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The Politics of Evil
The politics of evil refers to an invocation of evil in political rhetoric against a person or group that, intentionally or otherwise, stifles democratic debate, and can promote hate speech such as George W. Bush’s reference to the “Axis of Evil.” Labelling a group as evil taps into powerful imagery from religion, popular media, and other cultural sources. Drawing from a qualitative study with Grade 11 students and the concept of order-words from Deleuze and Guattari, this chapter examines the power the label of evil has in the context of the study of historical and contemporary events.
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Cited are distribution records for Alaska of Cicuta bulbifera L. It was discovered growing in the Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge in north central Alaska in 1984 and again in 1987. An earlier record is also known from near Fairbanks.
Talbot, Stephen S.; Looman, Sandra J.; and Welsh, Stanley L.
"Cicuta bulbifera L. (Umbelliferae) in Alaska,"
Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 48
, Article 11.
Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol48/iss3/11 | <urn:uuid:20317daf-b834-4f7e-af0a-acc71405e48f> | {
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A genetically modified organism, otherwise known as a GMO, is an organism that has had their genetic material modified by genetic engineering. The genes from various sources are combined to create a new gene and these genes are then transferred into an organism.
The American-based Digital Journal website recently published an article on the “rootworm resistant” corn losing its resistance. This genetically modified corn, produced by the Monsanto Company, is said to be toxic to plant-damaging pests, such as the rootworm, thus reducing the use of insecticide on soil. However, scientists have reported that these corns are losing their effectiveness and may be making the corn more susceptible to the pests. In response, Monsanto has proposed farmers to rotate their crops with one of their other biotech products, like soybeans, or use a different genetically modified corn together with insecticide. To which scientists have rebutted by stating that continuing a failing technology will only increase the potential of resistance and that due to Monsanto taking over the “seed” business there are less options on the market for those opting for non-GMO. The scientists also state that using insecticide on genetically modified corn only increases production costs and would only increase the risk of resistance. They also argue that the use of insecticide on genetically modified corn demonstrates that the genetically modified corn is no longer effective.
On March 21st, the North Shore News website reported that Greenpeace has officially ended its campaign against China’s proposal of commercializing GMO rice. Greenpeace was concerned that genetically modified rice would disrupt China’s traditional farming techniques for farming rice. Although the victory was in part due to pressure within the country, China has suspended its GMO project. The article reports that GMO food is monitored by government agencies (Health Canada for our country) for toxicity, potential of provoke allergic reactions, nutritional effects, and other factors. According to Greenpeace up to 70% of processed foods found in our grocery store are genetically engineered.
Articles can be found here: | <urn:uuid:823bd17f-0f7c-49a7-b01f-a286518570f0> | {
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Ham happens to be an easy meal to prepare. You can dress it up, but it has enough flavor to simply warm in the oven and, with little fuss, dinner is ready. It’s a good source of protein and seven vitamins and minerals, and it has a moderate amount of potassium. Whether you’re watching your salt or not, be aware that one serving is quite high in sodium.
Ham comes from the back leg of a pig, then it’s cured and sometimes smoked. There are two standard serving sizes for ham. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s nutrient database reports a single serving of sliced ham for a sandwich is 2 ounces, which is usually described as two slices. When it’s served on its own, a standard portion is 3 ounces.
A 3-ounce serving of roasted ham has 243 milligrams of potassium. This value means that one serving of ham is not a rich source of potassium, because it only supplies 5 percent of the recommended daily intake of 4,700 milligrams. If you’re not sure how much potassium you consume on a typical day, it’s worth keeping track for a few days to make sure you get enough. The average American only consumes 2,640 milligrams daily, or a little more than half the amount needed to maintain optimal health, according to the USDA Agricultural Research Service.
Role of Potassium
Potassium is one of several minerals that carries the electrical impulses responsible for stimulating nerves and muscles. In that role, potassium keeps your heartbeat regular. It also counteracts the effect of sodium on your blood pressure. Potassium lowers it by making blood vessels relax so that your blood can flow with less resistance. You may need to replace potassium when you’re sweating heavily or vomiting, because it’s excreted with fluids. Consult your healthcare provider if you have any questions about your potassium levels. When they get too low or too high, your heart may beat abnormally and that could create a potentially life-threatening problem.
When ham is cured, salt is injected into the meat. As a result, a 3-ounce serving of ham has 1,009 milligrams of sodium. Since the recommended daily intake is 1,500 milligrams, just one serving supplies 67 percent of an entire day’s sodium. If you’re like most Americans, you’re eating way too little potassium, while getting excessive amounts of sodium. A study published in the September 2012 issue of the “American Journal of Clinical Nutrition” reported that 90.7 percent of all Americans consume more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium daily. Considering how they balance one another, it’s essential to consume the recommended amount of both.
A 3-ounce serving of ham has 207 calories and 14 grams of total fat. It’s a rich source of protein, supplying 33 percent of men’s recommended daily intake, and 40 percent of women’s. You’ll also get 10 percent or more of your daily zinc and all of the B vitamins except folate.
Articles For Your Diet
- USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory: Nutrient Data for 10151, Pork, Cured, Ham, Whole, Separable Lean and Fat, Roasted
- Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes
- USDA Agricultural Research Service: Potassium Intake of the US Population
- Linus Pauling Institute: Potassium
- USDA Health Facts: Sodium and Potassium
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Sodium and Potassium Intakes Among US Adults – NHANES 2003 – 2008
- USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory: Nutrient Data for 07029, Ham, Sliced, Regular (Approximately 11 percent Fat)
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Photos from September 2007
Raekoja plats (Town Hall square)
Tallinn (historically known by the German and Swedish name Reval, among other names) is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. The city is an important industrial, political and cultural center, and seaport.
Raekoja plats (Town Hall square)
The southern coast of the Gulf of Finland is thought to have been settled by Finnic-speaking tribes already in the 2nd millennium BC.
Supposedly, in 1154 Tallinn was placed on the world map of the Almoravid cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as Kolyvan.
As an important port for trade between Russia and Scandinavia, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and Kingdom of Denmark during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn and Northern Estonia started in 1219.
In 1285 the city became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League - a mercantile and military alliance of German-dominated cities in Northern Europe. The Danes sold Tallinn along with their other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Medieval Tallinn enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between Western and Northern Europe and Russia. The city, with a population of 8,000, was very well fortified with city walls and 66 defense towers.
With the start of the Protestant Reformation the German influence became even stronger as the city was converted to Lutheranism. In 1561 Tallinn politically became a dominion of Sweden.
During the Great Northern War the Swedish troops based in Tallinn capitulated to Imperial Russia in 1710, but the local self-government institutions (Magistracy of Reval and Chivalry of Estonia) retained their cultural and economical autonomy within Imperial Russia as the Duchy of Estonia. The Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century brought industrialization of the city and the port kept its importance. During the last decades of the century Russification measures became stronger.
On 24 February 1918, the Independence Manifesto was proclaimed in Tallinn, followed by Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia. After World War II started, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, and later occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941-44. After Nazi retreat in 1944, it was occupied by the USSR again. After annexation into the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the capital of the Estonian SSR.
During the 1980 Summer Olympics a regatta was held at Pirita, north-east of central Tallinn. Many buildings, like the hotel "Olümpia", the new Main Post Office building, and the Regatta Center, were built for the Olympics.
