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If You Need This Type of Primary Source ... Then Do This:
Autobiographies, memoirs, diaries, interviews, speeches, letters, manuscripts...
Search the CSUMB Library Catalog, the CSU Union Catalog, or WorldCat by author (Frank, Anne) OR by subject heading and an appropriate subheading (Frank, Anne -- Diaries). Appropriate subheadings include:
- early works to 1800
- personal narratives
Newspaper or magazine articles from a specific time period...
- pictorial works
Use the CSUMB Library's guide to Finding Images on the Internet and at CSUMB.
Statistics, surveys, opinion polls...
Records of organizations and government agencies...
For organizations: search Voyager, Pharos or WorldCat by the name of the organization as author or corporate author. For U.S. government agencies use GPO Access or FirstGov. Use the University of Michigan's links to foreign governments and to international agencies.
Video recordings, audio recordings, and works of literature, art or music from a specific time period...
Various types of primary sources on persons, places or events in local or California history...
Research reports in the sciences or the social sciences...
Consult the CSUMB Library's guide to Distinguishing Scholarly Journals from Other Periodicals.
Ask a librarian.
Any primary sources not listed above... | <urn:uuid:2ceac3f9-e9dd-432f-bece-beb89495c445> | {
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it comes to determining the scope of a passage, you need to understand
what we mean by "scope." Think of scope as a narrowing
of the topic. If you've found the main point, you must also identify
what is in the range of the argument. Scope is related to more
than just the general topic being discussed; it is the narrowing
of the topic. Is the article about graduate school admissions,
MBA admissions, or helping international students get into the
business school program of their choice? Each step represents
a narrowing of the scope.
is one of the most important concepts for doing well on the verbal
section, particularly for high scorers. Why? Put yourself in
the position of the test question writers. They must write difficult
questions. Only one of the five choices is correct; the rest
are "junk" answers. They have to write questions
that a certain number of students will get wrong, and they have
to make up "junk" answers to fool people. The issue
of scope solves both problems for test question writers: it allows
them to easily generate wrong answers, and it makes the questions
harder because scope is a challenging issue. Most Critical
Reasoning or Reading Comprehension questions have "junk"
answers that are outside of the question's scope.
common examples of scope junk answers are choices that are too
narrow, too broad, or literally have nothing to do with the author's
points. Also, watch for and eliminate choices that are too extreme
to match the argument's scope; they're usually signaled by such
words as all, always, never, none, and so on. Choices
that are in some way qualified are often correct for arguments
that are moderate in tone and contain such words as usually,
words that signal answers
that are too strong and therefore usually outside the scope of
Some scientists believe that
carbon dioxide-induced global warming may increase the number
of hurricanes in the future and their severity.
What if someone inferred from
that statement that
All of this season's severe hurricanes were
caused by global warming.
That statement would be outside
of the scope of the original argument. The inference made is
outside the scope of the argument. The argument is not that strong.
What about this statement:
Some of this season's storms may have been
caused and exacerbated by global warming.
This statement is more measured
and is within the scope of the original argument.
- In general, these phrases indicate
statements that are outside of the scope of an argument: always,
never, none. Usually, arguments aren't that strong, so answers
with extreme language are usually outside the scope of the argument.
- These phrases tend to indicate
that a phrase is within the scope of an argument: usually,
Strategy: If the question asks "which of
the following is NOT an assumption of the argument" or "which
of the following does NOT describe an argument made in the passage
above", the answer will often be the one with extreme language.
Here is a critical reasoning question
that illustrates scope.
Apartment building owners
argue that rent control should be abolished. Although they acknowledge
that they would increase rents in the short term, owners argue
that in the long term the rent increases would lead to greater
profitability. Higher profits would lead to increased apartment
construction. Increased apartment construction would then lead
to a greater supply of residences and lower prices as the potential
apartment residents have a better selection. Thus, abolishing
rent control would ultimately reduce prices.
Name an assumption made by
the owners. (Hint: this is a difficult question, but you may eliminate
4 of the 5 answers as outside the scope of the argument).
a) Current residents of rent-controlled apartments would be able
to find new apartments once their rents increased.
b) The fundamental value of any society is to house its citizens.
c) Only current apartment owners would profit significantly from
d) New apartment construction will generate a great number of
e) The increase in the number of apartments available would exceed
the number of new potential apartment residents.
Which possible answers are outside
of the scope? The scope is the argument that deregulation will
increase supply and lower prices. "Name an assumption"
means find a direct assumption of that supply/demand argument.
a) Current residents of rent
control apartments would be able to find new apartments once
their rent increased--is this outside of the scope?
Well, this sentence expresses a nice sentiment for the welfare
of renters, but it has nothing to do with our argument, which
is about a supply/demand dynamic.
b) The fundamental value of
any society is to house its citizens. Is this outside of
the scope? Again, nice sentiment, but this does not directly
tie into the argument.
c) Only current apartment
owners would profit significantly from market deregulation.
Is this outside of the scope? The profitability of the apartment
owners is not directly relevant. If the profitability of the
apartments increases, it would help increase supply because other
companies would be drawn into the market, thus increasing supply.
Indeed this looks good and as if it is an assumption, but "Only
current apartment owners" is too limiting. How about newer
apartment owners? The profits made by "only current owners"
is not the issue at hand; it is the price of apartments. Again,
as previously mentioned, answer choices that use words such as
"only" tend to be outside the scope of the question.
Here "only" is too restrictive and allows you to eliminate
this answer choice.
d) New apartment construction
will generate a great number of jobs. This is clearly outside
of the scope.
e) The increase in the number
of apartments available would exceed the number of new potential
apartment residents. Aha! This is an argument about supply
and demand, and this is an answer about supply and demand. This
is clearly within the scope of the argument, and it is the correct
answer. If demand rose with new apartment construction, then
prices would not decline, invalidating their argument.
• E. Determining
If you have any more questions or suggestions, email 800score.com GRE
go back to table of contents | <urn:uuid:8232f83f-52cd-464a-aaaa-a66e3a7434a4> | {
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Glycelles: New Technology Attacks Pathogens at the Micro LevelJune 2014
Topics: Disease Transmission, Public Health (General), Biotechnology
Imagine a toolkit that collects and removes deadly pathogens the way sticky tape pulls lint off fabric. That's the idea behind a new tool in the fight against bio-threats.
For the last decade, scientists in MITRE's bio-nanotechnology research group have explored how pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, behave, how they can be removed from a surface, and how we can prevent these harmful agents from infecting the human body. Our researchers are trying to solve a variety of problems—from removing pathogens and biotoxins from our water supplies to improving our ability to fight infections.
For example, MITRE scientist Elaine Mullen notes, "Bacteria mutate more quickly than human cells do and are constantly becoming resistant to the antibiotics we develop to defeat them. However, bacteria must bind to sugar receptors on human cells to cause an infection and, one advantage of the disparity in our mutation rates is that no matter how fast bacteria evolve, the human sugar coating is pretty stable."
Mullen and a MITRE team developed glycelles—micro particles coated with specific human carbohydrates that bind to adhesive proteins on pathogen surfaces. They can collect and sweep harmful agents from a surface, a suspension, or an organism. Each glycelle coating binds with a particular set of pathogens and biotoxins, such as Salmonella and E. coli, ricin, or the avian flu.
"A glycelle gathers the pathogens in the same way masking tape gathers lint from clothing," explains James Klemic, director of MITRE's Bio-Nanotechnology Lab. "We can carefully engineer the glycelles so the pathogens will selectively bind or stick to them."
Toolkits for Preventing Deadly Infection
MITRE recently conducted a research project that produced glycelles modified to collect Ebola from cell cultures and serum samples during early stages of infection. Government virologists will evaluate the effectiveness of using glycelles and their Ebola-binding coating to harvest virus samples from cell cultures during vaccine production.
This work comes as West Africa is suffering a deadly Ebola outbreak. The disease, which is often symptom-free for a few days after infection, quickly penetrates the human body, causing internal and external bleeding, diarrhea, and vomiting. The results of MITRE's effort "provided a demonstrable example of the flexibility of this toolkit to address the specific needs of a sponsor for a really scary application," Klemic says, adding that up to 90 percent of people who contract Ebola die from it.
Flexibility Is Key to Glycelles' Potential
Mullen's many years of innovative research in pathogen-capture films has gone into the development of both the SugarBind database and a configurable glycelle toolkit, which match pathogens with the sugars they bind to. Mullen and her team have developed glycelles to collect various pathogens. Each glycelle type is a different color. When mixed into a contaminated liquid, pathogen-coated glycelles float to the surface and can be skimmed away.
However, the concept could have more direct applications. The MITRE team members determined that when glycelles are sprayed onto dry cloth, the particles open and wrap around the cloth fibers, thus coating them with a glycoprotein film. When damp, the feathery carbohydrates radiate outward, more efficiently collecting pathogens than untreated cloth. As a coating on a cloth wipe, human carbohydrates could remove norovirus from railings and door handles. As a filter coating, they could collect Salmonella from raw milk. A glycelle cocktail could collect several types of biotoxins and pathogens from a surface or a suspension.
Mullen and her colleagues have developed the glycelle toolkit as part of a MITRE-funded research effort. As the operator of federally funded research and development centers, we apportion a percentage of our budget to original research in support of our government sponsors.
The glycelles project has potential value to several sponsor groups, Mullen says, from collecting environmental samples, to cleaning contaminated or infected surfaces, to preventing the spread of deadly viruses.
—by Molly Manchenton | <urn:uuid:da1eec76-e203-4947-abb4-9bc63c4d44b1> | {
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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A pulse generator is an electrical device that may be used as an internal source of signal to a circuit. It may also be used as an external source of signal to a device through the generation of constant or maintained signal pulses. The pulse generator is used to deliver a signal as well as to measure the amount of signal a device is receiving. It can use both digital as well as analog circuitry to generate the pulses it provides.
Pulse generators are also capable of providing both high and low voltage pulses. The pulses generated will vary depending on the need determined by the user. Pulse generators are often used internally to power timed trigger devices within electronic circuits.
Newer pulse generators are also capable of generating signal pulses at different widths and frequencies. This allows them to be used in circuits that require more than one triggering mechanism at a time. This was a problem for older units, mainly because of the fact that older pulse generator units had to be ganged onto a circuit either in sequence or parallel in order to function properly, meaning they could not vary in width or frequency.
The width of a pulse is basically another term for the duration of time in which the pulse or signal is being delivered. Most of the newer pulse generator units are capable of generating pulse durations of over a minute per pulse, down to a fraction of a second. Some of the more complex and expensive pulse generator circuits are capable of producing anywhere from one to upwards of 30 billion pulses within a single second. These pulse generators are usually referred to as RACE pulse generators, which is an acronym for Rapid Automatic Cascode Exchange.
Pulse generators can also be used outside of electrical circuitry, mainly in research applications in fields such as science and medical technology. The bulk of these devices are used as trigger devices for larger circuits that operate automated machinery. They are excellent for this purpose due to their timing abilities and regulation capacities within functioning electrical circuits.
Such generators are also used in testing applications. There, they may be used either to make sure a certain signal is reaching its destination within a circuit or to single out a source of fault within an electrical circuit. In most cases, testing pulse generators use a single diode light, or LED, to let the user know when the fault within the circuit occurs.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:06fbbd15-c4c7-4501-b7f0-0d388d996870> | {
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Biology researchers' discovery at the University of Iowa could lead to cure for all cancers
As many scientists move away from a one-size-fits-all approach for cancer cures and delve into specific remedies for specific diagnoses, researchers at the University of Iowa are making strides that may lead to a "magic bullet" to address all cancerous tumors.
David Soll, a professor of biology at the University of Iowa, has spent the past half-century studying cells.
Recently, his focus has shifted to cancerous cells, with two primary motivators - the amount of people the disease affects and his personal connection to cancer.
"One-quarter of everybody dies from cancer and cancer is the one we can't handle," said Soll, pointing to heart disease as something science is capable of addressing.
Soll lost his wife, Michele Morice, in 2010 after a battle with astrocytoma (a cancerous brain tumor).
He strives to keep his personal and professional life separate as part of the nature of the business, comparing thinking of his wife while working with fighting while angry.
"Keeping my deceased wife out of my mind when I do this is keeping my head clear," said Soll, "because if you make it personal, you can't do science. It's like if you're in a fight and you lose your temper, you're going to lose that fight."
The university's cancer research efforts ramped up in 2012, with Soll's team recently making its most significant finding.
"We discovered a mechanism where tumors formed by cells and aggregates being pulled together by specialized cells," said Soll, who noticed the behavior with both melanoma and breast-tissue cells.
Given the university's status as the nation's antibody resource bank - Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - researchers have a bevy of potential cures at their disposal.
"We have 5,500 antibodies," said Soll. "That means we have 5,500 potential drugs and because we are the bank, we have an infinite amount of every one of them ... Antibodies cost $350 to $700 a milligram, and I've got 5,500 and I've got 500 milligrams to 1,000 milligrams on the shelf of every single one of them."
Click here for the full article. | <urn:uuid:16003c97-6fed-4750-b5f2-b329d98e30bb> | {
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Photo by Todd McNaught
Pancreatic cancer begins with such ambiguous symptoms and is so rapidly fatal after diagnosis that scientists have had limited ability to study how the disease acquires its deadly force or even to be sure how it starts. Typically, by the time doctors detect the disease, it is already too late for surgery. Among the 20 percent of patients for whom surgery is an option, only 1 percent will survive 10 years.
But a recent paper describing the first-ever strain of mice designed to develop pancreatic cancer has sparked new optimism among those in search of a cure. The animal disease so accurately mimics each step of the human cancer, researchers now believe they finally have a tool in hand to move the field forward. The scientist who led the discovery, Dr. Sunil Hingorani, has recently joined the Hutchinson Center's Clinical Research Division, where he will be among the first to begin translating findings in the mouse into effective ways to detect and treat the human disease.
Dr. Fred Appelbaum, director of the Clinical Research Division, described Hingorani as a dedicated, committed researcher whose work has the potential to help save more than 30,000 lives — and an immeasurable amount of suffering — in the United States each year.
"Most obviously, Sunil brings a great deal of experience and success in developing models for pancreatic cancer, qualities that we believe will lead to earlier diagnosis and better therapies," he said. "With his addition to the division, I believe the Center is well on its way to becoming one of the nation's leaders for pancreatic-cancer research."
Despite the current grim prognosis for pancreatic-cancer patients, Hingorani believes that new research opportunities can boost survival rates.
"Pancreatic cancer is unusually lethal," said Hingorani, also a member of the Public Health Sciences Division, where his laboratory is located. "It's essentially 100 percent fatal. But when we look closely at the outcomes of patients who were treated with surgery, we see some interesting data that tell us that we should be able improve survival rates through earlier detection of the disease."
Patients who are eligible for surgery because their disease appears not to have spread beyond the pancreas have a five-year survival rate that ranges from 15 percent to 40 percent. Yet, Hingorani said, their long-term survival is still close to zero. Doctors have been surprised to find that many of these surgical patients die from tumors in their lungs, liver or other organs — tumors that were undetectable at the time of surgery but that must have spread, or metastasized, from the pancreas.
"That suggests that from its very inception as an invasive disease, pancreatic cancer must already be developing micrometastases — small numbers of cancerous cells that have spread either locally or to distant organs," he said. "That means we'll need to find ways to detect the cancer extremely early in the course of the disease — at a pre-invasive state when the cells are abnormal but not yet fully cancerous."
Scientists have thus far only been able to speculate what this precancerous state might look like in humans. That challenged Hingorani to develop a mouse model that faithfully mimics human pancreatic cancer from its inception to its advanced stage, a project he initiated with colleague Dr. David Tuveson, while an instructor of medicine and cancer biology at the Abramson Cancer Research Institute at the University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Teri Brentnall, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington, is among many in the field who appreciate the potential applications of Hingorani's mouse model. Brentnall leads a project to detect early stage pancreatic cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease. Her lab seeks to identify protein clues in the blood that signify early onset of the disease or that help doctors monitor a patient's response to therapy.
"We are extraordinarily lucky to have Sunil join our efforts in the battle against pancreatic cancer," she said. "His pancreatic-cancer mouse model very closely recapitulates the cancer seen in humans. The model is essential for validation of candidate protein markers as well as for studies of vaccine therapy and to investigate drugs that may prevent the disease."
Through a trick of genetic engineering, the mice can essentially be programmed to activate and/or deactivate one or several of the genes that have been found to be mutated in human pancreatic tumors. Depending on the timing and combination of defects that are programmed, the mice either develop cancer slowly or experience more aggressive forms of the disease.
Hingorani said one of the most interesting defects is in a gene called K-ras, which is mutated in about 90 percent of human pancreatic cancers.
"We found that if mice do not have this mutation, they never develop pancreatic cancer," he said. "That tells us that this mutation may represent the rate-limiting step for the disease to initiate."
The mice that harbor only K-ras mutations develop a precancerous condition that usually does not begin to invade surrounding tissue. Invasiveness is a hallmark of cancer. Yet as the mice age, some of them will spontaneously progress to cancer as they acquire defects in additional genes. The entire process appears very similar to what experts have hypothesized to occur in humans, Hingorani said.
Mice that develop full-blown pancreatic cancer also show identical symptoms to humans. "For example, they recapitulate many of the clinical signs such as lethargy, cachexia (wasting) and abdominal distension from the accumulation of ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity). The cancer also spreads to the same organs as in humans and with nearly the same frequency."
For Hingorani, whose career combines laboratory research with clinical practice, the real value of this similarity is its potential to reveal key proteins in the blood that may alert doctors to the presence of early stage cancer — so called biomarkers — or that could serve as targets for new drugs to either prevent cancer or to treat it if it develops. Individuals with a family history of the disease — and therefore at high risk themselves — are an ideal population group in which to test the clinical potential of newly discovered markers or preventive drugs. He expects to collaborate on such studies with Brentnall, whose work was among the factors that drew him to Seattle.
Hingorani also hopes that the mice will serve as an important proving ground for generating data on experimental therapies before they are taken into the clinic. Pancreatic cancer is unusually resistant to radiation and virtually all chemotherapy drugs.
"The median survival after diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is four to six months," he said. "Should a patient be so lucky as to have the opportunity to enroll in a clinical trial, they will only have one shot at an experimental treatment. I believe that every drug should be given a chance in the clinic if there is sufficient scientific rationale to do so — and the mouse model could be very important for providing those data."
Earlier this year, Hingorani received an American Association for Cancer Research — Pancreatic Cancer Action Network Career Development Award.
Prior to joining the Abramson Cancer Center in 2002, where he collaborated on the mouse model with Dr. David Tuveson, Hingorani was a postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He completed his residency at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and a clinical fellowship in hematology and oncology at Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital/Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Care Program. He obtained a doctorate in cellular and molecular physiology and a medical degree from Yale University.
At the Hutchinson Center, Hingorani joins a growing group of investigators conducting so-called "translational research" on solid-tumor cancers in order to bring new therapies into the clinic.
"The Center has taught the world about advanced treatments for blood cancers," he said. "I'm excited to be a part of our efforts to extend that excellence to the treatment of solid tumors." | <urn:uuid:63720221-2bba-4a89-bd99-5428773dee4a> | {
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Corn Variety Research for the Organic Farmer
Dr. Margaret Smith, plant breeder at Cornell University, discusses corn varieties at an organic open house in September 2013.
Photo by Tina Wright.
Looking ahead seven generations is a Native American way of weighing decisions in the here and now for impact in the future. Margaret Smith, a plant breeder at Cornell University who focuses on corn, says that it takes seven generations to test a corn strain in the field. To pack two generations into a single year and accelerate the process, Cornell researchers collect corn seed from test plants in the fall and send those seeds to an organically certified winter nursery and fields in Puerto Rico for a winter crop.
Why research organic corn varieties? Smith, who serves as the associate director of Cornell's Agricultural Experiment Station, says, "Organic production systems are different from conventional." Organic corn is often planted later than in conventional systems, sometimes following a cover crop, and almost all organic corn is "first-year corn," planted on a field that did not have corn the previous year. Nutrient availability for plants can differ in organic systems. Compost and natural fertilizers provide "slow-release" nutrition to plants compared to conventional farming.
Controlling weeds through cultivation rather than herbicide applications can physically stress corn plants, and the arrangement of corn leaves may influence the time it takes for the canopy effect that shades out new weeds. "For organic corn growing, you want a leaf canopy to close as soon as possible," explains Smith.
Organic corn trials at Cornell's Homer C. Thompson Vegetable Research Farm in Freeville, N.Y.
Photo by Tina Wright.
Going after these desired traits may result in varieties that work best for organic growers, but Smith says, "We won't know until we actually have these varieties." It's like a pipeline - many possible new corn varieties are tried out every year, and the varieties in later stages of testing get narrowed down. In 2013, Smith and her colleagues grew around 20 potential new varieties in two locations, a batch of varieties in the middle stages and a handful in the last stages, with around 40 total, including open-pollinated varieties.
"Most aren't good enough," Smith says. "We have to try a lot of stuff." Testing varieties for many years in different locations means that the performance of "one-year wonders" is put to the test. The plant breeder says, "It takes multiple years to convince yourself that it's a predictable genetic performance."
In 2011, Blue River Hybrids, an organic seed company in Kelley, Iowa, bought D2901, a corn strain developed from Cornell's program, and sold it for one season. Lakeview Organic Grain in Penn Yan, N.Y., still sells the seed, which is described as a workhorse corn, rather than a racehorse. It will never have the highest yields, but it's reliable, even in tough field conditions. Smith explains that D2901 is a variety with four parents; it's a double cross of two hybrids, which gives it the ability to grow big, vigorous plants.
In the field
At the University of Vermont, Dr. Heather Darby, extension agronomist, leads a team trying out commercially available organic silage corn varieties. In the 2013 Vermont Organic Silage Corn Performance Trial Results (http://bit.ly/1cQrh1k), the team reports, "The 2013 growing season was a challenging season for corn production, and hence the results were less than favorable. However, varieties that were able to thrive in these adverse conditions would likely be varieties that could produce well in a variety of conditions."
A cornfield with the hybrid D2901 developed by Cornell and released commercially in 2011. Some rows have been detassled to ensure they are pollinated by the other parent of the hybrid and to create hybrid seed for organic growers.
Photo courtesy of Cornell University.
For corn that's desirable for organic production, Darby lists many of the same traits as her colleague at Cornell: early varieties, good early-season vigor, disease resistance and nutrient uptake efficiency.
"It's a niche market for sure," she says, "but there are many organic growers and markets, so there is a demand." Organic farmers want more available varieties. According to Darby, organic silage corn yields generally average 18 tons per acre in her area of Vermont, but the challenges of the weather in 2013 brought in 14 tons per acre. For 2014, the Vermont group will conduct two organic corn trials in northern and central Vermont.
The UVM trial results state: "Crop performance from additional tests in different locations and over several years should be compared before making varietal selections."
They invited several seed companies and farmers to submit seed for evaluation. Those who submitted corn seed include: Blue River Hybrids/Boucher Fertilizer, Highgate Center, Vt.; Lakeview Organic Grain; Albert Lea Seed, Albert Lea, Minn.; and American Organic, Warren, Ill.
June 2013 saw monsoon-level rain in Vermont. Some corn plots were flooded, and mechanical cultivation was delayed. "Interestingly, there were still several varieties that were able to produce exceptional yields even under severe weed pressure. These varieties ranged from 77 to 104 days for relative maturity. Varieties that have a high level of early-season vigor and compete well against weeds and other stresses will be highly advantageous to organic farmers," according to the trial results.
Dr. Margaret Smith and Klaas Martens evaluate corn at Lakeview Organic Grain, his farm in Penn Yan, N.Y., which is participating in Cornell's organic corn trials.
Photo courtesy of Cornell University.
The big picture
One funding source for this organic corn research has been the USDA's Agricultural Research Service. Just like Smith and her colleagues are doing at Cornell, other breeders are developing corn varieties for their regions. Marvin Scott, Iowa State University, heads up the effort that includes the Southwest, Upper Midwest, the eastern Corn Belt and the Northeast. The research project's goal is "strengthening public corn breeding to ensure that organic farmers have access to elite cultivars." The project began in spring 2011 and is scheduled to wrap up this fall.
Smith likes to work in the field, and her connection with Bryan Brunner, a horticultural researcher at the University of Puerto Rico, was a fortunate one. The organically certified greenhouse and farm plots work out perfectly to accelerate her corn breeding program. "I have corn growing there right now," she said in February, and one of her graduate students was heading down to do pollination work.
The author is a freelance contributor based near Ithaca, N.Y., specializing in dairy and organics, but dabbling in all things agricultural. Comment or question? Visit http://www.farmingforumsite.com and join in the discussions. | <urn:uuid:563e6f8a-079f-471f-b09b-7935fc74959e> | {
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Upcoming National Health Education Week Focuses on Improving Adolescent Health
Last year, the biannual National Youth Behavior Risk Survey by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that many adolescents are engaged in behaviors "that contribute markedly to the leading causes of death (and) disability" in the U.S. Among others, risky behaviors include tobacco, alcohol and drug use, eating an unhealthy diet, and getting little or no exercise.
For example, the survey found:
- Nearly 39 percent of high school students surveyed were current alcohol users and more than 20 percent had taken prescription drugs without a doctor's order.
- Thirteen percent of American youth were obese and 15 percent were overweight.
- Nearly one-third played video games or used the computer for non-school or work-related purposes for more than three hours a day
Next Monday, October 15, National Health Education Week will kick off with a focus on "Adolescent Health: Planting Seeds for a Healthier Generation." Founded by the Society of Public Health Education (SOPHE) and celebrated since 1995 during the third week of October, the event draws national attention to a major health issue and helps people understand how health education can improve the health status of Americans.
"Educating our youth and families now is critical," says Paulette Grilli, R.N., health promotions manager at Washington Hospital. "There is a sense of urgency because our society is experiencing an explosion in the incidence of diabetes, cancer and substance abuse, in both our youth and adult populations."
Tobacco, alcohol and other drugs
Today, most teens have relatively easy access to drugs and situations involving tobacco and substance use. Many experts believe that the earlier a person begins smoking or chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol or using drugs, the more likely he or she will develop dependence and addiction. In addition, substance use and abuse can increase the risk for injuries, violence, HIV infection and other diseases, the CDC reports.
As a parent or family member of a teenager, you can help prevent your child from getting involved with tobacco, alcohol and drugs by staying directly involved in his or her everyday world and talking and listening regularly. Be sure to communicate that you do not want them drinking or using drugs, and set limits that will help your child avoid high-risk situations.
"Substance abuse is connected to an array of genetic and social issues. Today's economic and global problems are adding to the stress of the entire family," adds Grilli. "Family education is key to raising awareness and providing individuals with tools to make better personal choices for wellness and the prevention of disease."
If you would like to take action in your community to help kids avoid tobacco, alcohol and drug use or assist youngsters who are already affected, National Health Education Week is a great time to get started. Working with schools is a good way to begin.
SOPHE recommends supporting your local schools in creating and maintaining a tobacco-free atmosphere through the school system and conducting education to promote a tobacco- and drug-free lifestyle. You can also collaborate with the school system to review current health education programs and identify research-based prevention strategies for students.
Diet and exercise
Over the last 20 years, the obesity rate for adolescents has more than doubled. Studies show that overweight adolescents are 70 percent more likely to become overweight or obese adults.
"Today, we're finding that adolescents who are overweight or obese are at risk for serious health conditions that used to affect only adults, such as Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure," Grilli observed.
Parents can help their teens by modeling the right behaviors and creating a home environment that encourages an active lifestyle and healthy eating habits. Besides offering kids nutritious food options, educate them about why eating healthy and staying active are important to their immediate and long-term good health.
"It is difficult for an adult or a child to be successful in making healthy choices in food without basic information and having their entire family on a healthy eating plan," notes Grilli. "Children are more likely to exercise if their parents and older siblings are exercising. People need good behaviors modeled and they need support."
To make a difference at your child's school, find out about the nutrition and physical activities policies and programs. If needed, work to help improve them. Let the school know that you support nutrition education and physical activity programs from the time children start kindergarten through high school. Work with community leaders, school administrators, organizations and government agencies to identify the needs of adolescents in your community. Then, help to create or expand programs that promote healthy eating and active living.
Health educators have a role
Health educators can play an important role in helping to teach and motivate young people to make better decisions and adopt healthier lifestyles. These professionals work in a range of different settings, including hospitals, non-profit organizations, government agencies and doctors' offices, as well as private businesses and colleges.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts the need for professional health educators will grow by 37 percent between 2010 and 2020. One of the drivers, according to the Bureau, will be "to reduce health care costs by teaching people about healthy habits and behaviors."
Washington Hospital Offers Health Education Year Round
Health Education Week is a great time to think about the health topics of concern to you. Washington Hospital offers ongoing community-focused health education through a variety of programs all year long.
"We respond to community health education needs by inviting expert speakers to present at our programs, by videotaping many of our seminars on healthcare "hot topics," and then televising them on InHealth, Comcast cable channel 78," says Grilli. "We provide this community with a wide variety of health education seminars, screenings and services to empower our families to be healthier and happier, and enjoy better quality of life."
To learn more about the health and wellness programs and services offered by Washington Hospital, visit www.whhs.com and click on the Health & Wellness Catalog button. To learn more about National Health Education Week and strategies to improve adolescent health, go online to www.sophe.org, the Web site of the Society for Public Health Education. | <urn:uuid:d7b8421d-b25c-4ca7-87a2-52e9d16dc8d6> | {
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The rise to the throne of Victoria
The Duke of Kent died when Victoria was just eight months old. The duchess was full of debts and desperate so the Prince Regent gave her rooms in Kensington Palace. On 29 January 1829 the poor mad King George III finally died and his first born, the Prince Regent, became King George IV, After the Dukes of York and Clarence, baby Victoria was next in line to the throne. A that time Kensinghton Palace was cold and gloomy and the life Victoria led there was little better. The duchess was convinced that Victoria would become queen and so she started the “Kensinghton System”, a cruel regime of bullying and, most of all, control. Victoria was not allowed to be alone for a second. She slept in her mother retired to bed. She was kept away from her father’s family and isolated from all other children. Victoria’s food was tasted before every meal, and she could not walk downstairs without holding somebody’s hand.
Kent’s eider brothers had no heirs, just after Victoria turned 11, King George IV died and his brothed, the 65.years.old Duke of Clarence, ascended the throne as King William IV. Victoria was now heir to the throne. Meanwhile, the politicians voiced their opinion that Victoria was just too ridiculus a name for a ruler. Indeed the king tried to force her mother to change it to Elizabeth or Charlotte, but she refused. It is odd to think now that if she had accepted, the Victoria’s eighteenth birthday was a giant gala day for the country. Kensinghton was decorated with banners and there was an official reception at the palace with a formal ball in the evening. In the early hours of 20 June 1837 the king died. At six o’clock in the morning. In Kensington Palace, Victoria stood in her nightdress as the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Cancellor knelt to her and told her that she was queen. Her first act was to ask for an hour alone. Then she moved her bad from her mother’s room. “I shall never remember this day as the proudest of my life” wrote Victoria on 28 June 1838, her coronation day. | <urn:uuid:cd710ce6-9dea-4d14-bf3f-f128d7567acd> | {
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Ellesmere coal deposits could solve “the current energy crisis in Nunavut”
Canada Coal's 2012 exploration shows there's lots of thermal coal which could replace diesel fuel
Canada Coal Inc. which owns 75 coal exploration licences covering roughly 2.5 million acres of territory on Nunavut’s Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg islands, says its 2012 exploration program shows there are “extensive thermal coal deposits, with low sulphur and ash content” located on Ellesmere’s Forsheim Peninsula.
Thermal coal can be used to produce electricity and heat.
“We are greatly encouraged by the confirmation of extensive thermal coal deposits, with low sulphur and ash content, on our Fosheim Peninsula coal license area,” said Braam Jonker, Canada Coal’s president and chief executive officer, in an Oct. 16 news release.
Now Canada Coal says it’s examining the potential for thermal coal on its Arctic coal licenses “as a solution for the current energy crisis in Nunavut.”
Canada Coal is “actively evaluating various fuel power generation technologies including coal to liquids and coal water slurry,” Jonker said.
Coal water slurry can be used instead of oil or gas in any size of heating and power station, such as Nunavut’s diesel generating power plants. The presence of water in the slurry reduces harmful emissions produced by coal generation power plants.
Coal water slurry fuel is a heavy liquid fuel that is produced by mixing grounded coal, water and chemical additives, according to a description from a company called Sino Clean Energy Inc. which sells cold water products.
Coal water slurry can be stored, pumped and burned as a substitute for oil or gas in properly modified furnaces or boilers. It burns cleaner than coal, and is free of coal dust that pollutes the atmosphere.
This past summer, Canada Coal focused its attention on the western Fosheim Peninsula, one of six coal license areas owned by the company, about 36 kilometres east of Eureka and at the heart of its “Nunavut Coal Project.”
Initial sampling of that area in the 1980s suggested it contains about 22 billion tonnes of coal.
The $3.7-million 2012 exploration program assessed well over 100 coal seams showing extensive zones of low-sulphur, low-ash, sub-bituminous, thermal coal.
Results from 285 coal samples in 2012 showed extensive zones of low-sulphur, low-ash, sub-bituminous coal, suitable for use as thermal coal.
“These discoveries help to confirm the historic coal target size assessments throughout its Arctic coal properties. The next phase of exploration will include an upcoming drill program to further define our thermal coal deposits and to explore for metallurgical coal deposits at deeper levels,” Jonker said.
Metallurgical or “met” coal, is coveted for use in steel-making.
A March 2012 story in Mining Weekly Online said there is currently a scarcity of met coal worldwide and that, “people are scouring the world for new deposits.”
“As our exploration programs progress, we are committed to close cooperation with local communities and transparent communication with all stakeholders,” Jonker said. | <urn:uuid:70b4b560-c045-4b57-9bc4-a680ccc9765e> | {
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What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis is an infection that affects the liver.
What are hepatitis B and hepatitis C?
Hepatitis B is an infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C is an infection caused by the hepatitis C virus. Both diseases are contagious and can lead to serious, long-term illness.
