards the Soviet, more precisely to the Mensheviks who they believed were behind the Soviet, were far from groundless. The Mensheviks were enthusiastic to build soviets as 'workers' congresses'. These congresses could, in Martynov's words, serve as the means of 'exerting revolutionary pressure on the will of the liberal and radical bourgeoisie'. The Mensheviks believed the role of the proletariat was to encourage the bourgeoisie forward during the democratic revolution. The soviet, as a form of local government and workers' congress was seen, not as an organ of power, but a pressure point on the bourgeoisie. Moreover, the Mensheviks believed that it was within such a forum that a mass party of the working class one which would encompass multifarious political trends-could be built. Thus for Martynov the soviet was 'abnormal', but could be used to achieve the norm of international Social Democracy, a mass party:
“...that is wide enough to include or render superfluous organisations on the pattern of the soviets of workers' deputies.”
Lenin perceived the real essence of the soviets - their representative nature, their capacity for revolutionary struggle and their potential as organs of power despite the influence of Menshevism within them. By posing the soviets, not as an alternative to the Bolsheviks, but as the organisational means of fulfilling the Bolshevik's governmental slogan- the Provisional Revolutionary Government Lenin won the Party to the need for the struggle for leadership within the soviets. For him the soviets were both 'instruments of insurrection' and 'cells of the new revolutionary power'. In 1906 he wrote of the Petrograd Soviet
“That was the face of the new power or rather its germinal form, since the victory of the old power destroyed the young shoots very early on.”
In February 1917, following the overthrow of the autocracy, the young shoots sprouted once again. This time the Bolsheviks, after Lenin's return and the triumph of his April Theses which placed socialist revolution and the creation of a soviet government as a workers' and peasants' government on the immediate agenda, waged a struggle to make the soviets the sole organs of power throughout Russia. The Mensheviks, bound hand and foot to the bourgeoisie, sought to contain the soviets to a monitoring and advisory role over the capitalist Provisional Government. In fact, after February power was split between the bourgeoisie and the soviets, a situation of dual power prevailed.
Workers' and soldiers' delegations
In the afternoon of 27 February 1917, in the Tauride Palace, a group of Petrograd workers' leaders set up the Provisional Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies. It agreed to elect deputies on the basis of one per 1000 workers. When it met in the evening there were between 40 and 50 deputies present. At the meeting of the soviet soldiers, as well as workers, were represented. Deputies elected from the army companies that had joined the revolution were instrumental in turning the Petrograd Soviet into an organisation of workers and soldiers.
The significance of this was immense. Not only did it bring military support and arms to the soviet, it brought the peasantry for the soldiers were, for the most part, 'peasants in greatcoats' into contact with the proletariat. It helped forge the alliance that was eventually to be consummated in the revolutionary workers' and peasants' government after October.
After the evening meeting of 27 February the Soviet went from strength to strength. In Petrograd eleven major (local) soviets were set up by late March. The central Petrograd Soviet grew, through March, to a body of 3000 delegates. Through out the length and breadth of the old empire, soviets sprang up. There were 400 by May, 900 by October. At the first All Russian Soviet Congress in June 1917 1090 delegates representing 20 million workers, soldiers and peasants assembled in the capital.
The Soviets developed in more than just a numerical sense. To the consternation of their initial Menshevik leaders they constantly intruded into government business. In the naval base town of Kronstadt where the Bolsheviks and Left SRs were in a majority from the outset, the Soviet declared in May:
“The sole power in the city of Kronstadt is the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which acts with the Petrograd Soviet in government matters.”
The Soviet dismissed the Provisional Government's representative in the city and even declared a republic.
This struck terror into the hearts of the compromisers in the Petrograd Executive Commmittee, Tsereteli and Skobelev were dispatched to persuade the Kronstadters to desist from such actions. But these compromisers were like Canute before the advancing tide helpless to prevent it. Everywhere, the dynamic of the soviets was pushing them in a similar direction to Kronstadt. In the Bolshevik stronghold of Vyborg in Petrograd, home of the major factories, the soviet oversaw workers' control in the factories and took over the prison bakery at Kresty to ensure that the workers got bread.
The Vyborg factories were at the forefront of the struggle for soviet power from early on. In April, the bourgeois minister Milyukov was forced out of the Provisional Government following the publication of his note to the allies declaring Russian fidelity to the Tsar's war aims. In response Vyborg issued the loudest calls for an end to dual power. The resolution of the Optico Machine Construction factory typified the Vyborg mood:
“...Therefore, we find the Milyukov Guchkov Co. not corresponding to their appointment and recognise that the only power in the country must be the soviets of workers' soldiers and peasants' deputies, which we will defend with our lives.”
Contradictions of dual power
Until June Vyborg and Kronstadt were relatively isolated in calling for the resolution of the dual power. The bourgeoisie was well aware of the problem it faced, having to co exist with the power of the soviets, Guchkov expressed his grasp of that problem as early as 9 March:
“The Provisional Government has no real power. Its orders are endorsed only by the soviets of workers' and soldiers' deputies. stated bluntly, the Provisional Government exists only by the soviets' permission.”
The point about the dual power situation was that until September the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet looked to throughout Russia for leadership granted that permission. The Executive concluded a deal with the bourgeois has-beens of the State Duma Committee and then told the workers and soldiers:
“As long as the agreement between the Petrograd Workers and Soldiers' Soviet and the Provisional Government is not breached, the Provisional Government must be regarded as the sole legal government for all Russia.”
After the departure of Guchkov and Milyukov and the entry of Soviet representatives into the Provisional Government Tsereteli drew the logical conclusion from the Mensheviks/Right SR point of view and argued:
“Now, all power would be yielded [by the soviet WP] to the Provisional Government... [the soviet must] not meddle in administrative business. We should not hinder national government, but sound the alarm in case of mistakes.”
Why were the compromisers able to insist on deference to the Provisional Government by the mass of workers and peasants for so many months? In the first place, it was because the Mensheviks and Right SRs were stronger than the Bolsheviks within Russia at the outbreak of the February Revolution. They were better placed than the Bolsheviks to rapidly assume positions of leadership in the soviets. As such they were able to play on the genuine fears workers had of counter revolution, to limit the role of the soviets to monitoring the government. Remembering the persecution that followed 1905 many workers were not prepared to assume sole responsibility for the fate of the revolution. The Menshevik thesis of leaving government to the bourgeoisie fitted in with such fears. As a delegate to the April City Conference of Bolsheviks ruefully put it;
“When the proletariat still feared to take power into its hands, at that time the bourgeoisie made its way to the Duma and began to issue proclamations and elect deputies. Our best workers, fearing counter-revolution, facilitated the accidental composition of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.”
Critical support for government
But it was not only fear that played a part. Until Lenin's return no party of the revolution was, or had ever, advocated constructing soviet power as the immediate objective of the revolution. The Bolshevik formula was for a revolutionary provisional government. Even leading figures in the party like Kamenev, advocated critical support for the Provisional Government created in February. It is not surprising, therefore, that the mass of the working class and army saw their job as keeping the government on the democratic straight and narrow. Typical of this outlook was the resolution of the Baltic Shipbuilding Factory, which proclaimed:
“...full confidence in the Soviet, and we are sure that the Soviet, basing itself upon our trust and the support of organised revolutionary democracy, will be able to force the Provisional Government to take into account the wishes of the revolutionary army and people.”
From the end of April to July the Bolsheviks, initially a weak fraction within most soviets (40 out of 3,000 deputies in Petrograd at the end of March), hammered away at the slogan 'All Power to the Soviets'. Their aim was to escape the pro-bourgeois politics of the compromisers and win leadership in a soviet republic established if possible, by peaceful means. By June they were beginning to make considerable headway.
Workers blame capitalists
The Provisional Government was incapable of solving the great problems of economic production of the land question or of the war. More and more the workers came to blame the capitalists for obstructing the solution of these burning problems. More and more they looked to their own organisations to do the job for them. When the Soviet leadership banned a Bolshevik demonstration out of fear in June, they were obliged to call an official march to let off steam. The march was over 400,000 strong and was made up of workers and soldiers. The rest of 'democracy' cowered in the cafes and salons. Despite the 'official' character of this march, its moods and slogans reflected the fast growing influence of Bolshevism. Eyewitness to the march, Sukhanov, noted:
“And again, and again, as the insistent call from the very bowels of the revolutionary capital, as destiny itself, like the fateful Burnham Wood, they came toward us: 'All power to the Soviets!', 'Down with the ten capitalist ministers!'”
The drive to counter revolution after the July Days (see Chapter 5) caused the Bolsheviks to debate a change of slogans with regard to the soviets. The illegalisation of the Bolshevik Party, the arrest of many of its leaders and the repression against the most advanced workers and soldiers, all measures backed by the Soviet leadership, the SRs and the Mensheviks, led the Bolsheviks to drop the slogan 'All power to the Soviets'. The Bolsheviks hopes for a peaceful development of the revolution evaporated. | <urn:uuid:e94782a6-781a-4aca-8fde-72ac8280f1d2> | {
"date": "2017-04-25T14:46:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120461.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00293-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9664859771728516,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 3747,
"url": "http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/all-power-soviets"
} |
Summary: The Encyclopedia of Heart Diseases is an accurate and reliable source of in-depth information on the diseases that kill more than 12 million individuals worldwide each year. In fact, cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent than the combined incidence of all forms of cancer, diabetes, asthma and leukemia. In one volume, this Encylopedia thoroughly covers these ailments and also includes in-depth analysis of less common and rare heart conditions to round out the volume's scop ...show moree. Researchers, clinicians, and students alike will all find this resource an invaluable tool for quick reference before approaching the primary literature.
* Coverage of more than 200 topics, including: applied pharmacology of current and experimental cardiac drugs, gene therapy, MRI, electron-beam CT, PET scan put in perspective, cardiac tests costs and justification, and new frontiers in cardiovascular research
* More than 150 helpful figures and illustrations!
* Dr. Khan is a well-published and respected expert in heart and heart diseases ...show less | <urn:uuid:1f7ae6aa-200e-403a-8a07-082a65a9fbc2> | {
"date": "2014-12-27T14:38:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447552206.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185912-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9032074809074402,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 201,
"url": "http://www.textbooks.com/Encyclopedia-of-Heart-Diseases-04-Edition/9780124060616/M-I-Gabriel-Khan.php?CSID=ADTJWDD3OZ23OD2UCKKMUUSAB"
} |
Who's who in the medical home?
Your family doctor’s clinic is your medical home—a place of care that you turn to first for health support. It’s where your doctor connects you to the care you need, when you need it.
Through Primary Care Networks, your medical home is backed by a team of healthcare professionals.
Depending on the support you need, your doctor can provide access to a dietitian, social worker, kinesiologist and other healthcare providers. Speaking with your doctor is the best way to find out what supports are available and determine your course of care.
Plus, by visiting your family doctor regularly, you’re more likely to have better health overall, receive better care, make fewer visits to the emergency room and be hospitalized less often.
Family primary health care
Visiting your family doctor is the first step to good health, whether it’s for a regular checkup or to talk about a particular concern. By getting to know you and your medical history, your doctor can give you informed medical advice and treatment. As well, your doctor can connect you to other healthcare professionals if you need them. They can also help you proactively manage your health in order to prevent illnesses and diseases.
- Registered nurses
- Dental Hygienists
- Mental Health Therapists
- Occupational Therapists
- Social Workers
Maternity & newborn care
Having a baby means big changes to your life. Maternity care helps parents through the pregnancy journey, even before conception. It includes all aspects of pre-
and postnatal care, as well as nutritional guidance and mental health support for moms, dads and babies. Health professionals, such as registered nurses, help you learn about caring for your newborn; many are also certified lactation consultants, ready to assist with breastfeeding. Dietitians help with healthy food choices for both parents and baby.
How a registered nurse can help you
Registered nurses (RNs) work closely with family doctors and other health professionals to support you through all stages of growth and development, and degrees of wellness and illness. They help with assessing, screening and determining health concerns, as well as setting achievable health goals. RNs can answer your health questions, offer support for treatment and make it easier to manage a chronic disease.
Chronic disease management
A chronic disease is a long-term illness and understanding it is essential to living with it. If you have a chronic disease such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, asthma or obesity, you play the most important role in managing it. Your healthcare providers play strong supporting roles. Along with your doctor, a team of registered nurses, dietitians, kinesiologists, pharmacists, occupational therapists and social workers can work with you to create a tailored treatment plan, and help you stick to that plan.
How a pharmacist can help you
Pharmacists help by explaining what your specific medications do and how to take them. They can also help with monitoring blood sugar and blood pressure, and interpreting the readings. Pharmacists also ensure that your medications work effectively for you, and advise on side effects and drug interactions. For instance, they can determine what’s safe for you to take for a cold or a stomach ache—including natural remedies—that won’t interact with your insulin or blood pressure medication.
How a dietitian can help you
Dietitians create healthy meal programs to fit your lifestyle and foods you like to eat. They help you learn which foods have important nutrients, understand portion sizes, read food labels and shop for healthy foods. By helping you better manage what you eat, dietitians can help reduce the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and malnutrition. They can even help prevent Type 2 diabetes through diet and exercise.
Nutrition & active living
Making healthy eating and activity part of your daily life improves overall health and prevents disease. Healthy eating for the whole family begins at home, but needs to also extend to work, school and play. Same goes for physical activity. Dietitians help you develop meal plans that provide nutrition, but also fit into your lifestyle. They can also help you understand food labels and learn how to choose healthier foods. Kinesiologists and occupational therapists teach you exercises that focus on improving overall physical function throughout your life. They can help you overcome and prevent injury, and self-manage physical health and wellness.
How a kinesiologist can help you
Kinesiologists (may also be called exercise or fitness specialists) are movement experts who help prevent and manage injury and chronic disease. They can also help you reach your physical health goals. They create exercise and strength-training programs for you to get and stay fit. Kinesiologists also help reduce time lost after an injury.
Mental health is made up of your physical, mental and social well-being. Like physical health, mental health is fluid and changeable. We all go through times of stress and how we cope during those times varies. Mental health therapists, social workers, counsellors, psychologists and pharmacists are some of the professionals available to support your mental health. These professionals help you to better cope when it comes to stress, anxiety, depression, poor sleep and grief.
How a social worker can help you
Social workers help you solve problems by helping you get the information and resources you need, such as community support programs. They provide assistance for seniors, family dynamics, respite, grief, mobility, living arrangements, in-home supports and more. A social worker can act as your advocate and help you to navigate the healthcare system.
How a mental health therapist can help you
A mental health therapist (who could be a psychologist, counsellor or behavioural health consultant) listens and discusses issues with you to help deal with life’s challenges. These challenges include relationship issues, parenting, depression, stress, anxiety, pain management, trauma and substance abuse. Mental health therapists focus on improving your overall health, and help you cope emotionally when living with a disease or caring for a loved one. They also help with methods for sticking to treatment plans. | <urn:uuid:99e04c8d-dd50-45b1-b35f-958a8cce2fc6> | {
"date": "2019-09-17T15:17:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573080.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917141045-20190917163045-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567158818244934,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 1264,
"url": "https://albertapcns.ca/news/whos-who-in-the-medical-home"
} |
A network scenario is a make-believe network that captures some essential features of some real-life network. Network scenarios are useful for describing thought experiments, creating simulations, and for devising appropriate live tests.
Typical features include:
- quantity of nodes and of traffic generated by them,
- link capacities, latencies, and error processes,
These are our most important scenarios. | <urn:uuid:b2be0d57-84ca-4ada-8111-a704cbd5677f> | {
"date": "2014-09-30T22:17:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663167.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00276-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8846492171287537,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 80,
"url": "http://wiki.laptop.org/index.php?title=Network2/Concept/Scenario&oldid=214532"
} |
Djibouti: plying smoothly in troubled waters
By Bashir Goth, Khaleej Times, 17 July 2007=
THE Horn of African Republic of Djibouti has celebrated its 30th independence anniversary bearing the hallmarks of becoming the Dubai of East Africa. But this former French colony, perched on the Gulf of Aden at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, did not show any potential for future development when it gained its independence from France on 27 June 1977.
Not only did it sit on a harsh terrain of stony desert, with scattered plateaus and languished under torrid and dry climate, but it was also the bone of contention between two neighbouring, socialist, and belligerent regimes. On the southeast border Somalia under General Mohammed Siyad Barre was poised to bring Djibouti back to the Somali fold to fulfill its historical dream of uniting all Somali ethnic people in the Horn of Africa under one national flag, while Ethiopia on the west and south under Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam was ready to go to war over Djibouti to prevent its historical rival from grabbing its marine gateway.
Coming under France’s suzerainty in 1884 when European colonial powers divided the Somali peninsula among British, Italian and French domination areas, the people of Djitouti had shared the dream of unity with their fellow Somalis in the Horn of Africa. Djibouti’s economy, however, heavily relied on its populous neighbour Ethiopia since the Ethio-Djibouti railway became operational in 1901. Faced with the dilemma of either ditching his people’s nationalistic sentiment of uniting with Somalia or risking his country becoming a battleground, Djibouti’s Independence leader and first President Hassan Gouled Aptidon wisely steered his tiny new republic away from danger by declaring it as a sovereign state and allowing the French garrison to continue its presence in the territory for protection.
The new nation, however, didn’t have enough respite as the old demons came haunting her when Somalia and Ethiopia clashed over their old territorial dispute on the Somali region of Ethiopia, popularly known as the Ogaden. The railway was blown up and thousands of refugees sought resort in Djibouti, thus putting the country’s meager resources under intolerable strain. With the port, Djibouti’s sole revenue provider, suffering heavily from the war, the country had to survive by French and international aid. And with the Eritrean liberation struggle against Ethiopia at its height, Djibouti’s borders were all in flames at one time. It needed more than a miracle to survive. Read More in Khaleej Times. | <urn:uuid:97bd13a0-03ec-4807-ab56-dceb45eefeba> | {
"date": "2018-02-18T23:59:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812293.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218232618-20180219012618-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9601223468780518,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 558,
"url": "https://hanua.blogspot.com/2007/07/djibouti-plying-smoothly-in-troubled.html"
} |
Part One of the Audubon Report 2017 Series on Climate Change by Todd McLeish
During a quiet mid-winter walk through Audubon’s Fisherville Brook Wildlife Refuge in Exeter, Scott Ruhren pointed out evidence that numerous creatures were still active despite the cold, evidence that would have been easy to miss if he hadn’t been paying close attention. A mouse had scampered across the trail and drew a straight line in the fresh snow as it dragged its tail. A deer had dug into the leaf litter beneath towering white pines in search of acorns or vegetation to nibble on. And a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker had recently drilled holes in the bark of a red pine, hoping for a meal of sap and trapped insects.
