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16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today:
Friday, August 11, 1911: It is impossible to write anything for today that will prove itself interesting, so I won’t try.
Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:
In 1911 Grandma’s little brother Jimmie was 6-years-old. She seldom mentions him in the diary. On quiet summer days I wonder if she ever made crafts with him.
The July 1911 issue of Good Housekeeping magazine had directions for a paper frog that swims.
If you’d like to make the swimming frog, here are the adapted and abridged directions.
Heavy white paper
Small straight (sewing) pin
Paste or glue
Thin white paper for tracing (optional)
Click for the frog pattern. Print a copy of the pattern, and then cut it out.
Fold the heavy white paper in half. Fit the straight line of the frog’s back exactly on the fold of the paper. Trace around the pattern. Cut out both halves of the paper at once. Use a pencil to draw the frog’s mouth and eyes.
Bend out the legs and lower part of the body as indicated by the dotted lines.
Open the frog and lay him on his back. Cover the inside of the head and the inside of the body as far down as the dotted line with glue or paste. Then lay a pin on one-half of the head. Fold the two halves of the frog together and press. This will paste the pin inside with only the pin-head and a small part of the pin standing out from the frog’s mouth like a tongue. Now bend the legs out again, so they will lie flat on either side of the frog when you set him down on the table.
After the paste or glue dries fill a bowl or pan with water, then set the frog down on top of the water. Hold the magnet near the pin in the frog’s mouth.
Hold the magnet just far enough away from the frog to keep him from jumping. He will follow the magnet in any direction you want.
When you take the frog out of the water, set it on a piece of clean paper and press the feet flat. When it is dry it will be as good as new.
P.S.—Previous posts with old-time paper crafts have been very popular. If you haven’t already seen them you may want to check them out: | <urn:uuid:9f3514d6-21e2-4ff9-a9e9-5edb59787d18> | {
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The entire Court Order book collection of the Southampton County, Virginia Court from 1749 through the early 1880s has been digitalized. This includes 57,000 pages, involving approximately one million names. This information is free online at: www.wiki.familysearch.org/en/Southampton_County,_Virginia. This collection is a goldmine for African Americans tracing their ancestors who once lived in Southampton County. Many of the books that have been digitized were 300 to 700 pages. Court Order books from the 1700s to the end of the slave trade lists the names of Africans when they were first brought to the area, their ages, owner’s names, and in a few cases the ships on which they were brought over. Wills and estate settlements lists the names of slaves, descriptions and family relationships. If your ancestors came from Southampton County, Virginia, you must check out this collection. Thanks go to Southampton Circuit Court Clerk, Richard Francis, and the volunteers of the Brantley Association of America who undertook this huge project in 2009 and 2010.
Posts Tagged ‘Virginia Slavery’
In 1831, Nat Turner led the largest slave rebellion in the history of the United States. Turner, born in 1800 in Jerusalem, Southampton County, Virginia. Wessyngton Plantation’s founder Joseph Washington lived in Southampton County before he came to Tennessee. Many of the slaves on Wessyngton Plantation were brought by Joseph to Tennessee.
In Virginia, Turner, a self-proclaimed Baptist minister, was known as “The Prophet” to the enslaved African Americans and often conducted services for them. He claimed to be given visions by God, and that he was ordained to lead his people to freedom. Unlike most slaves and many whites, Turner was able to read and write.
Turner’s group of followers was composed of more than 50 fellow slaves and free blacks. During the insurrection of 1831, the group went through the countryside of Southampton County killing 55 men, women, and children. The insurrection lasted for two days before the local militia put it down. Turner and several of the leaders were executed; others were transported out of the area.
The Turner rebellion put fear in the hearts and minds of slave holders throughout the South, which led to laws further restricting the activities of enslaved African Americans and free blacks.
The revolt influenced the Tennessee legislature to pass laws in 1831 that prevented more free blacks from entering the state. Any person emancipating a slave had to send him out of the state. When the new constitution in Tennessee was written in 1834, free blacks were denied voting privileges.
Slaves were usually known by their first names, especially on small farms with few slaves. Plantation owners rarely recorded their slaves with surnames unless they had several individuals with the same first names. For that reason the use of surnames by slaves was far more common on large plantations where more people were likely to have the same given names.
Due to Wessyngton Plantation having such a large enslaved population many African Americans are listed with their previous owners’ surnames as early as the 1820s.
Slave bills of sale and other documents in the Washington Family Papers collection details the origins of many of these African American families.
The list above documents the names African Americans on Wessyngton Plantation who used surnames prior to emancipation and the date of their arrival on the plantation.
Slave owners kept detailed records of their slaves’ births, and deaths, and purchases; although many of them have not survived. They often recorded these events in their family bibles along with information on their own families.
The 1715 Blow family bible records the births of slaves owned by the Blows of Sussex, and Southampton counties in Virginia. Nineteen births of four mothers are recorded from 1737 to 1763 spanning three generations. This is a goldmine of information for African American research. Descendants of these slaves can be found searching other records in the Blow Family Papers in the Swem Library in Virginia. | <urn:uuid:6d70fba5-8fa4-4270-9bb4-480962269838> | {
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The following editorial first appeared in the Los Angeles Times:
Salmon that have been genetically engineered to grow twice as fast as wild salmon are not ready for an appearance on the American dinner plate. An advisory panel of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration was wise to push back this week against what looked like fast-track approval of the first genetically altered animal for human consumption, saying more research is needed.
Most of the debate has centered on whether the super-salmon proposed by AquaBounty Technologies Inc. are safe to eat. They might well be, despite the just criticisms of poorly designed studies on hormone levels in their flesh and whether they might have lower resistance to disease.
That discussion has unfortunately overshadowed the even more troubling question of whether the fish are safe for the environment. There's a big difference between genetically altering domesticated animals - cattle, for example, which might be designed to resist mad cow disease - and creating an animal with a possible evolutionary advantage in the wild. Cheaper salmon that can be farmed with less of a carbon footprint might be a tempting idea, but does the modern world really need such salmon? Not enough to merit environmental risk. It would take many more years of research, and far more information than the public has so far been given, to determine whether it's possible to fully guard the world's waters from harm - such as the possibility that the super-salmon could breed with wild salmon or outcompete wild fish for available food, endangering the survival of the species and possibly harming other aquatic life.
In any case, the FDA is the wrong agency to make the environmental decision. It was given authority over such animals because the genes inserted into the animals' DNA are considered a drug. But the FDA isn't where the federal government's top environmental, wildlife and fisheries experts work. Multiple agencies should have responsibility for reviewing these applications, including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service.
In order to avoid escapes of super-salmon into rivers or the ocean, AquaBounty has developed an impressive set of safeguards. It plans to rear the fish in tanks on land rather than in the usual ocean pens. As an added precaution, it would render the fish sterile so they could not mate with wild salmon. But the sterilization process is not perfect; up to 5 percent of treated salmon could still reproduce. The company has said that the facility in the Panama highlands where the fish would be reared is adjacent to a river, probably because copious amounts of water are needed to flush the tanks. But the specific location has not been revealed, and the public has the right to know more about it. Where is the river exactly? How close to it will the tanks be? Further, even if the FDA approves the process, it's unclear that the agency would be able to ensure compliance.
AquaBounty's two small facilities - it would also run a hatchery on Prince Edward Island in Canada - probably would offer little chance of escape. But federal regulators must look at the bigger picture. This is a first-phase proposal. If more and larger super-salmon farms come into play, the chances of sloppier facilities and the escape of non-sterile salmon would increase.
What would happen then? Possibly nothing. The salmon might be less able to live in a natural environment than their wild counterparts. But we don't know. The environmental assessments so far haven't adequately looked at this question or what kind of environmental response might be needed. Instead, they have mainly been limited to preventing escapes, on the assumption that a serious problem is so unlikely to occur, there's little need for a well-researched plan beyond that point. We all know how well that kind of thinking worked with the Deepwater Horizon oil rig.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us | <urn:uuid:b89a1e31-991e-4787-82c6-b000f7675ff1> | {
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Asperger’s syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects a person’s ability to socialize and communicate effectively with others. Children with Asperger’s Syndrome typically exhibit social awkwardness and an all-absorbing interest in specific topics.
Doctors group Asperger’s Syndrome with other conditions that are called autistic spectrum disorders or pervasive developmental disorders. These disorders all involve problems with social skills and communication. Asperger’s Syndrome is generally thought to be at the milder end of this spectrum.
While there’s no cure for Asperger’s Syndrome, if your child has the condition treatment can help him or her learn how to interact more successfully in social situations.
Asperger’s Syndrome symptoms include:
- Engaging in one-sided, long-winded conversations, without noticing if the listener is listening or trying to change the subject
- Displaying unusual nonverbal communication, such as lack of eye contact, few facial expressions, or awkward body postures and gestures
- Showing an intense obsession with one or two specific, narrow subjects, such as baseball statistics, train schedules, weather or snakes
- Appearing not to understand, empathize with or be sensitive to others’ feelings
- Having a hard time “reading” other people or understanding humor
- Speaking in a voice that is monotonous, rigid or unusually fast
- Moving clumsily, with poor coordination
Unlike children with more-severe forms of autism spectrum disorders, those with Asperger’s Syndrome usually don’t have delays in the development of language skills. That means your child will use single words by the age of 2 and phrases by the time he or she is 3 years old. But, children with Asperger’s Syndrome may have difficulties holding normal conversations. Conversations may feel awkward and lack the usual give and take of normal social interactions.
Toddlers and school-age children with Asperger’s syndrome may not show an interest in friendships. Youngsters with Asperger’s often have developmental delays in their motor skills, such as walking, catching a ball or playing on playground equipment.
In early childhood, kids with Asperger’s may be quite active. By young adulthood, people with Asperger’s Syndrome may experience depression or anxiety.
When to see a doctor
All kids have their quirks, and many toddlers show a sign or symptom of Asperger’s Syndrome at some point. It’s natural for small children to be egocentric, and many children show a strong interest in a particular topic, such as dinosaurs or a favorite fictional character. These generally aren’t reasons to be alarmed.
However, if your elementary schoolchild has frequent problems in school or seems unable to make friends, it’s time to talk with your child’s doctor. These difficulties have many possible causes, but developmental disorders such as Asperger’s Syndrome need to be considered. Children who have behaviors that interfere with learning and social development should have a comprehensive evaluation.
It’s not clear what causes Asperger’s Syndrome, although changes in certain genes may be involved. The disorder also seems to be linked to changes in the structure of the brain.
One factor that isn’t associated with the development of Asperger’s Syndrome or other autism spectrum disorders is childhood immunizations.
Boys are far more likely to develop Asperger’s Syndrome than are girls.
Preparing for your appointment
You’ll probably first see your child’s pediatrician or family doctor, who will likely refer your child to a mental health expert, such as a child psychologist or psychiatrist.
Being well prepared can help you make the most of your appointment. Here’s some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
What you can do
- Write down any symptoms you’ve noticed in your child, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
- Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.
- Make a list of any medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements, that your child is taking.
- Ask a family member or friend to join you and your child for the appointment, if possible. Sometimes it can be difficult to soak up all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.
- Write down questions to ask your doctor.
Preparing a list of questions ahead of time will help save time for the things you want to discuss most. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For Asperger’s Syndrome, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
- What is likely causing my child’s behavior?
- Are there other possible causes?
- What kinds of tests does my child need?
- Will he or she outgrow this condition?
- What treatments can help?
- Can these treatments cure Asperger’s Syndrome?
- Are there any specialized programs available to help educate my child regarding social skills?
- What should I tell his or her school?
- What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you’re suggesting?
- Would changes in diet help?
- What’s the prognosis for my child? Can he or she live a relatively normal life?
- Should I see a specialist?
- Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend visiting?
In addition to the questions that you’ve prepared to ask your doctor, don’t hesitate to ask additional questions during your appointment.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, including:
- What specific behaviors prompted your visit today?
- When did you first notice these symptoms in your child?
- Have these behaviors been continuous, or occasional?
- Does anything seem to improve your child’s symptoms?
- What, if anything, appears to worsen your child’s symptoms?
- When did your child first crawl? Walk? Say his or her first word?
- Does your child have close friends?
- What are some of your child’s favorite activities? Is there one that he or she favors?
- Have you noticed a change in his or her level of frustration in social settings?
Tests and diagnosis
Because Asperger’s syndrome varies widely in severity and signs, making a diagnosis can be difficult. If your child shows some signs of Asperger’s syndrome, your doctor may suggest a comprehensive assessment by a team of professionals.
This evaluation will likely include observing your child and talking to you about your child’s development. You may be asked about your child’s social interaction, communication skills and friendships. Your child may also have a number of tests to determine his or her level of intellect and academic abilities. Tests may examine your child’s abilities in the areas of speech, language and visual-motor problem solving. Tests can also identify other emotional, behavioral and psychological issues.
To be diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome, your child’s signs and symptoms must match the criteria spelled out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association and used by mental health providers to diagnose mental conditions.
Some of the DSM criteria for Asperger’s syndrome are:
- No significant language delays
- A lack of eye to eye contact
- Unusual body posture or social expressions
- Difficulty making friends
- A preoccupation with one subject
- No interest in interactive play
- An inflexible attitude toward change
Unfortunately, some children with Asperger’s syndrome may initially be misdiagnosed with another problem, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder, possibly because the symptoms of some conditions are similar to those of Asperger’s. Additionally, these other conditions may coexist with Asperger’s, which can delay the diagnosis.
Treatments and drugs
The core signs of Asperger’s syndrome can’t be cured. However, many children with Asperger’s Syndrome grow into happy and well-adjusted adults.
Most children benefit from early specialized interventions that focus on behavior management and social skills training. Your doctor can help identify resources in your area that may work for your child.
Asperger’s Syndrome treatment options may include:
Communication and social skills training
Children with Asperger’s syndrome may be able to learn the unwritten rules of socialization and communication when taught in an explicit and rote fashion, much like the way students learn foreign languages. Children with Asperger’s Syndrome may also learn how to speak in a more natural rhythm, as well as how to interpret communication techniques, such as gestures, eye contact, and tone of voice, humor and sarcasm.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
this general term encompasses many techniques aimed at curbing problem behaviors, such as interrupting, obsessions, meltdowns or angry outbursts, as well as developing skills such as recognizing feelings and coping with anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy usually focuses on training a child to recognize a troublesome situation — such as a new place or an event with lots of social demands — and then select a specific learned strategy to cope with the situation.
There are no medications that specifically treat Asperger’s Syndrome. But some medications may improve specific symptoms — such as anxiety, depression or hyperactivity — that can occur in many children with Asperger’s Syndrome. Examples include:
- Aripiprazole (Abilify). This drug may be effective for treating irritability related to Asperger’s syndrome. Side effects may include weight gain and an increase in blood sugar levels.
- Guanfacine (Intuniv). This medication may be helpful for the problems of hyperactivity and inattention in children with Asperger’s syndrome. Side effects may include drowsiness, irritability, headache, constipation and bedwetting.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Drugs such as fluvoxamine (Luvox) may be used to treat depression or to help control repetitive behaviors. Possible side effects include restlessness and agitation.
- Risperidone (Risperdal). This medication may be prescribed for agitation and irritability. It may cause trouble sleeping, a runny nose and an increased appetite. This drug has also been associated with an increase in cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa). Olanzapine is sometimes prescribed to reduce repetitive behaviors. Possible side effects include increased appetite, drowsiness, weight gain, and increased blood sugar and cholesterol levels.
- Naltrexone (Revia). This medication, which is sometimes used to help alcoholics stop drinking, may help reduce some of the repetitive behaviors associated with Asperger’s syndrome. However, the use of low-dose naltrexone — in doses as low as two to four mg a day — has been gaining favor recently. But, there’s no good evidence that such low doses have any effect on Asperger’s Syndrome.
Because there are no definitive treatments for Asperger’s syndrome, some parents may turn to complementary or alternative therapies. However, most of these treatments haven’t been adequately studied. It’s possible that by focusing on alternative treatments, you may miss out on behavior therapies that have more evidence to support their use.
Of greater concern, however, is that some treatments may not be safe. The Food and Drug Administration has warned about over-the-counter chelation medications. These drugs have been marketed as a therapy for autism spectrum disorders and other conditions. Chelation is a therapy that removes heavy metals from the body, but there are no over-the-counter chelation therapies that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This type of therapy should only be done under the close supervision of medical professionals. According to the FDA, the risks of chelation include dehydration, kidney failure and even death.
Other examples of alternative therapies that have been used for Asperger’s syndrome include:
Sleep problems are common in children with Asperger’s Syndrome, and melatonin supplements may help regulate your child’s sleep-wake cycle. The recommended dose is 3 mg, 30 minutes before bedtime. Possible side effects include excessive sleepiness, dizziness and headache.
Other dietary supplements
numerous dietary supplements have been tried in people with autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger’s syndrome. Those that may have some evidence to support their use include:
- Vitamin B-6 and magnesium
- Vitamin C (usually in combination with other vitamins)
- Omega-3 fatty acids
some parents have turned to gluten-free or casein-free diets to treat autism spectrum disorders. There’s no clear evidence that these diets work, and anyone attempting such a diet for their child needs guidance from a registered dietitian to ensure the child’s nutritional requirements are met.
This gastrointestinal hormone has been tried as a potential treatment. Numerous studies have been conducted on secretin, and none found any evidence that it helps.
Other therapies that have been tried, but lack objective evidence to support their use include hyperbaric oxygen therapy, immune therapies, antibiotics, antifungal drugs, chiropractic manipulations, massage and craniosacral massage, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Coping and support
Asperger’s Syndrome can be a difficult, lonely disorder — both for affected children and their parents. The disorder brings difficulties socializing and communicating with your child. It may also mean fewer play dates and birthday invitations and more stares at the grocery store from people who don’t understand that a child’s meltdown is part of a disability, not the result of “bad parenting.”
Luckily, as this disorder gains widespread recognition and attention, there are more and more sources of help. Here are a few suggestions:
- Maintain a consistent schedule whenever possible. If you have to introduce change, try to do so gradually.
- Learn about the disorder. There are numerous books and websites dedicated to the disorder. Do some research so that you better understand your child’s challenges and the range of services in your school district and state that may help.
- Learn about your child. The signs and symptoms of Asperger’s Syndrome vary for each child, and young children have a hard time explaining their behaviors and challenges. But, with time and patience, you’ll learn which situations and environments may cause problems for your child and which coping strategies work. Keeping a diary and looking for patterns may help.
- Find a team of trusted professionals. You’ll need to make important decisions about your child’s education and treatment. Find a team of teachers and therapists who can help evaluate the options in your area and explain the federal regulations regarding children with disabilities.
- Help others help your child. Most children with Asperger’s syndrome have no visible sign of disability, so you may need to alert coaches, relatives and other adults to your child’s special needs. Otherwise, a well-meaning coach may spend time lecturing your child on “looking at me while I’m talking” — something that can be very difficult for a child with Asperger’s Syndrome.
- Help your child turn his or her obsession into a passion. The tendency to fixate on a particular narrow topic is one of the hallmarks of Asperger’s syndrome, and it can be annoying to those who must listen to incessant talk about the topic every day. But a consuming interest can also connect a child with Asperger’s syndrome to schoolwork and social activities. In some cases, kids with Asperger’s Syndrome can even turn their childhood fascination into a career or profession.
- Find support. Lean on family and friends when you can. Ask someone who understands your child’s needs to babysit sometimes so that you can get an occasional break. You may also find a support group for parents of children with Asperger’s Syndrome helpful. Ask your child’s doctor if he or she knows of any groups in your area. Or, visit the Online Asperger Syndrome Information and Support website. | <urn:uuid:af783124-9ee3-4ad7-9268-f47ca3fa1bf9> | {
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Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was once visited by a sadhu who had worshiped an image of Rama Lalla, infant Rama, for several decades, and who had as a result acquired many siddhis, occult powers. An amazing miracle occurred. Seeking liberation from sectarian possessiveness, the image transferred its loyalty from the sadhu to the sage. Adopting the vatsalya or parental attitude of devotion to Rama Lalla, Ramakrishna played with the image as Kaushalya, Rama's mother, would have done. He cuddled, scolded, spoke and sang to the animated image of the divine infant. When the time came for the sadhu to take leave of Sri Ramakrishna, the image would not part with the company of the sage! This story has a deep lesson for Hinduism in the modern world, and not only for Hinduism.
Like Rama Lalla in the Ramakrishna story, Rama bhakti in India today deserves enlightened trusteeship, not manipulation by the politics of historical revenge. The wrongs of the past, however hurtful to memory, cannot be put right by wrongs in the present, however advantageous they may seem to the ego of historically injured pride. We must not forget that Hinduism calls for an overcoming of ego, not an indulgence of it. We must not go against the grain of our svadharma, if we wish to be protected by dharma.
The Babari Masjid could have been allowed to remain unharmed in Ayodhya, and Muslims could have been persuaded to let the worship of Rama Lalla continue unhampered within the mosque-like edifice which had many Hindu architectural features. With Sita-ki-Rasoi as its companion shrine, symbolizing the compassionate nourishment of the Divine Mother towards all Her creatures, the functioning Rama temple inside the structure would have powerfully symbolized Vishnu's conservationist power in our times. A unique ecological shrine would have manifested for the next millennium in Ayodhya. But this was not to be.
Anger, like Ravana, drowned the voice of Vibhishana, the voice of conscience, and for the first time in history, at any rate in the modern period, Hindus destroyed a place of worship. That act initiated the violent persecution of members of a religious community, which in its turn invited a chain of retaliatory violence. The security of India and the integrity of Hinduism have been undermined as a direct result of the Ayodhya agitation.
Like Sita herself in the Ramayana, Sita-ki-Rasoi lies buried under the debris of the demolished Babari Masjid. If this second banishment of Sita is not to become a curse upon India, we must without delay move beyond the clenched fist of vengefulness into the hospitality of illumination, beyond the exclusivism of a "Sangha Parivar" toward the vastness of a "Bharat Parivar." We must allow the magical story of Ramakrishna and Rama Lalla to enable all religious traditions in the modern world to abandon fundamentalism and become playful trustees of spiritual truth.
Ramchandra Ghandi, New Delhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi, is a former professor at University of Hyderabad, Shantiniketan and California Institute of Integral Studies.
Hinduism Today has in the past published and will continue to publish in the future all sides of the Ayodhya issue including arguments for and against actions taken there. All readers' responses are welcome. | <urn:uuid:10ad272a-2424-46c4-ba53-82050e0804a8> | {
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What is Tinnitus?
Tinnitus is a medical condition characterized by persistent ringing in one or both ears which can only be heard by the affected individual. It has also been described as whistling, hissing, buzzing, or pulsing in the ear. These sounds may come and go; however, most sufferers experience symptoms 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The effects range from slight annoyance to severe disruption of everyday life. The American Tinnitus Association estimates that over 50 million Americans suffer from Tinnitus.
Due to the personal and unique nature of each Tinnitus condition, proper evaluation and specialized treatment is necessary. Although there isn’t a single cure for Tinnitus, AudigyCertified™ professionals are experienced at providing individual solutions on a case-by-case basis. After completing a hearing test, your professional may refer you to an otolaryngologist for further examination.
In many cases, the distressing combination of Tinnitus and hearing loss can be relieved with AGX hearing technology. While worn, a hearing system can restore ambient sounds and help fill Sound Voids™ to eliminate the effects of Tinnitus. An electronic device called a Masker may also be worn to distract from the ringing sensation. Maskers fit in the ear much like hearing aids and produce low-level sounds.
Our professionals will also evaluate other treatment options with you including Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT). Tinnitus Retraining Therapy combines low-level, steady background sounds played through a device with intensive counseling. TRT is an involved process that can take 12–24 months to reduce the effects of Tinnitus. | <urn:uuid:28ddc5a2-49ba-475a-a10f-eefb6866817a> | {
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A gastric ulcer (a type of peptic ulcer or PUD) is a disease in which there is a defect in the mucosal lining of the stomach caused by dysfunction in the normal relationship between stomach acid and the protective mechanisms of the stomach. Such ulcers are more common among men than women: about 1 in 20 men over 35 years old have suffered with a peptic ulcer at some time. The disease is even more common in people over 40, and it can also affect children as young as 7.
In addition there is a great geographic difference in prevalence. Duodenal (at the junction between the stomach and the small intestine) ulcers are 3 to 9 times as common in Western Europe than in Japan, southern Norway or Peru. In the later, gastric ulcers (i.e. stomach ulcers) are more common.
According to Johnson, there are 4 types of ulcer which can occur in the stomach and intestine.
Type I - high gastric ulcers
Type II - peptic ulcers, which affect both the stomach and small intestine
Type III – distal gastric ulcers
Type IV – duodenal ulcers
All ulcers of the stomach or intestine can cause nausea and vomiting, upper abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss and bleeding. This makes it more difficult to precisely determine what disease the patient suffers with – the symptoms are quite similar for all types of ulcer. An gastric or duodenal ulcer can in some cases also result in severe to very severe back cramping and/or cramping in the lower abdomen. If one suffers from very long-term back tension, a peptic ulcer may be the cause.
A certain diagnosis is only possible through gastroscopy/endoscopy. Biopsies of the tissue can then be taken and the risk for cancer can be assessed.
Causes of peptic ulcers
The most common cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers is an infection of the mucosal lining of the stomach by a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori or simply H. pylori (accounting for 75%-80% of cases). It's more rare that the cause is the intake of anti-inflammatory or pain medication. Physical stress or other illness can also lead to gastric or intestinal ulcers (i.e. peptic ulcers).
The realisation the H. pylori is a major cause for the development of ulcers in the digestive tract is an important recent discovery. According to official studies, approximately 35% of Western Europeans carry the H. pylori bacteria, though only about 10% go on to develop gastritis, gastric ulcers or duodenal ulcers.
Other possible causes include nicotine, alcohol and medications as well as noise-induced and/or work-related stress. A direct connection has not been made between stress and the development of peptic ulcers, though these factors are known to harm the lining of the stomach.
How does H. pylori work?
This bacteria lives in the mucous layer of the stomach – its ideal environment as the stomach lining contains precisely the right level of oxygen for the bacteria to multiply. In order to survive the bacteria produce ammonia which neutralizes the stomach acid. The bacteria also produce a substance which alters the metabolism of the cells in the stomach wall, and this indirectly leads to an increase in the production of stomach acid. The end result: chronic inflammation. This can damage the mucosal lining of the stomach and lead to the development of ulcers in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
In cases involving peptic ulcers, up to 80% of sufferers are infected with the H. pylori bacteria. Through aggressive and consistent efforts to eliminate the bacteria using antibiotics, the gastric ulcers can in almost all cases be successfully treated.
About 90% of cases of duodenal ulcers are attributable to infection of Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Nonetheless not all people who are infected automatically develop an ulcer. It is still unclear why this is true and the exact connection between infection with the bacteria and the development of duodenal (actually in the intestine) ulcers is still unclear. The elimination of the bacteria via antibiotics is also an effective treatment for such ulcers.
Additionally there is a dramatic increase in the rate of stomach cancer connected to the presence of the H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria aggressively assaults the lining of the stomach and this leads to massive changes. It's important to understand that this can account for a five-fold increase in the chance of developing stomach cancer.
Is heartburn dangerous? If you suffer with the condition from time to time, no. If you suffer with heartburn almost all the time, yes. Heartburn is nothing more than regurgitation of gastric acid (reflux). The cause can either be excessive production of stomach acid or a defect in the closure between the stomach and the oesophagus. It can be dangerous because the lining of the oesophagus can become damaged by the recurring acid reflux. The risk is that the damaged cells can become cancerous – the risk for developing oesophageal cancer can increase by up to 8 times.
The recommendation: treat the causes of the gastritis and prevent the condition from developing using Bentomed from fangocur
The natural healing power of the Earth can be used to improve our health. The Gossendorf fango healing clay has both adsorptive (i.e. binding) and absorptive qualities. For internal use such as when drinking fangocur Bentomed, the binding or adsorptive characteristics are most important. The toxins and gas produced by bacteria which live in the human gut are bound and passed in the stool. The contents of fango healing clay inhibit inflammation, encourage normal metabolism and kill harmful bacteria (antimicrobial). That's why Bentomed from fangocur is so effective in the treatment of gastritis and ulcers of the digestive tract (stomach and intestine).
The fango healing clay is effective in many digestive conditions
According to a medical/balneological study conducted by the Physiology Department of the Vienna Medical University under the direction of Dr. W. Marktl, 2006), fango healing clay is an effective treatment for: chronic gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), duodenal ulcers, peptic ulcers, chronic enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine), colitis (chronic inflammatory bowel disease).
In the morning and in the evening add 1 teaspoon of the Bentomed (a fine powder) to a glass of water and stir. It's best to let the Bentomed drink stand for at least 10 minutes as this allows the contents to dissolve into the water. Depending on the desired effect, you may also want to consume the sediment remaining in the glass. You'll find more complete instructions in the package. You can also do a long-term treatment with fangocur Bentomed. After the first 3 week cycle of daily use, take a break for a week. You then repeat the 3 week treatment cycle. We recommend doing this longer program 2 or 3 times per year, even after the condition is completely resolved.
If you're already taking prescription medication, we do not recommend that you discontinue its use. Instead, use fangocur Bentomed in addition to the treatment advised by your physician. Bentomed has absolutely no side effects, but should in such cases be used an hour or more before or after you take your prescribed medication. This is due to the powerful detoxifying effect of the fango clay. | <urn:uuid:2c868cf1-e4e6-4ca3-be5c-f832bad7b10d> | {
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Recycling services collect materials like metal, glass, paper, and plastic that can be broken down and reused. If you are looking to reduce the amount of waste your home or business produces, the following are some important recycling terms to know.
Scrap Metal – Scrap metals are metals that are left over from industrial production of that have been disposed of. Scrap metal often has significant monetary value and is collected by scrap metal businesses. Metals like steel and aluminum are collected and then melted down to be resold as wholesale products.
Resin Identification Code – A resin identification code is a number stamped on plastics to identify the type of polymer they consist of. These numbers are used to sort and process plastic waste so it can be recycled. Plastic waste can only be recycled together if it is made from the same polymers, so these codes are used to manage the recycling process.
Composting – Composting is a process of breaking down organic materials to make compost, which can be used as fertilizer. Many people who do home composting have some sort or compost bin or pile in their yard where they dispose of household organic waste. Rubbish will generally break down within a few months time in a compost bin.
Landfill – A landfill is a waste management facility where trash is dumped and then buried. Private trash services and municipal collectors take trash to a landfill to be sorted for processing or permanently disposed of.
Biodegradable – An item is biodegradable if it can be broken down by bacteria or other organic processes. Biodegradable products are more environmentally friendly because they can be broken down in landfills. Some materials targeted for wholesale recycling, like glass and plastic, either will not biodegrade or take a very long time to break down.
Find out more about how recycling is beneficial to both the environment and your household, too! Save money and the planet by joining our mission to increase recycling and decrease our carbon footprint.
Recycling is important in this day and age. That's why recycling services come in handy for recycling large amounts of materials at once. These companies handle lots of different materials, from paper and plastic to glass and aluminum. Other items, such as oil cans, foil, cartridges, and batteries, need to be disposed of properly, and these companies can achieve this. Depending on the size of the facility, some can handle large amounts of scrap, garbage, and trash. Others are smaller and provide smaller scale services. Many large communities have recycling centers, serving the greater district. Recycling services did not begin in this country until the 1970s, when basic paper recycling collection began. Today, communities are more environmentally conscious and most offer regular office and residential pickup of recycling products, such as paper, plastic, and glass. Conservation and waste management is at the forefront of our society today. Recycle services exist to help meet these demands, with the goal of properly disposing of waste and reusing recyclables like newspaper. This can include services such as waste management solutions, electronic recycling, pick-up, and more. Many recycling services are further categorized by type of recyclables, such as rubber, electronics, scrap metal, used commercial goods, and computers. This can also include household trash, and even compost. Still others collect and dispose of just the basics, such as glass, plastic, and paper. Business customers looking for recycle services can check the internet for local listings, ask others in the business, or visit a recycling center nearby to learn more. | <urn:uuid:17e6efc3-67b0-4d38-ac5c-1a1f71a1c70a> | {
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As Ossein correctly commented, the naturalist who first realized that leafcutter ants were feeding on fungi rather than leaves (trivia question in the Fungus Gardener post) was Thomas Belt.
I first ran across Thomas Belt in the selection of essays about insects, Insect Lives edited by Erich Hoyt and Ted Schultz. In this collection the editors included two essays from Belt's book The Naturalist in Nicaragua (1874): "Army Ants," and "The Ant and the Acacia Tree."
Thomas Belt (1832-1878) was a mining engineer by profession, but he was also a superb naturalist. When his work took him to places like Nicaragua he was able to put his keen interest and observation skills to good use. When examining leafcutter ants, Belt discussed the likelihood that many local trees and plants were probably less suitable for leafcutter ant gardens than undefended crop plants brought in from other areas. In addition to noting the leafcutters' use of fungal gardens, Belt also first recognized the nature of the relationship between "bull's-horn" acacias and ants, and that Cecropia stems provided homes for ants.
The electronic versions of his book The Naturalist in Nicaragua available for free at Project Gutenberg have a wonderful introduction from the Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. If you are interested in the "history" aspect of natural history, then you might want to take a look.
The Naturalist in Nicaragua is also available on Amazon for the Kindle | <urn:uuid:b19b0315-2bdc-44a7-99bd-69f1658f427f> | {
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An Associate degree in Computer Electronics Technology is designed for students who desire a new career in the electronics industries or who seek career advancement by upgrading their current technology expertise. The rapid growth of computer-based business and industry has led to a similar demand for expertise in the design and repair of digital-based computer hardware. This program focuses on the theoretical and hands-on understanding of the digital design, installation, interfacing and control of computer-based industrial electronic equipment. Recent graduates are working in the field as electronics designers, electrical equipment installers, component testers, and consumer electronics and computer technicians. Students develop other skills associated with electronics through laboratory experience and course lectures in computer networking and web design.
Curriculum guides are designed to help students stay on track for timely graduation. In order to remain on track, students must complete the minimum requirements for each tracking semester, known as milestones. Milestones may include successful completion of specified courses and/or attainment of a minimum GPA.
Following the sample academic plan and its milestones will help students stay on track to graduate in four years. Students will need to refer to and/or print both the appropriate Liberal Studies Requirements AND the appropriate major sheet in order to view the complete degree program requirements.
- Liberal Studies General Core Requirements
- Liberal Studies Requirements: Whitney Young School Honors Program
The courses required for earning an Associate degree in Computer Graphics and Multimedia Production Technology are in three basic categories:
- Liberal Studies—for the development of critical skills in English composition, technical writing, mathematics, and the natural, behavioral, or social sciences;
- Computer Electronics Technology core courses – for developing a fundamental understanding of electrical circuitry, digital circuitry, microprocessor architecture and computer networking; and web design and development for a broader understanding of the application of computer technology.
Print This Page | <urn:uuid:ddd09af8-bcee-4769-b4c8-bc498aa6e575> | {
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3D Printing of Body Parts! An Emerging Medical Trend
3D Printing of Body Parts! An Emerging Medical Trend
3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) and its wide-reaching applications is a trend that can no longer be ignored. 3D printing is the process by which 3 dimensional objects are printed layer by layer using a digital file. In a 3D printer, one or more print heads extrudes a small amount of materials in precise locations to build objects point by point from the bottom up.
In today’s 3D printing world printing output can exist in full colour, with over 250 different materials being used to print. Materials include: titanium to rubber, plastic, glass, ceramic, leathers and even chocolate!
3D printers can create very complex structures of mixed materials and print almost anything, from jet engines, to jewellery, to houses, and even medical prosthetics. Incredibly construction of large scale projects using 3D printing is no longer problematic.
3D printing can be very cost effective on the basis that only 10% of materials are required to output a tangible 3D bona fide object.
Peter Diamandis (engineer, physician, entrepreneur and Founder of the X Prize Foundation) was quoted as saying:
Ultimately, 3D printing dematerializes, demonetizes and democratizes manufacturing and turns us all into creators.
In the realm of health care on-demand manufacturing will make medical devices cheaper and more readily accessible to millions. 3D printing will also make scarce resources like organs-for-transplant widely and more available.
Some interesting 3D printing facts being:
- 3D Systems is 3D printing precise dental and anatomical models, custom surgical guides, implantable devices, exoskeletons, hearing aids, prosthetics and braces for scoliosis and other applications.
- Students at Washington University 3D printed a robotic arm for about $200. Traditional robotic limbs can run $50,000 to $70,000, and they need to be replaced as children grow.
- Dr. Anthony Atala’s team and companies like Organovo are 3D bio-printing with cells to produce tissues, blood vessels and even small organs.
In a 2016 blog post Peter Diamandis asked 3D printing expert Avi Reichental* what were the top 5 recent breakthroughs in 3D printing, coupled with the top 5 predicted break-throughs for the 3 year window of 2015-2018.
The below is an edited excerpt of Avi’s responses as were published in the Huffington Poist. To read the full article click HERE
Top 5 Recent 3D Printing Breakthroughs: 2013 – 2015
Here are the recent breakthroughs Avi identified as important to 3D printing from 2012 – 2015.
1. 3D printing in full color with 250+ different materials and composites.
Avi explains, “We can now print in full color, which means more than a million different color combinations in a single print. We can also print in 250 different materials. This has never been possible, and with the ability to print many, many new materials and combinations thereof, the creative opportunities are almost limitless.”
2. Customized mass production of 3D printed medical devices.
Avi explains, “We’ve seen a rise in the number of bespoke customized medical devices and parts. Not only are key ‘implants’ like full knee and hip replacement parts customized to you, but the surgical instruments, the jigs, the fixtures, the incision tools, etc. are 3D printed to fit you. One example is hearing aids. These devices, each of which fits into a uniquely shaped ear canal, have been 3D printed for nearly eight years.”