What is acute hepatitis?
Acute infection is a short-term illness that happens in the first 6 months after a person is infected with the hepatitis B virus or the hepatitis C virus. Acute infection may cause only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. When symptoms do occur, they may include the following:
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Stomach pain
- Pain in the muscles and joints
What is chronic hepatitis?
Chronic infection can occur if the virus stays in the body. Chronic infection with both viruses can cause serious, long-term liver disease, such as cirrhosis. In this condition, cells of the liver die and are replaced by scar tissue. Over time, the liver stops working. In some cases, chronic hepatitis infection can lead to liver cancer.
What is a carrier?
A carrier is a person who is not able to get rid of the hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Carriers keep the virus for the rest of their lives and can give it to others.
A small number of adults and many children younger than 5 years infected with the hepatitis B virus will become carriers. Most hepatitis B carriers do not have symptoms. A few will develop serious liver disease that can lead to early death. Most adults infected with the hepatitis C virus—about 75–85%—become carriers. About two thirds of hepatitis C carriers eventually develop chronic liver disease.
How is the hepatitis B virus spread?
The hepatitis B virus is spread by direct contact with the body fluids (blood, semen, or vaginal fluids) of an infected person. This can happen during unprotected sex or while sharing needles used to inject ("shoot") drugs. A baby can be infected during birth if the mother has the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B virus also can be spread if you live with an infected person and share household items that may come in contact with body fluids, such as toothbrushes or razors. The hepatitis B virus is not spread by casual contact with people and objects. Casual contact includes shaking hands, sharing food or drink, or coughing and sneezing. Also, the hepatitis B virus is not spread by breastfeeding.
Is there a test for the hepatitis B virus?
There are different blood tests for the hepatitis B virus. The tests look for antibodies to the virus. Tests for the hepatitis B virus can tell whether you have been recently infected or whether you are a carrier. They also can show whether you have had the hepatitis B virus in the past and are now immune to it or whether you have had the hepatitis B vaccine.
Who should be tested for the hepatitis B virus?
It is recommended that the following people be tested for the hepatitis B virus:
- Pregnant women
- Infants born to infected mothers
- Sex partners of and those who live with an infected person
- People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- Users of injected illegal drugs
- Men who have sex with men
- People who are the source of blood or other body fluid exposures (for example, when a health care worker has been stuck by a needle)
- People born in countries with a high rate of hepatitis B virus infection
- People receiving cancer treatment or treatment with drugs that suppress the immune system
What treatment is available for hepatitis B virus infection?
There is no cure for hepatitis B virus infection, but symptoms can be managed. Treatment can be given for some of the liver diseases caused by the infection.
How can hepatitis B virus infection be prevented?
The best protection against the hepatitis B virus is a vaccine. The vaccine triggers your body’s immune system to fight off the virus when you are exposed to it. It usually is given in three or four doses.
What if I have been recently exposed to the hepatitis B virus and I have not had the vaccine?
People who have been recently exposed to the hepatitis B virus and are not vaccinated are usually given the vaccine along with a shot of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). HBIG contains antibodies to the virus. It can give additional protection against infection in certain situations.
How is the hepatitis C virus spread?
The hepatitis C virus is spread by direct contact with infected blood. This can happen while sharing needles or sharing household items that come into contact with blood. A baby can be infected during birth if the mother has the hepatitis C virus. It also can be spread during unprotected sex, but it is harder to spread the virus this way. It is not spread by casual contact.
Is there a test for the hepatitis C virus?
There are several tests for the hepatitis C virus. One test shows whether you are infected with the hepatitis C virus. If the test result is positive, another kind of test can tell whether you still have the virus in your blood and if so, how much virus is present.
Who should be tested for the hepatitis C virus?
Those at high risk of infection should be tested for the hepatitis C virus. People at high risk of hepatitis C virus infection include the following:
- Users of injected illegal drugs
- People who received clotting factors before 1987
- Dialysis patients
- People with HIV
- People who have abnormal liver enzyme test results
- People who received blood or who had an organ transplant before 1992
- People who received blood from someone who later tested positive for the hepatitis C virus
- Health care workers who may have been exposed to hepatitis C-positive blood (for example, who have been stuck with a needle used on a person with hepatitis C)
What treatment is available for hepatitis C virus infection?
A combination of antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C virus infection. This treatment does not work for everyone. Treatment success depends in part on the strain of the hepatitis C virus you are infected with.
How can hepatitis C virus infection be prevented?
There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C virus infection. You can help prevent infection with the hepatitis C virus by avoiding risky behavior that can pass on the virus:
- Use a latex condom during sex.
- Know your partner’s sexual history and have only one sexual partner.
- If you are injecting drugs, get help and try to stop—if you cannot stop, do not share needles.
Antibodies: Proteins in the blood produced in reaction to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses that cause infection.
Carrier: A person who is infected with the organism of a disease without showing symptoms and who can transmit the disease to another person.
Cells: The smallest units of a structure in the body; the building blocks for all parts of the body.
Cirrhosis: A disease caused by loss of liver cells, which are replaced by scar tissue that impairs liver function.
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG): A substance given to provide temporary protection against infection with the hepatitis B virus.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A virus that attacks certain cells of the body’s immune system and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | <urn:uuid:3c9daef2-c377-4e08-9446-95a9c060492a> | {
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Another event celebrated in mid-November is GIS Day. While not as well known as Thanksgiving, GIS Day --this year on Nov. 14 -- is a celebration that becomes familiar to more people each year. Officially, it is a day that professionals who use geographic information systems (GIS) in their work get together to share new ideas, techniques and applications.
And what is GIS? GIS combines computers, software, data and skilled users to look at spatial relationships among data. For example, making a map showing the numbers of youth younger than 18 in a given area allows planners to determine school district boundaries, possible locations for new schools or the most efficient school bus routes.
In the past 10 years, GIS Day has also become a youth celebration as more young people develop an interest in geospatial activities. One familiar example is the growing popularity of geo-caching using global positioning system (GPS) as a family activity.
A little more than 10 years ago, GPS/GIS became a 4-H project. Curriculum was developed, a nationwide youth tech team was formed and the 4-H Community Atlas website came online, all with the goal to introduce youth to the fun and the practical applications of geospatial technology through 4-H. ESRI, the company responsible for ArcView GIs software, has supported 4-H club community mapping projects for many years. Club volunteers and youth can write grants to get licenses for ArcView software that they can use for up to 18 months to do community projects. Hundreds of grantees around the country have used this to do community service projects like mapping emergency shelters and emergency evacuation routes, showing the availability of healthy foods and location of "food deserts" and designing community walking trails. They've also used them for inventorying the health of community trees, documenting erosion along river beds after floods and mapping local historical landmarks. 4-H youth in the geospatial project show their maps at county and state fairs to earn both 4-H and National Geographic awards. 4-H youth are invited to present at the annual ESRI Conference where thousands of adult participants hear them give talks about their projects.
One significant aspect of this project is its potential to help youth with future careers. GPS/GIS skills are used in workplaces in fields as diverse as agriculture, medicine, forestry, oceanography and marine biology, environmental science, city planning and law enforcement. In fact, almost every discipline uses GIS data, and the need for geospatial professionals is expected to grow significantly in the future. Youth who learn some of these skills before college have a head start if they decide to specialize in the field and just knowing how to find and use GIS data and maps is an advantage in almost every job.
How can we make this opportunity available to youth in our area? We need adults who would like to work with youth on GPS/GIS projects. Whether you already work in this field or would like to learn more about it, if working with young people to introduce them to the world of geospatial technology sounds exciting, please contact me at the Regional Engagement Center, (970) 522-7207, to learn how to get started. | <urn:uuid:c3f2c793-9feb-4598-9ed7-0cea0e5c96a2> | {
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- Who Should Use This Tool and for What?
- What Does This Tool Do?
- When Should This Tool Be Used?
- What If Climate and Disasters Have Already Been Considered In Design?
Who Should Use This Tool and for What?
Who: Development practitioners and Task Team Leaders designing agriculture-focused projects. The tooI covers a range of physical and non-physical investments and includes the following categories of Sub-sectors:
- Irrigation and Drainage
- Crops and Land Management
- Rural Transport
- Storage and Processing
Non-physical components addressed include awareness raising, agricultural and veterinary extension, and research. Note that fisheries and forestry are best addressed in the General Tool.
What Does This Tool Do?
What the tool does: It serves as a self-paced guide for practicing due diligence during project design. Specifically, it guides users through a high-level screening of projects for risks from climate and geophysical hazards. Using this tool will help ensure project teams that they have considered what effects climate change and natural disasters could have on a project.
The greatest value of the tool is that it provides a structured and systematic process for understanding climate and disaster risks. The actual risk ratings themselves, while instructive, should inform further consultations and dialogue, and help determine the appropriate level of effort for further studies during project design. The tool does not provide a detailed risk analysis, nor does it suggest specific options for making a project more resilient.
When Should This Tool Be Used?
When: At an early “concept” stage of project development.
Note that a good understanding of the project location and components is required. The tool can be revisited if a project is modified or additional information is acquired.
This tool is a form of due diligence. It does not review needs or recommend solutions in sufficient detail for input into project design.
What If Climate And Disasters Have Already Been Considered In Design?
If your project team has already designed measures to reduce risks from climate and disasters, use of this tool is still recommended. It helps ensure that a broad range of hazards are considered, including some that might not have been identified earlier. The project team should then be sure the risk ratings they apply in the tool reflect the measures they have already designed.
For example, if your project team is already planning to base the design of an irrigation system on future climate projections of precipitation, your rating of potential impact in this tool should be lower than if you did not have plans to do so. Whenever a potential impact rating is revised downwards for this reason, the teams using the tool could include explanatory notes to clarify this and validate ratings with others reviewing the screening. | <urn:uuid:e1f9322a-941d-4bf8-be5d-b93f8515383d> | {
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Asteroid makes close pass by Earth Monday
York University Prof. Paul Delaney, pictured in his oiffice on Jan. 23, 2015, holds up a globe of the moon and a chunk of iron meteorite as astroid 2004BL86 will come as close as 1.2 million kilometers on Jan 26, 2015. (Dave Thomas/Toronto Sun)
Time to whip out some popcorn and a telescope.
A large asteroid is expected to pass Earth on Monday night and, according to one York University professor, Canada has scored great seats to this particular show.
Prof. Paul Delaney and his team of 20 students are set to watch the asteroid – named 2004BL86 – pass Earth on Monday.
At 680 metres, the asteroid is fairly large but no threat to Earth, flying past at a distance of 1.2 million kilometres – three times the distance between the Earth and its moon.
“It’s the biggest object for another 12 years that’s going to get this close, so it’s unique in that regard,” Delaney said. “But no, it poses no threat.”
Asteroids fly by Earth all the time, some passing even closer than Monday’s visitor.
“Some are not much larger than your couch; some are as big as a house,” Delaney said.
Most telescopes – unless they’re large – will only be able to make out a “point of light moving across the sky.”
“But what is very neat is that it’s a point that will be perceptibly moving over the space of a few minutes,” Delaney said.
This particular asteroid was discovered in 2004. It’s large enough to do some serious damage if it was heading straight for Earth.
“If an object this big, for example, would actually smash into the Earth, it would be what we call an extinction-level event,” Delaney explained. “It’s an object about this size that took out the dinosaurs and about 90% of all life on earth, 65 million years ago.”
At more than a million kilometres away, Monday night’s asteroid is harmless. But, studying it closely could give astronomers answers to deal with potential future threats.
“If we’re going to ever deflect or modify the behaviour of these asteroids, you obviously need to know as much about them as you possibly can,” including their point of origin and density, Delaney said.
Armageddon may be a scientifically inaccurate movie but the potential threat portrayed in it is “very real.”
“That’s why astronomers are always looking for them,” he said.
Weather permitting, asteroid enthusiasts and astronomers will be able to view 2004BL86 Monday night, when it’s expected to be at its brightest.
York University’s observatory offers live viewing online.
“This will be one of the objects we chase down and we’ll transit imagery of it out to the Internet,” Delaney said. | <urn:uuid:a94c7f94-c64b-4e1b-a940-d5bab3da6823> | {
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About Public Notices
Public notices inform citizens of the everyday activities of government and the courts, and provide transparency and accessibility to citizens who want to know more about government actions. They allow the public to influence governing bodies and to be an active participant in a democratic society.
Newspapers are the watchdogs of their local communities and can most effectively monitor the actions of their respective local governments. This not only allows local residents to be informed, but it also forces local public officials to be held accountable. Additionally, public notices in newspapers are permanent records that cannot be altered or deleted.
To be effective, public notices must have these attributes:
• Public notices must be published by an independent third party, such as local newspapers.
• Public notices must be archivable in a secure and publicly available format like print newspapers.
• The notice is conveniently accessible by all segments of society.
• Public notices must be verified with an affidavit of publication.
In South Carolina, legislators have long recognized the importance of maintaining an accountable and transparent government by requiring the publication of public notices in newspapers. In order to expand and enhance public access to these public notices, the South Carolina Press Association has partnered with the Palmetto State’s newspapers to establish this digital public notice database. This convenient and searchable site is maintained by the S.C. Press Association, which represents 100 daily and weekly newspapers in South Carolina, and is available at no cost to the public.
For a guide to public notice/legal advertising laws in South Carolina, visit scpress.org. | <urn:uuid:b8ee8773-b4a3-4cc9-a258-305781dafecc> | {
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Georgia Literature Commission
Georgia launched its first major campaign against obscene literature in 1953, when the General Assembly unanimously voted to establish the Georgia Literature Commission. The onset of the paperback book revolution in the years after World War II (1941-45), the rising popularity of adult magazines, and the introduction of Playboy magazine in the United States led the legislature to create the commission, consisting of three members who would meet monthly to investigate literature that they suspected to be "detrimental to the morals of the citizens of Georgia." If the commission determined something to be obscene, it had the power to inhibit distribution by notifying the distributor and then, thirty days later, recommending prosecution by the proper prosecuting attorney. Governor Herman Talmadge appointed Atlanta minister James P. Wesberry, Royston newspaper publisher Hubert L. Dyar, and Greensboro theater owner William R. Boswell to serve four-year terms.
Most of the commission's early work was through a program of mutual cooperation with publishers, distributors, and retailers, although the commission became increasingly ineffective in its dealing with magazines, as it could prohibit distribution of a particular issue it found to be obscene but not any future issue. In late 1956 four out-of-state publishing companies sued the commission in federal district court on the grounds that the statute establishing the commission was unconstitutional. A special three-judge appellate panel ruled that the statute as correctly construed did not raise a constitutional question. Because the court concluded that the commission did not have any powers of censorship—the commission could only recommend to distributors that a publication not be sold or to prosecuting attorneys that a distributor be prosecuted—the suit was subsequently dismissed.
Through 1967 the commission was required to take legal action in only six instances. The beginning of the end of the commission's efforts came on August 19, 1966, when the commission sought and received a declaratory judgment in Muscogee County Superior Court that Alan Marshall's Sin Whisper (1965) was obscene. The Georgia Supreme Court also sided with the commission, concluding that the book was "filthy and disgusting." The unanimous opinion continued, "Further description is not necessary, and we do not wish to sully the pages of the reported opinions of this court with it." The U.S. Supreme Court, however, reversed the judgment without comment in a memorandum decision without any explanation of why the book was not obscene, without any comment about the standards applied by Georgia courts determining it to be obscene, and without any ruling on the constitutionality of the commission itself. Other books chosen for review by the commission were Erskine Caldwell's God's Little Acre (1933), J. D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye (1951), Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead (1948), George H. Smith's Strip Artist (1964), and John Dexter's Lust Avenger (1965).
The commission ceased operations sometime after 1973, a victim of Governor Jimmy Carter's zero-based budgeting system, which required state agencies to justify their existence each fiscal year. Coupled with his and successive governors' failure to appoint replacements for the two commission members who died that year, the agency was thereafter unable to conduct business.
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Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body stops producing insulin in the pancreas.
The pancreas lies at the back of the abdomen and has two main functions:
- to produce a juice that flows into the digestive system to help us digest food
- to produce the hormone called insulin.
Insulin is the key hormone that controls the flow of glucose (sugar) in and out of the cells of the body.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin output because of auto-immune damage to the pancreas gland.
Damage to the pancreas can occur for a many reasons, eg a viral infection. But the most common cause in type 1 diabetes is the body's own immune system.
Insulin-producing cells in the pancreas of people with type 1 diabetes are destroyed by cells that normally defend us from invading organisms.
This is called an 'auto-immune' process, referring to the fact the body appears to turn against itself. The reason why this happens in unknown.
Type 1 diabetes used to be called 'insulin dependent diabetes'.
This is because this type of diabetes always requires insulin treatment.
As some people with type 2 diabetes now also require insulin, the term type 1 is preferred.
There are other auto-immune diseases, for example of the thyroid and adrenal glands.
They are more frequent in people who have Type 1 diabetes.
This may reflect an inherited tendency to developing auto-immune disease that is triggered by some other factor in the environment.
Exactly what that trigger can be is still unclear, but there is some evidence to suggest that a virus infection or cow's milk could start the process off.
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Glucose is one of the key fuels used by the cells of the body for its energy needs.
The brain and nervous system use only glucose, while most other cells can also utilise fat for energy.
As a result of the lack of insulin output in type 1 diabetes, the blood sugar level climbs and glucose starts to appear in urine.
Because glucose use becomes very inefficient, a person with untreated type 1 diabetes develops symptoms such as:
If you experience any of these symptoms on a regular basis, you should see your GP and be tested for diabetes.
- increased thirst
- frequent urination, both day-time and night-time (nocturia)
- weight loss (although appetite often increases)
- itchiness, especially around the genitals, caused by overgrowth of yeast on the skin (thrush)
- other infections on the skin (yeast infections and boils) ) or urine infections.
A family history of diabetes makes it more likely that you will get diabetes too. Type 1 diabetes is much less common than type 2 diabetes.
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
Type 1 is treated by:
- regular injections of insulin. These are given daily or several times a day, depending on the type of insulin used. A standard treatment is to give one long acting insulin at night and injections of short acting insulins with meals. Insulin can occasionally be given via an 'insulin pump'. Consult your diabetes specialist team to see if a pump will be suitable for you
- staying physically active and getting plenty of exercise
- maintaining a steady weight
- eating a proper diet containing a controlled amount of carbohydrates, with low fat, sugar and salt content.
The goal of insulin treatment is to control the amount of insulin in the bloodstream so that glucose levels are normal, or near normal.
Treatment for diabetes depends on the individual.
It starts the first time you give yourself an insulin injection and continues through starting an exercise programme and eating the right types and amounts of food.
Your healthcare team, dietician, GP and diabetes specialist team are all on hand to give advice and guidance.
Ways to help yourself
- Keep an eye on any signs indicating either high or low glucose levels.
- Learn how to measure glucose levels and do it regularly. The most important piece of equipment is the home blood glucose meter, which enables you to measure your blood sugar levels and control your insulin dose.
- Try to follow your diet as carefully as possible. Learn how to adjust your insulin doses according to what you eat (so called 'carb counting').
- Learn how to give yourself insulin injections.
- Always carry glucose for the treatment of hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose). Occasionally, a glucagon injection (GlucaGen) may be necessary for severe hypoglycaemia.
- See your doctor on a regular basis to evaluate your blood glucose levels, carry out check-ups on your eyes, kidneys and feet, and check for any late stage diabetic symptoms.
- See your doctor early on if you become ill because it may cause your diabetes to become unstable.
- Note down glucose levels in a 'diabetes diary', which you can then discuss with your doctor.
But you may need to adjust your insulin dose according to the amount of exercise you do.
Too much insulin and exercise may lower your blood sugar level and lead to hypoglycaemia. Consult your diabetes team if you need specific advice.
A healthy diet
You can get specific dietary advice from a diabetes dietician.
What can I do to avoid Type 1 diabetes?
At present, you cannot prevent this type of diabetes.
But there are many scientific studies underway to investigate the cause, treatment and prevention of the disease.
- Low blood sugar levels leading to loss of consciousness.
- Inadequate insulin replacement will lead to high blood sugar levels and may also cause a serious illness called ketoacidosis.
- Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) can lead to poor circulation in the legs, stroke and heart conditions such as angina and heart attack.
- Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy).
- Diabetic retinopathy (diabetes-related eye disease).
- Diabetic neuropathy (degeneration of the nerves), leading to foot ulceration and infection.
- Susceptibility to infections, eg urinary tract infections.
In the long term
There is no cure for this type of diabetes.
But with proper treatment, there is a significant reduction in the risk of developing late-stage diabetic complications.
This means keeping your blood sugar level as close to normal as possible.
People with diabetes who also have high blood pressure suffer fewer complications if their blood pressure is kept under good control.
Diabetes makes hardening of the arteries more likely, and this risk is increased if you smoke as well. To reduce your risk, you should stop smoking.
Other people also read:
Diabetes: how common is diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes): Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with being overweight, but it's less clear what causes it, compared to the Type 1 disease. | <urn:uuid:8d649234-fc1f-4c6a-9e93-f4e5101d3a74> | {
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- The causes of poisoning
- Than you can not eat, if it happens to poison yourself
- How to eat after poisoning
- How to eat right so as not to get poisoned
For sure everyone though once in his life he was exposed to food poisoning. In the stomach, discomfort appears, nausea or vomiting appears … The thought of eating is unbearable, the intestine is upset. Of course, it is necessary to be more careful and attentive, pay attention to the shelf life of products, properly store them. Sooner or later, the symptoms of malaise pass, life gradually returns to the usual course. To restore the process correctly, you need to know what you can eat after poisoning.
Causes of poisoning
In the case of the appearance of the first symptoms, one should not expect “maybe, it will carry”. It is better to go to the hospital as soon as possible or call an ambulance. Especially if the temperature rises, there is weakness, diarrhea, stomach aches.
The causes of food poisoning are different:
- not thoroughly washed products;
- cooking without proper processing rules;
- incorrect storage conditions;
- expiration date.
It often happens that low-quality food is poisoned by children.
If there are symptoms of poisoning, it is better for the patient to lie down. So the body is easier to fight infection. Usually, a generous drink is prescribed to remove harmful substances from the body as soon as possible. If you feel sick, water helps to cleanse the stomach of the remnants of poor-quality food.
As a rule, while the body is busy cleaning, there is no desire. After a while after the poisoning comes relief and you can begin to gradually eat.
. However, such products should also be excluded from a healthy diet. Products should not irritate the inflamed walls of the stomach and intestines.
It is necessary to completely exclude sausages, fish, meat, canned goods, millet, pearl and barley porridge, coffee, cocoa, milk, sweet, spicy, fatty foods, lard.
Some of the permitted products can not be consumed in the first days of recovery. For example, often patients bring fruit, in this case they are not worth it.
How to eat after poisoning
The allowed products should be consumed in small amounts, literally a few spoons. For more food, the body may not have enough strength, as he spent a lot on fighting food poisoning.
Food that can be eaten after poisoning is cooked to a liquid state or to a puree state, so as to lower the stomach and internal organs as less as possible and thereby facilitate their early recovery. It is recommended to drink as much as possible pure drinking water or strong tea.
You can make a cup of chicken broth, drink a glass of tea with rusks. Or boil the potatoes and cook the mashed potatoes. The porridges on the water are good from buckwheat, rice, especially rice fastens.
If you do not like mashed potatoes or porridge, you can limit yourself to an abundant drink. To drink as much as possible pure water, tea, broth of a dogrose. If there is an appetite, it is useful to drink a glass of unsweetened tea with breadcrumbs.
What to eat the next day
The next day after poisoning you can eat light and rubbed dishes, little by little, but often. Recommended rice porridge on the water, chicken broth, jelly. You can add to the diet of boiled chicken meat, cooked it steamed or boiled, and the meat is better chopped.
You should continue to drink as much liquid as possible. Food should not be too cold or hot.
How to eat in the days to come
It is necessary to eat depending on the state of health, correlating health and stool.
It is useful to continue drinking decoction of broth, rice broth, boiled lean meat, decoctions of dried fruits, mashed carrots, mashed potatoes, biscuits.
Gradually, depending on how you feel, you need to return to the usual diet.
At the end of the recovery period, it is useful to buy in a pharmacy and take a course of probiotics – drugs that restore the intestinal microflora.
How to eat right so as not to get poisoned
It is important to draw the right conclusions from the incident, because poisoning is not only poor-quality products, but also non-observance of personal hygiene rules.
- You should definitely wash your hands before eating. And also every time after it happens to pet a pet.
- After cutting meat or fish, it is important to thoroughly wash your hands, table and board. Of course, for bread and meat you need to use not only different cutting boards, but also different knives.
- It is important to thoroughly roast fish, it is good to wash vegetables and fruits.
- Before opening cans of canned milk, condensed milk, beer cans, carefully wash the cover outside with a stiff brush, adding a dishwashing detergent. | <urn:uuid:e8addef5-7723-4738-96e5-98a53269c5ec> | {
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A late start is a head start when it comes to first-period classes, according to a new study of more than 6,100 students over four consecutive school years.
Building on a decade of sleep research, the findings tread new ground in directly linking start times with academic performance. The cause-and-effect was so powerful, in fact, that delaying a student's first class by just 50 minutes resulted in achievement improvements "equivalent to raising teacher quality by one standard deviation" — which is a common way of measuring teachers' classroom performance.
Investigators conclude that early-morning start times in high school — and even the first year of college — come at the cost of performance.
"The most interesting finding was that the effect lingered throughout the day," says study co-author Teny Maghakian, an economist at the University of California, Davis.
"It's not just that you do poorly in your first-period class then wake up and do well in the rest of your classes; having an early-morning class negatively affects your performance throughout the day."
Though previous studies have made similar inferences, Maghakian notes that those experiments tended to identify correlation instead of cause. That is, "the effect of starting early was bogged down with a lot of other things happening at the same time."
Her team's study, published in the August issue of the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, controls for potentially confounding factors — grading structure, class selection and teachers, for example — to isolate the "causal effect" of start times on achievement. (Although they draw data from students in their first semester of college, Maghakian says the results are applicable to high school populations because they share the same biological sleep patterns).
The authors conclude that "pushing back the time at which the school day starts would likely result in significant achievement gains for adolescents."
But they recognize that doing so is no easy task.
"If start times are later, then end times are later, which means students have less time for after-school activities, they can't get sports in, they can't work, they can't babysit. And some teachers don't want to work that late," says Maghakian. "So there's lots of hesitation. People always feel comfortable with the status quo."
The effect of start times on achievement is related to teenagers' circadian rhythm, or biological clock.
During adolescence, sleep researchers find melatonin production doesn't begin until roughly 11 p.m. (explaining why teens are such night owls), and continues in peak production until about 7 a.m. By contrast, adult melatonin levels peak at 4 a.m., the implication of which is that waking up a teenager at 7 a.m. is roughly the equivalent of waking an adult at 4 a.m.
In response to these findings — well-established for roughly a decade now — a small but growing number of Canadian schools are attempting to match students' biological and educational timetables.
At Toronto's Eastern Commerce Collegiate Institute, for example, a move in September 2009 from a 9 a.m. to a 10 a.m. start time has resulted in lower absenteeism, improved grades on most (but not all) fronts, and students having 30 minutes more sleep each night, on average, than those in a control group.
Trustee Cathy Dandy says any initial concerns were quelled when people realized the change wasn't about creating a new pattern for students but responding to an existing one — something she says most school districts remain hesitant to do.
"Despite paying a lot of lip service to wanting to meet the needs of children, it's very inconvenient for us when we have to change our system significantly to do so," says Dandy. "I'm optimistic this pilot will help change that." | <urn:uuid:6528c897-460d-4303-95ca-2eda07b5a13c> | {
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Outbreaks of epidemic disease have long been a threat to lives and livelihoods in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe. A cholera epidemic in 2008, measles in 2009, and malaria in 2010 each caused hundreds of preventable deaths and starkly illustrated that Zimbabwe lacks the capacity to protect vulnerable populations from the threat of communicable disease. Following each of these emergencies, International Medical Corps and partner NGOs responded with programmes to protect vulnerable populations in the future. As a result, subsequent outbreaks of these diseases were far less severe and did not reach epidemic levels.
Inspired by these achievements and supported by innovative funding from ECHO, International Medical Corps launched a programme, working in collaboration with the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health to build the emergency preparedness capacity in Mashonaland Central Province, to enable these communities to respond to the threat of epidemic disease themselves.
Shorai Chikonamombe from Tsakari area was one of 200 Village Health Workers trained by International Medical Corps in hygiene and health issues, disease prevention, identification and treatment. These VHW’s now form an essential part of the local primary health care system in the area.
The terms of the ECHO grant, provided each of the VHW’s with a bicycle, allowing Shorai and his colleagues to reach communities many miles from the health centre and visit people in their homes, thereby relieving strain on the busy clinic. The skills taught by International Medical Corps are now being passed on through community health clubs, set up by VHW’s and supported by our staff, spreading the simple but life saving messages about hygiene, latrines and spotting the signs of disease before they become fatal.
International Medical Corps is also training medical staff in clinics and hospitals across the region, in emergency care, disease management, primary and secondary healthcare and reproductive health. Through this co-ordinated approach to strengthening local capacity and community education, preventable, epidemic disease will one day become a thing of the past in this region of Zimbabwe.
Shorai believes that his status within his community has been boosted by the training and knowledge he now has, and his fellow villagers will listen to his advice about health and hygiene. The relief he hoped for has not come from the heavens but is being built day by day within the community itself. | <urn:uuid:8eb3bf96-58d0-491e-8587-04eb09dcfecd> | {
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Signs and symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) usually appears first as spots (called lesions) on the skin. The lesions can be purple, red, or brown. KS lesions can be flat and not raised above the surrounding skin (called patches), flat but slightly raised (called plaques), or bumps (called nodules). The skin lesions of KS most often develop on the legs or face, but they can also appear in other areas. Lesions on the legs or in the groin area can sometimes block the flow of fluid out of the legs. This can lead to painful swelling in the legs and feet.
KS lesions can also develop on mucous membranes (the linings of certain parts inside the body) such as inside the mouth and throat and on the outside of the eye and inner part of the eyelids. The lesions are usually not painful or itchy.
KS lesions can also sometimes appear in other parts of the body. Lesions in the lungs might block part of an airway and cause shortness of breath. Lesions that develop in the stomach and intestines can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Sometimes KS lesions bleed. If the lesions are in the lung, it can cause you to cough up blood and lead to shortness of breath. If the lesions are in the stomach or intestines, it can cause bowel movements to become black and tarry or bloody. Bleeding from lesions in the stomach and intestines can be so slow that blood isn’t visible in the stool, but over time the blood loss can lead to low red blood cell counts (anemia). This can cause symptoms like tiredness and shortness of breath.
Last Medical Review: 08/08/2014
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More Science Needed to Protect U.S. Arctic Ocean
Independent Review of Federal Study Recommends Next Steps
Further research is needed to guide conservation and development decisions in America's Arctic Ocean, according to a new white paper (PDF) commissioned by the Pew Environment Group and the Ocean Conservancy.
The paper, authored by 14 experts in Arctic marine ecosystems, evaluates a recent report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) An Evaluation of the Science Needs to Inform Decisions on Outer Continental Shelf Energy Development in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, Alaska summarizing gaps in Arctic Ocean research.
The scientists commend the USGS for identifying major science needs and call for setting priorities to address information still missing. They also emphasize the need to connect the research that has already been completed in various disciplines to provide a better understanding of the ecosystem as a whole.
The scientists recommend concrete next steps, including:
- Identify areas for protection. The Chukchi and Beaufort seas are home to bowhead whales, walruses, polar bears and other marine mammals found nowhere else in the nation and also are home to millions of migratory birds. The white paper notes that enough information is available now to set aside certain critical habitat areas.
- Establish long-term monitoring programs, including a series of stations where physical, chemical and biological data are collected repeatedly over time. “Almost every marine scientist now appreciates the absolute necessity of long-term monitoring for understanding ecosystem change,” the review says.
- Incorporate local and traditional knowledge. Alaska Native groups can provide insight into environmental trends and relationships that might not be available from other sources.
When it comes to the fragile Arctic, science, not politics, needs to guide decision-making - Marilyn Heiman, director of Pew's U.S. Arctic Program.
The recommendations arrive as the Obama administration is weighing oil industry requests to expand into Arctic waters. Federal approval could open the little-explored Chukchi and Beaufort seas to drilling. In addition to reviewing pending requests, the Department of the Interior is preparing a new five-year offshore oil and gas leasing plan. | <urn:uuid:1245bcb4-8110-400b-a0b5-a5f5867dab0b> | {
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The wastes contain heavy organic load and putrefied material. They include: i Human and animal excreta, ii Plenty of organic matter in the form of food residue; iii Detergents etc. The contamination of the environment is also being linked to some of the diseases that are around currently. It comes in all forms such as; gases or particulate, solid or liquid matter. It was on 26th of November, 1949 that the Constituent Assembly adopted, enacted and gave to the nation the Indian Constitution with the following preamble: We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved. Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. This can reduce the pollution load to about 60% in cities.
Types of Pollution Pollution can be of many types like noise pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution etc. Some do large scale trading while others are just small scale traders. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. Air pollution control and their chemistry. Water is now pure enough to drink. It can also be brought down if we use public transport more often instead of travelling via our own cars each time. These cook stoves burn fuel wood or biomass cakes and are used two to three times a day, daily.
Using harmful chemicals to prevent pests, insects go and mix up in the soil thereby making it poisonous for living beings. In densely populated cities where there are millions of cars on the roads, the level of carbon monoxide in the air is dangerously high. Nay, on the other hand, we add to that in one way or the other. Periyar plays an important role in Kerala because it is a source of drinking water and domestic use for many towns across the state and it is a reflection to Kerala's economy because it helps in activities like irrigation, fishery and industrial purposes. Many parts of the river do not seem to have any dissolved oxygen and no wonder they fail to support the growth of any desirable aquatic organisms.