Ruhren, Audubon’s senior director of conservation, then noted a small group of chickadees calling in the distance, followed by the tapping sound made by a Hairy Woodpecker, and the distinctive nasal yank-yank call of a White-breasted Nuthatch.
The White-breasted Nuthatch, a common backyard bird dressed mostly in gray-blue and white plumage, may no longer be so common in a few decades. In fact, it may even disappear from much of Rhode Island during the breeding season by the last quarter of this century. And the same is true of the Hairy Woodpecker, which is already an uncommon species but one that birdwatchers in Rhode Island can usually find in the state’s abundant forests. If these species do disappear from the Ocean State in summer, the cause will likely be climate change.
That’s the prediction made in a 2016 report by the National Audubon Society, which found that 314 bird species in North America – including 50 that call Rhode Island home for at least part of the year – will experience a shrinking and shifting of their breeding and wintering ranges, threatening nearly half of the country’s birds. Using data from hundreds of thousands of bird observations and a sophisticated climate model, the report predicted how bird populations will react to the changing climate. And the results were grim.
The White-breasted Nuthatch, for instance, which is now found throughout most of the U.S. and Canada, is predicted to lose 79 percent of its summer range by 2080. It will no longer breed anywhere in the South and in few places in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic States, except at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. The Hairy Woodpecker is also expected to lose more than three-quarters of its breeding range. The reason, in both cases, is that the climatic conditions in which they prefer to breed – along with much of their preferred breeding habitat – will shift northward considerably as the Earth continues to warm. And that’s expected to be true for hundreds of other bird species as well, threatening many of them with extinction.
The changing climate, due largely to a build-up of carbon dioxide and other gases from the burning of fossil fuels and contained in industrial emissions, is expected to cause dramatic changes to the global environment. And it’s already happening. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rhode Island has already warmed more than 3 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century, and extreme precipitation events are on the rise. What’s more, sea level has already risen more than 9 inches since 1930, faster than the global average, and it is projected to increase another 1 to 4 feet by 2100.
These changes are certain to lead to considerable damage to the human built environment, as homes and businesses become flooded, destroyed by storms, or fall into the sea as the coastline erodes. The impact on wildlife, especially migratory birds, will be equally devastating.
Shifting and shrinking ranges aren’t the only impact that local bird populations will experience, however. According to ornithologist Charles Clarkson, who serves on the Audubon Society of Rhode Island board of directors and coordinates the Rhode Island Breeding Bird Atlas, the changing climate is already causing what he calls a “phenological mismatch” between birds and the food they need to survive and reproduce.
“Birds go through an annual cycle of carefully timed events – when they breed, when they molt, when they migrate – which defines their phenology,” he explained. “The timing of these events is set by environmental cues that are now rapidly changing.”
Most birds feed on insects, he said. Because they are cold-blooded, insects emerge and become active each year based largely on the temperatures in the local environment. Birds, on the other hand, are warm-blooded and rely more on daylight length to trigger migration. But what happens when warming temperatures change the timing of the emergence of insects in Rhode Island and the birds wintering far to our south don’t get the message? Those birds may show up too late to take advantage of the insect abundance they need to fuel their breeding activities.
Clarkson said that short-distance migrants, like American Robins and Red-winged Blackbirds, which mostly winter in the southern U.S., are probably able to fine tune the timing of their migration by picking up on local environmental cues. As a result, many of these species are arriving on their breeding grounds in Rhode Island earlier and earlier.
“They’ll be better able to acclimate to the more variable temperature regime, since they don’t move huge distances during the non-breeding season,” he said. “They’re able to shift the timing of migration so they’re not behind the curve on temperature and insect availability. They’re predicted to do better in the face of climate change.”
But long-distance migrants that winter in Central and South America will find that more difficult. They’re too far away to realize when Rhode Island is experiencing a warm winter or spring and shift the timing of their migration accordingly.
“If those birds are still en route to Rhode Island and miss the peak abundance of insects or fruiting and flowering plants, then they’ll be met with energetically expensive activities like nest building, egg laying and feeding young but won’t have the energy to accomplish these things,” Clarkson said. “They’ll be out of step with the resources they rely on.”
He points to the Cerulean Warbler as a prime example. The population of this elegant Neotropical migrant is declining throughout its breeding range in the Great Plains, Midwest and Northeast, and studies have shown that its reproductive success is tied to the abundance of soft-bodied caterpillars.
“We know that the caterpillar bloom is coming earlier each year,” he said. “Knowing that they are so tightly tied to that resource, some of their population decline could be attributed to this phenological mismatch.”
Those bird species that succeed in avoiding the mismatch may actually benefit if they extend the length of their breeding season by a week or two by arriving earlier and departing later, providing them with greater opportunities to raise their broods.
A 2011 study by University of Rhode Island ornithologist Peter Paton, also a member of the Audubon Society of Rhode Island board of directors, found that some birds are already delaying their southbound migration in response to the changing climate. Based on data from birds captured between 1960 and 2007 at Audubon’s Kingston Wildlife Research Station – which is owned by the Audubon Society of Rhode Island and staffed by URI – he found that half of the short-distance migrants he analyzed and 38 percent of the long-distance migrants had delayed their migration by an average of 3 days per decade.
Beyond the warming temperatures and the concurrent shifts in bird ranges and migration timing, climate change is delivering other climate anomalies that are placing bird populations at additional risk. Melting glaciers and the thermal expansion of warming waters is causing sea levels to rise, for instance, reducing shoreline habitat and flooding salt marshes where numerous species have already been dwindling in number due to the loss of nesting habitat. (This topic will be examined in greater detail in the next issue of the Audubon Report.) And the increasing severity of storms, particularly in the summer, has the potential to destroy a wide range of habitats and cause nesting failures from strong winds and heavy rains.
“Hurricanes come during biologically active periods of the year, so they have more of an impact because they happen during the breeding season and can wipe out entire nesting seasons,” explained Clarkson. “They can also destroy nesting habitat in one fell swoop that may be critical for the successful breeding of particular species. That habitat loss could be more damaging to a bird population than the failure of one nesting season.”
Back at the Fisherville Brook Wildlife Refuge, which protects the headwaters of the Queen River and encompasses an impressive variety of habitats, Scott Ruhren continued to point out signs of wildlife activity, like beaver dams, turkey tracks and the frozen vernal pools where wood frogs and spotted salamanders breed each spring. He also noted the numerous bird houses scattered around the property that provide nesting sites for Bluebirds, Tree Swallows, Purple Martins, American Kestrels and other species.
As he did so, he explained the important role that Fisherville and all of the other Audubon refuges play in mitigating climate change and supporting the needs of the region’s birds as they strive to adapt to the rapid changes.
“The most obvious thing we’re doing is managing the habitat where the birds live,” he said. “Without that habitat, there would be no birds.”
As a major landowner and land manager in the state, Audubon – through its refuge system – helps to store carbon and other greenhouse gases by managing healthy forests and other ecosystems, reducing the buildup of the gases that are causing the climate to change. And the Society’s numerous wetlands not only protect biodiversity but also mitigate flooding during extreme storm events, which are expected to be more frequent in the years to come.
“Wetlands act like kidneys by taking in large quantities of water and then slowly releasing it,” he said. “During big storms, they may get flooded, but the water quickly recedes without causing damage. Wetlands also filter out contaminants that may accumulate from roadway run-off.”
Managing invasive species at Audubon refuges will also be increasingly important as the climate warms, particularly since few invasive plants and shrubs provide beneficial food or habitat for native birds.
“We know that poison ivy thrives in an enhanced CO2 environment and creates super poison ivy plants,” Ruhren said. “The same is true of other pest species. We’ll continue to work to reduce the impact that these species have on the environment and our bird life.
“Our eyes are also opening to what else to expect from climate change,” he added, “and we’re prepared to take whatever steps are necessary.”
Although it may feel that there is little an individual can do to reduce the effects of the changing climate, Charles Clarkson says there are steps that all of us can take to help birds manage the changes they are facing.
“Birds have three energetically expensive periods in their lives – molting, migrating and breeding,” he said. “Providing them with the resources to make any or all of those periods less costly is exceptionally important for a bird.”
Offering food to birds throughout the year helps them to have the necessary energy to molt and grow better feathers, which translates into a more efficient migration. Providing nest boxes, nesting materials, protection from predators and safe areas to raise their chicks reduces the energy they need during the demanding breeding season. In addition to maintaining bird feeders, Clarkson recommends planting native plants that provide food, cover and nesting materials; removing invasive species that compete with native plants and provide little value to wildlife; and managing your property for a diversity of habitat types.
“These are all things that will make the life of a bird easier,” he said. “Whether it translates into an easier breeding season or an easier molting period is irrelevant. If you can reduce their energy budget at any time in their lifecycle, you’re giving birds a leg up during these changing times and helping them be more successful.”
It’s the least we can do.
Todd McLeish is a life-long birder, freelance science writer and author of several books about wildlife, including Narwhals: Arctic Whales in a Melting World.
Audubon Report 2017 Series on Climate Change by Todd McLeish | <urn:uuid:0101a31a-df2e-4e70-88bf-4ad75a791c29> | {
"date": "2018-09-21T15:58:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157216.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921151328-20180921171728-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9512895345687866,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 2660,
"url": "https://asri.org/about/audubon-report-stories.html/article/2017/02/23/rhode-island-birds-on-the-brink-confronting-the-challenges-of-climate-change"
} |
Thursday, 10th November 2005 by Alex Turnbull
Update: A couple of our readers have pointed out some inaccuracies with this post, which I intend to address. Firstly, we accept that we quoted incorrect information, and that the Nazi party never did much of anything with the Reichstag… except burn it down of course. We must also accept that our readers are right that, in US political terms, a closer comparison to the German Bundestag would be the House of Representatives, and not the Senate… basically because we don’t know what either of them do. And finally, we failed to mention that it was Christo who wrapped the Reichstag due to our own naive assumption that people would have prior knowledge of his work, and would make the mental leap to connect the two. Our apologies on all three counts.
Opened in 1894, the Reichstag is home to the German Bundestag (‘Parliament’ in the UK,
or ‘Senate’ in the US).
The Reichstag is named for the original German Parliament which convened here until 1933,
after which it became home to Hitler’s Nazi Party. The building was set on fire that year, which led to the passing of the infamous Reichstag Fire Decree, a bill which effectively suspended most basic human rights, and introduced the death penalty for a large number of offenses.
Since then the building has been ruined, been rebuilt (with a fabulous new rooftop dome), been an exhibition centre, been wrapped in fireproof polypropylene fabric, and finally been reconstructed again.
And that’s just the edited highlights! Check the Wikipedia page for the full story.
A little to the west you can see the Bundeskanzleramt (the chancellor’s office), which is known locally as Waschmaschine (washing machine) and according to Wikipedia, is the largest government HQ in the world (although that doesn’t seem to make sense to me…)
Thanks to Alexander Ilg, Lars, Serge Lyubomudrov, Frank Castle, Sebastian J, Patrik Renmark and Robert. | <urn:uuid:954a637d-ca62-4fd0-a4c0-199872705085> | {
"date": "2016-12-11T10:01:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544672.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00392-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9622871279716492,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 442,
"url": "http://googlesightseeing.com/2005/11/the-reichstag/comment-page-1/"
} |
Parents of children with autism often ask pediatricians like me about the cause of the condition, and parents-to-be often ask what they can do to reduce the risk. But although there is more research in this area than ever before, it sometimes feels as if it's getting harder, not easier, to provide answers that do justice to the evidence and also offer practical guidance.
Recent research has taught us more about the complexity of the genetics of autism, but the evidence also has suggested an important role for environmental exposures. It has become a very complicated picture: Genes matter, but we usually can't tell how. Environmental exposures matter, but we usually don't know which.
In July, a study of autism in twins was published online in Archives of General Psychiatry. Researchers looked at almost 200 sets of twins in California. In each pair, one twin was autistic.
The study sought to determine how likely the second twin was to have some form of autism. If autism was highly heritable, identical twins should have been far more likely to both have autism than fraternal twins. But the researchers found that fraternal twins also were unexpectedly likely to both have autism.
The implication is that something in their common gestational or early childhood experience may have contributed to this similarity.
“The data definitely did surprise me,” said Dr. Joachim Hallmayer, the lead author of the study and an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. “I expected the fraternal twin rates to be lower than what we found.”
This new twin study supported the importance of genetics, but also the role of environmental exposures — and that is part of a general shift in how autism is being discussed.
In the 1950s, autism famously was blamed on bad parenting and emotionally remote “refrigerator mothers.” As the research advanced, the inherited basis of the disorder became clear. In a 2010 article published in an American Psychiatric Association journal, autism spectrum disorder is described as “among the most heritable of psychiatric disorders.”
Yet in recent years, researchers have implicated a variety of possible environmental associations as well. Today many scientists believe autism results both from genetic predisposition and from environmental influence.
But “environment” is a tricky word. To many scientists studying autism, it means “everything that's not the inherited DNA,” said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, a professor of epidemiology at the University of California, Davis, MIND Institute. An environmental influence might mean a chemical to which the fetus is exposed via the placenta, or it might refer to aspects of nutrition, maternal health, stress — or perhaps exposure to a microbe.
The causal links most strongly supported by research include rubella infection during pregnancy and prenatal exposure to medications like thalidomide and valproic acid, an anti-seizure drug. Other environmental factors, like air pollution and exposure to certain pesticides and other chemicals, have been found to be associated with autism, but without evidence of causality.
In a 2010 paper in the journal NeuroToxicology, Dr. Amir Miodovnik, a pediatrician at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine who specializes in environmental health, and his colleagues showed that children who had been exposed to high levels of phthalates prenatally were more likely to show social impairments when they were tested at 7 to 9 years of age.
Phthalates, chemicals found in many consumer products, are so-called endocrine disruptors, hormonally active substances that can interfere with a variety of developmental processes, including brain development. Yet these data don't demonstrate cause and effect, Miodovnik said, “only that these substances are associated with symptoms found in autism.” Conversely, taking prenatal vitamins around the time of conception has been associated with a lower risk of autism in a recent study.
These epidemiologic associations may point us in the direction of still other factors involved in the making of autism. “Every case is probably a result of the confluence of many factors,” Hertz-Picciotto said. “No case probably has one cause.”
So it's hard — and frustrating — to offer nervous prospective parents advice about avoiding risks we still can't clearly identify and factors that may differ from family to family.
But some advice seems well grounded, if unsurprising: Take prenatal vitamins before trying to conceive. Make sure your own immunizations are up to date. Get good prenatal care. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of any medications you're taking.
Miodovnik points out that potentially toxic substances are ubiquitous and cannot be completely avoided, but suggests that prospective parents try to avoid pesticides, don't microwave plastics that may contain endocrine disruptors, and consider choosing fragrance-free personal products (phthalates are used in many fragrances).
Still, it's hard to talk about this without terrifying parents. And I wonder if in giving advice about prevention, we risk repeating the errors of the past, making parents feel they're to blame for a child's autism because they failed to micromanage an environment full of complex agents with potential to interact with fetal genes in a range of damaging but poorly understood disruptions.
Learning more and understanding more ought to make us more helpful to parents, and of course to children. We respect them by acknowledging that there is nothing simple in the development of autism: The causes are genetic, and not simple, and environmental, and not simple. And if the studies tell us anything clearly, it is that we have much to learn about the interplay of genes and environmental exposure and the individuality of this complex disorder. | <urn:uuid:92b42bfd-8c5d-494a-bfbd-a28ec862d92e> | {
"date": "2018-07-22T17:01:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9682350158691406,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 1168,
"url": "http://www.telegram.com/article/20110930/NEWS/110939969"
} |
The American chestnut was once one of America's most prevalent and valued trees—a "perfect tree" that ruled the forests from Georgia to Maine. But in the early 20th century a plague from Asia swept through the chestnut forests until it had killed close to four billion trees and left the species nearly extinct—one of the worst ecological blows to North America since the Ice Age. Most experts considered the damage irreparable, but here Susan Freinkel profiles the unconventional characters who are still fighting to save the American chestnut.
"In prose as strong and quietly beautiful as the American chestnut itself, Susan Freinkel profiles the silent catastrophe of a near-extinction and the impassioned struggle to bring a species back from the brink. Freinkel is a rare hybrid: equally fluid and in command as a science writer and a chronicler of historical events, and graced with the poise and skill to seamlessly graft these talents together. A perfect book."—Mary Roach | <urn:uuid:006b93fd-7d7f-4857-a22a-67989156df7a> | {
"date": "2015-04-01T10:39:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304444.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00226-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9406151175498962,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 200,
"url": "http://daedalus-books.com/Products/Detail.asp?ProductID=102123&Media=Book&SubCategoryID=2183&ReturnUrl=%2FDefault.asp"
} |
Lock the Gate encourages landholders to ‘lock the gate’ to coal seam gas and mining companies as a form of non-cooperation. The law is strongly in favour of coal seam gas and mining companies but locking the gate to them is an effective means of preventing access.
Resources are owned by the Crown, not the property owner. The Crown provides gas companies access to these resources and gives landholders only a minor right to ‘negotiate’ an access agreement and compensation deal with those companies.
Once the state government has granted a resource company a licence to explore or produce, it must identify sites within its licence area where it will conduct its activities. If the activities are proposed on private land, the resource company will seek to negotiate an access arrangement with the landholder and may offer compensation as part of negotiations.
If a landholder does not negotiate an agreement, then the company can take the matter to arbitration where land access and be granted to the resource company – in NSW this occurs in the Land and Environment Court and in Queensland it is the Land Court. Some coal seam gas and mining companies have indicated that they are not prepared to force access in this way and it is untenable for them to take every landholder who locks their gate to court.