In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state was re-established and a period of quick development to a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of a de facto independent country once again on August 20, 1991.
seat of the Estonian government
Tallinn has historically consisted of three parts:
* The Toompea (Domberg) or "Cathedral Hill", which was the seat of the central authority: first the Danish captains, then the komturs of the Teutonic Order, and Swedish and Russian governors. It was until 1877 a separate town (Dom zu Reval), the residence of the aristocracy; it is today the seat of the Estonian government and many embassies and residencies.
Photos of the Cathedral
* The Old Town, which is the old Hanseatic town, the "city of the citizens", was not administratively united with Cathedral Hill until the late 19th century. It was the centre of the medieval trade on which it grew prosperous.
Photos of Old Town
* The Estonian town forms a crescent to the south of the Old Town, where the Estonians came to settle. It was not until the mid-19th century that ethnic Estonians replaced the local Baltic Germans as the majority amongst the residents of Tallinn.
Historically, the city has been attacked, sacked, razed and pillaged on numerous occasions. Although extensively bombed by Soviet air forces during the latter stages of World War II, much of the medieval Old Town still retains its charm. The Tallinn Old Town (including Toompea) became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in 1997.
At the end of the 15th century a new 159 m high Gothic spire was built for St. Olav's Church. Between 1549 and 1625 it was the tallest building in the world. After several fires and following rebuilding, its overall height is now 123 m.
Since independence, improving air and sea transport links with Western Europe and Estonia's accession to the European Union have made Tallinn easily accessible to tourists. The picturesque old town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the current novelty of the destination attract many tourists and facilities (hotels, restaurants) have developed to meet their needs. English is widely spoken within the tourist areas.
Estonia has made rapid economic progress since independence and this is reflected in local prices. Although not extortionate, neither are prices as cheap as in other former Eastern Bloc countries.
The main attractions are in the two old towns (Lower Town and Toompea) which are both easily explored on foot. Eastern districts around Pirita and Kadriorg are also worth visiting and the Estonian Open Air Museum (Eesti Vabaõhumuuseum) near Rocca al Mare, west of the city, preserves aspects of Estonian rural culture and architecture.
This area was once a separate town (Dom zu Reval), the residence of the Chivalry of Estonia, Roman Catholic bishops of Tallinn (until 1561) and Lutheran superintendents of Estonia, occupying an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the walls and various bastions of Castrum Danorum, the Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (built during the period of Russian Empire, the church was built on a site that formerly housed a statue of Martin Luther) and the Lutheran Cathedral (Toomkirik).
lower town wall
This area is one of the best preserved old towns in Europe and the authorities are continuing its rehabilitation after years of neglect. The "must-see" sights include Raekoja plats (Town Hall square), the town walls and towers (notably "Fat Margaret" and "Kiek in de Kök") and St Olaf church tower (124 m)
Text from Wikipedia
People and Places | <urn:uuid:6b6c012b-0fcb-40eb-a854-5f8666a9118d> | {
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THE 1983 ERUPTION OF MIYAKEJIMA
BULLETIN OF THE VOLCANOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
VOL. 29 SPECIAL ISSUE, 352p
with color photo pages (see below)
Text is in Japanese with English abstract and captions
THE VOLCANOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
Photo gallery of the 1983 eruption
Miyakejima island (813 m a.s.l. and 8.5 km-across) is the upper half of a basalt stratovolcano, with calderas of the Hawaii type. Fourteen eruptions including the 1983 one had occurred since 1085.
Eruption started around 3 p.m. (JST), October 3, 1983. Fountains of basalt lavas appeared from the fissure vents in the southwestern flank of this island (500 m a.s.l). Lava flows descended separately, mainly, to the west and south. The western lava flow covered most of a village, where they tried to stop flowing of lava by spraying sea-water on the flow-front. The southern flow entered into the sea, generating strong phreatic eruptions, resulting in the formation of tuff ring. The eruption had declined by the early morning of the following day. The total volume of lava flows was estimated as 4.7x10^6 m^3 and that of pyroclastics was 6.0x10^6 m^3.
Lava fountains about 25 minutes after the start of the eruption. A-crater at the left-end with white smoke. B- to F-craters in a row form continuous curtain of fire. White smoke in the right is rising from lava flow issued from F-crater. The caldera rim runs from the left foreground toward the right center. Photo by Self Defense Force of Japan.
Crater rows extending to the south-southwest. About one hour after the start of eruption. K-crater at the right-end. A lava flow is spreading out of I- and J-craters on the left. Photo by Self Defense Force of Japan.
The western lava flow buried the Ako village (SW of island). White steam rising at flow front is produced by artificial water spray. A 4.5 km-long fissure in the background. Photo by Asahi Koyo Co., Ltd.
Activity at Nippana (S of island) around 17:40 hr (JST), October 3. Lava fountains at R-crater, and steam rising from S-crater. Photo by Maritime Safety Agency.
Stereo-aerial photograph showing the southern part of the fissure vents. Southernmost tuff ring at Nippana was lost by erosion 8 days after the eruption. Photo by Asahi Koyo Co., Ltd. (Only this photo is pasted from "Volcano landscape with Air-photo" (in Japanese), edited by VSJ and published from The Tokyo University Press) | <urn:uuid:ad101da8-7c97-4045-9873-771950be6699> | {
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What did they like? Write the Introduction and Conclusion Now that the bulk of the paper is done, write the introduction. Use a technique that suits you, e. Once the cards have been organized, walk students through the creation of an outline. If you follow these 11 steps I promise you will write a better essay, faster.
Make the first outline tentative. Plagiarism is definitely out of the question. Students apply these comments to the next step in that assignment. Not so easy, right? At Time4Writing, the process begins with this kind of brainstorming.
This will help when it comes time to organize and write your outline. Not every piece of information on the internet is true, or accurate.
If not, maybe you have just provided a summary instead of creating an argument. An informal outline working outline is a tool helping an author put down and organize their ideas.
The writing process involves a series of steps to follow in producing a finished piece of writing. The goal of this phase of the writing process is to improve the draft.
Brainstorm a list of subjects that interests you. Varying lengths of sentences? Ask them to assign each pile a name or topic Have students read through the information contained on each card in each pile.
Assist your child in conducting online research. Make sure your child follows that format explicitly, including capitalization and punctuation as required. In this last step of the writing process, the final writing is shared with the group.
All information and sources must be related directly to your topic. There is also a particular formatting style you must follow.
Read the assignment sheet again to be sure that you understand fully what is expected of you, and that your essay meets the requirements as specified by your teacher.
Once you decide on a general topic, try to narrow it down or refine to a specific aspect of the general topic. Accessing WWW Group your notes following the outline codes you have assigned to your notes, e.
Otherwise, you may estimate it yourself. While not as in-depth as the papers students in the upper grades are assigned, elementary research papers can be on a variety of topics, including biographies on historical figures and science fair topics.
Discuss the various types of resources: At Time4Writing, because the emphasis is on the process of writing rather than the finished product, much of the sensitivity about receiving constructive criticism is eliminated; in fact, comments from students indicate they love the feedback!
Life of Anne Hathaway b. All points of a research paper outline must relate to the same major topic that you first mentioned in your capital Roman numeral. Do they have a background in the subject they wrote about?