Water wars are predicted between the nations and a time may come when this prime natural resource could cost more than petrol. Conclusion This widely spreading pollution need to be taken under control for the healthy survival of life on the planet in future. Truly, the… Air Pollution Issues in Delhi, India Introduction Ambient air pollution is one of the fastest growing environmental issues that faces cities across the globe. It is the need of the hour to create public awareness. We use the fixed effect model to construct the data and use hypothesis testing to testify our model through three characteristics: normality, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. The chemical nature, concentration and long persistence of the pollutants continually disturbs the ecosystem for years.
Let us now know the different types of pollution. Moreover, companies can decide to do the spatial fix in order to solve the crises of capitalism. Conclusion Man-made technological advancement is the major reason of all types of pollution. Some of them are used as a food by the plants and trees like carbon dioxide. Pollution has been divided into various categories based on its nature. This matter are consists of microscopic particles.
This report will investigate the processes involved in making superphosphate fertilizer, including the manufacture of sulfuric acid from sulfur using the contact process. People's health is also at a great risk. Often, rich Western countries take advantage of the dilemma of Third World countries. Millions of tonnes of untreated sewage are dumped daily into the river from the cities that lie along its banks. Different types of pollutions are causing harm to our planet in different ways.
Such unregulated and unplanned construction results in Visual Pollution. Effluents of the Gwalior Rayon Factory at Mavoor, about 21 km from Beypore, have created a pollution hazard in the river Chaliyar at Calicut, Kerala. Most cities along the river do not have sewage treatment plants and those that do have them can handle only part of the waste water. India needs is the ability to better inform its state government and civil society of the dangers pollution and all forms of environmental degradation has on its communities and terrain. It is also the responsibility of every individual to contribute from his level in reducing and preventing pollution, and then only we can give a pollution free environment to our next generations.
Water should be clear and tasteless, we can see fish swimming happily in the water and can we directly drink from it without any concern. Radioactive Pollution could be a result of radioactive weapon explosion or testing, mining and handling radioactive substances or accidents in radioactive power plants. We can stop environmental pollution by planting more trees and taking care of the existing ones. Now the average temperature on ground is 15o degrees above zero. Calcutta and Chennai have been found to be most contaminated metropoliss in India. Comment below your favorite tips from our pollution essay and share it across with your friends using the social share buttons on the side or below this section.
The increase of transportation and usage of pesticides and fertilizers have highly affected the quality of air and soil in villages. The problem was compounded by the use of fuels like coal, which is notoriously unclean, and a poor understanding of the causes and consequences of pollution. Some believe economic development is causing the environmental issues. A series of technological advances in machinery, such as the steam engine, along with a preponderance of other goods shifting from homes and small factories to large industrial settings brought about more and more pollution. It has been heavily abused as a convenient dumping ground for wastes and effluents of all kinds, including agricultural, industrial and domestic. | <urn:uuid:5326ca17-3861-4a16-b8e8-7e9fa582e162> | {
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Office workers with more light exposure at work had longer sleep duration, better sleep quality, more physical activity and better quality of life compared to office workers with less light exposure in the workplace, reports a new study from Northwestern Medicine and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The study highlights the importance of exposure to natural light to employee health and the priority architectural designs of office environments should place on natural daylight exposure for workers, the study authors said.
Employees with windows in the workplace received 173 percent more white light exposure during work hours and slept an average of 46 minutes more per night than employees who did not have the natural light exposure in the workplace. There also was a trend for workers in offices with windows to have more physical activity than those without windows.
Workers without windows reported poorer scores than their counterparts on quality of life measures related to physical problems and vitality, as well as poorer outcomes on measures of overall sleep quality and sleep disturbances.
The study was reported recently in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.
"There is increasing evidence that exposure to light, during the day, particularly in the morning, is beneficial to your health via its effects on mood, alertness and metabolism," said senior study author Phyllis Zee, M.D., a Northwestern Medicine neurologist and sleep specialist. "Workers are a group at risk because they are typically indoors often without access to natural or even artificial bright light for the entire day. The study results confirm that light during the natural daylight hours has powerful effects on health."
Zee is the Benjamin and Virginia T. Boshes Professor of Neurology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Northwestern Memorial Hospital.
"Architects need to be aware of the importance of natural light not only in terms of their potential energy savings but also in terms of affecting occupants' health," said co-lead author Mohamed Boubekri, an associate professor of architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
A simple design solution to augment daylight penetration in office buildings would be to make sure the workstations are within 20 to 25 feet of the peripheral walls containing the windows, noted Boubekri. "Daylight from side windows almost vanishes after 20 to 25 feet from the windows," he said.
The study group included 49 day-shift office workers; 27 in windowless workplaces and 22 in workplaces with windows. Health-related quality of life and sleep quality were measured with a self-reported form and sleep quality was evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Light exposure, activity and sleep were measured by actigraphy in a representative subset of 21 participants; 10 in windowless workplaces and 11 in workplaces with windows.
Actigraphy is a single device worn on the wrist that gives measures of light exposure as well as activity and sleep. This is an ambulatory physiological data logger that records motion and light illuminance. The motion was used to determine activity levels during waking time and to calculate sleep time. The light luminance was used for measures of light exposure during the workday period.
"Light is the most important synchronizing agent for the brain and body," said Ivy Cheung, co-lead author and Ph.D. candidate in neuroscience in Zee's lab at Northwestern. "Proper synchronization of your internal biological rhythms with the earth's daily rotation has been shown to be essential for health."
Also, people who get more light during the day may sleep better at night, which can also help improve health, Zee noted. | <urn:uuid:2ff06e64-be65-41bc-a69a-c5096413607b> | {
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The sight of eight long black legs scuttling over the floor makes some people scream and run – and women are four times more likely to take fright than men. Now a study suggests that females are genetically predisposed to develop fears for potentially dangerous animals.
David Rakison, a developmental psychologist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, found that baby girls only 11 months old rapidly start to associate pictures of spiders with fear. Baby boys remain blithely indifferent to this connection.
In an initial training phase Rakison showed 10 baby girls and boys a picture of a spider together with a fearful face. In the following test phase he let them watch the image of a spider paired with a happy face, and the image of a flower paired with a fearful face.
Despite the spider’s happy companion, the girls looked significantly longer at it than at the flower. The researchers took this to mean that the girls expected spiders to be linked with fear. The boys looked for an equal time at both images.
Not born in me
With a different group of babies, Rakison first showed a spider with a happy face, and a flower with a fearful face. Now the girls too looked at both images for the same length of time – implying that they did not have an inborn fear of spiders.
The results suggest that girls are more inclined than boys to learn to fear dangerous animals. By contrast, says Rakison, modern phobias such as fear of flying or injections show no sex difference.
He attributes the difference to behavioural differences between men and women among our hunter-gatherer ancestors. An aversion to spiders may help women avoid dangerous animals, but in men evolution seems to have favoured more risk-taking behaviour for successful hunting.
It makes evolutionary sense to acquire spider fear at a certain age, rather than to be born with it, he adds. “There is little reason for an infant to fear an object unless it can respond to it, for example by crawling away,” he says.
But if being scared of spiders is genetically predisposed, is there any point in seeing a shrink? “Even if a person is heavily predisposed to develop spider phobia, exposure therapy would still be effective,” says Jaime Derringer, a clinical psychologist from Washington University in St Louis. “But it may be more difficult to ‘unlearn’ the association between spiders and a fearful response,” she says.
Journal reference: Evolution and Human Behavior, DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.002
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2 year course
Exam board: Edexcel
Course code/specification number: 1GB0
Level of qualification: GCSE
What skills will students develop and demonstrate?
This is a qualification that enables your students to explore the world, the issues it faces and their own place in it, and to help prepare them to succeed in their chosen pathway. Students will learn to communi- cate in a variety of ways, including extended writing and graphical forms. Research skills for field trips. Use new technologies such as GIS, to assist geographical investigation.
What will students learn about?
There are 3 components to GCSE geography.
- Component 1: Global geographical issues.
Students will learn about hazardous Earth, development dynamics & challenges of an urbanising world.
- Component 2: UK geographical issues.
Students will learn about the UK’s evolving physical landscape – in- cluding coastal change and conflict and river processes and pressures. The UK’s evolving human landscape – including a Case Study - Dy- namic UK cities. Geographical investigations – including one physical fieldwork investigation and one human fieldwork investigation linked to the above.
- Component 3: People and environment issues.
Students will learn about people and the biosphere, forests under threat & consuming energy resources.
How will students’ learning be assessed?
Component 1: written exam with three 30-mark sections. The exam includes multiple-choice questions, short open, open response and extended writing questions, calculations and 8-mark extended writing questions.
Component 2: written exam with three sections. The exam includes multiple-choice questions, short open, open response, calculations and 8-mark extended writing questions.
Component 3: Written exam with 4 sections. The exam includes multiple-choice questions, short open, open response and extended writing questions. Section C will include 8-mark extended writing questions and Section D will offer a choice of one from three decisions assessed through a 12-mark extended writing question.
What grades can students’ access?
Students can access grades 1-9
What can students’ progress on to after completing this course?
A level geography.
Town planning/ urban planning, travel writing, conservation officer.
For further information please contact:
Miss. K. Trainer Subject Leader [email protected]
Mr. L. Bradbury Assistant Head [email protected] | <urn:uuid:ad9e704a-073e-4696-81e5-8d54cba3aecc> | {
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GOOD MORNING! In this week's Torah portion, Noah plants a grapevine shortly after leaving the ark. At his earliest possible convenience, he makes wine and proceeds to get drunk. The Midrash tells that when one drinks one cup of wine, he becomes like a lamb, docile and peaceful. After two cups, he becomes like a lion, boastful of all the great things he believes he will accomplish. After three cups, he dances like a monkey. After four cups, he rolls in the mud like a pig.
The story is told of a man who would drink to the point of inebriation and then sleep in the gutter of the street. The children would taunt him and throw things at him. His son, a prominent member of the community, was embarrassed by his father's drinking and arranged to keep his father at home. One day the son saw another drunk lying in the gutter with kids making fun of him. Quickly, he ran home to bring his father to witness the evils of drink. The father, upon seeing the drunk in the gutter and the taunting kids, walks up to the drunk and bends down to speak with him. On the way home the son asks his father, "What did you say to the man?" The father replied, "I didn't say anything. I just asked him where he got such good liquor."
Alcohol addiction - like any addiction - is difficult to overcome. Alcoholics Anonymous have a 12 Step Plan. It is really the basis for recovery from any addiction to a desire. We think we are in control of our lives. As long as we think we are in control of our lives, it is nearly impossible to break addictions or to change our character. The essence of Alcoholic Anonymous and similar efforts is for the person to realize that he does not have ultimate control over his life and that he needs help from a Higher Power.
THE TWELVE STEPS OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS
- We admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable.
- Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.
- Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.
- Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
- Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.
- Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.
- Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.
- Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.
- Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.
- Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.
- Sought through prayer and meditations to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out.
- Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.
Rabbi Dr. Abraham J. Twersky, founder and medical director of Gateway Rehabilitation Center, an addiction recovery program, tells the story of a man who refused to be a mentor for a recovering atheist alcoholic unless he agreed to pray every day. The alcoholic professed his disbelief in God, but agreed to what he felt was a ridiculous demand. After a couple of months the recovering alcoholic told his mentor that praying made a world of difference in his recovery. Said the recovering alcoholic, "I still don't believe in God, but now I realize that I am not God!"
One person and the Almighty is a majority. Turn your problems over to the Almighty and ask for help. You have a better chance of succeeding. They don't call Him "Almighty" for nothing. He has the power to help and by your asking for help, it makes it good for you for God to help you. Our goal in life is to perfect ourselves, to emulate God - and only if we recognize His existence and His power are we able to do that. (You might consider getting Starting Over -Using Torah and the Twelve Steps of Recovery to Find Happiness by Sima Devorah Schloss, Judaica Press, available from your local Jewish book store or by calling toll-free 877-758-3242.)
Torah Portion of the Week
The story of one righteous man in an evil generation. The Almighty commands Noah to build the ark on a hill far from the water. He built it over a period of 120 years. People deride Noah and ask him, "Why are you building a boat on a hill?" Noah explains that there will be a flood if people do not correct their ways (according to the comedian Bill Cosby, Noah would ask "How well can you tread water?"). We see from this the patience of the Almighty for people to correct their ways and the genius of arousing people's curiosity so that they will ask a question and hopefully hear the answer.
The generation does not do Teshuva, returning from their evil ways, and God brings a flood for 40 days. The water covers the earth for 150 days. The Almighty makes a covenant and makes the rainbow the sign of the covenant that He will never destroy all of life again by water (hence, James Baldwin's book, The Fire Next Time). When one sees a rainbow it is an omen to do Teshuva - to recognize the mistakes you are making in life, regret them, correct them/make restitution, and ask for forgiveness from anyone you have wronged as well as from the Almighty.
Noah plants a vineyard, gets drunk and then occurs the mysterious incident in the tent after which Noah curses his grandson Canaan. The Torah portion concludes with the story of the Tower of Babel and then a genealogy from Shem to Abram.
based on Love Your Neighbor by Rabbi Zelig Pliskin
Before judging the makers of the Tower of Bavel, the Torah states:
"And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which the children of man built." (Genesis 11:5)
If God is all-seeing and all-knowing, why did He come to view the city?
Rashi cites the Midrash Tanchuma which confirms that the Almighty did not actually need to come down to view the tower. He did so in order to teach judges not to condemn anyone until they investigate and understand the entire situation.
In a broad sense, there is a lesson here for everyone, not only for judges - for we are all judges of the actions of others. Let us not condemn anyone on the basis of hearsay or circumstantial evidence. We must view a person favorably unless we have carefully investigated the matter and have established beyond a doubt that he is guilty of the charges against him.
VITAL LINKS FOR ISRAEL NEWS & TO HELP ISRAEL:
Arutz 7 -- http://www.IsraelNationalNews.com
CAMERA -- http://www.world.std.com/~camera
Daily Alert -- http://www.jcpa.org/daily
Jerusalem Post -- http://www.jpost.com
Jewish Telegraphic Agency -- http://www.jta.org
HonestReporting.com -- http://www.honestreporting.com
Independent Media Review and Analysis -- http://www.imra.org.il
Middle East Media Research Institute -- http://www.memri.org
Palestinian Media Watch -- http://www.pmw.org.il
Israel Insider -- http://www.israelinsider.com
CANDLE LIGHTING - October 11:
(or go to http://aish.com/candlelighting)
Guatemala 5:27 Hong Kong 5:45 Honolulu 6:52
J'Burg 5:53 London 5:52 Los Angeles 6:06
Melbourne 6:15 Miami 6:39 Moscow 5:15
New York 6:04 Singapore 6:36
QUOTE OF THE WEEK:
Make the mistakes of yesterday
your lessons for today.
With Thanks to | <urn:uuid:1f1e5e83-6f92-4279-83f1-088c3ea48ee8> | {
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In April 1866 Emily Harrison of Sandwich brought suit against Noble P.
Courts decide if Noble Swift was less than noble
In April 1866 Emily Harrison of Sandwich brought suit against Noble P. Swift of West Sandwich (presently Sagamore) for breach of promise to marry. In earlier times this was a serious matter and courts allowed a woman to claim damages when she felt an insincere suitor had wronged her.
Prior to the industrial revolution, females had little economic opportunity. They could be schoolteachers, but that was limited to single women only. Females had to rely for survival on a man's financial support through marriage.
A failed engagement could tarnish a woman’s reputation and make it difficult to find another man willing to marry her. That the judicial system recognized this can be seen as early as 1818 when a Massachusetts court declared: “It is also for the public interest that conduct tending to consign a virtuous woman to celibacy should meet with punishment which may prevent it from becoming common.”
It was in this context that the breach of promise to marry was brought against Noble P. Swift, a 36-year-old widower with three children. Swift ran a successful and prosperous slaughterhouse operation in West Sandwich. He bought cattle, sheep and hogs by the hundreds at the stockyards in the Brighton section of Boston and would drive them over the primitive roads back to Sandwich. From there he distributed his dressed meats all over the Cape.
Swift had several younger brothers helping him and one of them, Gustavus, ultimately left for Chicago and ended up establishing his own meatpacking operation, the famous and still flourishing, Swift & Co.
A newspaper at the time said that Emily Harrison, the plaintiff, was "a young lady of English birth and parentage, some 20 years of age." Harrison claimed that the defendant, Noble Swift, "had sought her in marriage, had engaged her affections and had then broken his engagement under circumstances of peculiar aggravation, to the great injury of her reputation and feelings.”
Harrison’s mother was the first to testify and she told the court that Swift had started courting her daughter in the summer of 1863. She stated he took Emily to public places, including a dancing school and spent a great deal of time at their home. Furthermore, he arranged to send Emily to school and paid for her board and did other things that showed his intentions.
This continued until February 1864, when his interest in her daughter substantially declined. Mrs. Harrison testified that she became very upset with Swift and told him her daughter's health was suffering because of his inattentions, and she reproached him for the wrong that he had done. She ended her testimony be saying that Swift renewed some interest, but ceased seeing Emily in June 1864.
On the stand, Emily Harrison told of Swift's offer to marry and that she had accepted. She corroborated her mother's testimony that Swift had paid for her school board because she felt he wanted to have her educated so that she could teach his three young children.
Emily claimed his ardor ultimately subsided after six months. At one point she said that Swift told her that he would marry her, but only if she would give up her connections to her parents. Emily stated that she told him this was something she would never do. After that, all contact ceased between her and Swift.
When Noble Swift presented his side of the story he told the court that three weeks after his wife had died, Emily’s mother had approached him and with the idea that Emily would make him a good wife. Swift claimed that Mrs. Harrison asked him many times to call on Emily and he finally agreed to do so.
He confirmed that he had paid for Emily's board while she attended school and that he took her to dancing classes, but he said he also brought his niece to the classes. Swift said he lost ardor for Emily over time, but returned to see her one last time after Mrs. Harrison told him that he had broken her daughter's heart.
Swift recalled that when he saw Emily again he apologized if he had been the cause of her illness. He said he begged her forgiveness and received her pardon. At that point, he told her that he would marry her if she gave up her connection to her family, but she declined.
Swift’s lawyer followed with witnesses and letters that indicated Emily was seeing another man by the fall of 1864 and he stated that it was impossible to believe that she was totally bereft when just three months after the breakup Emily was writing letters of endearment to someone else. The lawyer admitted that at one point there was indeed a verbal contract of marriage, but the engagement was broken with Emily’s consent. Certainly, he claimed, there was no material harm to the plaintiff.
The all-male jury took one full day to review the case, but could not reach a verdict. It was later learned that there were eight votes for the plaintiff and four for the defendant. The case was retried five months later and this time the jury ruled in favor of Emily Harrison. Swift was ordered to pay her $1,500 in damages, which is approximately $21,000 in today's economy.
Three years later, Emily Harrison married widower James Thorp, 37. There is no record of children born to that marriage. Noble Swift never remarried and lived a prosperous life until his death at 81 in 1911. It was not until the 1930s that states began to remove breach of promise to marry from their legal proceedings. | <urn:uuid:63b51bd6-c344-4cba-9765-d6a942d2eaf3> | {
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Foreign donors should contribute sustainable timber in Aceh reconstruction efforts
The two organizations say that to avoid the clearing of hundreds of thousands of Indonesian forests, alternative foreign sources of timber should be explored so as not to create further financial burdens on the Indonesian government.
Greenomics and WWF are proposing that some of the aid already pledged by donors for the reconstruction of Aceh should be made in the form of timber. They calculate that this would amount to one million cubic meters per year, an amount that could quite easily be met by the donors' joint efforts.
“The option of sourcing timber as aid from other countries is much more rational than accelerating land clearing of natural forests in the name of the reconstruction of Aceh,” said Elfian Efendi, the Executive Director of Greenomics.
"It is also important that the timber comes from sustainable sources. Otherwise in tackling one disaster we shall merely be creating another one."
Greenomics and WWF fear that if the government continues to source timber, particularly unsustainable supplies from Indonesia, this will lead to severe flood and landslide problems. Even before the tsunami about 70 per percent of timber was estimated to come from unsustainable sources.
“The WWF-Global Network is prepared to provide assistance to the Indonesia government to source timber internationally by approaching international organizations and International donor agencies to mobilize timber and develop aid policies and mechanisms to push the process,” said Mubariq Ahmad, Executive Director of WWF-Indonesia
The proposal for foreign aid in the form of timber is backed by Indonesian parliament.
“This is a creative solution which will reduce pressure on the Indonesia’s natural forest, “ Sarwono Kusumaatmadja, a prominent parliamentarian and former Environment Minister.
For further information:
Elfian Effendi, Executive Director
Tel: +62 21 7279 7226
Cellphone: +62 818 959 243
Mubariq Ahmad, Executive Director
Tel: +62 21 576 1070
Cellphone: +62 812 105 4587 | <urn:uuid:baaadea6-caa9-4313-9563-32bc95369022> | {
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Today we continue looking at Koerner's notes from Howard Pyle.
All things in sunlight are lighter than white in shadow. (See GurneyJourney post on this subject, link.)
A picture is more articulate where the light is concentrated on certain part rather than on all of it.
In a diffuse light everything is soft and close in tone.
Treat lamplight similar to sunlight, only shadows are denser.
Keep your shadows the same strength.
If you face strong sunlight in a picture your color is in your shadows.
In painting anything, don’t get different qualities in your shadow.
After picture is right in tone, finish up by studying edges and keep your shadows out of the light.
If two or more figures are together you can bind them together by running a shadow of same strength from one to the other.
Images from the Atheneum, link. | <urn:uuid:0147b06f-0881-46a7-96b7-e2780e50fa38> | {
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Contraptions, chaos, and creativity11/02/2016
New teaching resources are launched to accompany a web-series.
Joseph Herscher, a.k.a Jiwi, with his jetpack. Image: NZ On Air.
Start collecting marbles and cardboard tubes: the kinetic potential of everyday objects is being celebrated with a new set of science resources.
Practical physics is made fun in Jiwi’s Machines, a homegrown, engaging new web series funded by NZ On Air. And to complement the clips, a set of science education resources has also been launched for students in years 4 – 8.
Jiwi’s Machines is a four-episode web series that follows Jiwi (kinetic artist Joseph Herscher) as he builds complicated contraptions. Each episode introduces the creative possibilities of simple machines and physics: from a breakfast-delivering contraption to an ingenious lightbulb-changing device.
The teaching resources, created by science educator Brigitte Glasson and designed by illustrator Nic Marshall, are linked to The New Zealand Curriculum, in particular the Physical World strand. The resources explore important scientific concepts such as friction, balance and gravity.
“The wonderful thing about Brigitte’s lesson plans is how they combine doing and thinking with a great sense of humour,” says Herscher. “She’s really up to date on the New Zealand science curriculum and she uses a hands-on approach to model what 21st century science learning can look like.”
Herscher hopes the series, science videos and educational resourceswill inspire Kiwi kids and their teachers to get creative.
“I’d love to see classrooms build their own crazy machines and film them and send them to us,” he says.
“Collect up cardboard tubes, marbles, tennis balls, boxes, bicycle wheels, pull things out of shelves and start playing around. Any old household object has kinetic potential!”
Extra science video clips focus on the workings of important machine components such as levers and pulleys, axles and wheels.
The teaching resources can be found here. | <urn:uuid:c674fc69-837f-43e2-883a-d64c9287907a> | {
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Editor's note: These articles appeared online at http://www.subhaschandrabose.org/. They first appeared in print in Netaji: His Life and Work, edited by Shri Ram Sharma, published in 1948 by Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co. Ltd., Agra
Some Intimate Recollections
From his early boyhood when Subhas Chandra Bose journeyed alone to the Himalayas in search of personal salvation, up to the years of his mature manhood when he travelled to distant lands in search of national salvation, his life was all of one pattern: the life of a Grand Rebel whom the pathetic subjection of this ancient land turned into an uncompromising political revolutionary. He was not a mere political; he regarded his life as a complete dedication to a sublime Cause rooted in spiritual reality. This was clearly brought out in the title “An Indian Pilgrim” which he had adopted for his unfinished autobiography.
His unwavering faith in God, a rare quality which he had in common with Mahatma Gandhi, impressed everyone who came into close contact with him. While Chittaranjan Das was his political guru, his spiritual mentor was Swami Vivekananda. During the period I personally knew him, 1938-40, he used to visit frequently, often late at night, the Ramakrishna Mission Ashram in Calcutta. When he went to bed, he almost always kept under his pillow a small book - a pocket edition of the Bhagvad Gita. He was so steeped in its ethics and philosophy that one day he said to me: "How can I possibly accept Ahimsa as an inflexible principle of action, when Sri Krishna himself exhorted Arjuna not to run away from a righteous war, a dharmayuddha?"
And so, when the opportune moment arrived, he organised the Indian National Army, and led it into battle against the British Empire in India. In that stupendous task he displayed, a rare genius for organisation, strategy and tactics. His eye for the minutest detail, his unaffected camaraderie, his sincerity of purpose, his passionate faith, his burning love and his burning hate are scarce commodities in independent India today.
Not infrequently described as the 'stormy petrel' of Indian politics, his meteoric career showed that he was in his element during times of stress and strain, crisis and upheaval. He throve on opposition which evoked all that was best in him. He rode the whirlwind and directed the storm.
With the passing of the years he had, by a process of spiritual discipline, though not in the orthodox style, woven a satisfactory pattern of intense external activity drawn from his inner poise and tranquility. His chubby face with its cherubic smile concealed a granite core of will. Gentle and affectionate in disposition, he could be very firm, even relentless, whenever occasion demanded it. Truly could it be said of him in the words of the Sanskrit poet: Vajradapi Kathorani, Mridooni Kusumadapi - "harder than the diamond; softer than a flower."
To know him was to love him. He rarely lost his temper, and the only outward sign of anger or irritation in him would be a sudden disconcerting silence, and at times a frowning, even stern mien; but there was seldom a violent outburst. The erring person would express his regret, and, presently, Netaji's smooth, unruffled countenance would put everyone at ease.
Had it not been for his warm and joyous response ("I welcome you with all my heart. What will be a loss to the Service will be a gain to the country") to my request for advice and guidance, followed by an equally cordial meeting at the Nagpur residence of a Congress Minister in February, 1938, on his way home from Haripura, I doubt whether I would have resigned from the I.C.S. when I actually did - in April 1938. I was irresistibly impelled to enter politics when he was Congress President, and I am glad I did so; for I learnt far more from him about militant politics than I have from anyone else so far. Though he talked much about politics, national and international, he knew when to keep silent; he often used to say, "Life is higher than politics".
In June 1938, shortly after my resignation from the I.C.S., I went to Calcutta, where unfortunately I fell ill. He insisted that I shift to his residence on Elgin Road, and when he followed the suggestion up by sending his car for me, I had to go. I spent nearly two months there, and it was a rich experience. As I slowly recovered from what looked like para-typhoid, I came to know him intimately, and my respect and admiration for him grew apace. His pious kindhearted mother and his nephews and nieces, some of whom were more attached to him than to their parents, often kept me company during the long, tedious hours of convalescence. I still have a vivid recollection of those few weeks which passed so pleasantly under the loving care of the man whose sacrifice and whose high-spirited letters from Mandalay Jail had strangely disturbed my mind during my college days.
As soon as I regained my health, he and I used to go for morning walks, usually in the Victoria Memorial Park, and I profited much from his rambling talks. He had a keen sense of humour, but it was never crude or vulgar. "There is no politics without tea," he would laughingly tell someone who declined a cup of tea. He was a veritable tea-addict; his record, I was told, was about two dozen cups in one day. He reduced the intake only on medical advice in later years. In the matter of food he was an epicure and loved the good things of the table. He would jocularly chide poor eaters, asking them how they could aspire to fight well for their motherland.
Once he showed me a letter which had been addressed to him as Subhas Chandra Bose, I.C.S., some 18 years after he had resigned, and remarked: "The power and charm of the I.C.S. is tremendous indeed." Inexplicably enough, it appears to be so even today. Thirty-six years have elapsed since I left the service, but still I occasionally get letters with the appendage "I.C.S." to my name on the envelope. It seems even some educated persons are under the impression that "I. C. S." means an academic degree or qualification.
During the period I knew him I could never suspect that he had suffered much from tuberculosis. He still had frequent bouts of illness, but they hardly interfered with his work; such was his strength of will and inner resistance. Who can ever forget the moving scene at Tripuri, near Jabalpur, in March 1939? He had been elected President of the Congress Session, in the first ever election, I believe, in the Party's history since the advent of Mahatma Gandhi; he had defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya who had been backed by the Congress High Command including the Mahatma. So after the result of the election was declared, Gandhiji wrote, "Subhas's victory is my defeat, after all he is not an enemy of the country". These words, coming as they did from Mahatmaji, were as gall and wormwood to Subhas who deeply respected him, but he did not retaliate in any manner whatsoever. Was it not Subhas who first called him the "Father of the Nation" in his wartime broadcasts from across the seas? Netaji was, however, much misunderstood by his colleagues while he was Congress President - may be because he did not kowtow to any of them, some of whom perhaps expected that from him as a younger man.
In the wake of the Mahatma's reaction to the election of Subhas, all the members of the Congress Working Committee resigned in a huff, and stated that they could not co-operate with the President-elect. All these happenings on the eve of session caused him acute pain and anguish, and proved too much even for his stoical temperament. When he arrived at Tripuri in early March for the session, he was a sick man.
I was accommodated in the President's camp. He was running a high temperature, and some Jabalpur doctors examined him and prescribed medicine and complete rest. They advised his removal to the Civil Hospital, Jabalpur, but he resolutely refused; "No, never, I would rather die here in the Narmada than be shifted to Jabalpur. I haven't come here to lie in a hospital". It was, however, amazing that the doctor's word was disbelieved by some of the topmost Congress leaders who went to the length of saying that Subhas was 'malingering', and that it was one of his usual "tricks". It was only when Dr. Gilder, the then Health Minister in the Bombay Cabinet, confirmed the earlier diagnosis and "certified" that he really have high fever that these men were silenced.
He was taken in an ambulance to the Subjects Committee meeting, and there reclining on a mattress spread out on the dais, while one of his nieces, Ila, applied icepacks to his fevered brow, he calmly and coolly conducted the proceedings. Even his harshest critics marvelled at the sight. The passage of the Pant resolution, thanks to the neutrality of some Congress Socialist Party delegates who had earlier voted for him in the election, sealed his fate; but he took it in good part and did not betray any annoyance.
Lying on his sick-bed in the camp, he wrote out the Presidential address, the briefest on record. But he proved a political prophet, in that on March 7, 1939, he predicted that "within the next six months", war would break out in Europe. Almost to the day, on September 3, the prophecy came true. He was too weak to attend the plenary session, and so his address was read out by his brother, Sarat Chandra Bose.
Editor's note: Key excerpts from the speech are presented below. The entire speech is available here.
In the first place, I must give clear and unequivocal expression to what I have been feeling for some time past, namely, that the time has come for us to raise the issue of Swaraj and submit our national demand to the British Government in the form of an ultimatum. ... If no reply is received within this period or if an unsatisfactory reply is received, we should resort to such sanctions as we possess in order to enforce our national demand.
The sanctions that we possess today are mass civil disobedience or Satyagraha. And the British Government today are not in a position to face a major conflict like an All-India Satyagraha for a long period. It grieves me to find that there are people in the Congress who are so pessimistic as to think that the time is not ripe for a major assault on British Imperialism. But looking at the situation in a thoroughly realistic manner, I do not see the slightest ground for pessimism.
The historic Tripuri session had a sequel, even for me. During the previous year, in October 1938, Congress president, Subhas had convened a meeting of the Industries Ministers of several Provinces, and despite the opposition of his colleagues on the Working Committee, he had set up the National Planning Committee. He subsequently offered its Chairmanship to Jawaharlal Nehru who gladly accepted, and in December 1938 I was appointed Secretary of the Committee. In February 1939, on the eve of the Tripuri session I issued a couple of press statements defending Subhas's stand. To my utter surprise Pandit Nehru interpreted this action of mine as "active participation in politics", and forbade it. I could not accept that position so long as my political activity did not adversely affect my secretarial work. I wrote to Panditji: "I have not resigned the I.C.S. merely in order to exchange one prison-house for another". Nehru, however, was adamant and forced the issue, and asked me to resign, which I did. When I told Subhas about it he said, "'your fault was that you took part in my politics, not his" (Nehru's) and gave a hearty laugh.
Subhas had in the meantime resigned the Presidentship of the Congress and launched the Forward Bloc with a view to preparing the country for the final struggle at the outbreak of war. I was appointed its first Organising Secretary. Three months later Subhas was virtually expelled from the Congress. But there was no rancour in his heart: he was already making his long-range plans.
He did not know much Hindi in 1938, but in less than a year his quick grasp and retentive mind enabled him to make effective speeches in that language. He used to tell me that the best way of learning a language was to hear it spoken by those really proficient therein. Though he had engaged a tutor, a Hindi Pandit at home, the latter once complained to me that his pupil was 'too lazy' to sit down and learn. He was quite right. Routine work bored him stiff, and made him even unpunctual. It was only adventure and fight that quickened his body and spirit.
When I was in Arthur Road Prison, Bombay, during 1940-41, undergoing a sentence of one year's rigorous imprisonment, I received from him a letter via the jail censor, dated January 18, 1941, saying that his health was not particularly good and that he would soon be back in jail. The day after I got it, the papers brought the news that he had disappeared from his Calcutta home, where he was on parole, under the very nose of the vigilant Indo-British Police and CID men. Even the Superintendent of my prison was astounded, and he casually asked me what could be the matter, as he himself had read the letter addressed to me only a couple of days earlier. I laughed outright and said: "Surely, in your safe custody here. I couldn't be a party to his disappearance". It was, however, good tactics on Subhas's part. He had sent similar letters to several friends all over the country, particularly to those whose correspondence was likely to be censored. Thus the machinery of Government intelligence was put off its guard, and probably the watch on his residence had consequently been relaxed.
I am not wide of the mark when I say that if Lokamanya Tilak could be described as the "Father of Indian Unrest", and Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of Indian Struggle", then verily Subhas Chandra Bose was the "Father of Indian Revolution".When will India see his like again?