3. Explosion of metal 3D printers in aerospace and automotive industries ushers in an era of ‘mass complexity.’
Today, we have the ability to print with more than 20 different alloys. Companies like GE and SpaceX are 3D printing jet and rocket engines. My company Planetary Resources 3D prints parts of our ARKYD satellites.
This capability unlocks billions of dollars in industrial applications for 3D printing.
4. High-speed 3D printing drives manufacturing at a convincing scale.
Speed is a big deal in 3D printing. If it took two days to print a small object, consumers would never adopt the technology. If it took just two minutes, then everyone would need to have one.
Avi elaborates, “There have been tremendous improvements in speed. The prediction now is that speed is not just going to double every couple of years, but speed is probably going to go 10x, 50x, 100x in the next 5 years. There are quite a few successful companies out there that are demonstrating today that they can get to convincing scale with 3D printing that will be at least a hundred times faster than it is today.”
5. Democratization of the means and skills for everyone to create and make.
“Over the last few years, we’ve seen a very significant democratization of 3D printing technology,” says Avi. “This democratization is about the systematic removal of all user friction in the 3D printing process, starting with complex CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and 3D modeling. The connectivity of devices and the cloud, the ability to search and download images, to have intelligent search engines that are searching three-dimensional models, the ability to price and share and source and print, etc. All of this represents the democratization that makes 3D printing accessible to the other 99 percent, not just to the designers.”
This is the user interface moment for 3D printing – when it’s easy enough and fun for everybody to use.
So what’s in store for the near future?
Top 5 Anticipated 3D Printing Breakthroughs 2016 – 2018
Here are Avi’s predictions for the most exciting, disruptive developments coming in 3D printing technology over the next three years. As entrepreneurs and investors, these are the areas you should be focusing on, as the business opportunities are tremendous.
1. Personalized nutrition made possible with new breed of 3D printers.
Personalized food and nutrition is about to get really exciting. As Avi illustrates, “At the end of the day, your home food printer will create a personalized nutrition bar based on your needs in that moment, containing the amount of proteins, carbs, vitamins and supplements needed in that moment.”
Next, we’ll see 3D printing playing in the pharmaceuticals space, where your medical pill is printed (compounded and created) specifically for your needs that day.
2. Printed shoes and textiles disrupt fashion, apparel and retail industries.
Fashion is going to be disrupted in a big way. “Through the combination of scanning, digitizing, computing, sensing, active performance monitoring, and mixed materials, we will be able to print fully functional clothing and wearable devices,” says Avi.
Shoes will be tailor-made based on your posture, your stance, and your arch. Accessories will be customizable and immediately printable. Everything will be perfectly designed to fit your body.
You’ll be able to see a beautiful new dress designed in Paris that morning, buy it, and print it in your closet to wear that evening.
3. Printing of finished mixed-material devices (rubber, structure, wiring) – e.g. electronics, cars, houses…
“Today you can 3D print a toy truck with rubber tires, metal chassis, clear plastic or glass windshield in a single print. The next level of this,” Avi says, “is to print a fully functional device with circuits and sensors and logic.”
4. “Factory in a Box’ combines additive + subtractive manufacturing, delivering 100x speeds.ing CNC machining, additive layering, and even injection molding. It will all be unified into boxes that will become the factory of the future.”
5. 3D printing of human organs and tissues.
Researchers have convincingly demonstrated that simple organs and complex tissues can now be 3D printed.
By harvesting our own stem cells, multiplying them, and then depositing them onto collagen scaffolding of the desired organ, these miraculous cells grow into a fully implantable, functional organ.
Avi predicts, “In seven to 10 years, we will be in the business of replacing parts and organs that our bodies will not reject, and then perhaps we’ll have organs that were even better than the ones we were born with.”
At the same time, why not “print” a biosensor into your liver or heart to monitor its health and provide continuous data?
I personally believe that there has arguably never been a more exciting time to be on the earth! The implications of these 3D printing trends on health care are enormous.
Let’s watch this space!
Feel free to leave me a comment in the notes below.
*Avi is the Founder and CEO of XponentialWorks, an expert advisory, venture investment and incubation ecosystem company that is focused on monetizing exponential tech innovation and business model disruption. For 12 years, Avi was the CEO of 3D Systems, the largest publicly traded 3D printing Company in the world. | <urn:uuid:6866f482-bde2-47f7-8763-02fd890050cf> | {
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THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA:
Christian bishop and Church father; born and educated at Antioch; died at Mopsuestia about 429; teacher of Nestorius and Theodoret, and the foremost exegete of the school of Antioch, which was represented also by Lucian, Diodorus, and several others. In that school the historical interpretation of the Old Testament, which was at variance with the allegorical hermeneutics of Origen, had become the rule; and in this, the only rational and adequate exegesis, no one in antiquity was greater than Theodore, who, therefore, is in perfect harmony with modern methods of interpretation.Commentary on the Psalms.
The early maturity of his friend Chrysostom impressed Theodore to such an extent that he, after a crisis in his life, early devoted himself to the study of the Bible, and at the age of twenty published his commentary on the Psalms, his most important work from a Jewish and an exegetical point of view. As a priest in Antioch Theodore sided with Diodorus and with Flavian, likewise a famous exegete; and he waged an active warfare against Arians, Apollinarians, and other heretics (Theodoret, "Historia Ecclesiastica," v. 39), although there is no mention of Jews in the long list of those whom he opposed. The fame which he acquired secured for him the bishopric of Mopsuestia, which he retained for the remainder of his life. After his death his works, like those of Diodorus, were declared heretical by the Fifth Ecumenical Council on the ground that he had interpreted the Psalms "in Jewish fashion."
None of the Church Fathers equaled Theodore either in accurate grammatical and historical hermeneutics or in originality of view. His commentaries are free from rhetoric and homiletics; but this very fact gives them value in the eyes of modern exegetes. He is, moreover, rigid in his interpretations, since he systematically avoids symbolisms and allegories. He is the chief authority, the "interpreter" par excellence, for the Syrian Nestorians. The boldness of his hermeneutics is astonishing; and in his criticism he is centuries ahead of his time.Works.
Theodore was the author of numerous works, the titles of forty-one volumes by him being mentioned by Assemani; and to these works must be added several written in Syriac (Assemani, "Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana," ii. 478). His chief works of Jewish interest are his commentaries on the Psalms, on Job, on Canticles, and on the Twelve Minor Prophets, as well as his five books against the allegorists; the latter work, now lost, probably contained his principles of exegesis.
Although Theodore made the mistake, which Jerome alone avoided, of interpreting the Septuagint instead of the Hebrew, he knew that the text of the former was sometimes corrupt; and he therefore examined it critically, having recourse to the Syriac version, to Aquila, to Theodotion, and, above all, to Symmachus (Stade's "Zeitschrift," vi. 265). Diestel alleges that Theodore knew neither Syriac nor Hebrew, and consequently lacked the fundamental knowledge necessary for exegesis, but Baethgen has proved that his commentaries show a certain knowledge of Hebrew, and that he was familiar with the curt lapidary Hebrew style which becomes incomprehensible when imitated in Greek. It must be confessed, nevertheless, that his knowledge of Hebrew was faulty, and that he relied far too much on the text of the Septuagint. His brother Polychronius, who was an adherent of the same school, was far superior to him in knowledge of Hebrew; but Theodore was the more important exegete.Views on Prophecy.
Theodore interpreted most of the Psalms historically, holding, however, that David's prophetic gifts enabled him to foretell future events and to identify himself with them. He carried the idea of prophecy too far, however; for in his opinion it consisted merely in the ability to foretell events, embracing the immediate as well as the far distant future. But, though he refers much (in the Psalms) to the future, he confines his references to Jewish history, alluding but seldom to Jesus, which is the more remarkable since his was the period of the wildest allegorical and typological interpretation. He considers that Jesus is referred to in only three of the Psalms, namely, viii., xlv., and cx., to which may possibly be added, on the basis of other indications, lxxxix. and cxviii.; but not in xxii. nor in lxxii., which at most, he thought, might be interpreted typically in so far as Solomon, like Jesus, was a prince of peace. For seventeen psalms he offers no historical explanation, while he holds that references to David and his time occur in nineteen, to Jeremiah in one, to the Assyrian in twenty-five, to the Chaldean in sixty-seven, and to the Maccabean period in seventeen. This feature of his commentary is of especial importance as showing the keenness and soundness of his criticism. Not less noteworthy is the courage with which he rejects the authenticity of the superscriptions to the Psalms, which, he declares, were added by ignorant scribblers who could not be too severely censured.
He absolutely denied, moreover, that the Old Testament contained any references to the Son of God or to the Trinity, while any interpretation of Zech. ix. 9, 10 as applicable to Jesus was, in his view, evidence of extreme ignorance, since this passage, like Amos ix. 10, 11 and Micah v. 2, referred rather to Zerubbabel. The Song of Solomon he regarded as a secular epithalamium; and the Bookof Job he considered a mixture of fact and fiction. It was a cardinal maxim of Theodore's that the authors of the Old and New Testaments were equally endowed with the mysterious gift of the Holy Spirit (commentary on Neh. i. 1).Views on Inspiration.
Three degrees of inspiration were recognized by Theodore, although he gave no clear definition of them, asserting, for example, that David had the gift of the spirit (on Ps. lxxxi. 3, τῇ τοῦ πνεήματος χάριτι), yet regarding him in all other respects as a prophet. According to Theodore, Solomon had the gift of wisdom only, not that of prophecy; this view shows the influence of Jewish tradition, which accepted a similar gradation as existing in the three groups of the canonical Scriptures.
Although Baethgen has advanced the hypothesis that Theodore's works contain other traces of Talmudic tradition, such as the view advocated by him in his commentary on Ps. lv. that the son of Simon, and not the son of Onias III., built the temple at Leontopolis, no deductions can be drawn from such meager data. In his theories concerning the superscriptions in the Psalter and the Maccabean portions of that book, Theodore showed himself a decided opponent of tradition. The orthodox Church, however, could not endure the candor of his exegesis; and consequently only fragments of his commentaries have survived, namely, of that on the Psalms (part of which exists in a Syriac version), of that on the Twelve Minor Prophets, and of those on various books of the New Testament (see Baethgen's "Studies" in Stade's "Zeitschrift," v.-vii.)
- Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grœca, x. 346-362 (list of the works of Theodore);
- Migne, Patrologia Grœca, lxvi. 647-696 (incomplete collection of the fragments);
- Corderius, Expositio Patrum Grœcorum in Psalmos, ii., Antwerp, 1643-46 (the catena of Theodore on the Psalms);
- Sieffert, Theodorus Mopsuestenus Veteris Testamenti Sobrie Interpretandi Vindex, Königsberg, 1827;
- Fritzsche, De Theodori Mopsuesteni Commentariis in Psalmos, etc., Halle, 1836;
- idem, De Vita et Scriptis Theodori Mopsuesteni, 1836;
- Water, De Theodoro Prophetarum Interprete, Amsterdam, 1837;
- Wegnern, Theodori Antiocheni . . . Quœ Supersunt Omnia, i., Commentarius in Duodecim Prophet. Minores, Berlin, 1834;
- L. Diestel, Gesch. des Alten Testaments in der Alten Kirche, pp. 129-133, Jena, 1869;
- E. Sachan, Theodori Mopsuestiani Fragmenta Syriaca, Leipsic, 1869;
- I. P. de Barjean, L'Ecole Exégétique d'Antioche, pp. 36-39, Paris, 1898;
- Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, 3d ed., ii. 78;
- Kihn, Theodorus von Mopsuestia und Junilius Africanus als Exegeten, 1880;
- Smith-Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, iv. 934. | <urn:uuid:a95068fb-00d0-4dc3-a0f0-0790618d0375> | {
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I have a German examination in two weeks, which includes two comprehensions of about CEFR-B1 level. (An example of this exam from 2012 can be found here.)
I have worked up to over 2000 of the most frequent German words using a word frequency list, and I have also done over 2000 of the topic-related vocabulary that comes up in the exam. This includes infinitives of all the verbs that would come up in either list.
The problem is: I've just realised that there are a lot of irregular forms of the Präteritum that I don't recognise. This makes it difficult, since the Präteritum is used quite frequently in these comprehensions, and many of them are irregular. I haven't had much luck finding a list of the most common irregular verbs, and I want to use my time wisely. I have been given a list of over 100 irregular verbs and their Präteritum forms, but they are in alphabetical order and this is really unhelpful.
I am wondering if anyone has a list of the top thirty or so most-common irregular verbs, along with their Präteritum form? Or, does anyone have any other suggestions as to how to get around this problem? You may be able to gauge if you take a quick glance at the comprehensions in the example above.
Also: it occurred to me that the most common irregular verbs may not also have the most commonly used Präteritum forms. | <urn:uuid:ed09fbe9-e780-4552-8f26-40f7b1414461> | {
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You may know, because they are relatively famous examples, that in British citizens wishing to enter inner London streets during peak times have to pay a toll. This was enacted based on the economic premise of marginal benefit. In case it’s been a while since you took Econ101, marginal benefit is the amount of money someone is willing to pay for a service. If they pay less then that, they feel they are getting a good deal. If they pay that price, the believe it is fair. They refuse to pay a price above that price. In other words, if your marginal benefit from a bag of chips is $0.50, you will cease to want a bag of chips if they cost $0.60. If you still want it at sixty cents, then that was your real marginal benefit. Therefore, the British government figured that they just had to raise the price high enough that a majority of people wouldn’t use the roads and then congestion would vanish. It has mostly worked out right.
In the United States the Route 91 Expressway in California is based on a similar concept. Instead of driving on the free roads, full of so much congestion, come drive on the toll roads, guaranteed to have less congestion because most people don’t want to pay to use a road. (Even Sim City 4: Rush Hour used this concept) It worked on first, until everyone started taking the road and then it wasn’t work paying anymore. The correct economic solution? Raise the price! So they did and it went from $2 to use to the road to $12.99 to use the road. And it worked – as the prices went up, people stopped using it until the right amount of people were using it again. It has been operating for about 10 years and now other states are getting ready to try this.
Hitting home for me is the fact that Maryland is looking to add a similar toll highway on the Capitol Beltway. Anyone who’s ever been there knows that it is infamous for have WAY too much congestion. A toll road would relieve some congestion while providing additional tax dollars for the state. Additionally, this road is going to really be high tech – at least that’s what they have planned for it. Sensors in the road will communicate with the toll boths to dynamically adjust toll prices to reflect the actual congestion on the road. The more congested it was, the more it would cost. This would allow a more complex pricing structure than just peak and off peak. As a techno-geek, I’m excited about the prospect.
When I do move to Maryland, I probably wouldn’t be using either one too often because I’d be workign in-state, not commuting to DC. However, as I think the current shortest route to NYC goes through the Beltway, I’d certainly welcome the ability to go a little faster. | <urn:uuid:bd2b87ca-2ce2-48f6-9354-8ae5d0ffa9a4> | {
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If Stones could Speak
Site: Kirkstall Abbey
History, Art, Science, Literacy
This workshop is led by museums staff.
A range of fun, practical activities involving puppets, rubbings and dressing up help pupils to understand the different materials used in old buildings and how buildings change over time. Directed by the workshop leader, pupils explore the abbey in small groups collecting information on colour, texture, pattern & design. This information feeds into group discussions and pieces of group art work for your class to keep. This cross curricular workshop can be differentiated for different learning aims.
For more information contact the Learning and Access Officer on 0113 2305492.
Art & Design: Investigating materials
Science: Sorting & using materials, Grouping & changing materials
Literacy: Speaking & listening, Reading / Vocabulary
Cost: £55 per class
Maximum numbers: Class of 30 | <urn:uuid:a8868511-f5a4-4bc0-b52e-25f9266f0be6> | {
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3 августа 2009 | Автор: Admin | Рубрика: Книги на других языках » Книги на японском | Комментариев: 0
Modern Japan: A Social and Political History
Author: Elise Tipton
Publication date: 2002
Number of pages: 256
Format / Quality: pdf
Ranging from the Tokugwa period to the present day, this text provides a concise and fascinating introduction to the social, cultural and political history of modern Japan. Tipton covers political and economic developments and shows how they relate to social themes and developments. Her survey covers traditional political history as well as areas growing in interest: gender issues, labor conditions and ethnic minorities. | <urn:uuid:c3471cff-501e-4384-8300-88fdd0d5f0a7> | {
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Jun 16, 2000, 9:53 AM
Post #1 of 1
Ok, I'm trying to understand the format of cookies. From what I understand, writing a cookie in an HTTP header takes the following format:
Cookies and encoding reserved characters.
And the header can also include the following: expires, path, domain, secure.
Anyway, certain characters are not allowed in the name and value and therefore they must be encoded. My main question is, what characters are not allowed?
My current conclusion is: space, semicolon, comma and equal sign.
I understand the need to reserve the space, semicolon and equal sign, but I don't understand the need for the comma. Am I incorrect about the comma, or is there a reason for it?
Is it possible to write more than one cookie without each having it's own Set-Cookie line? This is the only thing I could think of a comma being used for (e.g. n=v, n=v, n=v .
Also, it seems that the common convention for encoding these character is to convert them to a hash (%) followed by a double-digit hexidecimal ascii value. This also requires that the hash (%) be converted.
Finally, it seems that there is a convention to encode spaces as plus signs rather than as %20's, which requires that plus signs be a reserved character.
So, in summary:
- Are there any reserved characters that I'm missing?
- Is the comma a reserved characters and if so, why?
- Can more than one name/value pair be included on a single line?
Thanks for any response, | <urn:uuid:cb301cf8-84bb-44cb-9ade-3ab71187106c> | {
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Interested in exploring photography?
Express yourself through creative art projects! Have fun while gaining skills and confidence by drawing, painting, taking photos, working with wood or making crafts. 4-H visual arts includes crafts, fine arts, photography and woodworking.
4-H Children’s Art Exchange with China
Kindergartners to sixth graders are invited to send “visual letters” to children their own age in China. Teaching kits are available to facilitate teaching about both China and making art. For more information, check out the Michigan 4-H China Project and the online exhibit, “Visual Letters–The Art of Michigan Children.”
For more information on how to get involved as a youth or volunteer, contact your county MSU Extension office | <urn:uuid:8c175843-57ed-401a-8046-060efd4e9e20> | {
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The vaccine's heart protective effects may be even greater among those who receive a more potent vaccine, found the study led by Dr Jacob Udell, a cardiologist at Women's College Hospital and clinician-scientist at the University of Toronto.
"Our study provides solid evidence that the flu shot helps prevent heart disease in vulnerable patients-with the best protection in the highest risk patients," Udell said.
The study reviewed six clinical trials on heart health in people who received the flu vaccine. The studies included more than 6,700 patients with a history of heart disease.
The researchers found people who received the flu shot had a 36 per cent lower risk of a major cardiac event (heart attack, stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiac related causes) one year later.
They also had a 55 per cent lower risk of a major cardiac event if they had a recent heart attack and were less likely to die from cardiac-related and other causes.
Those who received the flu shots were also less likely to have a major cardiac event with a more potent vaccine compared with the standard seasonal vaccine, the study found.
However, researchers caution that a large prospective clinical trial is necessary to confirm the effectiveness and safety of the influenza vaccine as a therapy that will reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke in people with heart disease.
The study was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. | <urn:uuid:79bdad0a-26e5-4588-ba87-e6f2cfad15cc> | {
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You are here: Homepage > Our History
Cayman’s Public Library system started in George Town in 1920 when the government included an annual grant of 40 pounds in the budget for the establishment of a subscription library. The library was located in a room above the old jail next to the old court house. At the end of 1937, plans were made for building a larger library at George Town to include reading and reference rooms.
The new building was designed by Captain Rayal Bodden, an accomplished shipwright, and completed in 1939. The distinctive timbered ceiling shows the evidence of a shipbuilder’s skill, as it is fashioned after a ship’s hull turned upside down. The ends of the hammer beams are decorated with the shields of prominent British Institutions of learning. These are thought to be original, as is the fan over the entrance door. The ceiling beams are original, but the boards have been replaced to reduce leaks.
The front façade of the building was originally flat, with the entrance foyer being added more recently, when the original keystone and fan were reinstalled.
The new library opened its doors to the public in 1940, and for a long time the main source of printed matter was the Ranfurly Library in England. Lady Ranfurly, wife of a colonial governor, started the project of collecting used books for shipment to British territories where books were in short supply. In 1980, the first trained librarian took over the running of the public library.
Newstar, October 1989, p64.
National Trust. Historical Review Tour, p.11.
Last Updated: 2008-09-13 | <urn:uuid:7c3b263f-3aec-42fe-b092-b298bbe1b17d> | {
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A copper piece of mass 10g is suspended by a vertical spring. The spring elongates 1cm over its natural length to keep the piece in equilibrium. A beaker containing water is now placed below the piece so as to immerse it completely in water. Find the elongation of the string.
Density of copper is 9000 kg/m^3
g = 10 m/s^2
Let the spring constant be k. When the piece is hanging in air, the equilibrium condition gives (from kx = mg)
k x 1cm = 0.01 kg x 10 m/s^2
= 0.1 N
The volume of the ...
The problem is solved giving all necessary mathematical steps. It will enable you to do similar problems yourself. | <urn:uuid:0e720500-d6a6-49be-9858-de85e73adbd4> | {
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At least 44% of the uninsured are uninsured by choice, and the number could be much higher than that. An Urban Institute study found that:
- One in every four uninsured persons is eligible for Medicaid or SChip, but has not enrolled.
- One in five has a family income in excess of $58,000 and presumably can afford coverage.
This is a minimum estimate. Of those who earn less than $58,000, there are undoubtedly many who can afford coverage because:
- They have access to an employer plan, (almost one in five uninsured turn down employer coverage.)
- Even if their employer does not provide health insurance, they have opportunities to work for employers who do, but choose not to.
- They are young and healthy or live in rural areas and face premiums much lower than the $9,961 annual premium assumed by the Urban Institute scholars.
- They are near retirement and can draw on assets to pay premiums until they become eligible for Medicare.
If you missed this story, it is understandable. Our friends at Commonwealth and Health Affairs have it listed under "More Than Half of Uninsured Cannot Afford Coverage and Are Not Eligible for Public Programs," which makes you wonder who is writing their headlines these days. To be fair, the authors of this study are the source of misleading headlines. They started with a serious study of how many millions of the uninsured can afford coverage and turned it into unsupportable claims about who cannot afford it. Surprisingly, I do not believe the words "uninsured by choice" appear anywhere in the study itself. | <urn:uuid:195a35f6-4a0a-4a54-b683-2685a3b6a010> | {
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Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Sexual exploitation is another form of abuse that affects thousands of children and young people across the UK every year. It is an illegal activity by people who have power over young people and use it to sexually abuse them.
This can involve a broad range of exploitation, from seemingly ‘consensual’ relationships and informal exchanges of sex for attention, accommodation, gifts or cigarettes, through to very serious organised crime.
As a parent or carer, it is often hard to tell the difference between difficult teenage behaviour and the signs of sexual exploitation. The more information you have about the dangers and risks that children may face the better equipped you’ll be to keep them safe.
Barnardos have produced a leaflet for parents and carers and a leaflet for young people to help them spot the signs of sexual exploitation or register for a free online course (20-30 mins). Further support and information for parents is available at Pace UK and Parents Protect who also have a leaflet for parents and carers on preventing sexual exploitation.
If you suspect your child or another child/young person is being sexually exploited, seek advice immediately from any of the following agencies:
- Children’s Social Care
- Thames Valley Police
- Parents against child sexual exploitation (PACE) also operate a telephone helpline (0113 240 3040) for parents with any concerns that their child is being exploited
If you know a young person who wants to disclose information or seek support, Say Something offers a free, 24-hour, anonymous phone and SMS helpline, 116000.
PACE have also written Keeping it Together, a booklet for parents whose children are being sexually exploited by an individual or group of adults outside of the family unit.
Further documents can be found under Child Sexual Exploitation on the Links and Publications page.
Each of the nine signs of child sexual exploitation looked at on their own, are a warning sign that something is wrong and some indicate sexual exploitation more strongly than others. For example unexplained gifts or new possessions can be associated with exploitation. Overly sexualised behaviour is an important indicator of sexual activity or exposure to sexual information, and sexual transmitted infections or pregnancy are serious markers of sexual activity that need further explanation.
Concerns about child sexual exploitation are often triggered by the presence of more than one warning sign, so do look at each of the nine signs before fearing the worst. For example missing school is a common behaviour with many different causes. Look for patterns of repeated behaviour as some signs may appear to have innocent explanations if considered on their own.
In cases of child sexual exploitation it’s extremely rare for an offender to have only abused one or two children and your actions may help protect many more potential victims.
Nine signs of CSE
The nine signs:
- Unexplained gifts or new possessions may be a sign of a child being groomed for sexually exploited
- Regularly missing school or not taking part in education makes children/young people more vulnerable and may be a sign of sexual exploitation
- Suffering from sexually transmitted infections may be a sign that a child/young person is being sexually exploited
- Spending time with other children/young people (either physically or online) who are being sexual exploited increases the risk of becoming a victim
- Having older boyfriends or girlfriends puts children/young people at higher risk of sexual exploitation
- Going missing for periods of time, or regularly returning home late may be a sign of sexual exploitation
- Changes in behaviour, and mood swings, may be a sign that a child/young person is being sexually exploited
- Children/Young people’s use of drugs or alcohol may be associated with sexual exploitation.
- Showing overly sexualised behaviour may be a sign of a child/young person being sexually exploited
Further information can be found on our sexual abuse and FGM page. | <urn:uuid:c208baf3-a050-4467-a6c6-e167f709e656> | {
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Journal: Nature Communications
Affiliations: 3Go to article
A step closer to better performing fuel cells
© WLADIMIR BULGAR/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
Scientists have developed a technique for improving a fundamental step in the production of electricity from hydrogen that could lead to cleaner, more efficient energy technologies, according to study published in Nature Communications.
The chemical reaction used to convert hydrogen gas to electricity, called the oxygen reduction reaction, or ‘ORR’, is inefficient and requires a catalyst like platinum, which is unstable for long-term use, to increase the rate of reaction.
By using platinum nanoparticles coated with an extremely hard ceramic polymer, called graphite-rich boron carbide, researchers from the University of Cape Town and colleagues in the United Kingdom have developed a catalyst that is more stable than those currently available, and which also enhances ORR activity.
The work could pave the way to better performing fuel cells and energy storage technologies.
- Nature Communications 8, 15802 (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15802 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15802
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. The physical or psychological condition produced by trauma.
- n. A wound or injury.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A physical or mental injury that is the result of trauma
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A wound or injury directly produced by causes external to the body; also, violence producing a wound or injury.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Any morbid condition produced by wounds or other external violence; trauma.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
The author finds fault with the common use of the word traumatism in the sense of trauma, and correctly draws attention to the fact that traumatism should express a general condition, whereas, trauma should be used as indicative of a local lesion.
Decisions based on psycholocal traumatism lack in logic and good sense.
"Up to now, we have met a hundred severe cases of traumatism," said the NTC Director, who explained that most of the patients are women who were raped and then fell pregnant, or people whose minds are inhabited by the horrors experienced during the genocide.
Acute bursitis and thecitis is of frequent occurrence in horses because of direct injury from contusion, punctures and other forms of traumatism.
Affections of this articulation other than those which are produced by traumatism are rare.
The subject is treated under the following headings: "Generalities," in which is discussed the historical development of our knowledge of the effects of traumatism, the etiology, the evolution of the various disturbances, and the legal side of the questions at issue.
Under this point of view, he attacks his problem, and with considerable success An admirable brief historical review of traumatism in relation to the nervous system constitutes a valuable section of the book, in which he brings out the conflicting views which have prevailed since the earlier work of Erichsen down through the fundamental investigations of Westphal, Charcot, Knapp, Oppenheim and others.
And he grew technical, spoke of blood pressures taken, of traumatism superinducing prolonged coma, of this and that which made no impression on the banker.
_Laryngeal stenosis in the newborn_ may be due to various anomalies of the larynx or trachea, or to traumatism of these structures during delivery.
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I have certainly heard the expression that something or someone was 'noticeable by their absence'. It contains a note of irony and also can imply sarcasm e.g. 'The member who had made such a fool of himself at the last meeting was very noticeable by his absence'.
But on a more straightforward level this is a philosophical matter, comprehensively addressed by Plato in his story of the prisoners in the cave. Did anything which they could not see, exist? And did the things which they did see, exist in the way that they saw them, which involved considerable distortions from a wider reality?
Before radio was invented radio waves existed even though no one could see them, and no one had even heard of them. So it does rather confirm the point that the 'observing' of the absence of something is a less certain use of the term 'observe' than it is when you positively see something before your eyes.
Notwithstanding all that, what does it mean to 'observe'. Plato's prisoners saw what they saw. It wasn't reality as it would have appeared to someone with a better vantage point, but nonetheless they 'observed'. If I am colour blind and a red light appears green to me, it is perfectly correct for me to say 'I observe a green light'.
So the answer is 'yes'. I think you can 'observe' the absence of something. 'Observe' simply refers to vision, and what someone sees, or doesn't see, irrespective of any wider reality. | <urn:uuid:26f3283a-d460-4e81-a07e-8f0bd5ea76db> | {
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THE BOOK OF MARK IN 5 WEEKS
This curriculum was created for Jr. High and Sr. High students at Sunnyvale Presbyterian Church. Focusing on the question: What would the book of mark look like if there was social media back in the day? We embraced the immediacy language in the book of Mark. The students were walked through Jesus' story as though they are following a new revolution on social media. The students then create a movie about what they have learned. The culmination of the series is a huge movie red carpet night for the reveal of the movie they created.
Week 1- We hear about Jesus. Selections from Mark 11 and Mark 1-2 (Mark 12:28-34 greatest commandment) – Jesus’ Friends and Enemies. A movement has started- A man named Jesus is telling it like it is and the enemies are scared of him.
Week 2: The Strange Stories of Jesus - Jesus told stories to teach Selections from Mark chapters 12, 13 and 3,4. The things Jesus taught and the way he taught
Week 3: Jesus, friend to the powerless, is Sold Out and Arrested to the powerful Mark 14. Back Story Selections from chapters 5,6. Healing, feeding, and power in a world of hunger, suffering and evil.
Week 4: Passion Jesus killed and resurrected. Selections from mark chapters 15, 16 and Mark 8, 9 (or 7). Reports of his Death filled in with how he foretold his death and also who is Jesus. Is this how the Messiah will be. Prayer Stations.
Week 5: Movie from the students.
STATIONS TO THE CROSS ACCORDING TO THE BOOK OF MARK
I created each station to allow the students to walk the road that Jesus walked. At each station the students engage the station and then pick up a large washer to represent the weight of sin that fell upon Jesus as he made his way to the cross. Below you will find the scripture and the station descriptions.
Jesus is Arrested: Mark 14:43-52
With a kiss Jesus was betrayed & arrested. Every day we choose the world vs. choosing Christ & therefore we betray Him. Take a kiss & place it on the cross as a representation of how we betray Jesus every day, while we remember that Jesus died for us anyway. What ways have you betrayed Jesus this week? You may write it on the back of your kiss if you like before you place it on the cross. Add a weight to your wire.
Jesus before Pilate: Mark 15:1-15
We are a part of the crowd that sends Christ to his death. Throw paint on to this canvas as an expression of the yelling of “Crucify Him!” and chaos that was happening on that day. Add a weight to your wire.
The Soldiers Mock Jesus: Mark 15:16-20
Jesus took your place on the cross for all the sins that you have committed and all the sins you will commit. On a piece of fabric write sin that Jesus took for you instead. Tie that piece of red fabric to this crown of thorns as a representation of the blood that Christ spilled on that day. Add a weight to your wire.
The Crucifixion: Mark 15:21-32
We were the reason that Christ was nailed to the cross. His death took on all our sin and allows us to have a relationship with God that is not blocked by anything. Hammer a nail into the cross, as it was for us that He was nailed to cross. Add a weight to your wire.
The Death of Jesus: Mark 15:33-41
Take a moment to think about what has just happened? What word or phrase sticks out to you? Write that word on a piece of paper and pin it to the curtain in front of you. Then as you walk to through the curtain remember we are in the fulfillment of the prophecy and this is a sign of the new promise to be connected with God. Add a weight to your wire.
The Burial of Jesus: Mark 15:42-47
When Christ died for many the hope of a new covenant with God was lost. Many denied Christ, ran and hid, while others stood by His grave to honor the life He lived. Place a rock to the tomb door as a symbol of the finality of Christ’s death. Add a weight to your wire.
The Resurrection: Mark 16:1-8
CHRIST IS A LIVE! Feel the sin of mankind eradicated from the world! DROP YOUR WEIGHT! Drop your sin at the foot of the foot of the cross. | <urn:uuid:692bec00-8629-4ff6-a5bf-0590703eaea8> | {
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Beneath the folds of their Victorian dresses, the jujutsuffragettes concealed wooden clubs—preparation for hand-to-hand combat with the London police.
The Indian clubs, shaped like bowling pins, were used in exercise classes of the era, flaunted in leg lunges, or alternatively, brandished against cops. When policemen heard that radical suffragettes were arming themselves, they began worrying about pistols and firearms; what they didn’t expect was to be met with an eclectic form of the Japanese martial art of jujutsu (also spelled jiujitsu or jujitsu). The women pulled out their clubs, the police pulled out their truncheons, and the sparring began.
This contingent of British women fighting—very physically—for votes was officially named the Bodyguard, but they soon earned other monickers through local papers and word-of-mouth like the Amazons and the jujutsuffragettes. They were an underground unit of the Women’s Social and Political Union, trained and organized in response to England’s Cat and Mouse Act, which was an effort to handle the hunger strikes of imprisoned suffragettes in an ethically palatable manner, officially known as the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act of 1913. The Act was the culmination of an intense propaganda war between feminists, who viewed force feeding as torture, and the government, whose response was to release protesters from jail long enough for them to recover their health before tracking them back down to rearrest and re-imprison them on the original charge.
And that’s where the Bodyguard stepped in—in between their sisters-in-arms and members of law enforcement, their mission to keep these prison breaks as long as possible. The women of the Bodyguard were extremely fit, willing to risk their health, safety and freedom, and almost always single, since it was considered unfair for mothers to be thrown in jail. They came from the ranks of the most radical suffragettes and studied jujutsu in a network of secret locations, using codenames and whatever subterfuge necessary to keep their activity private from prying eyes.
Jujutsu, a centuries-old form of armed combat, roughly translates to the “art of yielding.” First introduced in Britain in 1898, jujutsu was considered suitable for women, even elegant and feminine. Jujutsu, unlike English wrestling, is not about overpowering someone with force; instead, you skillfully yield to your opponent’s movements and use their weight and strength in your favor. Jujutsu became a kind of metaphor for the women’s suffrage struggle, says Tony Wolf, one of the world’s top experts on archaic martial arts. Since the radical movement was small in numbers, jujutsuffragettes had to rely on skill and trickery to overpower the government.
How has a secret army of radical suffragettes defending their cause against the Man with mixed martial arts remained so unknown until now? Wolf thinks that Suffrajitsu, like many other movements of the time, was forgotten amidst the cultural chaos brought about by the First World War. The 2015 film Suffragette is the first time this movement has been highlighted in popular media, and for the past several years, Wolf and a handful of others have been doing serious research to bring this band of bodyguards back into the popular consciousness.
Suffrajitsu, released earlier this year, is a graphic novel trilogy set in 1913 and a collaboration between Tony Wolf and illustrator Joao Vieira. It’s the story of the Amazons’ efforts to protect their leaders against arrest and assault, the story of women living in an extremely patriarchal society at the height of what was almost a civil war in England. The first chapter of the trilogy is closely based on real events, while the subsequent chapters diverge into an alternate-history action-adventure story. One of the biggest challenges, says Wolf, was picking and choosing appropriate characters from real life who could have plausibly been involved in the 1913 women’s rights movement and have joined the Amazon team. All but two of the characters are fictional representations of historically real women, who he researched through reading extensive first-person diaries and accounts. Wolf sees Suffrajitsu as a compelling form of “edutainment,” and hopes especially that it will get teenage girls interested in history, martial arts and defense training.
Wolf, a native of New Zealand, grew up training in martial arts, gymnastics and fencing, and when he started looking for a career, he says he was “basically qualified to be a professional assassin.” Instead, he segued into the entertainment industry, becoming a fight choreographer for theater, film and television. Throughout this time, he was always interested in the unusual history of martial arts, especially a form known as bartitsu that incorporates jujutsu, boxing, and cane fighting, popularized by the revival of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes (where it was mislabeled “baritsu”).
A small, like-minded community began tracking down obscure newspaper and magazine articles on the subject, and Wolf volunteered to edit the first of two volumes of the Bartitsu Compendium, which led to his discovery of Suffrajitsu. Wolf has since co-directed and co-produced a documentary on bartitsu and written a biography, Edith Garrud: The Suffragette Who Knew Jujutsu. When science fiction writer Neal Stephenson asked him if he would write a graphic novel about the Bodyguard, Wolf jumped on the opportunity to get creative with a trove of themes and information he’d been involved with for so long.
Wolf describes himself as a “very staunchly feminist sort of guy,” and while writing Suffrajitsu, he approached the women as a group of professionals, political radicals committed to an ideological goal. “The fact that they were female was third or fourth in the list of priorities in terms of how I wanted to present them,” he explains. At the same time, he didn’t want it to be “women: good; men: bad.” There were many men who very assiduously supported the radical suffrage movement to the point that they earned their own nickname: suffragents. Suffragents supported these women while they engaged in very aggressive, though non-violent civil disobedience. “These women were very careful and also very lucky that no one was physically harmed in their protests—even the extreme stuff like bombing,” says Wolf.