Students review, modify, and reorganize their work by rearranging, adding, or deleting content, and by making the tone, style, and content appropriate for the intended audience. Bookmark your favorite Internet sites.
There IS another tool you can use to keep track of your sources. Make sure the outline contains ideas for the introduction, a conclusion, the body of the essay and a bibliography.
A thesis statement should do the following:The Writing Process: Steps to Writing Success. Prewriting: This is the planning phase of the writing process, when students brainstorm, research, gather and outline ideas, often using diagrams for mapping out their thoughts.
Audience and purpose should be considered at this point, and for the older students, a working thesis statement. While the focus of the project is the creation of a research paper, the step-by-step instruction for completing the report focuses entirely on the writing process.
The steps include: Mini-Lesson (1 day): Mini-lesson 1 helps students learn how to choose the best resources for their research. How to Write a Research Paper in 11 Steps September 16, This post was written by Todd VanDuzer It’s a beautiful sunny day, you had a big delicious breakfast, and you show up bright-eyed and bushy-tailed for your first class of the day.
A research paper at the elementary school level meets many of the writing standards of the National Council of Teachers of English. A research paper allows students to read both print and nonprint texts, fiction and nonfiction, classic and contemporary works.
Learning the basics of writing a research paper during elementary school will help students develop strong writing and research skills. Elementary level research papers can differ from those of high school or college levels in that the information presented is usually more general and the paper is shorter.
Step 2: Review the steps for beginning to write a research paper [15 minutes] a. Show the fourth slide and discuss what an academic paper is and how it relates to students .Download | <urn:uuid:a92a3a7b-eef6-41c0-8836-0b046db9ee82> | {
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carbonation can happen either with water or soda. When the carbon dioxide gas is mixed with the soda, it helps in the carbonation process. The bubbles and fizz are all the outcome of the carbon dioxide gas. The amount of carbonic acid and CO2 gas dictates the amount of carbonation that takes place in the soda. The mixture used to prepare carbonated soda is added to carbon dioxide gas to create a pop soda. You can also see bubbles float in the soda bottles. Without carbon dioxide gas no soda or water can be carbonated.
Soda is carbonated normally by artificial ways wherein the carbon dioxide gas is forced into the solution. The solution for preparing the soda consists of water, syrup, additives, and sugars along with carbon dioxide gas. This solution is then filled in the bottle or can and the above empty space filled with a layer of carbon dioxide gas. When the bottle or container is sealed, pressure is created. This does not allow the carbon dioxide in the solution to escape. However, once you open the bottle and seal it back after it is half drunk, you will find the fizz flatten. This is because once the seal is opened; the carbon dioxide gas escapes out.
The fun of carbonated soda lies in the carbon dioxide gas. The gas is completely responsible for carbonation and creating the bubbles and fizz. The whoosh sound we all hear on opening of a soda bottle is that of carbon dioxide gas escaping, making way through the fizz. If you shake the bottle before opening the seal, you shall observe that more fizz has been created. The shaking of the bottle leads to more pressure thus creating more bubbles and fizz.
Carbonated sodas are popular for many decades now. Even today people love it and many are addicted to it. Artificial carbonation was invented in England by Joseph Priestly. Eventually carbonated soda gained popularity and demand from the masses. Looking at the popularity, soda fountains were introduced that allowed you to easily get your carbonated soda. The carbon dioxide cylinder attached to it made the carbonation simpler. The carbonated soda then mainly came in 2 flavors, orange and grape. Later root beer and ginger ale came into the market.
Most carbonated sodas are acid based that are not healthy for our body, especially bones and teeth. Carbonated sodas are known to absorb the calcium from our body. Medical research has proved that carbonated soda poses a risk of cancer. As the awareness about the ill effects of carbonated soda has spread, people today prefer energy and nutritional drinks. This has led to a drastic change in the demand for soda.
The carbon dioxide gas responsible for creating all the reaction in the mixture to cause a fizzy drink is known to be a threat to our body. This carbonated soda is certainly a cool drink to hang out with, but it does no good to our system. | <urn:uuid:ce988e9a-e559-4a16-9d83-c883cdb57a70> | {
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More kids walking also makes the roads safer for everyone. More kids walking naturally leads to less motor vehicle traffic, less congestion, less pollution, and less impatient driving in front of the school. That translates to safer school zones, healthier children, and better academic performance.
Toronto was reminded of that, once again, in February 2018, when Duncan Xu was tragically struck and killed walking home from school in Scarborough.
Dangerous driving around schools, such as speeding, texting while driving, or not obeying traffic signs, puts kids at higher risk of getting hit. A 2016 study found dangerous driving at more than 100 Toronto public elementary schools. The most common dangerous driving behaviours were unsafe parking and child drop-offs, such as dropping children off across the street from the school.
Children in some areas of Toronto also are exposed to more dangerous environment walking to school than others.
More at risk schools, measured by factors such as household income, parent education, and student immigration status, are associated with higher child pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, according to a 2016 study.
These challenges are not impossible to address. Nor do they mean that walking isn’t a safe way for kids to get to school.
Walking to school is not related to child pedestrian collisions, if the built environment is safe, according to a team of researchers and medical doctors at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, York University and the University of Toronto. Modifying the built environment around schools can reduce unsafe driving and pedestrian behaviors, leading to a safer walk to school.
Moves in the right direction include:
The benefits of safer streets near schools aren’t just felt by children. Improving conditions for walking and cycling can have a positive impact on local economies and equity. Traffic calming and reduced traffic speed can attract customers and new businesses to an area, helping to spur development and progress.
By taking steps to build safe streets, we can ensure that kids from all walks of life have a safe walk to school.
For a variety of other educational and promotional tools, visit saferoutestoschool.ca. | <urn:uuid:7f7b1a44-2447-478b-9900-351cb68b01f1> | {
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"Used to say, ‘I don’t care if I never grow old.
Gonna flame, gonna burn, take one quick turn
And be gone, like James Dean.’" -- Greg Brown
Somewhere not far from where you sit now, let’s say within 100 yards, there is likely to be a fellow mammal with a heart racing at the speed of 20 beats per second and a respiration rate of rate of 12.5 breaths per second (just try it!)
You can bet that animal is in motion, and that it will burn through life quickly. You might also be betting that the animal is a shrew, and that among the five possible species in our region, it is most likely the cosmopolitan short-tailed shrew.
Shrews are renowned for their metabolic extravagance. A shrew that hasn’t dined in the past few hours is in on the brink of starvation. One captive short-tailed shrew ate 170 percent of its body weight in food per day. If you weigh 150 pounds, you would need to eat 255 pounds of food in a day to rival that feat. Most species of shrew live just through the summer of the year after they were born. By the end of that time they become elderly and lose their territories to young shrews, although short-tailed shrews have been known to live to the advanced age of 2-3 years.
If these creatures are so abundant and active, why are they so seldom seen? One reason is that they are largely fossorial, which is a fun way of saying that they live underground.
Shrews and moles make up the Order Insectivora. Among their shared characteristics are their subterranean habits, the velvety fur that can be pushed forward or backward as the animals switch direction underground, the tiny eyes with little functional value, and very inconspicuous ears. If you have an adult shrew in one hand and an adult mole in the other -- the shrew will be the smaller animal, and the mole will be the one with giant clawed flippers for front paws.