Subhas the immortal
Today's politics is tomorrow's history. That is but a truism. But events happen in life which being the politics of the day, constitute the history of the day as well. Such is the flight of Subhas Babu beyond the borders of India across the fastnesses of Kabul to unknown regions for achieving unsuspected purposes. Whosoever thought that this silent sphinx of the Congress who stood mute and voiceless for a year of his tenure of office, would suddenly develop into a strategist, a warrior, a commander of forces, a rebel, and revolutionary in other than the softer meanings of the terms, and at last a mystery man whose whereabouts are unknown, who nevertheless is today adored as the hero in hiding and was yesterday worshipped as the martyr that was no more.
Greatness never advertises itself until it inevitably comes into the limelight of its own self-luminosity. Reflected light cannot be independent. They are planetary in character but the innate, self-born brightness of the stars emit their scintillations in their own time and lit the skies and the earth even from those astronomical distances which are not easily conceivable. Even so did Subhas Babu shine from afar like a radiant orb in the blue firmament. Alike from far-off Berlin in the West and from distant Tokyo in the East, Subhas Babu broadcast his thoughts and sentiments and unfolded on the wireless his plans and campaigns week in and week out to an amazed and astounded world that now believed them all and was thrown into raptures of hope and joy, and now disbelieved and was lost in doubt and despair.
Subhas was still a phantom and his name was still a sound when the Indian Armies under his leadership and command invaded Imphal and the eastern boundary of Manipur. Japan was in everyone's thoughts. And when the Japanese were threatening to invade Balasore and the armies on boundary marched towards Jamshedpur, it was Japan that was believed to be the mainspring and fountain-head of the mighty resources which were overwhelming the country.
But time solved all problems and riddles and resolved all doubts and difficulties. The return of the INA, the sensational trials that it led to, the wide advertisement that followed in their train, brought to light the hidden facts of this great adventure in modem history and revealed the real man in the mystic, the brave soldier in the civilian, the genuine revolutionary in the administrator. That Subhas's colleagues did not share his principles and policies could not detract for the glory of his adventure. No foreigner may be trusted to emancipate one subject country except to enslave it himself in turn. Yet the fact remained that the attempt unprecedented in character, colossal in magnitude and stupendous in achievement must be assessed at its innate worth without being discounted either by the rights and wrongs of the case or by the facts of its success or failure. The endeavour was an end in itself, apart from its potential (since become kinetic) value in disillusioning a nation in regard to its own enviable importance.
A new faith and fervour, yea a new philosophy has been generated in millions of dried-up and despairing hearts much as the showers of the monsoon would cover a fallow land with patches of green verdure. Subhas has proved to the world that Hindustan is still a land of valour and prowess, that the Indian has still in him that sense of national honour for the preservation and perpetuation of which his forefathers had shed their red blood. Subhas may be alive or dead in body, but his spirit and his name will endure long, yea forever in history, in common with the names of Alexander and Darius, of Caesar and Hannibal, of Czenkhis Khan and Temur Lane, of Harold the last of the Barons and William the Conqueror, of Cromwell and Guy Fawkes, of Kaiser and Hitler.
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The Third Order, Society of Saint Francis (TSSF), whose members are usually called Tertiaries, is the present day expression of the Order of Penitents, founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in the early 13th Century. Francis had already attracted to his own calling many men who became known as Friars Minor, or Lesser Brothers in English. Their mission and ministry was to preach the Good News of our Lord Jesus Christ and to make our Lord known and loved everywhere. With his encouragement a woman named Clare had established an enclosed Order of women, and they became known as the Minoresses, or the Poor Clares. The successors to Francis and his Friars, in the twenty-first century Anglican Church, are the brothers of the Society of Saint Francis (SSF) and the sisters of the Community of Saint Francis (CSF), and those of Saint Clare and her Sisters are the Community of Saint Clare (who by tradition use the letters OSC after their name).
There are now more than three thousand members of the Third Order world-wide, and so we are divided into Provinces: Europe (which has more than two thousand members), the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. The European Province is again divided into Clusters, and each cluster comprises a number of Areas, and within each Area there are local groups. You might be pleased to know that the most important unit in all this is the local group.
The Brothers and Sisters of the Third Order are vowed to lifelong Commitment to Christ and bear witness to the Gospel of Life in their homes and in the occupations to which they believe God has called them. They are those, married or single, ordained or lay, who though following the ordinary patterns of life, feel called to a lifelong dedication under a definite discipline, in accord with Saint Francis intention when he encouraged the first formation of a Third Order, recognising that unlike Friars Minor and the sisters who followed Saint Clare, many of God’s children are called to serve Him not in a literal acceptance of the Evangelical Counsels of Poverty, Chastity and Obedience, but in an observance of their spirit in the ordinary professions of life.
Anyone over the age of eighteen years who is an Anglican, or a member of a Church in Communion with us can become a member of the Third Order. The Formation program consists of a minimum 3 year period of both discernment and formation – discernment as to God’s call to the religious life in general and to the Franciscan life in particular, and formation as a Franciscan tertiary. This period consists of a period of aspirancy, usually lasting several months, a period of postulancy of at least 6 months and a period of novitiate of at least 2 years. | <urn:uuid:39737ed7-d31c-4101-b5d3-550082ccf995> | {
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Wisdom is knowing things that help a person to live sensibly and make good decisions. Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures. Some say that wisdom is something a person learns as they grow older. Other cultures expect people to complete certain rituals in order to get wisdom.
If someone has wisdom we say he is wise.
Most cultures from the past have had special people who were supposed to be wise. People asked them for advice when they had problems because they knew things that ordinary people did not know or could not know. They were often called "sages". | <urn:uuid:85bf2e9e-7a2f-4752-948c-6043c31f3593> | {
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We all have nights where we toss and turn, struggling to fall asleep. It’s known that Alzheimer’s disease itself leads to disruptive sleep patterns, and also that quality of sleep can either positively or negatively influence brain health. But new research suggests that even one night of poor sleep can affect your Alzheimer’s risk.
Otherwise healthy adults who couldn’t reach the deepest stages of sleep displayed a buildup of Alzheimer’s related proteins in their cerebral spinal fluid, according to the study.
The 17 participants, who were between the ages of 35 and 65, had no sleep disorders and considered themselves healthy, had their sleep tracked both at home and in a lab. The research team, led by neurologist David Holtzmann of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, interrupted participants’ sleep by sending intermittent beeps through headphones. The noises prevented them from falling into deep sleep. They were enough to disturb them, but not enough to wake them completely.
In just one night, poor sleep led to an increase of beta-amyloid in the brain, according to the findings. After one week of disruptive sleep, an increase in tau, another protein associated with Alzheimer’s, was apparent.
In short, the more deep sleep that was missed, the more toxic protein levels were present in the morning.
Previous findings have linked poor sleep quality to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s, and this study supports that. It also portrays the urgency of getting deep sleep, as it directly impacts your cognitive health.
Still, it’s not entirely clear which comes first in this chicken or the egg scenario. Does Alzheimer’s cause poor sleep, or does poor sleep contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s?
In any case, this new study provides a bit more insight into the relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s, and stresses the importance of early intervention. | <urn:uuid:b14fb9fe-efa3-4910-b967-07a5df15d081> | {
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An immunology specialist is a type of doctor that diagnoses and treats conditions that impact the immune system, such as allergies and auto-immune disorders. Doctors who wish to work in this field usually need additional training and certification beyond medical school or a fellowship in internal medicine or pediatrics. In some cases, an immunology specialist may work in a research laboratory or in an academic setting, investigating the causes of allergies or other immune responses, rather than treating patients.
Usually, an immunology specialist is certified in her field. The process of becoming an immunologist usually takes more than 10 years. Such a physician needs to complete a four-year undergraduate degree, then a medical degree. After earning the medical degree, she is usually expected to perform a residency in pediatric or internal medicine.
Once that initial residency is complete, she can begin a fellowship in immunology. After completing this phase of training, she needs to pass an examination to become a board-certified immunology specialist. To maintain the specialization, the doctor is expected to take continuing education courses throughout her career.
Immunology specialists diagnose allergies in patients. A physician can perform tests, such as a skin test or breathing test, to evaluate a patient's response to an allergen. Immunologists also diagnose allergic reactions on the skin, such as eczema or hives. Once a diagnosis is made, an immunology specialist develops a treatment plan to prevent the allergic reaction from occurring, or to treat it if it does occur.
Allergies are not the only condition that concern immunologists, however. They also evaluate and treat conditions of the immune system, such as auto-immune disorders. These occur when the immune cells attack healthy cells in the body. Examples of auto-immune disorders include lupus and multiple sclerosis. When a person has one of these diseases, her immune system attacks the organs and tissues of her body, leading to inflammation. To treat such auto-immune disorders, a physician may prescribe corticosteroids or drugs that suppress the immune system to alleviate the condition.
Some of these specialists treat patients with immune system deficiencies. A deficient immune system can be an inherited condition or caused by a virus. Usually, an immunologist will perform a blood test to diagnose an immunodeficiency. Treatments may include antibiotics to fight infections and therapy to improve the immune system's response.
An immunology specialist may choose to work in an academic setting instead of a clinical one. This type of doctor will conduct lab tests to develop new treatment methods or diagnostic tests. She may write papers detailing the results of her tests for publication in medical journals. In some cases, she may present her data at conferences.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:18a3aea6-7dca-4af0-91eb-74b2d0a880c1> | {
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Moses Blesses the Tribes of Israel
1These are the blessings that Moses, the man of God, pronounced on the people of Israel before he died.
2The Lord came from Mount Sinai;
he rose like the sun over Edom
and shone on his people from Mount Paran.
Ten thousand angels were with him,
a flaming fire at his right hand.#33.2: Probable text Ten thousand … right hand; Hebrew unclear.
3The Lord loves his people#33.3: One ancient translation his people; Hebrew the peoples.
and protects those who belong to him.
So we bow at#33.3: Probable text bow at; Hebrew unclear. his feet
and obey his commands.
4We obey the Law that Moses gave us,
our nation's most treasured possession.
5The Lord became king of his people Israel
when their tribes and leaders were gathered together.
6Moses said about the tribe of Reuben:
“May Reuben never die out,
Although their people are few.”
7About the tribe of Judah he said:
“Lord, listen to their cry for help;
Unite them again with the other tribes.
Fight for them, Lord,
And help them against their enemies.”#33.7: Probable text Fight for … enemies; Hebrew The tribe of Judah will fight for itself, and the Lord will help it against its enemies.
8 # Ex 28.30; Ex 17.7; Ex 17.7; Nu 20.13 About the tribe of Levi he said:
“You, Lord, reveal your will by the Urim and Thummim#33.8: Urim and Thummim: Two objects used by the priest to determine God's will; it is not known precisely how they were used.
Through your faithful servants, the Levites;
You put them to the test at Massah
And proved them true at the waters of Meribah.
9They showed greater loyalty to you
Than to parents, brothers, or children.
They obeyed your commands
And were faithful to your covenant.
10They will teach your people to obey your Law;
They will offer sacrifices on your altar.
11Lord, help their tribe to grow strong;
Be pleased with what they do.
Crush all their enemies;
Let them never rise again.”
12About the tribe of Benjamin he said:
“This is the tribe the Lord loves and protects;
He guards them all the day long,
And he dwells in their midst.”#33.12: And he … midst; or They live under his protection.
13About the tribe of Joseph he said:
“May the Lord bless their land with rain
And with water from under the earth.
14May their land be blessed with sun-ripened fruit,
Rich with the best fruits of each season.
15May their ancient hills be covered with choice fruit.
16May their land be filled with all that is good,
Blessed by the goodness of the Lord,
Who spoke from the burning bush.
May these blessings come to the tribe of Joseph,
Because he was the leader among his brothers.
17Joseph has the strength of a bull,
The horns of a wild ox.
His horns are Manasseh's thousands
And Ephraim's ten thousands.
With them he gores the nations
And pushes them to the ends of the earth.”
18About the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar he said:
“May Zebulun be prosperous in their trade on the sea,
And may Issachar's wealth increase at home.
19They invite foreigners to their mountain
And offer the right sacrifices there.
They get their wealth from the sea
And from the sand along the shore.”
20About the tribe of Gad he said:
“Praise God, who made their territory large.
Gad waits like a lion
To tear off an arm or a scalp.
21They took the best of the land for themselves;
A leader's share was assigned to them.
They obeyed the Lord's commands and laws
When the leaders of Israel were gathered together.”#33.21: One ancient translation When the leaders … together; Hebrew unclear.
22About the tribe of Dan he said:
“Dan is a young lion;
He leaps out from Bashan.”
23About the tribe of Naphtali he said:
“Naphtali is richly blessed by the Lord's good favor;
Their land reaches to the south from Lake Galilee.”
24About the tribe of Asher he said:
“Asher is blessed more than the other tribes.
May he be the favorite of his brothers,
And may his land be rich with olive trees.
25May his towns be protected with iron gates,
And may he always live secure.”
26People of Israel, no god is like your God,
riding in splendor across the sky,
riding through the clouds to come to your aid.
27God has always been your defense;
his eternal arms are your support.
He drove out your enemies as you advanced,
and told you to destroy them all.
28So Jacob's descendants live in peace,
secure in a land full of grain and wine,
where dew from the sky waters the ground.
29Israel, how happy you are!
There is no one like you,
a nation saved by the Lord.
The Lord himself is your shield and your sword,
to defend you and give you victory.
Your enemies will come begging for mercy,
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|The Irish terrier's long, mustache-like fur is what researchers refer to as furnishings.|
From the Puli’s cords to the Poodle’s curls, the canine’s array of coats makes them one of the most diverse species in the world. Until now, little was known about the genetics behind their fur. Recently, a team of researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) studied 1,000 dogs representing 80 breeds and identified three genetic variants that account for all dog hair types.
Long hair is linked to the variant in the FGF5 gene, curly coats to the variant in the KRT71 gene, and wire hair to the variant in the RSPO2 gene. But the combinations are what make up the many canine coats we see today, and account for what researchers call furnishings, like a Schnauzer’s mustache.
Here is a list put together by Science Daily, recapping the combinations:
- Short-haired dogs (i.e., Beagle): No variant genes
- Wire-haired dogs (i.e., Australian Terrier): Varient form of the RSPO2 gene
- Wire and Curly-haired dogs (i.e., Airedale Terrier): Varient forms of RSPO2 and KRT71 genes
- Long-haired dogs (i.e., Golden Retrievers): Varient form of the FGF5 gene
- Long-haired dogs with furnishings (i.e., Bearded Collie): Varient forms of FGF5 and RSPO2 genes
- Curly-haired dogs (i.e., Irish Water Spaniels): Varient forms of FGF5 and KRT71 genes
- Curly-haired dogs with furnishings (i.e, Bichon Frise): Varient forms of all three of the genes
In addition to explaining dog fur, scientists believe that this breakthrough in genetic research will shed light on human biology and disease. The true discovery doesn’t lie in the genes themselves, but in the way they interact. Elaine A. Ostrander, Ph.D., chief of the Cancer Genetics Branch in NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research, believes that this approach will pinpoint multiple genes involved in complex human conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity. | <urn:uuid:5c8e2e45-a3c1-4f9b-9aa8-bb36e5256f32> | {
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Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that activates the protein that clots our blood and nourishes our hearts and bones. One form of this vitamin, Vitamin K2, is being researched as the missing nutrient for heart and bone health.
Researchers have found a link between vitamin K2 and calcium.
- It turns out that without the addition of vitamin K2 in your diet or as a supplement, you cannot regulate calcium levels. As a result, your bone health suffers.
In addition, decreased levels of vitamin K2 in the diet increase the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
- Atherosclerosis can begin as early as one’s teens and can take years to become clinically significant, causing a heart attack or stroke.
So, I want to talk to you about what we now know about the missing nutrient for heart and bone health.
- A vitamin K deficiency has been linked to heart disease, weakened bones, tooth decay, and cancer, among other conditions.
Much of the vitamin K in our diets comes from the intestinal bacteria we already have, and because of this, your levels can depend greatly on the health of your gut.
Vitamin K1 is found in dark, leafy green vegetables, while K2 is found in dairy products, egg yolks, and organ meats. K2 is also produced by the bacteria in your gut.
When looking to supplement or add to your diet, vitamin K2 rich foods have been shown to have greater health benefits than K1. It plays a role in:
➡ Vitamin K1 has been shown to help prevent calcification of arteries, one of the leading causes of heart attacks. It works by carrying calcium out of the arteries and not allowing it to form hard plaques.
➡ Vitamin K2 has been found to reduce the amount of cholesterol and calcium plaques found in heart valves and in arterial walls.
In one large study of more than 4800 participants, it was discovered that those who consumed more vitamin K2 in their diet had a 57% reduction in the number of deaths due to heart disease.
Improving Bone Density
- Vitamin K increases the amount of a specific protein required to maintain bone calcium, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
Some studies have even found that (medically supervised) high intakes of Vitamin K stop bone loss in people with osteoporosis.
- Vitamin K has been used effectively to reduce the risk of cancers of the prostate, colon, and stomach, as well as nasal and oral cancers.
- One study found that medically supervised high doses of vitamin K helped patients with liver cancer stabilize and even improve their liver function.
The Recommended daily allowance (RDA) is 120 mcg/day for men and 90mcg/day for women, with your doctor’s approval.
The Top Ten Vitamin K1-Rich Foods Include:
- Kale, Collard/Turnip Greens
- Swiss Chard
- Spring onions (Scallions)
- Brussels Sprouts
- Dairy (fermented)
Vitamin K2 is found in egg yolks, dairy products, and organ meats.
Most people do not experience any side effects when taking vitamin K in the recommended amount each day. However, some cases of upset stomach or diarrhea have been reported.
Special Precautions & Warnings
Pregnancy and breastfeeding:
When taken in the recommended amount each day, vitamin K is considered safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
However, Do NOT use ANY supplement when pregnant without the advice of your physician.
➡ In some studies, the use of Vitamin K has resulted in lower blood sugar levels. However, before adding it as a supplement in capsule or any other form, speak with your physician.
- Blood sugar levels may need to be monitored more often or other adjustments to your medication may be necessary.
- Too much vitamin K can be harmful to patients receiving dialysis due to kidney disease.
Vitamin K is not effective for treating clotting problems caused by a severe liver disease. In fact, high doses of vitamin K can make clotting problems worse.
Interactions With Medications
Do NOT TAKE WITH COUMADIN (WARFARIN).
As mentioned earlier, Vitamin K is used by the body to help clot your blood. Coumadin (Warfarin) is used to slow blood clotting.
Vitamin K may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). In fact, it’s been found to be a good antidote to warfarin toxicity.
Again, this is a discussion to have with your physician and make sure blood tests to check your levels and clotting performance are checked regularly.
MODERATE YOUR DIABETES MEDICATIONS
- Vitamin K1 can potentially lower blood sugar levels, as do your diabetes medications.
To prevent hypoglycemia, you’ll need to closely monitor your glucose levels. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed. Speak with your Doctor.
Wrapping It Up
Extensive studies being conducted at the University of California in Los Angeles are helping us understand the link between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.
➡ It was found that those who suffered from osteoporosis also had an increased risk of calcium deposits in the arteries. The reverse is also true.
➡ What they discovered was that calcified plaques are not just plaques at all but are really bony tissue inside the arteries. Calcium in the arteries is actually ossification of the blood vessels.
- Ossification refers to the process of laying down new bone material by cells.
➡ Vitamin K (in medically controlled large doses) seems to keep the calcium out of the arteries and put it back into the bones where it belongs.
In the same way, it was found that things like sedentary lifestyles, diabetes, aging, smoking, and high cholesterol levels were linked to both osteoporosis and atherosclerosis.
We need to take this message seriously. Too many are still ignoring it, hoping it doesn’t apply to them. It does.
Lifestyle choices determine health outcomes. There is no more room for argument on that fact. | <urn:uuid:94509a9c-fe2e-4236-bce7-53cf03021087> | {
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Introduction to Reading, Pennsylvania
Reading is situated in the southeastern portion of Pennsylvania in Berks County. The Schuylkill River, Mount Penn and Neversink Mountain are nearby. The Reading Railroad took its name from the city and is featured in the popular Monopoly board game.
The city was laid out in 1743 by Richard and Thomas Penn, the sons of William Penn, who established the state of Pennsylvania. The name was given to the city in tribute to Reading, England their former home. The city was utilized as a military base during the French and Indian War. During this era, a large number of people were migrating to the region from Germany. Reading played a significant role during the American Revolution. The iron industry in the area was constructing cannons, ammunition, rifles and other items for George Washington's soldiers.
The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was incorporated in the year 1883 and thrived for more than a century; however due to a steep reduction in profits from transporting coal and tight government regulations, the company filed for bankruptcy protection in 1971. Beginning with the 1940's and for most of the 1970's the city's economy significantly declined, primarily attributed to the downturn for heavy industries as well as the railroads. In the 1970's, former textile mills near Reading were utilized to produce the VF Outlet Village which has been recognized as the first outlet mall in the country.
The Berks Area Reading Transit Authority provides bus transportation for the area. The city is primarily served by the airport in Philadelphia.
- Reading Public Museum has numerous collections of artifacts from all over the world, including a mummy
- Mount Penn offers great views of the city
- The noteworthy Pagoda on Mount Penn showcases a variety of artwork
- Goggle Works Center for the Arts hosts numerous exhibitions and includes a small theater
- VF Outlet Complex is very popular for shoppers
- Sovereign Center hosts numerous sporting events including hockey games played by the Reading Royals
- The Reading Phillies is a local baseball team
- Mid-Atlantic Air Museum
- Arts & Antiques Fair
- African-American Museum
- Sovereign Performing Arts Center
- Apple Dumpling Festival
- Center Park Victorian Historic District
- Reading Railroad Heritage Museum
- Berks Jazz Fest
- Daniel Boone Homestead
- Nolde Forest Environmental Education Center
Reading is home to numerous colleges including:
- Albright College
- Pace Institute
- Berks Technical Institute
- Reading Area Community College
- Alvernia College | <urn:uuid:51129308-8ed1-4aae-8ff3-e808af920038> | {
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You will be required to submit an
up-to-date philosophy with your student teaching application; many districts
require applicants to submit a philosophy along with other material. Your
philosophy is a statement of PERSONAL beliefs and how these will be put into
action in your classroom - the philosophy is not a theoretical essay on
education but an action plan for you. It is often used by administrators
to judge whether the applicant is the "kind of person that I would want in my
school or teaching my children.:
Note that your philosophy will change
as you mature in the profession and gain additional experiences; it is
sometimes a good idea to save copies of your earlier philosophies and compare
them to your current philosophy to more clearly understand how your approach to
education changes. As you develop your philosophy, some of the items you
may wish to address include:
the purpose of education
the role of the student in
the role of the teacher in
the role of the teacher in the
You may wish to approach the development of your philosophy by
considering the following
Why do you want to Teach?
Whom are you going to Teach?
Specifically, how will you reach the wide diversity of
children that you will have in your classroom?
How do you define your community of learners?
How and What are going to Teach?
What are your beliefs about how children learn?
How will these beliefs impact your teaching? for example
How do you balance the needs of individual learners with the
needs of the entire class
What are your goals for your students?
Where are you going to Teach?
How will you bring a global awareness into your classroom?
What will be your relationship with the community, parents,
teaching colleagues, administration?
As you write your philosophy, keep the following in your
Your educational philosophy reflects your own approach to education;
this philosophy should be based on your personal beliefs, which in turn should show an
influence of college work, readings, and thinkers. Consequently, when appropriate,
"drop names" in your philosophy. For example, "As
Erikson, I believe
that children go through a series of mini-crisis as they mature and it will
be part of my task is to
assist young people in making these transitions." However, be sure you understand the
philosophy of the person being quoted since you may be asked questions about it at an
Appropriate grammar is mandatory; among other things, be careful with
Watch agreement - for example, "The student should do all of their
Be sure to write using COMPLETE sentences.
Use only one idea for each paragraph and be sure to provide a transition
between paragraphs. Use topic sentences.
Be aware of you change voice in the paper, i.e., "As teachers, we
should treat the parents with respect; they need to understand that parents must be part
of the solution." or "It is important for everyone to ... thus you should not be
critical of ..."
Alternate the use of "she" and "he" to avoid the clumsy phrasing or "she
following are some of the things that you can address in your philosophy
philosophy does not have a cover page; be sure your name and title is on the
first page of your philosophy.
You cannot write an educational philosophy in one paragraph!
Your educational philosophy should have an introduction and a
conclusion; your conclusion should provide a "logical" ending to your
Avoid using the same phrase over and over in your philosophy. For
example, avoid using the word "teacher" several times in the same paragraph or
near each other - check your thesaurus for alternative choices of words.
Your philosophy should be positive. While there may well be
problems with our educational system, a prospective employer does not really want to hear
how bad things are - s/he is interested in what you are going to do to make the classroom
experience a better one of the students. You are writing a personal philosophy, not
a critique of the educational system.
Avoid the use of jargon. If you do use "educational
jargon", explain how you are going to impact the student. For example, rather
than writing "I strongly belief in inclusion." write "I believe that
inclusion is a key ingredient in the makeup of the classroom and I will support inclusion
through practices such as using alternative assessments and preparing lessons which appeal
to different learning styles."
Your philosophy, along with your letter of interest, are among the first
things a prospective employer will see. The appearance of these documents is
important. Your word processor may have some pre-formatted documents, such as
resumes) that you can use as a starting point.
Under no circumstances, should you mail anything (except personal
letters of reference) that is not prepared on a word processor or typewriter.
Avoid the use of different fonts
on a page; use the most "readable" font available - you may have to
experiment a bit to get the possible font - remember, what looks good on a
screen may look different when printed.
Use a font that is easy to read
and of an appropriate size - avoid any fonts under 12 cpi.
Avoid broad generalizations - while you may want to say "I
believe that all children can learn" - the statement is relatively
meaningless without examples of how you will put that into action.
Avoid overly complex sentences, vague or which offer
Your philosophy should be POSITIVE - we know there are
problems in education - we do not want to read about those in your own
philosophy - rather we want to read how you will make a difference!
Use some of the information in in your book, i.e., from the
section on philosophies, to include in your own philosophy.
Some suggestions on word usage:
"I believe..." is more forceful than, "My belief is ..."
Instead of "Education should ..." or "I will try ..." be
more positive and use "I believe that ..." or "I will ..."
Avoid the use of "I hope..." or "Hopefully ..." for
something more positive, such as "I will ..."
Rather than writing "In school students should experience
...." use "In my classroom, students will experience ..."
Instead of writing "Teachers will ... " use "I will ..."
Have someone review your philosophy for accuracy and eye catching
If you are looking for some good websites that also offer
information about writing your philosophies, several good ones are
In terms of appearance, there are
several factors to keep in mind. Thanks to Bill Baber, a list of
suggestions is offered for you:
- don't use more than 3 font styles per page, as
it makes the content harder to read
- do use serif fonts (like Times New Roman) if
the font is small (10 point or smaller) - although anything 10 or smaller
should be avoided.
- non-serif fonts (like Arial) are fine for normal- to large-size fonts (11
point or larger)
- Interesting historical tidbit - fonts are
measured in "picas". Traditional fonts originally measured 72 picas to the
inch; thus one character at a font size of 72 should measure one inch.
Theoretically, six characters in a 12-point font should equal one inch, but
this is not always the case with more modern fonts.
- when thinking through a page layout, make your
style consistent throughout the document (i.e., don't left-justify some things
and right-justify others)
- when creating documents with page numbers on
opposite sides (such as folded handouts or booklets), always print a mock-up
and actually fold it BEFORE you send it to a printer
- -use the Character Map feature for European or
other foreign characters (such as em dashes, German/Scandinavian umlauts,
French accents, etc.)
- be careful choosing colors - high-contrast is
best (black on white background for text, though light fonts on a dark
background works well for headings or sidebars). Avoid using bright
backgrounds or fonts (except briefly for signs), as this quickly tires the
- be careful when you use
full-justification (both left and right). Long words tend to throw off the
sense of balance and can create large spaces that detract from one's reading.
However, you can overcome this by playing around with actual font manipulation
(in Word, choose Format, Font, then Character spacing - try it).
- get the text on paper BEFORE you format it
(write, edit, then format just before you print)
- finally, less is more (aim for clarity above
For additional information, download
the PDF file,
How to Write a Statement of Teaching Philosophy which appeared in
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Course Credit 15 Hours/PDPs With an option to add 1 additional credit (see below) from Colorado State University – Pueblo. ASHA CEUs are also available for SLPs.
This professional development course provides educators with an understanding of components of study skills, which include the management of materials, time and information. The course explores the importance of developing strong study skills in order to achieve goals and improve overall academic proficiency, particularly for students with a language-based learning disability (LBLD) and an executive function deficit. As a result of the learning experiences in this course, participants will be more competent in their ability to:
Identify study skills that are relevant to their setting and students
Implement and adapt targeted strategies to help students develop strong study skills
Design activities and lessons to promote students’ effective management of time, materials and information
Improve students’ ability to achieve their goals by providing an appropriate level of individualized study skill instruction
The course is divided into six, self-paced modules:
Overview of Study Skills: This module presents an overview of study skills and its importance for developing strong executive function and overall academic achievement, particularly for students with language-based learning disabilities.
Materials Management: This module outlines how materials management skills help students improve their ability to successfully complete tasks.
Time Management: This module addresses the importance of time management as an essential skill for achieving goals.
Prerequisite Comprehension Skills: This module explores prerequisite comprehension skills that are essential for students to independently understand written or oral language.
Note-Taking: This module outlines the importance of note-taking as an active reading strategy that can help students engage with a text or lecture and effectively manage information.
Test-Taking: This module outlines the strategies that students can implement before, during, or after a test or assessment in order to effectively manage information.
Each module will follow the same basic outline:
A reading of course content followed by a short quiz
A video featuring students and teachers discussing how the module topic has impacted their own experiences followed by a discussion post
Strategy demonstration videos of Landmark School teachers employing practical instructional strategies followed by a related assignment
An opportunity for participants to submit reflections about how the strategies presented support students’ executive function
Pre and Post-Assessments: These ungraded questionnaires will be completed at the beginning and end of the course in order for participants to self-assess knowledge and application of course content.
Quizzes: The quizzes will assess comprehension of the content from the required reading. The quizzes will be automatically graded within the course platform. Although participants must earn an 80% or higher to move on to the next section of the course, there are unlimited attempts allowed.
Discussion Posts: The discussions will require participants to post an initial response and reply to at least one other post. These tasks will be assessed using specific rubrics.
Assignments: The assignments in each module will require participants to apply their understanding of course content to follow the assignment directions and use examples provided as a guideline for format, length, and quality of writing. These tasks will be assessed using specific rubrics.
There is not a required text for the course.
We are excited to offer an optional (1) graduate credit for this course through Colorado State University – Pueblo. Graduate credit may be added by selecting the check box labeled “Grad Credit Fee” before clicking “Register.” The cost of 1 graduate credit is $55 and may NOT be added after the start date of the course. If you select the graduate credit option, you will be required to submit a registration form at the start of your course.
This course is offered for 1.3 ASHA CEUs (Introductory level, Professional area).
See our FAQ page for specific information about our online courses.
This course was made possible through the generosity of The Edward E. Ford Foundation.
“I've already used some of the activities and worksheets in my own classroom! This course was definitely my favorite one to take so far. I felt that I had a great background knowledge of study skills, but the course help to enhance them and give me new ideas!” | <urn:uuid:b83ae376-8b31-4419-b1a6-7743e15b8aa9> | {
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‘Fast Fashion’: environmental impacts and what you can do as a consumer
Our closets are getting fuller and fuller, but we’re throwing out clothes at a faster rate too.
The biggest culprit is fast fashion, combined with our addiction to consume.
READ MORE: This is why sustainable fashion matters
“We’ve just got into the cycle of excessive availability at really low prices,” said Kate Black, author of Magnifeco: Your Head-to-Toe Guide to Ethical Fashion and Non-Toxic Beauty.
“Fast fashion” is the trendy clothing dropping in stores and online that are coming to us cheaper, faster and sooner than ever before. Instead of following seasons, the business model for brands is to play a volume game and throw products into stores to see what will take off.
Ayesha Barenblat, the founder and president at Remake, says fast fashion is a 15- to 20-year phenomenon that we’re looking at. Some of the ramifications of fast fashion, both on human lives as well as on the planet, are just starting to be clear to us.
What are some environmental impacts?
The quantity of new clothes being produced means stress on the environment, polluting the waters with microfibres and dyes. It takes 2,700 litres of water to make one cotton T-shirt — that’s how much water a person drinks in two-and-half years of their life.
From a climate standpoint, textile production is very carbon intensive and clothing production emits more greenhouse gases than shipping and aviation combined, Barenblat adds.
Well, what about textile waste — clothes that are simply thrown into the trash or items that didn’t get a second life? These textiles pollute groundwater, wreak havoc on the air when incinerated and contribute to high levels of methane being released as they slowly decompose.
What can you do as a consumer?
1. Try to purchase less clothing. If you don’t think you’ll wear an item more than 30 times, Barenblat suggests walking away.
2. Think twice about directly trashing your textile. If they’re clean, donate it all. Yes, all of it! Don’t worry if they’re torn or missing the pair — like gloves or socks — just bring it in. Personal items like linen, towels and even women’s bras are needed. Even if they’re not sellable, skilled sorters and graders will know what path your pre-loved goods will embark on. This will ensure that textiles are in their proper streams instead of ending up straight into the landfill.
“There’s not enough land for our garbage, let alone for our garbage and our textiles,” Black said. “Just put it in a box and save the planet.”
Since textile donations can be re-purposed, donated items no longer have to be restricted to sweaters and old T-shirts anymore.
In 2016, the City of Markham in Canada introduced textile recycling bins that accept other items too — like old linens and yes, even that single sock. The city only partners with registered charities such as The Salvation Army, Diabetes Canada and STEPS to Recovery, who service the donation bins.
Many charities will accept your textiles directly, even things that are too worn or torn. However, dirty or contaminated items will not be accepted.
According to The Salvation Army Thrift Store, they diverted almost 80-million pounds of textiles from local landfills this year.
Although Value Village is a for-profit professional fundraiser, donated items that are sold in their stores fund the non-profit organizations they partner with. In addition, they also work with companies to dispose of non-recyclable items in a responsible way.