If the site is on government land (such as the project in the Pilliga State Forest in north-west NSW) an access agreement must be negotiated between the resource company and the state government.
Locking the Gate is a form of peaceful non-cooperation that shows companies and the government that landholders are determined to protect their land, water and health from inappropriate mining.
- Environmental Defenders Office
- NSW EDO Fact sheet on coal seam gas legislative framework
- QLD EDO coal seam gas information
- NSW landholder rights under the Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991
- QLD Government’s land access policy framework | <urn:uuid:0ab6d435-cdb9-4a99-90b9-665cef102ade> | {
"date": "2017-06-27T05:23:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320995.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627050500-20170627070500-00417.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9521521329879761,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 390,
"url": "http://csgfreenorthernrivers.org/csg-risks/fact-sheets/landholder-rights/"
} |
On the 10th of Nissan, over a hundred women and young girls meet up on the shores of the Kinnereth in Tiberias. They gather here from all over Israel. This April, they came from Jerusalem, Hebron, Modi’in, Beit Shemesh, Pardes Chana, Beit El, Tzfat and the Golan.
They arrived with tambourines, drums, shofars, flutes and violins, holding silky scarves in pink, aqua blue, yellow and white. Excitedly, they waited to board the King David, exuding a spirit of joy and warmth.
The 10th of Nissan is the yahrzeit or the hillula of our biblical Miriam, the sister of Moshe and a true prophetess. She is called Miriam haNeviah for she prophesied that her mother Yocheved would give birth to the redeemer of the Jewish People. As a little girl, she stood by the Nile and watched over her baby brother Moshe until the daughter of Pharaoh found him in a basket.
As a midwife (the biblical Puah), she was able to save thousands of Jewish baby boys from death. Miriam was also the first leader of Jewish women, strengthening them as they left behind slavery in Egypt.
When the Jewish people reached the Sea of Reeds with the Egyptian army in hot pursuit, it was Miriam who inspired the women to cross --and when they reached the other side in safety, it was Miriam who sang and danced a song of thanks to G-d.
She wandered with them in the desert, nurturing the people with much needed water from the well that accompanied the people on their long, difficult journey. She never gave up hope for the redemption of her people and died at the age of 126, exactly one year before the Jewish people finally entered the Promised Land.
And when the people crossed the Jordan River into Israel, we are told that Miriam’s Well poured into the Kinnereth so that Israel would always be blessed by water. There is a teaching that locates this well in the water between Kever Rachel (the wife of Rabbi Aviva) and Kever Meir Baal HaNess. Her special well, we are told, was created on the second day of the creation of the world. It was the same well Abraham received as a gift for his kindness looking after the three angels who asked him for water.
And on the 10th of Nissan this year, the women came from afar to honor the spirit of Miriam danced above the ‘well’ that lies beneath the waters of the Kinnereth.
They celebrated with live music and dance. They sang Tehillim and swayed their bodies in unison, spelling out the Hebrew letters of Miriam’s name. They spoke of gratitude for the abundance of rain we received in Israel this past winter. They lifted scarves that fluttered in the wind and blew shofarot that echoed across the waves.
And as the sun set behind the mountains, dappling the sky with pink and orange, they danced and sang with more intensity, fervor and unity. Just as Miriam the Prophetess never gave up hope for the Jewish people, these women, who came from all over the country, showed a firm belief in a final redemption and unity for the Jewish nation today.
Tiberias is a scenic 45-minute drive from Villa Tiferet. Tickets for this annual festive cruise are 70 NIS. | <urn:uuid:1132db01-0880-4644-9f1b-3f6db8a3aa81> | {
"date": "2019-05-22T04:33:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256763.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522043027-20190522065027-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9732142686843872,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 729,
"url": "https://www.villatiferet.com/blog/archives/04-2019"
} |
Virtual FlyLab through WWW at Cal State LA
bob at biol1next.calstatela.edu
Fri Jul 14 19:04:13 EST 1995
I'd like to announce a WWW new service we have just made available through
Cal State LA. It's called "Virtual FlyLab." It allows users learn the
principles of genetic inheritance by mating fruit flies carrying visible
mutations and observing the type of offspring that are produced. It can be
used to demonstrate simple principles like dominant vs. recessive traits
to more complex concepts like the genetic mapping of chromosomes.
Part of what makes this program unique is that parent and offspring images
are generated "on the fly" (pardon the pun) in response to user input.
This is necessary because in Virtual FlyLab there are 187,488 different
combinations of visible mutations and over 40 billion combinations
genetically unique flies. Furthermore, a randomization algorithm generates
"experimental error," so each cross is unique. There are even pages for
conducting statistical tests of hypotheses using the simulated data.
You can reach Virtual FlyLab from the home page of our "Electronic Desktop
Project." Look for the Virtual FlyLab link on page returned from the
Support for the development of Virtual FlyLab comes from the National
Science Foundation, the Chancellor's Office of the California State
University System, and the President's Office of California State
University at Los Angeles.
If you have any questions, feel free to email or call.
Associate Professor Biology
Cal State LA
Los Angeles, CA 90032
bob at biol1next.calstatela.edu (NeXT Mail ok)
Tel (213) 343-2056
More information about the Bio-soft | <urn:uuid:d6fda524-ce23-4ea6-9672-c39da353d680> | {
"date": "2016-10-25T18:12:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00170-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.830838680267334,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 368,
"url": "http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/bio-soft/1995-July/011694.html"
} |
The camera obscura, like the pinhole camera with which it is virtually synonymous, is based on a phenomenon long understood. When light passes through a small hole into a darkened chamber, it produces an inverted image on the opposite surface plane. In the seventeenth century, Jonathan Crary contends, "the camera obscura was without question the most widely used model for explaining human vision, and for representing the relation of a perceiver and the position of a knowing subject to an external world. . . . For two centuries," he concludes, "it stood as a model, in both rational and empiricist thought, of how observation leads to truthful inferences about the world; at the same time the physical incarnation of that model was a widely used means of observing the visible world, an instrument of popular entertainment, of scientific inquiry, and of aesthetic practice."1 Countering claims that the camera obscura "as a device or metaphor within an actual social or discursive field" is ahistorical, Crary sought in his pathfinding and influential book Techniques of the Observer to demonstrate how it was grounded in a nexus of specific sociocultural relations and discourses, and how the demise of this paradigm by the end of the nineteenth century meant that for Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and their peers, "the very apparatus that a century earlier was the site of truth [became] a model for procedures and forces that conceal, invent, and mystify truth."2
Canadian artist Rodney Graham and German-born Vera Lutter both draw on the formal operation of the camera obscura in their practices. Both also engage, albeit quite differently, with the conceptual legacy of this apparatus, utilizing it as a filter to probe visionary as much as visual heritages from the art of the past. Also highly relevant, therefore, is its pivotal role as a technical aid in painting from the Renaissance onward, whereby it facilitated the plotting of complex spatial tableaux from delimited viewpoints, as witnessed in Canaletto's meticulous vistas of Venice, in addition to introducing optical effects not normally visible to the untutored eye, such as the halation of surface highlights integral to Johannes Vermeer's luminous interiors. Dutch art patron Constantijn Huygens hardly exaggerated longstanding convictions when he enthused in 1622: "It is impossible to express the beauty [of the camera obscura image] in words. All painting is dead by comparison, for this is life itself, or something more elevated, if one could articulate it."3 As the usurper rather than the subservient assistant to painting, the role of the camera obscura here closely predicts that attributed to photography at its inception in the 1840s.4 Heirs of Freud and Marx, as much as of pioneering practitioners of photography and certain Old Master painters, Graham and Lutter revivify this ancient device in service to debates currently at the heart of the late-twentieth-century image-saturated world. Over the past twenty years, Graham's work has drawn on a wide range of media and materials, from film, video, and photography, to books, texts, graphics, drawings, architecture, and music. In his protean vision, the camera obscura is usually employed in relation to but distinct from photography per se.5 Camera Obscura Mobile (1996), for example, takes the form of a two-person carriage, modeled on a nineteenth-century vehicle used for delivering mail, which functions as an actual camera obscura. Devised originally for an arboretum in rural France, in "Time Traced" it is positioned in Dan Graham's Rooftop Urban Park facing the two-way-mirrored glass pavilion. Its occupants thus engage not only with the external vista via the illusory projection but contend with Dan Graham's very different notion of the conditions of spectatorship. In the American artist's project, perception is posited as a reflexive, bodily based phenomenological activity, one that is, moreover, inherently social and participatory in character. Seated in the carriage, Rodney Graham's viewer, by contrast, establishes an immobile, disembodied relationship to the external world, as if having traveled, at least in imagination, back to an era in which the prevailing model of vision was derived from and embodied in the camera obscura. In such an age, for those who understood its optical underpinnings, "it offered," according to Crary, "the spectacle of representation operating literally transparently, whereas for those ignorant of its principles, it simply afforded the pleasures of illusion."6 Today, as a corporeally based theory of vision is hastily and blithely discarded in favor of the fictive, disembodied, ungendered but visually privileged self that purportedly inhabits virtual or cybernetic arenas, Rodney Graham's vehicle takes on an insidiously disquieting role, as at once a playfully nostalgic device and a timely reminder of the historically governed and located character of all visual paradigms.
Taking the form of an architectural model for a yet to be determined metropolitan site, Millennial Project for an Urban Plaza (1986) proposes the creation of a wondrously modernistic building housing a camera obscura trained on an oak sapling whose growth to maturity it will monitor. Its vast, concave, faceted, and beaded glass screen will fracture the image into myriad shards, for Graham's design draws on the optical principle of a compound eye. Once again, the elements of the medium of visual production have been elegantly turned against themselves. Sidestepping a straightforwardly adversarial stance, Graham hones criticality into a subtle tool with which derisory environmentalism may be traduced. Motivated by ecological aspirations, that is, by a desire to green the modern city, Joseph Beuys began 7000 Eichen (7000 Oaks) at Documenta 7 in Kassel in 1982, a project that aimed to plant individual trees paired with stone steles throughout the metropolitan context. Far more skeptical and disenchanted, Graham has described his work as "concerned in one way or another with culturally swept-out or depopulated landscapes and images of nature construed from the perspective of Romanticism and its critique."7 Thus, his lone heroic protagonist highlights the ways in which token entities, whether in the guise of parks, wilderness preserves, or solitary memorials, are utilized as palliatives and decoys that conceal the thorough-going and irreversible destruction of the natural environment undertaken in the interests of capitalism, modernization, and urban development. Destined to a relatively brief and vulnerable life compared with the obdurate stele which it gradually over-reaches, Beuys's tree too often is transformed into a beleaguered trophy in an urban wasteland; by contrast, Graham's seedling patiently attended by its utopian edifice, is ultimately comically absurd, more mocked than acclaimed.8
In his recent series of monumental photographs of Welsh oak trees, the Canadian artist dispenses with the mechanics of the camera obscura while retaining vestigial references to it as a central precursor to lens technologies. Shot on large format eight-by-ten-inch glass plates and printed in black and white on color paper, each of these seven images silhouettes a solitary tree, that potent symbol within the Romantic pantheon.9 "True" to its initial registration on the photographic plate, when presented upside down in a huge print the inverted image vividly registers dissent from canonical orthodoxies that situate photography within a discourse of naturalistic pictorial codes, as it eloquently rewrites Romantic tenets now grown hollow and sentimental.
While for Graham the camera obscura and photography remain discrete practices and discourses that may be used to intersect and inform each other, for Vera Lutter they have become synonymous. Her luminous monumental images are created from pinhole cameras designed as temporary rooms or adapted from existing ones according to the particular conditions of the location she intends to depict. Unlike Graham, Lutter retains the negative form, eschewing conventional transfer to a positive image as a procedure that would introduce an intermediary between the act of registration and the art object that the viewer scrutinizes. She, however, rights the image for presentation. For related reasons, her photographs are presented directly on the gallery walls, unframed and unmounted. Notwithstanding the heightened immediacy that these decisions impart to an encounter with the work, the constructions and conventions that subtend a reading of these images as figures of representational transparency and realism are never undermined, and their relation to the history of art-of painting as well as photography-is never elided.
Typically, Lutter's compositions betray a rigorous, stringent mode of composing that capitalizes on the axial and planar. Where not heightened and clarified overtly by the vantage point that frames the image, a geometrical grid still implicitly defines and structures the picture. Recognition of the considerable amounts of labor and of the physical as well as technical complexities involved in securing such vast yet fragile records always informs a reading of the finished work. In addition, deliberate contrasts between stationary and transitory elements allude to the unpredictable interface of a partially mobile matrix, the duration of the process of recording, and the final static image. Contrary to most photographic processes, these pictures do not capture a single moment in time but evidence the slow building up over days, even perhaps weeks, of the image. In Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen, I: August 10-13, 1999 (1999), for example, the inflatable was moved in and out of its hangar several times during the course of the exposure: the adjacent positions it occupied on returning to base are consequently traced as a series of visual echoes across the shadowy field of the print. By contrast, for the second version of this subject, the zeppelin not only stayed home throughout the process but the doors of the building were never opened. The cavernous penumbral interior was consequently transformed into an effulgent space, a secular reprise on a soaring Saenredam sanctum, invaded by a sleek phantasm in place of the first version's spectral alien.
Through her choice of subjects, which range from this antique precursor of the air bus to an abandoned warehouse built in the 1920s, to an iconic, venerable sign gracing the New York skyline, Lutter alludes to previous historical moments, and to the aesthetics of the sublime and visionary. In grandeur and gravitas, her photographs are akin to Graham's stately portrayals of majestic Welsh trees. As self-conscious descendants of the work of such legendary pioneers as Carleton Watkins, the works of both artists are at once imbued with a certain pathos yet resistant to sentimentality as they poignantly acknowledge the prohibitions, limitations, and qualifications that today confound all attempts to revive idealistic or utopian philosophies. "The world is beautiful-that is its watchword," Walter Benjamin famously wrote in what has become one of the seminal texts in the history of photography. "Therein is unmasked the posture of a photography that can endow any soup can with cosmic significance but cannot grasp a single one of the human connections in which it exists, even where most far-fetched subjects are more concerned with saleability than with insight. But," he conceded, "because the true face of this kind of photographic creativity is the advertisement or association, its logical counterpart is the act of unmasking or construction," concluding, "As Brecht says: 'the situation is complicated by the fact that less than ever does the mere reproduction of reality reveal something about reality.'"10 At a moment when photography in its manifold guises has become a ubiquitous, even dominant, medium within current art praxis, when those who are nominally fashion photographers now produce many of the most acclaimed and influential images within contemporary art practice as well as in visual culture at large, when fashion spreads provide a creative outlet for artists whose preferred medium is the camera, Benjamin's distinctions and injunctions might seem obsolete. For Graham and Lutter, however, such issues are not merely pertinent and timely: they are fundamental.
1. Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 27, 29.
2. Ibid., p. 29.
3. Constantijn Huygens, quoted in Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr., "Vermeer of Delft: His Life and His Artistry," in Johannes Vermeer (Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1995), p. 26.
4. This is epitomized in Paul Delaroche's much quoted remark, "From today painting is dead," quoted in Classic Essays on Photography, ed. Alan Trachtenberg (New Haven, Conn.: Leete's Island Books, 1980), p. ix.
5. The sole exception to this is Rome Ruins (1978), a series of ten color images made early in his career. When his cameras were stolen, Graham improvised, building two pinhole cameras, one from a cigarette pack, the other from a match box, with which he shot tourist views of the Roman Forum and its environs.
6. Crary., p. 33.
7. Rodney Graham, quoted in Ellen Ramsey, "Rodney Graham, James Welling," in Vanguard (February-March 1987), p. 33; quoted in Madeleine Grynszteijn, About Place: Recent Art of the Americas (Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1995), p. 16.
8. Although Beuys envisioned a vast reforestation project, in recent years mostly single trees, each with its with basalt column, have been planted, usually adjacent to art institutions.
9. For a fuller discussion of the theme of the lone tree in Romantic aesthetics see Simon Schama, "Part One: Wood," in Landscape and Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), pp. 21-242.
10. Walter Benjamin, "A Small History of Photography," in One-Way Street and Other Essays (London: Verso, 1992), p. 255. | <urn:uuid:9718f4f5-473d-4b65-9085-b623e198ad6e> | {
"date": "2014-10-26T07:40:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119660038.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030100-00090-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9455790519714355,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 2900,
"url": "http://www.diaart.org/exhibitions/introduction/41"
} |
In quantitative data analysis you are expected to turn raw numbers into meaningful data through the application of rational and critical thinking quantitative data. Quantitative research may well generate masses of data for example, a comparatively small study that distributes 200 questionnaires with maybe 20 items on. Ordination principal components analysis nomenclature compare with an intensive, quantitative sampling method in identifying the effects of reduction and .
Summarization: collating similar observations together and treating them collectively this is a standard technique in many quantitative analysis. Vol6, no2, pp 521-529, april-june 2014 phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of primary and secondary metabolites of cymbopogan citratus (dc. Definition of qualitative analysis: examination of non-measurable data such as a firm's reputation, a brand' image, or a customer's feelings about a product.
Engineering failure analysis publishes research papers describing the analysis of engineering failures and related studies papers relating to the structure,. Quantitative analysis (qa) is a technique that seeks to understand behavior by using mathematical and statistical modeling, measurement, and research. It is also an important bridge between purely quantitative and purely qualitative research methods in one regard, content analysis allows researchers to analyze .
Secondary analysis refers to the use of existing research data to find answer to a question in qualitative research, the culture of data archiving is absent (4. Seven data analysis techniques for market research and how to use these data analysis techniques in excel. A situation analysis or environmental analysis is the fundamental first step in the quantitative and qualitative data about the problem and the people affected. Of crisp and fuzzy sets, the analysis of necessity relations, the construction of truth qualitative comparative analysis (qca) - a research method popularized. There are also several studies related to the analysis of phenolic composition in other members of the qualitative analysis of secondary phytochemicals.