Shrews have a number of features that aid them in their quests to survive and reproduce. To procure and protect the food they need, shrews are fiercely territorial. When borders are breached, shrieks and fisticuffs ensue until the intruder is driven away. Shrews are smelly little beasts, especially the males, and researchers believe scent-marking helps reduce territorial skirmishes and encourages females to permit the proximity of a male for the important business of mating.
Some shrew species have been shown to navigate using echo-location. Short-tailed shrews, one of only two known mammals with toxic saliva, can paralyze or kill small prey with a bite. While invertebrates have the most to fear from shrews, even amphibians and small mammals must tremble when they encounter these fierce hunters.
My own favorite feature of shrew morphology is the nose; shrews have long, pointed, muscular snouts that take a very active role in guiding these animals through life. One night, while sitting near a beaver pond, I placed a couple of small piles of sunflower seeds near my seat to see what I might lure in. I soon heard a rustling in the leaf litter, and the swiveling snout of a short-tailed shrew emerged. Once it detected the direction of the sunflower seeds, the entire shrew zipped from its lair, grabbed a seed, and dashed the 20 inches back again. This act was repeated a few times, and then I heard a sound coming from within the soil that could only have been the sound of shrew teeth severing small tree roots. Within a few minutes the little snout appeared again, this time right next to the sunflower seeds, which then disappeared one by one, a little twitter of triumph marking each heist.
Our shrew species also include three that are smaller than the short-tailed shrew -- the masked shrew, the smoky shrew, and the tiny pygmy shrew, until recently ranked as the world’s smallest mammal. Our fifth shrew species is about the same size as the short-tailed shrew.
I met a representative of this tribe while sitting on an old beaver lodge on a remote wooded hillside. While waiting for the appearance of large rodents, I noticed fans of tiny ripples emerging from below the undercut bank. I watched with little curiosity for the frog or insect to reveal itself, but instead, a small black furry ball skittered across the surface of the water and leapt ashore -- the elusive water shrew. As I watched, this shrew worked her way around the pond alternating forays ashore with saintly perambulations across the water. At last she reached the old beaver lodge where I sat and busied herself three feet away. Oblivious to my scrutiny, the shrew continued her manic search for insects, inserting her mobile snout into every crevice before disappearing, finally, into a tiny hole in the surface of the beaver lodge.
Water shrews frequent mountain streams where they take advantage of the abundance of aquatic and terrestrial insects. Their buoyancy is so great that it is only by kicking vigorously that they are able to dive down to explore the caves and crannies of a stream’s bottom. As soon as they stop kicking, they pop back up. Their jaunts across the water are made possible by a combination of this extreme buoyancy and by stiff hairs on the sides of their feet that trap air bubbles beneath them.
Would you like to catch a glimpse of your own remarkable neighborhood shrews? Head to almost any bit of untamed vegetation with a handful of sunflower seeds and a good book. Make yourself comfortable. You probably won’t need to wait long.
Patti Smith is a naturalist at the Bonnyvale Environmental Education Center. The View from Heifer Hill, a feature on the nature of our region, appears in this space the first Saturday of each month. She welcomes your feedback at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:8f156e1f-35b9-47c1-a50e-23e3db9f10e9> | {
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Numeracy Tests For Dummies (UK Edition)
Whether you’re applying to university, have a job interview lined up, or you’re planning to sign up to the military, this Cheat Sheet gives you some quick tips on doing your best at a numeracy test.
Figuring Out Fractions during Your Numeracy Test
Don’t let fractions fox you! When you’re revising for your numeracy test, follow these quick and simple steps to add or take away two fractions:
Multiply the top and bottom of the first fraction by the bottom of the second. Write down your new fraction.
Multiply the top and bottom of the second fraction by the bottom of the first. Write this down.
Do the original sum (add or take away) on the tops of your answers from steps 1 and 2.
Write the number on the bottom of both fractions underneath your answer to step 3. This is your answer.
To find a fraction of a number, just multiply the number by the top of the fraction and divide it by the bottom.
Using the Table of Joy to Help with Numeracy Tests
Here’s how to use my nifty Table of Joy to work out percentages, pie charts, proportions, conversions, ratios and all the rest so you can ace your numeracy test with ease!
Draw a big noughts and crosses grid, leaving yourself plenty of room for labels in the first column and top row.
Label the top-middle and top-right squares with the things you're measuring. For example, if you're working on a currency conversion, you might have pounds and dollars; if you're working on a pie chart, it might be people and degrees.
Label the middle-left and bottom-left squares with the things you know about – for the currency example, it might be 'exchange rate' and 'money'; for the pie chart, it's 'slice' and 'whole circle'.
Fill in the squares with the numbers you know.
Shade the numbered squares like a chessboard. Find the two numbers that are both on the same colour of square.
Write down the Table of Joy sum: multiply the two numbers from step 5 and divide by the other number.
Work out the sum – this is your answer!
Understanding the Three Kinds of Average in Maths
There are three kinds of average in maths that you may need to know about in your numeracy test. Here’s a quick reminder for you:
The mode is the most popular category – the one that shows up most often.
The median is the value of the middle data point – half the data are bigger than this, and half the data smaller.
The mean is what you normally mean by average (add everything up and divide by how many things there are). It’s the meanest thing they can ask! | <urn:uuid:53e85b78-8e14-4216-9bfa-7699bfb68c5c> | {
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Safeguarding natural resources
Minerals are essential to support sustainable economic growth and society’s needs, so safeguarding finite and non-renewable mineral resources is a key aspect of sustainable development. In the UK, mineral planning authorities are obliged to ensure known locations of specific minerals are not needlessly sterilised by non-mineral development.
We recommend a staged approach to mineral safeguarding assessment to avoid the cost of aborted site investigations. The first stage includes a report based on a desk study and site walk over. In the event that this initial assessment confirms the existence of potential workable minerals and that there are no significant constraints to extracting them, we recommend further investigative work, such as trial pitting.
We evaluate the quality and quantity of the minerals, taking into account other relevant factors, such as the presence of groundwater, to assess the likely viability and environmental acceptability of working them. We prepare both desk studies and full site investigations to inform discussion with mineral planning authorities, and we have public inquiry expert witness experience. | <urn:uuid:cbdf15fe-fcf1-4a75-a790-4f75b74e4700> | {
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I If you've always wanted to fly through the cosmos, strap yourself on. The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) – a grouping of radio wave telescopes in Chile – has enabled astronomers and space enthusiasts like no other to tour the Orion constellation.
The video above begins with a broad view of the sky and then into Orion, which is known to be the next region of massive star formation to Earth. This makes this room especially interesting for astronomers who are concerned with star evolution.
Join our private Dope Space Pics group on Facebook for more weird wonders.
The Last Station of The Journey of the ALMA Telescopes Through the Universe is located in a rectangular section of the Orion Nebula, 1
The strands of red gas running horizontally across the image are long clouds of cold gas visible only to millimeter wave telescopes like ALMA. This crimson gas stream will slowly clump and squeeze until it collapses under the force of its own gravity and invigorates protostars – the first stage of stellar evolution.
On the left you can see bright blue-white light, which was recorded by ESO's Very Large Telescope and is also based in Chile. This azure sky is known as the Trapezium Cluster, deep in the heart of the Orion Nebula. This is a pretty young group of stars that could only be a few million years old. Astronomers can estimate the age of these stellar masses by their brightness.