3. Wash your clothes in cold water and line dry as much as possible. How we care for our garments is also important, Barenblat said. “Microplastics are entering our soil and water, through the way we wash our clothes.”
© 2018 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc. | <urn:uuid:58a56565-f7eb-4a76-b303-a4f336c217c3> | {
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Slave Women Suffered More
Slave Women Suffered More
In the book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl written by Harriet Jacobs under the guise of Linda Brent, the author describes the common struggles that she dealt with as a Southern slave in the 1800’s. Although she was never severely beaten or mercilessly worked to death, she faced many hardships typical of slave girls and women during that time period. Her most prominent assertion is that: “Slavery is terrible for men, but it is far more terrible for women” (Jacobs 86). Slave women faced many hardships not shared by slave men. For example, they were often sexually harassed by their masters, held to much higher moral standards than they were allowed to live up to, and were forced to live in constant fear concerning the well-being of their children. In another story, “The Bear”, by William Faulkner, the main character Isaac McCaslin also addresses the topic of slavery. While he does not explicitly state that he holds the same stance as Jacobs, through descriptions of Isaac’s memories and principles, the reader can infer that he also believes that slavery is worse for women. Although Jacobs and Faulkner hold similar views about slavery, they use different anecdotes in varying degrees of directness to inform the reader of their opinions.
Linda Brent's Experience
Linda Brent’s hardships are mostly caused by her master Dr. Flint, who is cruel and manipulative. However, although Dr. Flint seems to be the root of evil in Linda’s life, she makes it clear that her situation was typical whenever a young slave girl worked for a master: “The influences of slavery had had the same effect on me that they had on other young girls” (Jacobs 60). Many slave girls, by the time they turn 15, began to be harassed by their masters. Linda’s situation is no different, and although she tries to avoid Dr. Flint’s vulgar advances, she cannot spurn them completely: “My master began to whisper foul words in my ear. Young as I was, I could not remain ignorant of their import” (Jacobs 30). While Dr. Flint attempts to coerce and corrupt her, Linda does all that she can to keep him at bay. Although she suffers much verbal abuse, she manages to escape physical assault for the most part. Sexual advances from much older masters are depicted as a social norm, even though they are a social taboo: “[The other slaves] knew too well the guilty practices under that roof; and they were aware that to speak of them was an offence that never went unpunished” (Jacobs 31). Many other masters succeed in having their way with their slave women, resulting in babies of mixed race who were typically sold far away so as not to draw negative attention to the adulterous ways of the slave holders.
In addition to trying to hold on to her purity, Linda is also faced with abuse from her jealous mistress, another usual obstacle faced by slave women alone. When Mrs. Flint suspects her husband of trying to sleep with Linda, she interrogates the slave girl. Feelings of jealousy and anger fill Mrs. Flint, just as they would any other wife of a disloyal husband: “She felt that her marriage vows were desecrated, her dignity insulted; but she had no compassion for the poor victim of her husband’s perfidy” (Jacobs 37). Wives to cheating husbands are left feeling inadequate and embittered, and they typically take their frustration out on the slave girl, either through physical and verbal abuse or by sending her away so that the master can no longer have access to the girl. These intense feelings of envy and resentment trickle into every interaction between the two women as the wife attempts to make the slave woman pay for the wrongs done to her by the master.
Another problem that Linda mourns for befalling slave women is the loss of purity at such a young age, regardless of how hard they struggle to retain it. Linda explains that although she tries to follow her grandmother’s morals and lead a virtuous life, she is unable to because of her circumstances: “I want to keep myself pure; and, under the most adverse circumstances, I tried hard to preserve my self-respect; but I was struggling alone in the powerful grasp of the demon Slavery; and the monster proved too strong for me” (Jacobs 60). This loss of innocence pains Linda greatly, and she realizes that it is a hardship that most slave girls are forced to face. She is jealous of free women, who have the luxury of sticking to their morals:
But, O, ye happy women, whose purity has been sheltered from childhood, who have been free to choose the objects of your affection, whose homes are protected by law, do not judge the poor desolate slave girl too severely! (Jacobs 60)
Linda envies the right to choose a partner and wishes she could have retained her chastity, but argues that it is just not realistic for a slave girl to hold such expectations of basic rights. She even goes so far as to insist that slave women cannot be held accountable for their lack of virtuousness: “I feel that the slave woman ought not be judged by the same standard as others” (Jacobs 62). This is a fair proposition, considering that the slave women have no say in what their master does to them, as they are considered nothing more than property. Although it may seem like a double standard, slave girls are forced to submit to their masters’ will and relinquish their purity, regardless of their own moral values, which is a tragedy in itself.
The last major misfortune that befalls slave women is perhaps the most difficult to bear. It is that of motherhood to children who are born into slavery and are bound to encounter the same fate of misfortunes that the mother has experienced. Linda, whose will to live is renewed by her baby boy, realizes that he is destined for a life of unspeakable hardships: “I loved to watch his infant slumbers; but always there was a dark cloud over my enjoyment. I could never forget that he was a slave. Sometimes I wished that he might die in infancy” (Jacobs 69). The acknowledgement that death would be preferable to a life of slavery is a thought that many slave women must have held in the back of their minds. The selflessness of being willing to lose their child in order that he or she might not have to suffer is an extreme example of the mental turmoil that slave women suffered, just one of the many prices they must pay as a mother. In addition to living in fear that their children would be slaves for life and attempting to shield them from these miseries, slave mothers must also constantly plot ways in which to free the children. Linda’s plan, which involves hiding and watching her children grow up with her grandmother while Dr. Flint searched fruitlessly for her, is a huge encumbrance for her. She must hide, cramped in a small crawl space, with only a tiny hole through which to see the outside world, for seven years until her children are sent north into the free states. Despite these terrible conditions, Linda remains optimistic: “I had my consolations. Through my peeping-hole I could watch the children, and when they were near enough, I could hear their talk” (Jacobs 130). Her love for her children and desperation to see them free and happy are inspiring, but remind the reader of the horrible tribulations slave women suffer willingly at the expense of their children. Furthermore, Linda reminds the reader that she is not alone in her sacrifices regarding her children: “Many more beautiful and more intelligent than I had experienced a similar fate, or a far worse one” (Jacobs 67). Motherhood, while fulfilling, is the biggest and most challenging burden a slave woman must bear.
Harriet Jacobs (Linda Brent)
Isaac McCaslin's Views
Although never stated explicitly, Isaac McCaslin holds similar views to Linda. He believes that slavery, as well as the ownership of property or land, for that matter, is disgusting and counterproductive. He realizes that everyone is related at some point in their ancestry, so it is best to treat everyone as a brother or sister and to share the land:
[The ledgers probably contained] not only the whites but the black ones too, who were as much a part of his ancestry as his white progenitors, and of the land which they had all held and used in common and fed from and on and would continue to use in common without regard to color or titular ownership. (Faulkner 256)
Isaac finds slavery and the dynamic between slaves and slave owners especially repulsive when he discovers that his grandfather slept not only with one of his slaves and produced a daughter, but that he also slept with that daughter and produced another child. This relationship is similar to the ones that Linda is familiar with in that the master is allowed to use his slave women for any purpose, including sex. Isaac is appalled that his grandfather would commit such a hideous act with two innocent slave girls, so much so that he rejects his inheritance on moral grounds, refusing to accept the legacy left to him by his grandfather. His sympathy for slave women is furthered when he finds Fonsiba, one of his family’s former slaves, huddled in the corner of an insufficient cabin: “The tremendous fathomless ink-colored eyes in the narrow, thin, too thin coffee-colored face watch[ed] him without alarm, without recognition, without hope” (268 Faulkner). She is thin and sick, and is not being properly cared for by her husband, so she is therefore rendered helpless. Isaac is so moved by the sight that he gives them $1,000 for groceries, which he calculates will last them 28 years. These acts, which include both compassion for slaves and repulsion at the crimes done against them, highlight the hardships that slave women must face and indicate clearly that Isaac feels more sympathetic towards slave women.
While both Jacobs and Faulkner agree that slavery is not only terrible, but is also much worse for women, Jacobs supports her claims directly with anecdotes from her life as a slave woman, while Faulkner allows the reader to infer his views based on Isaac’s attitude toward specific incidents. Through Linda, Jacobs describes the trials and tribulations that she must endure throughout her life, including abuse from her master, the loss of her purity and lowering of her moral standards, and the challenge of attempting to secure the freedom of her children. In addition, she mentions multiple times that she was not alone in her sufferings – many other slave girls and women experienced the same hardships as she did. On the other hand, Isaac’s kind attitude towards slave women and revulsion at the crimes committed against them cause the reader to believe that he also realizes the extra plights of slave women. Even though slavery in general was a terrible offense, the hardships brought upon slave women specifically were ruthless and callous.
Faulkner, William. "The Bear." Go Down, Moses. New York: Vintage, 1990. Print.
Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York: Penguin, 2000. Print. | <urn:uuid:fb6b272f-2f81-4373-918c-564e99e0100e> | {
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September 3 - 13 did not exist in 1752 for England and her colonies, including Georgia. The day following September 2, 1752 was September 14. This was done to correct a minor error in the Julian Calendar that left untended would eventually shift the calendar in relation to the seasons.
Proposed by an Italian physician, Aloysius Lilius, and perfected by Christoph Clavius, the Gregorian Calendar (from Pope Gregory) was adopted by Italy, Spain, and Portugal in February, 1582 by a Papal Bull. Catholic German States changed from the Julian to Gregorian calendar in 1583. Lutherans in Germany did not adopt the new calendar until 1699. Other states took longer: England, who adopted the calendar in 1752; Sweden, 1753; Japan, 1873; China, 1912; and Greece, 1923.
The Julian calendar, which had been introduced 45 years before Christ, was a refinement of earlier Roman calendars. Interestingly, the Gregorian Calendar does have a flaw, but this only accounts for one day every 4000 years. | <urn:uuid:6f9d1a4d-d96a-4336-a5a7-ae0dad184e66> | {
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Trusted educators understand that students learn and mature best when a subject is meaningful to them. In addition, only the student can determine what is meaningful. A teacher cannot induce this but can help the student connect learning to their life experiences. “Learning unrelated to life is as good as faith without works.” Trusted school leaders model and encourage their teachers to stimulate students in the learning process. They recognize the difference between students being taught and being told the lesson; they work with their teachers to stimulate the student to acquire knowledge and learning for themselves.
Teaching is not a mechanical imparting of facts. It involves relating the truth to life. Trusted school leaders and teachers endeavor to set truth on fire in the student’s life, watching them ignite their own application of truth to their unique circumstances. The basis of authentic learning is student interests. Trusted educators differentiate between their own interest and those of their students. They realize that learning relates to a sense of personal need. Real needs must be touched before real interest is aroused; and those needs must be student needs, not those of the teacher or school board.
In addition, two of the most significant needs of students are (1) the need for maturing, and (2) the need for affection. First, maturity involves goals. Life loses purpose without goals. Additionally, the maturation process is continuous. Teaching has to involve students identifying worthy and meaningful goals for themselves. Secondly, affection is the basic need of all students.
More than anything else, students need to know that someone will authentically listen to them, and that someone genuinely cares for them. Trusted leaders and teachers recognize that learning takes place most effectively in an environment of love and compassion; where the learning is connected to reality.
©2017 Toby A. Travis, Ed.D.
Gangel and Benson, Christian Education: Its History and Philosophy, 340.
Mary Ainley, “Connecting with learning: Motivation, affect and cognition in interest processes,” Educational Psychology Review 18, no. 4 (2006): 391-405.
Jim Garrison, “Compassionate, spiritual, and creative listening in teaching and learning,” Teachers College Record 112, no. 11 (2010): 2763-2776. | <urn:uuid:cd65be64-ae26-4e5e-af61-b723a8eece35> | {
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Bolden Highlights Importance of Issue to Future of NASA
MOFFETT FIELD, Calif., Sept. 8 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- NASA has a "critical responsibility" to the flying public to develop environmentally responsible solutions to the nation's most pressing aviation problems, Administrator Charles F. Bolden Jr. said Wednesday.
Addressing the Green Aviation Summit under way through Thursday at NASA's Ames Research Center, Bolden said air travel is one of the safest modes of transportation and vital to the U.S. economy, but increasing air traffic is taking a toll on the environment and the nation's aviation infrastructure.
"We need to make some changes -- both in the design of aircraft and in the way they transit through our skies to not only maintain, but improve safety and efficiency," Bolden said. "That's a huge challenge, but we at NASA enthusiastically accept it."
The Green Aviation Summit is highlighting the depth and breadth of NASA's work to develop aviation technologies that are designed to make air transportation cleaner and quieter for the environment, with fewer delays for travelers.
"Our critical responsibility is [to] those who feel anxious because of the long distance they have to travel to reach an airport; the crowding they experience upon arrival at the terminal; the departure, en route, or arrival weather; or concerns that the technology on the planes may not be up to dealing with problems that may be encountered in the sky," Bolden told the summit.
The two-day meeting has brought together about 200 experts from NASA, other federal government organizations, industry and academia. Keynote presentations by leading policymakers as well as detailed technical presentations and panel discussions are focusing on state-of-the-art and emerging technologies that can reduce aircraft noise, emissions and fuel consumption and ensure the safe and manageable growth of the aviation system.
Jaiwon Shin, NASA's associate administrator for aeronautics research, said NASA technology will become increasingly important because of the lack of available space for new airports. "We really are helping the country to advance to the next generation of air transportation and aviation by working together," he said. "This summit signifies our strong commitment."
Summit participants are sharing the results of their work on airplanes that will be designed and built with unconventional configurations, super-efficient engines and lightweight, damage-tolerant materials to increase lift, reduce drag, and deflect noise; innovations that will capitalize on the potential of alternative fuels and advanced power technologies; and efforts to equip aircraft cockpits with computer software and satellite-based navigation and communication systems to assist decision-making by pilots.
Ames Research Center Director Simon "Pete" Worden opened the summit by crediting NASA research for today's understanding of climate change and the effects of global warming on the environment. "As the world travels even more," said Worden, "we're going to have a very serious global warming issue, as well as lots of other environmental impacts of aviation."
Bolden, Shin and Worden all noted that conservation - through improved performance, efficiency and safety -- is an aim that has guided NASA's research goals for decades. "Green is not just a buzzword to us," Bolden said.
Examples of green technology NASA has developed in the past include winglets and chevrons. Winglets are the vertical attachments that can be seen on the wing tips of many commercial airliners in service today, and are designed to reduce fuel consumption. Chevrons are the scalloped edges on the engine nozzles of some models of commercial and cargo aircraft just now entering the market, and are designed to reduce noise.
NASA has a suite of incremental goals for demonstrating the feasibility of aircraft technology and air traffic management techniques that can minimize the environmental effects of air transportation by:
-- Enabling aircraft to burn 33 percent less fuel than today's most efficient models by 2015, 50 percent less by 2020, and better than 50 percent less by 2025.
-- Cutting engine emissions of nitric oxide and nitrogen oxide, which contribute to ozone creation, 20 percent by 2015, 50 percent by 2020, and better than 50 percent by 2025 -- when compared with today's best engines. Reducing the amount of fuel burned reduces emissions of carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming.
-- Reducing the nuisance noise footprint around airports to one-third its current size by 2015 and one-sixth by 2020, and containing it within the airport property boundary by 2025.
NASA aims to facilitate the transition of new capabilities to manufacturers, then to airlines and ultimately to the Federal Aviation Administration, for the ultimate benefit of the flying public.
The NASA administrator said it is crucial for the agency and its stakeholders to collaborate closely to that its aeronautics research continues to be both relevant to the aviation community and beneficial to the flying public.
"Just as I like to tell the scientists and engineers who send our human and robotic missions out into the cosmos, you are contributing to national goals and helping people in the work you do every day," Bolden said. "We are going to make measured progress leading to ever expanding accomplishments to meet the myriad increasing challenges. This is our challenge - to shape the future in aeronautics."
Portions of the Green Aviation Summit are being broadcast live on NASA Television's Education Channel.
For more information about the Green Aviation Summit, visit:
For more information about aeronautics research at NASA, visit:
For NASA TV downlink, schedule and streaming video information, visit: | <urn:uuid:64906f09-0d4a-4a06-b070-38055eb5b99d> | {
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New way to prevent disease: Eat raw veggies. People who ate uncooked broccoli, cabbage, or cauliflower at least three times per month had a 40% lower chance of developing bladder cancer than those who ate them less frequently, found researchers at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY. Cooked veggies are still healthy, but here's how to enjoy them raw now and again:
Toss 1 cup Mann's Broccoli Cole Slaw (shredded broccoli, red cabbage, and carrots) with 1 teaspoon each rice wine vinegar and sesame oil. Sprinkle with sesame seeds.
Combine 1 cup shredded red cabbage with 3 tablespoons garlic, scallion, or lemon hummus. Cut a small whole wheat pita in half and stuff each piece with half the mixture.
Mix 1 tablespoon each Dijon mustard, freshly squeezed lemon juice, balsamic vinegar, and olive oil. Use as a dipping sauce for broccoli and cauliflower florets. | <urn:uuid:e9dd3765-7eef-4093-a8cf-fc9121bc6444> | {
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Wolff, Annika; Mulholland, Paul and Zdrahal, Zdenek
Due to copyright restrictions, this file is not available for public download
Click here to request a copy from the OU Author.
|DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Link:||http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1810617.1810678|
|Google Scholar:||Look up in Google Scholar|
In this paper we describe the SILVER toolkit, which is designed for tasks in which a user learns by analysing and interpreting a set of resources. The user categorises each resource according to the set of properties that they identify as being applicable to it. Due to the large amount of data generated by this type of task, the user may find it hard to identify patterns in their classification and tagging, to recognise their own inconsistencies or make comparisons between themselves and others. Principles of spatial hypertext can be used to provide visual summaries of the data that can assist the above activities.
|Item Type:||Conference Item|
|Copyright Holders:||2010 ACM, Inc.|
|Keywords:||categorisation; id3 decision trees; inquiry learning; organisation; spatial hypertext|
|Academic Unit/Department:||Knowledge Media Institute|
|Interdisciplinary Research Centre:||Centre for Research in Computing (CRC)|
|Depositing User:||Kay Dave|
|Date Deposited:||14 Oct 2010 11:01|
|Last Modified:||25 Oct 2012 05:23|
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Bailey, J. O. The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A Handbook and Commentary. Chapel Hill, NC: U. North Carolina Press, 1970. PR 4753. B15
Burns, R. A. "Imagery in Hardy's 'The Darkling Thrush'. " Concerning Poetry, 10, 1 (Spring 1977): 87-89.
Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Stange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Riverside Press, 1959.
Leider, Paul Robert, ed. Eminent British Poets of the Nineteenth Century, Volume Two: Tennyson to Housman. New York: Harper & Bros., 1938.
Lock, Charles. "'The Darkling Thrush' and the Habit of Singing." Essays in Criticism 36, 2 (April 1986): 121-41.
Paulin, Tom. Thomas Hardy: The Poetry of Perception. London: Macmillan, 1975.
Powley, Edward B., ed. A Hundred Years of English Poetry. St. Martin's Classics. Toronto: Macmillan, 1933.
Richardson, James. Thomas Hardy: The Poetry of Necessity. Chicago & London: U. Chicago P., 1975. PR 4754 R5
Southworth, James Granvelle. The Poetry of Thomas Hardy. New York: Russell and Russell, 1966. PR 4754.S72 966
The Works of Thomas Hardy. Wordsworth Editions. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth, 1994.
Wright, Sarah Bird. Thomas Hardy A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File, 2002.
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The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines impairment as:
“Any temporary or permanent loss or abnormality of body structure or function, whether physiological or psychological. An impairment is a disturbance affecting functions that are essentially mental (memory, consciousness) or sensory, internal organs (heart, kidney), the head, the trunk or the limbs” www.who.int
The term sensory impairment is therefore often used when referring to damage that occurs to the structure of the eyes or ears affecting the normal functioning of our vision and hearing senses.
Hearing and Vision Loss
Dual sensory impairment (or dual sensory loss) refers to a combined vision and hearing impairment (or loss).
When we talk about deafblindness or dual sensory loss, the proprioceptive and vestibular systems can also be impaired and may be included as “sensory impairment” in reports written by professionals.
Sensory impairment may be also be used more generally to describe an impairment to the other three of our five main senses such as touch (tactile), smell (olfactory), taste (gustatory). | <urn:uuid:921be507-7230-4a93-8f89-c484f73f43af> | {
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Apprenticeships are a system of training that combines employment with on-the-job and formal training that leads to an occupation-specific qualification. The apprentice is contractually bound to an employer who is responsible for providing the training. Apprenticeships are a core element of vocational education and training (VET) in many countries, although the apprenticeship system may vary from country to country.
Australian Apprenticeships encompass both apprenticeships and traineeships and are available to anyone of working age - school leavers, re-entry workers and adult workers. An Australian Apprenticeship provides a nationally recognised qualification in more than 500 occupations. Visit the Australian Apprenticeship and the Department of Education and Training websites for more information on how the apprenticeship and traineeship system works in Australia.
The apprenticeship and traineeship landmark reports are key documents that have influenced the development of apprenticeships and traineeships in Australia. Included in this set are:
- A shared responsibility: apprenticeships for the 21st century
- 2009 Australian Apprentices Taskforce: final report
- The employment of apprentices: the barriers [Marshman report]
- Commonwealth-State Apprenticeship Inquiry: report of Committee [Wright report]
NCVER's focus on apprenticeships and traineeships
As detailed in the Research Prospectus, NCVER's current focus on apprenticeships research is to find out what works in broadening engagement and enhancing productivity for different groups of apprentices and employers. There will be research around innovative partnerships and new or successful approaches to employer engagement, constraints inherent in apprenticeship arrangements and an emphasis on adult apprentices. In the near future a quantitative research program into apprenticeships and participation rates will be a key feature leveraging off the expanded data available under Total VET Activity (TVA).
- NCVER's Apprentices and trainees collection provides a summary of the training activity of all apprentices and trainees employed under a training contract.
- Apprentice and trainee destinations survey collects information on employment outcomes, reasons for non-completion, satisfaction with the apprenticeship or traineeship, and further study destinations.
- Current NCVER publications on Apprenticeships and Traineeships can be accessed via the NCVER portal.
- All NCVER authored/published items relating to apprenticeships and traineeships are available in VOCEDplus.
- In 2011, NCVER prepared a set of four reports for the Apprenticeships for the 21st Century Expert Panel, established by the Australian Government to provide recommendations on strategies to sustain and grow a stronger Australian Apprenticeship system.
If you are looking for information on the history of aprenticeships and traineeships in Australia, check out the following NCVER resources:
- Historical time series of apprentices and trainees in Australia from 1963
This resource presents a summary of apprenticeship and traineeship training activity in Australia for the period 1963-2014
- History of VET in Australia timeline
This timeline provides a history of VET in Australia, with a focus on apprenticeships and traineeships. It covers the period from 1939 to the present day.
- Evolution of apprenticeships and traineeships in Australia: an unfinished history
This occasional paper traces the evolution of Australia's apprenticeship system from European settlement in 1788 to the present day.
To keep up to date with the latest NCVER research and data, subscribe to NCVER's newsletters and research data release notifications.
Organisations and resources
- Australian Apprenticeships
- Australian Apprenticeships and Traineeships Information Service
- Australian Apprenticeships Support Network
- Australian Apprenticeships Pathways
- Group Training Australia
- National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER)
- VETnetwork Australia
The global youth employment crisis has brought apprenticeship back to the policy agenda. It is recognized that countries with well-established apprenticeship systems tend to be better at managing school-to-work transitions for youth, and enjoy lower ratios of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate (Source: ILO 2013, Apprenticeship systems: what do we know?).
Below are a selection of publications that provide information on the different apprenticeships systems around the world:
- Apprenticeship-type schemes and structured work-based learning programmes
- Hybrid delivery of college instruction in the skilled trades: supporting apprenticeship completion
- Rediscovering apprenticeship: research findings of the International Network on Innovative Apprenticeship (INAP)
- The economics of the apprenticeship system
- What is managed apprenticeship?
Organisations and resources
- Apprenticeship (UK)
- Apprenticeship USA
- Apprenticeship USA (Department of Labor)
- Canadian Apprenticeship Forum
- Euro Apprenticeship
- European Alliance for Apprenticeships
- New Zealand Apprenticeships
Other research, policy and statistics
To find information on apprenticeships OR traineeships in VOCEDplus, use the Browse by subject page and select either Apprenticeship or Traineeship. You can refine the results using the filters on the left of the page. See our user guide and the FAQs on the Help page for other ways of searching.
Here are some topic specific searches that we've done for you:
Published: November 2015 | <urn:uuid:fa21a0df-a190-4252-b815-618852729215> | {
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Asthma is a chronic condition that causes narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. There is no cure for asthma, but treatment can help manage symptoms. Asthma symptoms include:
You may also experience chest tightness and throat irritation. These symptoms may appear more often in cold weather, when you’re sick, or when you’re exposed to irritants. Irritants include cigarette smoke, pollen, and pet dander.
There are different types of doctors who can help diagnose and treat your asthma. The doctor you choose may depend on your health, age, and the severity of your asthma. Having an ongoing relationship with your doctor can help you manage your asthma symptoms.
Read on to learn about which doctors can help you manage your condition.
If you’re experiencing asthma-like symptoms or if you’re unsure what your symptoms mean, make an appointment with your family doctor. In the case your family doctor doesn’t have experience in treating respiratory illnesses, they will refer you to a specialist.
Credentials: Your family doctor should have an MD, which means doctor of medicine. They may also have a D.O., which means "doctor of osteopathic medicine." Both degrees lead to licensure as a physician. Your family doctor should have a physician’s license in the state they practice in.
You should see a pediatrician if your child has asthma symptoms. Your child's pediatrician can diagnose and treat childhood asthma. They can also rule out other possible causes for your child’s symptoms. Your pediatrician may also refer you to a specialist for testing and treatment.
Credentials: Becoming a pediatrician requires at least three years of pediatric residency training beyond medical school. Your pediatrician may also be board certified in pediatric pulmonology.
A pediatrician has special training in caring for children from infancy through college — up to age 21.
You should see a pulmonologist if you have a disease that affects your respiratory system. Your doctor may refer you to a pulmonologist if your asthma symptoms have a more severe cause.
A pulmonologist specializes in diseases that affect your lungs, upper airways, thoracic cavity, and chest wall. They have special training with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lung and respiratory illnesses.
Credentials: A pulmonologist must complete at least two years of graduate training in pulmonary diseases after medical school. These doctors can treat asthma and other breathing conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and emphysema.
You may want to see an allergist if your asthma symptoms are related to allergies. An allergist, or immunologist, specializes in allergies. Asthma is often the result of an intense response to harmless compounds.
Allergy flare-ups start in the immune system. Working with an allergist can help you identify factors causing your symptoms. An allergist or immunologist can check your symptoms, conduct diagnostic testing, and determine whether your immune system is the source of your asthma.
Credentials: An allergist is a doctor who has completed extra training for issues related to the immune system. In the United States, an allergist has an extra nine years of training after getting their bachelor’s degree. At least two of these years will be spent in specialized training in allergy and immunology. They may be further certified in pediatric pulmonology.
Respiratory therapists treat airway and breathing problems caused by asthma and other disorders. These professionals play a significant role in the management and control of asthma symptoms. They offer immediate care in emergency settings.
Respiratory therapists can help restore normal breathing and assist with pulmonary rehabilitation. They carry out the treatment orders of your doctor. For example, a respiratory therapist can:
Credentials: Respiratory therapists graduate from an accredited respiratory therapy program. This may be done at a certificate, associate degree, or bachelor’s degree level. These therapists can also provide both inpatient and outpatient care.
You can see an internist if your family doctor doesn’t specialize in respiratory illnesses. Internists can act as consultants for physicians.
An internist is a doctor specializing in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect adults. Although these doctors treat a range of adult health problems, some internists complete extra training in subspecialties. While there is no special certification for asthma, there is a certification for pulmonary disease.
Credentials: Asthma internists are required to complete a basic three-year internal medicine residency, plus one to three years of training to qualify in pulmonary medicine, generally in an accredited fellowship program.
To make the most of out the time with your doctor, be prepared for your appointment. During your appointment, your doctor may ask questions about your personal medical history, family history, and symptoms.
Questions you could ask your doctor include:
Asthma isn't curable, but treatment can help. Talk to your family doctor first to learn more about your asthma. It’s possible your doctor may refer you to a specialist for treatment.
Treatment can help you manage your asthma symptoms and reduce flare-ups. By working with the right asthma doctors, you can receive an effective treatment plan and reduce the risk of complications associated with asthma.
Written by: the Healthline Editorial Team and Valencia Higuera
Medically reviewed on: Jan 24, 2017: Timothy J. Legg, PhD, CRNP
Enter your symptoms in our Symptom Checker to find out possible causes of your symptoms. Go.
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Find information on drug interactions, side effects, and more. Go. | <urn:uuid:30f8967e-94d9-4564-b206-7c2dcf529128> | {
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Sadly, nowadays it’s getting rarer and rarer to hear a cuckoo in the spring, but the memory of this once-common herald of the spring lingers in the common names of some of the wildflowers which bloom at this time of year.
Growing up in mid-Devon, this was known as Lady’s Smock, but a more common name for Cardamine pratensis is ‘Cuckoo Flower’. This is pretty common in the hedge banks around here, and likes damp, to the point of boggy soils. Lady’s Smock sounds very proper, but apprently ‘smock’ used to have a slightly smuttier connotation, on a par with a modern ‘bit of skirt’.
This bawdier tone continues in another Spring flower, also sometimes known as Cuckoo Flower (hence the need for the scientific, ‘Latin’ names). Arum maculatum is also known as Cuckoo Pint (to rhyme with ‘mint’), short for pintle, which is an old-fashioned slang for penis. A less high-brow version is ‘Willy Lily’! A look at the flower spike makes it quite clear why. A more respectable name was ‘Parson in the pulpit’. In late summer/Autumn, this sports bright red berries up its length, when it becomes easily recognisable as what we used to call Lords and Ladies.
It’s such a treat after a long, cold, grey winter withstood days when it seems there is no colour left at all to suddenly be surrounded by lanes absolutely full of flowers, and their rich history that continues in the common names shows that they were equally significant through the ages.
All we need now is a cuckoo….. | <urn:uuid:0e5e3054-9e25-4f92-9688-ffd4cb359fa5> | {
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|Nout, M J - DEPT FOOD SCI, NETHERLNDS|
Submitted to: Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: December 10, 1996
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: Yeast microbes are common in maize ears damaged by insects or rotted by mycotoxin-producing molds. Some yeasts produce so-called "killer proteins" that prevent the growth of other yeasts and may also prevent the growth of mycotoxin-producing molds. This study characterized the yeast community of maize from a field in central Illinois and determined which maize yeasts produce killer proteins. These maize yeasts are candidates for biological control of molds and mycotoxins in damaged maize ears.
Technical Abstract: Microflora in woundsites of pre-harvest maize including bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi may play a role in attracting insects to maize plants, and may also interact with growth and mycotoxin production of filamentous fungi. As little data are available about the yeasts occurring on maize from the US Corn Belt, samples of milled maize from experimental plantings at the University of Illinois River Valley Sand field were analyzed. Yeast counts showed slight yearly fluctuation and varied between 3.60 and 5.88 (10 Log N/g values). The majority of the yeasts were Candida guilliermondii (approx. 55%), Candida zeylanoides (24%), Candida shehatae (11%), and Debaryomyces hansenii (3%). Also present were Trichosporon cutaneum, Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius, and Pichia membranaefaciens. The occurrence of killer-yeasts was also evaluated. Killer-yeasts detected were identified as Trichosporon cutaneum and Candida zeylanoides. These were also able to kill some representative yeasts isolated from maize, including Candida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae and Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius. Other maize yeasts (Candida zeylanoides, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia membranaefaciens) were not affected. The majority of yeasts found on maize were unable to ferment its major sugars, i.e. sucrose and maltose. Some (e.g. Candida zeylanoides) were not even able to assimilate these sugars. These properties are of importance in relation with insect attraction to pre-harvest ears of maize. | <urn:uuid:24fd8538-fe04-424c-b4c8-0f0149396479> | {
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Chapter 2. Types
Programs have to store and process different kinds of data, such as integers and floating-point numbers, in different ways. To this end, the compiler needs to know what kind of data a given value represents.
In C, the term object refers to a location in memory whose contents can represent values. Objects that have names are also called variables . An object's type determines how much space the object occupies in memory, and how its possible values are encoded. For example, the same pattern of bits can represent completely different integers depending on whether the data object is interpreted as signedthat is, either positive or negativeor unsigned, and hence unable to represent negative values. | <urn:uuid:baa7a242-fc40-4d7b-9912-61501363f345> | {
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Urban areas are developing so are the metropolitan cities. However due to the stringent laws and impromptu regional transport ministry, the ever increasing and expanding cities' roads have exhausted their traffic handling capacities. Hitherto there have been no major congestion and traffic imbroglio; though traffic Jams have become common.
But in no more time, this situation will be replaced with constant amps, congestion and superfluous queuing at signals and long waiting lines. To avert this situation and mollify the traffic flow, the Government officials are planning to make new roads by utilizing natural resources like hills, grass plains, forests and grazing lands meant for livestock farming. Obviously It will ease the traffic flow temporarily; making a more complex situation In the near future, as it will Just add a new congested traffic route disrupting the echo-system, residential life In that area.
To address this Issue, quantitative optimization with a combination of analytics can become an arbitrator to solve the problem. This paper attempts to derive an algorithm and prove that statistical analysis/analytics can be the best possible method to solve the issue. The algorithm is explained with help of a live case study for better understanding. We present research on developing models that regulate traffic flow and congestion in the Cookout suburbs. We review the modeling effort and describe experiments probing the predictive accuracy of the models.