The need for self defense, then and now, is a reminder of continuing power imbalances, says Wolf. In the 1980s, he taught classes in women’s self defense. “A thing I learned from my students was how very vulnerable a lot of them felt,” he says. “I recognized that a lot of women feel threatened doing things that basically guys don’t need to worry about, such as walking down to the store to get some milk. I’d sort of known that intellectually, I guess, beforehand, but working with large number of women over several years really drove that point home.” Now, if he’s walking to the convenience store at night and there’s a woman approaching in the opposite direction, he’ll cross the road to avoid making her feel uncomfortable or threatened.
This week in Chicago, Wolf is hosting an Obscura Society event to share the story of the Suffrajitsu. It is “a kind of Edwardian soirée,” he says, involving martial arts demonstrations and Q&A. The event will offer certain touches, with pictures of actual members of The Bodyguard in action, popular ragtime of the era, and subtle tributes to the purple, white and green that symbolized the radical suffragette movement.
When asked whether Suffrajitsu has a modern-day equivalent, Wolf is quick to name FEMEN, an Eastern European activist organization. “I’ve been waiting for someone to make this connection, actually,” says Wolf. “The parallels between this group and the suffragette Amazons is quite extraordinary.” FEMEN activists train similarly to the Amazons in 1913, learning self-defense techniques that make it difficult for security guards to easily remove them. They practice active resistance and tend to operate in conditions of secrecy. They’re most known for their topless protests, their basic thesis being that the only way for women’s issues to receive popular attention is for FEMEN women to go topless. Activists will wait for a large televised event to take place, and then stage a radical protest, jump over barriers, strip off their tops, and yell slogans—a reminder that the world still needs jujutsuffragettes. | <urn:uuid:9a2b2c31-ee62-439a-8817-807ed16b0fbe> | {
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Microsoft Office Tutorials and References
In Depth Information
Chapter 15: Using Pivot Charts
The words Sales_Amount and Market are not permanent fixtures of the New Formatting
Rule dialog box. These words change to reflect the fields in your pivot table. Sales_
Amount is used because your cursor is in that column. Market is used because the active
data items in the pivot table are in the Market field.
In this example, the third selection (All cells showing Sales_Amount values for Market) makes
the most sense, so click that radio button, as demonstrated in Figure 15-15.
Figure 15-15: Click the radio button next to All cells showing “Sales_Amount” values for “Market”.
2. In the Select a Rule Type section, you need to specify the rule type you want to use for the
You can select one of five rule types:
Format All Cells Based on Their Values: This selection allows you to apply conditional
formatting based on some comparison of the actual values of the selected range. That is,
the values in the selected range are measured against each other. This selection is ideal
when you want to identify general anomalies in your dataset.
Format Only Cells That Contain: This selection allows you to apply conditional formatting
to those cells that meet specific criteria you define. Keep in mind that the values in your
range aren’t measured against each other when you use this rule type. This selection is
useful when you’re comparing your values against a predefined benchmark.
Format Only Top or Bottom Ranked Values: This selection allows you to apply conditional
formatting to those cells that are ranked in the top or bottom nth number or percent of
all the values in the range.
Format Only Values That Are Above or Below the Average: This selection allows you to
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Preached the Sunday following the death of the Queen.
Many daughters have done virtuously.
The passing years furnish many lessons for all diligent students. Schools and books instruct, but for every mortal, time is the greatest teacher. Only our early years are passed in the common school-rooms and colleges. A period comes when their tasks are completed. We are in possession of all the know-ledge they can give us. The same is true of books. Sooner or later each general reader finds that he has become familiar with all the facts and sentiments contained in literature. Having ranged over the great field of philosophy from Plato to Kant, the field of science from Thales to Darwin, the field of history from Herodotus to Bancroft, the field of poetry from Homer to Tennyson, and the field of morals from Seneca to Emerson, he is no longer surprised by any-thing he reads. He has learned all his teachers know.
This is not so in the school of time. Books are at best, only records of thoughts and events. But time places events themselves directly before our eyes. They come in rapid succession through all the course of our lives. Each sunrise sets a new lesson for us to learn.
These sentences form themselves in the mind while meditating over the death of England’s noble Queen.
The intention is not to preach a funeral sermon. Other lips are more fitted to pronounce a eulogy appropriate to the occasion. Massillon and Bossuet gained much of their pulpit fame by preaching funeral sermons over the royal dead of France. Speaking in memory of a Queen it was said of one of these funeral orators that he “gathered up the immense audience in his arms and moistened the faces of strong men with tears as he showed the nothingness of mortal glory and the beauty of eternal life as compared with the most splendid but ephemeral life of earth.”
Thus, some eloquent churchman of England, we trust, will be able to utter words that shall do justice to the virtue of this queen during the many years of her private and public career and fittingly express the world’s sorrow at her death. Whoever does this will make himself famous. The words able to contain what all the civilized world now thinks and feels over this event would themselves become immortal.
But while our service is not to be a funeral eulogy it may well become a reflection over the event that has so challenged public attention. A few pages of life’s great volume have been printed in Italics and we cannot pass over them hurriedly and carelessly. We must study the lesson the week has set for us.
Here we do not place a high estimate upon merely official royalty. More than a hundred years ago our ancestors, first despised and then rebelled against the official sovereignty of one of Victoria’s ancestors. Those who came to South Carolina from France came to escape the abuse of royal authority. The history of our country is, indeed, not all glorious, but it has been so far successful as to demonstrate that a nation can live without hereditary royalty. A king is an accident and not an essential of national existence. Thus, while some may have no reverence for the memory of Victoria, as Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India, no one can fail to reverence her as a woman. Her official royalty was an accident of birth; her real nobility was an essential product of more hidden and spiritual forces.
William IV died at two o’clock on the morning of June 20th, 1837. At five o’clock the same morning the Archbishop of Canterbury and others arrived at Kensington palace and having awakened the young Alexandrina Victoria from sleep, told her of her uncle’s death and that she was Queen of England. At eleven o’clock the Lord Chancellor administered the oath and she, in turn, received the sworn allegiance of the officers of the realm. Told in detail, the story is full of romantic interest. But seen in the light of after history the mind goes back of that early morning scene and discovers that she was queen before she was proclaimed as such by those who had ridden through the night from Windsor castle to Kensington palace. Nature had anticipated the official act. E’er mind had been stored with knowledge; her heart had been stored with generous sentiments; and her mother had carefully guarded her from the corrupting influences of the court, too many of which still survived from the reign of the Georges. The next year occurred the coronation festival. It was one of great splendor. The chronicles of the period describe the magnificent robes and jewels. But more than three score years of sovereignty show that, on that coronation day, the most magnificent thing was the young woman her-self. Prince Esterhazy was covered with diamonds from head to foot. They were the sensation of the day and found a place in the light literature of the time. Now, compared with the character of her who was crowned, their luster fades. The proverb maker uttered a truth for all time when he declared that the price of a virtuous woman is far above rubies.
The main value of the Queen’s life to us and all the world is, that, in her long reign, the woman was equal to the sovereign. Nature and King-craft placed the crown on the same forehead. She was as loyal to righteousness as she was to the realm. She was a good queen because she was a good woman. The dutiful and diligent daughter, the faithful wife, the affectionate and wise mother, and the devout Christian were not hidden by the office of sovereign. For our century she is the standing illustration of the saying of Marcus Aurelius, that a life may be well lived even in a palace.
The world has had many great queens from Semiramis onward to Elizabeth and Catharine of Russia. Not all of them have been bad. There are, in-deed, a few names among them worthy of honor. But it is safe to say that, in all noble qualities, no woman or man who ever ruled a realm surpassed this queen whose death the world now mourns. For sixty-four years sitting under
“That fierce light that beats upon the throne,” her life shows no moral stain.
That which makes her noble character so valuable is the fact that she lived her long life and, at last, ended it in sight of the whole world. Jesus said a city set on a hill cannot be hid; neither does a man light a candle and put it under a bushel, but in a candlestick that it may give light to every one in the house. It was thus with this light. It was placed where all the world might see it. Be-cause of her obscurity of birth, or her lack of official eminence, or her own modest and retiring disposition, many a noble woman is visible only to her own household or a small circle of personal friends. It was not so here. In the play the young woman says:
“How far that little candle throws his beams;
So shines a good deed in a naughty world.”
Thus this life was placed where it could be readily seen. It was a torch whose beams penetrated everywhere. The throne of England did for honorable womanhood what a mountain does for autumn foliage. It lifted it up where its glory became more visible. The throne did not add anything to noble womanhood; it only made it more conspicuous.
It need not be assumed that she stood alone in her fine womanly qualities. To do her full honor it is not necessary to claim that in everything she surpassed all the great sisterhood of womankind. Indeed, strict justice compels the confession that, in some things, she only equalled and, in other things, fell below many other women of England and America. She was less intellectual than George Eliot; less poetical than Mrs. Browning; less learned than Mrs. Ward. She was no more sympathetic than Florence Nightingale; no more a friend of peace than was Lucretia Mott; she had no more executive ability than Mrs. Livermore or Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She had some intellectual power, some poetic sensibility, some learning, some sympathy, some love of peace, some executive ability, but these gifts and acquirements were not her special possessions. There are thousands of women who have them in greater or less quantity. Having had access to the same fountains of learning and poetry and benevolence and sympathy and wife-hood and motherhood they have drunken in all these virtues. The only thing peculiar to her was her royalty. England and America had millions of noble women in the nineteenth century, but only one of them was queen.
It in no way detracts from her true worth to say that she was a product of her age. She ought to have been a better queen than Mary Tudor or Elizabeth or Mary Stuart because she lived in a better age. The circumstances were more favorable to virtue. Religious persecution all lay in the centuries preceding her reign. Catholic and Protestant had ceased to kill each other in the name of Christ. The disputes concerning succession were settled. It was not necessary for her to be cruel, like Mary, for the sake of her religion, nor battle with a rival for the sake of the throne, like Elizabeth. No one questioning her right to the crown she did not, like Queen Anne, need to become involved in political intrigue. Great literature, indeed, came to England in former reigns; but that which came in such profusion during the reign of Victoria had a purity far surpassing that of the Elizabethan era or that of the last queen of the House of Stuart. The world had reached a stage when books were written which could be read without shame by women. Five years before she became queen the Reform Bill had passed into a law. Human rights were extended, and the common people rose into new importance and new liberty. Thus many favorable conditions surrounded the queen. Her marriage was a beautiful love episode in her young life. It was an affair arranged by two generous and ardent young hearts rather than by diplomacy and statecraft. In all high qualities of learning and sensibility the husband and wife were equals and their twenty-one years of married life present a picture of mutual helpfulness and happiness rarely surpassed in any palace or cottage of the world. Thus, in her noble character as woman and as queen, she is a product of a noble age.
We may all be glad that such a woman was queen because it placed her where modern society was, not only permitted, but almost compelled to see her. There are some rich young men in this country who like to imitate the manners and morals of the English nobility. Their clothing, their pronunciation, their sports, their food and drinks are all copied. We may all be glad that the women of England and America have for many years been able to see at the head of England’s nobility one who might be copied with profit. It is to be feared that this is not always so. To imitate some English nobility our young men would have to copy, not only foolish, but vicious qualities. Social standing, to some minds, seems to be a sufficient apology for folly and wickedness. It is well for all to recall that England’s Queen has done nothing to sanction vice of any kind. As woman and sovereign she has been a friend and an example of virtue.
But the same age that made her has made millions like her. She was not in advance of her times; she is only a conspicuous illustration of her times. The many powerful and beneficent forces that played around her youth and middle life and old age have been in equal activity in the life of woman-hood at large. No earnest and educated woman has been left untouched by them. The church, the school, science, literature, philanthropy, love of peace, common sense, industry, liberty, and the home have combined to create a high order of womanhood of which this royal person was only a truthful and exalted example. It does not offer any disrespect to her character or memory to say that she was a good illustration of average womanhood. When the average is so high, to thus characterize her, becomes a form of eulogy. In a garden full of roses it is no disrespect to say that each one resembles all its beautiful companions. In praising all, we praise each one; and, in praising each one, we praise all. Thus we may be glad that the surroundings of our age have been such as are able to so exalt the average of womanhood that, in the great brilliant company we cannot distinguish between a queen and millions of her sisters.
The well known story has come down to us from classic times that a tribe, about to make war with Rome, sent a spy into the city to discover what kind of people they would meet in battle. He returned and reported to his chief that he had seen a nation of kings. Thus, could some one come from a barbarous land or from the half barbarous past when woman was a toy or a drudge and see the position she now occupies; see her as an educated and refined and sympathetic being; as daughter and wife and mother; as teacher in ten thousand schools; as engaged in many honorable professions; as foremost in many reforms; as the main working force in organized benevolence; forming by far the larger part of the multitude worshipping at the altars of religion; ministering to the suffering in hospitals; moving over man’s awful battle-fields like an angel of mercy trying to undo the misery that has been done; see her doing all the duties growing out of the manifold relations of our complex civilization; how great would be his surprise! He might go back and report: “I have seen a nation of queens.” Among all the many wonders of our age we must not neglect to note this uprising of common womanhood to such heights that, apart from her hereditary title, a queen cannot be distinguished from a multitude of women. Victoria did not bring the throne down to the old level of womanhood; our age has lifted the average woman-hood up to the level of the throne.
A just estimate of Victoria would deny that she possessed brilliancy of intellect. Her attempt at book-making was not a great success. Doubtless her diary was published, not because it contained any literary value, but because its author was Queen of England. Sometimes a book may add sudden, but temporary fame to an author. In this case it was the position of the author lent sudden, but quickly vanishing fame to the book. Her letters to Tennyson and others show no signs of genius. They are expressions of common sense suffused with kindness.
This is not written in detraction, but in the attempt to state a fact. In this also she is a type, not only of average womanhood, but of average man-hood as well. Not many persons are brilliant of intellect. Genius is valuable; but it is very rare. But the presence of brilliancy and genius is not essential to nobility of character. The great bulk of’ the world’s work is done by those who are in the ranks of common humanity. The poet whom the Queen loved and honored wrote:
“Kind hearts are more than coronets,
And simple faith than Norman blood.”
This is true; but it is also true that kindness of heart, faith in man and God, singleness and purity of aim, a conscience for right, and fidelity to duty are more valuable than any aristocracy of the intellect.
Those who possess these simpler, less ostentatious, but, precious qualities, some times do more for the world’s real prosperity and happiness than do those whom Genius has crowned. It may be granted that average womanhood is not broad and exact in scholar-ship, but it is rich in good sense, in kindness, in depth and delicacy of sentiment and impassioned love for human happiness. Our world needs scholars, but it also needs Saviors. John, with his love, is as valuable as Paul with his logic. The philosophy of Hypatia is equalled in value by the piety of Jeanne Guyon and the philanthropy of Dorothea Dix. To be of use in the world and to live a high and honor-able life one does not need to acquire all knowledge. The important thing is that whatever knowledge may be gained shall be converted into life. Learning is only valuable when it reaches the heart and fills it with tender and noble sentiments. Victoria and a great company of women like her are not greatly learned, but the learning they do possess has reached their hearts and become a noble life motive. They are thus powerful influences in the world’s progress towards well-being.
Considering how great is the power of honorable-womanhood for good, it would seem to be very desirable to remove everything which might hinder any noble woman in the exercise of her power. Her political rights should be made equal to those possessed by man. The old argument that participation in public affairs would be fatal to womanly qualities ought not to be heard again. Being queen did not unsex Victoria. It destroyed no womanly trait.
Her fourscore years of daughterhood, wifehood, motherhood when combined with her three score years of queenhood should impose silence upon all those in this country who have objected to giving full political rights to American women because it would mar their womanly qualities. From girlhood to old age the sovereign of earth’s greatest empire was also a noble and gracious woman.
For a few years it has been the fashion for some to exploit war as a great factor of civilization. Of course this will go out of fashion. When the desire for conquest has been satisfied, when the cannons have ceased to roar, and the grass has crept over and concealed the graves where the soldiers lie, back will come the confession that science and art, that church and home, that love and sympathy, that all the sweet, gentle influences of human life are the true factors of civilization. It must be written to the lasting praise of England’s Queen that, at all times, she was ready to make this confession. The Crimean war, now seen to have been perfectly useless, came and made her sorrowful in the earlier years of her reign. It is thought by some that, but for her love of peace aided by the wisdom of Lincoln, the “Trent affair” would have led to war between England and the United States. It is almost certain that she has more than once preserved the peace of Europe. For this she is worthy of reverence on earth and happiness in heaven. It is rumored that still more years might have been added to her long reign could England have avoided war in South Africa. However this may be, having all her life loved and planned for peace, it is sad to think that her last years were years of battle; her last sunset stained with too deep a crimson. We trust that her disappointment has not followed her whither she has gone, but that she has already received the consolation her religion gives to all who, weeping over earth’s calamities, give their lives to avert them.
Over the pale form of Henrietta Maria, Bossuet pronounced these impressive sentences:
“The Queen has passed away like the flower of the field. In the morning she bloomed in beauty; in the evening we saw her wither away. But what matters it? That which comes to an end can never be long. Today let us begin to despise the favors and the glory of the world. Every time we enter those august precincts or traverse those superb palaces on which the Queen bestowed a splendor which our eyes still see; whenever, beholding that great station which she filled so well, we mourn her absence, let us remember that the glory we admired was her chief peril in this life and that, in the other world, there is nothing capable of consoling her but the holy humiliation of repentance and her sincere resignation to the will of God.”
These words contain the eloquence of truth, not only for royalty, but for every mortal. Human life is a flower, that in the morning blooms, in the evening fades away. Titles all perish at death. All fame and wealth and material splendor halt at the grave. The dust of a queen cannot be distinguished from the dust of the humblest daughter of earth.
There is, therefore, one lesson for all the women of England and the world: It is not fashion nor wealth nor social position nor beauty of face and form that imports. Only truth and love and faith and duty and passion for spiritual ideals possess any lasting value. All who, in palace or cottage, live for these things belong to earth’s nobility. Queens, crowned of God, their reign is not limited by three score years, but reaches over all the future. Their empire is not bounded by India and the far off islands of the south-ern seas; it includes the sunrise and sunset and the splendid stars. | <urn:uuid:c857a84d-0398-4be1-8718-02d92ef1c6e8> | {
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For sawtooth waveform generation, the output of the above mentioned integrator should come to zero at saturation level i.e. voltage across capacitor is zero. This can be done by putting a short circuit across capacitor; but if we short directly, capacitor is not going to charge initially. So connect a transistor (as a switch) across capacitor ‘C’ as shown in figure below.
Normally the transistor is in cut-off region to be charged. When capacitor is charged upto required saturation level apply a positive pulse at the base of the transistor so that it goes into the saturation
In saturation VCE = 0, so capacitor shorted and discharges quickly to zero as shown in waveforms below.
These waveform generators are available in IC form called function generator. These circuits are designed to provide basic waveforms with minimum number of external components. A heart of such function generator is VCO that generates triangular and square waves. | <urn:uuid:af65e71f-c2a5-46d2-b6e0-72860d3560b1> | {
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Individuals nowadays are more aware and are adopting a healthier lifestyle. Daily exercise and healthy food choices are very common among people now. They are attentive to even the smallest of things that probably didn’t matter to them 5 years ago just because they want to live a healthier life. But what do you do about the things that are invisible to your eye? Like harmful pollutants in the air that are decreasing your indoor air quality.
For many people, air pollution only refers to car emissions and smog. But that is just what’s happening on the outside. You probably come across 10 ads every day while surfing the web about the harmful effects of outdoor air pollution. But did you know, these pollutants are also inside your home and are affecting your indoor air quality in various ways.
Indoor air pollution is a serious health threat as you spend most of your time in your home. It does not only decreases the indoor air quality but also increases your chances of respiratory and heart diseases. What might start as a seasonal cough might soon turn into early stages of Asthma, just because you thought that the tiny particles in your indoor air are not very harmful.
Harmful effects of poor indoor air quality
Symptoms of poor indoor air quality are very broad and depend on the contaminant. They can easily be mistaken for symptoms of other illnesses such as allergies, stress, colds, etc. Breathing in the polluted air inside your home can lead to coughing, sneezing, watery eyes, fatigue, dizziness and even headache.
Other more severe effects of poor indoor air quality include rashes, fever, dyspnea, respiratory and heart diseases, hearing loss, neurological problems, etc. When you inhale the polluted air, tiny pollutants (called particulate matter) enter your lungs through the nose and mouth and can even trigger lung cancer or a heart attack.
4 ways to stay healthy and improve indoor air quality
Poor indoor air quality can lead to serious health hazards. Staying healthy in a polluted environment is difficult but not impossible. Here are four ways how you and your family can stay healthy and improve your indoor air quality-
1. Installing smart air monitors– It is essential for you to know the pollutants in your air before you take any preventive actions. Air monitors help in identifying the type and size of pollutants present in your indoor air. They use particle detectors to detect particulate matter which has proven to be the most harmful pollutant for human health. Installing a smart air monitor from brands like Kaiterra, uHoo, etc, will definitely help in improving the indoor air quality.
If you have children, elderly or someone with a pre-existing heart disease, living and breathing the poor air quality in your home, then reducing the level of pollution is all the more important since sensitive subjects are more responsive to the harmful effects of air pollution.
- Ventilate- Proper ventilation is important if you want to improve the indoor air quality. Open the door and windows in your house for a couple of hours to let the fresh air come in. But be careful about what time of the day you chose for ventilation. If you live in a busy city, you wouldn’t want to open your windows during rush hours since it will only bring more pollution inside your home.
- Monitor humidity- Monitoring humidity in your house is also important. Wet and damp spaces in lead to the formation of molds which are a type of fungal air pollutant. These molds live and rest in your house carpets, curtains, walls, etc. Fixing leaks in your house and properly cleaning your furniture can help in reducing molds. Also monitoring and maintaining the humidity level between 30-50% will prevent further formation of molds.
- Say no to any type of smoke- Smoking cigarettes inside your home can be a serious health hazard for everyone. Create strict rules for outdoor smoking so that there is no smoke polluting the indoor air.
The smoke coming from activities like cooking can also prove harmful to your family’s health. Installing monitors and smoke fans can further help in identifying and driving out the polluted air outside your home.
Indoor air quality is decreasing with the increasing pollution. Poor air quality is not only harmful to the sensitive subjects but also for healthy individuals. Controlling the level of pollution and identifying the pollutants in your indoor air is the first step towards preventing indoor air pollution and improving your indoor air quality. | <urn:uuid:8df32bcb-e7ed-47c3-a746-8aee4b61b0de> | {
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Tiny Wiki :
Fast loading, text only version of Wikipedia.
Janiculum (''Gianicolo'' in Italian) is a hill in western Rome. Although the second-tallest hill (after Monte Mario), in the contemporary city of Rome, the Janiculum does not figure among the proverbial Seven Hills of Rome, being west of the Tiber and outside the boundaries of the ancient city.
The Janiculum is one of the best locations in Rome for a breathtaking view of the innumerable domes and bell towers that pierce the skyline of the multi-hued architectural museum. Other sights on the Janiculum include the church of ''San Pietro in Montorio'', built upon the site formerly thought to be where St Peter was crucified; here, the ''Tempietto'', a small shrine built by Donato Bramante marks the supposed site of Peter's death. The Janiculum also houses a baroque fountain built by Pope Paul V in the late-seventeenth century, the Acqua Paola, and several foreign research institutions, including the American Academy in Rome and the Academia de España. The Hill is also the location of the Pontifical Urban University and Pontifical North American College, as well as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (a botanical garden).
Ancient history and mythology
The Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god Janus, and the fact that it overlooked the city made it a good place for augurs to observe the auspices.
In Roman mythology, ''Janiculum'' is the name of an ancient town founded by the god Janus (the two-faced god of beginnings). In Book VIII of the Aeneid by Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), King Evander shows Aeneas (the Trojan hero of this epic poem) the ruins of Saturnia and Janiculum on the Capitoline hill near the Arcadian city of Pallanteum (the future site of Rome) (see line 473, Bk. 8). Vergil uses the presence of these ruins to stress the significance of the Capitoline hill as the religious center of the Rome.
According to Livy the Janiculum was incorporated into ancient Rome during the time of king Ancus Marcius in order that it should not be occupied by an enemy. It was fortified by a wall and a bridge constructed across the Tiber to join it to the rest of the city.
The Water Mills
The Aurelian Walls were carried up the hill apparently to include the water mills used to grind grain towards providing bread flour for the city. The mill was thus probably built at the same time as or before the walls were built by the emperor Aurelian (reigned 270-275 AD). The mills were supplied from an aqueduct, where it plunged down a steep hill. The site thus resembles Barbegal, although excavations in the late 1990's suggest that they may have been undershot rather than overshot in design. The mills were in use in 537 AD when the Goths besieging the city cut off their water supply. However they were subsequently restored and may have remained in operation until at least the time of Pope Gregory IV (827-44).
19th century to present
The Janiculum is the site of a battle in 1849 between the forces of Garibaldi, defending the revolutionary Roman Republic and French forces fighting to restore the Temporal power of the Pope over Rome. Because of this battle, several monuments to Garibaldi and to the fallen in the wars of Italian independence are on the Janiculum as well.
Daily at noon, a cannon fires once from the Janiculum in the direction of the Tiber to signal the exact time. This tradition goes back to December 1847 when the cannon of the Castel Sant'Angelo gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday. In 1904, the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939. On 21 April 1959, popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty-year interruption.
The hill features in one of Respighi's Pini di Roma. | <urn:uuid:23a96673-dc7c-4c87-a58b-070a2c3a4e73> | {
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DoF – short for depth of field. In photography this is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects in the image scene that are sharp and on focus. For the human eye the unsharpness in this area is imperceptible.
The DoF plays magor role in photography where some images need large and others small depth of field.
Small DoF is usualy needed in portrait photography and a large DoF in landscapes. | <urn:uuid:eb1c9d8d-5212-4484-be83-c73e3efc10a2> | {
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Ida Saxton McKinley served as First Lady from 1897 to 1901. She was born in Canton, Ohio, on June 8, 1846. While working at her father's bank, she met her future husband, William McKinley. They married in 1871.
Despite her health problems, including phlebitis and epilepsy, first lady Mrs. McKinley still received guests at formal receptions. As guests arrived, she remained seated in a blue velvet chair while holding a fragrant bouquet. From this position, the guests understood that she would not be shaking hands.
President McKinley was assassinated in 1901. Afterward, Mrs. McKinley moved back to Canton, where her younger sister looked after her until Mrs. McKinley died in 1907.
Design on Reverse
Ill health restricted Mrs. McKinley's activities outside her home. She was able to crochet, however, and chose to spend much of her time making bedroom slippers for charity.
The image on the coin's reverse depicts two hands crocheting. The thousands of slippers that Mrs. McKinley crocheted were auctioned off to raise money for people in need. | <urn:uuid:0e8cbd80-b6f3-48a6-8c82-c6a4593f20cc> | {
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PHONOLOGY: a branching representation of stress, introduced by Liberman & Prince (1977), see also metrical phonology. A metrical tree is a hierarchy in which syllables are combined into feet and feet into a word constituent. Higher level structure includes the phonological phrase, intonational phrase and utterance (cf. Selkirk (1981), Nespor & Vogel (1986)). Pairs of sister nodes are labeled Weak-Strong or Strong-Weak (or by the Lexical Category Prominence Rule). The English phrase achromatic lens is represented as follows:
/ \ / \ / \ / \ w s / \ | where S = syllable, w = weak Fw Fs F F = foot, s = strong / \ / \ \ Ss Sw Ss Sw S | | | | | a chro ma tic lensHayes (1981) constrained metrical theory considerably by the introduction of a universally defined set of parameters that characterize the stress systems of languages (i.e. bounded/unbounded; dominance (left/right), direction of footing, quantity-(in)sensitivity).
|LIT.||Hayes, B. (1981)|
Liberman, M. and A. Prince (1977)
Nespor, M. and I. Vogel (1986)
Selkirk, E.O. (1981) | <urn:uuid:49f1765d-c0c9-495c-9e4d-2f8990ade1c7> | {
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During World War II the Allies' effort to persuade neutral countries to seize German assets deposited in their countries was code named Operation Safehaven. Safehaven documents in the National Archives are among those that have brought to light information about assets stolen from Holocaust victims. This page lists individuals, most of whom were Jewish, who tried to hide money from the Nazis by depositing it in Swiss bank accounts. These accounts were untouched between 1942 and 1945, and their owners probably perished in the Holocaust.
National Archives, Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Army) | <urn:uuid:334a1097-3647-418f-954f-2c4a7a60a6b1> | {
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This four-color text provides students with a solid overview of the juvenile justice system in the United States. It presents the historical background of the US Juvenile Justice system, its current status, as well as contemporary societal and legal debates. An examination of various policies, programs, and practices is provided throughout the text. The text includes coverage of juvenile law and procedure, juvenile corrections, juvenile delinquency, delinquency prevention, and the future of juvenile justice in the United States.
Back to top
Rent Juvenile Justice 2nd edition today, or search our site for Robert W. textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by McGraw-Hill Education. | <urn:uuid:c8a1cd18-a522-4256-974f-e0deaacb3985> | {
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Saturday, January 21, 2012
THE REPUBLIC DAY OF
In the life of every nation there are certain days which are considered as red-letter days. The Republic Day celebration held on 26th January every year in our country is one of those days. It is perhaps the most important day of our country. It marks the birth of our nation as a republic. Therefore this day is celebrated all over the country with great pomp and show.
From then on till the dawn of independence on Aug. 1947, the nation celebrated 26th Jan. as Independence Day. Later, when
wanted a day to mark its official birth 26th January, the independence day of the pre-independence days was chosen. On this day, India 26th Jan. 1950 Indian constitution came into force and was proclaimed to be a sovereign, democratic and a republic, India
The ceremony begins in the morning of 26th January with the laying of a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyothi at the India Gate by the Prime Minister, as a mark of gratitude to the martyrs who have laid down their lives for the country. At exactly the president reaches the Rajpath along with the Chief Guest. They are welcomed by the Prime Minister and the defence Minister.
In the evening, the Raisina Hill, where the Rashtrapathi Bhavan is situated is illuminated, presenting a glittering sight. The Republic Day celebrations last three days and come to an end on the evening of 28th January with the Beating of the Retreat ceremony. It is an impressive ceremony put up by our armed forces.
day celebrations are also organised in various state capitals, district headquarters and at the Block and Panchayat levels which are attended by the general public. Grand Republic | <urn:uuid:0a58943e-867d-4a9b-9f6f-6d0be8445984> | {
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Hepatitis A Symptoms
How Long Do Hepatitis A Symptoms Last?Hepatitis A symptoms are usually mild and last one to two weeks. Occasionally, symptoms are more severe and recovery can take several months. Up to 10 percent of people with the disease are ill for as long as six to nine months. In these cases, symptoms may come and go (known as relapsing hepatitis).
The overall rate of death from a hepatitis A infection is 0.3 percent. Loss of life is more common in older people infected with the virus -- the rate of death is 1.8 percent among adults 50 years of age or older. This most often occurs from a complication known as fulminant hepatitis, a condition that results in liver failure. Besides older individuals, people with severe liver disease (cirrhosis) or who have had a liver transplant are at increased risk for fulminant hepatitis. | <urn:uuid:e0d852f6-63d4-4b7b-98f0-f9037e067108> | {
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Rabbi Tarfon said: The day is short, the task is great, the laborers are lazy, the wage is abundant and the master is urgent. …You do not have to finish the task, but you are not free to give up. If you have studied much Torah much reward will be given you, for your employer is faithful, and he will pay you the reward of your labor. And know that the reward for the righteous shall be in the time to come. – Avot 2.20-21
Rabbi Tarfon is one of my favorites among the ancient sages. He was a rabbi of the generation between the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE) and the defeat of the Bar Kochba Revolt (135 CE), a time of great upheaval for the Jewish People. Both of his parents were from priestly families, and he himself served in the Temple as a young man. More than one story about him mentions that his family was rich and that he enjoyed the “perks” that came from being a kohen.
However, Tarfon seems to have been a modest, empathetic man who had genuine concern for the poor. Whenever he received pidyon haben, ritual ransom money paid the priests to “redeem” first born sons, he returned it to the new parents. When he saw a bridal procession of very poor people, he asked his mother and sister to take their perfumes and cosmetics and offer them to the bride. He was creative: during a time of famine, he negotiated betrothals with 300 women so that he could legally share his tithes of priestly food with them!
Tarfon often disputed with Akiva, and he usually lost the argument.
One time they were sitting with other rabbis in an upper room in Lod, and they were asked: “Which is greater, study or action?” Tarfon answered, saying: “Action is greater.” Akiva answered, saying: “Study is greater.” All the rest agreed with Akiva that study is greater than action because it leads to action.” –Kiddushin 40b
However, he was good spirited about such things, valuing learning over ego.
Another time, Rabbi Akiva, who was poor, asked him for money, saying he had a good investment for Tarfon. Tarfon gave him the money. Later on, he found out that Akiva had given it all away to needy people. Akiva quoted Psalms, reminding him that such gifts are an “everlasting possession.” Tarfon hugged and kissed Akiva, saying, “My teacher and leader! My teacher in wisdom and my leader in conduct.”
On another occasion, when he lost an argument with Akiva, he said, “Happy may be Abraham our father, having such a son as Akiba; Tarfon saw and forgot, but Akiba understood of his own accord. Whosoever parts with you, Akiba, parts with life itself!”
The Talmud tells us that he was very loving to his wife and his children, and fond of his mother. One source tells us that he was murdered by the Romans for teaching Torah.
His most famous quotation is the one at the top of this page. He understood that it can be very stressful to live a life of Torah, that the expectations are high. At the same time, we can take comfort in knowing that effort and persistence are good in and of themselves.
I like to imagine Rabbi Tarfon teaching a student who is perhaps not as quick as the others. “Don’t worry, I see that you are making the effort!” he might say. Rabbi Tarfon understood what it was not to be the smartest guy in the room. He understood that a person’s worth lay in their character – as did his. | <urn:uuid:9aa9431b-86d4-4e0a-a5ce-7e024f9e5929> | {
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Click on the image for movie
This movie shows the southern high-latitudes region of Mars from March 19 through April 14, 2009, a period when regional dust storms occurred along the retreating edge of carbon-dioxide frost in the seasonal south polar cap.
The movie combines hundreds of images from the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
In viewing the movie, it helps to understand some of the artifacts produced by the nature of MARCI images when seen in animation. MARCI acquires images in swaths from pole-to-pole during the dayside portion of each orbit. The camera can cover the entire planet in just over 12 orbits, and takes about 1 day to accumulate this coverage. The indiviual swaths are assembled into a mosaic, and that mosaic is shown here wrapped onto a sphere. The blurry portions of the mosaic, seen to be "pinwheeling" around the planet in the movie, are the portions of adjacent images viewing obliquely through the hazy atmosphsere. Portions with sharper-looking details are the central part of an image, viewing more directly downward through less atmosphere than the obliquely viewed portions. MARCI has a 180-degree field of view, and Mars fills about 78 percent of that field of view when the camera is pointed down at the planet. However, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter often is pointed to one side or the other off its orbital track in order to acquire targeted observations by the higher-resolution imaging systems on the spacecraft. When such rolls exceed about 20 degrees, gaps occur in the mosaic of MARCI swaths. Also, dark gaps appear when data are missing, either because of irrecoverable data drops, or because not all the data have yet been transmitted from the spacecraft.
It isn't easy to see the actual dust motion in the atmosphere in these images, owing to the apparent motion of these artifacts. However, by concentrating on specific surface features (craters, prominent ice deposits, etc.) and looking for the brownish clouds of dust, it is possible to see where the storms start and how they move around the planet.
In additon to tracking the storms, it is also interesting to watch how the seasonal cap shrinks from the beginning to the end of the animation. This shrinkage results from subliming of the carbon-dioxide frost from the surface as the frost absorbs southern hemisphere mid-spring sunlight. The temperature contrast between the warm sunlit ground just north of the cap's edge and the cold carbon-dioxide frost generates strong winds, enhanced by the excess carbon dioxide subliming off the cap. These winds create the conditions that lead to the dust storms.
Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, provided and operates the Mars Color Imager. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, is the prime contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. | <urn:uuid:e407d2f3-b0bf-4e21-b39d-6d4cc575bc69> | {
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Edited by Curet Meine and Keefe Keeley
Home to the little house in the big woods, the prairie school, and the organic valley
Ancient glaciers passed by the Driftless Area and waterways vein its interior, forming an enchanting, enigmatic landscape of sharp ridgetops and deep valleys. Across time, this rugged topography has been home to an astonishing variety of people: Sauk, Dakota, and Ho-Chunk villagers, Norwegian farmers and Mexican mercado owners, Dominican nuns and Buddhist monks, river raftsmen and Shakespearean actors, Cornish miners and African American barn builders, organic entrepreneurs and Hmong truck gardeners.
The Driftless Reader gathers writings that highlight the unique natural and cultural history, landscape, and literature of this region that encompasses southwestern Wisconsin and adjacent Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois. The more than eighty selected texts include writings by Black Hawk, Mark Twain, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Frank Lloyd Wright, Aldo Leopold, David Rhodes, and many other Native people, explorers, scientists, historians, farmers, songwriters, journalists, and poets. Paintings, photographs, maps, and other images complement the texts, providing a deeper appreciation of this region's layered natural and human history. | <urn:uuid:5a90e027-5fd6-474d-9f15-ba0d36439ffa> | {
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This chapter of the book focuses on the challenges that seastead distance learners might face, but also the benefits that could be drawn from this learning opportunity.
The chapter begins with an overview of what is meant, in this context, by distance learning, especially within the global community of distance learners. There will be an examination of how distance learning can create a community of learners that reaches beyond national/social/educational boundaries.
The challenges faced by distance learners on seasteads are discussed, including the potential lack of a strong, pre-existing learning community and possible cultural resistance to this way of learning. This is followed by an examination of why distance learning might especially suit the needs of those living and working on a seastead and how it might have an impact beyond simply the learning process.