ALMA has not only given us the roller coaster ride through the Universe that we have always wanted, but has given astronomers an insight into the early stages of stellar evolution.
These discoveries may reveal clues to how the sun and our solar system originated long ago.
That you read, now pay attention: "The origin of the big name" Wurmmond "" | <urn:uuid:3a57b399-08c2-483a-9693-dd51a343706e> | {
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What is Computer Science?
Computer Science is the chief discipline for teaching engineering principles and the tools used in software applications development. Training students in these principles and the use of software development tools is one of the primary goals of Computer Science at IU Southeast. A baccalaureate degree is offered in Computer Science. This program recognizes the need to provide the understanding and knowledge of computer science appropriate for the varied careers available. Students may choose to emphasize either Mathematics and Science, or Business and Information Systems in their in their study of Computer Science at IU Southeast.
The demand for students trained in computer science is very high, both locally and nationally. Students are encouraged to take internship training with area businesses. | <urn:uuid:de334098-cdfc-4c75-aea3-d7507c42eba0> | {
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Answer: Legitimate e-mail marketers and Internet ecommerce professionals are continually trying to implement standards for e-mail delivery to help reduce unsolicited bulk e-mail (read: spam and phishing e-mails) without impinging on legitimate bulk e-mail campaigns.
Authentication means verifying whether a person or computer is who they say they are. As it pertains to e-mail marketing, authentication specifically attempts to match the sender of the message to the domain that the e-mail message is purportedly coming from. Even in the advanced e-mail marketing environment of today, it is relatively easy to spoof unprotected domains.
Currently, there are two common types of authentication enjoying widespread use: Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys.
SPF: Sender Policy Framework is an extension of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). SPF specifically addresses e-mail spoofing, a common spamming practice referring to forging a sender's address. SPF verifies information from the e-mail message’s "envelope," focusing on the return-path e-mail address. Like a regular mail envelope, the e-mail message envelope describes who sent the e-mail message, and to whom it is going.
The SPF record on the Domain Name System (DNS) server responsible for a particular Web domain is what determines the status of the e-mail message: pass, fail, softfail, etc. This information is passed to the recipient mail server.
The SPF record specifies which e-mail servers are allowed to send e-mail for a particular domain. SPF simply performs a check on one or more of these computers to verify to the recipient mail server their status. SPF by itself does not prevent spam, but the recipient mail server reads the information in the SPF file and then makes some sort of determination based on the status. There are many larger ISPs using SPF, including MSN and Gmail.
DomainKeys: DomainKeys is an authentication system that is independent of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. E-mail messages are still sent using SMTP, but DomainKeys is not an SMTP extension; rather, it deals with the e-mail headers that are outside the message envelope. DomainKeys was designed to identify e-mail spoofing and does not prevent abusive behavior; it simply makes it easier to track. Yahoo implemented DomainKeys in 2004 for outbound e-mail, and since 2005 has tracked incoming keys.
To implement DomainKeys, the SMTP server operator specifies a public/private key pair. The public key is located on the DNS server, and the private key is configured on the SMTP server. When sending e-mails, the SMTP checks in with the DNS, and if verified, adds a DomainKeys signature to the message headers. The receiving server then reads the signature and checks the public key on the DNS server and verifies the signature. It then uses that information to apply a rule or deliver the e-mail to the final recipient. If there is no match, the message can be ignored, because it is apparently a spoof.
While Yahoo will still receive an e-mail that doesn't have a key pair specified, in the future it could reject e-mail messages that are not digitally signed.
Authentication policies are having limited impact on e-mail marketing now because the standards are still not fully implemented. These standards will have a greater impact on e-mail delivery, however, as more recipient ISP mail servers check for them. During an attempt to authenticate, if you don't have SPF or Domain Keys implemented, your message will most likely still get through with a neutral response. Eventually, though, a consensus will be reached, and switches will be flipped to tighten up the requirements.
Jim Kinkade is the technical support supervisor at Arial Software (www.ArialSoftware.com), a provider of performance e-mail marketing software solutions. | <urn:uuid:7950b496-49d3-4c7c-82bb-aceaa1651bac> | {
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Gargouillade is a classical ballet term meaning “rumbling.” A dancer performs a gargouillade by degageing one leg to the side, then doing a small rond de jambe with that leg while pushing off the floor with the other leg and then doing a rond de jambe with that leg! The rond de jambes must both happen in the air before closing to fifth.
It very closely resembles a small pas de chat, but with each leg doing a quick rond de jambe. Gargouillades are not commonly done in classical ballet, but they are always a fun step to try in class and do occasionally make their way into female variations. In class, they are usually done in petit allegro combinations and is considered an advanced step. | <urn:uuid:f52ba04b-dcb9-4af4-ad3a-a6dc5623eb22> | {
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We don’t know how lucky we are — really.
We know the interaction between Earth and Sun is a rarity in that it allowed life to form. But scientists working to understand the possibility that it could have happened elsewhere in the Universe are still far from drawing conclusions.
What is becoming clearer is that life probably shouldn’t have formed here; the Earth and Sun are unlikely hosts.
A series of presentations at this year’s meeting of the International Astronomical Union meeting, in Brazil last week, focused on the role of the Sun and Sun-like stars in the formation of life on planets like Earth.
Edward Guinan, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Villanova University in Pennsylvania, and his collaegues have been studying Sun-like stars as windows into the origin of life on Earth, and as indicators of how likely life is elsewhere in the cosmos. The work has revealed that the Sun rotated more than ten times faster in its youth (over four billion years ago) than today. The faster a star rotates, the harder the magnetic dynamo at its core works, generating a stronger magnetic field, so the young Sun emitted X-rays and ultraviolet radiation up to several hundred times stronger than it does today.
A team led by Jean-Mathias Grießmeier from ASTRON in the Netherlands looked at another type of magnetic fields — that around planets. They found that the presence of planetary magnetic fields plays a major role in determining the potential for life on other planets as they can protect against the effects of both stellar particle onslaughts.
“Planetary magnetic fields are important for two reasons: they protect the planet against the incoming charged particles, thus preventing the planetary atmosphere from being blown away, and also act as a shield against high energy cosmic rays,” Grießmeier said. “The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field may be the reason why today Mars does not have an atmosphere.”
All things considered, the Sun does not seem like the perfect star for a system where life might arise, added Guinan.
“Although it is hard to argue with the Sun’s ‘success’ as it so far is the only star known to host a planet with life, our studies indicate that the ideal stars to support planets suitable for life for tens of billions of years may be a smaller slower burning ‘orange dwarf’ with a longer lifetime than the Sun — about 20-40 billion years,” he said.
Such stars, also called K stars, “are stable stars with a habitable zone that remains in the same place for tens of billions of years,” he added. “They are 10 times more numerous than the Sun, and may provide the best potential habitat for life in the long run.”
Not are planets like Earth the best places to harbor life, he said. Planets double or triple the size of Earth would do a better job of hanging onto an atmosphere and maintaining a magnetic field: “Furthermore, a larger planet cools more slowly and maintains its magnetic protection.”