Portions of chapter 15 are from heal your body by louise l hay all rights book with me there, i might well choose l secrets of the millionaire mind - a. Content analysis, though it often analyses written words, is a quantitative method the results of content analysis are numbers and percentages after doing a. Using the same problem statement, literature analysis and background information, this paper aims at converting the qualitative study carried out by fry and her. Data analysis compiling the survey results once you have finalized your survey design, it's time to think about describing and formatting the data you will. Content analysis is a research method for studying documents and communication artifacts, while methods in quantitative content analysis in this way transform observations of found categories into quantitative statistical data, the qualitative.
You've collected your survey results and have a survey data analysis plan in here's how our survey research scientists make sense of quantitative data. The framework method for the management and analysis of qualitative data has been used since the 1980s the method originated in large-scale social. Equal access participatory monitoring and evaluation toolkit module 5: doing qualitative data analysis introduction once you have collected data, what do you . Quantitative research focuses more on the ability to complete statistical analysis with quantitative studies, each respondent is asked to.
Qualitative data analysis and interpretation many research methods such as naturalistic observations, open ended questions on questionnaires, unstructured . In this paper are some basic aspects examining how quantitative-based statistical methodology can be utilized in the analysis of qualitative. Stata is the superior package for secondary survey data analysis: form = the way in which measures are arithmetically incorporated in quantitative analysis.
Conjoint analysis decomposes the judgment data into components, based on qualitative attributes of the products a numerical part-worth utility value is. I have qualitative data from a social survey i want to check the resilience capacity of the population with existing or unseen environmental hazards. Statistical approaches are outlined in our guide modern methods of analysis our aim such data supports limited quantitative analysis, and is often referred to. Quantitative analysis may refer to: quantitative analysis (finance), an analysis technique applying mathematics (stochastic calculus) to finance quantitative.Download | <urn:uuid:1080385c-e057-4b6b-ae32-e70092b53a03> | {
"date": "2018-06-20T03:47:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863411.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620031000-20180620051000-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9010379910469055,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 830,
"url": "http://txpapertlry.epitaphs.us/quantitative-research-anslysis.html"
} |
Socrates on the Definition of Piety: Euthyphro 10A- 11 B S. MARC COHEN PLATO'S Et~rt~reHRo is a clear example of a Socratic definitional dialogue ... Down
Euthyphro’s Dilemma and Divine Command Ethics by Charis Steffel Euthyphro , one of the Greek philosopher Plato’s earliest dialogues (about 380 B.C.), ... Down
The Euthyphro Dilemma ... Because this issue is controversial, and I can make my argument with- ... lected Papers (Cambridge: ... Down
The Euthyphro Dilemma ... Because this issue is controversial, and I can make my argument with- ... lected Papers (Cambridge: ...www.dartmouth.edu/~walden/euthyphro.pdf
Euthyphro, the Good, and the Right JohN MillikeN ... of ethics. The argument proceeds by trying to derive strongly counterintuitive implications fromphilpapers.org/archive/MILETG.1.pdf
Although the Euthyphro argument is ... different formulations of the DCT from his papers published ... The Euthyphro problem The arbitrariness objection is ...orion.it.luc.edu/~tcarson/Carson_problemofarbitrariness.pdf
The argument to come assembles an array of considerations concerning the logic of ... Euthyphro’s fallacy requires two (inconsistent) claims, andhome.uchicago.edu/~bridges/papers/Bridges--Does%20Informational%20... | <urn:uuid:ff8087fa-dd52-49db-a8df-483b19282f43> | {
"date": "2014-11-01T01:10:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637901687.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025821-00035-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7135117053985596,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 361,
"url": "http://www.freedocumentsearch.com/pdf/euthyphro-argument-papers.html"
} |
Demographic and Economic Trends: Implications for Education and Industry
A. Emerson Wiens
Three hundred years ago, predicting the future was simple: Life 25 years from now will be the same as this year unless an epidemic strikes. In those days, a curriculum for educating young people for the future was obvious. Now that the rate of technological and social change is on the vertical stem of the J curve, anticipating the future has become essential for business but increasingly difficult. Behind this accelerated rate of change is the computer that gets twice as smart every 18 months, a fact that Paul Horn, senior vice president of research at IBM, predicts will continue for at least another 15 years (Life, 1997).Educators in vocational, industrial, technology, and engineering education who want to prepare students for the future often find program and curriculum planning to be difficult. Students in these fields have special reason to be anxious about the relevancy of their education since it prepares them for future employment in fields that are changing rapidly. While technological changes are certain, we cannot predict the exact nature and the speed of the changes with any degree of certainty. Yet, a few trends and demographic realities exist, and some authors are bold enough to suggest the most important foci for individuals and businesses in the future. For educators, some of these trends and directions will have an impact on who we teach, others on what we teach, and yet others on how we teach.
My search for trends and social/economic changes was done by examining several sources that report demographic data and trends, and literature in which "world-watcher experts" in economics and certain industrial fields made predictions. Only recent issues of journals, periodic literature, and books were reviewed to obtain the most current data and interpretations. (See Reference section for complete bibliographic information.)
Obviously, there are many more resources that focus on the future. Some writers develop creative scenarios of underground cities, skyscrapers several miles high, a workless society, colonies on the moon, life on Mars, and more. While all of these scenarios may come true in time, the resources I selected are, for the most part, quite conservative and based on current trends as opposed to creative speculation. For the record, none of the trends were taken from the National Inquirer.
This article is divided into three sections. The first identifies selected current and anticipated demographic and economic trends. The second lists key technologies that are anticipated to be of major importance in the new millennium. The third section explores several implications of these trends for education and industry.
Demographic Changes and Trends
- Populations shifts: Mitchell (1995) described the two baby booms that have occurred since World War II, and how they will affect the population configuration in the next few years (see Figure 1).
- The population of college-aged young people has hit bottom and will be going up slowly from the second baby boom until around 2005 where it will peak (Mitchell, 1995).
- As Figure 2 indicates, the first baby boom will have a "graying" effect on the labor force by 2006.
- While the proportion of children in poverty during the 1970s fluctuated from 14% to 17%, the poverty rate for children in 1993 had grown to 23%. "Unfortunately, the next boomers are divided into haves and have-nots according to their access to technology and the ability to build important skills early in life .The poorest members of the next baby boom are the least likely to have access to up-to-date technology" (Mitchell, 1995, p. 30).
- The population of people over 85 will increase four times as fast as the total population in the next 40 to 50 years.
Figure 1. Two baby booms and how they grew. (From Mitchell, 1995, p. 27.)
Figure 2. Percent of labor force by age group in 1996 and projected to 2006. (From Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1998, p. 2.)
- We will continue to move from a national economy to an international economy. As noted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1998), a number of non-OECD countries have become much more active in world trade in the last two decades. As Figure 3 indicates, the emerging economies in Asia, excluding Japan, have grown quickly, especially in manufacturing. Taken as a group, Korea, China, and other Asian emerging market economies had easily exceeded the United States in world merchandise exports by 1996 (OECD, 1998). According to Naisbitt (1996), "the modernization of Asia economically, politically and culturally is by far the most important event taking place in the world today" (p. 18).
Imports Exports Country 1985 1995 1985 1995
United States 24.1 19.5 15.0 15.4 Japan 8.7 8.5 12.4 11.7 European Union* 22.2 18.9 22.7 19.8 Rest of OECD** 14.6 13.6 16.0 14.2 Total OECD** 69.9 60.4 66.1 60.7 China 2.8 3.3 1.9 3.9 Chinese Taipei 1.3 2.6 2.1 3.0 Hong Kong, China 2.0 4.9 2.1 4.6 Indonesia 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.1 Korea 2,1 4.9 2.1 4.6 Malaysia 0.8 2.0 1.1 2.0 Phillipines 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 Singapore 1.7 3.1 1.6 3.1 Thailand 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.5 Total of Above Countries 12.4 22.9 13.1 23.0 Total of non-OCED
30.4 39.6 33.9 39.6
*Excludes intra-EU trade. **Excluding Korea. ***Including Korea.(Note: Adapted from OECD, 1998, p. 207.)
Figure 3. Shares in world merchandise trade (percent).
- While some Western industrialists are concerned about the added competition reflected by the increases in exports, particularly from the Asian countries, the positive side is that markets in these countries are also opening as shown by the growth in imports by the same countries.
- In 1988, more than 300,000 Americans worked for Japanese companies; 100,000 Japanese worked for American ventures in Japan, and Japan's Ministry of Trade and Industry predicted that Japanese investment would spawn an additional million American jobs by the year 2000 (Naisbitt & Aburdene, 1990).
These predictions, however, were made before the downturn in the Asian economy, and the prophets of the "Asian Century," anticipating the economic dominance of the Pacific Rim countries in the new millenium, have fallen suddenly silent. However, one is safe in saying that the potential for economic dominance still exists. China, with its 1.1 billion population, was least affected by the economic problems of the region because of its controlled economy, but some economic housekeeping must occur in a number of the other countries before they can continue to progress at the rate shown in Figure 3.
- Lester Thurow (1992), dean of the Sloan School of Management at MIT, noted that international competition will move increasingly from niche competition in which countries excelled in different product areas (e.g., airplanes or computers) to head-to-head competition, in which the major players (U.S., European community, and the Pacific Rim) all want to compete for the same markets: microelectronics, biotechnology, the new materials-science industries, telecommunications, civilian aviation, robotics plus machine tools, and computers plus software.
- Services, from advertising and legal counsel to automotive repair and take-out food, have become the fastest growing part of the economy with 12.3% growth from 1987 to 1992 compared to 1.5% for the retail sector (see Figure 4). One fourth of the service industry is health care, driven in part by use of expensive technology and an aging population (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1996). Currently, health services coupled with business and professional services account for nearly two thirds of service firms. Services, like the goods-producing industry, will have an edge if they master technological change, develop niche marketing skills, and focus on customer service (Du, Mergenhagen, & Lee, 1995, p. 32).
Figure 4. Projected job openings due to growth and replacement needs by major occupational group, 1994-2005 (Bureau of Labor Statistices, 1996, p. 2).
- The fastest growing service area is expected to be business services, which is necessitated in part by new technology (i.e., hardware and software), but also involves consultants and accounting and legal services (see Figure 5). Even smaller companies are increasingly turning to service providers where they do not possess the necessary expertise in-house
Figure 5. Projected employment change in service industries, 1994-2005 (From Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1996, p. 1.)
- While production workers in manufacturing will continue to be replaced by technology, there will be an increase in the number of professional positions in manufacturing by 2005. Hiring requirements in many managerial and administrative jobs are becoming more stringent; work experience, specialized training, or graduate study as well as computer literacy will be increasingly necessary (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1996).
- Construction is expected to increase by 26%, but it will be primarily in infrastructure building (i.e., bridges, roads, and tunnels). Housing and office building construction will be slower (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1996).
- The economy will continue to shift from an industrial economy to an information economy (The Global Network, 1997; "Key Technologies," 1995). At the core of the information economy is the computer and the information highway, but it is much more: alloptical networks, wireless networks, intelligent software, virtual reality, satellite technology, "smart" credit cards, and more.
- Many of the available jobs in the near future will require the least education and training, but these tend to be low-pay, deadend jobs. However, the occupations requiring the most education and training will be the fastest growing and highest paying (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1996). According to the 1998-99 edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1998), "of the 25 occupations with fast growth, high pay, and low unemployment that have the largest numerical growth, 18 require at least a bachelor's degree" (p. 4). This list includes five in computer science, four in health care, and five in education.
- Drucker (1994) stated that we are entering the knowledge society in which the acquisition and distribution of formal knowledge may come to occupy the place in the politics of the knowledge society that the acquisition and distribution of property and income have occupied in our politics over the two or three centuries that we have come to call the Age of Capitalism. Knowledge workers, he suggested, will own the "tools of production" (p. 66) in their knowledge.
- In the 1970s and 1980s, women took two thirds of the millions of new jobs created in the information sector (Naisbitt & Aburdene, 1990). Currently 46% of the workforce, women are projected to comprise 48% by 2005 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1996).
Women's pay still lags males'. However, gains have been bolstered with a 22.7% rise (inflation adjusted) for college graduates since 1979, while wages for female high school dropouts fell by nearly 9% in the same period (Kacapyr, 1998). Will (1999) noted that "among people 27 to 33, women who have never had a child earn about 98 cents for every dollar men earn." The point that is made by researchers Furchtgott-Roth and Stolba (1996) is that children tend to disrupt the career paths of many women and most women do not have the requiste MBA or law degree usually nessecary to support a position as a senior member at Fortune 1000 industrial and Fortune 500 service companies.
- A major problem facing many businesses immediately is the year 2000 compliance (Y2K) issue. To save memory, older computers and software were coded with only a two-digit date (i.e., the last two numbers of the year). Hence, the year 2000 will be 00, not 2000. To correct this problem, General Motors alone expects to spend between $400 million and $550 million (Bylinsky, 1998). Counting the costs of replacement of hardware and software, legal fees (which may exceed equipment costs), and labor in correcting the problem, the total costs may exceed a trillion dollars worldwide.
The problem exists in every aspect of society dependent on computers. Manufacturers, however, are more vulnerable than most other businesses because of the variety of equipment that has date sensitivity embedded in silicon chips and/or in the software. If inscribed on silicon chips, whole pieces of factory equipment will have to be scrapped, from time clocks to CNC robots and machine tools. Unfortunately, not enough programmers are available worldwide to solve all of the problems. Although most large companies are addressing the problem, they are also at the mercy of their suppliers. Small companies that cannot guarantee year 2000 compliance will be replaced with other vendors by the larger companies (Bylinsky, 1998).
IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE NEXT 20 YEARS
To provide a more complete picture of the future for education decision makers, I also sought to identify the technologies that will be the most important as the new millennium begins. Several lists of technologies for the 21st century have appeared in books and journals. Burris (1993) listed 20 core technologies, and the Scientific American committed an issue to "Key Technologies for the 21st Century" (1995), with articles describing more than 20 technologies. Thurow (1992) listed seven categories of technology in which there will be major competition. A final article reviewed was the list of 10 technologies "for the next ten years" by the president of Battelle, Douglas E. Olesen (1996). These lists have been compiled in Table 1. To provide some semblance of order, they are organized by major technology headings.
Of the 35 technologies identified in these four sources, only eight technologies appeared in at least three of the lists (marked with an asterisk in Table 1). Five of these were in the information field with one in gene mapping/biotechnology, one in microscopic (nano) machines, and one in super materials. Of equal interest are the two major categories that were identified as important by fewer than three list makers: transportation technologies and energy/environmental technologies.
Technology Burris Olesen Scientific
Information Technology *Adv. Computers, Microprocessors X X X *Wireless Network, Microwave X X X *All-Optical Network X X X Artificial Intelligence X X *Intelligent Software X X X Virutal Reality X X Satellites X X *HDTV, Digital Television, Interactive,
advanced video displays
X X X Digital Imaging X Optical Data Storage X Distributed Computing X Transportation High-Speed Rail X Autos: Clean, Hybrid Fuel Cars X X Commercial, Civilian Aviation X X 21st Century Space Craft X Medicine *Gene Mapping, Engineering, Biotechnology X X X X Disease Detection Cell Specefic Tech X X Anti-Aging Technology & Service X Artifical Organs X Contraceptive Improvements X Advanced Biochemistry X Materials, Machines, Manufacturing Self-Assembly Materials X *Microscopic Machines X X X X *Super Materials, Polymers, Ceramics X X X X High Temp. Superconductors X X X Robotics, Automation X X Consumer to Factory Customization X Thin Film Deposit X Energy and Environment Solar Cells, Solar Thermal X X Wind Power X More Laser Applications X High Density Energy, Heat Engine X X Fusion X Cleaner Fuels and/or Combustion X Sustainable Agriculutre X
IMPLICATIONS OF THE TRENDS
The roots of the future are firmly established in today's trends: a service economy in which all sectors-goods producing and services alike-will rely heavily on information systems technology and the knowledge worker. Business will be increasingly globalized. This means that the customer base for products and services will expand dramatically, especially as the former socialistic countries and China become more market driven, but it also means that competition for the same markets will become increasingly fierce, especially among the European group, the Pacific Rim countries, and the United States. This competition will require industry in the United States to explore new ways of doing business, to be more agile. Many companies that thought they were isolated and insulated may suddenly find themselves competing with companies from other parts of the world. Alliances and other forms of cooperative arrangements between suppliers and industries that use the materials and services will become a necessary ingredient of survival (Preiss, Golman, & Nagel, 1996). These shifts and trends have significant implications for both industry and education.
The implications for education of the information gathered for this paper depend on the level and purpose of the education program being considered. If technology education at the secondary and undergraduate levels is being addressed, knowledge about or awareness of most of the technologies listed in the table as well as the societal interaction with those technologies should be considered part of technological literacy.
If the program is engineering technology, industrial technology, or industrial engineering at the undergraduate or graduate level, career preparation is the goal. Then decisions must be made regarding which of the technologies belong in each type of program. This is obviously a difficult task, especially because the technologies are becoming increasingly more sophisticated across the board. Most, if not all, of these programs have steered away from biotechnology. The focus has been primarily on manufacturing materials and processes, certain aspects of telecommunications and information technology, and selected topics in the energy area. Are current programs too narrowly conceived? What are the practical considerations regarding expansion? What can institutions afford to include? Obviously, there is no point in duplicating what is done better at other technical levels. Yet, changes are taking place. Are programs adapting to those changes or lagging behind them?
- Students need to know much more about the aspects of being involved in international business; they need to be aware of and honor cultural differences and understand how these differences influence doing business in these countries. Employees who are bilingual and understand other cultures have an edge in international companies. Classes in both international business and foreign language would be beneficial in providing tools for students in industrial and technical education.
- While we have touted the value of industrial internships in career preparation, we must now consider opportunities for international business internships. Professional practice internships and/or coop programs are important components of many current programs. Now we need to identify companies that do business internationally and develop internship programs that will introduce students to that dimension of the job market. Perhaps a state's liaison office in Japan could help with such connections. (As of 1990, 40 American states already had liaison offices in Japan [Naisbitt & Aburdene, 1990].)