The creation of a distance learning community on a seastead, one that works within the community but also reaches out beyond it, is advocated in the chapter. This is supported by a comparison between mainland distance learners, who work alone and engage principally with an online learning group as part of their course, and seasteaders, who have the opportunity to create both an online support network and a face-to-face support group of learners on the seastead. Such a group would not be restricted by the areas studied or the technology used, but would be able to come together as a support hub unique to that particular seastead community.
Much of the chapter is dedicated to offering practical steps that learners and seastead communities can take in order to ensure that a venture into distance learning is successful in offering benefits not only to individual learners and the potential learning groups that might be formed but also to the seastead community as a whole.
Dr. Lucinda Becker is an award-winning Associate Professor at the University of Reading who has dedicated her life to creating independent learners who are confident in themselves intellectually, professionally, and personally. Lucinda has published numerous study skill guides for students, including How to Manage your Distance and Open Learning Course, published by Palgrave Macmillan. In addition to her university role, Lucinda works as a professional trainer, devising and delivering a range of communication skills courses in the UK and Europe to scientists, engineers, and lawyers. Whilst not a seasteader herself, Lucinda lives in a family.
Lucinda Becker (2017): Creating a Learning Community on Seasteads, in: Victor Tiberius (Ed.) (2017): Seasteads. Opportunities and Challenges for Small New Societies, Zurich (vdf), pp. 221-230. | <urn:uuid:4f10828a-f5e9-4128-ad29-9e188c7a904c> | {
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A recent study says that during winters, 64% fine-particulate pollution in Delhi comes from outside the city
Delhi’s contribution to toxic PM 2.5 during winters is just 36 per cent with 64 per cent of the particulate matter coming from sources outside the capital city, shows a recent study by Delhi-based the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the Automotive Research Association of India.
Commissioned by the ministry of heavy industries and public enterprises, the study said that the NCR (excluding Delhi) adds 34 per cent and regions outside the NCR (17 per cent) and India (13 per cent) together contribute 30 per cent to fine-particulate pollution in Delhi during winters.
But in summers, 74 per cent of Delhi’s PM 2.5 pollution is caused by sources outside Delhi, and the biggest source is outside India.
Data was derived from 10 days of air-quality monitoring in the winter and summer of 2016-17 at nine stations in Delhi, four in Uttar Pradesh and seven in Haryana.
In a business-as-usual scenario, it is said that the average PM 2.5 concentration in winter and summer seasons will rise by 8.25 per cent over 14 years to 2030, from 109 μg/m3 to 118 μg/m3, according to the study.
PM 2.5 or particulate matter 2.5 are tiny particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometres or less, which can reach deep into the lungs and enter the blood circulation system. Exposure to these particles triggers asthma, lung irritation and coughing while in the long-term, it can cause lung cancer.
Global Mobility Report 2017 by The World Bank collated air pollution data from 103 countries and found that all Indians were exposed to PM 2.5 in excess of the WHO guidelines.
Most deaths due to PM 2.5 take place in rural India. In 2015, PM2.5 was responsible for approximately 1.1 million deaths, which is 10.6 per cent of total number of deaths in the country.
We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together.
Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition. | <urn:uuid:018de953-4741-4e35-a183-2e0bad8eddaf> | {
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|Boote, Kenneth -|
|Izaurralde, R -|
|Thomson, A -|
|Wolfe, D -|
Submitted to: Agronomy Journal
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: November 30, 2010
Publication Date: March 1, 2011
Repository URL: http://hdl.handle.net/102113/48657
Citation: Hatfield, J.L., Boote, K.J., Kimball, B.A., Ziska, L.H., Izaurralde, R.C., Ort, D.R., Thomson, A.M., Wolfe, D. 2011. Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for crop production. Agronomy Journal. 103(2):351-370. Interpretive Summary: Climate change is occurring around the world and the impacts of these changes on agriculture are causing concern about the potential consequences on food security. An analysis of the impacts of climate change on agronomic crops was undertaken to document the expected impacts of rising temperatures and carbon dioxide over the next 30 to 50 years. This analysis also included the potential impacts of increasing variability in precipitation and the effects of rising ozone levels. The crops considered in this analysis were corn, soybean, wheat, rice, sorghum, cotton, peanut, field beans, and tomato. These species of crops don’t exhibit the same response to rising temperature and one of the most sensitive growth stages is pollination and the expectation of increasing chances of heat waves during the summer could negatively impact grain production. The rising carbon dioxide levels are a positive benefit to plants and increase the efficiency of water use; however, this is offset by the rising temperatures increasing the rate of water use. The increasing ozone levels may cause more damage to plants than other stresses. In addition to the direct impacts of climate there are indirect impacts that result from increased weed, insect, and disease pressures on crops because of the more favorable conditions for larger pest populations. Future food security will depend upon understanding the role of climate on crop production and developing adaptive cropping systems to cope with these changes. This information will benefit scientists, policymakers, and educators about the role that climate plays in crop production.
Technical Abstract: Changes in temperature, CO2, and precipitation under the scenarios of climate change for the next 50 years present a challenge to crop production. Understanding these implications for agricultural crops is critical to being able to develop cropping systems which are resilient to stresses induced by climate change. There is variation among crops in their response to CO2, temperature, and precipitation changes and, with the regional differences in predicted climate changes, a situation is created in which the responses will be further complicated. For example, the temperature effects on soybean could potentially cause yield reductions of 2.4% in the south but an increase of 1.7% in the Midwest. The frequency of years when temperatures exceed thresholds for damage during critical growth stages is likely to increase for some crops and regions. The increase in CO2 contributes significantly to enhanced plant growth and improved water use efficiency. A challenge is to understand the interactions of the changing climatic parameters because of the interactions among temperature, CO2, and precipitation on plant growth and development and also on the biotic stresses of weeds, insects, and diseases. | <urn:uuid:916cbb1e-ce3b-4b95-aa0a-f0d52b3c2223> | {
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The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency urges those who live near or downwind of the Pagami Creek fire in northeastern Minnesota to take precautions to reduce exposure if the smell of smoke or haze is present.
When smoke is present, individuals are encouraged to remain indoors and reduce their activity levels. Those with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory problems, such as asthma, are particularly susceptible to increases in air pollution, as are the elderly and children.
Although the MPCA is unable to identify exact locations where smoke may reach levels of health concern, it encourages citizens to take precautions if they detect smoke in the area. The M-P-C-A will continue to monitor hourly pollution concentrations at the existing sites in Duluth, Ely and Grand Portage, and will be deploying additional temporary monitors along the North Shore. | <urn:uuid:b973486c-0f97-4396-836c-8e3899d1f6e3> | {
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On any other day of the year, Paucartambo is a small, tranquil Andean town where a fly doesn’t repose on a windowsill undetected.
But if you venture down there from Cuzco any time between July 15 and 18, you will stumble into a festival marked by an incessant blaze of color and music. The rhythm of folkloric dances floods the crowded streets. Masked colonial characters wear impossibly detailed costumes that often depict hand-embroidered patterns and images of nature and religious figures.
No matter when you visit, however, one thing will be certain: life revolves around those four short July days when the Fiesta de la Virgen del Carmen is celebrated.
The festival of Paucartambo is considered the epitome of religious and cultural syncretism that arose from the colonial period. Its beauty lies in the merging of indigenous and Catholic symbols and traditions to celebrate the blessing of the Virgin through song and dance.
Wearing beautiful, comical, and frightening masks, and adorned with intricate costumes, there are 19 dance groups. Each of them represents or parodies a colonial character. The three groups that take the center stage of the festival are the Qapaq Qoyas, highland merchants come to town to trade; the Qapaq Chunchos, Antisuyo warriors who protect the Virgin; and the Qapaq Negros, the slaves brought to work on the mines who have devoted their life to the Mamacha.
Other highly notable characters are the Saqras, or playful demons, who are there to tempt the Virgin and the audience, and the Maqt’as, who are both beloved and feared. They are responsible for keeping order, and they take to their task with complete lawlessness. Get in their way or the way of dancers and you will be whipped, sprayed with suspicious substances, or attacked with taxidermied animals.
Over the following three days, the dancers participate in a series of symbolic rituals that range from the somber to the artistic to the festive. The dancers jump through fire to cleanse their souls, serenade the Virgin with solemnity, and go to the cemetery to visit and sing to their departed members. They also light fireworks, throw bread and gifts to the audience, and pull pranks, like flailing around balls of fire and spraying beer over whoever is in sight. In its characters and rituals, the festival brings together feelings of both joy and sorrow.
The culminating ritual is the guerilla, a fight between the Qapaq Qoyas (highland merchants) and the Qapaq Chunchos (Antisuyo Warriors). The merchants, who are said to have brought the Virgin to Paucartambo by mistake, try to steal her and bring her back with them to the highlans, while the warriors use their spears to protect their Mamacha. One by one the merchants fall and the demons come with a (literal) cart of fire to take them to the pits of hell.
As a visitor, it is easy, to fall into the rhythm of the town, to become inebriated with the songs that work much faster than the constant supply of free alcohol. But then the festival ends and you get back on a bus to the Inca capital.
For Paucartambinos, the festival is never truly over. Their entire lives, it seems, are lived in preparation of the opportunity to show their devotion to the Mamacha. Valeria Villafuerte Wilson, who has been dancing as a Qoyacha (young maiden) since she was five, enthusiastically claims, “our year is from July to July.”
Her father and her siblings are also dancers, and their life revolve around the festival. She even claims that she specifically looks for jobs that will allow her to participate in it each year. And when a work conflict arises, the priorities are clear. Her dad has more than once found himself declaring that if his job does not give him permission to attend the festival, he will simply quit. This is a sentiment echoed by most dancers who live outside of Paucartambo.
Being a dancer is no small responsibility. To even be accepted into a dance, you have to prove yourself a worthy candidate. Some people spend six or seven years trying to join a dance before they are admitted. This is especially true for women, since there are fewer dances that include them, and only unmarried women are allowed in them. Once you have joined a dance, you make a solemn promise to the Virgin that you will be back the next year to offer your dance to her.
Angela Bravo Chacon, a political scientist whose family lives in Paucartambo and who has attended the festival every single year since she was four months old, explains that many of the dancers have made a personal promise to the Virgin in exchange for a request—a promise that is not taken lightly.
This is the case with Valeria and her family. They started dancing, she says, because her father promised the Virgin that he would dance for her if she helped cure Valeria of heart disease. Breaking such a promise would be inconceivable to them. When they are not dancing, they are practicing. Like all other dancers, they spend the year outside of these four days rehearsing the routines and working on costumes, each of which is designed to be unique and personalized.
While the dancers are central to the festival, they are not the only ones whose lives are defined by it. Those who don’t dance are often as committed as those who do. The members of Angela’s family, for example, are faithful participants, despite not being, as she puts it, “very Catholic.” She explains that while they are not strict followers of the religion, they are fervent followers of the Virgin: “The festival has a lot of popular religiosity. The relationship that people have with Mamacha Carmen is very personal and mystical, and breaks from the structures of the Church.”
It is this fervent devotion to the festival that defines the life of Paucartambo and drives people to offer themselves as priostes and mayordomos, who are in charge of financially and logistically sponsoring the entire festival.
Each dance group opens the door of their meeting hall to anyone who wishes to enter. At lunch and dinner time, every single person will be given a plate of food, often prepared by the dancers themselves. After the rituals of the day are over, the doors open again, and participants are welcomed to a party with live music and free-flowing alcohol.
The prioste and the mayordomos are responsible not only for feeding thousands of people, but for the successful completion of the festival. The prioste takes care of the entire festival, paying for the musicians that accompany the Virgin in her processions, and for providing food and drink at the central house, or cargo mayor. They also have to take care of the Virgin for the entire year.
Why would anyone, especially anyone from a small Andean town, offer to pay an exorbitant amount of money so thousands of others could have a good time? Gisela Canepa Koch explains in her investigation, Masks, Transformation, and Identity in the Andes: The Festival of the Virgin of Carmen, Paucartambo-Cuzco, that the prioste’s responsibility is immense, since the Virgin’s blessing for the next year depends on her satisfaction with the festival. By sponsoring the festival, they not only show their devotion to the Virgin, they also consolidate a position of authority by guaranteeing the future of the town.
The prioste and the mayordomos spend their entire year collecting funds and donations from people around town, organizing the festival, and taking care of the Virgin. Like the dancers, their life revolves around and is defined by the four fateful days in the middle of the winter. | <urn:uuid:1b7cb309-be71-443c-a2d3-341feb1506e2> | {
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Common cold may temporarily increase stroke risk in kids
A new research has suggested that common cold infections are temporarily linked to increased stroke risk in vulnerable children.
Researchers at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco found that the risk of stroke was increased only within a three-day period between a child's visit to the doctor for signs of infection and having the stroke.
Senior author Heather Fullerton, MD, a pediatric vascular neurologist and medical director of the Pediatric Brain Center at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco, said that these findings suggested that infection had a powerful but short-lived effect on stroke risk.
Fullerton continued that they had seen this increase in stroke risk from infection in adults, but until now, an association had not been studied in children.
Fullerton added that the Infection prevention was the key for kids who were at risk for stroke, and they should make sure those kids were getting vaccinated against whatever infections such as flu.
The study observed that children who had strokes were 12 times more likely to have had an infection within the previous three days than the children without strokes. The total number of infections over a two-year period was not associated with increased stroke risk and about 80 percent of the minor infections identified by the researchers were upper respiratory.
The study was published in online issue of Neurology.
(Posted on 21-08-2014)
Free Yearly Horoscope: Select your zodiac sign | <urn:uuid:6a45b61d-7818-4a79-ab3c-4d8d4010bf7f> | {
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In the previous post I looked at what some philosophers say about how feelings are the ultimate determiners of our setting of aims. Some would go so far as to assert that morality itself depends on the feelings of the person making the moral judgement. Other philosophers react against this, with the view that the moral standard is a law of reason.
If these philosophers are correct, then moral standards are fixed and unchanging. The moral law would then be a law of nature, comparable to, but not identical with, such laws as the law of gravity. One form of this theory is that good actions are necessarily consistent actions. Thus a bad action would be a denial, and a good action an affirmation, of the real state of things.
For example, if a man steals a car and drives away with it, it is a bad action because he is not thinking of the car as being what it is (someone else's car), so he is denying things as they are, and contradicting the law of reason. The thief is affirming a falsehood. Again, they have argued that a man who beats is wife is in a way denying that she is his wife.
Some philosophers go further than this. They agree that it is true that the bad action is one that is inconsistent, but it is inconsistent not with an objective fact but with an ideal. Under this view, stealing is wrong not because it is a denial of an objective fact about the stolen property, but because the action is inconsistent with an ideal relationship between human beings.
The philosopher Kant held that when a person does a bad action, the inconsistency lies in the fact that they are acting according to a principle which they are not willing to allow others to follow as their principle. Under this definition, a person who only performs good actions is one who is at all times prepared to let others act on the same principles.
The philosopher says: In the lower forms of goodness, the actions of an individual form a coherent whole among themselves. In higher forms of goodness, they form a coherent system with the actions of one's own society. In the highest forms of goodness, they form a coherent system with all other acts of willing in the universe. | <urn:uuid:f79c1d63-7af1-47f2-90a3-361db9ffc22d> | {
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Dr. Mamie Clark was interviewed in 1976 for the Oral History Research Office by Ed Edwin, a journalist and radio reporter who covered New York and national politics for a variety of media in New York and Washington, D.C. Edwin also conducted interviews with Bayard Rustin, Justice Thurgood Marshall, and many New York political figures for the Office. In this interview, Dr. Clark succinctly recounts the turning points in her life, including witnessing a lynching as a child in Arkansas, studying children's concepts of race at Washington, D.C., nursery schools, choosing to study with a racially prejudiced professor at Columbia, and deciding to establish the Northside Center for Child Development. The education career of Mamie Clark is further documented in the more than thirty interviews conducted for a project on the history of the Northside Center.
In her early work, Mamie Clark found that African American children develop a consciousness of themselves as black at a young age. Listen to Clark discuss how her findings led to further investigations into the impact of this realization on children.
Read transcript Listen to audio | <urn:uuid:77d8d0f4-f881-4ea1-adff-d86319b7997e> | {
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When Kevin went for his school physical, he told the doctor that his biggest worry about going back to school was the dress code. This year the uniforms were dark blue, and Kevin hated wearing dark colors. He told his doctor that he got embarrassed because dandruff always showed up on his shoulders. When the doctor said that dandruff was treatable, Kevin was relieved.
What Is Dandruff?
The flaking accompanying dandruff is caused by something called seborrheic dermatitis (sometimes just called seborrhea). Dandruff flakes may be white or light yellow and will usually rub off a person’s head easily.
Someone who has dandruff may notice his or her scalp feels crusty, red, and raw in the areas where seborrhea is getting worse. If this happens, seborrhea can cause the scalp to itch pretty badly. In very rare cases, seborrhea may cause hair loss if it isn’t treated. But any lost hair should start to grow back once seborrhea is treated.
For some people, seborrhea just causes a relatively mild case of dandruff — a bit of flaking and itching in the scalp. Other people with seborrhea have crusty, red, irritated skin that may spread to different areas of the body. Common locations to find seborrhea include inside the ear, the armpits, and even the belly button.
Seborrhea and dandruff aren’t contagious. So you can’t catch dandruff from (or give it to) another person.
Who Gets Dandruff?
If you’re worried about dandruff, you’re not alone. Dandruff can start in early adolescence during puberty, and lots of teens and adults live with it. Doctors don’t know exactly what causes dandruff, but some people think it happens when the oil glands and hair follicles produce too much skin oil (sebum). Hormone levels are high during teen years, causing more oil production, which can lead to dandruff.
People who get eczema may notice that their dandruff gets worse when they have an eczema flare-up. Dandruff also often gets worse during the winter and in cold weather. Other things that can increase a person’s chances of getting seborrhea include stress, immune system problems (like HIV), and neurological problems.
Most of the time dandruff can be treated and controlled with over-the-counter dandruff shampoo. More severe dandruff may need prescription shampoo, steroid creams, or antifungal creams to help improve the skin irritation.
If you have seborrhea only on your scalp, you should be able to treat it just with dandruff shampoo. Depending on your hair type, it also may help to massage mineral oil into your scalp to help loosen the flakes.
Many types of dandruff shampoo are available over-the-counter and they all work pretty well. They are sold under many different names so check the labels for “active ingredients” or ask the pharmacist if you have any questions:
- selenium sulfide 1% shampoo
- sulfur shampoo
- tar-based shampoo
- zinc pyrithione shampoo
- ketoconazole shampoo
If you have dandruff, you may need to use a dandruff shampoo every day at first. Once your dandruff has improved, it is OK to use your dandruff shampoo less often. Using dandruff shampoo once a week may be enough to keep dandruff flakes off your shoulders.
If one type of dandruff shampoo irritates or bothers your scalp, try a different one. You might need to experiment with a couple to figure out which one works best for you.
Some dandruff shampoos have a strong smell. But you can still smell like you by using your regular shampoo and/or conditioner after rinsing the dandruff shampoo out.
If you have seborrhea in areas other than your scalp, or if shampoos alone are not controlling your dandruff, talk to your doctor about other treatments.
Your doctor will examine you and get your medical history in order to work out the best treatment for you. If your doctor decides you need medicine for seborrhea, he or she may recommend:
- prescription-strength dandruff shampoos
- antifungal shampoos, creams, and lotions
- steroid creams, lotions, and ointments
After treatment, some people notice that areas of skin that had severe seborrhea may be lighter than the surrounding skin. This is more common in people with darker skin. Over time, this color difference will fade and the skin’s color will return to normal.
Living With Dandruff
Most people are able to control dandruff with shampoos. Some need to use these shampoos as often as twice a week; others can go a month between uses. Other people may need special prescription shampoo to keep dandruff away. It all depends on the person.
Dandruff can’t be cured, but it can be kept under control. And, once it’s under control, most people can’t tell that someone has it. In fact, the only way someone might know you have dandruff is by looking at the shampoos in your shower.
Reviewed by: Rupal Christine Gupta, MD
Date reviewed: August 2014 | <urn:uuid:7d796851-1be0-4b8f-9f9f-1a4d54e23832> | {
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Part of the TCP/IP For Dummies Cheat Sheet
Knowing your way around TCP/IP is key if you want to manage a network successfully. The definitions in the following list explain the basics, such as what an IP address is, and they also clarify the various nets you deal with — extranets, intranet, and subnetting — as well other key terms.
CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing): A way to conserve on IP addresses. An IP addressing design that replaces the traditional Class A, B, C structure, CIDR allows one IP address to represent many IP addresses. A CIDR address looks like a regular IP address with a suffix on the end, such as 184.108.40.206/12. The suffix is an IP prefix.
extranet: A private/public hybrid network that uses TCP/IP to share part of an intranet with an outside organization. An extranet is the part of an intranet that outsiders can access over the Internet. Be sure to have good security practices if you have an extranet.
intranet: An organization’s private network. If your intranet is built on TCP/IP protocols, applications, and services, it’s also an Internet.
IP address: The 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit (IPv6) numeric address for a computer. You must have an IP address to be connected to the Internet. An IP address consists of two parts: the network piece and the host piece. An IPv4 example: 127.0.0.1; an IPv6 example: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (::1 for short).
loopback address: IP shorthand for you — actually, your computer. The loopback is a special IP address (127.0.0.1) that isn’t physically connected to any network hardware. You use it to test TCP/IP services and applications without worrying about hardware problems.
Network Address Translation (NAT): Helps the Internet not run out of IP addresses by translating an IP address (perhaps not unique) on one network to another IP address on a different network — usually, the Internet. IPv6 does away with the need for NAT address help, but NAT, unintentionally, also provides firewall security.
subnetting: Dividing one large Internet into smaller networks (subnets) in which they all share the same network portion of an IP address.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The guts and the rules of the Internet and World Wide Web. A set of protocols, services, and applications for linking computers of all kinds.
Virtual private network (VPN): A private network that runs over the public Internet. You can build a VPN at low cost by using the Internet (rather than your own system of private — and expensive — lines) with special security checks and a tunneling protocol. Companies are beginning to use a private virtual network for both extranets and wide-area intranets.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): Are you spending too much on phone calls? Get rid of your phone service. You can make phone calls from anywhere to anywhere that has a computer, free VoIP software, and a fast Internet connection. Even better, it’s free. You can call from Buenos Aires to Nairobi for free with VoIP. It doesn’t have to be computer to computer, either. You can also use VoIP to call a regular telephone number.
Are you acronym challenged? If you don’t know what a particular acronym means, visit WhatIs? where you can find thousands of definitions for Internet and security acronyms. | <urn:uuid:dcd24722-56a8-4479-baba-95792e79bb1c> | {
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Skin is the first defensive barrier against bacteria and virus, it maintains the hydro-balance of our body and it helps regulating our body temperature.
Skin, by covering us completely, is our shield and it plays a fundamental role for the wellbeing of the organism by partecipating to the synthesis of Vitamin D, which is fundamental for the correct development of bones during growth.
Skin is composed by three layers with different characteristics and functions:
Skin health depends on the epidermis that protects and regularize the hydration of the corneal layer, the most external organ, thanks to a hydro-lipidic film composed by a lipid part responsible for the protection and the NMF: Natural Mosturing Factor a mix of components responsible for skin hydration.
The NMF is a natural emulsion produced by our body composed by lactic acid, aminoacid, fat acids and a mix of igroscopic substances able to absorb water and moisturize cells. Its function is capting and keeping water in the skin, thus maintaining its the correct hydration level.
Children skin is different from adults both from a morphological point of you and a functional one:
Contrary to popular belief,children skin is drier and thus frailer and more sensitive than that of adults, in particular after the first 30 days because of little NMF, the moisturizing factor naturally present on the epidermis.
The NATURAL MOSTURIZING FACTOR is the protective tracksuit that covers children skin from head to toe, catching water and keping it in the skin, thus and defining its hydratation.
When there is not enough NMF, the epithelial cells get excessively dehydrated, which makes the skin lose its elasticity and decreasing its natural defenses. Detersion and environmental factors can make this lack of NMF worse, making children skin hyper-sensitive. | <urn:uuid:5bbb334c-983a-437f-9794-190f71d4ca50> | {
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Burlington: The City that has Managed High Energy Sustainability
by Daniela Carvajal
Burlington, Vermont, is showing us how energy sustainability can change cities. The city has managed to reach a very high sustainability rate on their energy consumption and production by various means of energy production.
According to PBS Newshour, switching from fossil fuel based energy is likely to save about $20 million over the next two decades. Additionally, the citizens of Burlington have not experienced a raise on their electricity bills since 2009.
The city runs successfully with different types of energy, from wind power to solar energy. About 35% of the city’s energy depends on a biomass facility. Another 20% or so is sourced from wind turbines in a neighboring town, as well as solar panels in various locations around the city. However, the biggest portion of Burlington’s power is extracted from hydropower.
This is a great example of how energy sustainability can make a difference for both their citizens and the rest of the environment. | <urn:uuid:643ae692-41ed-4d7f-b93c-9ca8ea2a9ff8> | {
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As early as kindergarten, your parents may have been reminding you about the importance of education and the reasons why you should wake up early to go to school. In the end, your parents know best. One of the key roles of getting educated is to gain knowledge of things you won’t be able to discover otherwise. Although education can come in various forms, such as self-study, homeschooling, and traditional school-based programs, they are all important to one’s personal development. This article explains the importance of education for young kids, teenagers, college students and even professionals.
Benefits of Preschool Education
Preschools, nursery schooling, or infant education is given to children from month-old to five years old, depending on local educational standards. Contrary to popular belief that preschools only teach social skills to kids through playtime, preschools may have one or two teaching methods used (such as Waldorf, Montessori, Head Start, The Creative Curriculum, High Scope, Bank Street, Reggio Emilia, High Reach Learning, and Forest kindergartens, among others. All of these teaching methods provide students with:
- Educational gain – Numerous studies and surveys have shown that kids who attended preschool had better results when given standardized tests and increase their chances of success in school. More than 5 studies have demonstrated these findings, one of which stating that four graders who attended preschool earlier passed math assessments and literacy tests with higher grades than their classmates who skipped preschool.
- Social learning – An important aspect of preschool education is it allows kids to socialize with other kids of the same age. This helps young kids express emotions verbally and develop a sense of humor, learn basic rules and routines, show independence, and play well with other children to encourage collaborative learning.
- Develop advanced skills – Children who had preschool education developed advanced skills in important areas such as problem solving, group-based learning, following directions and communication, among others.
- Reduce chances of Failure, teen pregnancies and committing crimes as adults – Different studies have shown that children who attend preschool perform more effectively in regular classes and avoid failing grade levels. Another study done in North Carolina suggested that those who had preschool education had lower rates of teen pregnancy. Based on U.S. crime rates, adults who went to preschool when they were young had fewer and less severe crimes committed as adults.
Importance of Primary Education
Primary or elementary education is the first several years of a child’s formal education. Some schools or countries require up to 7 years of structured primary schooling, while others consist of 5 or 6 years. Children attend primary schooling at age 5 or 6. Some educators believe the elementary levels are the most important part of a person’s educational background. Here’s why:
- Basic Educational Foundation – Children learn about the basics skills, such as reading and writing, as well as the concepts of language, math, science and culture, among other subjects.
- Develop Life Skills – Many of the important life lessons are taught in primary education. Children learn about choosing right from wrong, how to set and reach goals, how to appreciate diversity, make good decisions and develop social skills and a solid moral character.
- Gain resources and opportunities – Attending a school allows children to be part of a community and get access to the libraries and computer courses, bands and chorus, sports facilities, school counselors, and lab rooms, among others. These resources are particularly important to kids of poorer families who would not have access to these opportunities if they were not in school.
- Prepare for Adulthood – Some children get jobs after taking primary education. Although this won’t be enough to find a good-paying job, having basic education makes the process of employment a bit easier. In addition, kids who value education become great contributors to society as adults.
Advantages of Secondary Education
In most educational systems, secondary education occurs during a child’s adolescence. It is also known as middle school or high school, depending on the system and country. In Canada and the United States, primary and secondary education is known together as K-12 education. In New Zealand and other countries, grades 1-13 are used. The purpose of secondary education include preparing teens for higher education (or college), providing them with common knowledge, or training them directly for a profession. Regardless of institution, kids who attend secondary education reap these benefits:
- Social Benefits – Although social skills are developed since a child attends preschool and primary school, getting secondary education is important to a teenager’s development of interpersonal communication skills. Since adolescence can be a trying time for teens, having friends at school to relate at this age is extremely important.
- Employment stability – A U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics study found that full-time adult workers who hold a GED or high school diploma are 37% less likely to be unemployed compared to those with less education. This is because many employers prefer to hire people with high school education since they have developed career skills and work habits to prepare them for the workforce.
- Better Salary – Those with a high school diploma earn an average of $555/week (or over $8,500 a year), compared to high school dropout workers who earn about $400/week.
- Entry to College, University and Continuing Education programs – A GED or high school diploma helps students seek higher education in college, university or other special schools.
A side note: It is a common misconception that a GED (General Educational Development) is equivalent to a high school diploma, but be aware that the GED exam is not a direct alternative to a high school diploma, even if they are usually grouped together. The GED exam includes 5 parts – social studies, mathematics, science, writing skills and interpreting literature. If you pass this exam, you will not earn a high school diploma, but a GED certificate. While many HR managers look at GED holders as high school graduates, not all colleges accept applications with only a GED certificate.
Importance of Higher Education
Higher education is also called post-secondary or tertiary education. It is a non-compulsory educational level taken after high school. The term “higher education” may include studies in colleges, universities, vocational schools and graduate (postgraduate level) schools that results in obtaining a diploma, certificate or academic degrees. Regardless of what career path a student prefers to take, completing tertiary education provides the following benefits:
- Skills and Overall Development – Even if tertiary school students take different subjects as majors, they all develop necessary skills in communication, reflection, tolerance and reasoning, which are important in solving future problems in their personal and professional lives. The availability of extracurricular activities in colleges helps in molding an individual’s personality and character. Students who live in campus (and are separated from their families for the first time) usually develop independence that cannot be gained elsewhere.
- High Income – College graduates earn nearly twice as much compared to their salaries in jobs taken as high school graduates. In comparison with workers without college degrees, those with undergraduate degrees earn around 25% more, those with master’s degree earn up to 45% more and those with doctoral degrees earn up to 70% more. If you compute an adult’s working life, the average lifetime earning of high school graduate workers is $1.5 million, a bachelor’s degree holder $2.7 million, a master’s degree holder $3.2 million and a doctoral degree holder $4.5 million.
- Gain Practical Experience focused on Chosen Fields – Since college programs provide lessons focused in one’s major, getting a degree in a particular field could open doors to careers you want. Employers usually hire a person with educational background related to the company’s industry, since certifications or diplomas serve as proof that you were taught practical skills needed for that field.
- Networking – College exposes students with hundreds of different people each day. Many college graduates believe that networking is one of the top benefits of getting tertiary education because the contacts they made in college usually help them find entry-level jobs.
Benefits of Education to Society
It is not just the student and his/her family who receives the benefits of education. The society and economy also profits when people receive higher education and begin to receive better salaries. Here are the top advantages of education to society:
- Educated Individuals make Good Citizens – Several studies and history has shown that people who are educated rarely commit crimes. If they do, the crimes are less severe than criminals without an educational background commit. Many adults who have completed high school levels are usually devoted to their families and join community, religious or philanthropic activities.
- Tax and Government Assistance – High school graduates tend to pay taxes on time. A study conducted by the Ohio Economics Center for Education and Research suggests that high school graduates require less assistance than kids who were not able to attend secondary school or dropped out of high school.
- Trained Professionals – Adults with certificates or diplomas in higher education become an important source of trained professionals for a country’s economy.
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While existing laws and programs now protect or encourage preservation of many natural resources and landscapes, there is a clear need to go beyond protection and preservation – to restoration of damaged critical natural habitats. Habitat restoration preserves our natural heritage and restores the critical “services” the natural environment provides. Restoration, as it is broadly defined, is the act, process, or result of returning a degraded or former habitat to a healthy, self-sustaining condition that resembles as closely as possible its pre-disturbed state.
IRM has the staff and capability to work closely with a variety of landowners to design, develop and implement restoration efforts including:Restoration Plans and Noxious Weed Treatment and prescriptions for several terrestrial habitat types including:
- Threatened/Endangered Plant Restoration
- Native Planting/Seeding
- Restoration Thinning
- Snag Creation
- Mechanical Treatment
- Fuels Reduction
- Prescribe Fire
- Terrestrial Noxious Weed Treatment
IRM staff can assess, inventory and map the habitat (plant and tree species, wildlife needs, soil conditions, slope, hydrology, etc) and to determine the scope of the project and the best possible plan of action to restore the area to its native state, or the client’s desired condition. IRM can work in oak woodlands, ponderosa pine & Douglas-fir forests; as well as open and upland prairie and meadows.
Noxious weeds pose a huge threat to the health of terrestrial native habitats. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices such as hand removal, mechanical removal, herbicide application, bio-controls, fire and dense native planting.
IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.
Due to the delicate nature of our PNW ecosystems and the realities of twenty-first century habitat management, IRM provides our clients with a full range of IPM services to meet the needs of the habitat and the customer. Each project IRM attends to provides a unique set of challenges, but with each challenge comes an opportunity to restore the health of an ecosystem. | <urn:uuid:7ac3763e-b67d-49ac-9b89-d38dbdbea5e6> | {
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Bonatea Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 43 (1805).
Sepals unequal, free; dorsal erect, lateral oblique, reflexed. Petals deeply bipartite; posterior lobe erect, adpressed to the margin of the dorsal sepal; anterior lobe descending and simulating a lobe of the lip. Lip continuous with the column, produced at the base into a more or less elongated spur; limb spreading, base produced into a narrow claw, adnate to the base of the lateral sepals, the anterior lobe of the petals, and the stigmatic processes, tripartite above with narrow lobes. Column short, footless; anther-bed erect, as long as the anther. Anther-cells somewhat diverging; apex inferior, prolonged in front into channels, confluent with the side lobes of the rostellum; pollinia granular, with elongate curved caudicles and exserted naked glands; staminodes lateral, small, auriculate. Stigma bipartite, extended in front into a pair of elongate subclavate processes; rostellum trilobed; middle lobe cucullate, apiculate; side lobes linear, elongate. Capsule oblong. Terrestrial herbs, with the habit of a large Habenaria; flowers rather large, in more or less elongated racemes; bracts ovate.
Type species: Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd.
The genus Bonatea was created by C. L. Willdenow in 1805 and named in honor of Guiseppe Antonio Bonato (1753-1836), professor of botany at the University of Padua in ltaly. It is closely related to Habenaria, differing mainly in having the basal parts of the lower petal lobes, the lip and the stigmatic arms joined, and in having a tooth in the mouth of thee spur. The genus contains about 20 species in tropical and South Africa, with one species extending into Yemen. They do not have brightly colored flowers, but they are striking plants nonetheless. Several species are grown in South Africa, not so many elsewhere, but they deserve to be better known.
Trop. & S. Africa, Arabian Pen.
Most species of Bonatea tend to grow in rather hot, dry areas, and it is vitally important to avoid over-watering. They can be grown in a free-draining mix of equal parts of fibrous peat, loam, coarse sand, and fine bark, with plenty of drainage material at the bottom of the pot. The stem and leaves are prone to rot, especially when the year's growth is just developing, when the leaves are funnel-shaped and water can easily lodge there. If possible, try to avoid getting water on the leaves at all. Plants die back after flowering and then should be kept almost dry with only an occasional watering; they should not be kept too dry, as then the tubers shrivel. If plants are grown in clay pots, the pots can be plunged in sand, like alpines, and the sand can be watered from time to time. Even when the plant is in full growth, the pot should be allowed to dry out between watering. Unlike most orchids, species of Bonatea do not appreciate too humid an atmosphere-keep them well away from a humidifier or nebulizer. Most will grow in intermediate temperatures, with light shade.
A key to the species of Bonatea.
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 1/15/2010
Bibliography and References:
Cribb PJ. 1979 The orchids of Arabia. Kew Bull. 33. (4): 651 - 678 (1979)
Johnson SD, Liltved WR. 1997 Hawkmoth pollination of Bonatea speciosa (Orchidaceae) in a South African coastal forest. Nordic J. Bot. 17. (1): 5-10 (1997)
McDonald GF. 1991 Bonatea bracteata: a new species from Natal and the Transvaal. S. Afr. Orchid J. 22. (2): 29-32 (1991)
Robbins S. 1990 Bonatea steudneri, a new record of an orchid in Saudi Arabia. Orchid Rev. 98. (1163): 298-300 (1990)
Schelpe EACLE. 1981 Bonatea pulchella. Flow Pl. Afr. 46. (3 & 4): pl. 1823 (1981) - illus., col. illus. Volume to mark 10th World Orchid Conference, Durban, 11 - 18 Sept. 1981.
Sheehan T, Sheehan M. 1998 Orchid genera illustrated: 185. Bonatea. Orchids 67. (11): 1146-1147 (1998)
Stewart J. 1978 An outstanding new species of Bonatea from South Africa. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 47. (11): 992 - 997 (1978) | <urn:uuid:aef745c4-2128-4597-a1d4-e53772bb0170> | {
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- By Jennifer Demski
CRAFT Innovative architecture is bringing form
to the function of 21st-century learning.
IN her first visit with the design team for the new high school she would be presiding
over, Principal Tabitha Branum was blunt about what needed to be
done. "When I met with them for the first time," she says, "I said, 'You tell
me where I can knock down any and all walls. You tell me what's not load bearing,
because I'm gonna knock those walls down.'"
The mission was to transform what had been a traditional elementary school site
into an academy-style high school, replicating a newfangled school architectural model
that enables 21st-century skills to thrive. Studio-style open spaces that recall the aesthetics
of a corporate loft would replace the right angles and enclosed environment of
the brick-and-mortar classroom. "The entire infrastructure of what was inside the four
walls had to go," Branum says. "We had to be willing to let go of any existing room--
size, dimensions, everything."