Manfred Cuntz, an associate professor of physics at the University of Texas at Arlington, and his collaborators have examined both the damaging and the favorable effects of ultraviolet radiation from stars on DNA molecules. This allows them to study the effect on other potential carbon-based extraterrestrial life forms in the habitable zones around other stars. Cuntz says: “The most significant damage associated with ultraviolet light occurs from UV-C, which is produced in enormous quantities in the photosphere of hotter F-type stars and further out, in the chromospheres, of cooler orange K-type and red M-type stars. Our Sun is an intermediate, yellow G-type star. The ultraviolet and cosmic ray environment around a star may very well have ‘chosen’ what type of life could arise around it.”
Rocco Mancinelli, an astrobiologist with the Search for Extraterrestrial Life (SETI) Institute in California, observes that as life arose on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago, it must have withstood a barrage of intense solar ultraviolet radiation for a billion years before the oxygen released by these life forms formed the protective ozone layer. Mancinelli studies DNA to delve into some of the ultraviolet protection strategies that evolved in early life forms and still persist in a recognizable form today. As any life in other planetary systems must also contend with radiation from their host stars, these methods for repairing and protecting organisms from ultraviolet damage serve as models for life beyond Earth. Mancinelli says “We also see ultraviolet radiation as a kind of selection mechanism. All three domains of life that exist today have common ultraviolet protection strategies such as a DNA repair mechanism and sheltering in water or in rocks. Those that did not were likely wiped out early on.”
The scientists agree that we do yet know how ubiquitous or how fragile life is, but as Guinan concludes: “The Earth’s period of habitability is nearly over — on a cosmological timescale. In a half to one billion years the Sun will start to be too luminous and warm for water to exist in liquid form on Earth, leading to a runaway greenhouse effect in less than 2 billion years.”
Source: International Astronomical Union (IAU). A link to the meeting is here. | <urn:uuid:15fe9e8a-105c-45fe-b93a-e71e53bc1a8a> | {
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The flag of Hong Kong was adopted on 16 February 1990. On 10 August 1996, it received formal approval from the Preparatory Committee, a group which advised the People's Republic of China (PRC) on Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997. The flag was first officially hoisted on 1 July 1997, in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty. The precise use of the flag is regulated by laws passed by the 58th executive meeting of the State Council held in Beijing. The design of the flag is enshrined in Hong Kong's Basic Law, the city's constitutional document, and regulations regarding the use, prohibition of use, desecration, and manufacture of the flag are stated in the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance.
The design of the flag carries cultural, political and regional meanings. The colour itself is significant; red is a festive colour for the Chinese people, used to convey a sense of celebration and nationalism. Moreover, the red colour is identical to that used in the national PRC flag, chosen to signify the link re-established between post-colonial Hong Kong and China. The juxtaposition of red and white on the flag symbolises the one country two systems political principle applied to the region. The stylised rendering of the Bauhinia blakeana flower, a flower discovered in Hong Kong, is meant to serve as a harmonising symbol for this dichotomy.
|Size||Length and width in centimetres|
|1||288 × 192|
|2||240 × 160|
|3||192 × 128|
|4||144 × 96|
|5||96 × 64|
|Car flag||30 × 20|
|Flag for signing ceremonies||21 × 14|
|Desktop flag||15 × 10|
In 1843, a seal representing Hong Kong was instituted. The design was based on a local waterfront scene; three local merchants with their commercial goods can be found on the foreground, a square-rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground, while the background consists of conical hills and clouds. In 1868, a Hong Kong flag was produced, a Blue Ensign flag with a badge based on this "local scene", but the design was rejected by Hong Kong Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell.
In 1870, a "white crown over HK" badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by the Colonial Secretary. The letters "HK" were omitted and the crown became full-colour three years later. It is unclear exactly what the badge looked like during that period of time, but it was unlikely to be the "local scene". It should have been a crown of some sort, which may, or may not, have had the letters "HK" below it. In 1876, the "local scene" badge was re-adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with the Admiralty's approval.
By 1955, the "local scene" badge in the Blue Ensign flag was revised. The new badge was similar to the 1876 badge, but had a slightly lower eye-line, and a more realistic mountain on the left-hand side. The mountain, the ship, and the junk were made more prominent and embossed.
A coat of arms for Hong Kong was granted on 21 January 1959 by the College of Arms in London. The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to feature the coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag. This design was used from 1959 until Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997.
Looking for inspiration, Ho wandered into a garden and picked up a Bauhinia blakeana flower. He observed the symmetry of the five petals, and how their winding pattern conveyed to him a dynamic feeling. This led him to incorporated the flower into the flag to represent Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong flag is flown daily from the Chief Executive's official residence, the Government House, the Hong Kong International Airport, and at all border crossings and points of entry into Hong Kong. At major government offices and buildings, such as the Office of the Chief Executive, the Executive Council, the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, the Legislative Council, and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas, the flag is displayed during days when these offices are working. Other government offices and buildings, such as hospitals, schools, departmental headquarters, sports grounds, and cultural venues should fly the flag on occasions such as the National Day of the PRC (1 October), the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (1 July), and New Year's Day. The flag should be raised at 8:00 a.m. and lowered at 6:00 p.m. The raising and lowering of the flag should be done slowly; it must reach the peak of the flag staff when it is raised, and it may not touch the ground when it is lowered. The flag may not be raised in severe weather conditions. A Hong Kong flag that is either damaged, defaced, faded or substandard must not be displayed or used.
The Hong Kong flag must be lowered to half-staff as a token of mourning when any of the following people die:
The flag may also be flown at half-staff when the Central People's Government advises the Chief Executive to do so, or when the Chief Executive considers it appropriate to do so, on occurrences of unfortunate events causing especially serious casualties, or when serious natural calamities have caused heavy casualties. When raising a flag to be flown at half-staff, it should be first raised to the peak of the staff and then lowered to a point where the distance between the top of the flag and the peak of the staff is one third of the length of the staff. When lowering the flag from half-staff, it should be first raised to the peak of the staff before it is lowered.
The ordinance also allows for the Chief Executive to make stipulations regarding the use of the flag. In stipulations made in 1997, the Chief Executive further specified that the use of the flag in "any trade, calling or profession, or the logo, seal or badge of any non-governmental organisation" is also prohibited unless prior permission was obtained.
Leung Kwok-hung, a member of the Legislative Council (the legislative body of the Hong Kong government) and a prominent political activist in Hong Kong, was penalised for defiling the Hong Kong flag in 2001 (he was not a member of the Legislative Council at the time). He was placed on a good-behaviour bond for 12 months in the sum of HK$3,000 for dotting the flag with black marks while protesting against the handover anniversary and elections to choose the Election Committee, the electoral college which elects the Chief Executive, in Wan Chai, Admiralty and Central on 1 July and 9 July 2000.
Leung's case was the second convicted case of flag desecration in Hong Kong. The first case involved demonstrators Ng Kung Siu and Lee Kin Yun, who were found guilty of desecrating both the Hong Kong flag and the national PRC flag in a demonstration held in January 1998, for writing the word "Shame" on both flags. The case was finally decided in the Court of Final Appeal, the highest appellate court in Hong Kong, after an initial guilty verdict was overturned by the Court of Appeal. | <urn:uuid:9ac61183-8d7e-4e5b-acbc-9986af0fa6ac> | {
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Approach- The run-up phase of the jumping events during which the athletes build up speed for the take-off.
Lead leg- In the hurdling events this is the outstretched front leg that clears the hurdle first.