- The technical needs of industry need to be addressed. Besides specific attention to the selected cutting-edge technologies listed in the "Important Technologies of the Next 20 Years," subject matter in concurrent engineering, designed-in quality, flexible manufacturing, statistical quality and process control tools, robots/automation, computer numerical control, other control systems, and rapid prototyping are subjects that need to be addressed at all levels of technology and technical education and also addressed in depth if we are to supply the competitive technologists and managers for the expanding, competitive marketplace.
- Figure 2 illustrated the movement of the post-WWII baby boomers in the labor force. By 2006, the largest group in the workforce will be from age 35 to 54. This shift toward an older workforce, most of whose formal education occurred prior to the advent of the personal computer, should alert the education community to the need to provide continuing education for these adults. This will require assessment of technical needs as well as delivery techniques. On-site delivery techniques using closed-circuit interactive video classrooms, Internet delivery, and other types of electronic instructional modalities are growing in popularity.
- With the first post-war baby boomers reaching retirement age in the next 10 years, contractors can look forward to building retirement homes for the largest and most affluent retirement crowd yet. Construction technology programs would be well advised to begin addressing the design features and the technical systems that provide safety, convenience, and comfort in residential housing.
- As technology sophistication accelerates, and the level of the technical sophistication of our graduates rises, their ability to work in teams, to communicate their expertise in problem solving, and to incorporate the knowledge of others becomes more essential.
- The service economy will offer many low-wage, low-experience, low-hope jobs for the least educated. But the service sector will also offer many opportunities for employment that require personnel who are well prepared in technical subjects. Are we emphasizing the competencies in our programs to prepare our graduates to troubleshoot in technical areas and to work with clients/customers who are likely to be increasingly demanding in a highly competitive future?
- The customer focus must also become a central theme in our curriculum just as it is becoming a central focus for companies that wish to remain in business. Collaboration with a marketing department may be useful to achieve this. Today, the concept of customer has been broadened immensely beyond the buyer of products and services. It includes the next person on the assembly line as well as service department personnel and industrial consultants.
- Currently, women are increasing as a percentage of the labor force and are being attracted disproportionately to information jobs. Whether more can be attracted to enter industrial fields may depend on the ability of these programs to market the applications of information systems in industry. Women are also disproportionately absent in high-level managerial positions, yet are quite capable as shown by their success rates in entrepreneurial efforts. Industrial management programs should seek and encourage women to consider their potential in such a field.
- Just as businesses will increasingly benefit from alliances with other businesses, industrial and technology education would serve its customers (students) better through alliances with the business colleges/departments as well as with commercial businesses and industries. This will not be easy in most cases since turf ownership pervades higher education. Such alliances can only be developed successfully in a win-win atmosphere.
- The building blocks of the information economy focus on microprocessors, digital electronics, optical and wireless networks, artificial intelligence, and related technology. Are students prepared in these areas?
- As a result of the demographic shifts that are already identifiable, U.S. society in 2010 will be more ethnically diverse with a greater split between haves and have-nots. This split is not only monetary (i.e., increasing number of children in poverty) but also in technical savvy and computer skills. Higher education may not be significantly impacted by these demographic changes since most of the poorly equipped young people may not attempt college. But they will likely be part of technology and vocational education programs in the public schools and, to some degree, community colleges. Remedial programs may be necessary to bring these students up to speed so they can compete for jobs with a future.
- The first order of business for industries is to resolve the Y2K problem. An inventory must be made of all date-sensitive equipment and action taken to repair (if possible), replace, or discard.
- Success will come to those companies that identify emerging markets first and get the product or service concept developed and marketed to the customers ahead of the competition. Concurrent engineering and rapid prototyping will become necessities.
- The focus will be on the customer as never before; this translates into customization and flexibility so that varieties of products or services can be initiated quickly and responsively. In the new century, Drucker (1994) noted that the service industries need to follow the pattern of agriculture and manufacturing in raising productivity without sacrificing the customer focus. Value-added will become the criteria for all processes and divisions within organizations. These changes have direct implications for industry and education. As competition on the same product line or service line increases, customer service may well be the determining factor for which company gets the contract. The concept of customer has been broadened immensely in recent years and needs to be addressed in employment policies and the training of workers.
- Concurrent engineering, designed-in quality, flexible manufacturing, statistical quality and process control tools, robots/automation, and rapid prototyping are practices that are helping companies gain a competitive edge. With the advent of computerization of the manufacturing processes, production will continue to move from mass production to mass customization. Customization will rely greatly on flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).
The list above addresses implications for industry and for educational content. In most cases, these trends have been visible for a decade or more. Updating a program requires updating faculty to the industrial environment of the future. This is a challenge for administrators at all levels and requires in-service education, participation in commercial exhibits and conventions, and other opportunities such as industrial internships not that different from what students are offered.
In addition to content, however, new technologies offer new ways of teaching and learning: distance learning with closed circuit or compressed video networks, distance learning via the Internet, virtual reality, interactive CDs, and other modes in process. Degrees as well as term papers are already offered via the Internet, and competition in the global economy is coming to higher education by way of the Internet and digitized technologies very soon. Is it not likely that Microsoft and Disney will collaborate to offer courses and degrees. Why not? Microsoft already owns a large collection of important artistic and historic works that is often used in teaching. Personnel from Microsoft have also paid several visits to higher education institutions to gather information about pedagogy as well as content of exemplary programs (Blumenstyk, 1998). Is higher education ready for the next century?Dr. Wiens is a Professor in the Department of Industrial Technology at Illinois State University, Normal. He is a member of Gamma Theta Chapter of Epsilon Pi Tau.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1996). Occupational outlook handbook, 199697 edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1998). Occupational outlook handbook, 199899 edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Burris, D. (1993). Technotrends-How to use technology to go beyond your competition. New York: Harper Business.
Drucker, P. (1994). The age of social transformation. The Atlantic Monthly, 173(11), 5380.
Du, F., Mergenhagen, P., & Lee, M. (1995). The future of services. American Demographics, 17(11), 3047.
Furchtgott-Roth, D., & Stolba, C. (1996). Women's figure: An illustrated guide to the economic progress of women in America. Washington, DC: The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
The Global Network. (1997). 14 trends for the new millennium. Trend Letter, 16(1).
Kacapyr, E. (1998, August). The well-being of American women. American Demographics, pp. 3031.
Naisbitt, J. (1996). Megatrends Asia. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Naisbitt, J., & Aburdene, P. (1990). Megatrends 2000-Ten new directions for the 1990's. New York: William Morrow.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1998, June). OECD Economic Outlook (63).
Olesen, D. E. (1996). The top ten technologies for the next 10 years. In Edward Cornish (Ed.), Exploring your future (pp. 6771). Bethesda, MD: The World Future Society.
Preiss, K., Golman, S. L., & Nagel, R. N. (1996). Cooperate to compete. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Thurow, L. (1992). Head to head: The coming economic battle among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: William Morrow. | <urn:uuid:a0f92c3e-2ba9-4987-9792-5734693a644f> | {
"date": "2013-12-09T11:12:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163964642/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133244-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9360241293907166,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 5852,
"url": "http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Winter-Spring-1999/editarticle.html"
} |
If you eat enough silver, you will turn blue, but it probably won’t kill you.
In the 1920s, you could buy energy drinks and cosmetics containing radium. Because of its beneficial effects on tumors, it was believed to be healthy.
Arsenic was once known as “the inheritance powder”, because it was so commonly used to eliminate relatives who stayed alive too long.
In the 1930s the poison thallium was used in depilatory creams, because of its excellent ability to make hair fall out, but also because of its ability to lend a beautiful pale luster to the skin.
These are just a few of the fascinating facts and stories you can find in “The Poisoner’s Handbook”, by Deborah Blum. The book came to my attention after I attended a session entitled “Story as Shape or Song” at the recent Science Online conference. In that session, authors Deborah Blum and David Dobbs discussed how geometrical shape and musical compositions can help inform and create structure in nonfiction articles. Deborah Blum presented the idea of stories as shapes ranging from the classic inverted pyramid through arcs, spirals, braids, broken lines and even turtles (story surrounded by bracing evidence). David Dobbs gave an eloquent and beautiful illustration of how musical themes can be applied to the structure of a story in ways that enhance and amplify the storytelling and the message.
Now of course, I have to go away and try to do it in my writing. As always, what seemed so clear at the time of hearing is now proving difficult to put into practice fluently. My attempts at braided narratives are turning out as collections of apparently maniacal random thoughts. So I thought I would take a break and study from a master again. I picked up a copy of “The Poisoner’s Handbook”, and have been reading it in hopes of learning more from Ms. Blum’s example. Subtitled “Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York”’ the book is a skillful braiding of various narratives into a compelling history. There is a heavy dose of science sprinkled through the various tales of murder, accident, negligence and politics as the author describes the effect of various poisons and the development of forensic methods to detect them.
Interwoven through the book are the personal stories of New York City’s first medical examiner, Dr. Charles Norris, and forensic toxicologist Dr. Alexander Gettler. Their stories are told against the backdrop of the prohibition era and the various poisoning cases, both deliberate and accidental, that they investigated.
Scientists have some great stories to tell, and this book is an example of science told as a story. The science is all there if you want it, but it is made relevant by the context of the very human stories in which it is presented. I am just over half way through the book and I am finding myself quite saddened by many of these stories. There were the “radium girls” who worked in a factory painting radium-laced, luminescent paint onto the faces of watches, routinely licking their brushes to a fine point to create the delicate lettering. The story of their fight for meager compensation is quite heartbreaking. And then there were the men who went mad from lead exposure after working in a factory producing leaded gasoline, it’s a sobering read. My feelings are summed up by a statement Blum makes in the book:
“Another poison, Another murder, Another story to break your heart”.
Time to Cheer Up
But there is a strong positive note as well. This is mainly a story of how the dedication of two men to the scientific method led to improvements in the detection of poisons, and subsequently improvements in public health. I found it quite shocking that in the 1930s there was no legal requirement to provide lists of ingredients on packaging:
“In 1935 a woman seeking to darken her lashes using Lash Lure had no way of knowing that the dye contained a benzene compound that caused corneal ulcers and blindness. A balding man using hair rejuvenator had no way to know he was rubbing lead acetate into his scalp.
The investigations of Norris, Gettler and others led to changes in the law and more public awareness of the dangers of poisons used in an uncontrolled and unregulated manner. Their struggles to gain both credibility for their methods and justice for the people in their city are elegantly highlighted in the book.
Ultimately, in addition to being a Poisoner’s Handbook, this is a very human story of the contribution of two dedicated scientists to the emerging science of forensic toxicology in an era when the law was only beginning to be influenced by scientific methods. | <urn:uuid:8dba9e10-cddf-43e0-a09d-f48aca2abdf1> | {
"date": "2018-06-22T05:48:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864354.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622045658-20180622065658-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9682143926620483,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 993,
"url": "https://www.promegaconnections.com/poisoners-and-scientists/"
} |
Flags,Accesories,Banners,Design,Protocol & Advice
During World War 1, these islands were conquered and ruled by the Japanese until liberation by the United States at the end of World War 2. In 1947, the United Nations recognized a trust territory over the former Japanese possessions, to be administered by the United States. Northern Mariana's broke away from the sprawling US Pacific Trust Territory in 1976, and its flag was adopted the same year.
The flag has a blue background, representing the Pacific Ocean, the shade used, UN Blue, reflects the Island's former UN Trust status. The large white star, representing the Islands, appears in front of a chalice shaped Latte stone, a symbol of the Chamorro people who comprise the majority of the population, the wreath of 4 flowers, ylang-ylang, seyur, ang'gha and teibwo, is a symbol of the indigenous Carolinian culture.Contact us to purchase | <urn:uuid:2908b67b-cb93-4789-9287-cb0bd616fa72> | {
"date": "2018-01-16T07:33:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886237.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116070444-20180116090444-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9214954972267151,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 199,
"url": "http://foxflags.com.au/northern_mariana_islands.php"
} |
If you are interested in Bitcoins, you will probably have noticed how volatile its value has been, in U.S. Dollars or in Euros. Just go to www.coindesk.com/price/ to take a look for yourself. Bitcoin is the leading, but only one of many, so called altcoins or cryptocurrencies. What is going on? Is it chaos or complexity? Or is it chaos that will eventually turn into a more stable complex behavior? As David Snowden points out in his Cynefin Framework, chaos is often associated with emerging fields, where the system is subject to actions and reactions that may amplify its behavioral responses over time. This hyper-sensitivity to initial conditions, as it is referred in complexity lingo, is likely caused by traders reacting to positive and negative news, and a general lack of understanding of how the news will affect confidence in the system. After all, it is possible that Bitcoin will fail and that its value will drop to zero. As Michel Baranger puts it: Any small uncertainty that may exist in the initial conditions will grow exponentially with time, and eventually (very soon, in most cases) it will become so large that we will lose all useful knowledge of the state of the system.
On the other hand, some systems can learn, evolve and emerge towards a more stable complex system. Professor Jeffrey Goldstein, at Adelphi, defines emergence as “the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems”. So the Bitcoin marketplace may evolve towards a more predictable currency with levels of volatility comparable to the Dollar, the Euro or Gold. In the case of Bitcoin, however, there is still a lot of ground to cover: There are many new users who may be interested in speculation rather than trading; the ultimate theoretical number of Bitcoins is a function of its mathematics and estimated at 21 millions. It is not clear how this will affect the value of the currency over time, as it is more widely used. This is typical complexity, though: a growing number of agents impacting one another in ways that are difficult to predict. Only one thing is for sure: buy low, sell high. | <urn:uuid:0008b74c-4850-4bb9-8f02-b05eba3adc72> | {
"date": "2018-07-17T09:24:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589634.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717090227-20180717110227-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9568848013877869,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 445,
"url": "https://c0mplexity.wordpress.com/2013/12/26/the-price-of-bitcoins-chaos-or-complexity/"
} |
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. - Bumps and bruises are part of life for kids who grow up playing sports. But according to a new study from Safe Kids Worldwide, more serious injuries are becoming more common.
The study says that last year 1.35 million kids ended up in the emergency room with sports-related injuries.
For many parents and coaches, they say the number one thing they can do to help cut down on serious injuries to young athletes is to educate them. The players have to know when it's time to say something before a small pain becomes something more severe.
With the school year about to start back up in northeast Florida, many high schools are already back on the field for the start of fall football practice.
"If they tell you that they are hurt, they will have an opportunity to play again," parent Andre Bell said. "You don't want an injury to go untreated and possibly end a child's career or prevent them from playing in high school or at the prep level.
"When they get hurt, they don't want to tell anyone because they don't want to be taken out of the game," said Dr. Wesley Mills, of St. Vincent's Primary Care.
According to the study, sprains, broken bones and concussions topped the list of sports-related ER visits for kids ages 6 to 19. The total cost of those injuries was more than $935 million last year alone. Doctors say that some of the injuries could be cut down with good coaching and good technique.
"I would say that some injuries are unavoidable when you get young kids, possibly uncoordinated, learning a new sport," Bell said. "Good coaching, good fundamentals and total parental guidance could reduce some of that cost."
"Some of it is about equipment, but it's also about education," Mills said. "Hitting correctly, watching how you are tackling in football, being careful how you are heading the ball in soccer."
The study shows 12 percent of all sports-related injuries for youths are concussions. Nearly half of them were for athletes ages 12 to 15.
Mills said that coaches need to always be looking for the warning signs of a concussion.
"We use to think that you got a little ding or got your bell rung," he said. "We now realize that those are major concussions. There's not always a loss of consciousness."
Doctors and coaches also say that making sure that kids have the proper equipment, no matter what level of sports they are playing, is a major factor in cutting down injury risk.
"Any safety equipment that is available, buy it and use it," Bell said. "It is going to save your kids injury in the long run. You want them to enjoy sports."
One resource that parents do have for treatment of sports injuries is from Heekin Orthopedics. Every Saturday during fall high school sports, it offers a free bumps-and-bruises clinic to treat minor sports injuries. The goal is to help diagnose those smaller injuries before they become serious.
Copyright 2013 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:a2d02ad3-3715-4fca-a054-95dde43b6d29> | {
"date": "2017-02-26T08:02:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171936.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00112-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.978511393070221,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 656,
"url": "http://www.news4jax.com/health/serious-sports-related-injuries-increase-for-kids"
} |
Literature Circles in Action
- Grades: 9–12
- Unit Plan:
- Form cooperative groups consisting of 3-5 members.
- Select a novel from offered choices or by criteria given by teacher.
- Review all role sheets together; then each student chooses a role not previously performed. Roles can be on an assigned rotation within the novel or last the duration of the novel.
- Read text and share completed roles with group.
- As a group complete the sheet titled Thinking Through the Levels of a Story.
- Write an individual literature response.
- (Optional) Complete a culminating project on the novel from such choices as: creating a summarization storyboard, a graphic novel of the book (or selected section of the book), performing a scene from the book with a context book talk, or writing a character journal.
Five copies of each of the novels from which students will be allowed to choose.
- These could be chosen because they fulfill curricular objectives, are related by genre, literary style, author, or because they are just great books that your students will enjoy.
- I do a minimum of two Literature Circles each year (students always ask for more), one using my set of Scholastic Action books that are shorter versions of classic literature novels that my students are required to read in other English classes and the other featuring popular novels that kids love to read. I fulfill curriculum objectives and state benchmarks (as well as national standards of both the International Reading Association and the National Council of Teachers of English) during both circles as everyone is reading and responding to a variety of literature.
- Role sheets for each student in each group
- One copy of Thinking Through the Levels of a Story for each group.
- Rubric outlining expectations for literature circles' work and behavior.
Set Up and Prepare
- Prepare the following role sheets for each group:
- Discussion Direction - writes questions to guide thoughtful group discussion and keeps group on task
- Connection Maker - writes own and group members' connections (Text-to-Text, Text-to-Self, Text-to-World)
- Summarizer - writes a Beginning-Middle-End summary, revises with group input and creates book final summary
- Word Wizard - searches for unusual word choice or description or defines words the group may not know
- Passage Picker - selects and rereads important passages or descriptive imagery sections to the group and discusses author's style.