The construction of New Tech High at Coppell, in Coppell, TX, would take eight weeks,
completed in time for the 2008-2009 school year and producing an example of how
workplace design principles can be coordinated with
modern educational goals. The campus was built on
the model of New Technology High School in Napa,
CA, the flagship campus for the New Technology
Foundation's network of schools. The foundation, a
nonprofit organization founded in 1999, promotes
project-based learning supported by a 1-to-1 computing
mandate at each of its campuses, which each
house no more than 500 students. Coppell Independent
School District spent a year researching
academy-style schools around the country, in places
such as Arizona, Nevada, California, and Ohio.
"In the end, we kept coming back to the New Tech schools,"
says Branum, former assistant principal of the district's other
high school, Coppell High School. "They truly exemplify the
21st-century skills that we wanted for our students. The New
Tech model was the only one that could actually deliver that."
MOVING PARTS Portable desks allow classrooms at
Columbus Signature Academy to quickly convert from
direct instruction to small-group collaboration.
With their emphasis on transparent, glass-walled classrooms
within which collaborative lessons are carried out not by teacher
and student but facilitator and learner, the New Tech schools
depart sharply from traditional schoolhouses. To prepare for this
shift in educational culture, the foundation recommends that
districts adopting its methodology designate an entirely separate
location at which to build the new school.
"When you separate the students into a new building, you're
able to facilitate this culture much more rapidly and much
more effectively than if you were trying to do it inside an
existing high school, where students are mixing in common
areas with students and teachers who are in a traditional
model," says Shannon Buerk, an education design strategist
with Cambridge Strategic Services, which has consulted on
multiple New Tech projects, including Coppell. "It's hard to
create this real student-driven, collaborative culture inside a
traditional high school."
A decision made by Coppell early on in the campus'
construction created possibilities never available during the
building of the other New Tech sites. The technology had progressed
enough to allow Coppell to meet the 1-to-1 computing
requirement with wireless laptops rather than the plugged-in
desktops the other New Tech schools used. This was a major
step forward, says Kevin Gant, a school development coach for
the New Technology Foundation, because it allowed a basic
element of the group's 21st-century ethos to flourish.
"When you walk into one of the older schools, it has desktop
computers," Gant says. "You get the sense that the class is about
computers, not collaboration. When you walk into Coppell, all
the students have laptops and you see students face-to-face all
the time. You get a sense that collaboration is the most important
Without having to worry about creating stations for desktop
computers, Cambridge Strategic Services and its partner, the
SHW Group, an architectural firm that focuses on education,
were free to begin turning the former elementary school into a
modern learning center. The designers worked to create a space
that mimicked a creative professional environment similar to a
New York City loft and would excite and inspire students.
"I knew I wanted transparency," Branum says. "We wanted
lots of glass, where learners could see one another working
from across the hall." Old closets were reshaped into projectplanning
rooms. "If you can imagine a room that has 50
learners in it with eight or nine project teams working, that
can be a lot of noise. It's wonderful to have the flexibility to
send a group of learners into one of the project-planning
rooms, and give them a space where they feel like they can
work and be more productive."
What Do Students Want? Mobility, Comfort
EDUCATION DESIGN COMPANY SHW Group and its
partner firm, Cambridge Strategic Services,
recently teamed with New Technology High School (pictured) in
Napa, CA, to conduct a student forum on modern classroom design.
Cambridge design strategist Shannon Buerk joined with designers from
SHW and one of its sustainability experts to lead 15 sophomores and
juniors-- all aspiring architects, engineers, and educators with an interest
in sustainability-- through the process of creating a low-cost, portable,
and carbon-neutral learning environment.
The SHW contingent conducted visualization exercises and brainstorming
sessions to focus the students on the atmosphere and tools necessary for
a successful learning space. "What came out of this process was that the
students felt their personal device-- their computer, their PDA, their iPhone--
was what they considered to be their primary learning tool," Buerk says. "If
they had that personal device, they didn't need anything else. It's you, your
brain, your teacher, your computer, and you're good to go."
This determination guided the students as they conjured up their ideal
learning environment, which prioritized openness and mobility and the flexibility
to use their personal devices in different venues. "They wanted to make
sure that nothing impeded their ability to be mobile, be connected to the
outdoors, and be connected to other people,"
Buerk says, "but they also felt it was important
to have a main space that created a
comfortable, open, inviting, spacious, and
customizable learning environment."
From there, the experts worked with the
students to create designs reflecting these
concerns, with an eye toward constructing
spaces that were high in performance but low in cost. What resulted were
cutting-edge prototypes for 21st-century classrooms. Buerk notes, however,
that just asking students what they want is pretty cutting edge in itself.
"The single most powerful thing that could improve our learning environments
is getting the student voice involved," she says. "Every time we try to
design a building and do strategic planning with a district, we include the
students in the creation process. Who better to know what could work?"
A CLEAN, WELL-LIGHTED PLACE Columbus Signature Academy Principal Mike Reed
says visitors to his campus should not recognize that they’ve entered a high school.
The ceilings were opened up to expose the wiring and air
ducts. "By making the building a little bit unfinished, a little bit
roughed out, it has a more creative, messy feel," Buerk says. "It
looks like learning and creativity happen there." Also, the
designers filled the space with furniture that was comfortable,
adaptable, and, most importantly, didn't look as if it belonged in
a school. Purchased from Ikea, the desks can be moved about
and the chairs are on wheels. Adds Branum, "Ikea was affordable,
comfortable, flexible, very kind of cutting edge, especially
for this generation; they love that modern look."
A Blank Slate
The reverse of the charge given to Coppell architects
to knock down existing structures was handed to the
designers of another New Tech campus, Columbus
Signature Academy in Columbus, IN, who were given an
empty space and told to build anew.
The district chose the abandoned Hoosier Auto Parts
Warehouse in downtown Columbus as the site of the new
campus. It was an unconventional choice that paid off,
says Mike Reed, the school's principal. "The beauty of
the building was that it wasn't chopped up into spaces
already. It was a blank slate. The location made it ideal:
It's centrally located between our two larger high schools
and very close to some post-secondary campuses."
Reed and his faculty members collaborated with Indianapolis-
based CSO Architects to develop the space, with
the same vision that drove Branum at New Tech High at
Coppell. "We wanted it to reflect a 21st-century workspace,"
Reed says. "Guests' first impression should not be that
they've entered a high school."
John Rigsbee, CSO's
lead designer on the
project, used the firm's
own work facility as a
template for the new
campus. "It's very open, very few walls, and has spaces for large- and
small-group work as well as individual work," he says.
Thus, the new school building, which, like Coppell, opened
last year, resembles a corporate office, with a lobby fronted by
a receptionist and outfitted with comfortable furniture, and an
internet bar where visitors can check their e-mail. Past the lobby
are two 1,800-square-foot studios. In each, two teachers lead
50 students in collaborative projects focused on the school's
academic thrust: STEM-- science, technology, engineering, and
math-- learning. The studios are designed to support both traditional
direct instruction, where all 50 students are facing the
teacher as information streams from the front of the room, and
collaborative learning, where students work on their own in
small groups and the teacher's role recedes.
"We were able to accomplish a lot of the flexibility we
needed with furniture," Reed says. "The tables fold quickly--
they're all on wheels. The transition between direct instruction
and small-group collaboration happens very quickly."
Reed also wanted a space that reinforced New Tech's core
values of trust, respect, and responsibility and demonstrated the
principle that the work of students and teachers is public and
should be transparent. Thus, all of the servers and cable trays are
exposed and open. There are no lockers for the students; instead
there are student storage areas where they can leave books and
personal items between classes. Interior windows line the studio
spaces, and the teachers' work areas are open to students.
As happened at the Coppell campus, the decision to use wireless
laptops to complete the 1-to-1 rollout increased flexibility
and mobility throughout the school. "Our tech director pointed
out that if we're emphasizing 21st-century skills, desktops don't
fit that plan," Reed says. "These days, people in the workplace
have laptops or handheld devices they take with them wherever
they go. Our kids can move into any part of the studio. They can
move their group into a multipurpose room; they can move into
the hallway and have a mini-workshop. The wireless environment
creates a true 21st-century learning center."
And it's the environment, not the technology, Buerk from
Cambridge Strategic Services explains, that allows the instructional
goals to flourish and an educational culture to develop.
"The name 'New Tech' sometimes gets in the way of what New
Tech is all about," she says. "People think of it automatically as
a tech school. It's really all about the culture, the collaboration,
the soft skills that students are learning through the projectbased-
learning methodology." Buerk says the architect acts at the
behest of that methodology. "Our ultimate goal is that the instruction
drive the design, and that the design inspire learning."
If you would like more information on modern school design, visit our website at www.thejournal.com.
Enter the keywords school modernization.
This article originally appeared in the 8/1/2009 issue of THE Journal. | <urn:uuid:df8af067-6c5f-43ef-a301-52faf28a931f> | {
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If you type into Google, “September National Month” quite a few things pop up. National Preparedness Month, Childhood Cancer Awareness Month, College Savings Month, National Skin Care Month, even National Chicken and National Rice Month! But one cause stood out to us today, National Recovery Month.
Our local paper, The State, posted an article entitled Addiction – recovery helps individuals and families alike by Ashley S. Hunter. In Hunter’s article she listed three problems that are symptomatic of addiction.
1. Children of substance-abusing parents are more likely to experience physical, sexual or emotional abuse than children in non-substance-abusing households.
2. Children who have experienced family violence are more likely to have problems with alcohol and other drugs later in life.
3. Sixty-one percent of domestic violence offenders also have substance-abuse problems
If you would like more information on recovery or addition, visit www.recoverymonth.gov/ | <urn:uuid:38184dd8-a6b0-4d14-a481-8ee1340e24f7> | {
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Quebec wants to rename Vimy Park in Montreal after the late separatist premier, Jacques Parizeau. Canada is griping about the dishonour to those 10,000-odd Canadian soldiers who were killed or wounded during one of the most ferocious battles of World War I. It begs many questions, but perhaps the most important is the issue of commemorating a senseless slaughter of conscripted troops who were not asked if they wanted to support the British in a pointless struggle that ought never to have been started and went on murderously for many years too long. Prominent voices denounced it early, and a number were jailed for their honesty. My grandfather fought in Flanders, so I grew up on stories of that most horrendous of wars, with its tens of millions dead. It seems to be equated now with World War II, yet there was nothing like the justification existing for stopping Hitler, whose very existence can be ascribed to the inequity with which Germany was treated after the first war – in which the German army felt itself confident of victory until being told by the government to surrender ignominiously. Understandably, many Quebeckers had no desire to fight for Britain, and, among the many evils of war, conscription is one of the greatest, violating all our current notions of human rights. It has always struck me that the way to forget the actuality of something is to erect a memorial to it. A park named ‘Vimy’ acknowledges nothing about the realities of that wicked, unnecessary war, beyond the name of a battle, which is also ridiculously enshrined among the useless artifacts that aspiring Canadian citizens are expected to memorize as a signal part of their new country’s more inglorious past. I am not particularly a separatist, but I do recognize Quebec’s right to view history in a somewhat different light. The French-Canadians who died or were mutilated at Vimy were many, and the obliteration of this stupid park is the commemoration of a greater tragedy, the forced servitude of men to die in a cause for which they had no passion or even concern. I deplore our ongoing participation in celebrating the barbarism of all wars. As Aldous Huxley noted, a war to save democracy sounds good, but once you have centralized a command system necessary to fight any war, instituted conscription, interned foreign nationals, and done all the other vile things essential – you no longer have a democracy to save. As Tolstoy said, war is the greatest of all crimes, because it contains all other crimes – murder, rape, arson, robbery, even counterfeiting, and so on. All the more disturbing is it to see this once-pacific country urged towards another war, with the usual devices or fear and fake jingoism.
When I hear of this nation’s indigenous peoples’ plight, or that of our urban poor and dispossessed, and then hear of the plans to spend many billions on new warplanes and ships, I despair. And now the the drumbeat to join NATO in defending Eastern Europe against Russian aggression – WTF? For a start, aggression doesn’t stop aggression, it incites it. And a few hundred troops in Latvia, or wherever, will stop the Russian armies for a day at the most, should they invade. The last time NATO badgered us into joining a brief peace-keeping mission was in Afghanistan, and it ended up as five years of armed conflict, with much loss of life. Are we deluded enough to be bullied into this again? Fighting the Taliban and sundry medieval warlords will be nothing like fighting the Russians in conventional warfare. The escalation of such a war would be unthinkable – Russia still has enough intercontinental ballistic nuclear warheads to destroy the planet several times over. Yet in contemplating this extreme folly Justin Trudeau, and his defense minister, are surely forced to think of the unthinkable. If the unstable Premier Putin ignores a NATO threat, what then? Who is that next decision up to? Not Canada, to be sure. With Europe in various forms of turmoil, and the US in its usual blindly belligerent mayhem, do we really want to support a NATO, and how does it benefit us if we do? No one will survive a nuclear war, and NATO does not possess the troops necessary to fight Russia in a conventional war. What then? Did we elect the wrong Trudeau brother? – for Sasha has seen war in Iraq, and, I think, understands the realities of armed conflict better than hail-fellow-well-met Justin.
If we wish to disassociate ourselves from the colonial past – and we do – why be coerced into Euro-American neo-imperialism? For such it is. In supporting various petty nationalist aspirations approved by Washington, we seem to be unable to see or approve of the same thing done by Russia. Syria is just a Russian client, and Moscow’s confounding policies there demonstrate that. The Baltic countries have, on and off, been part of a Russian or Soviet imperium, as the Ukraine has been. American interest in these regions is purely self-serving and cares not a jot for realities or national aspirations. The Baltic states did not seem to object especially to Nazi domination, and indeed happily participated in very early stages of the Holocaust. Russian domination may seem like Hades to someone in Idaho, but it will be business as usual in Latvia. Why interfere when the interference is only in the interests of US strategic hegemony?
I would suggest that we do not need an aggressive army in Canada, with warplanes and a nuclear navy, but, since we are supposedly a democracy, why do we not demand a plebiscite on the issue? An army to make peace and assist with disasters, or one to make war and create more disasters in the process? Many billions spent with Lockheed-Martin, Boeimg, or other Masters of Death, or else those billions spent at home where they are sorely needed? A peace-loving nation, or a belligerent punk, a wannabe superpower? We the people ought to choose who and what we are. If I was not blind, I would start a petition right now – but someone ought to. The choice seems obvious to me, and it is, after all, our tax money – but put it to a vote and let’s see.
If Putin moves to regain the old Soviet Empire, and to boost his own flagging reputation, how will he be stopped? Exactly. The best-case scenario in that event is more memorials to the dead, ignoring the scandalous futility of their deaths. With the West in an incessant economic chaos, the incentives to war are great: the Masters of Death make vast profits and employ many. But those, like me, familiar with the truths of nuclear war, although we may now number few, can assure everyone that no climate change will be as climactically changed as a Nuclear Winter. It is extinction, the survival of a few we now think least fit – organisms able to thrive on atomic radiation.
We have no enemies in this wonderful country – except ourselves, perhaps — so let’s keep it that way, and then hope for the best, knowing we have behaved as best we could under the circumstances. At least those Russian missiles won’t be directed at the Great Lakes, as once they were.
Paul William Roberts | <urn:uuid:4ecec95b-becd-4ce1-b36c-7f6b68d44e7e> | {
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Contents - Previous - Next
7.3 Magnetic tape deterioration: recognition, recovery and prevention
Gerald D Gibson, Library of Congress
Presented at the IASA Conference in Perugia, August 26, 1996
1. scope of paper
For the working career of everyone in this room, and for the lives of most of us, magnetic tape is a part of our everyday world and a carrier of much of the information and entertainment we receive. Even though it has been repeatedly identified as "unacceptable as a preservation medium" while seldom if ever citing an acceptable form - some are now speculating that tape may have a life expectancy exceeding that of many paper documents and equal to safety-based film if handled and stored with similar care, reason, and procedures. Regardless of your opinion of tape as a long-term data carrier, it is a fact of life which audio and video collectors, librarians, and archivists have long accepted and with which we must work.
When compared with the early success of the cylinder, the disc, or motion picture film, magnetic recording had a relatively slow start. The earliest evidence available tells us that magnetic tape was introduced by Vladimir Poulsen in 1893, with a Danish patent issued to Mr Poulsen in 1898. Numerous advances were made in magnetic recording technology throughout the first 4 decades of this century, with some of the most notable findings coming from Germany immediately before and during WWII. Radio companies were using magnetic recorders from early in the process, with such notable landmarks as BBC adding the technology in 1930, the German Radio in 1935. Equipment of significant quality was installed in Radio Luxembourg in 1941. ABC (American) Radio first used the technology in 1948, and the first reel of commercial video tape being used at CBS television in 1956. Still, as far as most collectors, librarians, and archivists are concerned magnetic tape can be considered as simply a footnote to archival history until well after WWII.
From a relative slow beginning, magnetic tape has increased significantly in importance in our world. In a 1993 Library of Congress administered survey of 500 archives it was projected that there were at least 26 million audio and video tapes held in established, working archives through the world. Of these, approximately 17 million carried audio, the rest were video, and, to a significantly lesser degree, sound tracks to motion pictures. Even if these figures are incorrect - even by as much as 50%- we would still find over 13 million tapes in archival collections.
This paper will summarize some of the deterioration problems facing tape, give some idea how to recognize them, what to do to recover the data and/or the tape when they occur and how to reduce the risk of their development and allow tape to live to its full life. Even though the observations will apply to virtually all magnetic tape regardless of base, type of recording, or format, and because of our primary interest here - the conclusions will be limited to that format which the Technical Committees of the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA) and the Association for Recorded Sound Collections (ARSC), and the Audio Preservation and Restoration Standards Committee of the Audio Engineering Society all cite as being acceptable for audio preservation: polyester-based, open reel analog tape. Excluded are digital, cassette, and cartridge tapes, or magnetic media in its various other forms: disks, wire, et al., and, with one exception which I will cite later, tape on other backings.
Further, as important as is the ability to retrieve data recorded onto the tape the record or playback systems will not be considered, except as they may directly affect the deterioration of the tape itself.
ii what is magnetic tape?
Magnetic tape is two-or-more layers of materials, one of which is capable of retaining a change in magnetic energy. The magnetizable layer rides on a base, with the potential of one or more additional layers added for various purposes (such as reducing friction, reducing static, or aiding in a more uniform tape pack).
The top layer of this sandwich is made up of magnetizable particles suspended within a binder. The binder may be composed of various polymers, such as cellulose nitrate, chlorine bearing vinyls, and sundry epoxy and acrylic resins. In addition to carrying the magnetizable particles in a complete dispersion and to depositing a uniform coating of the mixture by solvent release the binder must, also, provide a smooth surface to ease movement of the tape through the equipment; join the various layers securely to the base; be strong enough not to rub-off during record, playback or storage; not adhere to adjacent winds of tape, even under strong pressure and tension; and not craze, flake, or peel. To aid in its functions the binder has frequently had numerous additives some successful and some unsuccessful- including lubricants to reduce friction, cleaning agents to reduce head-clogs, carbon black to reduce static charges, and fungicides to reduce or prevent mold growth. Currently, the binder typically used for magnetic tape under discussion whether for audio, video, or computer data- is a polyester urethane elastomer.
The magnetizable particles today are most commonly ferric oxide (FEE2O3) of uniform shape and size. Various other materials have been used over the years, such as chromium dioxide (CrO2) and metal particulates (MP). However, due its relative stability, the majority of tapes of concern to us here still use iron oxides.
The first widely distributed magnetic tapes had a paper base coated with iron oxide particles. Paper was replaced by a cellulose acetate base that was used extensively from the 1940s into the early 1960s. Although cellulose acetate is reasonably durable, it is more susceptible than PET to the environment in which it is stored, shipped, and used. The acetate base can change over its lifetime and is known to dry out and become brittle, losing its strength in the process. Since the 1960s polyethylene terephthalate (PET, or polyester) has been adopted by most tape manufacturers because it is strong, chemically inert, and less affected by environmental conditions than its predecessors. Another base material used, especially within Europe, is polyvinyl chloride.
In addition to the base and binder, most tapes produced since ca. 1980 have some type of back coating that acts as an aid to tape packing on the hub and reel.
The dimensions of magnetic tape can vary significantly, from less than 1/4-of a-mil to 1.5-mils in thickness, from about 1/8 of-an-inch to 2-or-more inches in width, and from a few feet to potentially infinite in length.
iii recognition of deterioration
Deterioration problems may be grouped by the part of the tape they seem to most affect: Base, Oxide, or Magnetic particles. Regardless of why or on which part of the tape it occurs, tape-to-head contact is of critical importance, since the vast majority of tape problems known to us today are associated in some manner to the relationship of the tape to the head.
The deterioration problems associated with the base are physical deformation, including stretching, breakage, and theoretically, at least, for acetate based tapes- vinegar-syndrome.
Polyester, or PET, the base of most modern magnetic tape, is very stable and will almost certainly outlast the other parts of the sandwich that make up our package. Nonetheless, if improperly handled, stored, or used, it is vulnerable to being deformed and, hence, of distorting the data on it and/or of preventing the tape from playing at all. Improperly wound rolls of tape, or tapes with excessive pack stresses are likely to become distorted and to have tracking problems when played.
Physical deformation of the base of the tape can take many forms:
* Popped strand/s
When one to several strands or wraps of tape protrude from the edge of a roll of tape. Popped strand/s is/are most likely to occur when the pack is wound improperly. Since popped strand/s is/are uneven winds they can produce edge damage when the tape is played, and since they present more tape surface area to airborne particulate matter which can damage the oxide and/or the backing and reduce tape-to-head contact. Further, deformed tape can cause tape-to-head contact problems, tape- head spacing problems. Tape with popped strands is more easily damaged by improper handling, since the edges of the tape are standing out from the tape pack.
* Pack slip
A lateral movement of sections of the tape roll causing high and/or low spots in an otherwise smooth tape pack. Pack slip is most likely to occur when the pack is wound improperly. Like popped strands, since it causes the tape to unwind unevenly, pack slip can cause edge damage when the tape is played or cause the tape to play at an uneven speed because of a shift in pack density, resulting in either data dropout in data tapes, or wow on analog tape. In addition, pack slip presents more tape surface area to airborne particulate matter which can damage the oxide and/or the backing, as well as reduce proper tape-to-head contact.
Though different from pack slip, and though creating other problems, interleaving tape of different widths of tape into a roll - acetate and polyester tape for example where the polyester is slightly narrower that the acetate - or improperly made splices can have a similar effect on tape integrity as 'pack-slip.'
The wrinkling or folding over of tape on itself, usually when a loose tape pack is stopped suddenly. It can cause creasing of the tape, which contributes to peeling or shedding tape and, because of bad tape-to-head contact, to dropouts.
* Stretched tape:
The elongation of parts of the tape, across the full width of the tape or -most likely- on one or the other side of the tape, usually results from either improper wind or from faulty equipment. May cause long-edge or curvature problems, and distort the signal, but the data can generally be retrieved from an analog tape, usually with a decrease in signal quality.
The separation of a piece of tape into two or more parts, usually resulting from very sloppy handling or use of equipment.
* Flange pack
A state where the tape roll is good (no popped strands, etc., but is wound up against one or the other of the sides of the tape reel. Generally caused by either malfunctioning equipment or loose wind, flange pack can damage the edges of the tape.
Although outside the scope of this paper. I feel it imperative to mention a potential problem with acetate based tape, used extensively in the 1940s and 50s. I say "potential" since I am not personally aware of actual examples where acetate-based magnetic tape as distinct from magnetic-stripe or magnetic sound tracks of motion picture film- have actually been shown to suffer from vinegar syndrome. For those of you who have not experienced it, vinegar-syndrome in motion-picture film is an autocatalytic self-decomposition process of acetate cellulose based materials under the evaporation of acetic acid. Affected thus far are motion picture films and some microfilms, but the presumption is that all cellulose acetate based materials will go through the same process. Some have said that it gives off a 'faint-odor' of vinegar. My experience is very different: motion picture film with vinegar-syndrome gives off a very strong smell of vinegar. There is absolutely no question that you are smelling acetic acid -vinegar- when you are around film that is decomposing in this manner. If you are unsure, sniff a little vinegar, wait a few minutes so that your sense of smell can properly recover, and then smell your tape: if the smell isn't very, very similar your tape probably does not have vinegar syndrome.
Since I have not seen vinegar syndrome in magnetic tape I can not describe it with confidence. However, in motion-picture films it first makes itself known by a very strong smell of vinegar, then progresses to the point where the film is discoloured and frequently unable to support the emulsion, advances to a state where the emulsion is very brittle, and finally gets to a point where the emulsion breaks if handled or jarred.
If you locate vinegar syndrome in your collections remove the 'sick' objects and store them separately to prevent the contamination of other materials by acetic acid. To slow the on-set and/or the advancement of vinegar syndrome, the consensus is that all acetate based materials will eventually develop vinegar syndrome, but it can be delayed for literally hundreds of years if properly maintained - store the materials at temperatures below 40EF, and below 25% relative humidity (RH) (do not freeze tape, as some manufacturers used a lubricant which reportedly solidifies on the surface below 32EF). There is no known method of reversing vinegar syndrome once it begins. If found in time before the base shrinks too much, or is unable to support the oxide, or becomes too brittle- with any luck you should still be able to play and re-record the information.
Even though all of the physical parts of magnetic tape will deteriorate and can breakdown over time, it is universally agreed that with modern PET-based tape the binder is the weak link, and is generally the part of the tape which creates the most problems. It should be noted that the term 'binder' is used here to mean the adhesive which is used to hold two layers of the tape together: ie. oxide to base, and/or backside coating to base. Deterioration of the binder can cause many problems and can take many forms, including blocking, creasing, friction problems, lubricant loss, oxide loss, sticky-tape, sticky-shed, and tape squeal, to name a few.
The sticking together of two or more winds in a tape pack, most often resulting from deterioration of the binder, storage at high temperature and/or under excessive pack pressure.
The folding of sections of tape such that it is ridged or wrinkled; can be caused by hub-slots, by cinching, or by mishandling of tape. Creasing can cause oxide loss and/or tape-to-head contact problems; these, in turn, can lead to dropouts and data loss.
* Lubricant loss:
The depletion of that substance or substances that allow the tape to move through its necessary path with a minimum of friction. Like sticky- shed, lubricant loss appears to be an inevitable part of the aging of modern magnetic tape, with the rate and severity of the loss being related to storage and use conditions. Lubricant loss will cause increased friction of the tape, resulting in increased headwear, contributing to sticky tape, sticky-shed, oxide loss, tape squeal, and head clog; the results can include mistracking. This can sometimes be temporarily corrected by judicious application of lubricants, such as a silicone solution or Krytox applied with a wicking or cotton ball applicator.
The inaccurate adaption of tape to its intended path through the tape machine, usually because of some physical deformation or damage to the base or edge of the tape, such as curvature. If severe, the tape will not play properly - or at all - and recorded information may either be distorted or, in extreme cases, lost. Rewinding and environmental staging of the tape may help. In some cases improperly slit tape can produce hardbands which can cause the tape to mistrack.
* Oxide loss
The separation of the oxide from the base. It may result from a number of different things, including poor binder adhesion and unnecessary friction and scratching of the tape. Once oxide loss occurs it is not easily - if ever - correctable and generally meets even the most stringent definitions of 'tape failure.'
* Sticky tape:
The adhering of one or another parts of the tape to other surfaces. Generally caused by breakdown of either the back coating or the binder, it may cause nitpicking, blocking, head clogs, oxide loss, and, like sticky-shed, alternate sticking and slipping of the tape as it goes across the heads, and tape squeal. Tapes reported in 1988 by Kent Scott' as having sticky problems include Ampex 406, 407, and 456; AGFA 369 and 469; and 3M 226, 250,' and 256. Like sticky-shed, tape can generally be recovered for a short time by either cleaning or various environmental treatments (extended storage at low temperature and RH, placing tape under a vacuum, or baking).
Deposits from magnetic tape - usually the oxide or the backing - that rub or wear off onto the various parts of the equipment when a sticky tape is played. Sticky-shed can cause mistracking, blocking, head clogs, oxide loss, and, alternate sticking and slipping of the tape as it goes across the heads. It may result in tape squeal.
* Tape squeal
The high pitched noise that is made when sticky tape or sticky shed tape alternately sticks to then rapidly releases from the various stationary surface in its path, including record or playback heads and guides.
The primary problems which occur with recorded signals during storage are demagnetization and the introduction of magnetization other than that originally recorded.
The recording of low frequency signals from one or more windings of tape onto adjacent layers. It is described as a 'ghost signal' heard slightly before the actual audio recording. The strength of such a signal is generally proportional to the strength of the original signal which it is copying.
The loss of recorded signal, can generally be dismissed fairly easily for tape in storage: it does occur, but it is not common. If it occurs it will, most normally, affect the high frequencies of the recording, and not its intelligibility. If a tape is properly recorded and stored - even if only in normal office environment - the amount of magnetic field decrease will be unnoticeable.
Brief signal losses caused by either a tape head clog, missing oxide, a defect in the tape, debris on the tape or machine and any other situation that reduces the head-to-tape contact. I am always surprised when I review the comparative size of the tape and tape head with some of the materials flying around in the air. When we realize that even the smallest of airborne particles can cause a dropout it is amazing that this technology works at all. The solution appears to be to keep the tape as clean as possible, storing and using it only in a clean environment, and cleaning and maintaining the equipment as recommended by the manufacturer.
Recovery of deteriorated tape and/or signal is an intricate process: what works on one problem may well destroy, or at least exacerbate a seemingly similar problem. Sticky tape can be caused by either binder breakdown, lubricant loss and exuding, or problems with the backing. Don't assume that all problems are the same just because they create similar complications. When carrying out any actions that might reasonably be irreversible - such as baking, or chemical treatments, or buffing the tape - be sure that you are treating the correct 'illness' and are not destroying the very thing you are trying to save.
One of the methods used to temporarily improve binder problems, allowing sticky tapes to be played. The information from Ampex - the developer of the tape-baking procedure - on how long and at what temperature to bake has been variously quoted at several conditions. I checked with Quantegy/Ampex for this paper and they tell me that their recommendations are to a) leave the flanges on the hubs/reels, b) use a high- quality convection type oven or an environmental chamber, and c) bake a sticky tape at 113EF/45EC to 131EF /55EC for up to 36 hours (no R/H given) will sufficiently firm up the binder so that the tape can be played. For 1/4" audio tape, baking for 6 to 8 hours is normally adequate; the longer baking times are for wider tape widths, such as 2" video or audio multi-track masters. Quantegy/Ampex warn, however, that the effect of the treatment is temporary, and it is recommended that the tape be copied within one to two weeks. Although some report having 20-or-more successful 'bakes', there is no published or documented information on how many times a tape can be baked, cycling back and forth between the sticky-firm-sticky succession before it fails completely or before the signal is distorted or altered beyond use. Care should be taken that the temperature is well controlled. One of the specific questions raised is about the potential affect of increased print-through from the baking process. There have been no reports of significant problems, but one source recommends lowering the heat (for example, from 55EC to 45EC) and extending the baking time if there is concern. Regardless of the time and temperature selected, do NOT, I repeat NOT, rewind the tape before baking as this will almost certainly increase print-through problems, according to Quantegy/Ampex. Specifically, unless there is absolutely no other option, the hair-dryer-in-a-box solution does not give adequate environmental controls and is not a recommended solution. Regardless of the sophistication of the oven used, be sure and allow the tape to re-acclimatise before handling it, much less playing.
* Environmental conditioning/staging
Some have reported notable success with environmental conditioning/staging tape instead of either baking or treatment with chemicals. If time allows, try staging sticky tape at 40EF/4.4EC and 20- to-25% RH (the environment that is being considered for long term storage by a number of the collections represented here today) for several weeks to several months before undertaking more aggressive measures.
* Chemical treatments, including addition or replacement of lubricants, is another process that has been developed to recover tape with sticky oxide or loss of lubricants. Like baking, it should be used with the greatest of care. The only such processes known to me are proprietary and have not been made available for public use in any detail.
In general, tape cleaning should follow the same basic premise as for any other delicate item: use ONLY as much effort and force as is absolutely necessary. To do even that will probably shorten the life expectancy of the tape; to do more will probably actively destroy it. In general, clean with soft, lint-free cloth, such as 3M's Pellon or 3M's #610 Tape Cleaning Fabric. Use moisture and chemicals sparingly, and only after testing on disposable tapes. Buffing/scraping tape is generally rejected by all with whom I have spoken, unless all other efforts have failed.
Careful rewinding of physically deformed tape (warped, wrinkled, or creased tape, as well as tape with popped strands, pack-slip, cinching, or flange packed tape) should be attempted before more aggressive measures - such as pressing or ironing the tape - are tried. If the tape is really important to you or your collection, get professional advice, don't wing it alone. Rewinding is useful for resolving another problem: Print-through can generally be removed by rewinding the tape before playing and is frequently given as an additional reason for storing audio tapes tails-out. If rewinding fails to remove enough of the ghost signal, selective erasure is possible, although it should not be used indiscriminately or carelessly. NB If the tape has sticky problems and baking is the chosen solution to make the tape playable, it should be baked before the tape is rewound!
Though it is not recommended for archival or master materials, splicing is available to mend broken or cut tapes, as well as those so badly damaged in other ways that portions of the recording must be sacrificed and discarded in order to salvage the greater part. If splices are necessary, always use tape specifically made for this purpose, make the splice as neat as possible, and -if the recording is really important- make an un-spliced copy of the repaired tape for archival storage.
Since magnetic tape is a physical object, and since all - yes ALL- physical objects deteriorate, magnetic tape will deteriorate regardless of what is done to it or with it. As Pickett and Lemcoe observed in their 1959 study, Preservation and storage of sound recordings:' "the resistance of an article to degradation is built into [it] at the time of its manufacture." While we can not change the article after it is received, we can do things which will allow it to realize its full life potential rather than shortening it. For example, the methods we use and the manner in which we handle, package, store, record, and/or play a magnetic tape will almost certainly have a significant effect on whether that tape develops sticky-shed problems in five years or in the lives of our great- great-grandchildren.
To have the greatest confidence that your tape will last, I suggest the following:
Use only good quality, low-print through, polyester based tape, 1.5 mils thick, no splices, even for leader, heads or tails.
Handle a tape as little as possible, preferably always wearing clean, lint free gloves. Never touch the actual surface of the tape or the edges of the tape unless absolutely necessary. Handle a tape reel carefully, be sure not to press the flanges to the edges of the tape or to damage the flanges. Replace packaging box, reel, hub and flanges immediately if they become bent or out of line. Do not drop or throw a tape, regardless of how well it is packaged.
Use only open reels with an unslotted hub of NAB design of the largest possible diameter, preferably 10.5" or larger. Be sure that the flanges of the reel are easily removable so that they can be replaced without doing unnecessary damage to the tape if they become deformed or out-of-plane. Leave tape -ALL tape, even cassettes- in the play-through, or tails-out, position. In other words, do not fast forward or rewind a tape that is going into storage. Play-wind 1.5 mil tape on a well adjusted machine at no more than 30-ips from start-to-finish before placing it in storage (Pickett and Lemcoe specify a wind of constant-torque the type of wind most often used as tape leaves the factory- of 3-to-5 ounces at the hub of a 10.5" reel).
Secure the ends of the tape with either a tape made specifically for this purpose (such as 3M's #8125 Hold Down Tape, common called zebra-stripe tape, or by a tie-down collar that is wrapped around the tape and secured inside the tape flanges. Do not use such as adhesive, cellophane, or most plastic-based tapes.
Place the tape in a good quality container, preferably one that will not shed or breakdown. The 3M Library Box is one of the best designed audio tape boxes I know. Unfortunately, it is unclear whether 3M will continue to make this box available, or will allow others to do so, after they leave the magnetic tape business later this year. A call to your local 3M representative or Quantegy - the U.S. company which took over Ampex.
Store tape standing upright -not laying flat or leaning- on solid shelving in a dark, clean, dust-free area -don't allow any food, drink, or smoking in the area of tape preparation, use, or storage. Store at an environment as low as you can manage: 40EF/4.4EC and 25% relative humidity for archival storage. Keep the environment as stable as possible, preferably with a maximum fluctuation of ± 5EF and 10% RH in a 24 hour period. In fact, if the storage area is not this stable, or if you cannot get the environment down to these settings, select an environment up to 65EF/18.3EC and 50% RH -an acceptable environment for working collections - where stable environment is possible. If you select a warmer and/or wetter environment be aware that the warmer and/wetter the conditions the shorter the life of your tape. For example, the IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film estimates that new acetate based motion picture film will develop vinegar-syndrome in less than 20 years if stored at 80% RH and 70EF/21EC, or it will be postponed for over 1,200 years if stored at 20%RH and 35EF/2EC. All indications are that similar life-extensions of magnetic tape will occur under similar storage conditions.
Though accidental erasure or damage to the signal is almost unheard of, the storage area should be free of external magnetic fields (nor should they be allowed in playback or packaging areas). Maximum flux density permitted should be 10 gauss. Airport walk-through metal detectors, like x-rays and radiation from radar antennas (unless strong enough to be damaging to people) are reported to have no effect on recorded or unrecorded magnetic tape. The only reported problems come from some hand-held metal detectors with powerful magnetic fields -used in some airports: these may partially erase recorded information. A separation of even 2 or 3 inches is adequate to protect tape from all but the strongest of electrical fields.