Finally, we present research on building models that can identify current and future surprises, via efforts on modeling and controlling unexpected situations. 1 . INTRODUCTION: Machine learning and Intelligence are being applied in multiple ways to addressing difficult challenges In multiple fields, Including transportation, energy, and healthcare. Research scientists at Microsoft Research have been engaged In efforts In all of these areas. [l] They are focusing on multilayer efforts at Microsoft Research to infer and forecast the flows of traffic.
The work leverages machine learning to build services that make use of both live streams of sensed information and large amounts of heterogeneous historical data. This has led to multiple prototypes and real-world services such as traffic-sensitive directions Maps. Focused work in this realm also stimulated new efforts In related areas, such as privacy and routing. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY: Traffic has been growing In major cities around the world given the increase in densities of cars on roads and the slow development of road infrastructure.
With research starting In 2002, research scientist and developer teams at Microsoft Research pioneered the use of machine learning methods to build predictive models for traffic. The work led early on to prototypes that can Infer and predict the flow of traffic at different times into the future based on the analysis of large amounts of revise, such as traffic maps that show users how traffic is evolving over time, as well as in services that provide traffic-sensitive directions by considering the inferred speeds on roads that are not sensed directly.
Research on machine learning for traffic spanned several projects and has focused on both on principles and applications. Multiple technical and empirical studies were performed as part of this work. On the fielding of applications, the research efforts sit behind the traffic- sensitive directions in Being Directions within Being Maps and the mobile directions arrive on the Windows Mango phones.
A portion of Microsoft Research's methods, tools, and software on predictive analytics for traffic were licensed externally in 2004 to traffic startup Inner shortly after the company was formed, helping to slingshot that company into the world as a leading international provider of traffic analyses and predictions. As part of efforts on learning about traffic flows from data, researchers have explored methods that enhance the safety and privacy of people who wish to help with the "scrounging" of real-time flows of road data from their mobile GAPS tat.
Principles of community sensing have been developed. These principles center on working with people under a "privacy budget" based on the use of the computations of the value of information for understanding flows over time on the road network. However, several methods, steps and techniques have been developed to monitor traffic, detect congestion and prevent Jams. A combination of analytics and statistics to provide better traffic management is still in infant stage. We have attempted to combine both for ultimate traffic flow management and coined a new term 'TRAFFIC ANALYTICS'. . SCENARIO OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION: The Law College Road and Karee Road are two such roads in Cookout suburbs which are heavily contested because of nasty human population. Unfortunately, every attempt to reduce the congestion has been failed and hence they are planning to widen it or build new roads. However the affected apartments have filed a PILL stating that the widening is against their interest. Similarly their second plan, to develop a ring road attaching Sentential Bat Road and Pad road is too kept on stay because of the publics demand.
Hence with the help of ex-commissioner of Punt ND Mayor, we have initiated the project with the help of transportation experts who will give a ground level idea and a specific clearance of how the traffic flows. 1 . Maximum Volume of Traffic Directional maximum traffic volume at peak hours should not exceed 5465 vehicles/hour. Actually, this is exceeded many times. 2. Existing carrying capacity of Law College Road The minimum number of the vehicles (emitting carbon monoxide) I. E. 12739 is considered as carrying capacity of Law College Road.
At times, about 70,000 vehicles/day ply on the road. 3. Cost Analysis NP of the proposed road project is RSI. 5. Scores for 5 years at the rate of 12% per annum. AIR is 0. 25. 4. Carbon footprint As per the calculation based on Knox and VOCE emissions, the total carbon footprint of Law College Road is 41 ,66. 142. 49 tons/year (in terms of RSI. 467 Scores). Construction of proposed road will have its impact and it estimated at 2 - 3% only. Hence we can conclude for the following main points which will clearly lead us to a better understanding of our problem statement: 1.
The carrying capacity of the Law College Road is completely exhausted due to ever-increasing traffic volume which directs explicitly towards the need for alternatives, and new roads. . More even though the positive effects on Law College Road are compensated. If the proper mitigation measures are taken to reduce the negative impacts due to development activities then the project will become environmentally sustainable as given in the Impact Analysis Statement. 3.
Environmentally planned with adequate funding and monitoring by City level committee (CLC) / project evaluation agency (PEA) of the Road Construction Project will lead to sustainable traffic management in the city. 4. After implementation of all the mitigation measures, based on the rating arterial, the project can be considered as Non-polluting Project because absolute value of impacts is +13 due to use of alternate roads of Bankcard and Pratt road with proper mitigation measures and positive impacts due to decongest on Law College Road absolute value becomes +37. 5.
All these scientific and planning studies, suggest the need of alternatives for the Law College Road. 3. 1 Vehicle Classification and Configuration: Although there are various classification approaches available to various institutions/ organizations or end users of this Guideline, the responsible organization/institution ay use whichever method is deemed appropriate and applicable for the purpose at hand, depending on the quality of data required. | <urn:uuid:682d8c01-dc79-451f-95ff-8e5d0a87698b> | {
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Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
Tsunamis & Earthquakes
1952 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake & Tsunami
The recent September 25, 2003 M 8.3 earthquake near Hokkaido, Japan is located in the same region as the M 8.1 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake. During his stay at the USGS as a visiting scientist, Dr. Kenji Hirata (JAMSTEC) led a study examing the slip distribution of the 1952 earthquake using tsunami records. Below are excerpts from the presentation from the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Seismological Society of America on the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake and tsunami. See spatial relationship between the 1952 and 2003 earthquakes.
Hirata, K., Geist, E.L., Satake, K., Tanioka, Y., and Yamaki, S., 2003, Slip distribution of the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M 8.1) along the Kuril Trench deduced from tsunami waveform inversion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. B4, p. ESE 6-1 - ESE 6-15.
Geist, E.L., Hirata, K., Satake, K., Tanioka, Y., and Yamaki, S., 2003, Reconciling source areas determine from aftershock and tsunami data: The M 8.1 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake along the Kuril subduction zone: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, p. 221.
Photo from the 1952 tsunami. Floating ice was brought onshore during tsunami inundation and damaged structures.
Photo of 1952 tsunami during inundation.
Photo of damage following 1952 tsunami.
Coastline highlighted in orange had observed runup less than 4 m. Red coastline had observed runup greater than 4 m. Star is 1952 epicenter. Circles are aftershocks from 1952 earthquake.
Data from tide gauge stations shown below are used to analyze the 1952 earthquake.
In some cases, ice blocked the tide gauge station and corrupted the record.
Geometry of 1952 rupture. Slip on subfaults A thru J is determined. Depth contours of subducting Pacific Plate indicated at 50, 75, and 100 km. Next slides show profile Q-P.
Results of inversion. Highest slip is on shallow subfaults F and I near trench and subfault E.
Comparison of predicted and observed records.
Comparison of predicted and observed tsunami runup along Hokkaido coastline.
Stress drop distribution derived from slip inversion. Highest stress drop correlates with highest observed seismic intensity.
Generally, aftershocks are located in lower stress-drop regions.
Location of historic earthquake relative to the 1952 Tokachi-Oki rupture. Note that the recent 9/25/03 epicenter is very close to the 1952 epicenter.
Topography of subducting Pacific plate may influence rupture mechanics.
The University of Tokyo Earthquake Research Institute has computed the slip distribution for the 2003 earthquake :
(click on image above to go to the ERI page)
Note that the epicenters for the 1952 and 2003 earthquakes are very close to each other. The highest slip for the 2003 earthquake occurs near the 1952 subfaults B and D with low slip (see above), but also near the high slip subfault E. Subfault E may outline an asperity along this fault. Initial tsunami modeling by Tohoku University indicates that highest tsunami amplitudes were in the Cape Erimo region (southern tip of coastline shown above) in contrast to the Kushiro-Kiratappu region for the 1952 tsunami. | <urn:uuid:de6747b7-50b6-4cc2-a346-ea7606201aa3> | {
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Monday, May 19, 2008
Echoes of 1968
NPR: Echoes of 1968 - The American National Public Radio has a series examining the historic and influential events of 1968. This includes the killings of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. It also features the signing of the Civil Rights Act and protests against the Vietnam War.
From the site:
Americans mourned the deaths of the Rev. Martin Luther King and Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, the Civil Rights Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson and people marched in protest of the Vietnam War. This occasional series looks at how these and other events of 1968 continue to reverberate 40 years later. | <urn:uuid:e25bfe13-f189-42d7-9cd1-03aeb3bcf4fe> | {
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canterbury tales and english language
Answers 1Add Yours
Canterbury Tales is considered a masterpiece of the Middle English language. Middle English was spoken by Anglo-Saxons in England from 1200 to the late 1400s.It has since developed into the English that we know today. Chaucer’s tales were a unique critique of social stratification at the time. The hypocrisy of the church, and other levels of his society, was well known but seldom satirised in the way that Chaucer did. | <urn:uuid:c28012a6-747b-418b-85be-12e39296dab6> | {
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Home / Browse / Marche (Pulaski County)
Marche, a community located in Pulaski County twelve miles north of Little Rock (Pulaski County), was settled by Polish immigrants wishing to escape the struggles of life in the northern United States. The settlement of Marche is one of the most successful efforts to resettle immigrants in Arkansas history.
In 1872, Judge Liberty Bartlett attempted to establish a town in the area now known as Marche. The town of Bartlett never took hold, and the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad gained control of the area and renamed it Warren Station. The railroad company attempted to turn Warren Station into a recreation center for the people of Little Rock. By 1877, however, this project had failed, and the railroad land was put up for sale. This 11,000 acres, which ran west along the railroad from about ten miles northwest of Little Rock toward the Pulaski-Faulkner county line, was then bought by a Polish count in order to provide farms for Polish immigrants, who later named this site Marche, French for “marketplace.”
While in Wisconsin, Count Timothy von Choinski, a nobleman and political refuge from Poland, became concerned with the suffering of many of his fellow Polish immigrants who were residing in the slums of large cities such as New York and Chicago. Choinski wished to improve the working and living condition of these immigrants and began the search for a farming environment that was more familiar to these Poles. While reading a Polish-language newspaper, Choinski was introduced to suitable farmland in central Arkansas. After meeting with the land agent for the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railway in March 1877, Choinski purchased 22,000 acres ten miles northwest of Little Rock.
In May 1877, twenty-two fellow Poles visited the site with Choinski and agreed to settle on half of the purchase. Several different groups of Poles began to settle in the area that summer. A fraction of these immigrants returned to the North after they discovered that the land was not cleared and houses were not built. Eighty-five families remained after this initial wave of settlement.
In the fall of 1878, Father Anthony Jaworski arrived at Marche. Jaworski was the first of a series of Holy Ghost Fathers to serve the spiritual needs of the community. Upon Jaworski’s arrival, a small wooden chapel, named the Immaculate Heart of Mary Church, was built high on a hill. This hill was named “Jasna Gora,” or “Sky-Blue Mountain,” after a famous shrine in Poland. A larger building replaced the original church in 1896 and served the community until it was destroyed by fire in 1932. Its replacement was dedicated in May 1933.
During World War II, the federal government expanded Camp Pike and renamed it Camp Robinson. This expansion required that about forty families in Marche relocate to the city, where government jobs awaited them. Despite the expansion of Camp Robinson, Marche continued to develop. In 1960, a new school replaced an earlier schoolhouse, built in 1924. The Immaculate Heart of Mary Church’s Life Center was completed in 1999 for parish community activities. This church continues to celebrate Karnawal to increase the awareness of the community’s Polish heritage.
For additional information:
Besancon-Alford, Julia G. “The History of Marche, Arkansas.” Pulaski County Historical Review 41 (Winter 1993): 78–90.
Immaculate Heart of Mary Church. http://www.ihmparishschool.org/church.htm (accessed May 22, 2007).
Sarna, Jan. “Marche, Arkansas: A Personal Reminiscence of Life and Customs.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 36 (Spring 1977): 31–49.
Woods, James. Mission and Memory: A History of the Catholic Church in Arkansas. Little Rock: August House, 1993.
Jamie MetrailerUniversity of Arkansas at Little Rock
Last Updated 5/12/2008
About this Entry: Contact the Encyclopedia / Submit a Comment / Submit a Narrative | <urn:uuid:3e88007c-a83c-4d56-bee3-62d6c534f652> | {
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Greek Name: Ares
Roman Name: Mars
Role in Mythology : God of War
Ares, in Greek mythology, god of war and son of Zeus, king of the gods, and his wife, Hera. The Romans identified him with Mars, also a god of war. Aggressive and sanguinary, Ares personified the brutal nature of war. He was unpopular with both gods and humans. Among the deities associated with Ares were his consort, Aphrodite, goddess of love, and such minor deities as Deimos (Panic) and Phobos (Fear), who accompanied him in battle. Although fierce and warlike, Ares was not invincible, even against mortals.
The worship of Ares, believed to have originated in Thrace, was not extensive in ancient Greece, and where it existed, it lacked social or moral significance. Ares was an ancestral deity of Thebes and had a temple at Athens, at the foot of the Areopagus, or Hill of Ares. | <urn:uuid:c70b798b-c1af-4a03-9f71-9abda7fcd3ad> | {
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For many years astronomers have theorized that when massive stars explode as supernovae, some of the material won't be ejected with enough speed to escape the system. This material falls back and will either crash into the dying star or form a disk around it.
Now, thanks to NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, scientists have their first observational evidence that a supernova fallback process occurs in nature. MIT astronomers Zhongxiang Wang, Deepto Chakrabarty, and David Kaplan used Spitzer to find the thermal glow of a dusty disk around a neutron star the dense, compact remnant of an exploded star. Given the neutron star's estimated age and the expected lifetime of the disk, odds are good that the disk represents the supernova fallback debris long predicted by theory, the team reports in the April 6th Nature. It's conceivable that one or more small planets are forming inside the disk.
Based on the dust's 425° to 925° C (800° to 1,700° F) temperature and its infrared brightness, the MIT team estimates that the disk contains about 10 Earth masses of material, and extends from about 1.6 million kilometers (1 million miles) to 5 million km from the neutron star, which is known as 4U 0142+61 for its sky coordinates in Cassiopeia. Such a disk would fit well inside the orbit of Mercury in our solar system. The host star itself is a magnetar, a neutron star with an extraordinarily powerful magnetic field.
"This debris disk result is significant because it provides a proof of concept that neutron stars can have a fallback disk," says Paul Kalas (University of California, Berkeley), an expert in circumstellar disks. "Planets may form in this disk, and they may have exotic properties."
"We don't know how widespread the phenomenon of debris disks around neutron stars is going to be, since it's the first one we found," adds Chakrabarty. "It's possible they are common around young neutron stars. But it's also possible that whatever is special about the formation of magnetars relates to fallback in a disk, so we will test that idea by looking for disks around young magnetars and young neutron stars."
Based on the rate at which the magnetar's spin is slowing, astronomers estimate its age at 100,000 years. This is much shorter than the disk's predicted 1-million-year lifetime, indicating that the disk material dates back to the supernova that produced the magnetar.
The discovery of this disk is significant because the fallback process could play an important role in supernovae. In some cases, enough material crashing onto a neutron star could push it over the edge, forcing it to collapse gravitationally into a black hole. Such a process might have occurred in Supernova 1987A, since astronomers have yet to find any clear-cut signs of a neutron star at the center of the expanding remnant.
The disk also provides another potential environment for planet formation. Chakrabarty stresses that no planets have been found in the disk, but the disk's distance range from the magnetar is similar to the distances of three planets found in the early 1990s around another neutron star, the pulsar B1257+12. The total mass of the pulsar's planets is also similar to the mass of the magnetar's disk.
But there are several important differences in the two systems. Although the pulsar planets almost certainly originated in a disk, that disk probably resulted from the destruction of a companion star a process that spun up B1257+12 to a speed of several hundred rotations per second. In contrast, 4U 0142+61 spins once every 8.7 seconds. "The most direct connection we can make between our work and the pulsar planets is that our discovery shows it's possible for debris disks to survive in an environment around a pulsar," says Chakrabarty.
In a paper posted today on the Internet site Astro-ph, Geoff Bryden (NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and seven colleagues report on a deep Spitzer search for dust around pulsar B1257+12. Unfortunately, the team found no sign of a disk, but it says that the observations cannot rule out either a very thin disk or an asteroid belt. | <urn:uuid:c01b11bc-7467-407d-98ec-b60aaf81802d> | {
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Therapeutic sports massage is a type of massage technique that focuses on treating soft tissue aches, pain and injuries that are associated with recreational activities.
Although many athletes are convinced of the physical benefit of massage, research on its effectiveness is limited. Massage involves applying mechanical pressure to the soft tissues, and this is believed to result in improved muscle flexibility, increased range of motion in the joints and decreased muscle stiffness.
The pressure of massage may also improve blood flow during the massage and increase muscle temperature. Massage reduces heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels. Most people report a feeling of relaxation, reduced anxiety and improved mood as a result. Athletes may indeed find an edge in these psychological benefits.
When it comes to using massage to improve performance and prevent injury, the research isn’t as positive. In fact, little scientific evidence supports these claims. Available research shows that post-exercise massage reduces the intensity of muscle soreness but has no effect on the muscle functional loss (weakness, fatigue, decreases in strength, etc.) that often occurs after intense training or competition.
However, for most athletes, less muscle pain and stiffness and an improved sense of relaxation and well-being are reasons enough to enjoy regular massage. And as researchers continue to study the mind/body connection, they may discover that the psychological benefits of massage do improve physical functioning.
Source: The American Massage Therapy Association | <urn:uuid:7b3a0829-b0ed-4723-a8af-3c2704cf5f55> | {
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We never knew that European engineers were in the Miss Cleo business, but it seems so with a new safety technology being developed. This system is pretty simple to explain, really. Radar sensors mounted throughout the car watch for potential crashes. If it senses a crash, 230 milliseconds prior to impact it will deploy a brace-bar to help transfer the energy over a wider area and lessen the damage. On a side-impact test the bar was able to reduce the crash damage by 10 centimeters, which could equal one life. The one question does remain: why not always have the bar intact?
Design constraints, like the need to lower the door window, mean car frames cannot be built with the beam already in place. Like airbags, once activated, the brace would need a trip to the workshop to be reset, but the team are working on making the brace retractable. | <urn:uuid:8c6ee8db-b059-4525-9bb5-86334a6bedcf> | {
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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abacus
ABACUS, in architecture, a constituent part of the capital of a column, which supports the horizontal entablement. In arithmetic, the name of an instrument employed to teach the elementary principles of the science of numbers. The Chinese abacus is also an instrument for facilitating arithmetical calculations. It consists of several series of beads or counters strung upon brass wires stretched from the top to the bottom of an instrument, and divided in the middle by a cross-piece from side to side. In the upper compartment every wire has two beads, each of which counts five; in the lower space every wire has five beads of different values; the first being counted as one, the second as 10, the third as 100, and so on. | <urn:uuid:c6371ac8-d937-4d24-9058-efa10667347c> | {
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Science skeptics have recently reviewed these services, and found plenty of quackery. [Science Based Medicine] [Skeptical Raptor]
However, there is some research to back up the idea that genetic testing can provide insights into metabolic disorders. There may be as many as 200 SNPs for which there are proven metabolic effects, and only a subset of these alter nutrient requirements in a significant portion of the population [e.g., the rs1801133 MTHFR SNP and folate requirement in 15–30% of the population (Solis et al., 2008) and the rs12325817 PEMT SNP and choline requirement in 20–45% of the population (da Costa et al., 2006)].
What do genetic testing services measure?
The human genome consists of about 3 billion nuceleotide bases, each of which is either A,C, T, or G. A reference genome based on the similarities of all genotyped humans has been assembled, along with a corresponding reference database of all of the point "mutations" where individuals differ from that baseline. So far, scientists have documented about 150 million of these single nucleotide polymorphisms, called SNPs. The average person doesn't have all of these differences, however; most people have about 3 millions SNPs that differentiate them from the reference human genome. Since 3 million is about 0.1% of the 3 billion base pairs, most humans differ from each other by about 0.1% of our DNA. Ancestry genomic testing services like 23andme test for a few hundred thousand SNPs for $100-$200. For $1000-10,000 a complete genomic sequence can be obtained. (there are about 3 billion bases total.
Examples: MTHFR – metabolic pathways and nutrigenomics
In humans, SNPs in the gene MTHFD1 increase the demand for betaine as a methyl-donor, thereby increasing the dietary requirement for choline. Another SNP in the gene PEMT prevents the activation of this gene by estrogen, thereby decreasing endogenous production of phosphatidylcholine (a source of choline) in the liver and increasing the dietary requirement for choline. [Choline: Critical Role During Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults. Ziesel]
But note that it is not so simple. There are several forms of the MTHFD1 gene, for example MTHFD1L and MTHFD2. If MTHFD1 is commonly mutated, it may be a pseudogene.
Complexities interpreting SNPs
No simple test can unravel the intricacies of the human genome, and consumers should be suspicious of anyone claiming to be able to interpret measurements of tens of thousands of genes, with millions of genetic variations, some of which have effects on hundreds or thousands of the small molecules of metabolism (and perhaps on thousands of peptides or proteins involved in metabolism).
[A grand challenge for nutrigenomics. Steven Zeisel. 2010.]
Mistakes in genomics data
Note that 23andme data, like any large genome scan, can have mistakes in it. For example, the Enlis genomics blog found more than 500 likely mistakes in a sample of 23andme raw data! (Enlis)
Solution: Metabolic Testing
There is a genetic test for MTHFR variations. But there’s also a cheaper and more accurate way to test for whetherMTHFR variations are causing disease. We simply check the levels of homocysteine in the blood...In other words, the homocysteine levels determine our actions, not the MTHFR test results.[Cleveland Clinic] | <urn:uuid:8ee06c13-616b-419f-9a3f-efbde8ae915c> | {
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Russia Far East celebrates Tiger Day
Tiger Day was first celebrated in Vladivostok, the Russia Far East’s biggest city, in 2000 to spread awareness of the need for conserving the Amur tiger, the largest of the six big cat sub-species that still survive in the wild today. The sub-species numbers about 500, confined to the forests of the Russian Far East and in northeastern China.
“We wanted to celebrate the dawn of a new millennium in 2000 with something original and nature friendly,” said Yulia Fomenko, communications officer at WWF Russia Amur branch. “It was Vladimir Troynin, a writer and wildlife biologist from the Russia Far East’s Primorsky Province, who then came up with the idea of Tiger Day to show our love for the Amur tiger.”
Since then, Tiger Day has taken off and declared an official holiday. Recognition of the Day grows with each passing year, with nature reserves taking an active part, and smaller cities and villages holding their own celebrations. This year, Tiger Day is being celebrated in the Amur tiger’s entire range in the Russia Far East – in Khabarovsky, Amurskaya and Evreiskaya Provinces, in addition to Primorsky, which has the species on its coats of arms.
Festivities started as early as 20 September with street parades, school performances, tiger face painting and various contests – art, handmade souvenirs, and photo. The festivities reach a climax in Vladivostok on 30 September. WWF will bring together supporters, among whom are volunteers of the “Plant a Forest for Leopards” action who had planted a million Korean pine saplings in the Land of the Leopard national park in 2011-2012. The Korean pine forest is a key habitat of the Amur tiger. In 2010, in an effort to regulate the trade in Korean pine timber, Russia listed the species in Appendix III of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
WWF will also hold an eco-lottery where every participant stands a chance to win a small prize. It will conduct a “How to draw a tiger” master class for children.
“We are pleased that together with colleagues from other organizations, we are able to bring Tiger Day celebration to libraries and schools in the town square, and most important to the people,” said Ms. Fomenko.
In 2010, the Russian Government adopted the Strategy for Tiger Conservation, making commitments to double the number of wild tigers by 2022. However efforts to increase the wild Amur tiger population have to be supported by the people.
"Tiger Day is a good way to remind people in our country to express their love for the Tiger and spare a thought for nature," added Ms. Fomenko. | <urn:uuid:15d85405-53de-4c9b-8ea7-cdab3ca888e4> | {
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roff - a survey of the roff typesetting system
roff is the general name for a set of type-setting programs,
known under names like troff, nroff, groff, etc.
The roff type-setting system consists of a formatting language,
macro packages, preprocessors, postprocessors for
output devices, user front-end programs, and conversion
The most common roff system today is the free software
implementation groff (from `GNU roff'). The pre-groff
implementations are referred to as `classical' (dating
back as long as 1973).
groff is backward-compatible to its classical ancestors,
but has many extensions, and is still evolving. As it is
available for almost every computer system it is the defacto
roff standard today.
In spite of its age, roff is in wide use today, e.g., the
manual pages on UNIX systems (man-pages) are written in
roff. The roff output for text devices is still
unmatched, and its graphical output has the same quality
as the other free type-setting programs and is better than
some of the commercial systems.
This document gives only an overview and provides pointers
to further documentation.
This document is not maintained and might be out of date.
For the real documentation refer to the groff info file
that contains the detailed, actual and concise reference
There are three terms that refer to the language of the
roff system. The term troff language is used when the
classical aspects of roff are stressed, the term groff
language includes the GNU extensions, whereas roff lan-
guage is the general term.
The main source of documentation for all aspects of the
groff language is the groff info file. The manual page
groff(7) gives a short description of all predefined language
Documents using roff are normal text files decorated by
formatting elements. It is very easy to write high-quality
documents by using one of the macro packages. These
are like high-level programming languages, while the bare
roff language compares to a low-level language like C or
The roff language is a full programming language providing
low-level requests, definition of macros, escape
sequences, string variables, number or size registers, and
C-like flow controls.
Some clarification on the language elements seems to be
wanted. Requests are basic formatting commands defined by
programming languages like C, C++, etc., whereas macros
are formatting commands that are written in the roff language.
A document writer will not note any difference in
usage for requests or macros, both are written on a line
on their own starting with a dot `.'. But the user may
define her own macros if desired.
Escape sequences are in-line elements starting with a
backslash `\'. They are used to implement various features,
including the insertion of non-ASCII characters
with \(, the content of strings with \* and register variables
with \n, font changes with \f, in-line comments with
\", the escaping of special control characters like \\,
and many other features.
Formatters are the front-end programs that analyze a groff
document and translate it into a form that is suitable for
a special device. The traditional roff had two formatters,
nroff for text devices and troff for graphical
These programs still exist in the groff implementation,
but usually they are accessed through a program called
groff. This combined and extended the old functionality
into a single program. It has many command-line options,
most of them herited from troff. To ease the option jungle,
the user-friendly utility grog (from `groff guess')
was created. It tries to guess from the document which
arguments should be used and displays a suitable command
line. Though not being perfect, it is a good starting
The classical preprocessors that are still available in
eqn for including mathematical equations.
grap for constructing graphical elements (this
preprocessor doesn't come with groff; it is
an extra package).
grn for including gremlin pictures.
pic for creating diagrams.
refer for bibliographic references.
soelim for including other roff files.
tbl for rectangular tables.
Each of these preprocessors defines its own language that
is translated into roff code when run through the preprocessor
program. So parts written in these languages may
be included within a roff document. Such an enhanced document
is run through one or more corresponding preprocessors
before it is fed into the actual formatter.
The preprocessor programs extract and transform the document
parts determined for them. They can be called either
in a UNIX pipeline with their program name or automatically
with a groff option.
|preprocessor | groff option |
| eqn | -e |
| grap | -G |
| grn | -g |
| pic | -p |
| refer | -R |
| tbl | -r |
| soelim | -s |
Macro packages are collections of macros that are suitable
to format a special kind of documents in a convenient way.
This greatly eases the usage of roff. The macro definitions
of a package are kept in a file called tmac.name
where name is the internal roff name for this package.
All tmac files are stored in a single or few directories
at standard positions.
A macro package that is used in a document is specified by
the command line option -m for the formatter like troff -m
name or groff -m name. General details on the naming of
macro packages and their placement is found in tmac(5).
Famous classical macro packages are man, mandoc, and mdoc
for manual pages and me, ms, and mm for books, articles,
and letters. Besides these collections, groff provides an
increasing number of new macro packages for various applications,
for example integration of or conversion into
other file formats.
Manual pages (man-pages) take the section number as a file
name extension, e.g., the filename for this document is
roff.7, i.e., it is kept in section 7 of the man-pages.
The classical macro packages take the package name as an
extension, e.g. file.me for a document using the me macro
package, file.mm for mm, file.ms for ms, file.pic for pic
Most text editors provide support for editing documents
using roff. Especially useful is the nroff-mode in all
flavors of the Emacs editor.
A colon separated list of directories in which to
search for macro files, see tmac(5).
GROFF_TYPESETTER [Toc] [Back]
GROFF_FONT_PATH [Toc] [Back]
A colon separated list of directories in which to
search for the devname directory. troff will
search in directories given in the -F option before
these, and in standard directories
By default, groff installs all of its library files in a
directory tree under /usr/local/share/groff. This location
might vary for different systems. In the following,
this directory is referred to as <groff_dir>.
Initialization file for troff.
Device description file for device name.
Font file for font F of device name.
The groff documentation is in evolution at the moment. It
is possible that small inconsistencies between different
documents exist temporarily.
This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution.
It was written by Bernd Warken <[email protected]>.
It is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free
Documentation License) version 1.1 or later. You should
have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also
available on-line under
The main source of information is the groff info(1) file.
The predefined elements of the groff language are also
documented in the manual page groff(7).
Formatters and their wrappers: groff(1), grog(1),
nroff(1), and troff(1).
Postprocessors for the output devices: grodvi(1), gro-
html(1), grolbp(1), grolj4(1), grops(1), and grotty(1).
Standard preprocessors: eqn(1), grn(1), grap(1), pic(1),
refer(1), soelim(1), and tbl(1).
The man pages for macro packages include groff_tmac(5),
groff_man(7), groff_markup(7), groff_mdoc(7),
groff_mdoc.samples(7), groff_me(7), groff_mm(7),
groff_mmroff(7), groff_ms(7), and groff_msafer(7).
The following utilities are available: addftinfo(1), afm-
todif(1), hpftodit(1), indxbib(1), lookbib(1), pfbtops(1),
tfmtodit(1), and gxditview(1).
For details on the GNU implementation of the roff system
see groff_char(7), groff_font(7), groff_out(7), and the
file README in the main directory of the groff source distribution.
These also give details on how to contact or
join the groff developer group.
Many classical documents are still available on-line.
Especially informative are the original Bell Labs proceedings
for the old, free UNIX 7 found at http://cm.bell-
labs.com/cm/cs/cstr.html and the collection of the late
Richard S. Stevens at http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/.
Groff Version 1.16.1 April 8, 2001 ROFF(7)
[ Back ] | <urn:uuid:dce7c7d9-f96a-4c49-a5fe-3e344f1f9a3c> | {
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Risk Factors for Lymphedema
There are certain factors that can create a significant risk for the development of what is referred to as secondary leg lymphedema.
These risk factors include:
1.) Lymph node removal for biopsies
2.) Serious infections that include lymphangitis, cellulitis or erysipelas.
3.) Deep invasive wounds that might tear, cut or damage the lymphatics.
4.) Radiation treatments, especially ones that are focused in areas that might contain “clusters” of lymph nodes
5.) Morbid obesity can cause secondary lymphedema by “crushing” the lymphatics
6.) Serious burns, even intense sunburn
7.) Infection of the microscopic parasite filarial larvae, though this is more common in tropical countries
8.) For primary lymphedema any person who has a family history of unknown swelling of a limb
9.) Radiation and chemotherapy for cancer
10.) Insect bites
11.) Bone fractures and breaks | <urn:uuid:a100e241-7f83-4d0d-8b35-d1f8e42f823a> | {
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Development and evaluation of the electromagnetic hypersensitivity questionnaire.
Eltiti S., Wallace D., Zougkou K., Russo R., Joseph S., Rasor P., Fox E.
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) syndrome is usually defined as a condition where an individual experiences adverse health effects that he or she believes is due to exposure to objects that emit electromagnetic fields. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire that would identify the key symptoms associated with EHS and determine how often these symptoms occur in the general population of the United Kingdom. In the pilot study, an EHS questionnaire was developed and tested. In Study 1 the EHS questionnaire was revised and sent to a randomly selected sample of 20,000 people. Principal components analysis of the symptoms resulted in eight subscales: neurovegetative, skin, auditory, headache, cardiorespiratory, cold related, locomotor, and allergy related symptoms. Study 2 established the validity of the questionnaire in that EHS individuals showed a higher severity of symptoms on all subscales compared to the control group. The two key results of this study were the development of a scale that provides an index of the type and intensity of symptoms commonly experienced by people believing themselves to be EHS and a screening tool that researchers can use to pre-select the most sensitive individuals to take part in their research. | <urn:uuid:6c77c1e4-de94-4ca4-aa5f-d3702c31a19b> | {
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For many of us, the day doesn’t start until we’ve downed at least one cup of joe.
But what if our morning routine could do something more?
In honor of National Coffee Day last week and International Coffee Day yesterday, we’re taking a look at how one of the world’s favorite (and let’s be honest, most necessary) beverages may have implications for reducing risk for Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurological condition that affects seven to 10 million people worldwide.
Research has shown that coffee-drinkers have a 30 percent lower chance of developing Parkinson’s than those who don’t drink coffee.
The reason? Caffeine may actually protect vulnerable brain cells from the damage caused by the disease.
That may be because caffeine shuts down a molecule called A2A, which is found in the part of the brain most affected by Parkinson’s. This region is also rich with cells that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger that helps control voluntary movement. It’s the loss of these cells that leads to Parkinson’s hallmark symptoms, including tremor and freezing.
A2A also plays a role in regulating glutamate, another chemical messenger that has long been linked to Parkinson’s. When brain cells are functioning normally, glutamate isn’t a problem (in fact, it’s an important player in the brain’s intricate communication network). However, when something goes wrong with cells’ ability to produce energy, they become highly susceptible to glutamate and can sustain damage.
A gut feeling
The reduction in risk could also be the result of caffeine’s effect on the gut, which is home to a cornucopia of microbes that aid in digestion.
Increasing evidence suggests that Parkinson’s, a disease usually associated with the brain, actually may begin as the result of inflammation in the digestive tract, which causes proteins called alpha-synuclein to stick together. These proteins eventually make their way into the nervous system and into the brain, where they wreak havoc on dopamine-producing cells. Caffeine, however, may change the composition of the gut’s microbes, known as microbiota, in a way that reduces inflammation and prevents alpha-synuclein from becoming harmful.