- Copy enough for each group. I copy each role on a different color of paper for enhanced clarity.
- Copy the PDF printable attached to this lesson: Thinking Through the Levels of a Story for each group.
- Gather copies of the novels to be used for Literature Circles. Try to find books of near the same length if possible. Student choice is important, but sometimes we have assigned books for our curriculum and that will work in a Literature Circle as well. Check with your library for extra copies of a particular title or check with Scholastic Book Clubs. I've found great bargains in the Tab Book Club that my high school students love.
- Using Scholastic's Rubric Maker, create a simple rubric that evaluates each student on performance of their role, comprehension of book, and cooperative behavior in the group. Make a transparency of the rubric to go over with students.
Begin with a short book talk about each novel from which students are allowed to choose.
Have each student write their first and second choice of a novel and form groups based on what students want to read. You will have to balance the groups by the number of copies you have and such, but usually students are willing to compromise.
Once groups are formed, go over role sheets and expectations and have each student select a role.
Groups begin reading the novels. Either the teacher or the group may decide to chunk the reading so that everyone knows the expected pace. Some teachers assign chapters as homework and use the class time for discussion, but try to allow at least some class time for group shared reading. I've found that the more that is assigned as homework, the less involved students are in their groups, especially if a student comes unprepared. This situation could negatively influence both the effectiveness and the student enthusiasm for Literature Circles, so think carefully about how the novel will be read.
PART II: Day 2 or 3 and beyond
As the novel is read, visit the groups to check progress, assess student comprehension, and evaluate the group cooperative behavior. I sometimes give an impromptu mini-lesson within a group if I find they are stuck on something in particular. Find something to praise as you visit each group and the focus on positive behaviors will increase. If you have a group or groups that are not working well, videotape their group and let them watch and offer suggestions for improvement.
Assign literature responses as desired to keep students accountable and to check comprehension of the novel. These could be done with generic prompts, such as "Explain how the main characters have changed" or with questions specific to each book.
Be certain to allow enough class time for discussion as the novel is being read. Ask each group you visit to update you with what has happened in the book since your last visit. I usually visit two or three groups per class period, but it depends on how the groups are doing - so adjust your visit pace to suit your students. Don't save all the assessment for the end of the unit.
After students finish the novel and their roles, give each group a copy of the Thinking Through the Levels of a Story sheet. Have each group choose three main events or important turning points in the book. Events that relate to a character's decision work well for this activity. Each group will have someone write these events along the left column of the sheet and then work their way across by discussing each column prompt in relation to each event or decision listed on the left. This sheet can easily be used with any story read in your classroom where you would like students to think about the bigger issues and ideas in the story.
Finish assessments of each group's work and assign a final literature response on the overall novel. Present the (optional) culminating project below or go on to lesson three where students respond to the novel with others who have read the same book.
Supporting All Learners
This format allows for a variety of styles in the student roles within each Literature Circle group. I offer support for each group when I visit, making sure to scaffold concepts for my struggling readers or second-language learners to increase comprehension.
Students choose between creating a summarization storyboard, a graphic novel of the book (or selected section of the novel), performing a scene from the book with a context book talk, or writing a character journal. These projects all demonstrate a connection and comprehension of the novel while giving students a choice in how they are assessed.
Students could write a letter to parents summarizing the book and recommending it if they so choose.
- Students will read primarily as a group with minimal reading assigned as homework.
- Students will complete the role sheets and "Thinking Through the Levels of a Story" sheet within the group, but may be asked to complete their literature responses as homework.
- Did you sense more enthusiasm for reading in your classroom during Literature Circles?
- How well did you handle the group visits?
- Did you feel as though you were able to guide each group appropriately or is that something that you would tweak?
Ask students for their reactions to the Literature Circle format. Most love it!
Create a rubric with Scholastic's Rubric Maker for the culminating project or the Literature Circle as a whole unit. Assess all assigned literature responses primarily for content rather than form. The "Thinking Through the Levels of a Story" sheet should be assessed only for completion the first time it is used. If you plan to use it regularly in your classroom, create a rubric or grading guidelines. I also use Scholastic's Reading Counts quizzes on my classroom computers for accountability and comprehension assessment. | <urn:uuid:d2f2d500-35a5-46e3-ac56-bfd7b95eec3a> | {
"date": "2014-03-08T07:29:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653836/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9369829893112183,
"score": 4.15625,
"token_count": 1659,
"url": "http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/literature-circles-action"
} |
The chickenpox vaccine protects against chickenpox. This is a disease that causes a rash, blisters, and fever. Chickenpox is also called varicella.
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The virus is very common and spreads very easily.
The chickenpox vaccine is called VAR for short. It is made from weakened chickenpox virus. After getting the vaccine, the body learns to attack the chickenpox virus if the person is exposed to it. As a result, it is unlikely the person will get sick with chickenpox.
WHO SHOULD GET THIS VACCINE
VAR is one of the vaccines recommended for children. All states require proof that a child has received the vaccine before starting daycare, preschool, or kindergarten.
VAR is given to children as a series of two doses (shots). One dose is given at each of the following ages:
Persons 13 or Older
WHO SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE
RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS
Most persons who get VAR have no problems from it. In other cases:
There is no proof that VAR is linked to the development of autism.
No vaccine works all of the time. It is still possible, though unlikely, to get chickenpox even after receiving all doses (shots) of VAR.
CALL YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF:
Immunization - chickenpox; Vaccine - VAR;Immunization - VAR; Varicella zoster vaccine
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years and Adults Aged 19 Years and Older - United States, 2013. MMWR. 2013;62(Suppl1):1-19.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine safety and adverse events. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/safety/default.htm. Accessed April 19, 2013.
DeStefano F, Price CS, Weintraub ES. Increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines is not associated with risk of autism. J Pediatr. 2013; DOI10.1016/j.peds.2013.02.001.
Institute of Medicine. Immunization Safety Review Committee. Imunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2004.
Orenstein WA, Atkinson WL. Immunization. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 17.
Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2013, A.D.A.M., Inc. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions. | <urn:uuid:534de5c2-9a03-428b-b8b3-3015c25473e0> | {
"date": "2013-12-06T19:38:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052462/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8943373560905457,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 741,
"url": "http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007065.htm"
} |
Last modified: 2013-02-25 by ian macdonald
Keywords: sao paulo | suzano |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
13 February 2013
Based on: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzano
A red flag with a narrow blue horizontal stripe, bordered white, all overlain by a white triangle extending from the hoist and bearing the municipal arms.
Official website at
Dirk Schönberger, 13 February 2013
Suzano is named for Engineer Joaquim Augusto Suzano Brandão, who planned the building of the Prada Piedade station for the Brazil Central Railway Co. The station was renamed Suzana in December 1907; the town that developed nearby was renamed Suzana on 11 December 1908. The municipality of Suzano was established on 8 December 1948, seceding from Mogi das Cruzes, and inaugurated on 2 April 1949.
The symbols of Suzano, designed by Arcinoé Antônio Peixoto de Faria, are prescribed by Municipal Law No. 1,314 of 18 December 1972.
The flag is red with a white triangle placed along the hoist, flanked by a thin white-blue-white stripe and charged with the municipal coat of arms.
Photo of the flag
The coat of arms is "A Samnitic shield surmounted by an eight-towered white mural crown, azure an eagle displayed argent armed and beaked gules cantonned with four torches argent flamed gules, a chief argent a roman helmet gules over two arrows sable crossed per saltire. The shield supported by two smoking chimneys gules. Beneath the shield a scroll azure over gear wheels argent and inscribed with the municipality's name surrounded by the years '1919' and '1949' all argent."
The Samnitic shield, the first style of shield introduced from France to Portugal and inherited by Brazilian heraldry, evokes the colonizers and main builders of the Brazilian nationality. The mural crown is a symbol of municipal emancipation, representing here a second-rank town, seat of a "comarca" The torches ("brandões") recall Engineer Joaquim Augusto Brandão, who planned the building of the Suzano station for the Brazil Central Railway Co. Azure is a symbol of justice, nobleness, perseverance, zeal and loyalty. The eagle is a symbol of power and imperial triumph, but also of prosperity, benignity, generosity and liberality, since the eagle shares its preys with the smaller birds and does not seek revenge on smaller animals. The Persians, the Egyptians and the romans showed an eagle on their banners promising triumph. Here the eagle is a symbol of courage and commitment to great acts. Argent is a symbol of peace, friendship, work, prosperity, purity and religious feeling. The torch, in heraldic language, "brandão", is a symbol of science, patriotic love and ardour, as well as of light, knowledge, wisdom. The arms of the Brandão family featured the eagle cantoned with four torches. The chief is charged with the emblem of St. Sebastian, the town's patron saint. recalling the Christian spirit of the people. The chimneys and the gear wheels represent the industry flourishing in the municipality. Gules is a symbol of dedication, patriotic love, audacity, intrepidity, courage and valiance. The years "1919" and "1949" recall the foundation of the town and its municipal emancipation, respectively.
http://web.archive.org/web/20100930115324/http://www.suzano.sp.gov.br/CN01/simbolos/simbolos_munic.asp - Municipal website (archived)
Ivan Sache, 14 February 2013 | <urn:uuid:71ec7155-d957-49f8-99ec-29e367f77e30> | {
"date": "2017-12-11T13:14:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513512.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211125234-20171211145234-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8934032917022705,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 813,
"url": "http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/br-sp588.html"
} |
Adding plant oils to a grass-based diet can reduce methane output by the cows and has a beneficial effect on certain fatty acids in the milk.
This is concluded from research done by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). The results are published in the Journal of Dairy Science.
Nutritional approached to reduce methane
It is well known that ruminants contribute to the total amount of greenhouses gases in the form of methane (CH4) emissions (belching and farting). Several nutritional and management strategies can be used to minimise the effects from cattle. Earlier trials also included the use of plant oil and oilseeds. One or more mechanisms are thought to contribute to the decrease in CH4 production to dietary lipid supplements, including lowered digestion of organic matter in the rumen, shifting rumen fermentation from acetate toward propionate production, and direct inhibitory effects on methanogens and protozoa. However, earlier trials also showed that at higher inclusion levels of the oils, feed intake is often compromised and changes in the rumen microbial community associated with decreased ruminal CH4 production to lipid supplements are not well characterised. Combined with the fact that manipulating milk fatty acid content of milk can be beneficial for humans, a group of Finnish researchers decided to set up a trial to test all of these elements.
A Finnish research team wanted to test the suitability of dietary lipid supplementation as a CH4 mitigation strategy that can simultaneously improve milk fatty acid composition using diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage. Photo: PXhere
4 different plant oils tested in Nordic Red cows
The research team wanted to test the suitability of dietary lipid supplementation as a CH4 mitigation strategy that can simultaneously improve milk fatty acid composition using diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage. In the study, 4 lipid supplements varying in chain length or degree of unsaturation were used and supplemented to the diet of 5 Nordic Red cows (fitted with rumen cannulas). The diet consisted of total mixed rations based on grass silage with a forage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 supplemented with no lipid (CO) or 50g/kg of diet dry matter (DM) of myristic acid (MA), rapeseed oil (RO), safflower oil (SO), or linseed oil (LO).
Effects on DMI and milk components
It was shown that feeding MA resulted in the lowest DM intake, and feeding RO reduced DM intake compared with CO. Feeding MA reduced the yields of milk, milk constituents, and energy-corrected milk. Plant oils did not influence yields of milk and milk constituents, but reduced milk protein content compared with CO. Treatments had no effect on rumen fermentation characteristics, other than an increase in ammonia-N concentration due to feeding MA, RO, and SO compared with CO. Lipid supplements reduced daily ruminal CH4 emission; however, the response was to some extent a result of lower feed intake. Lipids modified microbial community structure without affecting total counts of bacteria, archaea, and ciliate protozoa. Dietary treatments had no effect on the apparent total tract digestibility of organic matter, fibre, and gross energy. Treatments did not affect either energy secreted in milk as a proportion of energy intake or efficiency of dietary N utilisation. All lipids lowered de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Plant oils increased proportions of milk fat 18:0, cis 18:1, trans and monounsaturated fatty acids, and decreased saturated fatty acids compared with CO and MA. Both SO and LO increased the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total conjugated linolenic acid, and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Feeding MA clearly increased the Δ9 desaturation of fatty acids.
Based on these outcomes, the researchers state that these insights provide compelling evidence that plant oils supplemented to a grass silage-based diet reduce ruminal CH4 emission and milk saturated fatty acids, and increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and total conjugated linoleic acid while not interfering with digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial quantities, or milk production. | <urn:uuid:7f3f8679-e04a-47fa-804c-ca8040f19304> | {
"date": "2019-10-14T18:20:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986654086.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014173924-20191014201424-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.932598352432251,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 852,
"url": "https://www.dairyglobal.net/Nutrition/Articles/2018/1/Plant-oils-added-to-grass-silage-reduces-methane-235951E/?intcmp=related-content"
} |
This website is accessible to all versions of every browser. However, you are seeing this message because your browser does not support basic Web standards, and does not properly display the site's design details. Please consider upgrading to a more modern browser. (Learn More).
Posted Monday, June 25, 2012
Pittsboro, NC - Below are two wellheads for natural gas extraction. Can you guess which one is green and which one is dirty? This article may lead you to wonder.
The recent natural gas drilling proposed for deposits along the Goldsboro fault line in North Carolina, specifically in Chatham and Lee counties, has evoked a groundswell of criticism from the environmental community. Many parts of their argument are falsely founded, lacking sound scientific evidence and are based on little data from environmental departments in the states which allow such drilling.
Fifty seven wellheads will be installed over the life of the project, costing Orange County, North Carolina and United States taxpayers $ 4.5 million
As a counterpoint, the Orange County Solid Waste Management Department in Chapel Hill touts a gas collection wellhead at its landfill when it closes.
To a reasonable and competent person, a solid argument would include all hazards and benefits based on scientific and economic evidence. The arguments against gas drilling using hydraulic fracturing are manifold. The evidence of hazards from the collection of leachate gas from landfills and the dangers of landfill leachate to human health are not revealed in the article in the “Waste Matters” publication. Apparently, landfill gas is clean and approved because it is published in a green publication.
Hint: the “green” wellhead is the green one.
Orange County, North Carolina will build Landfill-Gas-To-Energy (LFGTE) gas extraction wells over the closed landfill on Eubanks Road beginning in June, 2013. The projected life of extraction is twenty years. Fifty seven wellheads will be installed over the life of the project, costing Orange County, North Carolina and United States taxpayers $ 4.5 million. Nearly four miles of pipeline will be constructed. Gas extracted will produce electricity through an onsite generator. This form of conversion is rated at twenty percent efficiency, whereas burning fuel in vehicles or heating furnaces is rated at sixty to eighty percent efficiency. And the LFGTE fuel
must be cleaned of toxic chemicals before consumption. Break even for such a project is $ 102 per ton processing cost of waste. Waste will be shipped to the private Uwharrie Environmental Landfill in Montgomery County 108 miles away after the landfill is closed, making the cost of waste close to the break even mark.
Because the project is designed, engineered, approved in Orange County, Chapel Hill, Hillsborough by the Solid Waste Management Department, it must be green. It is a fine project when break even is achieved and energy is produced locally.
There are two problems with the model. First, it will be built at taxpayer’s expense. Either local taxes will pay for the wells, pipelines and electric generator, or state and federal agencies will pay most of these costs. Second, the location and pollution of the source of the methane gas is a landfill. Pollutants of known and unknown nature are held and generated in landfills. Yet environmentalists say nothing about the chemicals in the landfill leachate or the methane produced from the LFGTE project.
Below is a Wikipedia article on landfill leachate from the composition section, which lists types and categories of toxic chemicals. Many will be listed by environmentalists as threats from hydraulic fracturing fluid. The dark secret of leachate is in its recombinations and permutations while reacting in the murky soup.1
Composition of landfill leachate
When water percolates through the waste, it promotes and assists the process of decomposition by bacteria and fungi. These processes in turn release by-products of decomposition and rapidly use up any available oxygen creating an anoxic environment. In actively decomposing waste the temperature rises and the pH falls rapidly and many metal ions which are relatively insoluble at neutral pH can become dissolved in the developing leachate. The decomposition processes themselves release further water which adds to the volume of leachate. Leachate also reacts with materials that are not themselves prone to decomposition such as fire ash, cement based building materials and gypsum based materials changing the chemical composition. In sites with large volumes of building waste, especially those containing gypsum plaster, the reaction of leachate with the gypsum can generate large volumes of hydrogen sulfide which may be released in the leachate and may also form a large component of the landfill gas.
In a landfill that receives a mixture of municipal, commercial, and mixed industrial waste, but excludes significant amounts of concentrated specific chemical waste, landfill leachate may be characterized as a water-based solution of four groups of contaminants; dissolved organic matter (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, short chain sugars etc.), inorganic macro components (common cations and anions including sulfate, chloride, iron, aluminium, zinc and ammonia), heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Hg), and xenobiotic organic compounds such as Martin Schweigkofler and Reinhard Niessner, Determination 1 of Siloxanes and VOC in Landfill Gas and Sewage Gas by Canister Sampling and GC-MS/AES Analysis, Envirnmental Science Technolgy, 1999. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9902569 halogenated organics, (PCBs, dioxins, etc.).
The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a strongly odoured black, yellow or orange coloured cloudy liquid. The smell is acidic and offensive and may be very pervasive because of hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur rich organic species such as mercaptans.2
Environmentalists are quick to point out that there are seven hundred chemicals in hydraulic fracturing fluid. They are not so enthusiastic to list the chemical in landfill leachate and landfill methane gas. Nor are they happy to say that they are the source of that pollution in the Orange landfill. It is someone else, naturally.
The Wikipedia article is only the surface of the landfill pollutant topic. Yet so much is known about fracturing fluids that only two of the constituents are listed as toxic by the Center for Disease Control(CDC) in Georgia. Both of these are at concentrations allowed by drinking water quality standards. The others are found in auto radiators, cosmetics, food, and other products on store shelves. They must, of course, be so dangerous that we are allowed to purchase them every day without a permit from the CDC, EPA or Supreme Court.