To play or inspect the tape, stage it out of the storage area for from 1 to 50 days, dependent upon the width of the tape and the storage environment. An audio cassette can acclimatize in approximately 6 hours, a 1/4" open reel tape in 24 hours, and a 2" reel-to-reel tape will require up to 50 days. The chart shown at the end of the paper from John van Bogart's book, "Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling," is very helpful. If you are using the 40EF/4.4EC and 20%RH environment recommended above, stage in a two-step operation: first move the tape to a controlled environment area (with the temperature mid-way between the colder and dryer area and the intended use area) for the specified period of time, then stage in the environment of the, intended use area for a similar period of time.
Keep your playback area clean, cool and dry. The temperature should never exceed 75EF/23.8EC and 60% RH, and should, preferably, be 65EF/18.3EC and 50% RH, making sure that the RH does not drop too much below 20% to help insure against static discharge problems.
Playback equipment should be maintained per manufacturer's recommendations.
Take the tape from its container only when needed, and return it as soon as it has been played (and, of course, properly wound). Use the time that the tape is out to inspect for all the things that can go wrong: bad wind, sticking, bad reel, flanges, or hub, print through, dirt or debris on the tape, etc.
Even after 50 years, the jury is still out on periodic inspection of tape. Some say it places the tape in greater danger since the most damage will usually occur during handling and/or playing. Others strongly recommend that tape be inspected every two to three years.
The debate may be a moot point, since the reality of the matter is that most of us do not have the time or the resources to periodically go through our tapes and inspect, clean, repackage, and/or retension them. Possibly the compromise solution may be to monitor the environment of the storage area daily -or at least weekly- basis; when the occasion calls for the tape to be pulled, always handle, package, and clean it as though you were carrying out a scheduled inspection, keeping your eyes and ears open to potential problems. Properly rewind, clean as needed, package, and shelve any tape that is pulled from storage for any reason. Use the pulled items as a sample of the items around it: if you see something unusual, for example, if you notice the -hopefully- first signs of sticky-shed, examine other tapes in the area, particularly those that are from the same manufacturer and the same stock, especially if they were recorded and placed in storage at about the same time. If you find problems, take care of them as soon as possible, since they will probably only get worse.
If all else fails, schedule a periodic blind-sampling of the collection. There are several sources that can help you assure that you are not subconsciously pre-selecting materials.
Thus, within the maximum life built into the tape at its manufacture, it is up to you how long you want your tape to last. Like all other data dependent upon the life of an object to carry the data, magnetic tape is not permanent and is susceptible to physical and chemical breakdown. The rate at which such decay takes places is directly connected to how such carriers are packaged, handled, used, and, especially, to the environment in which they are stored.
Table 1: Recovery Techniques of Optical and Magnetic Media from Water, Fire, Dust, Mold, and Shock
If in doubt, apply the same methods you would use for the recovery of microfilm or movie film to magnetic tape since it is chemically similar and uses same or very similar film substrates.
Do NOT automatically use methods employed for books and paper since there ar different chemistries involved, wet tapes are less critical than wet books (i.e wet tapes are less critical than wet paper and do not need the immediate attentio generally associated with wet paper), and tapes are more sensitive to damage b heat and/or cold than paper.
WET PAPER RECOVERY PROCEDURES APPLIED TO WET TAPE
|Vacuum thermal drying (@ >75 F/24 C)||X|
|Vacuum freeze drying (@ <32 F/0 C)||X|
Recovery Techniques of Optical and Magnetic Media from Water, Fire, Dust, Mold, and Shock
|Water||keep in clean, cool water until||rinse in room temperature|
|Damage:||ready to work||distilled water|
|Fresh water||rinse in distilled water at||avoid rubbing the disk as grit|
|room temperature||can scratch the surface|
|dry at ambient storage conditions||dry at ambient storage room|
|or use dehumidification||conditions or use|
|take care not to scratch the media|
|always brush/wipe radially|
|(from center of disk to edge)|
|Water||place in clean, cool water until||use room temperature soapy|
|Damage:||ready to work||water to remove debris|
|Mud/Sewage||use soapy water at room||avoid rubbing the disk as grit|
|temperature to remove debris||can scratch the surface|
|rinse with distilled water||rinse with distilled water|
|dry at ambient storage||dry at ambient storage room|
|conditions or use dehumidification||conditions or use dehumidification|
|take care not to scratch the media|
|always brush/wipe radially|
|(from center of disk to edge)|
|Water||place in clean, cool water until||place in clean cool tap water|
|Damage:||ready to work As Soon As Possible||As Soon As Possible|
|Sea||place tape in mild HCI solution||rinse with distilled water|
|Water||to remove debris left by sea creatures||dry at ambient storage room|
|rinse with tap water||conditions or use|
|dry at ambient storage conditions||dehumidification|
|or use dehumidification|
|Fire||spool tapes onto new reels if||a slightly warped CD may still|
|Damage:||flanges are warped/replace damaged||be playable|
|Heat||or warped cassette housing||recovery of a badly warped CD|
|if tape is badly blocked, use back-up||is probably impossible|
|Fire||vacuum soot/ash from tape package||vacuum or brush soot|
|Damage:||and/or tape pack if package is||from the surface|
|Smoke/Soot||not wet, avoid getting it wet||use special care to avoid|
|wipe remaining soot/smoke||scratching the disk|
|residue from package and/or||wipe remaining debris from disk|
|cassette housing with damp cloth,||with a clean soft cloth dampened|
|changing cloth often||with distilled water|
|avoid direct contact with tape||always brush/wipe radially|
|as much as possible||(from center of disk to edge)|
|use of a winder/cleaner may be|
|necessary to remove remaining|
|Dust/||vacuum as much of the||vacuum or brush dust/debris|
|Debris||dust/debris as possible from the||from the surface|
|package/reel||use special care to avoid|
|if package is not wet, avoid||scratching the disk|
|getting it wet||wipe remaining debris from disk|
|wipe remaining dust/debris||with a clean soft cloth dampened|
|residue from package and/or||with distilled water|
|cassette housing with damp cloth,||always brush/wipe radially|
|changing cloth often||(from center of disk to edge)|
|avoid direct contact with tape|
|as much as possible|
|use of a winder/cleaner may be|
|necessary to remove remaining|
|Mold/||isolate tape and its package||isolate disk and its package|
|Fungus||from unaffected materials||from unaffected materials|
|keep at humidity <50% RH and at||keep at humidity <50% RH and|
|temperature <75 F/24 C||at temperature <75 F/24 C|
|vacuum loose mold from tape||vacuum loose mold from disk|
|package and tape pack,||and package|
|avoid direct contact with the tape||avoid blowing on the disk to|
|avoid blowing on the tape to clean||clean it as this will only spread|
|it as this will only spread||the mold, and may be harmful to|
|the mold, and may be harmful to||staff|
|staff||gently brush remaining debris|
|gently brush remaining debris||from package and disk|
|from package and tape pack|
|run the tape through a|
|winder-cleaner with a suitable fungicide|
|copy the tape, thoroughly|
|cleaning the machine immediately|
|afterward with a suitable fungicide|
|Shock||re-tension the tape pack||a shattered CD can not be|
|re-spool onto a new tape||repaired|
|splice tape fragments together|
|use thermal conditioning to|
|flatten wrinkled tape|
Contents - Previous - Next | <urn:uuid:70f29219-145c-46f3-be71-f77ceaeea230> | {
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|Oryza Sativa is to Eastern Civilizations
what wheat and barley were to the west (prior to
corn, at least). We are in the planning stages of a
commercial-scale implementation of the excellent
research of Takeshi and Linda Akaoki of
Westminster West, Vermont. Funded by
NESARE, their pioneering on-farm research
showed that varieties of rice and field practices
developed in Northern Japan can be effectively
adapted to the New England climate.
Our project will be perhaps the first in the
Northeast to build on this important work and
create a system to bring significant quantities of
short-grain brown rice to the marketplace.
| Rice is a different sort of
agricultural enterprise than
other grains grown in the
Northeast. You don't just
wake up one April and decide
to grow rice instead of oats.
Nor can it (or should it) be
grown in a natural wetland.
Instead, a special man-made
wetland (paddy) is created for
the purpose. Unlike other
crops, rice is not normally
rotated--a paddy is a paddy
The key components
needed to grow this crop are a
large hoophouse or
greenhouse for starting
seedlings, the paddy itself,
and a plentiful source of
Properly managed, paddies
are very nutrient-stable and
have been shown to actually
purify the water they use
before passing it downstream.
They also quickly become
host to many amphibians and
reptiles, and birds, such as
you might find in a natural
|Given that much of the Champlain Valley, including our farm, has been poorly and incompletely converted
from natural wetlands to dryland crops, rice has great potential as a future crop. The heavy soil, the poor
drainage, excess rainfall have all been detrimental to our efforts to grow various dryland crops over the
years. But for rice, each of those disadvantages becomes an advantage!
If the Champlain Valley had been colonized by Asians and not by Anglo-Saxons, we would already have
been growing this crop for a few hundred years.
We are now gearing up for commercial production in 2012. We hope to work with researchers in
Vermont and overseas to expand the pool of knowledge pertaining to this important crop. We will update
this page with new material as work progresses. | <urn:uuid:e4fbc1cb-e0c7-4453-a512-19b6b2b30c5e> | {
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Geochelone is a genus of tortoises.
Geochelone tortoises, which are also known as typical tortoises or terrestrial turtles, can be found in Africa and Asia. They primarily eat plants.
The genus consists of three extant species:
A number of tortoise species have been recently removed from the genus. This taxon as formerly defined was "polyphyletic, representing at least four independent clades". Tortoises removed include members of Aldabrachelys (from the Seychelles and Madagascar), Astrochelys (Madagascar), Chelonoidis (South America and the Galápagos Islands), Stigmochelys (Africa) and earlier, the extinct genus Colossochelys (southern Asia).
The form of the shell of the Indian star tortoise resembles a gömböc, allowing it to turn over when lying upside down very easily.
- This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia. | <urn:uuid:8cacab98-a73c-4f03-8b19-06fa3e0c8e5c> | {
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On this page, we feature four UNESCO word heritage sites of Sri Lanka, such as Sigiriya, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Dambulla.
Sri Lanka’s Cultural Triangle has been visited millions of travellers. It covers the north central towns of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Sigiriya and Dambulla which mirrors the Ancient civilization of the Island with extensive archeological ruins. All of them has been protected as World Heritage Sites, The central plains have low rainfall an hotels many hotels are there to cater to the top end holiday maker to the free back packer.
Attractions not to miss
Best period to Travel
The cultural triangle is largely situated within a dry zone. Apart from rainfall in November and December when the monsoon hits the East coast, conditions remain fairly dry, The visitors during June and July may experience the hot, dry windy weather. Apart from this the best season to visit the cultural triangle would be late November to April like in south and west regions.
Village tour to Hiriwadunna – a typical Sri Lankan Village
Explore the rural village “Hiriwadunna” from Sigiriya or Dambulla. Traveling by Safari Jeep into the Sri Lankan countryside, the tour begins with a beautiful trek to a manmade reservoir. After a boat ride, hop into a bullock cart alongside paddy fields and rural vegetable plantations to a traditional village house, where you will enjoy an authentic Sri Lankan lunch in a village home.
Find the manmade reservoir, surrounded by scrub jungle and a hive or morning activity. look out for birds, butterflies, and perhaps even a crocodile as well as the villagers fishing or washing clothes at the periphery of the lake.
Pidurangala Temple 473 – 495 AC
It is believed that the history of Pidurangala Vihara goes back beyond to the first and second century BC. From those days Pidurangala was used as a Buddhist monastery and but became a prominent place during the reign of King Kashyapa (473 – 495 AC).
It is believed that the history of Pidurangala Vihara goes back beyond to the first and second century BC. From those days Pidurangala was used as a Buddhist monastery and but became a prominent place during the reign of King Kashyapa (473 – 495 AC). According to ancient History, Prince Kashyapa had killed his father King Dhatusena and fled to Sigiriya to find out a more secure place to prevent retaliation attacks from his half-brother, Mugalan. With the arrival of King Kashyapa, the Bhikkus who were meditating there were requested move to the nearby Pidurangala. In a sort of compensation, King Kashyapa refurbished the temple and made it a prominent place. | <urn:uuid:41cb9076-d521-4eca-bbf7-eec57a83ced3> | {
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In many language schools it’s probably a hard fought race between the photocopier and the guillotine as to which gets used most in any given day. Probably the photocopier, but the guillotine usually gets a fair work out. And then there’s the futile search for the box of paper clips or the elastic bands, both of which are eventually found underneath someone’s register, which in turn lives underneath a large pile of resource books that only get referred to once a term, but which must, nonetheless live in a big heap on the desk of the one teacher in the teachers’ room who never signs anything out, but where everything is, sooner or later, found.
So here’s a quick tip to avoid needless copying and chopping – I call it a Dictation Word Swap and it’s a nice, mobile mingle activity, which works as an alternative to most matching tasks.
Say you have a list of collocations, and you want learners to match the two halves of the collocations together (e.g. learn by heart / get the gist / skip ahead). Collocations are used here as an example, but this can work with other language tasks – for example matching different halves of conditional sentences.
Dictate the first half of the collocations so that learners have a numbered list (e.g. 1 – learn / 2 – get the / 3 – skip).
Then ask each learner to come up in turn and give one “second half” to each learner, either on a bit of paper, or just tell them. So, learner A has “by heart”, learner B has “gist” and so on.
Learners then mingle, saying ONLY their “second half”, thus sharing the second halves with the whole class. As they hear the second half from their classmates, learners write down what they hear next to what they think the matching first half is.
It’s probably been done before, but it might well save you half an hour of copying and chopping, as well as another 45 minutes looking for the paper clips! | <urn:uuid:802b81ba-7476-407f-8203-acbe91d9aa98> | {
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Metallic paint, as opposed to regular or “solid” paint, is also known as polychromatic or “metal flake” paint. It is very popular in the automotive industry because the metal flakes in the paint give the car a sparkling look and highlight the contours of the car's body. A metallic paint has a relatively larger pigment than solid paint. Metallic paint generally needs a base coat and a clear top coat of lacquer to protect it and give it an extra gloss. Variations of metallic paint are “pearlescent” paint which appears as different colors depending upon the angle of light, “flip” paint where the colors change more radically and “flamboyant” paint which uses a metallic silver base coat and is topped with a translucent colored lacquer. Flamboyant paint is a favorite for motorcycle and bicycle paint jobs. It creates an extraordinary effect of depth. Unfortunately, if it gets scratched or damaged, it is almost impossible to retouch. Aside from the look, metallic paint does not fight rust or last longer than solid paint.
Because the proper flow of paint in an airbrush is critical in order to create the right paint pattern, the question has been raised about which airbrush is best for metallic paint. Some wonder whether a Gravity Feed airbrush is better than a Siphon Feed unit for metallic paint. Others debate about the need to swirl the cup frequently to prevent the metallic pigments from settling at the bottom of the paint, hence the advantage of a Siphon Feed airbrush.
The critical element in airbrushing with metallic paint is the pigment size. When the airbrush needle is pulled back to allow paint to flow, the tiny space between the needle and the nozzle will usually not be large enough for the pigments in metallic paint to pass through. Even if the paint is diluted, the small aperture will still block the large pigments. There are two common solutions to this problem.
The first solution is to spray at a lower pressure. At an air pressure of about 8 psi, the needle can be pulled back farther, widening the aperture so the large metallic paint pigments can pass through. Another solution is to use an airbrush with a larger needle/nozzle configuration. An airbrush with several head assemblies to choose from would be ideal. The debate isn't done, however. Some artists insist that tip size is irrelevant and that the right air pressure is the answer.
This makes the question of a Gravity Feed or Siphon Feed airbrush moot, as far as metallic paint is concerned. A Gravity Feed unit would only be preferred if the work involves fine detail. Either type with a 0.3 mm opening should work well with metallic paint.
Metallic paint does not cost more than solid paint but cars painted with metallic paint command a premium at the showroom and at re-sale time. For this reason, many car buyers opt for cars with metallic paint. | <urn:uuid:545eff2b-e657-450c-8192-ce127a59f87c> | {
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The Missouri’s Worker’s Compensation Act, which takes away injured workers’ right to a jury trial and substitutes very limited and unfair administrative claims instead, is an unconstitutional, inadequate and harshly unfair system in drastic need of completely being overhauled or eliminated entirely.
The benefits provided by the Missouri Worker’s Compensation Act have been eroded over the years to such a degree that the little legitimacy this system ever had is now clearly gone. The Act was originally but unsuccessfully challenged as unconstitutional because it deprived citizens of their constitutional right to a jury trial under both the Missouri Constitution and the United States Constitution. The severity of that improper deprivation has been increased over time. Worker’s rights have been repeatedly cut and diminished in so many ways that it’s now time to finally acknowledge the unconstitutionality of this system and do away with it, restoring to workers their rights guaranteed by both of those Constitutions.
To understand this important point, it’s necessary to understand how the system used to work before worker’s compensation was enacted, how the worker’s compensation system originally worked, and how it’s been changed over time to reduce benefits to workers.
History of The Workers Compensation Act in Missouri
Before the worker’s compensation system was enacted in Missouri, a worker who got injured at work through no fault of his own could recover in court from the employer if the employer or any other employee was at fault. While workers got nothing when it was their own fault, they could recover fair verdicts from juries when the injury was not their fault.
Original Court System:
- Jury trial
- Absolutely no limits or caps on how much a jury can order paid
- Injured worker has to prove fault or carelessness (negligence) of the employer
- Injured worker had to prove that injury was not their fault
Enactment of the Missouri Worker’s Compensation Act
Missouri’s worker’s compensation system, which took away the right to a jury trial and substituted the decision of an administrative law judge, was first put in place in 1929.
Under this Act, the general rule is that a person who gets hurt at work cannot sue his employer in court for those injuries, but instead has to file a worker’s compensation claim and get benefits that way. The whole worker’s compensation system is based on taking away from the employee the right to sue the employer in court and instead substituting the right to file a worker’s compensation claim.
Original Worker’s Compensation System:
- No jury – judge decides case
- Very strict limits on maximum recovery – body parts chart literally says how much each body part is worth
- Injured worker gets very limited benefits, even if the injured worker was completely at fault
The Worker’s Compensation Act was immediately challenged as being unconstitutional, because the Bill of Rights to Missouri’s Constitution specifically says:
“That the right of trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed shall remain inviolate.”
Missouri Constitution, Article I, Section 22A. The challenge to the constitutionality of the worker’s compensation system was based upon the fact that it completely does away with the workers right to a jury trial.
Despite the crystal clear wording of the Constitution, the Missouri Supreme Court held that the system was not unconstitutional even though it took away the right to a jury trial. The Supreme Court essentially said that even though the Worker’s Compensation Act didn’t permit jury trials, this was acceptable because the claim it substituted instead was essentially the same thing, and sometimes more favorable. (A workers compensation claim can be more favorable to the employee, for instance, in a situation where an employee is injured due to their own carelessness. In that case, the employee would always win under the original Worker’s Compensation system, whereas under the old court system they would not have recovered anything.)
The simple fact of the matter, though, is that it’s not up to the Supreme Court to decide on what is an appropriate substitute for a constitutional right. The Constitution says the citizen has a right to a jury trial, so the citizen gets a jury trial. Period. No matter how well-intentioned, any law that takes away the citizen’s constitutional right to a jury trial on their negligence claim was, and is, clearly unconstitutional.
Because the Missouri Supreme Court allowed it, the worker’s compensation system remained in place. For almost 100 years now, claims relating to work injuries got filed in the Division of Workers Compensation, and workers who tried to sue their employers in court routinely got their cases thrown out of court.
Changes To The Worker’s Compensation System Over Time
Over time, insurance industry lobbyists got the Legislature to put more and more loopholes into the worker’s compensation system, all designed to minimize payments and benefits to workers, cut down on claims, and increase insurance companies’ and employers’ bottom lines. The unfairness of the Act is clear to anyone who carefully reads and understands it.
Yet because this is such an arcane topic, the general public is completely unaware of how unfair the system is, until they or a family member or friend get hurt and experience it first-hand.
How Is The System Unfair?
As originally enacted, there were no penalties on employees if they were at fault in causing their injuries. That, in fact, was the main selling point of the Worker’s Compensation act in the first place: even though the amounts payable under the Act were very low, the trade-off was that the injured employee got paid no matter what.
But after successfully taking away the employee’s right to a jury trial, the insurance lobbyists started cutting into what little benefits the injured employee did get under that Act. There are many examples of this unfairness, too many to explain in detail here, but here are a few.
What Are Penalties Applied to?
Before we start to talk about the fairness of the penalties in the Act, it’s important to understand what the penalties are applied to. Many people mistakenly think that the penalty percentages are only applied to a worker’s claim for a lump sum payment, after her medical bills and wages have been paid. This is incorrect – the penalties are applied to all benefits under the Act.
Let’s illustrate how severe this is. In a typical situation under the Act, when a worker gets hurt at work, she gets 3 type of benefits:
1. medical bills are paid in full (though the employer gets to pick all of the doctors and control all treatment);
2. temporary total disability (66% percent of the worker’s average pay while completely unable to work (in the objective opinion of the doctor hand-picked by the comp carrier), but subject to a “cap” or maximum amount, regardless of how much was earned before); and
3. permanent partial disability (essentially a lump sum based on the body parts chart published by the Missouri Division of Worker’s Compensation, based on the Act, times your average weekly wage. This, too, is subject to a “cap” or maximum amount, regardless of how much was earned before).
So, for example, take the case of a worker who falls on ice at work, and is seriously injured, breaking several ribs, one of which punctures her lung, collapsing it. She has chest surgery, is in the hospital for 2 weeks, incurs medical bills of $40,000, and is out of work for 3 months, losing $10,000 in wages based on her $40,000 salary. (The carrier is supposed to automatically pay her those wages at $512 per week (2/3 of her weekly rate) while she’s out of work.) Let’s assume that her lump sum “permanent partial disability” claim is arguably worth $26,700 (15% of the 400-week “body as a whole” level, calculated at $445 per week because her actual income of $769 per week is over the maximum permitted PPD rate.)
So in this case, the total benefits payable under the Act are $73,356:
Medical Expenses: $40,000
Temporary total disability (TTD): $6,656
Permanent partial disability (PPD): $26,700
It’s important to realize that she didn’t actually get $73,356. The carrier paid the vast majority of it ($40,000) directly to the hospital. They also paid her weekly wages of $512 (which was significantly less than the net she got on her usual weekly gross of $769, causing her to get behind on her bills). And the PPD portion of her claim is always a grey area, subject to negotiation at the conclusion of treatment and after the employee has recuperated as much as possible.
So when this article talks below about, for example, a “50% penalty”, we’re not talking about the comp carrier deducting 50% from the PPD and offering a lump sum payment of $13,350 to settle the claim. We’re talking about the insurance company claiming 50% of the whole $73,356, and demanding that the injured employee pay the insurance company $9,978. (Their math is calculated as 50% of $73,356, so the amount the carrier should have paid is $36,678. Since in this example they already actually paid $46,656 ($40,000 in medical bills plus $6,656 in TTD), under this framework the employee owes the insurance company $9,978).
Insurance companies sometime claim these penalties early on, before the case is even in the Division of Worker’s Compensation and refuse to even pay the medical bills (or only pay 50% of them). That frequently leaves the employee with many thousand of dollars in unpaid medical bills, short on cash because the insurance company isn;t paying their TTD wages due to a unilaterally claimed penalty, and desperate for money at the time they need it most.
Examples of Unfairness in the Worker’s Compensation Act
1. Unfairness In “Safety” Penalties
A prime example of unfairness is the Act’s provisions relating to penalties applied to the person who causes an injury. Let’s compare the penalties the Act puts on unsafe employees to the penalties it puts on unsafe employers. This is a quote from the current Worker’s Compensation act, section 287.120:
4. Where the injury is caused by the failure of the employer to comply with any statute in this state or any lawful order of the division or the commission, the compensation and death benefit provided for under this chapter shall be increased fifteen percent
5. Where the injury is caused by the failure of the employee to use safety devices where provided by the employer, or from the employee’s failure to obey any reasonable rule adopted by the employer for the safety of employees, the compensation and death benefit provided for herein shall be reduced at least twenty-five but not more than fifty percent; provided, that it is shown that the employee had actual knowledge of the rule so adopted by the employer; and provided, further, that the employer had, prior to the injury, made a reasonable effort to cause his or her employees to use the safety device or devices and to obey or follow the rule so adopted for the safety of the employees.
So where an employer does something wrong, there is no penalty unless it’s actually a violation of a specific law or a lawful order. No matter how absurd and unreasonable their conduct, the employer pays no penalty unless it’s a violation of law. Think about that for a minute. How many laws actually apply to your workplace? In most workplaces, very few laws apply to govern how things must be done. (And lobbyists have worked on reducing those, too.) This language makes it almost impossible for an employee to get any penalty applied to an employer no matter how outrageous the employer’s conduct.
On the other hand, when an employee does something wrong, it’s held against them, regardless of whether or not it’s a violation of law. The penalty is assessed against the employee in either one of these situations:
(i) the employee fails to use a safety device (regardless of whether or not the safety device was required by law); or
(ii) The employee fails to follow “any reasonable rule” adopted by the employer for purposes of safety.
The second provision is an intentionally broad and vague catchall, frequently used by employers and insurance companies to withhold benefits from workers. It’s the exact opposite of the kind of severe, limiting language applied to employers in the paragraph just above it.
As these quotes make clear, the Act doesn’t even pretend to apply penalties evenhandedly to the employer and the employee, and instead uses language that is far more favorable to the employer. As a result, the almost all of the penalties applied by the Division of Workers Compensation are penalties applied to employees, not to employers.
But the biggest difference between these provisions is the amount of the penalty. In the rare case where a penalty is applied to an employer, the penalty is just 15% of the benefits payable. But the far more frequently applied penalty on the employee starts at a minimum mandatory 25%, going all the way up to 50% of the benefits payable. The legislature isn’t even pretending to make these rules seem evenhanded or impartial.
It should also be noted that in every case I’ve seen where an insurance company claimed that the employee violated the safety rule (no matter how absurd that claim), the carrier always (i) refused to wait for a judge to decide whether a penalty should be applied, and instead unilaterally withheld benefits from the injured worker and (ii) applied the maximum 50% penalty. I have never seen an insurance company claim a safety violation by the employee and not do both of these two things.
2. Unfairness in Intoxication Penalties
Another example of severe unfairness in the Worker’s Compensation Act deals with intoxication. Under the Act, If the employee is intoxicated and that intoxication actually caused his own injury, then all benefits are forfeited, with a 100% penalty on the employee (Section 287.120.6(2)). That’s harsh, but perhaps understandable and maybe justified.
On the other hand, in a situation where a drug test on the injured employee shows extremely minute, trace amounts of drugs in violation of an employer’s policy, and everyone agrees that the employee was not intoxicated at the time of injury, under Missouri law there is still a 50% penalty on the employee, no matter how serious the injury. (Section 287.120.6(1)). Again, that penalty applies to all benefits, including paying only 50% of the medical bills which were not in any way related to or caused by earlier drug use.
While it’s understandable to want to penalize workers for violating company policy, it’s difficult to understand why any penalty should be applied to an injury which is completely unrelated to that policy violation.
When a worker breaks an ankle because somebody else wasn’t paying attention and drove a forklift over his foot at work, do we as a society really want to reduce all of the victim’s benefits by 50% because a blood test revealed that he had smoked a joint 3 weeks earlier? That seems completely unjustified and outrageous. Imposing a mandatory 50% penalty for an injury which is completely unrelated to the safety violation is absurd.
This scheme of penalizing employees for conduct which is completely unrelated to their injury makes absolutely no sense at all, unless you taken into consideration the real goal: reducing payments to injured employees, by any means necessary.
Those sections quoted above deal with drug use by the injured employee. But what about the situation where the company policy was violated not by the injured employee, but rather by a co-worker? What happens under Missouri law when an intoxicated co-worker injures the claimant?
Suppose an employee repeatedly complains that a co-worker is intoxicated at work, and the employer knows all about it yet does nothing? If the statutory goal is to deter intoxication and drug use, then logically penalties should be applied against the employer to give it an incentive to assure its workers are drug and alcohol-free. But that’s not the law. In Missouri’s, there is absolutely no penalty applied to the employer in that situation. They simply get away scot-free. There is not even an attempt at consistency or equal treatment of both employers and employees.
3. Eliminating And Limiting Claims By “Strict Construction”
In 2005, the Missouri Legislature modified the Worker’s Compensation Act in many different ways, all in an effort to cut down on how much injured workers would get paid, or eliminating claims completely. Missouri’s benefits levels were already very low compared to most other states, but the Legislature (or more accurately the lobbyists for the Missouri Chamber of Commerce) wanted to reduce them further.
One change was to modify the Worker’s Compensation Act by saying that the whole Act should be “strictly” construed. This was the exact opposite of what the law had said all along. For decades, Missouri’s law said that the Act should be “liberally construed with a view to the public welfare.” Section 287.800. Courts had interpreted that language to essentially mean that if a decision could go either way, the Act was construed in favor of providing benefits to the injured worker. By changing the standard, the legislature made it harder across the board for employees to recover, which was their intention.
4. “Prevailing Factor”
Another change the Legislature made in 2005 was to say that employees could get no benefits under the Act unless the work injury was the “prevailing factor.” That amendment also modified long-standing Missouri law, to the great detriment of employees. Up until that time, the Act said that if a work injury was a “contributing factor” in causing a need for medical treatment, medical treatment and benefits must be provided to the employee. The 2005 amendment changed that, specifying the treatment and benefits only were to be provided to the employee if the work injury was the prevailing factor, and giving a severe definition to what “the prevailing factor” means:
An injury by accident is compensable only if the accident was the prevailing factor in causing both the resulting medical condition and disability. “The prevailing factor” is defined to be the primary factor, in relation to any other factor, causing both the resulting medical condition and disability. Section 287.020.3
This language change also severely curtailed claims. Now, there’s no recovery in worker’s composition unless the work injury was the primary factor in causing both the medical condition and disability.
5. Insurance Companies Never Have To Pay Interest To The Employee In Workers Compensation Claims, No Matter How Long The Company Drags Things Out, Giving Them A Strong Incentive To Do Just That
“Prejudgment interest” is interest which is given to a claimant to compensate them for the amount of time between the date of the incident giving rise to the claim and the date the claim is finally adjudicated.
There is absolutely no mechanism in the Missouri Worker’s Compensation Act for an injured employee to ever get prejudgment interest on the amount of their claim. This severely penalizes employees with worker’s compensation claims.
In other words, no matter how long an insurance company or an employer drags things out and delays proceedings, they get to keep all of the interest that they earn on the money they will eventually pay to the injured worker. This system actually encourages and rewards insurance companies and employers to deny, delay and deny claims no matter how meritorious, all to the severe detriment of Missouri employees.
Now compare that to cases and claims litigated in Missouri’s court system instead of the Division of Worker’s Compensation.
When two businesses have a contract dispute resulting in a court judgment in Missouri, courts here are required to automatically add pre-judgment interest to the verdict amount. Unless the contract specifies otherwise, the court is required to use the very favorable interest rate of 9% per year to the verdict amount, from the date of the breach of contract all the way through the end of the trial. See Section 408.040.
On the other hand, when an injury victim files a lawsuit in court, their treatment is far less favorable. Under Missouri law the court only adds interest to the verdict amount if both (i) that person did all sorts of technical things before trial (including sending the other side all kinds of evidence, including stating a dollar amount that they’re willing to settle for), and (ii) the final verdict is more than the injured person offered to settle for before trial. To add insult to injury, on top of all of these procedural hurdles, even though businesses get 9% on their contract verdicts, Missouri law discriminates against court injury claims by specifying that the interest rate is a far less-favorable floating rate, which is currently only 5.25% per year. Section 408.040.
Even If The Substitute Remedy Put In Place By The Worker’s Compensation Act Was Sufficient At One Time, It No Longer Is
The cumulative effects of this repeated erosion of employees rights under the Worker’s Compensation act is that it is now glaringly obvious that the substitute remedy created by that Act is not a sufficient replacement for the constitutional rights that Act took away. While that substitution was never sufficient, appropriate or legitimate, is now even more patently inadequate.
Missouri officials should acknowledge the illegitimacy and insufficiency of this Act and at a minimum eliminate all of the anti-employee amendments that have been inserted throughout the decades, or more appropriately simply scrap the entire Act, either judicially or legislatively. That would not doubt be severely disruptive, but that is less onerous than continuing this charade of pretending that the Act is fair to both sides, to the great detriment of thousands of injured workers who are being unfairly and unconstitutionally treated. | <urn:uuid:d4bb7c57-8958-447f-9a53-6d27e4d67573> | {
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ESSAY; This Land Was His Land
By DOUGLAS BRINKLEY and JOHNNY DEPP
Published: July 15, 2012
The legend of Woody Guthrie as folk singer is firmly etched in America's collective consciousness. Compositions like ''Deportee,'' ''Pastures of Plenty'' and ''Pretty Boy Floyd'' have become national treasures akin to Benjamin Franklin's ''Poor Richard's Almanack'' and Mark Twain's ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.'' But Guthrie, who would have been 100 years old on July 14, was also a brilliant and distinctive prose stylist, whose writing is distinguished by a homespun authenticity, deep-seated purpose and remarkable ear for dialect. These attributes are on vivid display in Guthrie's long-lost ''House of Earth,'' his only fully realized, but yet unpublished, novel. (His other books, ''Bound for Glory'' and ''Seeds of Man,'' are quasi-fictional memoirs.)
''House of Earth'' was written as a direct response to the Dust Bowl. In December 1936 the rambling troubadour had an epiphany while busking for tips in New Mexico. He'd traveled there after a treacherous duster whacked the Texas Panhandle town of Pampa, where he'd been living in poverty. While in New Mexico, Guthrie became transfixed by an adobe hacienda's sturdy rain spouts and soil-straw bricks, a simple yet solid weatherproof structure unlike most of his Texan friends' homes, which were poorly constructed with flimsy wooden boards and cheap nails.
An immediate convert, Guthrie purchased a nickel pamphlet, ''Adobe or Sun-Dried Brick for Farm Buildings,'' from the United States Department of Agriculture. The manual instructed poor rural folk on building adobe homes from the cellar up. All an amateur needed was a home-brew of clay loam, straw and water. Guthrie promoted this U.S.D.A. guide with wild-eyed zeal. Adobes, he boasted, would endure the Dust Bowl better than wooden aboveground structures that were vulnerable to wind, snow, dust and termites. If sharecroppers and tenant farmers could only own a piece of land -- even the uncultivable territory of arroyos and red rocks -- they could build a ''house of earth'' that would protect them from dirt blowing in through cracks in the walls.
In the late 1930s, a winter sleet crippled the Dust Bowl region; The New York Times called it ''a blizzard of frozen mud,'' the color of ''cocoa.'' Visibility was often less than 200 feet. ''Well Howdy,'' Guthrie wrote to his actor friend Eddie Albert in Hollywood in a letter from Pampa written during that period. ''We didn't have no trouble finding the dust bowl, and are about as covered up as one family can get. Only trouble is the dust is so froze up it cain't blow, so it just scrapes around.'' Stuck in his Pampa shack, trying to protect his baby girl from a fever, Guthrie dreamed about insulating his family from the cold. ''You dig you a cellar and mix the mud and straw right in there, sorta with your feet, you know, and you get the mud just the right thickness, and you put in a mould, and you mould out around 20 bricks a day,'' Guthrie wrote, ''and in a reasonable length of time you have got enough to build your house.''
Guthrie's Dust Bowl experiences, along with his reading ''Grapes of Wrath'' and the writing of ''This Land Is Your Land,'' formed the roots of what would become ''House of Earth.'' Guthrie conceived of ''This Land Is Your Land'' while hitchhiking to New York. When he heard Irving Berlin's sentimental ''God Bless America'' performed ad nauseam on radio stations, he decided to write a rebuttal. On Feb. 23, 1940, holed up in a low-rent Times Square hotel, he wrote the now iconic song, including radical verses, later changed, like the one below:
By the relief office I saw my people.
As they stood hungry,
I stood there wondering if God blessed America for me.
Endemic poverty is a theme that Guthrie would turn to full-bore in ''House of Earth.'' The narrative follows the lives of two hardscrabble farmers, Tike and Ella May Hamlin, living in the cap rock country of West Texas, ''that big high, crooked cliff of limestone, sandrock, marble and flint, that runs between and is the line that divides the lower west Texas plains from the upper north Panhandle plains.'' The impoverished couple, it seems, live in biological harmony with the land. A scorching lovemaking scene on a hay bale viscerally represents the fertility ritual. Yet they can't keep the bizarre weather out of their shabby home, and Tike -- Guthrie's alter ego -- starts espousing the gospel of adobe.
The deck is stacked against them. Their home is owned by a bank in cahoots with a big lumber company; adobe houses are deemed verboten. In Guthrie's fierce proletarian worldview, the rural poor are thereby shafted by the iron boot heel of capitalist greed merchants, and he finger-points everyone from bankers to lumbermen to termite-like real estate brokers, enemies of the little guy. At a key juncture, Tike rails against the sheep mentality of honest folks in Texas and Oklahoma who let the capitalist vultures steal from them.
Pitched somewhere between rural realism and proletarian protest, somewhat static in terms of narrative drive, ''House of Earth'' nonetheless offers a searing portrait of the Panhandle and its marginalized Great Depression residents. Guthrie successfully mixes Steinbeck's narrative verve with D. H. Lawrence's openness to erotic exploration. When the Library of Congress folklorist Alan Lomax read the first chapter he was profoundly impressed. For months Lomax encouraged Guthrie to finish the book, saying he'd ''considered dropping everything I was doing'' just to get the novel published. ''It was quite simply the best material I'd ever seen written about that section of the country,'' he wrote.