Pins/Spikes- Either term can be used to refer to the small metal implements that are screwed in to the holes in the bottom of the spikes (the shoes). Longer pins/spikes are used for softer track surfaces. Most tracks and track meets have a limit on the length of pins/spikes that are allowed since longer spikes can tear up the track surface. Many meets will inspect and measure the length of the pins in the shoes as part of the check-in process before the competition begins.
Sector- Designated landing area for the throwing events in which all thrown implements (discus, hammer, javelin, shot) must land to be considered fair.
Spikes- Lightweight specialty shoes with holes in the bottom for the insertion of metal pins. The number of holes and the type of pins used vary by event, conditions and rules. Spikes are used for competition and sometimes in training and should be worn only on soft surfaces (such as a track or track surface) to prevent wearing down the point on the pins which would reduce the traction that they offer.
Trail leg- In the hurdling events, this is the second leg to come across the hurdle. The trail leg is bent at the knee.
Trainers- These are the general all-purpose running shoes that athletes wear for warming up and less intense training sessions when spikes are not needed. They are heavier and provide more cushioning and support than spikes. Distance runners sometimes prefer to wear them in a half-size larger than their regular size to allow room for the feet to swell during longer distance runs. For most other athletes, their regular size for all of their non-athletic shoes should provide the right fit. | <urn:uuid:723032fe-497a-4add-ab74-386757bd2970> | {
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: The Wonders of Each
Transcript of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: The Wonders of Each
The Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotes are extremely well known for their absence of a "true" nucleus, in which they posses organelles that are not all found in eukaryotic cells, making them distinct and unique. Prokaryotic cells are found in only bacteria, in which they are often of small size, ranging from 1-10 um in diameter.
Organelle #1: Pili
Pili are attachment structures found on the surface of the cell. They aid in providing mobility for the bacteria, and even function in the process of transmitting genetic material. They exist in a large quantity per cell, and can be viewed (on the left) as the only structures outside the cell that appear as spikes.
Organelle #2: Nucleoid
Although the prokaryotic cell lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus, it does contain a nucleoid. This organelle is where the cell's DNA is located at. In the picture at the left, the nucleoid can be identified as the light gray area in the middle of the cell.
Organelle #3: Ribosomes
Ribosomes are present in all prokaryotes, in which they are responsible for the protein synthesis that occurs inside the cell. Some refer to these organelles as the protein factories of the cell, since they manufacture proteins that aid the cell, overall, in carrying out its natural processes.
Organelle #4: Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells maintains a rather simple job, although it is easier said than done. It is responsible for enclosing the cytoplasm and keeping it in the cell.
Organelle #5: The Cell Wall
The cell wall is a rigid structure that is located outside the plasma membrane, in which it serves as a form of protection for the cell.
Organelle #6: The Capsule
The capsule is a jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes. It's role in the cell is to serve as what is known to be a virulence factor. This means that the capsule enhances the ability of bacteria to give diseases.
Organelle #7: Flagellum
Flagella are string-like locomotion organelles that are located on the rear ends of some bacteria. They aid in providing motility for the prokaryotes, in which it all sums up to giving the cell a mobile perspective and ability.
Animal Eukaryotic Cells
well what is this animal?
this is a rihno or what is left of it
this animal is
(or was because it is dead)
made up of billions of cells that are working to make him or her possible to be alive!
well as you can see the animal cell is madeup of orgallnes. each one has a specific job or niche.
Well here we have
of the cell organlles but some are only found in animal cells like
centrioles (microtubes that are in pairs but fuction is unknow at the moment that are only found in animal cells), and the flagella (the tail of the animal cell that helps with movent of the animal).
Now the name of the other organells
nucleus( note the cell nucleus has 3 diffrent layers).
#3 & #5
is the lysosomes
golgi X (X because it has diffrent names but im goin to referenc it as
mitochondrion just to name a few.
This video may help!
this is just a look at both plant cell and a animal cell at the same time and they both have alot in comen. so to get a general idea of the animal and a plant cell. | <urn:uuid:85563a25-f329-4378-bf7f-098e67fd979b> | {
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The figures, which are released annually ahead of World Refugee Day on June 20, showed that more than 10 million of the world's displaced people were uprooted from their homes in the past year alone. Some 3.5 million displaced people crossed international borders for the first time to become refugees. "This equates to one person becoming displaced every three seconds - less than the time it takes to read this sentence," the UNHCR said in a statement.
Read more: Glossary of terms : asylum seekers, refugees, migration
This is "the highest figure since we started recording them," UNHCR chief Filippo Grandi told reporters, pointing out that it was larger than the population of Britain.
Flow of refugees slowing
Despite the global number of displaced persons reaching a record high, the UNHCR's count showed that the flow of refugees last year slowed for the first time in years.
In 2016, just over 10 million people fled abroad or became internally displaced within their country, compared to 12.4 million people the year before.
Read more: Syrians in Lebanon: 'They treat us like we are dirty'
Meanwhile, the total number of globally displaced also rose by some 300,000 people in 2016 from the year before, a smaller increase than in the previous years.
However, Grandi warned against viewing the trend as positive. "By any measure, this is an unacceptable number, and it speaks louder than ever to the need for solidarity and common purpose in preventing and resolving crises," he said. "Although these figures represent small shifts compared to the previous year ... the relatively stable figures mask a very unstable situation."
Famine and civil war in South Sudan saw the country become the source the world's fastest-growing displacement crisis last year. The number of South Sudanese who fled across the border rose by 64 percent in 2016, from 1.4 million to 1.9 million.
Read more: Conflict forces millions of children in South Sudan to flee homes, says UN
"No refugee crisis today worries me more than South Sudan," the UNHCR's Africa chief, Valentin Tapsoba, said, adding that around two-thirds of the refugees were children.
Nearly all South Sudanese refugees have sought asylum and protection in the neighboring countries of Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan.
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In one of the most memorable scenes from the 1999 blockbuster hit The Matrix, the antagonist, Agent Smith, a sentient computer program, interrogates rebel leader Morpheus by ‘hacking’ into his brain. As Smith waits for the information he needs, he infamously compares humans to a virus:
You move to an area and you multiply and multiply until every natural resource is consumed and the only way you can survive is to spread to another area. There is another organism on this planet that follows the same pattern. Do you know what it is? A virus. Human beings are a disease, a cancer of this planet.
Many interpret Smith’s monologue as a plea for environmentalism—an attempt to wake up humanity to the way we treat our planet and its natural resources. Viruses are parasites and as such are inherently bad. They cause devastating diseases—AIDS, cervical cancer, and the flu—which have led to a great deal of human suffering. Humanity has gone so far as to banish two viruses from the planet, Rinderpest and Small Pox, and are close to removing a third, polio.
But Smith’s sermon may hit a little closer to reality than even the movie’s writers, Lana and Lily Wachowski, realize. It turns out that human evolution has been strongly driven by these ‘undead,’ parasitic particles and without their intervention we might not even be here.
How viruses work
On their own viruses can’t do much and most scientists don’t count them among the living organisms of this planet. They generally operate by gaining access to the interior of a cell (human or otherwise) in order to take control of the cell’s machinery. Once in command of a cell, the viruses turn their host into a virus factory. Eventually, thousands of newly minted viruses burst out of the infected host, which move on to the next cell, and the cycle repeats.
Some viruses can incorporate their genetic material into the host’s genome. This is how, for example, the human papillomavirus virus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. HPV’s genome carries several genes that can trigger a human cell to become carcinogenic.