Which gas extraction method would make most sense? The wells drilled by private sector companies, permitted by state and federal agencies, allowed by law, monitored by state agencies, or gas wells operated at the county landfill by county employees and departments? Which one would make sense economically? Which one is cleaner from cradle to grave?
2 Leachate, Wikipedia; URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate
Send a letter to the editor.
Sign up for the Chatham Chatlist. Find out what your friends and neighbors are saying about what's going on in Chatham County.
Promote your business at chathamjournal.com | <urn:uuid:ff2f8b8c-9f26-4c46-8822-3c18b4a6e11f> | {
"date": "2017-01-21T10:36:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00110-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9262104630470276,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 1527,
"url": "http://www.chathamjournal.com/weekly/opinion/myopinion/natural-gas-wells-clean-or-dirty-120625.shtml"
} |
Welcome to the STARTALK Classroom Video Collection. This video collection was compiled to provide real-life examples of teachers working to incorporate STARTALK-endorsed effective practices in Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Persian, Swahili, Turkish and Urdu classroom settings. In these videos, you will find teachers interacting and engaging with students and encouraging them to engage one another. You will see the teachers utilize role playing to make students the center of the learning experience; make use of songs, videos, and other authentic materials in the target language; and, through the use of culturally rich activities such as meals, fully integrate the target language and culture into the classroom.
This collection is intended for current and future world language teachers in pre-K–16 programs, including those at heritage- and community-based schools. These videos can be used alone or incorporated into more extensive teacher education materials. Whether you are teaching now, preparing to become a world language teacher, or training and mentoring teachers, we feel certain that you will find these videos beneficial to your continued development as a language educator.
Each video below can be viewed online or downloaded to your own computer or mobile device. Download a copy of the viewing guide associated with each video for detailed information about each lesson. | <urn:uuid:1afd6739-de0d-4b0e-915d-73292b68b2ff> | {
"date": "2018-09-25T16:07:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161661.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925143000-20180925163400-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9287080764770508,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 255,
"url": "https://startalk.umd.edu/public/resources/classroom-video-collection/"
} |
Rub These Two Oils on Your Gums and Teeth and You Will Never Have Cavities or Gingivitis Again
People have used essential oils for oral health for centuries, and clinical studies are finally proving their safety and efficacy. In addition to therapeutic herbs and other healing agents, many essential oils show a very beneficial effect upon teeth and gums as well.
A 2014 study published in the Journal of International Oral Health, entitled “Possible Use of Essential Oils in Dentistry,” states:
“Essential oil rinses are found to be equally effective in inhibiting plaque. A study carried out by Pizzo et al. on plaque inhibitory effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride and essential oils showed no significant difference in efficacy of both. As chlorhexidine causes staining of teeth on long term use, essential oils can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine rinse. Essential oils have shown to possess antimicrobial activity against subgingival periopathogens too.”
Tea Tree Oil
Did you know that human clinical trials have confirmed its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal activity under controlled conditions showing (among other things) that tea tree oil effectively reduces bacterial load and yeast and fungal infections, as well as treats viral infections (incl. cold sores [herpes labialis]), and relieves the symptoms of gingivitis and those of denture stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth)?
Tea tree oil’s efficacy against bad breath has been explained by researchers at Switzerland’s Institute of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology at the University of Basel. There, they evaluated tea tree oil and reported that it decreases the bacterial colonies that cause halitosis, making it beneficial for oral health.
Eugenol, the major constituent of clove oil, has been widely used for its anesthetic and analgesic action in dentistry. Eugenol exhibits pharmacological effects on almost all systems in the body. Eugenol possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in addition to having analgesic and local anesthetic activity.
Clove and tea tree oil essential oils
Rubbing these essential oils of clove and melaleuca (tea tree) on your gums or brushing teeth with them has antibacterial properties which can prevent cavities, gingivitis, bad breath, and tooth decay. Apply 2 drops of these oils 2x daily with carrier oil like coconut oil. | <urn:uuid:999da325-2eb7-4ed2-a381-dd0f7419778b> | {
"date": "2019-02-20T16:34:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495147.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220150139-20190220172139-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9322343468666077,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 520,
"url": "http://www.healthandhomeremedies.com/rub-these-two-oils-on-your-gums-and-teeth-and-you-will-never-have-cavities-or-gingivitis-again/"
} |
Microbes make the world go round. There are more microbial cells on you and in you, than your own cells – in fact 99% of them are not human! Some members of our microbiome enable us to digest the food we eat while others play an essential role in maintaining our immune system that fights off other pathogenic microbes. They are central to biogeochemical cycles of elements such as carbon and nitrogen and they have been doing so for billions of years. Anyway, to cut a long story short, you and I wouldn’t be alive without them!
Checkout the video Seven Wonders of the Microbial World if you want to find out more about the tiny critters that we depend on. Today, we pay homage to our most valued cousins – by talking to them!
Much of recent progress in science, especially in biology and medicine related fields, has been courtesy of bugs like E. coli and T. aquifex. Escherichia coli is found in our guts but is also grown in labs around the world as a means to replicate, isolate and study genes from a variety of organisms. Thermus aquaticus was discovered in a 70°C hot spring at Yellowstone National Park in 1969. It was the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which revolutionized genetic studies. Indeed, astrobiologists and researchers studying the origin and evolution of life have also reaped the benefits of Taq and the humble E. coli.
Wouldn’t it be cool to hear what the microbes have to say about their life since joining hands with Homo sapiens in search of life, universe and everything. Well, the team at ChemistryViews Magazine has just interviewed them!
Interview with James T. Aquaticus
Interview with Fridolin E. Coli
It is a hilarious attempt at first contact with the microbial kind – yet a very worthwhile read!
Want more? See Biotoon.com for your microbial edutainment | <urn:uuid:ee6b9cb1-0cb5-4705-a8c8-8c7161603005> | {
"date": "2014-03-08T10:55:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654330/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9473599791526794,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 425,
"url": "http://www.astrobio.net/paleblueblog/?p=1933"
} |
Neuropathic pain usually manifests as burning or shooting pain. So-called plus symptoms such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, but also minus symptoms such as hypoaesthesia and hypalgesia may indicate neuropathic damage. Even a simple basic clinical and neurological examination can provide the first clue. Also helpful are specific questionnaires that can be used to query the typical symptoms.
A gold standard in further diagnostics has not yet been determined. In general, the assumption is substantiated by neurophysiological tests. The measurement of the nerve conduction velocity does not detect damage to the thin nerve fibers, nor can centrally-diagnosed neuropathic pain be detected. In recent years, Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) has established itself as a very helpful but also elaborate study. Sensory-sensitive evoked, and laser-evoked potentials and skin biopsies are also recommended. If neuropathic pain is suspected, a neurologist should be consulted.
The most important and first step is to clarify and treat reversible causes. Doctors and patients must be aware that pure pain therapy for neuropathic pain can be only partially successful. For example, the National Neuropathy Guide for Adolescent Diabetes and other guidelines on neuropathic pain describe a 30-50% palliative benefit, an improvement in sleep and quality of life, and participation in social life and work ability as realistic therapeutic goals.
There are a number of drug-related options: tricyclic antidepressants, in particular, amitriptyline, are the first recommendation in the guidelines. However, it is not suitable for geriatric patients for a variety of reasons. In addition to strong anticholinergic side effects that can trigger and exacerbate cognitive impairment, interactions, QT prolongation, dizziness, and increased fall are good arguments against using tricyclics in the elderly.
Other first-choice recommendations include the calcium channel ligands gabapentin and pregabalin. Pregabalin is also approved for central neuropathic pain. But even here, the side effects are sometimes considerable and can prevent the use of these drugs. Dizziness and sleepiness should be mentioned here. Both drugs are eliminated renally and must be adjusted in renal insufficiency in the dose.
Duloxetine is another medicine approved and effective for painful diabetic neuropathy. The serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) is relatively well tolerated but has some interactions that need attention. As the desired side effect, the second indication of duloxetine is remarkable: stress incontinence. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are not effective in neuropathic pain. The well-known carbamazepine is only the first choice for trigeminal neuralgia. However, the interactions and side effects make the use of the multimorbid patient problematic.
Peripheral analgesics have not shown efficacy in neuropathic pain in studies. However, opioids have a place in their therapy, especially tramadol and oxycodone. As a newer substance tapentadol has been developed with the two targets for opioid receptors and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition specifically for neuropathic pain. In the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy, it shows good results in the studies so far. Due to a lack of interaction potential, it is an interesting drug for geriatric patients. | <urn:uuid:08e2a73a-339d-4c5c-9038-ed2440d63c73> | {
"date": "2019-10-21T00:08:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9197971820831299,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 696,
"url": "https://www.thepainweb.com/neuropathic-pain-guidelines/"
} |
Spanish scientists have concluded that a combination of vitamins C and E, when applied topically, show photo-protection activity against erythema due to their high absorption properties, and could aid in preventing sunburn.
Ultraviolet radiation is harmful for human skin, and photo-damaging pathologies such as actinic erythema, or redness of the skin, are formerly described as a consequence of UV direct effect on DNA and indirectly by local immune reactions.
The lack of understanding of the degree of participation of oxidative stress in actinic erythema and the role of antioxidants in photo-protection led a group of researchers from the University of Malaga to find out more.
A soothing combination
They decided to evaluate the possible soothing role of a combination of the antioxidants vitamins C and E in human cutaneous erythema when applied topically before and after UV exposure.
The study included 20 volunteers of photo-types II, II–III and III with no solar exposure for two months prior to the study.
The volunteers were submitted to a photo-test consisting on the analysis of the minimal erythemal dose (MED) under different treatments: untreated irradiated skin; irradiated skin previously treated with vehicle; irradiated skin previously treated with a combination of vitamins (2.5 per cent vit E–5 per cent vit C); and skin treated with the antioxidant combination after irradiation.
Antioxidant vs vehicle
According to results, published in The Journal of Dermatological Science, the application of vehicle did not significantly affect the MED compared to untreated irradiated skin.
The application of the antioxidant combination, prior to irradiation, increased the MED in all photo-types compared with untreated irradiated skin with an average increase of 36.9 per cent. Antioxidants applied after exposure promoted an average increase of the MED by 19.8 per cent.
Due to this, the researchers concluded that a combination of topical antioxidants (vitamins C and E) showed photo-protection activity against erythema, mainly owing to their high absorption properties.
“Moreover, their antioxidant activity could be considered as additive, and independent of their optical properties,” said the study. | <urn:uuid:92e9f1d0-27fa-42a7-8f8f-2a5f4bdff03f> | {
"date": "2014-09-21T02:03:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134511.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00037-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9401955604553223,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 452,
"url": "http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Formulation-Science/Vitamin-C-and-E-topical-combo-could-protect-against-sunburn-says-study"
} |
General nutrition guidelines for the families of Warfighters.
Warfighters often have specific, heavy nutritional requirements based on their mission-essential functions. For the rest of us not engaged in missions, the USDA and the HHS (Department of Health & Human Services) have published the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 to promote healthy lifestyles.
The Dietary Guidelines suggest the following:
- Increase your fruit and vegetable consumption.
- Eat a variety of vegetables—especially dark-green, red, and orange vegetables, as well as beans and peas.
- Consume at least half of all grains as whole grains.
- Increase intake of fat-free (or low-fat) milk and milk products. Recommended amounts are: 3 cups per day of fat-free or low-fat milk for adults and for children and adolescents ages nine to 18 years; 2 ½ cups per day for children ages four to eight years; and 2 cups for children ages two to three years.
- Choose a variety of protein-rich foods (i.e., seafood, lean meat, poultry, eggs, beans, peas, soy products, and unsalted nuts and seeds).
- Increase the amount and variety of seafood you eat.
- Eat proteins that are lower in solid fats and calories and/or that are sources of oils.
- Use oils to replace solid fats (such as butter) where possible.
- Choose foods that provide more potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamin D (i.e., vegetables, fruits, whole grains, milk, and milk products).
They suggest avoiding or reducing the following:
- Reduce daily sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg.
- Further reduce sodium intake to 1,500 mg for people who are 51 or older and for those we are in other higher-risk categories (see the Dietary Guidelines for more information).
- Consume less than 10% of calories from saturated fatty acids such as butter and lard (solid fats).
- Consume less than 300 mg per day of cholesterol.
- Limit foods that contain trans fats (e.g., partially hydrogenated oils). Dietary fat comes from plants and animals. There are "good" fats and "bad" fats that are linked to disease risk. The good fats—polyunsaturated and monounsaturated—are linked with lower disease risk. The bad fats—saturated and trans—are linked to increased risk. Everyone should limit their intakes of saturated fats and trans fats, as they are linked with increased blood LDL (bad) cholesterol, which increases the risk of coronary heart disease. Trans fats (also referred to on labels as partially hydrogenated oils or vegetable shortening) are typically found in processed and fried foods (because the partially hydrogenated oils don't spoil as easily as the non-hydrogenated oils).
- Reduce the intake of calories from solid fats and added sugars.
- Limit the consumption of foods that contain refined grains.
- Consume alcohol in moderation.
Healthy nutrition for different age groups
The USDA has compiled resources that describe the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers, preschool and elementary kids, preteens and teenagers, adults, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and seniors.
Nutrition Guide for Parents
Provided by Navy Fitness. This 24-page guide discusses nutritional needs for pregnancy, birth, babies, childhood, and teenagers. Note that it mentions the USDA’s My Pyramid, which was replaced in June 2011 with MyPlate.
Nutritional content of food
Online Calorie Calculator
The USDA allows you to type in the name of a food, for which it returns basic nutritional information.
What Counts as a Cup?
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) helps you learn appropriate portion sizes for fruits and vegetables (i.e., what does one cup of something look like?).
Nutrition Information for Raw Fruits, Vegetables, and Fish
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has downloadable/printable posters with nutrition facts for the 20 most frequently consumed fruits, vegetables, and fish in the U.S.
Click on the links below to jump to each section.
How to calculate your daily calorie needs
How to calculate your specific nutritional needs
Online tools your kid can use to learn how to eat healthy
The American Council on Exercise's free calculator allows you to enter your weight (lbs), your height (inches), age, sex, and activity level in order to calculate your estimated daily caloric needs to maintain your weight.
For information on how to calculate your specific nutritional needs, visit the Nutrition section of the HPRC website.
Small Step Kids
The U.S. Department of Health & Human Service's website just for kids.
- Small Step Kids' Fun Food & Awesome Activities includes pictures of different foods and activities with captions that describe what each will do for you.
- Small Step Kids' Small Step challenge. You and your child can take a quiz.
- Small Step Kids' Watch TV Ads is about how healthy food and exercise can work for him/her.
- Small Step Kids' Great Web Links. For more healthy tips and games.
Small Step Adult & Teen
The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services is developing a website for teenagers and adults. They have an online fitness tracker you can use, an area where you can Get the Facts about healthy eating, tips for how to Eat Better with Recipes, tips for how to Get Active, an area on Portion Control, and an area where you can see if there is a Small Step program in your state.
Family Meal Planning
Click on the links below to jump to each section.
Healthy Family Recipes
Healthy Menu Planning
Specific nutrition information for pregnant or breastfeeding moms
The new USDA website helps you plan healthy meals and menus for your family. You can look up food or get a customized Daily Food Plan from MyPlate. If you are interested in maintaining, losing, or gaining weight, the website provides more information. You can even track your progress and "Steps to a Healthier Weight" through their online Food Tracker. There is also information for vegetarians.
A program dedicated to healthy nutrition.
The American Council on Exercise has healthy recipes you can try with your family. They list the portion sizes, calories, fat, carbohydrates, protein, and other important nutritional information per recipe serving.
The CDC’s Nutrition Basics
For information about nutrition basics such as fat, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water. The CDC also has a recipe builder for fruits and vegetables—you can type in the name of a fruit or vegetable and what kind of dish you want, and it comes up with recipes.
The U.S. Department of Health & Human Service's (HHS) website with a list of tools that can help you plan menus.
Analyze My Plate
Examine what you are eating through this online tool.
Daily Food and Activity Diary
HHS's online diary worksheet that you can print out and use to help keep track of your daily food and activities.
Interactive Menu Planner
The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute has an online interactive menu planner where you can enter the number of calories you need and plan/record your menu selections.
Create healthy versions of your favorite recipes
The Centers for Disease Control has an interactive tool called "Recipe Remix" that revamps your existing recipes with healthier additions/substitutions.
Daily Food Plan for Moms
Provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Answer questions and get resources relevant for your situation.
A supplemental nutrition program for low-income women, infants, and children up to age five. For more information on eligibility criteria, visit the WIC website. They provide information, referrals to health care, and nutritious food.
Military Resources for Eating Healthy
The Air Force's website provides healthy recipes and nutrition information. Air Force families can sign up for a regular log-in. You can choose topics to learn more for you and your family.
Fitness, Sports and Deployed Forces Support
A Navy website that provides a Nutrition Guide covering child care from pregnancy to the teen years, plus additional information such as healthy recipes and a meal planner. The Navy and Marine Corps share a Public Health Center website where you can get additional tips on healthy eating.
Fitness & Health
The Marine Corps' website with a nutrition section that describes how to work towards a healthy weight, offers handouts on nutrition topics like hydration, and has general nutrition information.
Parents who are more active tend to have children who are more active.9
- Not only can parents shape their children’s good habits, such as being physically fit, they can influence their children’s behavior just by being supportive of physical activity, without necessarily having to engage in it themselves.10-12
Nutrition behavior is established in the family.13-15
- Early exposure to fruits and vegetables at home increases children’s preferences for them later in life.15
- Children eat more fruits and vegetables if their parents eat more fruits and vegetables.5
- Children eat more fruits and vegetables if they go grocery shopping for fruits and vegetables with a parent.5
Strong predictors of a person’s body weight as an adult is (1) his or her body weight as a child and (2) the body weights of both parents.
- Children who are overweight are more likely to be obese as adults.
- 26-41% of obese preschoolers become obese adults, and 42-63% of obese school-age children become obese adults.16
- Children who have one obese parent are between two and five times more likely to be obese as an adult than those with “normal weight” parents.17-18
- When both parents have high body weight (BMI over 30), children and teenagers are 60-80% more likely to be overweight or obese.13
- Teenagers who have an obese mother become obese at an earlier age than those with a non-obese mother.19
The body weights of couples tend to be highly correlated.