When it comes down to it, what does this all mean?
Many studies have shown that caffeine is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease. However, it’s important to remember that the majority of Parkinson’s cases do not have one easily identifiable cause, and are likely the result of a mix of factors including genetics, epigenetics and environmental exposures (with caffeine consumption being a protective factor).
So, the next time you have a cup of coffee, remember—it may be doing it bit more than you expected. | <urn:uuid:0b41f517-73ef-4502-b002-b30ec6339d42> | {
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Here are a few characteristics of empaths who have not learned to filter out other people’s emotions or manage their own energy:
- You constantly feel overwhelmed with emotions and you may cry a lot, feel sad, angry, or depressed for no good reason. You may be tempted to think you are crazy for having random mood swings and bouts of unexplained fatigue. If you are a woman, it’s like having PMS all the time! Unrestrained empathy can cause a person to manifest symptoms similar to bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder.
- You drop by the store feeling great, but once you get in a crowd you start feeling down, angry, sad, or overwhelmed. You feel you must be coming down with something so you decide to go home and rest.
- If you’ve found that you can’t be in public without becoming overwhelmed you may start to live the life of a hermit. But, even at home, you get depressed when you watch the news and you cry while watching a movie. You feel horrible when a commercial for the Humane Society shows animals that need a home. You may rescue more animals than you can possibly care for.
- You feel sorry for people no matter who they are or what they have done. You feel the need to stop and help anyone in your path. You can’t pass by a homeless person without giving him money—even if you don’t have it to spare.
- Many empaths are overweight. When they absorb stressful emotions, it can trigger panic attacks, depression as well as food, sex, and drug binges. Some may overeat to cope with emotional stress or use their body weight as a shield or buffer. Chapter 9 of Whose Stuff Is This?shows how to use light as protection.
- Most empaths have the ability to physically and emotionally heal others by drawing the pain or ailment out of the sick person and into their own bodies. For obvious reasons, this is not recommended unless you know how to keep from becoming ill in the process.
- From chest pains and stomach cramps to migraines and fever, you manifest symptoms without contracting an actual illness. Later, you learn that your “ailment” coincided with the onset of a friend or family member’s illness.
- No one can lie to you because you can see through their façade and know what they really mean. You may even know why they lied.
- People—even strangers—open up and start volunteering their personal information. You may be sitting in the waiting room minding your own business and waiting your turn when the person next to you starts sharing all kinds of personal information. You didn’t ask them to and they never considered that you might not want to hear about their drama. People may feel better after speaking with you, but you end up feeling worse because they have transferred their emotional pain to you.
- Some empaths don’t do well with intimate relationships. Constantly taking on their partner’s pain and emotions, they may easily get their feelings hurt, desire to spend time alone rather than with the partner, feel vulnerable when having sex, and feel that they have to continually retrieve their own energy when it gets jumbled with that of their partner. They may be so afraid of becoming engulfed by another person that they close up emotionally just to survive.
- The ill, the suffering, and those with weak boundaries are drawn to the unconditional understanding and compassion an empath emits without even being aware of it. Until you learn how to shut out the energy of others, you may have a pretty miserable existence in which you feel like you have to be entirely alone in order to survive.
PURCHASE paperback book, Whose Stuff Is This? Finding Freedom from the Thoughts, Feelings,and Energy of Those Around You at http://tinyurl.com/EmpathAmazon. The e-book version is now available for Kindle, iPhone, iPad, and other digital reading devices. | <urn:uuid:260aa69f-9f06-4661-97f4-8a9449f77a24> | {
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Today’s lesson: ‘abdu’l-bahá.
The lesson revolved around four important points about ‘Abdu’l-Bahá—points that everybody has to know about Him:
- ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was the Centre of the Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh.
- ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was the Servant of Bahá.
- ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was the Perfect Exemplar of Bahá’u’lláh’s Teachings. (The “What Would ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Do?” sheet tied in with this.)
- ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was the unerring Interpreter of Baha’u’lláh’s Words.
We discussed these until everyone got it; afterwards, these same points were repeated and illustrated in the materials used—the children cut out the illustrations (very nicely, too) and pasted them onto colouring paper for effect.
No big complaints about this class. The only place where we had a bit of a hiccup was that the fill-in-the-blanks exercise we used asked questions that we hadn’t covered in class, so we had to do tell some extra stories during that portion of the class so everyone could get it.
Also, it was impressive listening to the questions asked by the kids during the lesson. Some of them, rightly so, had (and still have) quite a difficult time understanding why someone would ever have wanted to put Baha’u’llah and ‘Abdu’l-Baha—who were such loving and kind and gentle people—in prison and treat them so badly. We told them what we knew: that certain people in power saw that everyone loved and followed Baha’u’llah, and feared that they would lose their own influence over those people. So, thinking to get rid of that threat to their continued influence, they persecuted and imprisoned Baha’u’llah and His family. These aren’t easy questions to answer, but the fact that the children are asking them shows that there is a real love for ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and Bahá’u’lláh growing in their hearts, and that’s so good to see. | <urn:uuid:03bca493-d1d5-4d96-8086-a71a59dc43b0> | {
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Heart Devices Like Pacemakers Linked to Infections
Complications from these devices put patients at greater risk for death, study suggests
MONDAY, Sept. 12 (HealthDay News) -- Implantable electronic devices such as pacemakers and certain defibrillators can help treat heart conditions and save lives, but these benefits may have to be weighed against potentially life-threatening and costly complications, a new study suggests.
Researchers from the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Rochester, Minn., found that people who develop an infection related to a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) are at greater risk for death. Infection related to one of these devices also results in higher health-care costs, including the price for hospital admissions, intensive care and pharmacy services.
In conducting the study, the researchers analyzed information on more than 200,000 patients who received a new cardiovascular implantable electronic device or had an old one replaced or fixed between January and December 2007.
The study, published online Sept. 12 in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine, found that 5,817 of the patients were hospitalized with an infection. The researchers said the infections were associated with an increased risk of death. Depending on the type of device patients received, adjusted admission mortality rose from 4.6 percent to 11.3 percent, and long-term mortality increased from 26.5 percent to 35.1 percent.
The costs associated with these complications were also higher. "Intensive care and pharmacy services accounted for more than half of the incremental cost [for patients] with infection and could be targeted to reduce costs associated with management of CIED infection," Dr. Muhammad Sohail and colleagues explained in a journal news release.
The researchers noted that pacemakers, in particular, were associated with significantly greater increased costs than other types of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices.
The researchers said more research is needed to determine why CIEDs are associated with increased risk of death.
The American Heart Association provides more information on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections.Mary Elizabeth Dallas SOURCE: JAMA/Archives, news release, Sept. 12, 2011 Related Articles
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Copyright © 2011 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:f3af1a01-71d0-4db9-aeee-f4916f659a6d> | {
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For the past 3 years I have taken part in a sort of alternative education ‘experiment’ at 5 middle schools in a school district north of San Francisco. The premise of this experiment is that punishing students for failing subjects, for bad behavior in class and for truancy can only go so far. At some point, the school, teacher or parent has to come up with a solution as expelling middle school aged kids typically leads to drug use, over reliance on video games and lack of an incentive / skills for societal involvement. The solution created involves keeping kids at the school site nearest to their home, yet in an alternative classroom where a multiple subject teacher and teaching assistant work much more closely with each student than in a standard class. The ratio of student to teacher is 10 to 1 as opposed to 30 to 1; the focus is on academics as well as social and emotional learning; and project based learning and field trips are woven into the curriculum to inspire creative application of academic concepts.
During my time as educator of project based social and emotional learning, I have noticed one trend that is pretty much universal among the alt-ed students in these classrooms: their reliance on technology and overuse of smartphones, Youtube and video games. Regardless of socio-economics and race (as each school is situated in a different area that results in demographic shift), the trend I have noticed is near universal with these kids: ask them to do a simple multiplication and they can’t answer without going to their phone calculator; ask a question about geography and they use Google maps; ask them to identify a definition and they ask Siri or Google. Initial attempts at removing technological distraction such as by putting phones away and keeping Chromebooks closed leads to blank stares, disinterest and a flare up of a suite of behavior management challenges.
One might observe that ‘of course’ these students act this way- they are, after all, the segment of our population that are failing or in danger of being expelled, and most likely they have some sort of learning disability or lack of support at home. While the latter is true in many cases, the former is mostly false as students in these alt-ed classes lack an IEP or ‘Individual Education Program’ plan that is created when a student has a learning disability that may prevent them from thriving in school. The one thing these students DO have is a form of ADHD where keeping their attention for more than 15 minutes is near impossible.
In thinking about this I was reminded of an article I read back in 2008 that first cued me into the possible dangers of Internet connectivity: entitled Is Google Making Us Stupid? it is a fascinating read even today and worth checking out. A quote from the piece explains, “[Internet media] supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.” This phrase exactly describes what I see happening with the hundreds of 11-14 year olds I have worked with the last 10+ years, and not just with the students in alternative education classrooms. Middle school students in public, private and alternative education contexts exhibit shorter attention spans than anytime in history*. This statement comes from current research, personal anecdotal evidence from my own experience and from numerous principles, teachers and guidance counselors I have worked with; seasoned educators that have been in the educational realm for multiple decades.
A simple way to put it is this: students I work with in the alternative education classes and many from general education would much rather surf on Youtube than actually go surfing. And maybe they have a point? Actual surfing involves getting to a beach at odd hours, trudging through coastal plain and sand, getting wet in cold water (at least in Northern California) and the occasional run in with sea urchin spikes in your foot. Youtube does the work for you, includes the dopamine rush and you can do it from anywhere. The problem with the above is that as research shows, in accessing information online we are actually changing the way our brain processes information, many times with dire results: decreased academic performance, a decrease in the ability to focus on tasks and a general apathy for education and possibly the world in general.
Current solutions exist on both the social and technological fronts: work done by Common Sense Media can help us educate our youth on trends in digital citizenship, tech workers at Google and Facebook (among others) have launched a Center for Humane Technology, and websites such as www.wiseteched.com offer targeted social behavior change platforms to educate ourselves on the dangers of overuse of technology while changing social norms and neural pathways. The goal is to enable awareness and an increase in the ability to give our attention in focused and meaningful ways.
I recently went on a field trip to the California Academy of Sciences with two of the alternative education classes mentioned above. Each student was given a scavenger hunt worksheet that asked them to go to specific areas in the museum and write down responses. One question asked the students to answer, “In the exhibit The Color of Life, what is the term for the bending of light?” Rather than move from his seat near the cafeteria, I watched a student pick up his iPhone, cracks spread throughout the screen, and ask Siri “What do you call light that bends?” I couldn’t help but respect the fact he used the tool available to him.
*”There has been an 800% increase in the ADHD “epidemic” in the last 30 years. 6 million kids have been diagnosed with ADHD (1 in 10 kids)” Glow Kids by Nicolas Kardaras | <urn:uuid:39362204-db94-4d1b-9cc7-15537c66c518> | {
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Definition of Braxton Hicks contractions
Braxton Hicks contractions: Irregular contractions of the womb (the uterus) occurring towards the middle of pregnancy in the first pregnancy and, earlier and more intensely, in subsequent pregnancies.
These contractions tend to occur during physical activity. The uterus tightens for 30 to 60 seconds beginning at the top of the uterus; and the contraction gradually spreads downward before relaxing. Although said to be painless, Braxton Hicks contractions may be quite uncomfortable and sometimes difficult to distinguish from true labor contractions.
Not named for a Dr. Braxton and a Dr. Hicks but for John Braxton Hicks (1823-1897), a British gynecologist.
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
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- Additional Skin Conditions | <urn:uuid:e89f5b05-a77b-4952-a8c4-818984faeb90> | {
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Do you like travelling to Bali? If you do, you must know about the update news recent about the eruption of Mount Agung in Bali? Well, Mount Agung is one of the volcano mounts in Indonesia. It means it can go active like this like what happen this day. Well, until this day, the Mount Agung is still recording the hundred tremors each day. More than 100,000 people is evacuated from the dangerous zone after the local authorities have declared the state of emerge. The expert says the large eruption can happen closely.
Until this day, the zone stretches to 12 km around the Mount because the Mount activity is rising up. The seismic tremors volcano is increasing in intensity, number, and reduction in the depth so this is a good indication that the http://bengkelbola.org magma is moving up to the surface. There are two more signs that the eruption is close: the bulging on the surface of volcano and the gas emissions from the summit. The gas emission was a sign of pressure under the ground was become too great, by sending the magma towards the summit and releasing gas and steam in the process of it.
Even though you are not in Bali, but you also should prepare for the worst scene if someday the Agung Mount is erupted. Why? If we learned from the history, this Mount Agung had been erupted on 1963 and it made a huge impact toward the global climate. The global climate is getting lower to 0.4 degree Celsius. It is not only about the climate, there were more than 1,000 people died and more hundreds were injured because of the Mount eruption on 1963. At that time, there are no advance technologies which can warn the local to evacuate from the red zone, so that more than 1,000 people died without warning.
Do you know? The great eruption on 1963 had been emitting the ash, gas, and rock spread out up to 14,000 kilometers and reached Singapore. Can you imagine how hard the eruption is? Learning from the history, now the local government has been prepared it if the Mount Agung is erupted like in the past one as well as the local does. They want to evacuate themselves because they feel like the Agung Mount will explode like the past one. They have a bad memory through the explosion of the past.
The Mount Agung also has been erupted on the past, not in 1963 only because it has erupted on 1808, 1821, and 1843. Three of those eruptions are explosive with the sign of emitting the ash, rock, and lava. The Mount Agung is a young active volcano which has a http://citibetqq.com very long history to repeat the explosive eruptions. Thus, if you don’t live around Bali Island, you should be prepared from the worst scene if the Mount Agung is released the large eruption like what it did on 1963. You should know that the explosion will change the world climate effectively.
Recently, a Chechen gay has confirmed about his misfortune as a gay in Chechnya, Russia. He was kidnapped and mistreated by the local police since he was being a gay. Actually, the rumor about any gay torturing happen in Chechnya had been exposed since 6 months ago. Last May, the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, had already confirmed to improve law enforcement in case to supports human right of the resident in Chechnya, since it is related to the abusive case.
After that occasion, there is nothing really proven that the abusive treat has been done in Chechnya. Even some activists only said it is a rumor that has been a deceive story coming from no one. But, after the appearance of Maxim Lapunov few days ago on one of new media, the story seems to be clearer. It can be stated that the abusive treat was not only a hoax.
Maxim Lapunov as reported by http://www.speedbet88.net is a Chechen gay who has become a resident in Chechnya for two years. He is a 30 year Siberian that became a victim of torturing by the police. He made a revelation about the kidnapping which made him traumatic. Once he was caught up by two unknown men and brought to a car. They always ask him the question and yell to make him says that he is a gay. Moreover, the men asked him to tell another name who is also a gay so that they can clear up all gay residents in Chechnya.
That’s the story which had been shared by Lapunov few days ago. On the other hand, the men who have been expected as police always torture him with physical abuse. He was beaten on the back, ribs, and other parts of his body until he gave the information about other gay residents. As a victim, Lapunov had already been tortured also by some electric jolt even after he loses his energy. Lapunov was always being told that he would be killed soon after the torturing. During 12 days of kidnapping, he got himself in the soaked blood cell.
More News: A Tragic Bomb Attack Killed Daphne Caruana Galizia
Lapunov becomes the first victim who speaks about this tragedy to the public. Previously, about 27 men were reported being fled to southern Russia to get the safe place. It is done by the LGBT network in Russia which really cares about the abusive case which occurs to LGBT. Seeing the fact that this revelation has shocked many residents, there should be more investigation to conduct by government. Moreover, through Lapunov report, it is hard for him to give this revelation to the media.
Especially, if his relatives know about him, it might be a big problem. So, there should be any action to do to protect the gay. Whoever you are, since all of them are residents, there should be the same rights to hold and protect. It is much important because Lapunov said; we would not know who will be the next tortured victim. It is seen from his report that the men still look for any gay to be removed. | <urn:uuid:82acf952-7fdb-4d91-9210-906c8d8115a4> | {
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Have you ever stopped to wonder why urban air can taste like singed rubber one day and crisp mountain air the next? Or what happens to all those delectable clouds of who-knows-what flowing from factory smokestacks and vehicle tailpipes? Or what makes a blanket of dense smog shroud a city skyline on certain days?
Raymond Hoff, an air pollution expert based at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, sure has. Hoff has studied air pollution for more than three decades researching topics ranging from Arctic haze, to ozone-damaged beans on the banks of Lake Ontario, to the river of fumes that emanate from Interstate 95. He’s authored dozens of journal articles and book chapters, uses lasers to measure air pollutants, edits a blog about smog, and has led or participated in nearly two-dozen field experiments around the world.
We caught up with Hoff to find out more about his involvement in a new project – a NASA-sponsored aircraft campaign called DISCOVER-AQ – that will help fill in gaps between satellite measurements of pollution and data from ground-based stations. As part of the campaign, NASA will fly a large aircraft – a 117-foot P-3B – on low-altitude flights near major roadways.
What is your role in DISCOVER-AQ?
I manage a ground site at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) that will be part of the campaign. At UMBC, we use lidar, a type of laser, to create vertical profiles of pollutants in the atmosphere. We plan to make lidar measurements at the same time that NASA satellites and aircraft fly overhead and measure pollution from above. The idea is that the ground stations will help validate the satellite and aircraft measurements and give us a more accurate three-dimensional view of air pollution.
What are the main pollutants that you’ll be focusing on during the campaign?
In the summer in Baltimore, there are two pollutants of importance – ozone and particulate matter. Both can cause health problems. On bad air days, we see increases in the number of asthma incidents, cardiopulmonary problems, and heart attacks.
Baltimore skyline on a clear day. Baltimore skyline on a hazy day.
Where does ozone come from?
Sunlight reacts with certain pollutants – such as nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and other volatile pollutants – in a long chain of reactions to produce ozone. Combustion engines, power plants, gasoline vapors and chemical solvents are key sources of the precursor gases.
What about particulate matter?
There’s a range of particulate in the air. In Baltimore, about 30 to 60 percent of the mass of particles in the air that we worry about are sulfates – small particles generated by emissions of sulfur dioxide. Coal-burning power plants, smelters, industrial boilers and oil refineries release most sulfur dioxide. The other 30 to 60 percent, depending on the day, is usually organic particles. Organics come from vehicle exhaust, evaporating paints, and various commercial and industrial sources. Vegetation also produces a significant amount of organics. The remainder is usually a mixture of dust, sea salt and nitrates.
Is that a fairly typical mixture of pollutants?
Yes, for a large cities along the Mid-Atlantic and in the Northeast. There are certainly regional differences. There are fewer sulfates in California, for example, because they cleaned sulfur out of their fuels. You see more dust in the West, more organics in the Southeast. You see high levels of certain industrial pollutants over cities like Houston where you have a robust petrochemical industry.
Is most of Baltimore’s pollution local or does it blow in from elsewhere?
We think about half of it comes in from the west over the Appalachians. Some of it comes up from Washington, and some, of course, is local.
Tell me something interesting about air quality in Baltimore.
The role of the Chesapeake Bay and the “bay breezes” are worth mentioning. If you have an urban area right next to a body of water, like we do with the Chesapeake, you have the sun beating down creating very hot surfaces and upward transport that produces winds that circulate air between the water and the land. If you’ve been down to the beaches in the summer, you’ve probably noticed that there’s often a breeze coming off the water during the day. At night, it’s the opposite. Polluted air flows off the land and pools over the water.
Isn’t it good that polluted air pools up over the water rather than the city at night?
Not really because it comes back over land the next afternoon. There are actually Maryland Department of the Environment monitoring sites up at the top of the Bay that get higher concentrations than anywhere else in the state because of the bay breezes and the way the wind flow pinches at the top of the Bay. For example, the monitoring station at Edgewood, which is about 20 miles northeast of downtown Baltimore, tends to get hit particularly hard by bay breezes. DISCOVER-AQ is going to fly aircraft in that area, and the campaign should help us understand the full three-dimensional spatial picture over the Bay.
I’ve heard that the highest pollution levels can actually occur in the suburbs instead of directly over a city core. True?
That’s true for certain pollutants, like ozone. Ozone requires nitrogen dioxide, organic compounds, and sunlight to form. However, the process doesn’t happen immediately. It takes a few hours for the air to stew enough for ozone to form. When the wind is blowing through an urban area you can have your highest concentration of ozone downwind of a city by 20 to 30 miles.
Meaning rural landscapes don’t necessarily have pristine air?
No. In fact, farms in rural areas downwind of cities can have problems with ozone because ozone damages plant health as well as human health. Beans, for example, are highly sensitive. If ozone levels get too high, they start to get brown blotches on their leaves.
I know there are networks of ground-based sensors to measure ozone near the surface. Is it possible to measure ozone from space?
A spaceborne measurement of ozone at the ground would be a great thing, but it is still a real challenge. Much of the ozone we have on the planet is high in the atmosphere in a layer of air called the stratosphere. It’s about 15 miles up, and it’s hard to see through the stratosphere with satellite instruments because it is so thick. You could say getting a good ozone measurement is a holy grail right now for NASA and the air quality research community. We’re hoping that DISCOVER-AQ will get us closer.
Aircraft will also be flying over highways during the campaign. Why?
We know that transportation is a major source of pollution in the Baltimore area. I-95 is a big transportation corridor, and one of the things we want to look at with DISCOVER-AQ is the nitrogen dioxide released by combustion engines. There are very few nitrogen dioxide ground instruments in the area, so we’re flying over the highways to see if we can pick out a signal. We’ve been able to start measuring nitrogen dioxide from space in the last few years, but we can improve those measurements by validating them with ground data.
Credit information. Text by Adam Voiland. Flight tracks visualization by the Scientific Visualization Studio. NASA P-3B shot available here. Baltimore hazy/clear comparison from CamNet. Sea breeze illustrations from NOAA. Ozone-damaged leaf shot available here. | <urn:uuid:a13c9922-514a-458a-a083-243a4511b079> | {
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Each Monday, this column turns a page in history to explore the discoveries, events and people that continue to affect the history being made today.
You've got the gold I need for my necklace and I've got the silk you need for your robe.
What to do?
Nowadays, if you need something, you go to the closest mall, shell out a few bucks and head home. Thousands of years ago, the process wasn't nearly as simple. If you or someone in your town didn't grow it, herd it or make it, you needed to abandon that desire or else travel for it, sometimes over great distances. For many towns, the effort of trade was too much. Those ancient towns make only rare appearances in our history books.
When the first civilizations did begin trading with each other about five thousand years ago, however, many of them got rich…and fast.
Trade was also a boon for human interaction, bringing cross-cultural contact to a whole new level.
When people first settled down into larger towns in Mesopotamia and Egypt, self-sufficiency – the idea that you had to produce absolutely everything that you wanted or needed – started to fade. A farmer could now trade grain for meat, or milk for a pot, at the local market, which was seldom too far away.
Cities started to work the same way, realizing that they could acquire goods they didn't have at hand from other cities far away, where the climate and natural resources produced different things. This longer-distance trade was slow and often dangerous, but was lucrative for the middlemen willing to make the journey.
The first long-distance trade occurred between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley in Pakistan around 3000 BC, historians believe. Long-distance trade in these early times was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices, textiles and precious metals. Cities that were rich in these commodities became financially rich, too, satiating the appetites of other surrounding regions for jewelry, fancy robes and imported delicacies.
It wasn't long after that trade networks crisscrossed the entire Eurasian continent, inextricably linking cultures for the first time in history.
By the second millennium BC, former backwater island Cyprus had become a major Mediterranean player by ferrying its vast copper resources to the Near East and Egypt, regions wealthy due to their own natural resources such as papyrus and wool. Phoenicia, famous for its seafaring expertise, hawked its valuable cedar wood and linens dyes all over the Mediterranean. China prospered by trading jade, spices and later, silk. Britain shared its abundance of tin.
In the absence of proper roads, the most efficient way to transport goods from one place to another was by sea.
The first and most extensive trade networks were actually waterways like the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates in present-day Iraq and the Yellow River in China. Cities grew up in the fertile basins on the borders of those rivers and then expanded by using their watery highways to import and export goods.
The domestication of camels around 1000 BC helped encourage trade routes over land, called caravans, and linked India with the Mediterranean. Like an ancient version of the Wild West frontier, towns began sprouting up like never before anywhere that a pit-stop or caravan-to-ship port was necessary. Many of the better-known satellite towns of Rome and Greece were founded this way, stretching those fabled empires further afield until their influences crossed continents.
And in each of these places, foreign traders drank in port towns and shared stories and customs from back home, leaving more than just their parcels behind.
- Last Week: How Writing Changed The World
- Next Week: How the Eruption of Thera Changed The World
- Top 10 Ancient Capitals
- World Trivia | <urn:uuid:c710f60d-4ce9-4b45-a2ef-19b6d6f37255> | {
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Beginning with Parallel Programming
I am new to parallel programming. Till now I have learned about CUDA( ||el programming language for NIVIDIA GPU) , OpenCL (for AMD streams, Nividia and Intel). I have installed AMD APP SDK on Windows and Fedora 16. But as I am not having Visua Studio for windows and some graphics incompatibility with fedora. I am trying OpenCL with Intel CPU.
I am having Intel i3 core processor.So I have installed Intel SDK for OpenCL on windows 7(64-bit). I am unable to run OpenCL samples as visual studio is not installed on my system.But I want to start with OpenCL programming using Intel Offline Compiler. I have read user guide and know how to build, show Assembly code etc. using it.
Now I need to know how to write OpenCL simple program code and to execute it using Offline Compile e.g. a simple vector addition code.Can anyone help me to find resource for guidance?
I have read and understood this:http://opencl.codeplex.com/wikipage?...orials%20-%201
Still I didn't get how to run a comlete single program code in Intel Offline Compiler. I want to write and executable program.
Re: Beginning with Parallel Programming
I am not sure to understand your problem. I only use Intel SDK, and the Offline compiler is just a tool which helps you to check the syntax of your kernel and see the assembly code generated.
If you want to execute the kernel, you have to write and execute the host program. | <urn:uuid:c3cb3fd0-a09e-4140-a08d-ea0cb2c83405> | {
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Peter Buell Porter
PETER BUELL PORTER was born at Salisbury, Connecticut, on 14 August 1773; graduated from Yale College in 1791; studied law at Judge Tapping Reeve’s school at Litchfield, Connecticut; moved to Canandaigua, New York, in 1795; entered into the practice of law; was clerk of Ontario County, 1797–1805; served in the New York legislature, 1801–1802; moved to Black Rock on the Niagara River; was a member of the firm of Porter, Barton & Company which controlled transportation on the Niagara Falls portage; served in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1809–1813; served on a commission on inland navigation established in 1810 to survey a Lake Erie–Hudson River canal route; was a leading figure among Congressional "war hawks" and chairman of the committee that recommended preparation for war with Great Britain; was quartermaster general of New York militia, May–October 1812; participated in and criticized General Alexander Smyth’s abortive operations against British Canada, 1812; fought a bloodless duel with Smyth; raised and commanded a brigade of New York militia that incorporated a Six Nations Indian contingent; led his command with distinction in the battles of Chippewa, Lundy’s Lane, and Fort Erie, 1814; again served in the Congress, 1814–1816; served on the U.S.-Canadian boundary commission, 1816–1822; was Secretary of State of New York, 1816–1817; was defeated by De Witt Clinton for the New York governorship; married Letitia Breckinridge, 1818; was a regent of the State University, 1824–1830; served as Secretary of War, 26 May 1828–9 March 1829; advocated removal of Eastern Indians beyond the Mississippi; retired to private life; died at Niagara Falls, New York, on 20 March 1844.
Daniel Huntington (1816–1906), the New York portrait, historical, and landscape painter, faced the same problems that confronted several of his fellow artists who were commissioned in the 1870’s to execute portraits of early Secretaries of War. To produce likenesses that were reasonably contemporary to a subject’s stewardship, especially when the office-holder had served before the inception of the daguerreotype and photography and was no longer living to pass upon the finished work, the artist had no recourse except to consult a predecessor’s work. Huntington’s portrait of Porter falls into this category.
PETER BUELL PORTER
J. Q. Adams Administration
By Daniel Huntington after Matthew Harris Jouett
Oil on canvas, 29½" x 24½", 1873
page created 1 March 2001
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9 March 2013
Last updated at 09:51 ET
Thousands of faithful are expected to watch the chimney to track the progress of the conclave
Firefighters have fitted a chimney on top of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican ahead of the conclave which will elect a new pope.
The election of a new pope will be marked by white smoke appearing from the chimney.
Roman Catholic cardinals will begin electing a new pope on 12 March.
Pope Benedict XVI stepped down last month after nearly eight years in office, becoming the first pontiff to resign in 600 years.
The 85-year-old blamed his failing health for his inability to carry on.
The vote will be preceded by Mass on Tuesday morning, with the first ballot due in the afternoon, the Vatican press office has said.
The first smoke will drift out of the chapel’s rust-coloured chimney early that evening, after the first vote is taken. It is likely to be black – meaning no Pope – as no frontrunner has emerged in the five days of general discussions so far among the 115 cardinals.
From Wednesday, two votes will be held each morning and afternoon – with ballots burned after each session at about 12:00 (11:00 GMT) and 18:00 – until one candidate attains 77 votes – a two-thirds majority. And then the smoke will be white.
Other preparations have been taking place at the Sistine Chapel this week.
Workers have been readying the Sistine Chapel for the conclave
Two stoves that will produce the white smoke from burnt ballot papers have been fitted in the chapel.
Tables and seating have been set under Michelangelo’s frescoed ceiling for the cardinals – and special technology has been installed to jam any mobile phones or other devices which could breach the strict secrecy of the process, the BBC’s James Robbins reports from Rome.
Correspondents say no one candidate stands out as Benedict XVI’s likely successor.
The last election in 2005 took two days, and correspondents say the number of meetings this time is being seen as a reflection of the many challenges facing the Church.
Despite the vows of secrecy, Italian newspapers have been publishing what they say are leaked details of debate among cardinals on problems faced by the Church.
Reform of the Vatican’s bureaucracy – known as the Curia – and the Vatican bank have both been on the agenda, the reports say.
Last year, European regulators said the bank was not doing enough to combat money laundering, while intrigue in the Vatican was revealed by documents leaked by Pope Benedict’s butler.
US Cardinal Timothy Dolan wrote on a blog that most of the discussions covered preaching and teaching the Catholic faith, tending to Catholic schools and hospitals, protecting families and the unborn, and supporting and recruiting priests.
During Benedict’s reign, the Catholic Church was wracked by a worldwide scandal over the sexual abuse of children by priests.
There are also tensions between traditionalists and reformers over issues including priestly celibacy, gay rights and the role of women. | <urn:uuid:88f43fa7-7fde-4275-8768-651c11add81a> | {
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[Haskell-beginners] Beginners issue with 'Why Haskell matters' example code
celtic at sairyx.org
Thu Mar 10 08:54:29 CET 2011
Is line 6 the " more = filter (>= x) xs" line? Try lining up the word
'more' with the word 'less' above it - and if you can't seem to get it
to work, try making sure you're using all spaces and not tabs to indent!
On Thu, 2011-03-10 at 08:46 +0100, Michael Anckaert wrote:
> Hey everyone
> I'm new on the list here and just started out learning Haskell and
> functional programming. I have over 12 years experience programming in
> various languages, from C to Python.
> I started out with the Why Haskell matters paper
> (http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Why_Haskell_Matters) and ran into a
> problem with the code below. It's discussed in the paper but when I
> save it to test.hs and load it into ghci, I get the following output:
> [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( test.hs, interpreted )
> test.hs:6:22: parse error on input `='
> Failed, modules loaded: none.
> Could someone give a pointer on where my error lies?