But after finishing the novel in 1947, Guthrie put the manuscript away and concentrated on songwriting. He may have sensed the novel could be considered both pass?post-New Deal writing was frowned upon by cold-war-era critics) and ahead of its time (graphic sex). His fertility cycle prose was so edgy that publication was unlikely. And his use of an overdrawn hillbilly dialogue would have found little embrace in New York literary circles. Apparently, Guthrie never showed anyone other than the filmmaker Irving Lerner the remaining sections of the novel. (He hoped Lerner would use the book as the basis for a movie.)
Yet the book's architectural intensity makes it a minor masterpiece. When we shared the finished novel with Bob Dylan, he was blown away, ''surprised by the genius,'' he said, of the prose. At heart, ''House of Earth'' is a meditation about how poor people search for love and meaning in a corrupt world, one in which the rich have lost their moral compasses. Even though the backdrop is the washed-out agricultural fields of Texas, the novel could just as easily be set in a refugee camp in Sudan or a shantytown in Haiti.
In the late 1940s, after ''House of Earth'' was finished, Guthrie's health started to deteriorate from complications of Huntington's disease. While disciples like Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Pete Seeger popularized his folk repertory, ''House of Earth'' languished in a Coney Island closet. But, as Guthrie might say, ''All good things in due time.'' We recently tracked down a typescript, now held at the McFarlin Library at the University of Tulsa, and the book will be published next year.
Today, Texas is in the midst of a prolonged drought; global warming is a scientific fact; and wildfires, blizzards and tornadoes increasingly ravage the American landscape. The unerring rightness of adobe living is now more apparent than ever. It's almost as if Guthrie had prophetically written ''House of Earth'' with the summer of 2012 in mind.
PHOTO (PHOTOGRAPH OF ''IN EL RANCHO GRANDE,'' BY WOODY GUTHRIE (1936, SANTA FE, N.M.), OIL ON CANVAS; COURTESY OF BARRY AND JUDY OLLMAN) | <urn:uuid:9e31f6be-b810-4672-a7c1-433c954ee081> | {
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The Dangers Of Added Sugars Pt. 1
GAINESVILLE, Fla. -- A sweet tooth can be hard to ignore, but new research shows it could be causing you bigger problems than just fitting into your jeans. Added sugars can be found in a whole host of prepared foods, and they could be causing you serious health problems.
Amber Wilhoit is a registered dietitian and an adult diabetes educator at UF Health.
"It could be contributing to some of the disease states we see in this country," she says.
Doctors say too much added sugar in your diet can put you at risk for obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure, which could put you at a greater risk for heart disease.
Unlike naturally occuring sugars in milk or fruit, added sugars are put into prepared foods to improve the taste.
The American Heart Association recommends women consume 6 or fewer teaspoons of added sugar daily, and 9 or fewer for men. However, the average American consumes 22 teaspoons of added sugar each day. For some people, that adds up to one pound of sugar a week that they don't need.
Added sugar is often found in some of these prepared foods:
- breads, pastries, and baked desserts
- dairy products like ice cream and milk
- sauces, especially syrup, cocktail sauce, barbeque sauce, ketchup, and honey mustard
- breakfast cereals, granola bars, poptarts, and other breakfast foods
- sweetened beverages like fruit juice and soda
For more information, check out these websites:
Reporter's Note: One teaspoon equals approximately 4 grams of sugar. The foods depicted in this story are shown with sugar cubes illustrating the amount of sugar, in grams, listed on ingredient labels typical of that food.
Click here for Part 2 of The Dangers of Added Sugar
- The Dangers Of Added Sugars Pt. 2
- Your Health: Are you at risk for type 2 diabetes?
- Your Health: New Research Explores the Link Between Periodontal Disease and Diabetes
- Your Health: The Dangers of Energy Drinks
- Heroes Sending a Super Message About Childhood Diabetes
- Diabetes Education
- Medical Spotlight: Preventing Diabetes
- Dangerous New Diet Gaining Popularity
- The Dangers of a Drug Named "Molly "
- FDA Cracks Down on Illegal Diabetes Remedies | <urn:uuid:f467a280-5fe7-457b-8101-0930e4a956fc> | {
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Transport Canada today released the results of a study on the safety and environmental performance of low rolling resistance tires.
Find out what the results of the study showed.
Low rolling resistance tires are designed to improve vehicle fuel efficiency. They are made of advanced materials and have treads, dimensions and weights that help to minimize the energy lost as the tire rolls across the road surface.
The study, Packed Snow Performance of Low Rolling Resistance Class 8 Heavy Truck Tires, examined several brands of tires to assess their performance in packed snow winter conditions.
The study, conducted by the National Research Council on behalf of Transport Canada’s ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles Program, demonstrated that the current generation of low rolling resistance tires offers a similar level of snow traction performance as conventional tires, while reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Tires used in this study were chosen from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s SmartWay Program’s approved list, a widely-accepted designation for low rolling resistance tires in North America. | <urn:uuid:17038d4e-ef09-4431-90b2-d79d3c7ced92> | {
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Fibromyalgia and Sleep
Further research is needed to understand the nature of the relationship between pain and sleep and to develop treatments that can help to improve both pain symptoms and sleep disturbance.
The cause of fibromyalgia is not known but there may be several factors involved. Clinicians who care for patients with fibromyalgia report a range of possible causes such as repetitive stress injuries, automobile accidents or other traumatic events. In some cases, fibromyalgia seems to run in families, although researchers are not sure if this is due to genetic or environmental factors. Fibromyalgia is considered a rheumatoid condition, but it is not truly a form of arthritis. However, people with arthritis are more likely to have fibromyalgia.
A variety of studies have been conducted to find connections between fibromyalgia and other medical conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraines, arthritis, lupus, and major depressive disorder. The results of these studies have been largely inconclusive with respect to specific relationships, but many have established a link between fibromyalgia and heavy use of physician services. In other words, people with fibromyalgia tend to seek medical treatment significantly more often than people without it.
About 20% of fibromyalgia patients also have depression or anxiety disorder. Scientists have recently looked at whether chronic pain may cause depression or whether depression may play a role in people's perception of pain. For example, researchers at the University of Michigan and the University of Cologne in Germany conducted a study of people with fibromyalgia which sought to reveal why symptoms of depression are sometimes associated with increased sensitivity to pain. The researchers were aware that fibromyalgia patients typically show a higher than normal sensitivity to pain regardless of whether they had been diagnosed with major depressive disorder or reported any depressive symptoms. What they were trying to determine was whether antidepressant medication might alleviate this heightened sensitivity. Based on the results of this study, the researchers concluded that treating depression in people with fibromyalgia will not necessarily have an impact on the patients' complaints of pain. Instead, they recommend treating pain and fatigue symptoms separately | <urn:uuid:c4b6be6d-884f-44b7-8eb2-65ed4d4b313d> | {
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How to Reduce your Stress Levels
How to Reduce your Stress Levels
Learn how to manage the stress in your life
By Nina Nazor
Stress levels in our daily life can affect our health and even increase blood
glucose levels, blood pressure and alter many other processes in our bodies.
What is stress?
Stress is the response of our body to an emergency situation. This response can be generated by happiness, like wining
the lottery, or by a sad event like losing someone we love.
Stress also can be acute or chronic. Acute stress happens
in a specific time, like when you lose your wallet or when you receive bad news. But when a stressful situation becomes permanent,
then we are suffering chronic stress, like when we have conflicts with our family members, friends, or even when we have to
deal with diabetes every day.
What happens when we are stressed?
Stress makes our body
react and prepare to fight or flee from danger. When this happens, adrenalin (epinephrine), the emergency hormone, is released
by the adrenal glands and this causes a cascade of metabolic reactions, including the release of cortisol and glucagon, also
called counterregulatory hormones, because they increase blood glucose levels from the breakdown of glycogen, a form of glucose
stored in muscles and liver. Those reactions cause in our body the following:
• Our heart beats faster
sending blood to our muscles so they are ready in case we need to fight or run away from the danger. This increases our blood
• Since blood flow is diverted to the muscles, our skin turns pale and our digestive tract shuts
• The liver then releases the stored glucose into our bloodstream so our muscles can have
it available when they need it. This increases blood glucose and triglycerides levels.
This reaction can save our
life if we are in a tsunami or an earthquake, but unfortunately stress catches us sitting in our car in the middle of the
traffic, or working in our desks, so we don´t have the chance to use all those fuels in our blood and they build up
until we use them. Can you see why exercise is so important?
What are the most stressful situations?
Some of the most stressful situations are the death of a loved one or a separation from the couple, as well as having
to live with a chronic disease such as diabetes, but also:
• Losing our job
• A new job
• A new member in the family like a baby or the mother in law.
If you have diabetes, some additional stressors are following your diet, counting
carbs, visits to the doctor, checking your glucose levels often, and taking your medications.
It is important to know that people with diabetes have a double risk of developing depression
than people without diabetes. Some of the symptoms of depression are not enjoying things anymore, feeling sadness, loneliness,
that nobody understands you, hopeless and thinking that dying would be the best.
If you notice that you or someone
you love are suffering from depression, please seek medical advice immediately. Depression is a serious condition that must
be treated with medications and/or therapy.
How can you control stress?
Exercise help us relax, decrease blood glucose levels, cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. Try to exercise at least
30 minutes a day.
Massage. You can enjoy different kinds of massage, from a spa to a special chair, it helps relax our
muscles and increases well being.
Smooth music. Instrumental and smooth music are good options
for any moment throughout the day. New age or baroque music, Vivaldi, Bach and Mozart, they all help us relax.
with nature. Walk in the park, hike during the weekend, have a beautiful picture of the ocean or a forest in front
of your desk, have fresh flowers in your desk or kitchen, gardening, nature sounds in your bedroom, all are really good tools
Deep breathing exercises. Using the muscles of your diaphragm to breath deeply
and rhythmically, like opera singers do, will help you to feel relaxed and calmed in just 5 minutes.
Yoga or meditation.
These ancient disciplines are based on deep breathing and promote great relaxation in our bodies and minds.
with friends and family. Talking about our problems helps us reduce stress levels.
Laugh. The healing power
of laughter is one of the most natural ways to enjoy a healthy life. Watch a comedy, call a funny friend or just try to laugh
without any reason during 5 minutes and you will see that you'll want to keep laughing all day long.
the people around you. Contact with the people we love is one of the best ways to relax. Hugs, kisses, whatever we
can do to stay in physical contact will help not only us, but the others, feel better.
Our mind can be the most wonderful instrument if we try to control our negative thoughts and replace them with happy, vivid
scenes of nature, kids, or anything that relaxes us. Just by closing our eyes and imagining a blue sky or a wonderful ocean,
our brain waves are altered and we get relaxed.
Praying. Faith is one of the greatest tools we
have to relax and feel better. If you are a believer, just leave all your troubles in God's hands, start thanking Him
for all His blessings and after some minutes, your problems will seem much smaller than before.
controlling stress is easy, just try to make most of this techniques part of your every day life. | <urn:uuid:12bc972e-1321-4b0a-9b17-f3908dce0c63> | {
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- An animal is freely moving without need for a tether to connect with the catheter. This is normally only possible with larger animals that can be fitted with jackets to carry an infusion pump and compound reservoir. Totally implanted pumps can sometimes be used in rodents but have size limitations.
- Minimal tissue injury is caused during the procedure.
- Good toleration of implants by animal tissues after implantation.
- A coating which develops on implanted materials derived from the animal's own tissue fluids and cells.
- Flexible tube inserted into body cavities or organs for medical or experimental procedures.
- Bursting open or splitting along natural or sutured lines.
- The layer of cells lining blood vessels.
- Surface friction influences how easily a catheter can be inserted into a blood vessel and any injury to the vessel lining (endothelium).
- Spread of microbial infection through the blood stream.
- Property of causing or promoting blood clotting (thrombosis).
- The process of blood clotting in which normally fluid blood.
- The cavity within a catheter through which blood is withdrawn or compound infused.
- The thick polymer diaphragm allowing sealing a vascular access.
Vascular access port
- An implantable chamber for intermittent access of catheters by puncture via a self-sealing septum with a special (Huber) needle.
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A recent story about Stuxnet malware has been getting a lot of buzz lately. We covered the Stuxnet story in its early stages, when it was thought to mainly target WinCC, software used to program Siemens industrial control systems. Much of the mainstream press at the time was calling Stuxnet a "worm." But when I corresponded with Siemens on the story, the company itself called the malware a "Trojan." To be helpful, we posted a discussion on the differences between a worm, a virus, and a Trojan.
Then, in a comment to this item, our Electronic editor Bob Repas says, "The Stuxnet malware actually makes use of all three vectors of infection. It will copy itself to a flash drive, or attempt to infect other computers on a networked system without any human intervention, thus giving it worm action. It can also infect from a person running the software (trojan), and as a virus piggybacking on the command and control actions of Seimens WinCC systems, a type of SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) product used for manufacturing, to infect other WinCC systems. The malware had four zero-day exploits … attack vectors no one else knew existed until they were found in an analysis of the Stuxnet code. The sophistication of the malware indicates there was major backing, possibly even that of a government, in its development. Of course, the two most likely targets to blame about that are the U.S. and Israel."
Interestingly, in my in-box today is an updated podcast of the Stuxnet story from Nick Younker of the Institute for Defense and Government Advancement. | <urn:uuid:00ee9bc9-a1c9-4ef8-8ef4-4aaf476a1684> | {
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There are surprisingly many tropical plants that demonstrate considerable tolerance and hardiness to cold winters in temperate regions. Although each plant species may require different needs or have varying tolerances to prolonged cold, several plant types can be investigated and grown in the ground or in movable containers where winters are filled with frosts or hard freezes. Contact local botanical gardens or Cooperative Extension offices for lists of hardy plants.
USDA Cold Hardiness Zone
The United States Department of Agriculture publishes a map of North America that classifies regions according to their annual winter minimum temperatures. Not an exclusive tool to determine a plant's ability to survive the winter, or its hardiness, this map and its zone designations are universally accepted as a reference by bother plant nurseries and garden literature resources.
Tropical plants often are regarded as native to or hardy to conditions in Zones 9 or higher. Many plants survive colder winters, including some to Zone 6, 7 and 8.
To determine the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone designation for your home location, have your ZIP code available and visit the National Gardening Association's website.
Palms, whether with feather-like or fan-shaped fronds, can be used in regions with freezing winter temperatures. The tolerance and survivability to winter cold is specific to each plant species as well as the health of the palm at the onset of cold. The world's most cold hardy palm, surviving winter lows to -5 degrees Fahrenheit is the shrub-like needle palm (Rhapidophyllum hystrix). Windmill palms (Trachycarpus) have fan-like fronds and grow on upright trunks, hardy to 0 degrees. In the range of 5 to 10 degrees, the scrub palmettos (Sabal etonia and Sabal minor) survive; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) to 10 degrees.. A much larger selection of palms with trunks are known to adapt to winter lows from 10 to 15 degrees, including jelly/pindo palms (Butia spp.), European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis) and two species of parlor palms (Chamaedorea microspadix and Chamaedorea radicalis). With winter temps in the lower 20s Fahrenheit, the choices increase even more, to include Washingtonia spp., Brahea spp., date palms (Phoenix spp.) and fan palms (Livistona spp.).
These ancient plants, that resemble palms, are related to conifers, the cone-producing evergreens. Cycads have a thick stem with waxy fronds, and grow in soils that are well-drained. Plants prosper in full sun exposures to light shade, depending on the heat intensity in your summer climate. King sago (Cycas revoluta) is popular across the American South and in the Southwest, where is tolerates winter lows down to 18 degrees Fahrenheit well. Coontie (Zamia floridana) is a low, clumping cycad nice in woodlands or mixed borders that is hardy down to 10 degrees Fahrenheit. Gum palm (Dioon edule) has a feathery frond that is prickly, also hardy to the same winter low temperature.
Lush foliage plants of the tropics that grow from thick stems and roots are often well-suited to overwinter underground in regions with mild but subfreezing winters. As long as winter soils are not soggy and sometimes if a thick layer of leaf or straw mulch is placed atop the dormant roots, their ability to survive the winter is increased. Often retaining the above-ground frost-killed foliage aids in protecting the underground plant parts from freezing spells across the rest of the winter months. Cut back the dried material in early spring when frosts are fewer and mild.
Gingers (Alpinia spp. and Hedychium spp.) are hardy in regions where the winter lows become no colder than 0 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Bananas, in particular the Japanese fiber banana (Musa basjoo) is especially resilient, returning after winters in southernmost Canada. Florist amaryllis (Hippeastrum) and lily-of-the-Nile (Agapanthus) grow from bulbs and may retain their foliage if winters are not too cold, but the underground parts remain alive down to 10 to 18 degrees. Also consider growing certain species of crinum lily (Crinum spp.) or the candy corn plant (Cuphea micropetala) if winters never get colder than 5 degrees Fahrenheit.
Gardeners in the American South can also attest to begonia (Begonia grandis), lantana, elephant ears (Alocasia and Colocasia), voodoo lilies (Amorphophallus) and even dahlias' abilities to go dormant in the ground across a chilly winter and re-sprout in spring to early summer when soil temperatures are optimal. Winter lows should no dip much below 5 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit to ensure these plants' healthy return.
Century plants (Agave spp.) are surprisingly resistant to the cold of winter even though their thick leaves are full of juicy fibers. Naturally, a drier soil that has excellent drainage is required for these succulent plants, but a wide variety of century plants can be enjoyed across regions with winters that have temps as low as -10 degrees Fahrenheit. This resilience to prolonged winter cold varies per species, but among the toughest is Agave lophantha, Agave parryi and Agave gentryi.
Yucca is another staple of arid regions that demonstrate excellent winter hardiness. Yucca linearifolia and Yucca rostrata are two species with attractive powdery blue-green foliage. | <urn:uuid:cf81d4a0-0ca8-496a-a7ae-aaae18306654> | {
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People taking blood thinners to prevent clots in their legs or lungs may put themselves at risk for serious internal bleeding if they also take common painkillers such as aspirin or ibuprofen, researchers warn.
These over-the-counter painkillers – called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – include such drugs as Advil, Aleve, Bufferin, Excedrin, Motrin and Nuprin, as well as aspirin. Patients who use blood thinners such as warfarin, Eliquis, Xarelto or Pradaxa should not take them, the researchers said.
"If you are taking an NSAID while taking an anticoagulant, your risk of a major bleed is double what it would be if you weren't taking an NSAID," said lead researcher Dr Bruce Davidson. He's with the division of pulmonary and critical care medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle.
Read: Gene thwarts blood thinner drug
One-quarter of these major bleeds happen within eight days of taking an NSAID, Davidson said. "It's not like you have to be taking them for weeks or months. Some bleeds happen with a single dose," he said.
Risk of bleeding
The risk of bleeding might be even greater for people with an irregular heartbeat, called atrial fibrillation, who take a blood thinner and use an NSAID, Davidson said.
"The message for people is if you're taking a blood thinner, do not take an NSAID – just don't take one," Davidson said.
"If you have a headache or aching muscles or joints, take generic Tylenol [acetaminophen]. Don't take NSAIDs for casual use," he added.
The report, published online in JAMA Internal Medicine, said the bleeding is often minor but can be fatal in some cases.
It's known that aspirin use by patients on anticoagulant therapy doubles the risk of bleeding, said Dr. Gregg Fonarow, a professor of cardiology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and spokesman for the American Heart Association.
Read: NSAIDs help some cold symptoms
But whether NSAIDs such as Advil or Motrin are associated with increased risk of bleeding among patients receiving anticoagulant therapy wasn't clear, Fonarow said.
Some studies showed raised risk with drugs like Coumadin (warfarin), Eliquis (apixaban), Xarelto (rivaroxaban) or Pradaxa (dabigatran), while others didn't.
Patients should consult their doctor before combining these medications, he advised.Preventing blood clots
For the study, Davidson's team analysed data from the worldwide EINSTEIN deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism studies, which included over 8000 patients. The trials compared two blood thinners – Xarelto and warfarin – to see which was better at preventing blood clots in the legs and lungs.
Drugs that prevent clotting always carry the additional risk of internal bleeding, which can become serious and life-threatening, experts say.
Read: What different types of painkillers do we find?
Davidson's group also looked at whether taking NSAIDs with these blood thinners might increase the risk for bleeding. They found it did.
He said that, according to the study, the absolute risk for a major bleeding episode for a patient taking aspirin and a blood thinner was nearly double that of a patient not on aspirin. For patients taking another form of NSAID plus a blood thinner, there was triple the risk compared to those taking the blood thinner alone, Davidson said.
Heartburn meds thwart blood thinner
Retrospective study found blood thinners associated with 50% cut in death rate | <urn:uuid:5ec8ec57-c439-433d-b5fa-9bce76554698> | {
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By Master Gardener Marianne McNiel
As gardens produce the last of their late fall bounty, you may want to think of ways to store some of your root vegetables and squash from your own garden or from your local farmers’ market. That way you will have some fresh vegetables for much of the winter. So what types of root vegetables or squash can be stored for late fall and early winter consumption? There are many! Some call them “keeper” crops.
Winter squash is harvested when there is a corking of the stem and loss of rind surface sheen. There is also dieback of tendrils and leaves closest to the fruit. Leave the stem on the squash for storage because this will reduce disease. All squash should be harvested for storage well before our first frost. Temperatures below about 50oF will cause squash to experience chilling injury. If your winter squash has experienced many days below 50oF, you may want to wait until next year for storing it for later consumption.
Winter squash can be stored until January, February or March. Butternut squash may last even longer. Select squash that are disease free and have few blemishes. They should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place with a relative humidity of 50-70%. Highly humid and moist environments may cause the squash to develop fungal or bacterial organisms that will hasten their decay. A very dry environment will cause the squash to dehydrate. If you have a basement, it may serve as the best place to store winter squash. If you have a dehumidifier in your basement you can set it to around 50% humidity. Winter squash is best stored off the ground. Some gardeners store them on wooden trays or racks that can be stacked.
When storing root vegetables, you should keep them away from apples, pears or tomatoes. These fruits produce ethylene gas and can make the taste of some root vegetables bitter. Also, do not store onions and winter squash with potatoes since the moisture and gases released from the potatoes will hasten their decay.
Carrots, Beets, Parsnips and Winter Radishes
When you are planning to store your root crops, you may want to leave them in the ground until the first frost. Root vegetables for late fall or winter storage should be harvested when fully mature and they should be free of blemishes and disease.
Harvest carrots when the roots are an acceptable size usually about ¾ to 1 inch in diameter. Beets are harvested when they are between 1 to 2 inches in size. Parsnips can be harvested directly from the ground all winter since they are winter hardy. However, it will be difficult to dig them once the ground is fully frozen. Radishes mature very quickly and should be pulled from the ground once mature for best flavor.
Ideally, these root vegetables are best stored at slightly above 32oF and a relative humidity of 95%. This is quite a damp, cold environment, but when stored properly, they will last for most of the winter.
Other root vegetables like turnips, rutabagas and spring radishes also do best stored at low temperatures, slightly above 32oF and high humidity. Turnips and rutabagas will only last about a month and spring radishes will only last about one week.
Potatoes are harvested after the vines have fully died. When growing potatoes, you can check for maturity by digging up one hill to determine if the skin remains fully attached to the tuber when rubbed. Potatoes store best when the skins are at this level of maturity. You should be careful not to damage tubers at harvest. Any damaged potatoes should be eaten or discarded and are not suitable for long term storage.
The ideal temperature for storing potatoes is between 45 and 50oF. Below 40oF, the starch in the potatoes will turn to sugar and they will develop a sweet taste. Above 50oF, the potatoes will sprout. Potatoes also require a high relativity humidity of 90 to 95% for proper storage. Like root vegetables, potatoes prefer this cold, damp environment.
Garlic and Onion
There is only a 10 to 14 day window for optimum garlic harvest. Garlic is also best harvested in cool weather for optimal taste. When the leaves start to brown, pull a sample to determine its progress. If you dig the garlic too early, the garlic will not be segmented into cloves. If you dig the garlic too late, the cloves will have grown and expanded and the outer sheath will be split. The bulb should not be split and should have a tight skin for best storage. Onions should be dug when the tops are completely brown at full maturity.
Allow onions and garlic to dry in a well-ventilated area about 70 to 75oF that is protected from sunlight. Sunlight will hasten their decay and cause color changes. A warmer temperature may cause the onions and garlic to caramelize. After drying, trim the roots and tops 1 inch from the bulb. Breakdown in storage may result if the tops are cut too close to the bulb and the neck is not thoroughly dried. Close cutting allows decay organisms to have easy access to the bulb.
Onions and garlic are best stored between 35 to 40oF and a much lower humidity than potatoes or root vegetables. These vegetables are best stored in a dry, dark, well ventilated place; not in the refrigerator. A basement with adequate ventilation will work well for this purpose. Avoid storing onions and garlic where they will be exposed to moisture and high humidity.
A Final Word
Do low storage temperatures mean you need a root cellar? Maybe. But there are other options. Some folks dig a trench and store root vegetables there. Below, there is a link to a Penn State Extension article about storing root vegetables in a trench. Some gardeners store in a separate refrigerator set to the temperature and humidity required. Of course, this requires running an extra refrigerator and this may not be possible for many homeowners. Onions and winter squash can be safely stored in a cool basement or garage that is insulated so the temperature does not fall below freezing. For optimal storage, potatoes and other root vegetables need colder storage and that is where a root cellar comes in handy. If you are in a Co-Op or a Community Agricultural Support (CSA) program, you may already have access to a root cellar. In an upcoming blog I will discuss more about farms that participate in CSA programs and some newly formed Co-Ops.
Just remember, if you are planning to store vegetables for late fall or winter, they should be harvested when fully mature and they should be free of blemishes and disease.
A link to a Penn State extension article about harvesting and storing winter squash and pumpkins:
A link to a PSU extension guide about growing root vegetables:
A link to information from PSU extension about storing potatoes:
A link to a PSU extension guide for growing bulb vegetables:
Storing root crops in a trench:
Great Bend Farm, located in Port Clinton, offers a Winter CSA starting in late November and runs through April. Their shares contain onions, squash, potatoes, herbs, greens, root vegetables and more! | <urn:uuid:42b7de0b-fd6c-40dd-b185-93c80d9561ea> | {
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Assessing Mental Capacity
This site has been developed to help staff working in health and social care (including those in the private and voluntary sectors) as well as unpaid carers, to improve the way they assess mental capacity.
Mental capacity refers to the ability to make a decision. Visit our what is mental capacity page for more information.
The Assessment of Mental Capacity Audit Tool (AMCAT) is a simple online tool to help staff and others evaluate, reflect and learn about an assessment of mental capacity they have done. Audit an assessment using AMCAT. | <urn:uuid:0cc4f530-6519-4155-b423-1fc6cf51aab1> | {
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The Hadrian's Gate, Hadrianus Gate or Üçkapılar, meaning the Three Gates in Turkish, is a triumphal arch which was built in the name of the Roman emperor Hadrian, who visited Antalya in 130 A.D. It has three arched gates. According to the legend, Sultan Belkis, the Queen of Sheba, is said to have passed under those gates and enjoyed a happy day in the palace in Aspendos on her way to visit King Solomon.
Hittite cuneiform is the implementation of cuneiform script used in writing the Hittite language. The surviving corpus of Hittite texts is preserved in cuneiform on clay tablets dates to the 2nd millennium BC (roughly spanning the 17th to 12th centuries). | <urn:uuid:14efbd85-404d-4eb7-a67b-de4dd3d8686f> | {
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All eight clocks on display for the final day of camp.
Wow, took me long enough to post this. The last day of DEEP camp on June 28 and I learned so much from my students that I’ve been completely absorbed in revising the clock design that I haven’t taken time to post the photos of my student’s truly excellent work. Can’t wait for next year.
The video below shows six cardboard clocks running (mostly) all at once. What a lovely sound.
The recent purchases of a large shoe order and a new vacuum turned out to be quite helpful to the class.
Parents and students watch the closing ceremony and show while the clocks wait to be taken home.
The escape wheel reads: “Genius is eternal patience.” – Michelangelo
The escape wheel read: “Play is the highest form of research.” – Albert Einstein
In standard clock construction a clock wheel (aka: gear) is attached to an arbor and the arbor in turn is attached to a pivot. The same methods apply to the Cereal Box Clock except the wheels and arbors are made of paper and the pivots are wood.
Hot glue helps the wheel go round.
Trimming the outer edge of the Hour Wheel.
Using flush jaw wire cutters to cut wheel teeth is methodical yet enjoyable work.
Using a “Japanese” pull saw to cut arbor material. These saw work like butter.
Using a pull saw to cut dowels for pivots. These saws are so sharp that some students could cut through a dowel in one pull!
Assembling pinions is a lot of work and all of the students worked hard. Three eight leaf pinions are required for each clock.
The drilled holes are a little undersized so we must use this very sophisticated pointy stick to increase the diameter.
Five of eight pins inserted.
They don’t have to be straight.
Little smears of hot glue hold the pins in place.
Love the pink hot glue guns. | <urn:uuid:0b9103f0-6acc-414a-9d4f-207a3db15116> | {
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Technical Assistance Resource Page: Food and Nutrition (2011)
A general overview of resources and documents related to food and nutrition is provided in the PDF report attached to this page. The report discusses the three main federal programs that provide food for those who are homeless and/or have low income. They are: the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Women, Infants and Children Program, and Nutritional Programs for the Elderly.
Access to nutritious food is essential to a person’s health and well-being. For individuals who experience homelessness, obtaining healthy food is a challenge. The most vulnerable individuals within the homeless population—children, individuals who are elderly, and people with ongoing health problems—face additional hardships and barriers to accessing the food necessary to maintain health. The three main Federal programs that provide food to people who are homeless and/or who have a low income are: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), and, Nutritional Programs for the Elderly. States and communities often have additional programs, (e.g., school food programs, food pantries, and soup kitchens) that provide help with food. This report reviews resources and documents related to food and nutrition. It also provides specific information on the three main Federal programs.
Type of Resource: | <urn:uuid:594d559b-da43-40a4-ae6d-58903d396102> | {
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Early adolescence has been identified as a time of great change and transition. Visible physical changes occur at disparate rates and cause many young adolescents to feel uncomfortable about their differences. Young adolescents are also exploring self and social boundaries. For gay and lesbian youth, suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. According to the Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network's (GLSEN) 2013 national school climate survey, 85% of the surveyed lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth reported verbal harassment at school, and 56% reported feeling unsafe at school. School supports, such as a LGBT inclusive curricula, can help create a safer space for LGBT youth (see http://www. glsen.org/article/2013-nationalschool- climate-survey).
An issue relatively unique to LGBT youth is the feeling of isolation. Many LGBT youth are fearful of being "outed" and rejected and often must keep their feelings, questions, and fears bottled up inside. For isolated LGBT youth, books mirroring their real-life struggles and challenges are of paramount importance. Middle school teachers, by including LGBT literature in their curriculum, could begin a critical conversation.
AMLE and Otterbein U Talk about LGBT Literature in Middle Grades
One appropriate choice would be the book, So Hard to Say (2004) by Alex Sanchez. The protagonist in the book is Frederick, who is questioning his sexual identity because of his growing attraction to another boy. Two key characters in the book become positive role models for acceptance, as they grapple with what it means to be a true friend to Frederick as he navigates his new feelings. As part of the Collegiate Middle Level Association (CMLA) 2016 spring conference, we were fortunate to have author Alex Sanchez come to our Otterbein University campus to speak, and our CMLA students read So Hard to Say to prepare for his visit.
The purpose of this article is to share our analysis of So Hard to Say; the intriguing aspect is that the analysis was done by college students majoring in middle childhood education who read the book, reflected on their recent middle school experiences, and then projected forward to their future roles as middle school teachers.
Can a Book Make a Difference? Thoughts from Future Middle School Teachers
Friends can push your thinking. One of the authors reflected about her high school experience: I had one friend in high school who came out as gay his senior year. He was so worried about telling me because he was afraid I would not act the same way around him or that my opinion would change about him. At the time, this astonished me and, still today, it makes me angry, but the anger was not directed at my friend, I was angry for him. I did not understand why I would possibly treat him differently because, to me, he was still the same person, my best friend.
As I reflect on all of this today, I realize just how much this says about the society in which I grew up. It has created such a negative stigma around LGBT issues that our youth grow up thinking that even those closest to them will turn against them if they know the truth. That is why I believe novels like Alex Sanchez's So Hard to Say are important and necessary in middle schools. Not only does it help LGBT youth see that there are others who understand what they are experiencing, but it creates a window for others so that an understanding can be created and acceptance can be achieved. The longer we keep these individuals underrepresented in literature, in society, and in schools, the longer we promote the idea that intolerance is okay. Maybe if my friend had novels like Alex Sanchez's in middle school, he would not have been so afraid to be himself in high school.
Learning how to take a stand. Reflecting on his middle school experience, one of the authors wrote: I remember in my middle school how hard it was to be that brave person that would stand up to defend another peer (even a friend) who was being ridiculed. I can identify with Frederick in that way. He was too scared to put a stop to the kids making fun of Iggy even though the whole time he knew it was wrong. I can relate to this feeling. I knew that it was not okay to allow students to bully other peers, but I was always too scared to stand up and say anything. This is where the real problem lies; students at this age are so scared to fall out of social acceptance that they will simply watch something happen that they know is wrong.
Developing empathy. Wondering how she could have been so "oblivious" in middle school, a different author shared: When I read this book I realized how sheltered I was growing up. For some students, this book may act as a mirror, something they can relate to and see within themselves. But for others, like myself, So Hard to Say would have created the necessary window that I so desperately needed to better understand others. A window that could have not only educated me, but given me the tools to truly make a difference in someone's life. If we wish for middle school to be a time when students are able to find out who they truly are, then we need to provide them with the opportunities to do so. Those opportunities can only be given if they are aware of the entire world around them.
Seeking guidance. One author wrote about how the characters in So Hard to Say can provide direction: In my future classroom, I would include books like Alex Sanchez's So Hard to Say because middle school can be a tough time for students and they may need guidance. They are hoping that someone will be there for them and give them the tools to discover who they truly are. Often times, teachers are not fully prepared for those students who are struggling with their gender or sexual identity. They do not know what to say or do if a student opens up to them or tells them that they are curious about exploring these topics. That is why it is important to have these types of novels because those closest to them might not know how to give them guidance, but the characters in So Hard to Say do provide this support.
Literature allows the reader an insider view to a different perspective, a chance to truly "walk a mile" in someone else's shoes. So Hard to Say could start a powerful and transformative conversation in a middle school
classroom. The book could help young adolescents who are struggling with their identity formation; it could provide support and a comforting assurance that they are not alone. Moreover, experiences based on reading the book could spark personal introspection among the middle schoolers that might result in building acceptance for differences.
One powerful scene near the end of the book comes when Iggy—who has been taunted and bullied because of gender nonconformity since elementary school—shares this sentiment: "'Think about it,' Iggy said firmly. 'People have been picking on me ever since grade school— making fun of how I talk or walk—before I even knew what gay meant. I used to come home crying every day because of them. And they have the nerve to tell me I'm bad?'" (p. 199).
It is important to note that LGBT–themed books can impact all students, regardless of their sexual identity. In his keynote address, Alex Sanchez shared this email from a high school girl: "Dear Mr. Sanchez: When I was done with the book I had a whole new outlook on anyone who is gay … So I would like to thank you so much for writing your books. Thank you for giving me a whole new pair of eyes." We implore middle school teachers to read and discuss books such as So Hard to Say with students. Let's start the conversation and work to give young adolescents "a whole new pair of eyes."
Sanchez, A. (2016). So hard to say. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Dee Knoblauch, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Education Department at Otterbein University in Westerville, Ohio.
Diane Ross , Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Education Department at Otterbein University in Westerville, Ohio.
Aaron Myers is a seventh grade science teacher in Delaware, Ohio.
Steve Palombo is a junior middle childhood education major at Otterbein University in Westerville, Ohio and a Collegiate Middle Level Association officer.
Lexi Roberts is a senior middle childhood education major at Otterbein University in Westerville, Ohio and the co-president of the Collegiate Middle Level Association.
Katie Wolfe is a junior middle childhood education major at Otterbein University in Westerville, Ohio and the co-president of the Collegiate Middle Level Association.
Published in AMLE Magazine
, February 2017. | <urn:uuid:7375ac74-9048-41fc-aec1-1918c85568fa> | {
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Trim ASP String Function
Trim is a commonly used ASP function that allows you to quickly remove any extra spaces at the beginning or ending of a string. It takes in one parameter:
* The string variable to operate on
The original string variable is not altered.
This is pretty much a required thing to do to ANY field a user types in for you to use. Users are notorious for putting extra spaces at the beginning or end of their input.
Let's say your user puts in their name and you take this in as UserName. But say the user has poor typing skills and you now get:
UserName = " Lisa Shea "
with extra spaces. You would use
UserName = Trim(UserName)
To turn that into just "Lisa Shea" with no spaces. Note that it leaves any spaces WITHIN the string - between the Lisa and the Shea. It only removes extra spaces at the beginning or end.
ASP String Functions
All content copyright © 2013 Minerva WebWorks LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:8efb32e1-b46a-46d0-8382-f1f8bbb3aa0d> | {
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An unreleased draft of the U.N.’s next major climate report reportedly states that scientists are more certain than ever that man’s actions are warming the planet -- even as the report struggles to explain a slow-down in warming that climate skeptics have seized upon.
Global surface temperatures rose rapidly during the 70s, but have been relatively flat over the past decade and a half, according to data from the U.K.’s weather-watching Met Office. Climate skeptics have spent months debating the weather pattern, some citing it as evidence that global warming itself has decelerated or even stopped.
"The absence of any significant change in the global annual average temperature over the past 16 years has become one of the most discussed topics in climate science," wrote David Whitehouse of the Global Warming Policy Foundation in June. "It has certainly focused the debate about the relative importance of greenhouse gas forcing of the climate versus natural variability."
A draft of the upcoming AR5 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is set for final release in Oct. 2014 and used by governments around the world, offers a variety of explanations for the mystery, Reuters reported, from ocean storage of heat to volcanoes.