- Individuals who cohabit or who are married are more likely to become obese over time than those who are single or dating.8
- Married couples living together for more than two years report lower levels of physical activity and more time watching TV than single or dating individuals—factors that play into weight gain.8
- Latham, B.C., et al., Family functioning and motivation for childbearing among HIV-infected women at increased risk for pregnancy. Journal of Family Nursing, 2001. 7(4): p. 345-370.
- Lehman, B.J., et al., Relation of childhood socioeconomic status and family environment to adult metabolic functioning in the CARDIA study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2005. 67(6): p. 846-854
- Pearson, N., S.J.H. Biddle, and T. Gorely, Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. A systematic review. Appetite, 2009. 52(1): p. 1-7.
- Turner, R.A., C.E. Irwin, and S.G. Millstein, Family structure, family processes, and experimenting with substances during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1991. 1(1): p. 93-106.
- Gross, S.M., E.D. Pollock, and B. Braun, Family Influence: Key to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Fourth- and Fifth-grade Students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2010. 42(4): p. 235-241.
- Price, J.L.S., R.D. Day, and J.B. Yorgason, A longitudinal examination of family processes, demographic variables, and adolescent weight. Marriage & Family Review, 2009. 45(2-3): p. 310-330.
- Markey, C.N., P.M. Markey, and H.F. Gray, Romantic relationships and health: An examination of individuals' perceptions of their romantic partners' influences on their health. Sex Roles, 2007. 57(5-6): p. 435-445.
- The, N.S. and P. Gordon-Larsen, Entry into romantic partnership is associated with obesity. Obesity, 2009. 17(7): p. 1441-1447.
- Loprinzi, P.D. and S.G. Trost, Parental influences on physical activity behavior in preschool children. Preventive Medicine, 2010. 50(3): p. 129-133.
- Sallis, J.F., et al., Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of girls and boys in Grades 4 through 12. Health Psychology, 1999. 18(4): p. 410-415.
- Cleland, V., et al., A longitudinal study of the family physical activity environment and physical activity among youth. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2011. 25(3): p. 159-167.
- Edwardson, C.L. and T. Gorely, Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2010. 11(6): p. 522-535.
- Garn, S.M., M. LaVelle, and J.J. Pilkington, Obesity and living together. Marriage & Family Review, 1984. 7(1-2): p. 33-47.
- Crossman, A., D.A. Sullivan, and M. Benin, The family environment and American adolescents' risk of obesity as young adults. Social Science & Medicine, 2006. 63(9): p. 2255-2267.
- Skinner, J.D., et al., Do food-related experiences in the first 2 years of life predict dietary variety in school-aged children? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2002. 34(6): p. 310-315.
- Serdula, M.K., et al., Do Obese Children Become Obese Adults? A Review of the Literature. Preventive Medicine, 1993. 22(2): p. 167-177.
- Hooper, L.M., J.J. Burnham, and R. Richey, Select parent and family system correlates of adolescent current weight status: A pilot study. The Family Journal, 2009. 17(1): p. 14-21.
- Yoon, P.W., M.T. Scheuner, and M.J. Khoury, Research Priorities for Evaluating Family History in the Prevention of Common Chronic Diseases. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003. 24(2): p. 128-135.
- Gordon-Larsen, P., L.S. Adair, and C.M. Suchindran, Maternal obesity is associated with younger age at obesity onset in U.S. adolescent offspring followed into adulthood. Obesity, 2007. 15(11): p. 2790-3796. | <urn:uuid:ef498e15-9fa8-4874-bc1d-44318ea3e654> | {
"date": "2015-05-25T03:29:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928350.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00324-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9023235440254211,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 3136,
"url": "http://hprc-online.org/family-relationships/family-nutrition-1/family-nutrition"
} |
Eye-tracking lie-detection method is licensed to Utah company
Shifty eyes long have been thought to signify a person's problem telling the truth. Now a group of University of Utah researchers are taking that old adage to a new level.
Educational psychologists John Kircher, Doug Hacker, Anne Cook, Dan Woltz and David Raskin are using eye-tracking technology to pioneer a promising alternative to the polygraph for lie detection. The researchers' efforts to commercialize their new technology reached a milestone recently when the University of Utah licensed the technology to Credibility Assessment Technologies (CAT).
`CAT is based in Park City, Utah, and managed by venture capitalists Donald Sanborn and Gerald Sanders, who are the president and chairman, respectively.
"The eye-tracking method for detecting lies has great potential," Sanders says. "It's a matter of national security that our government agencies have the best and most advanced methods for detecting truth from fiction, and we believe we are addressing that need by licensing the extraordinary research done at the University of Utah."
In addition to bringing the technology closer to the marketplace, the licensing also helps maintain the university's leadership in lie-detection research. The university has been a leader in the field for at least 30 years, through the work of Raskin and Kircher, who both completed substantial research on the subject. Raskin now is a professor emeritus.
Tracking eye movement to detect lies became possible in recent years because of substantial improvements in technology. The Utah researchers say they are the first to develop and assess the software and methods for applying these tests effectively.
Using eye movement to detect lies contrasts with polygraph testing. Instead of measuring a person's emotional reaction to lying, eye-tracking technology measures the person's cognitive reaction. To do so, the researchers record a number of measurements while a subject is answering a series of true-and-false questions on a computer. The measurements include pupil dilation, response time, reading and rereading time, and errors.
The researchers determined that lying requires more work than telling the truth, so they look for indications that the subject is working hard. For example, a person who is being dishonest may have dilated pupils and take longer to read and answer the questions. These reactions are often minute and require sophisticated measurement and statistical modeling to determine their significance.
"We have gotten great results from our experiments," says Kircher. "They are as good as or better than the polygraph, and we are still in the early stages of this innovative new method to determine if someone is trying to deceive you."
Besides measuring a different type of response, eye-tracking methods for detecting lies has several other benefits over the polygraph. Eye tracking promises to cost substantially less, require one-fifth of the time currently needed for examinations, require no attachment to the subject being tested, be available in any language and be administered by technicians rather than qualified polygraph examiners. | <urn:uuid:f0d0d012-940b-4826-91f1-d85ebc6780d9> | {
"date": "2013-12-09T03:11:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163857566/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133057-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9530373215675354,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 610,
"url": "http://www.news-medical.net/news/20100712/Educational-psychologists-use-eye-tracking-method-for-detecting-lies.aspx"
} |
There’s an experimental store in the basement of Hewlett Packard Labs rigged together with spare tablet computers, empty racks, and foam core board. A small team of researchers built it to explore ways to give brick-and-mortar retailers some of the same capabilities as their Internet counterparts.
Online retailers know what products people are looking at, and when they don’t buy items in their virtual shopping carts. They use behavioral data like this to craft display ads and promotions aimed at getting people to complete their purchases.
Traditional stores don’t have this level of insight. They’re dependent on a sharp-eyed clerk to notice someone pacing an aisle or studying a product.
On the shelves of the Labs store, devices the size of an overstuffed wallet track people as they pause in front of a shelf and pick up items. The devices work together to interpret the meaning of customer behaviors—providing the equivalent of an online retailer’s digital clickstream.
Eventually, these devices will be able to connect to one another on an ad hoc basis to share information on a much larger scale. Parts on an oil rig, for example, will collaborate to interpret signs that might indicate an equipment malfunction; home security systems will warn neighbors about a prowler moving up the block; entire transportation grids will reprogram themselves to resolve traffic jams, redirecting travelers on the fly.
“At some point, we're going to have so much data in the world that just the process of moving that data to a cloud is going to be cost-prohibitive.”Amip Shah, Hewlett Packard Labs
By processing information themselves, communicating directly with other devices, and sharing only the required data, these “distributed mesh computers” can act fast and protect privacy. Each node on a network will be able to determine “have I seen this before, has anybody else seen this, and what should I do about it?” says Amip Shah, head of Distributed Mesh Computing, or DMC, research at Hewlett Packard Labs. "I don’t need my things to be smarter. I need them to have common sense."
It’s a vision that extends beyond today's Internet of Things, where common equipment such as electric meters, pollution monitors, and security cameras are outfitted with sensors, then connected to the Internet. HPE and others are developing platforms that manage and optimize the data these devices generate.
For now, IoT devices collect and send data to the cloud, where much of it languishes in storage. Only a small percentage of it is processed, analyzed, and turned into useful insights.
There are several limitations with this “device to data center” model, Shah says. First, data must be transmitted across networks, a bandwidth-intensive process that can be slow and expensive. Second, in order for these devices to effectively take action when needed, the data they collect must be analyzed in a timely manner, if not in real time.
Both of these limitations are being stressed by the explosion of data generated by IoT devices, which research firm IDC expects to grow from 88 exabytes in 2013 to 4,400 exabytes—4.4 trillion gigabytes—in 2020. That later figure is equivalent to all the data collected and copied in the world in 2013.
“At some point, we're going to have so much data in the world that just the process of moving that data to a cloud is going to be cost-prohibitive,” Shah says.
Yanyan Zhuang, a research assistant professor of computer science and engineering at New York University, says that to reduce a bandwidth crunch, network operators can filter and compress data at the point of collection, or just send on analytic conclusions. This approach "can dramatically reduce the amount of data to be sent” while alleviating some privacy concerns, she says.
The case for common sense analytics
A Distributed Mesh Computing device
The first test
To detect people walking down the aisles and measure their distance from products, the researchers installed on the shelves a series of low-cost, single-board Raspberry Pi computers. They outfitted them with sensors, including Bluetooth beacons and accelerometers, and a variety of cameras: some that could tilt and rotate, and others that remained stationary at eye level or in corners of the store."
By coupling image capture with data processing and analysis, the team was able to track customer interactions without transferring images away from the computer. The camera’s full-resolution images stayed local, and devices shared only a stripped-down version—the computer equivalent of the “tall guy in the blue shirt.”
Working together, the devices tracked customers as they walked through the store, like an online retailer tracking an anonymous website visitor as he browses the product catalog. Collectively, the computers could then also tell when customers were confused or needed help.
“It became a living lab,” says April Mitchell, a Hewlett Packard Labs research director, whose team built the store.
The common-sense network
There are two main challenges to moving DMC out of the concept store and into the real world. First, devices small enough to be widely deployed don’t have the storage capacity to collect the amounts of data necessary for accurate analytics. Second, they’re not fast enough.
On a small whiteboard beside a desk cluttered with tiny test computers at the back of Hewlett Packard Labs, electrical engineer Geoff Lyon has scribbled a potential solution.
His drawing—of a long rectangle of computer memory surrounded by tiny microprocessors—is simple. Yet it reverses today’s decades-old computer architecture model that revolves around the CPU, or central processing unit, and sidelines memory to a supporting role.
“I don’t need my things to be smarter. I need them to have common sense.”Amip Shah, Hewlett Packard Labs
In Lyon’s model, memory takes center stage. A small portion of the long block of memory is DRAM, or dynamic random access memory, the fastest type of memory available today. The remainder is flash storage. The envisioned computer transmits in real time the data its sensors collect to the DRAM, which sends it to several small processors for immediate analysis.
An adjacent, much longer block of flash storage stores older data and is surrounded by its own army of specialized processors. As the chips surrounding the DRAM process the real-time data, these chips analyze the historical data.
“We have raw data which we collect, which always stays on the node,” Lyon says. “We have processed information, which is anything that we're willing to share with the other nodes, and we have events that are essentially just broadcast.”
If one of the devices senses a lot of motion, for instance, it could broadcast that data to determine whether other devices are experiencing the same motion, as might happen in an earthquake, or if has detected an isolated event. If just a few devices report similar data, they could share processed information with one another to better understand what happened.
Future iterations of this memory-driven architecture, Lyon says, will also incorporate emerging memory technologies, to improve storage capacity, energy efficiency, and compute capabilities.
Lyon and his team have spent the past year building two test DMC arrays of 44 nodes each in the Labs basement, adjacent to the experimental retail store. He calls these arrays The Bakery because Raspberry Pis power all the nodes in these test beds.
For now, these computers are modest: they have 1 gigabyte of DRAM and 32 gigabytes of flash storage, and they don’t use Lyon’s proposed memory-driven architecture. But they’re outfitted with customized circuitry and an impressive range of sensors measuring temperature, humidity, air pressure, light absorbance, motion, and acceleration.
Next, the team plans to build another array of memory-driven computers, implementing the architecture Lyon believes will make DMC a viable commercial opportunity.
The experimental Labs store.
An attainable future
Shah, the head of DMC research, glows when he compares Mitchell’s scrappy retail store with Lyon’s more recent design of memory-driven arrays. To him, the two projects make clear the potential of DMC to transform entire systems, such as transportation and patient monitoring.
Shah says cars could come equipped with the devices Lyon is developing. They’ll detect problems or dangerous conditions. When a car goes over a patch of black ice, for example, it will perform analytics to conclude what happened, then act on the information in a way that doesn’t violate the driver’s privacy.
The car might send a signal asking if other cars plan to travel down the road where the ice is, Shah says, and then warn those that are. Using the same technique, they could find out whether some odd behavior in the car is common to a certain make and model and, if so, alert the manufacturer—all while protecting the driver’s privacy.
“That validation of the concept showed this could be done,” he says.
Meanwhile, the computers in The Bakery are blinking away | <urn:uuid:48f094c8-7aeb-46d0-a5ae-41ba4af98f29> | {
"date": "2018-06-19T21:29:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863206.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619212507-20180619232507-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9347360134124756,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1919,
"url": "https://www.labs.hpe.com/next-next/dmc"
} |
By Zacharie Charlesbois at April 27 2019 06:32:43
English Worksheets _ What you can do to make working on printable worksheets more enjoyable for your child may often depend on the age and interests of the child. For example, older children may have to read a poem which is on the sheet and then write their own poem in the same sort of style. If they have been used to playing word games while growing up this shouldn't be a problem, you just have to find a way of making the doing of it attractive. One thing that they might enjoy is if you put on a favourite cd and get them to see if they can use some of the main phrases from that in a different way, i.e. in the style of the poem.
The answer, of course, is YES they can. In my perfect world of mathematics education, no pre_school child is ever exposed to a worksheet of any kind. I would swing my magic wand, all worksheets would disappear, and the memory of them would be gone forever. In the real world, I know that simply won't happen. There will still be some parents who will insist on using worksheets. | <urn:uuid:c4b40a37-0164-423f-b862-96a0b97a9670> | {
"date": "2019-08-24T20:17:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321696.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824194521-20190824220521-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717468023300171,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 248,
"url": "https://www.dearstevejobs.com/fraction-decimal-percent-conversion-worksheet/engaging-math-tarsia-puzzle-fractions-with-decimals-and-percents/"
} |
Having tea has become a part of our lives. More than its health benefits, the people take it as a fashion and time-pass. I must say tea is one of the most delicious and famous beverages in the world used extensively everywhere. The doctors and health professionals are of the view that tea is highly health-friendly, which means you can have a lot of significance by using it and overcome different health issues.
Let’s explore which are the top 10 best health benefits of tea.
List of Content
- 10. Helps reducing the Weight:
- 9. Anti-inflammatory Properties:
- 8. Strengthens Your Bones:
- 7. Essential for Brain’s health:
- 6. Promotes Your Oral Health:
- 5. Controls Biochemicals’ level:
- 4. Controls Body Sugar:
- 3. Helps overcoming Heart-attack Risks:
- 2. Reduces the Cancer chances:
- 1. Controls Blood Pressure:
10. Helps reducing the Weight:
For those who are fed up of belly fats or the whole body obesity, shouldn’t miss to have tea at least once in a day. Its ingredients are so much wonderful and effective that you’ll see your fat reducing in a couple of weeks.
9. Anti-inflammatory Properties:
Tea has some distinctive and high leveled anti-inflammatory properties, which means it strengthens your immune system and helps fighting against different diseases.
8. Strengthens Your Bones:
Although calcium is not present in tea which is a bone strengthening component but if you mix up some milk into your tea cup and one teaspoon sugar then the cup becomes a complete nutritious diet, providing your bones more and more calcium.
7. Essential for Brain’s health:
Everyday we need a lot of healthy diets and liquids to make sure that the strength and health of our brain remain consistent. If you have two cups of tea everyday, then you can be ensured to have higher memory skills and get rid of different internal brain problems. The research has proved that tea is effective for reducing the chances of various brain disorders.
6. Promotes Your Oral Health:
Tea consumption everyday can help you have improved teeth, which means this is a good and efficient beverage to promote your oral health. Make sure you don’t insert too much sugar or don’t intake strong tea, which can instead harm your teeth and become the reason of tooth-decay.
5. Controls Biochemicals’ level:
Tea’s rich antioxidants and ingredients are helpful in controlling the level of body’ biochemical elements, also it is effective to control the activities of your body enzymes.
4. Controls Body Sugar:
The patients of diabetes must have a cup or two of tea everyday. This can ensure them to have controlled sugar level in the body. If you are a diabetes patient then make sure you don’t insert too much sugar, honey or other sweetener into your tea so that the control over your body sugar is maintained 24 hours.
3. Helps overcoming Heart-attack Risks:
The regular use of tea everyday can help you overcome the risks of heart-attack. It linens your heart cells and blood vessels with a protective layer so that they circulatory system can perform well all the day and night, thus the heart attack risks are next to none.
2. Reduces the Cancer chances:
The antioxidants and nutrition of tea are quite effective to keep your body cells healthy, and help you reduce the chances of all the forms of cancer like prostrate cancer, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, lungs cancer and others.
1. Controls Blood Pressure:
Tea is also effective in controlling the blood pressure of your body. It keeps the circulation system maintained and avoids your blood from getting darkened. Thus, both high and low blood pressure levels can be controlled by having tea. | <urn:uuid:55a9428c-caef-4b73-a415-fea4ae16c487> | {
"date": "2019-08-24T21:12:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321696.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824194521-20190824220521-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9271665215492249,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 806,
"url": "http://top10for.com/top-10-best-health-benefits-tea/"
} |
Subsets and Splits