> qsort =
> qsort (x:xs) = qsort less ++ [x] ++ qsort more
> where less = filter (<x) xs
> more = filter (>=x) xs
> Kind regards
> Michael Anckaert <michael.anckaert at sinax.be>
> Beginners mailing list
> Beginners at haskell.org
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newsclips -- Newsclips for April 17, 2012 Posted: 17 Apr 2012 13:25:33
California Air Resources Board Newsclips for April 17, 2012. This is a service of the California Air Resources Board’s Office of Communications. You may need to sign in or register with individual websites to view some of the following news articles. AIR POLLUTION As air pollution from fracking rises, EPA to set rules. The rush to capture natural gas from hydraulic fracturing has led to giant compressor stations alongside backyard swing sets, drilling rigs in sight of front porches, and huge flares at gas wells alongside country roads. Air pollution from fracking includes the fumes breathed in by people nearby, as well as smog spread over a wide region and emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. Posted. BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. http://www.modbee.com/2012/04/16/2160421/as-air-pollution-from-fracking.html ‘Clean cookstoves’ draw support, but they may not improve indoor air quality. One of the most talked-about public-health initiatives is improving indoor air quality in the rural developing world. Traditional cookstoves — mud basins in which villagers burn wood, charcoal or dung — are the main obstacle. The fire releases particulate matter that contributes to pneumonia, lung cancer and heart disease, among many other maladies. The problems disproportionately affect women, who do most of the cooking in this population, and the children who are often nearby. Posted. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/clean-cookstoves-draw-support-but-they-may-not-improve-indoor-air-quality/2012/04/16/gIQAnjCvLT_story.html CLIMATE CHANGE Mexico Emulates Neighbor California With 35% Clean Climate Law. Joining world leaders in climate laws, Mexico just passed new legislation that catapults the poor neighbor to the south of the U.S. to a leadership role on a par with its northern neighbor, California. Mexico’s General Law on Climate Change was just passed by an 128-10 overwhelming vote in its 500 member Chamber of Deputies, and moves to the Senate. Since that body passed a preliminary version already, its chances of becoming law look excellent. Just as investment in clean energy soared in California following passage of its clean climate laws starting in 2006 with the first Renewable Energy Standard and following up with AB32, its climate law. Posted. http://cleantechnica.com/2012/04/15/mexico-emulates-neighbor-california-with-35-clean-climate-law/ Data centers in Va. and elsewhere have major carbon footprint, report says. To most consumers, the cloud is an abstract warehouse in the sky where we store our photos, documents and other key bits of information with a click of a button. But the technology that keeps the cloud running — data centers and mobile telecommunications networks, operating 24 hours a day — requires electricity, making it a target for environmentalists hoping to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Posted. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/data-centers-in-va-and-elsewhere-have-major-carbon-footprint-report-says/2012/04/17/gIQAd4t3NT_story.html Palo Alto on track to meet greenhouse gas emission goals. Palo Alto is on its way to exceeding self-imposed greenhouse gas reduction goals, but council members made it clear Monday night that the city's Climate Protection Plan is in need of recalibrating. By the end of the year, emissions from city operations could fall to 27 percent below 2005 levels, said Debra van Duynhoven, assistant to the city manager. The plan calls for a 20 percent reduction by 2012. Posted. http://www.insidebayarea.com/ci_20413520/palo-alto-track-meet-greenhouse-gas-emission-goals?IADID=Search-www.insidebayarea.com-www.insidebayarea.com http://www.contracostatimes.com/ci_20413520/palo-alto-track-meet-greenhouse-gas-emission-goals?IADID=Search-www.contracostatimes.com-www.contracostatimes.com Calif. Bill Would Amend 'Check and Inflate' Law. A California Senate Environmental Quality Committee hearing this week could result in a change in the state's "check and inflate" law to remove tire age as a reason for auto repairers to refuse to check the pressure on a vehicle's tires. The law stems from a 2010 ruling in which California's Air Resources Board (CARB) established a requirement that all auto repair and service establishments in the state must check and…Posted. http://www.tirereview.com/Article/99471/calif_bill_would_amend_check_and_inflate_law.aspx FUELS Ethanol Slumps to Two-Week Low as Corn and Gasoline Decline. Ethanol futures slumped to a two- week low in Chicago as corn and gasoline declined. Futures sank as the motor fuel declined after international talks with Iran over its nuclear program led to an agreement to reconvene in May, easing concern that crude supplies will be disrupted. Separately, corn, the primary ingredient used to make the biofuel in the U.S., fell on speculation favorable weather will boost crops. Posted. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-16/ethanol-slumps-to-two-week-low-as-corn-and-gasoline-decline.html Report to UK government backs fracking. Exploratory work to extract gas by hydraulic fracturing in England should be allowed to resume even though the technique has caused earth tremors, a report commissioned by the government said Tuesday. Cuadrilla Resources is using the technique, commonly called fracking, at a prospecting site in northwestern England. The consultants' report, which reviewed earlier reports by the company, recommends that fracking should be halted temporarily if there is a tremor greater than magnitude 0.5 on the Richter scale. Cuadrilla has said that is acceptable. Posted. http://www.fresnobee.com/2012/04/17/2802919/report-to-uk-government-backs.html#storylink=misearch http://www.contracostatimes.com/ci_20413733/report-uk-government-backs-fracking?IADID=Search-www.contracostatimes.com-www.contracostatimes.com http://www.insidebayarea.com/ci_20413733/report-uk-government-backs-fracking?IADID=Search-www.insidebayarea.com-www.insidebayarea.com Oil Scare Turns FedEx On To Energy Efficiency. The rising cost of oil isn't just a hit to the family budget. Businesses are hurt, too. Few are more affected than firms like FedEx. It deploys nearly 700 planes and tens of thousands of trucks and vans every day to deliver packages around the world. And few business leaders are more focused on finding alternatives to petroleum-based fuels than FedEx CEO Fred Smith. Shortly after Smith founded Federal Express, the 1973 Arab oil embargo almost killed it. The experience imprinted Smith with a keen interest in the price and availability of oil. Posted. http://www.npr.org/2012/04/02/149703488/oil-scare-turns-fedex-onto-energy-efficiency?sc=emaf Resin shortage threatens to shut U.S. auto plants. After selling lots of cars, reveling in higher prices and profits, the U.S. auto industry faces a real threat this morning: a potential shortage of resin, a key component used to make fuel lines and brake lines that could shut down factories. Actually, it's not just a U.S. problem, but one that could reverberate around the world. The Associated Press says automakers are meeting today to discuss the problem in Detroit. As tense meetings go, we expect this one to be right up there. Posted. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/04/resin-shortage-threatens-to-shut-us-auto-plants-/1 EPA moves closer to approval of 15 pct ethanol gas. EPA allows ethanol makers to register E15, moving closer to approval of 15 percent ethanol gas. The federal government announced Monday it has taken a step toward wide distribution of gasoline mixed with 15 percent ethanol by allowing manufacturers to register as suppliers. While the EPA is moving the process forward by allowing the registration, E15 still must clear another set of federal tests and become a registered fuel in individual states. Ethanol makers then must convince petroleum marketers to sell it at gas stations. Posted. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/epa-moves-closer-approval-15-211835896.html BLOGS U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Headed Up Again. After dropping for two years during the recession, emissions of the gases blamed for global warming rose in 2010 as the economy heated up, the Environmental Protection Agency reports. Output of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gasses were up 3.2 percent from 2009 as the nation climbed slowly out of the deepest economic downturn since the Great Depression, the E.P.A. said. “The increase from 2009 to 2010 was primarily due to an increase in economic output resulting in an increase in energy consumption across all sectors…Posted. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/16/u-s-greenhouse-gas-emissions-headed-up-again/ UCS: no matter where you live, driving electric can save money, emissions. It's easy to understand that, if you power your vehicle with electricity, you don't need to use as much gasoline. But, how much do you actually save, in terms of fuel costs and greenhouse gas emissions if you plug in instead of gas up? A new report, released today by the Union of Concerned Scientists, called "State of Charge: Electric Vehicles' Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States," gives us a set of answers. Posted. http://green.autoblog.com/2012/04/16/ucs-no-matter-where-you-live-driving-electric-saves-money-emi/ What Is The Cost of Waiting for LED? There’s no denying Solid State LED technology for commercial lighting purposes will be very useful, providing big energy and cost savings as well as great environmental paybacks. However, this is not the case for every application. At least, not yet. If you’re familiar with Haitz’s law, you know it states that LED lighting will improve in efficiency and decrease in cost over time. The law predicts that Solid State Lighting will soon become the most energy-efficient light source out there. Posted. http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/04/cost-waiting-led/ | <urn:uuid:97047d5b-db94-4d11-8f90-b78d01906837> | {
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The space shuttle Discovery has completed its final voyage piggybacking a NASA Shuttle Carrier Aircraft from the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida to its permanent retirement home at Smithsonian Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy Centre in Virginia.
Discovery retired in March after completing its 39th mission. It spent a total of 365 days in space, orbited the Earth 5,830 times, and travelled 148,221,675 miles.
The space shuttle departed just after sunrise, and arrived at its destination on time.
It flew over Washington at approximately 1,500 feet near a variety of landmarks, including the National Mall, Reagan National Airport and the National Harbor.
ITV's Emma Murphy spoke to people on the ground, who came out to mark the final moments of the Discovery space shuttle's journey.
The space shuttle touched down safely to a welcome party, and is currently making its way to its final resting place.
The United States retired its space shuttles last year after finishing construction of the $100 billion International Space Station to begin work on a new generation of spaceships. | <urn:uuid:732cbd1b-fd5c-4cb5-b0c8-bb4bf3a5ad9b> | {
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A new University of Colorado Boulder study indicates a major climate oscillation in the Southern Hemisphere that is expected to intensify in the coming decades will likely cause increased wildfire activity in the southern half of South America.
The research team used tree rings dating to 1506 to track past wildfire activity in the forests of Patagonia tied to the Southern Annular Mode, or SAM, a climate oscillation that creates low atmospheric pressure in the Antarctic that is tied to warmer and drier conditions in southern South America. The tree rings showed that when SAM was in its positive phase, there were widespread fires in both dry woodlands and rainforests in Patagonia, a region that straddles Argentina and Chile, said CU-Boulder Research Associate Andres Holz, lead study author.
"Our study shows for about the past 250 years, the Southern Annular Mode has been the main driver in creating droughts and fires in two very different ecosystems in southern South America," said Holz. "Climate models suggest an increase in SAM beginning in the 1960s due to greenhouse gas increases and Antarctic ozone depletion probably will cause this region to be drought-prone and fire-prone for at least the next 100 years."
A paper on the subject by Holz and CU-Boulder geography Professor Thomas Veblen was published in Geophysical Research Letters.
Holz and Veblen compared past wildfire records for two ecologically distinct regions in Patagonia -- the relatively dry region of southern Patagonia in Argentina and the temperate rainforest of Patagonia in northern Chile. While the tree ring historical record showed increased fires in both regions correlated with a positive SAM, the trend has been less pronounced in northern Patagonia in the past 50 years, likely because of fire-suppression efforts there, Holz said.
But the decades of fire suppression have caused the northern Patagonian woodlands to become denser and more prone towildfire during hot and dry years, Holz said.
"Even in areas of northern Patagonia where fire suppression previously had been effective, record surface areas of woodlands and forests have burned in recent years of extreme drought," said Veblen. "And since this is in an area of rapid residential growth into wildland-urban interface areas, this climate-driven trend towards increasing fire risk is becoming a major problem for land managers and homeowners."
The two CU-Boulder researchers studied reconstructions of tree rings going back more than 500 years from 432 trees at 42 sample sites in northern Argentina and southern Chile -- the largest available data set of annual, readable tree ring records in the Southern Hemisphere. The tree rings, which indicate climate cycles and reveal the scars of old fires, showed that wildfires generally increased in both regions when SAM was in its strong, positive phase.
Although the Antarctic ozone hole stopped growing in about 2000 as a result of a ban on ozone-depleting gases and now appears to be slowly repairing itself, a 2011 paper by researchers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder indicates ozone recovery and greenhouse gas influences essentially will cancel each other out, preventing SAM from returning to its pre-1960s levels.
"Before the Industrial Revolution, SAM intensified naturally at times to create drought situations in Patagonia," Holz said. "But in the last 80 years or so, the natural variation has been overwhelmed by a bias toward a positive SAM phase because of ozone-depleting chemicals and greenhouse gases we have put in the atmosphere."
The research effort was supported by the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, the CU Beverly Sears Small Grants Program and the Council on Research and CreativeResearch of the CU Graduate School.
"As warming and drying trends continue, it is likely that wildfire activity will increase even in woodland areas where fire suppression has previously been effective," Holz and Veblen wrote in Geophysical Research Letters.
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Traditional Chinese Medicine Practices: Tai Chi
Tai Chi is great exercise and has sustaining relaxation and healing benefits. Often described as meditation in motion, Tai Chi is an ancient Chinese exercise “art” form. Three philosophies are blended together in Tai Chi; the philosophy of Yin and Yang, aspects of Chinese Martial Arts, and many elements of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Yin and Yang
“The symbol for Tai Chi is a circle divided by a flowing line that represents the movement of a wave. Filling the circumference of the circle are two curved shapes of equal size, one white, representing yin, and one black, represent yang. There is a small dot of the opposite Cole in each shape, showing the sympathetic character of each to the other. The dynamic flow with the symbol represents the movement and the continuity of the life force.”
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Body-Mind Disciplines by Nancy Allison
Tai Chi consists of a slow and continuous series of circular movements. It is a low impact exercise so most anyone can practice it to improve overall health, balance, joint health and muscle tone. It is a process to bring balance to the mind and body.
Tai Chi stimulates emotional, physical, mental well-being, and develops balance, stamina, and grace allowing students to let go of the tension in the body. By releasing the tension in the body it is easier for the mind to be calm. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, a healthy life includes emotional stability, a high degree of mental efficiency as well as physical stamina. Tai Chi helps to strengthen all of these areas in a person’s life.
Tai Chi is a set of movements that build on each other and are interconnected. The process is very important, from the beginning to the end. In order to get the best results, Tai Chi should be practiced on a daily basis to stimulate the body’s natural circulatory process, combat disease, and keep the mind alert yet calm. It is considered a life long practice to insure good health and wellness.
Practicing Tai Chi requires full concentration. This isn’t a practice you can do successfully while day dreaming. Breathing during a practice is natural and not forced. The movement is also natural, easy and flowing, although it does take some time to learn each form and find balance in the movements of the arms and the legs.
Meditation in Motion
A Tai Chi practice is generally 25 minute long. The movements look soft, continuous, light and fluid yet the body must be firm, stable and strong and the mind must stay alert and active. It is a series of circular movements, curves, arcs, and spirals because it is believed that moving in circles conserves energy, creates security and lessens nervousness.
Practicing Tai Chi is like taking your vitamins. You don’t feel the benefits unless you make the practice a regular part of your life. Practicing Tai Chi has many health and emotional benefits including improved posture, better balance, mastery of movement, improved health, increased energy and strength. Emotional benefits include increased awareness, more patience, a heightened sense of calmness and serenity.
You can probably find a class near you at one of the local recreation centers or you can get more information in the resources below. | <urn:uuid:29fa65fb-80ca-4f75-a9c6-9a8051709fc1> | {
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Explanations > Theories
> Four-factor Model
Description | Research
| Example | So What? | See
also | References
When people tell lies, there are four underlying mechanisms
- Arousal: Lying causes anxiety and arousal, either because of
dissonance at conflicting values and behavior, or due to fear of getting
caught. This can be detected via lie detectors, speech errors and hesitations,
repetitions, fidgeting and displacement activity, blinking, higher vocal pitch
and pupil dilation.
- Behavior control: We try to control body language that might give us
away. In fact this is impossible and leakage often occurs, for example where
we are controlling our face and our legs give us away.
- Emotion: Our emotions change when we are lying. For example, duping
delight, where the liar is secretly pleased at their perceived success.
Guilt may also appear. Micro-motions in facial muscles can betray hidden
- Thinking: To lie, we usually have to think a lot harder, such as to
ensure coherence in our arguments. This leads us to take longer in speaking
with more pauses. We also tend to use more generalities to avoid getting
trapped by specific detail.
Zuckerman et al. found pupil dilation to be a fairly good indicator of
deception. Many other indicators have been found, such as fidgeting, blinking,
vocal pitch, etc. Like non-verbal behavior, however, no single method is
guaranteed to work each time.
Poker players often wear dark glasses to hide the dilation of their pupils
when they are aroused that they cannot control. Otherwise, they are often
masters of controlling their non-verbal behavior.
Do not lie, especially in front of someone (like the police)
who are trained to spot lies. Use the above pointers to detect when others are
Interpersonal Deception Theory, Non-Verbal Behavior
Zuckerman, DePaulo and Rosenthal
(1981), Zuckerman and Driver | <urn:uuid:da562452-642b-4372-b186-a19e219fdca9> | {
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In early 2009, Ziauddin receives a call from his old friend, Abdul Hai Kakar, a BBC reporter. Abdul wants Ziauddin to help him find a young schoolgirl who could write about her experiences under the Taliban. When Malala hears that Ziauddin was looking for a suitable candidate, she volunteers herself. Ziauddin agrees, and Malala begins writing a regular diary. She uses the pseudonym “Gul Makai,” which means "cornflower," since Abdul warns her that it might be unsafe to use her real name.
Although Malala has given radio broadcasts before, her decision to keep a diary represents her struggle to find a voice for herself and to “come of age” in the act of opposing the Taliban. For the time being, Malala is a long way from the defiant young woman who continues opposing the Taliban even after they shoot her. At this point she uses a false name, rather than saying “I Am Malala.”
Malala writes her first diary entry on January 3, 2009. She talks about her anxiety, and reports a dream she had, in which the Taliban arrived by helicopter. Afterwards, Malala’s words are published online. In the following months, Malala writes about a great number of topics. She criticizes the requirement that all women wear a burqa, arguing that women should be allowed to choose their own clothing. Students at Malala’s school begin talking about the diary, without realizing that Malala is its author. The BBC publishes Malala’s diary and translates it into English. Despite Malala’s efforts to convince others to stand against the Taliban, there are now only ten students left in her class.
As was sometimes the case with the descriptions of Ziauddin’s rise to fame and prominence, Malala’s international fame happens so quickly that it’s difficult to tell exactly how it occurred. While it’s true that many in the international community were looking for an insider’s account of life in Pakistan, it’s almost magical how quickly Malala’s writing becomes internationally known. In a way, this is the most realistic way for Malala to portray her rise to prominence: to an eleven-year-old girl, this event would seem to happen overnight, as if by magic.
On January 14—according to the Taliban, the last day Ziauddin’s school will be allowed to run in peace—Ziauddin is in a bad mood. He knows that he’ll be forced to shut down his school, since nobody will want to risk their lives to study. Around this time, he receives an offer to participate in a documentary about Afghanistan, produced by the New York Times. Ziauddin meets with the American journalist Adam Ellick. During these meetings, Ellick strikes up a friendship with Malala, whose English is good enough to hold a conversation with him. Ellick decides that he wants to focus his documentary on Malala’s experiences in Afghanistan. Ellick arranges to film a scene in which Malala sadly walks by her school. After filming this scene, Malala begins to cry—she can’t bear the thought of not being able to go to school anymore.
While it could be objected that Malala’s involvement in the documentary is somehow artificial—she’s performing for the camera instead of being herself—Malala quickly refutes this argument. The tears that she sheds while walking past her school are real, not play-acted, as she can’t bear the thought of not being able to learn for the rest of her life. The fact that her first international fame comes from an American, however, contributes to much of the criticism Malala faces now. Many in Pakistan claim that she is a “puppet” of the West, and argue that America uses her now-famous suffering as a justification for its continued violence and imperialism.
Malala continues to publish her diary. She argues that the Taliban’s fear of education is unfounded. While the Taliban thinks that education will lead to “Westernization,” she argues, the truth is that education isn’t regional at all: “Education is education.” She also receives a message from Shiza Shahid, a student from Stanford University, who was impressed by Malala’s appearance in Ellick’s documentary. In the future, Malala notes, Shahid would be an important ally to her father.
Malala uses her diary to tell “her story,” but in fact, she also uses it to do much more. She argues that education can’t be dismissed as a cultural thing—it’s a universal human right, a fundamental part of being human. Here, as before, it’s easy to forget that Malala is only 11 years old—her maturity and sophistication of thought would put many older writers to shame.
In February, Malala visits Islamabad, accompanied by her father and Adam Ellick. Ellick buys her American books and DVDs. Malala notes that Islamabad has been devastated by the Taliban as well, and people live in constant fear of a bombing. When Malala returns to Mingora she realizes, as if for the first time, that she won’t be going to school any time soon. This realization is crushing to her.
As Malala grows up, she gains more knowledge of Pakistan itself: she gets a better feeling for its cities, the differences between its regions, etc. It is a strange experience coming of age in a war-torn country, especially when one is in the spotlight like Malala is. | <urn:uuid:c70e859a-faaa-4cc1-ad3f-b7de8d21c576> | {
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I debugged a file this week which showed up some interesting features you can find inside a PDF file. The actual problem was that a question mark was being displayed on an image. It should not appear there. Drilling down it turned out that it was actually drawn but the user could not see it because a white box was then drawn over it.
So the first point is that the data in some PDF files can be rather messy. Because the user only sees the final rendered output it is quite common to remove ‘old’ items by just drawing over them rather than actually erasing them from the data stream. This can cause issues with extraction because you need to check whether objects were actually visible. It also makes the file bigger.
The reason we did not erase the question mark was because the PDF stream was using a trick which involved creating a 1×1 pixel white image and then scaling it up to hide the question mark. I had written some heuristics to trim out tiny pixels which had not allowed for this case (it does now). It would have been more efficient to draw a white box but the PDF world if full of such little ‘tricks’. So you need to look not just at the PDF commands but how they are being used to achieve an overall effect.
So watch out for these little ‘gotchas’ and if you are using our PDF viewer, it is fixed in today’s release.
This post is part of our “Understanding the PDF File Format” series. In each article, we discuss a PDF feature, bug, gotcha or tip. If you wish to learn more about PDF, we have 13 years worth of PDF knowledge and tips, so click here to visit our series index! | <urn:uuid:9fad62cc-ada9-468b-9780-c8347d0f27cc> | {
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This course provides a practical understanding of general TV production techniques and the ability to put them into practice in a variety of genres.
In this course students learn to produce television journalism. The course focuses on television news production. Students produce a television news bulletin Rhodes University TV News (RUTV News) aimed at the Grahamstown community. The news bulletin is streamed over the internet. As the produce the bulletin they learn writing for television news, field reporting, shooting and editing and putting together a bulletin. Students also gain extensive experience in interviewing and structuring a story. The course provides some theoretical grouding in the principles of television journalism. In the third term students explore a different genre of factual television programming, which allows them to clearly differentiate between the conventions and underlying principles of this genre and those television news.
This course provides a practical understanding of general TV production techniques and the ability to put them into practice in a variety of genres, including a full-length 24-minute documentary. Although some students may proceed from this course to becomes specialists in specific fields of production, it is designed primarily to produce multi-skilled professionals. The outcomes of the course include high-levels journalism, Technical and creative skills and the ability to integrate theory and practice.
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More than two decades ago, the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas entered into an agreement with several state and federal entities under which the tribe would develop a reservoir project to address the tribe’s water rights and needs. In the intervening years, the reservoir has not been built, and the water resources of the watershed have been developed to near depletion of the tribe’s senior federal water rights.
According to the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the water supply for the tribe’s reservation at times, depending on hydrologic conditions, can be in violation of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The Kickapoo people are concerned about their ability to safely drink, bathe, or cook with local tap water. At times, especially during drought conditions, there is not enough water on the reservation to provide basic municipal services to the community. The tribe’s fire department cannot always provide adequate fire protection due to the water shortage. The proposed reservoir project is the most cost effective and reliable means by which the tribe can improve the water supply.
Therefore, in June 2006, the Kickapoo, represented by NARF, filed a lawsuit against the Nemaha Brown Watershed Joint Board # 7, the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the State of Kansas in an effort to enforce what the tribe believed were express promises made to the tribe to build a reservoir. By August 2007, the parties expressed an interest in taking a break from the litigation track to explore mutual benefits from settlement. The federal and state governments concede the existence of the tribe’s senior Indian reserved water rights. The real issue is the amount of water needed to satisfy the tribe’s rights, the source of that water, and the means to effectively collect, store, and deliver that water.
The state and tribe drafted a Condemnation Agreement that created the mechanism for condemning the property for the water storage project, and approved that agreement in late 2010. In March 2011, the watershed district rejected that agreement. The federal court found in favor of the watershed district on the question of whether a 1994 agreement obligated the district to make its condemnation power available to aid the tribe in acquiring the land for the water storage project area.
The tribe is now evaluating its options to find an alternative means of securing the remaining land rights for the project. Approximately 50% of the land rights have been purchased by the tribe. Additionally, negotiations resumed over the last year to address the tribe’s federally reserved water rights. The negotiations are yielding good progress. All parties met with the federal magistrate judge most recently in July of 2015 and agreed to a new schedule for settlement negotiations, which will run through the end of 2015. | <urn:uuid:a26a79d8-de72-4f57-9dc4-b3d152c27a29> | {
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There's a new paper out:
Permafrost soils contain an estimated 1,700 Pg of carbon, almost twice the present atmospheric carbon pool1. As permafrost soils thaw owing to climate warming, respiration of organic matter within these soils will transfer carbon to the atmosphere, potentially leading to a positive feedback2. Models in which the carbon cycle is uncoupled from the atmosphere, together with one-dimensional models, suggest that permafrost soils could release 7–138 Pg carbon by 2100 (refs 3, 4). Here, we use a coupled global climate model to quantify the magnitude of the warming generated by the feedback between permafrost carbon release and climate. According to our simulations, permafrost soils will release between 68 and 508 Pg carbon by 2100. We show that the additional surface warming generated by the feedback between permafrost carbon and climate is independent of the pathway of anthropogenic emissions followed in the twenty-first century. We estimate that this feedback could result in an additional warming of 0.13–1.69 °C by 2300. We further show that the upper bound for the strength of the feedback is reached under the less intensive emissions pathways. We suggest that permafrost carbon release could lead to significant warming, even under less intensive emissions trajectories.Between 68-508 Pg, or 68-508 billion tons of carbon, or, if it all comes out as CO2 (and you'd better hope it does, more or less), 255 to 1,910 billion tons of CO2. For comparison, human emissions in 2010 amounted to 9.1 billion tons of carbon. This feedback could be thought of like continuing on with our current emissions for between seven to fifty-five years, except we don't get any choice in the matter.
This is higher than most of the previous estimates I've seen. Koven et al (2011), for example, estimated 55-69 Pg C of carbon. There are a number of other estimates from a variety of sources using a number of methods. From "Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change: Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle":
Risk assessments, based on expert opinion, estimated that up to 100 Pg C could be released from thawing permafrost by 2100 (Gruber et al. 2004). On the basis of laboratory incubation experiments and estimated C stocks, Dutta and colleagues (2006) calculated a potential release of about 40 Pg C over four decades if 10% of the C stock frozen in deep soils in Siberia thawed to 5°C. Tarnocai (2006) estimated that 48 Pg C could be released from Canadian permafrost over this century if the mean annual air temperature increased by 4°C. Model predictions incorporate changes in vegetation and other disturbances, as well as C release from permafrost, to determine the net effect of climate warming. Results for Alaska and for the circumpolar region predict the addition of up to 50 to 100 Pg C to the atmosphere by the end of the century, depending on the particular model scenario (Stieglitz et al. 2003, Zhuang et al. 2006).In other bad news from the Arctic permafrost, Vonk et al (2012) found breakdown of Siberian "Yedoma" permafrost dumping ten times as much CO2 into the Arctic ocean compared to prior estimates.
All of this has, for me, a distinct hint of the Arctic sea ice narrative, to the tune of "Oh-yes-change-will-come-we-see-it-in-the-record-a-few-thousand-years-maybe-OK-maybe-faster-OK-now-we're-getting-good-direct-measurements-could-be-an-issue-in-a-century-or-two-OK-wait-what-WHATTHEHELLISTHAT?"
The analogy is hardly even an analogy at all. The permafrost most at risk, after all, is just another species of Arctic ice. And it should be as clear as crystal that the Arctic is changing faster than experts thought possible just a few years ago. The bits of it impregnated with thousands of gigatonnes of carbon are no exception. Is it a methane bomb, a carbon bomb? It doesn't need to be. When the house is on fire, everything burns. | <urn:uuid:d650ab62-c1d8-45aa-95dc-18f39d45ccef> | {
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Let's see the creationist crowd explain this.
BEIJING-Villagers in central China dug up a ton of dinosaur bones and boiled them in soup or ground them into powder for traditional medicine, believing they were from flying dragons and had healing powers.
Until last year, the fossils were being sold in Henan province as "dragon bones" at about 4 yuan (50 cents) per kilogram (2.2 pounds), scientist Dong Zhiming told The Associated Press on Wednesday.
Dong, a professor with the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said when the villagers found out the bones were from dinosaurs they donated 200 kilograms (440 pounds) to him and his colleagues for research.
"They had believed that the 'dragon bones' were from the dragons flying in the sky," he said. I'm sure the folks who run that Crationist Museum in Kentucky would be pleased to know they're just about as educated as the Chinese version of backwoods hicks. | <urn:uuid:39bc729c-6718-484c-9a9a-b9a82f8a523f> | {
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William (Bill) Rowan
Zoology, Animals, Physiology, Metabolism
Early Canadian ornithologist who discovered that photoperiodism, the length of days, was one of the main triggers of migration in birds.
Dr. Rowan was a lecturer at the University of Alberta who conducted research into the reasons why birds migrated. He was also an accomplished artist. | <urn:uuid:10a395c5-2737-4f77-90b1-7e4515a5392f> | {
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"url": "http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=447&-table=activities&-action=list&-cursor=0&-skip=0&-limit=30&-mode=list&-lang=en"
} |
The Magpie Goose is found in Australia Papua New Guinea and lives in tropical wetlands. It is a very primitive wildfowl and its ancestors split from other wildfowl when the dinosaurs were still about. It is also the only living member of its genus and family with several fossil relatives known across the world. Unlike other geese, it loses its feathers gradually when moulting, meaning it can always fly and has only partially-webbed feet with large claws on the toes. They are 72-91 cm in length with the males being slightly larger than the females. The last picture is of a group of goslings.
1 and 3: Freshwater Pond, Centenary Ponds, Cairns, Qld, 09/03/2012.
1: Freshwater Pond, Centenary Ponds, Cairns, Qld, 20/10/2010. | <urn:uuid:423d7f58-e40f-4ce0-abf0-60c052677155> | {
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"url": "http://www.tonykeenebirds.co.uk/abirds/magpiegoose.html"
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The architecture and urban planning of the period 1940-1965 represent an important development in Dutch architectural history. This was a period of innovation that saw the advent of new materials and processes. Urban planning experienced the introduction of new land parcelling patterns, new layouts for residential districts and a growth in road traffic.
Warnersblocks, Amsterdam by F.A. Warners and J.Ongenae (1957)
Repair and renewal
The reconstruction era began immediately after the first aerial bombardments ended in May 1940. The Netherlands managed to rise from the ruins of the Second World War thanks to hard work and innovative design. Repairing the huge damage wrought by the war provided an opportunity for innovation in architecture, urban planning and land use.
Now, many years later, we are faced with the challenging of re-evaluating and selectively protecting the new buildings of that time. A lack of knowledge and appreciation means that reconstruction erabuildings may soon be lost forever, or will be irreparably damaged. The Agency gathered the knowledge needed to prevent this through the comprehensive cataloguing and assessment of the architecture and urban planning of the reconstruction era.
Reconstruction era, 1959-1965
The Cultural Heritage Agency has selected the 89 most important and characteristic buildings from the period 1959-1965, part of the post-war reconstruction era. This selection programme follows on from the 'Top 100' from the period 1940-1958.
New selection of post-war heritage sites
Again, the buildings chosen are excellent examples of developments in architecture, construction techniques or site-specific art. The best examples have been chosen in a number of categories, including the economy, pillarisation and the welfare state. Various architectural movements and individual architects have also been considered. Specific attention has been focused on green spaces, details and the use of materials, and on achieving an even regional spread.
The Agency asked local authorities, provincial heritage services and heritage organisations to suggest additions to its initial survey of objects. Hundreds of new objects were put forward. The Agency assessed the importance of each, and only the very best examples were included in the list. Just 89 of the 700 buildings considered have been found eligible for the status of scheduled monument or historic building.
The final list of 89 leading monuments or historic buildings was announced at Evoluon in Eindhoven on 18 March 2013.
30 designated reconstruction era districts
The government has selected 30 reconstruction era districts that are of national importance. It will protect and develop these districts in collaboration with local authorities. The 30 districts include:
- reconstructed core areas like the east city centre in Rotterdam
- post-war residential developments like Pottenberg in Maastricht
- rural features such as the Northeast Polder
In October 2007 100 leading examples of buildings from the period 1940-1958 were nominated for national scheduled historic building status. The Agency is currently preparing for the selection of top buildings from 1959 to 1965.
- Top 100 with photographs
Reconstruction era database
The data on all objects catalogued have been entered into a special database.
- www.wederopbouwdatabank.nl (Dutch only) | <urn:uuid:bfd28fe4-b4f9-47a7-8a84-f1c575e03a22> | {
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} |
i want to
live librarian help
Surgeons at Nationwide Children’s Hospital use minimally invasive techniques whenever possible to reduce pain, length of hospital stays and the appearance of surgical scars. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is one minimally invasive approach that combines the skills of specially trained surgeons with a state-of-the-art robotic surgical system.
Like other laparoscopic procedures, robot-assisted surgery involves making tiny “keyhole” incisions. Then, using the da Vinci® surgical system, surgeons insert laparoscopic equipment, which they control with their own movements. Because the equipment uses advanced robotics technology, the surgeon is able to perform highly complex movements on a very small scale, that are otherwise impossible to make with the human hand directly. The equipment includes a special camera that allows surgeons to monitor their movements in high-definition 3D video at extreme magnification. Remote viewing also allows other members of the surgical team to observe.
Robot-assisted and other minimally invasive procedures offer a number of benefits, compared to traditional “open” procedures. These benefits often include:
Reduced blood loss
Shorter hospital stays
Less pain for the patient after surgery, and less pain medication
Reduced risk of infection and complications
Increased patient and family satisfaction
Compared to standard laparoscopic procedures, robot-assisted surgery shares the same benefits in minimizing the invasiveness of the operation. But the robotic technology dramatically expands the surgeon’s natural abilities. Key advantages include:
Greater dexterity: The surgeon directs the instruments with a higher degree of dexterity and range of motion—far greater than the human hand can accomplish on its own.
Enhanced precision: Robotic technology allows for highly precise movements, including adjustable motion-scaling. It also eliminates the natural tremor of the human hand, which is can be invisible to the unaided eye, but noticeable under high magnification.
Improved visualization: High-definition monitoring offers an unprecedented level of stable viewing at extreme magnification. The da Vinci® surgical system also provides three-dimensional visualization, giving surgeons depth perception to guide them during delicate procedures.
Robot-assisted technology has an array of uses in a number of pediatric specialties, particularly in Urology. Many urological procedures, such as pyeloplasty, ureteral reimplantation and bladder reconstruction, maximize the benefits of the technology. | <urn:uuid:0079c441-e20f-4d10-851f-38f9b5e51105> | {
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"url": "http://www.nationwidechildrens.org/robot-assisted-surgery"
} |
One word. It takes a singular verb when standing alone or when a singular word follows an “of” construction. For example,
- The professor said 60 percent was a failing grade.
- He said 70 percent of the membership was there.
It takes a plural verb when a plural word follows an “of” construction. For example,
- He said 50 percent of the members were there.
Use figures for percent and percentages. For example,
- 5 percent
- 2.5 percent (use decimal points, not fractions)
- 10 percent
- 4 percentage points
For a range, “12 to 15 percent,” or “between 12 and 15 percent.”
For amounts less than 1 percent, precede the decimal with a zero. For example,
- Nationwide inflation rose 0.7 percent last year. | <urn:uuid:41e25e96-b299-4dc2-8e5d-5eaa7079f319> | {
"date": "2018-01-19T05:04:33",
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"url": "https://writingexplained.org/ap-style/ap-style-percent"
} |
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