Egypt’s precious ancient artifacts victims of turmoil
Far out: Ancient Egyptian jewelry came from outer space
One year on Earth-sized exoplanet lasts 8.5 hours
Russian meteor created new 'dust layer' in stratosphere, researchers say
Seabiscuit 2? World’s largest horse registry forced to include cloned horses
“Scientists believe causes could include: greater-than-expected quantities of ash from volcanoes, which dims sunlight; a decline in heat from the sun during a current 11-year solar cycle; more heat being absorbed by the deep oceans; or the possibility that the climate may be less sensitive than expected to a build-up of carbon dioxide,” explained Reuters environment correspondent Alister Doyle.
The draft expresses “medium confidence” that the slowing in global warming "due in roughly equal measure" to those factors, Reuters said.
"It might be down to minor contributions that all add up," said Gabriele Hegerl, a professor at Edinburgh University told the news agency. Or maybe the latest decade is simply a statistical blip, an anomaly in a larger trend.
Climate bloggers were quick to dismiss all of the possible explanations for the slow down in heating up.
"All of these fatuous figures are pulled out of the air to support the IPCC ideologies and not based upon any statistical analysis or science," said Marc Morano, a particularly outspoken climate skeptic who writes the popular blog Climate Depot.
The U.N. arm responsible for the report released a statement to FoxNews.com on Monday stating that it was premature to draw conclusions from the leaked draft.
“The text is likely to change in response to comments from governments received in recent weeks and will also be considered by governments and scientists at a four-day approval session at the end of September,” the statement said. “It is therefore premature and could be misleading to attempt to draw conclusions from it.”
The report stresses that scientists are now 95 percent certain that man’s actions are responsible for global warming, and that action is key to avert a coming crises.
“The report is simply an exclamation mark on what we already knew: Climate change is real and it continues unabated, the primary cause is fossil fuel burning, and if we don’t do something to reduce carbon emissions we can expect far more dangerous and potentially irreversible impacts on us,” climate scientist Michael Mann wrote to Climate Progress.
The U.N. agency's report is sure to face intense scrutiny. The 2007 iteration was widely lambasted over flaws and sloppy information, notably the claim that global warming would cause the Himalayas to melt by 2035. | <urn:uuid:9ff36890-fea2-4b5d-93f6-930e5a27e145> | {
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Summary of the Book of Micah
This summary of the book of Micah provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme,
theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of Micah.
Little is known about the prophet Micah beyond what can be learned from
the book itself and from Jer 26:18. Micah was from the town of Moresheth (1:1),
probably Moresheth Gath (1:14) in southern Judah. The prophecy attests to Micah's
deep sensitivity to the social ills of his day, especially as they affected
the small towns and villages of his homeland.
Micah prophesied sometime between 750 and 686 b.c. during the reigns of Jotham,
Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah (1:1; Jer 26:18). He was therefore a contemporary
of Isaiah (see Isa 1:1) and Hosea (see Hos 1:1). Micah predicted the fall of Samaria (1:6), which took place in 722-721. This would place his early ministry in the reigns of Jotham (750-732) and Ahaz (735-715). (The reigns of Jotham
and Ahaz overlapped.) Micah's message reflects social conditions prior to the
religious reforms under Hezekiah (715-686). Micah's ministry most likely fell
within the period 735-700.
If Micah himself wrote out his messages, the date for the earliest written
form of his work would be c. 700. If one of his disciples arranged his messages
in their present form, the date would be the early seventh century b.c. If
a later editor collected and arranged his messages, the date would still need
to be early enough in the seventh century to allow time for his prophecy of
Jerusalem's fall (3:12) to become familiar enough to be quoted in Jer 26:18 c. 608.
The background of the book is the same as that found in the earlier portions
of Isaiah, though Micah does not exhibit the same knowledge of Jerusalem's
political life as Isaiah does. Perhaps this is because he, like Amos, was from
a village in Judah. The relevant Biblical texts covering this period (see Date
above) are 2Ki 15:32 -- 20:21; 2Ch 27-32; Isa 7; 20; 36-39.
Israel was in an apostate condition. Micah predicted the fall of her capital,
Samaria (1:5-7), and also foretold the inevitable desolation of Judah (1:9-16).
Several significant historical events occurred during this period:
- In 734-732 b.c. Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria led a military campaign
against Aram (Syria), Philistia and parts of Israel and Judah. Ashkelon
and Gaza were defeated. Judah, Ammon, Edom and Moab paid tribute to the
Assyrian king, but Israel did not fare as well. According to 2Ki 15:29
the northern kingdom lost most of its territory, including all of Gilead
and much of Galilee. Damascus fell in 732 and was annexed to the Assyrian
- In 722-721 Samaria fell, and the northern kingdom of Israel was conquered
- In 712 King Sargon II of Assyria captured Ashdod (isa 20:1;).
- In 701 Judah joined a revolt against Assyria and was overrun by King
Sennacherib and his army, though Jerusalem was spared.
- Structure. The book's collection of short prophetic messages
is organized in a pattern of three cycles of judgment and salvation/deliverance
oracles (see Outline below).
- Forms. The book contains at least seven different literary
forms. These are identified in the notes on the individual units.
- Style. Micah's style is similar to that of Isaiah. Both prophets
use vigorous language and many figures of speech (see, e.g., Mic 1:4-5,7; 2:4,6,11; 3:2-3; 4:3-4,12-13; 5:1); both show great tenderness in threatening
punishment and in promising justice. Micah makes frequent use of plays
on words, 1:10-15 (see NIV text notes there) being the classic example.
Theme and Message
As the Outline shows, Micah's message alternates between oracles of doom
and oracles of hope -- in terms of Ro 11:22, between God's "sternness" and his
"kindness." The theme is divine judgment and deliverance. Micah also stresses
that God hates idolatry, injustice, rebellion and empty ritualism (see 3:8
and note), but delights in pardoning the penitent (7:18-19;s).
Finally, the prophet declares that Zion will have greater glory in the future
than ever before (see, e.g., 4:1-2 and note on 4:1-5). The Davidic kingdom, though it will seem to come to an end, will reach greater heights through the
coming Messianic deliverer (5:1-4). Key passages include 1:2; 3:8-12; 5:1-4; 6:2,6-8; 7:18-20.
- Title (1:1)
- First Cycle: Judgment and Restoration of
Israel and Judah (1:2;2:13)
- Judgment on Israel and Judah (1:2;2:11)
- The predicted destruction (1:2-7)
- Lamentation over the destruction (1:8-16)
- Woe to oppressive land-grabbers (2:1-5)
- Condemnation of the wealthy wicked and their false prophets (2:6-11)
- Restoration of a Remnant (2:12-13)
- Second Cycle: Indictment of Judah's Leaders,
but Future Hope for God's People (chs. 3-5)
- Indictment of Judah's Leaders (ch. 3)
- Guilty civil leaders (3:1-4)
- False prophets of peace and Micah's response (3:5-8)
- Corrupt leaders and Zion's fall (3:9-12)
- Future Hope for God's People (chs. 4-5)
- The coming kingdom (4:1-5)
- Restoration of a remnant and Zion (4:6-8)
- From distress to deliverance (4:9-10)
- From siege to victory (4:11-13)
- From helpless ruler to ideal king (5:1-4)
- The ideal king delivers his people (5:5-6)
- The remnant among the nations (5:7-9)
- Obliteration of military might and pagan worship (5:10-15)
- Third Cycle: God's Charges against His People
and the Ultimate Triumph of His Kingdom (chs. 6-7)
- God's Charges against His People (6:1;7:7)
- A divine covenant lawsuit (6:1-8)
- Further charges and the sentence (6:9-16)
- A lament over a decadent society (7:1-7)
- The Ultimate Triumph of God's Kingdom (7:8-20)
- An expression of trust (7:8-10)
- A promise of restoration (7:11-13)
- A prayer, the Lord's answer, and the response (7:14-17)
- A hymn of praise to God (7:18-20)
From the NIV Study Bible, Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Micah
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Was Mark’s gospel an ancient forgery?
That’s the idea that liberal scholars sometimes express about many of the New Testament documents. For example, Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy wrote: “In the first four centuries, every single document was at some time or other branded as heretical or forged!” (The Jesus Mysteries, p.224). In a more popular book about the New Testament, Bart Ehrman claimed that “the vast majority of these apostolic books were in fact forged” (Forged, p.218). How should we respond to claims like this that challenge trustworthiness of the Bible?
At the very first Table Conference, Darrell Bock and Dan Wallace discussed this popular challenge, focusing on the allegation that The Gospel According to Mark was a forged writing accepted into the canon of the New Testament. In this post, you’ll learn how to respond to the challenge that Mark’s Gospel is an ancient forgery.
While it’s true that the New Testament gospels were originally anonymous, each of these accounts needed to be distinguished from each other as each of them became known to a wider audience. Historically, the New Testament gospels were never attributed to anyone else besides each of their traditional authors: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. But what evidence do we have that Mark wrote the account attributed to him?
According to Papius, Mark wrote the gospel which bears his name using material he learned directly from Peter (Fragments of Papius, 3.15). The church fathers seem to agree, as there is not one dissenting voice among them. Still, some insist that the ancient church often attributed writings to important religious figures, making the writings seem authoritative. How likely is it that this kind of dishonesty is really behind the naming of Mark’s gospel?
Consider that fact that Mark is a fairly minor character in the New Testament and somewhat discredited as a faithful disciple—He never completed his first missionary journey with Paul and Barnabas but left them to return home. More than that, he caused a sharp division between these major figures by his desire to join them on a second mission trip. How well does this fact fit the theory that church leaders chose Mark’s name to enhance the status of a written report?
Imagine you are a leader of the ancient Christian church and you didn’t know who wrote a particular gospel and you are brainstorming with your team to find the name of an important religious figure to attribute to this account:
You have a choice between Peter and Mark. Who are you gonna pick? You’re gonna pick Peter in the drop of a hat. And yet the tradition is consistent that Mark is the author of this gospel even though they had the availability of connecting it to Peter… the tradition is actually very careful about how it handles the naming of its authors.
Indeed, if Mark learned material for his account from Peter, why isn’t his account known as The Gospel According to Peter? If early Christians were so eager to attribute their sacred documents to well-respected religious figures, why didn’t they do it for this gospel?
As Dr. Wallace says, the ancient church resisted any temptation to attribute this account to anyone besides Mark for the sake of the truth: “To call this The Gospel According to Mark is something that the church was committed to because it was true.”
So, how can we respond to the challenge that Mark’s Gospel was forged? By pointing to the positive evidence for Mark’s authorship provided by Papius and considering the unlikelihood that anyone would choose the name of a minor, somewhat embarrassing figure like Mark to enhance the authority of an anonymous report when they had the chance to put Peter’s name on it instead.
Learn how to respond to more challenges like this in Dr. Wallace’s talk: Forgeries in the New Testament? A Response to Critical Claims presented at the very first Table Conference. | <urn:uuid:3c4a0fab-4d36-40dd-9f73-45a9630842b9> | {
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Home > News > Nanotechnology holds key to longer life: Research
December 12th, 2007
Nanotechnology holds key to longer life: Research
American scientists seem to have found the secret to extending the lifespan of brain cells, thus spawning hope for a longer life.
A molecular biologist and a nanoscientist at the University of Central Florida have found that nanomaterials developed for industry have an unexpected and potentially revolutionary side effect: They can triple or quadruple the life of brain cells.
The result is people could live longer and with fewer age-related health problems.
Beverly Rzigalinski, assistant professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and at the Biomolecular Sciences Center, and Sudipta Seal, associate engineering professor at the Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center and the Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, will receive 1.4 million dollars from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging to study the reasons behind the reaction and possible future applications.
Sound waves precisely position nanowires June 19th, 2013
Scientists Use Nanotechnology to Increase Thermal Stability of Essential Oils June 19th, 2013
Production of Bioactive Material for Quick Treatment of Bone Damages June 19th, 2013
Nanometrics Announces Participation in 5th Annual CEO Investor Summit: Accredited Investor and Publishing Research Analyst Event to be Held Concurrently With SEMICON West and Intersolar 2013 in San Francisco June 19th, 2013
Conceptual Nanomedical Lipofuscin Removal Strategy April 29th, 2013
utsandiego.com November 22nd, 2012
Nanoparticles against aging October 3rd, 2012
Frost & Sullivan Hosts Webinar: Can We Live Forever? Gauging the Future Trajectory of Medical Technology Development March 24th, 2011 | <urn:uuid:f7eebfc2-feb2-454e-af25-541f8305be7b> | {
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History Lessons for Children
Children learn about the founding and growth of the city that grew up around the military fort. Lessons include founding father John Rogers, famous soldier and explorer General Benjamin Bonneville, early settlers and those who built businesses and made history in the city of Fort Smith. Activities accompany the lessons. Children create a mock exhibit based on the day’s lesson. Recommended for children twelve and younger accompanied by an adult. | <urn:uuid:f34517d1-95cf-4a94-8397-8ea464678ad3> | {
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Type 1 Diabetes in Children: Emotional Issues - Topic Overview
Teen with diabetes
Although the treatment for
diabetes may be the same, a teenager with the disease will likely confront
different emotional issues than either a child or an adult would.
- The teen years are times of rapid physical
growth and development.
- Thinking that they may be seen as different
from their peers is particularly hard for teenagers as they strive to be part
of a group.
Teenagers have more control over their treatment, which can
be both positive and negative. This independence gives parents a reprieve from
constantly caring for their child. But it may be just as frightening to
have your teen monitoring his or her own treatment.
- Will your teen remember to eat?
- Will your teen remember to take the shots?
- Will your
teen remember to test his or her blood sugar levels?
There are also the added challenges of a teen learning to
drive, playing competitive sports, and going on weekend trips. You are not with
your teen every moment to make sure he or she is following the diabetes
Your teen will have the normal rebellious tendencies
of all teenagers. He or she will sometimes make mistakes. During these
times, help your teen learn from the experience. Developing or having diabetes
during the teenage years isn't easy. But your teen is at an excellent age
to understand the disease and its treatment and to take over some of the
responsibilities of his or her care. | <urn:uuid:32e8b58c-58de-4def-84fc-1f20f97056f7> | {
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Explaining in the Primary School
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
BeschreibungThis book is one of a set of eight innovative yet practical resource books for teachers, focussing on the classroom and covering vital skills for primary and secondary teachers. The books are strongly influenced by the findings of numerous research projects during which hundreds of teachers were observed at work. The first editions of the series were best sellers, and these revised second editions will be equally welcomed by teachers eager to improve their teaching skills. Ted Wragg and George Brown show what explanation is and what it aims to do. The book explores the various strategies open to teachers and, through a combination of activities and discussion points, helps them to build up a repertoire of ideas, approaches and techniques which are suitable for various situations, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of their explanations in the classroom.
Inhaltsverzeichnis1. What is Explaining 2. Strategies of Explanation 3. Analysing Explanations 4. Knowing the Subject Matter 5. Effective Explaining 6. Feedback
Untertitel: 'Successful Teaching Series'. Rev. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: ROUTLEDGE CHAPMAN HALL
Erscheinungsdatum: April 2001
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Study says teens aren't sleeping enough — follow these tips to fight the trend
We all know the importance of getting enough sleep: You’ll be healthier and more alert, and your body also needs the chance to reset. But as much as we all love to list “napping” and “sleeping in” as some of our fave activities, life always seems to get in the way of a full night’s sleep. If you’re failing to catch enough shut eye, you’re not alone; across all races and income levels, today’s teens are actually getting less sleep their counterparts did 20 years ago.
A new study conducted by the medical journal Pediatrics drummed home the usual “sleep more” message, and showed that teen millennials, as a generation, are getting less than the recommended nine hours of sleep per night. While that seems intuitive on its own, that information is super troubling: A sleeplessness epidemic affecting the people who need it most.
Think we’re being overly dramatic? Think again. While the body’s undergoing puberty, sleep is crucial not just to keep you awake during the day, but also to maintain a stable mental state while the body is undergoing a lot of changes. The National Sleep Foundation conducted a study measuring depression, hopelessness, and general anxiety in teens and found that the teens experiencing those feelings most were sleeping the least. Both under- and oversleeping can severely affect how you feel the day after, but serially missing out on sleep has repercussions that last far beyond your teenage years.
Of course, it’s easy to forget about your full nine hours when you’re trying to balance homework, extracurriculars, sports, Internet and social media, and friends on top of each other. But it’s time to prioritize; teens need to take back their sleep, and we’ve got some tips to help you get your optimal zzzs:
Don’t take your screens to bed.
Laptops, tablets, and cellphones are awesome and make life so much easier, but between the light they emit and the distractions they present, they are virtual sleep-sucking portals. Make a vow with yourself to keep all of your things with screens out of at least your bed, if not your bedroom outright. That next level of Candy Crush, or that Instagram tag search, can wait until morning light.
Get active during the day.
You’d think that exercising before bed would make you tired enough to sleep, but exercise actually energizes the body, no matter how tired you get in the moment. Work some exercise into your daily routine, or at least get moving a couple of hours before you tuck in for some shuteye.
Watch your caffeine intake.
It’s common practice to wake up with a morning cup of joe, but there’s a difference between perking yourself up and getting caffeine jitters that last into the night. While everyone has a different caffeine tolerance, keep yours within its limits, and if you know one source of caffeine affects you more than another (coffee vs. tea vs. soda vs. energy drinks), stay away from that one.
Take a bath, read a book, put on your fuzzy socks (which FYI, will help regulate your body temperature) — your only goal is to leave the day’s worries behind and wipe your mind clean. This extends into your sleep environment: fluff your pillows, sort through your blankets, and put on some chill music as your book a one-way ticket to sleep.
While it is oh. so. tempting to get “just five more minutes,” you’re actually making it harder for you to get up later if you don’t pry yourself out of the covers at the very first alarm beep. If you’re looking to optimize your sleep time, apps like Sleep Cycle can track your circadian rhythm (your body’s natural ups and downs) so you can get if not a full night of sleep, then at least wake up at your body’s optimal time. Another tip for getting in tune with your circadian rhythm: face the sun as soon as you wake up, whether this means flinging open some curtains or actually stepping outside. | <urn:uuid:85f8fd8d-f77f-4429-b2e8-b40f1e088a3d> | {
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The Marginalist Revolution refers to the establishment of what has been called Neoclassical economic theory. The dating of this "revolution" is commonly ascribed to 1871-74, when the concept of "diminishing marginal utility" was introduced, independently and almost simultaneoulsy, by William Stanley Jevons , Carl Menger and Léon Walras , to analyse the character of demand -- thus the term "Marginalist". Actually the fundamental principles of marginalism had been discovered much earlier, in 1854, by the Prussian civil servant Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810-1858), who first formulated, in a rare and unknown book, the "Gossen second law" or "the law of diminishing marginal utility", which was his most original contribution and presaged the Marginalist Revolution of 1871-74. Gossen's work was utterly disparaged by scions of the all-powerful German Historical School (Schmoller dismissed him as an "ingenious idiot"). Gossen died bitter and unknown. His work was only uncovered and graciously acknowledged by Jevons in 1878.
The Water-Diamond Paradox
On determining value, the Classicals -- Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, etc. -- followed the pattern set by Richard Cantillon (1755). They argued that subjective desires and scarcity may be important factors in determining market (or temporary or short-run) prices, but they insisted that the natural (or equilibrium or long-run) prices were determined solely by relative costs of production (usually, relative labor costs). But the Classicals could not fully explain some aspects of value. The most important of them was described by Smith as the "water-diamond paradox".
The most famous application of marginalism is the solution to the so-called water-diamond paradox, which seemed to stump Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations. The problem is this: Why do diamonds have a higher exchange value than water, when diamonds are a mere frippery while water is essential to life? Shouldn't people be willing to offer more in exchange for a unit of water than for a unit of diamonds?
The solution is that no individual is ever in the position of choosing between all of the diamonds in the world and all of the water in the world. A given choice is made on the margin. If offered a choice between a cup of water and a handful of diamonds, most people would pick the latter because the marginal utility (the additional utility perceived by the consumer by the addition of one extra unit of a good) of those particular diamonds is higher than the marginal utility of that particular cup of water. The marginal-utility theory of value resolves the paradox. Water in total is much more valuable than diamonds in total because the first few units of water are necessary for life itself. But, because water is plentiful and diamonds are scarce, the marginal value (the value, or the "worth", of the utility added by one additional unit of a commodity or service) of a pound of diamonds exceeds the marginal value of a pound of water.
Alfred Marshall in England, on his book Principles of Economics (1890), greatly extended the concept and recognized that prices are determined simultaneously by factors of cost and factors of demand. Marshall's theory also analyses the complexes phenomena occurring in a price system, with various goods interacting among themselves and affecting each other's prices.
The Marginalist Revolution set the foundations for the Neoclassical theory of value, which was bound to replace the "Classical" theory of value of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx. However, the task of establishing the Neoclassical theory as the dominant approach to economics took quite some time, it can be roughly divided in three steps:
- (2) 1890-1894: the establishment of the marginal productivity theory of distribution by John Bates Clark, Phillip H. Wicksteed and Knut Wicksell.
- (3) 1934-1947: the period of Paretian revival , whereby the introduction of ordinal utility and the solidification of the Neoclassical theory of value -- including its welfare implications -- helped resurrect Neoclassical theory from its moribund state; the critical figures here were John Hicks, Harold Hotelling, Oskar Lange, Maurice Allais and Paul Samuelson.
Therefore, the 1871-74 period was actually the "Marginalist Insurrection", the "Revolution" itself took a further half-century to work out fully. A timeline denoting the main contributions of the protagonists of the Marginalist Revolution follows:
- 1838 Antoine Augustin Cournot (French, b. 1801) Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théories des richesses;
- 1844 Jules J. Dupuit (French, b. 1804) De la mesure de l'utilité des travaux publics;
- 1850 Johann H. von Thunen (German, b.1783) Des isolierte Staat, Vol. II;
- 1854 H. Heinrich Gossen (Prussian, b.1810) Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkerhs .
- 1871 William Stanley Jevons (English, b. 1835) Theory of Political Economy;
- 1871 Carl Menger (Austrian, b.1840) Grundsätze der Volkwirtschatslehre;
- 1874 Léon Walras (French, b.1834) Eléments d'économie politique pure.
The initial discoveries on marginalism made by the "Revolutionaires" were soon followed by the contributions of a great number of followers, such as Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1886), Friedrich von Wieser (1889), Alfred Marshall (1890), John Bates Clark (1891), Irving Fisher (1892), Knut Wicksell (1893), Philip H. Wicksteed (1894), Vilfredo Pareto (1896) and Enrico Barone (1896) who greatly refined the initial marginalist concepts, and thus laid the foundations for the Neoclassical economy
Although sharing the same Neoclassical theory of value, the different emphasis, approaches and methods of the various pioneering Marginalists on production, money, capital, dynamics, etc. led to the segmentation of the Neoclassical school into various largely independent "schools of thought", rather than a consolidation into a "monolothic" Neoclassical edifice. the "Marginalist Revolution" had severer growing pains than the scope of this article can describe. Initiated in 1871-4, it only began to be noticed in the 1880s and by the late 1890s it was already running out of steam. In the early part of the twentieth century, the Marginalist Revolution was, in fact, retreating on many fronts. However, a mere two decades later, we begin to notice that Neoclassicism seemed more and more to have become a peripheral "fringe" movement in the economics profession as a whole. The reasoning for the Neoclassical retreat in the 1900s is largely because, to many contemporaries, it seemed to be descending into "quackery". Marginal utility is hardly a scientific concept: unobservable, unmeasurable and untestable, marginal utility is a notion with very dubious scientific standing.
The Paretian revival
The theoretical achievements of the 1930s by a few young technically-minded economists saved Neoclassical economics. The Hicks-Allen "ordinalist" revolution and Paul Samuelson's "revealed preference" approach helped remove much of the "quackery" from the utility theory. Welfare economics, firstly via A.C. Pigou and then through the hands of Harold Hotelling, Oskar Lange, Maurice Allais and the London School of Economics economists (John Hicks, Abba Lerner, etc.), demonstrated that there was still something quite useful in the hypothesis. Cassel's resurrection of the Walrasian general equilibrium system, the consolidation of the Neoclassical theory of production, the empirical efforts of Shultz and Douglas, and even Hayek's foray into macroeconomics were all done on the basis of demand functions. All these theoretical developments helped lend "scientific" foundations to Neoclassicism that were previously missing.
After the fervor of the 1930s -- the "Paretian revival" as we call it nowadays -- Neoclassical theory managed to displace virtually all other theories and approaches from economics. Thus, the "Marginalist Revolution" was not something that just happened in the 1870s, but, in fact, it took at least six decades to entrench itself.
- The Marginalist Revolution
- William Stanley JEVONS, 1835-1882
- Carl MENGER, 1841-1921
- Marie Esprit Léon WALRAS (1834-1910)
- Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810-1858)
- GOSSEN, Hermann Heinrich. The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln). Translated by Rudolph C. Blitz; introduction by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983. ISBN 0262070901
- German Historic School
- Gustav von SCHMOLLER, 1838-1917.
- Alfred Marshall
- MARSHALL, Alfred. Principles of Economics (1890)
- The Paretian Revival
- Neoclassical Theory of Value: Basic Elements
- Phases of the Marginalist Revolution - Aftermath: The Great Drough
- The Paretian Revival | <urn:uuid:621627e4-2d6d-4b0c-9e2a-76ef05315ef1> | {
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Ommatidial adaptations for vision in nocturnal insects
Nocturnal vision is a demanding task for insects with small eyes. As it gets dimmer the noise imposed by the stochastic nature of photon arrival makes vision unreliable. Despite this, there are quite a number of animal species that are active at night and apparently see well. In this thesis I show that the compound eyes of nocturnal insects are sufficiently flexible to adapt to the particular window of intensities in which the species is active. These ommatidial adaptations for vision in nocturnal insects are found in the optics and morphology of the eye (Chapters I - III) and in the physiology of the photoreceptors (Chapters IV & V). I have also discovered that the various visual adaptations that optimise sensitivity in a compound eye, and thus adapt the eye for a crepuscular or nocturnal lifestyle, do not contribute equally in different groups of insects. The crepuscular Caligo memnon has evolved large eyes with large facets but retained a reasonably high spatial and temporal resolution. In the nocturnal bee Megalopta genalis, the eyes and facets are enlarged, the rhabdoms are wide and the spatial and temporal acuity very poor compared to diurnal insects. In addition to this, M. genalis has a high gain of transduction present in its photoreceptors. The nocturnal dung beetle Onitis aygulus has refracting superposition eyes and increases optical sensitivity by possessing a wide superposition aperture. In addition, this beetle has slow photoreceptors with high gain. Thus, there are a variety of solutions to improve visual sensitivity and reliability in dim light. Exactly which solution evolved in which group most likely depends on constraints imposed by different phylogenetic histories, developmental constraints and different selection pressures due to different life styles.
Source Type:Doctoral Dissertation
Keywords:NATURAL SCIENCES; Biology; Information rate; Gain of transduction; Signal-to-noise ratio; Apposition eye; Optical sensitivity; Nocturnal insects; Superposition eye; Vision
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Home > About Us > Introduction
WCRC is established in 2005. The Research Center is located at Gangnueng. Gwangwon in East Coast of Korea.
WCRC has accumulated various techniques and know-how about coastal environment and waterfront development.
Ocean environment preservation and advanced ocean space development
- Technology developments for Natural energy and advanced ocean material
- Technology development for coastal environment improvement
- Technology developments for coastal disaster prevention and monitoring
Coastal & Ocean
- Field Investigation & analysis
- Continuing Education
- Hydraulic experiment
- Numerical simulation & analysis | <urn:uuid:b8373661-ea5c-422d-aad5-d832aaae8a49> | {
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Why Choose Preserved Wood?
“After all, wood is the ultimate sustainable material. Properly harvested, trees grow, get cut down, and are replaced with more trees. Across its life cycle, no building product has lower energy consumption rates. Wood essentially acts as storage for carbon dioxide (even after it is made into construction material), and when recycled as fuel it creates more energy than was used in its production. Plus, people tend to like it.”
-Sam Grawe, Editor
Dwell Magazine, April 2008
Preserved wood extends forest resources, allowing one tree to do the work of many. In addition to enabling wood to last a long time or resist flames or mold, our brands have all of the environmental and other advantages associated with wood itself. For example, wood:
•is a renewable resource grown on managed timberlands. Trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus reducing greenhouse gases.
•requires less energy to produce than alternative building materials; it is made from sunlight and soil nutrients, rather than fossil fuels.
•offers greater insulation value than alternatives.
•is lighter in weight, and can often be installed with lighter equipment which has less environmental impact.
Wood offers excellent workability with common construction skills and tools, plus it provides design flexibility and economy. Wood is generally less costly than alternative building materials and is considered easier to work with, not to mention aesthetically preferable in many applications. A study conducted by the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) found that wood framed homes top concrete and steel in a life cycle assessment. Another study conducted by FP Innovations, Canada’s forest products research institute, found that structural failure was not the main reason for demolition of wood buildings and that wood buildings in the study were actually older than steel and concrete buildings demolished.
Recognition for Environmental Attributes of Our Brand
Wolmanized EraWood® Lumber is certified by Home Innovation Research Labs as meeting requirements for termite-resistant materials in the National Green Building Standard™ and by EcoSpecifier as a Verified Product. | <urn:uuid:8180058d-0828-49f8-8018-39c6d551356f> | {
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Family: Sciuridae, Squirrels view all from this family
Description Prominently marked with gray on the cheeks, shoulders and rump. Dorsal stripes are darker than those of the Gray-footed Chipmunk. Hind feet are pinkish buff. In winter the flanks and tail edges are paler, and the belly has more gray. Runs with tail held horizontally.
Dimensions 208-242mm, 90-109mm, 55-70g
Habitat Alpine & subalpine habitats, Forests & woodlands, Meadows & fields
Discussion Often sits on logs slowly waving tail from side to side while “chucking.” Alarm call is a shrill “chipper.” Climbs trees more than other chipmunks. Has a limited range in montane coniferous forests between 1950 and 3440m. | <urn:uuid:afe5872e-7302-475f-9d77-7466767cf161> | {
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English translation by
Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki
All beings are primarily Buddhas.
It is like water and ice:
There is no ice apart from water;
There are no Buddhas apart from beings.
Not knowing how close the truth is to them,
Beings seek for it afar -- what a pity!
They are like those who, being in the midst of water,
Cry out for water, feeling thirst.
They are like the son of the rich man,
Who, wandering away from his father,
Goes astray amongst the poor.
It is all due to their ignorance
That beings transmigrate in the darkness
Of the Six Paths of existence.
When they wander from darkness to darkness,
How can they ever be free from birth-and-death?
As for the Dhyana practice as taught in the Mahayana,
No amount of praise can exhaust its merits.
The Six Paramitas--beginning with the Giving, Observing the Precepts,
And other good deeds, variously enumerated,
Such as Nembutsu, Repentance, Moral Training, and so on -
All are finally reducible to the practice of Dhyana.
The merit of Dhyana practice, even during a single sitting,
Erases the countless sins accumulated in the past.
Where then are the Evil Paths to misguide us?
The Pure Land cannot be far away.
Those who, for once, listening to the Dharma
In all humility,
Praise it and faithfully follow it,
Will be endowed with innumerable merits.
But how much more so when you turn your eyes within yourselves
And have a glimpse into your self-nature!
You find that the self-nature is no-nature -
The truth permitting no idle sophistry.
For you, then, open the gate leading to the oneness of cause and effect;
Before you, then, lies a straight road of non-duality and non-trinity.
When you understand that form is the form of the formless,
Your coming-and-going takes place nowhere else but where you are.
When you understand that thought is the thought of the thought-less.
Your singing-and-dancing is no other than the voice of the Dharma.
How boundless is the sky of Samadhi!
How refreshingly bright is the moon of the Fourfold Wisdom!
Being so is there anything you lack?
As the Absolute presents itself before you
The place where you stand is the Land of the Lotus,
And your person - the body of the Buddha. | <urn:uuid:f3334b6b-4cc1-44f0-b827-60e9e7a12fb3> | {
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Word Picture Book Activity
Try this word picture book activity and see how one picture is truly worth a thousand words -- or is it the other way around?
What You'll Need:
- Blank paper
- Crayons or markers
Thousands of new words are waiting for you to discover them in your favorite dictionary. So why not get started learning every single one?
Step 1: Open your dictionary to a page at random.
Step 2: Find a word you've never seen before. Read the definition carefully. Once you understand what the new word means, illustrate it on a piece of blank paper.
Step 3: Add a new page to your Word Picture Book each week -- it's like having your own picture dictionary!
How far can you tell a story beginning every word with the same letter? Try our one-letter storytelling activity on the next page and see for yourself. | <urn:uuid:ef3ac7c2-ce8a-4908-b010-5a51d00b7793> | {
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Fisher v. University of Texas and Lessons for K-12 Districts
The U.S. Supreme Court's long-awaited decision last month in Fisher v. University of Texas, a case challenging the constitutionality of a race-conscious student-admissions policy, affirmed that the policy adopted by the University of Texas at Austin satisfied the requirements of the equal-protection clause of the 14th Amendment. The 4-3 majority opinion provided much-needed guidance to postsecondary institutions for how they can lawfully consider race in admissions.
As scholars studying racial inequality in education who have contributed to friend-of-the-court briefs the last three times the high court has considered educational diversity cases, we are heartened by this decision and by the attention it brings to the importance of diversity at all levels of education. Others have rightly hailed it as a huge victory for postsecondary institutions in their efforts to further their educational missions. But what does the decision mean for K-12 schools?
The important implications for K-12 education rest with the court's affirmation of policies that seek to further diversify and achieve the promise of equal educational opportunity for all students. As a recent report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office illustrated, segregation by race and class in our nation's K-12 public schools is rising. Research demonstrates the serious consequences these segregative trends have on students and their communities.
The Fisher case first reached the high court in 2012, after Abigail Fisher, a white female applicant who was denied undergraduate admission to the University of Texas at Austin, sought to reverse a lower-court ruling that the institution's policy was constitutional. After initially sending the case back to the lower court to conduct a more rigorous assessment, the U.S. Supreme Court finally settled the case on June 23, affirming the lower court's ruling that the university had justified its consideration of race and that its policy was constitutional.
This second opinion, known as Fisher II and authored by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, confirmed that postsecondary institutions can pursue the educational benefits of diversity when they provide a reasoned, principled explanation for how diversity serves the institution's educational mission.
Kennedy's majority opinion resonates with his concurring opinion in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007), which affirmed the compelling interest K-12 schools have in diversity and in avoiding the harms of racial isolation. Parents Involved was a splintered decision that upheld these interests while striking down two districts' voluntary-integration policies for not being narrowly tailored in their consideration of race. While Parents Involved and Fisher II had different outcomes, the resounding principle in both decisions is the same: Educators can consider race in their policies and practices to attain diversity, as long as they do so in a careful and limited manner.
Perhaps because of the various, conflicting opinions argued—none of which had a clear majority of justices—the Parents Involved decision has been misunderstood to stand for the proposition that race cannot be a factor in voluntary school integration efforts. But importantly, in his 2007 opinion, Kennedy outlined strategies—some of which included the use of race—that he believed would be narrowly tailored. The key to each of those strategies was that when school districts considered race, they did not make assignment decisions based on the individual race or ethnicity of a student, but instead on the racial composition of a geographical area or other targeted efforts.
The high court's endorsement of race-conscious policies in Fisher II is a timely reminder for K-12 schools of this latitude allowed in Parents Involved, particularly because the on-the-ground interpretation of the 2007 decision by school boards and their legal advisers was often more restrictive than the decision itself. In the initial aftermath of Parents Involved, for example, some districts preemptively discontinued the use of race-conscious policies out of concern that not doing so would continue to involve them in a lengthy and costly legal process. This was an understandable reaction in light of a 2008 "Dear Colleague" letter from the U.S. Department of Education's office for civil rights advising school districts to use alternatives in student assignment that did not include consideration of race, such as those involving the use of socioeconomic status.
But since this initially restrictive reading of the Parents Involved decision, some school districts have employed promising race-conscious policies that can serve as examples for other districts. The Jefferson County school system in metropolitan Louisville, Ky., for instance, implemented a new race-conscious student-assignment policy conforming to the guidelines articulated by Kennedy's 2007 concurring opinion. Their policy has not only survived legal scrutiny, but has also been effective in maintaining racially and economically diverse schools, according to our research.
And another school board, in Lower Merion, Pa., successfully defended a challenge to its consideration of neighborhood racial composition in the redrawing of school boundaries. Even more importantly, in December 2011, the U.S. departments of Education and Justice rescinded the 2008 "Dear Colleague" letter and replaced it with comprehensive guidance to districts clarifying that, under Parents Involved, race-conscious policies were, in fact, allowed. The guidance gave general examples of permissible and effective race-conscious policies and the planning process districts should go through to be able to successfully defend their voluntary-integration policies.
As Kennedy noted in Fisher II, "It remains an enduring challenge to our nation's education system to reconcile the pursuit of diversity with the constitutional promise of equal treatment and dignity." By affirming the legality of University of Texas at Austin's admission policy, the court empowered colleges and universities to continue with their efforts by considering race in their policies in a reflective manner. In so doing, the court reminded K-12 educators and administrators of the same imperative in their efforts to attain diversity and avoid the harms of racial isolation in our society, where race continues to shape educational access and success.
The Fisher v. University of Texas decision is a reminder of the discretion left to school districts in Parents Involved to employ a wide range of strategies to reduce racial isolation and create diverse schools, including through the use of race-conscious policies tailored to a district's goals and their particular context.
Vol. 35, Issue 36, Pages 28-29Published in Print: July 20, 2016, as What Fisher v. University of Texas Means for K-12 Districts | <urn:uuid:91a20886-02b8-488a-a327-bd32971dd316> | {
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Subsets and Splits