When viral DNA is inserted into the genome of a sperm or egg (instead of a cervical cell as is the case with HPV and cervical cancer), the sequence can be passed on to the next generation, and possibly even spread through the human gene pool. While this has happened with some frequency—researchers estimate that there are about 100,000 fragments of viruses in the human genome or over 8 percent of our DNA—most of these sequences don’t cause much of a stir. But in a few cases, their impact has been extraordinary.
Making humans human
Viruses have played a significant role in shaping many of the traits that make us unique and distinguish us from our relatives. According to Stanford University researcher David Enard, a whopping 30 percent of all protein adaptations since humans’ divergence with chimpanzees have been driven by viruses. Many of these genes are associated with immune function—which is to be expected. But Enard and his colleagues have found that many of these actually have no known or discernable immune function:
The big advancement here is that it’s not only very specialized immune proteins that adapt against viruses. Pretty much any type of protein that comes into contact with viruses can participate in the adaptation against viruses. It turns out that there is at least as much adaptation outside of the immune response as within it.
To some degree, this is to be expected. All the organisms that humans have ever interacted with throughout our evolutionary history have shaped our species. But viruses are unique because they can directly add novel genes to our gene pools. The gene for a protein called syncytin is one such case.
Syncytin is made primarily by the cells of the placenta that make contact with the uterus. The protein allows these cells to fuse into a single layer which is vital to ensure the fetus can easily draw nutrients from the mother. No syncytin, no fusion. The gene for syncytin likely came from a virus where it helped viruses to fuse neighboring host cells together—allowing easier spread to neighboring cells. Scientists are certain of the viral origin of this gene because it appears in the same spot in the genomes of humans, monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. Furthermore, the sequences are nearly identical. The best way to explain this, scientists say, is that a virus inserted the gene into the genome of a common ancestor to these primates, and the gene was so beneficial that it has been strongly favored, and left unchanged, by natural selection ever since.
Humans have two different syncytin proteins, both thought to be viral in origin. Altogether scientists have identified six in several different mammalian species: mice, rabbits, cats and dogs. The genes are not all the identical, though, which means different viruses infected, and left behind, unique versions of these syncytin genes.
While much of the focus of these genes has been on their role in the placenta, recent findings suggest that syncytin may be important in other organs in which the fusion of cells is vital—such as muscle cells. Mice that lack one of the syncytin genes (syncytin-B to be exact) appear about 1/5th smaller than normal littermates—a phenomenon that is only seen in males. Studies of cell cultures of sheep, dogs and humans are consistent with this finding. It is still unclear how, but scientists believe that syncytin-B contributes to the differences in muscle mass between the genders.
What led to complex animals on Earth?
Another protein which also has a viral origin and is important for cell fusion is EFF-1. The gene for EFF-1, or very similar versions of it, appears in many species, including humans. This protein was initially characterized as vital for the development of the skin of the roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans. But some scientists are beginning to think that both EFF-1 and syncytin have roles much larger than merely placenta and roundworm skin formation.
There’s a growing belief that the viral insertion of these (and maybe other) cell fusion genes into the genomes of early single-celled organisms may have been the spark that led to all multicellular life on this planet.
“That’s the gut feeling we have,” Fasseli Coulibaly from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia told New Scientist. “It’s the most enticing hypothesis but as scientists, we need to look into it. If this is true, that’s a huge advance.”
Coulibaly explains that early single-celled organisms could have clumped together, but without the ability to physically fuse they could not have formed advanced any multi-cellular life, let alone humans.
“Before cells can make something like skin or a digestive tract in nematodes – or as soon as you are thinking muscles or bones in mammals – usually you need some kind of fusion,” he has written.
Felix Rey of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, who has done extensive work on EFF-1’s function and structure, is on board with this hypothesis, told New Scientist, “This makes me think that viruses have contributed enormously to the communication between cells, and to the appearance of multicellular organisms on Earth.”
In a way, the role of viruses on our planet is kind of an ironic one. Most scientists agree viruses are not living, but without their intervention among the living, complex life (including us) would not exist on this planet. And when you think of them in those terms, Agent Smith’s “insult” may not be such a bad thing after all. | <urn:uuid:e468f149-cff4-4a7c-9fdc-7c8427c592a9> | {
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How Nutrition Deficit Disorder affects your child's learning, behaviour, and health...
In the NDD Book by Dr. Sears, he presents the latest scientific research on the effects of nutrition on the brain, outlines the symptoms of NDD, and lays out a drug-free prescription for prevention and treatment. This book is filled with inspiring success stories of children from Dr. Sears's own practice who showed major improvements in learning, mood and behaviour with diet changes alone.
Does your child have NDD?
- Does your child have frequent mood swings or temper tantrums?
- Does your child have behavioural problems at school?
- Is your child a hyperactive or restless sleeper?
- Does your child suffer from poor attention span or have difficulty learning?
The NDD Book by Dr. Sears also provides nine days of sample meal plans and kid-friendly NDD-prevention recipes for meals, snacks and desserts. In the wise and accessible tone that has made the Searses the most trusted voice in pediatrics, Dr. Sears provides the tools you need to help your child become healthier, happier and better prepared to learn.
William Sears, MD, is the father of eight children and the author of more than thirty book on childcare, including The Baby Book. Dr. Sears is an Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine.
Paperback. 212 pages. | <urn:uuid:1a5f3af9-ecd6-414d-9a0a-e8ef4e3ce7ca> | {
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The names of the letters in the modern Irish alphabet are also those of trees, and most of them correspond with O'Flaherty's list, though T has become gorse; O, broom; and A, elm.
I noticed almost at once that the consonants of this alphabet form a
calendar of seasonal tree-magic [?]
, and that all the trees figure prominently
in European folklore.
The first tree of the series is the self-propagating birch. Birch twigs are used throughout Europe in the beating of hounds and the flogging of delinquents--and formerly lunatics--with the object of expelling evil spirits. When Gwion writes in the Cad Goddeu that the birch 'armed himself but late' he means that birch twigs do not toughen until late in the year. (He makes the same remark about the willow and the rowan whose twigs were similarly put to ceremonial use.) Birch rods are also used in rustic ritual for driving out the spirit of the old year. The Roman lictors carried birch rods during the installation of the Consuls at this very same season; each Consul had twelve lictors, making a company of thirteen. The birch is the tree of inception. It is indeed the earliest forest tree, with the exception of the mysterious elder, to put out new leaves (April 1st in England, the beginning of the financial year), and in Scandinavia its leafing marks the beginning of the agricultural year, because farmers use it as a directory for sowing their Spring wheat. The first month begins immediately after the winter solstice, when the days after shortening to the extreme limit begin to lengthen again.
Since there are thirteen consonants in the alphabet,
it is reasonable to
[?] regard the tree month as the British
common-law 'lunar' month of twenty-
eight days defined by Blackstone.
As has already been pointed out, there
are thirteen such months in a solar year, with one day left over. Caesar
and Pliny both record that the Druidic year was reckoned by lunar months,
but neither defines a lunar month, and there is nothing to prove that it
was a 'lunation' of roughly twenty-nine and a half days--of which there
are twelve in a year with ten and three-quarter days left over.
first-century B.C.'Coligny Calendar', which is one of lunations, is no
longer regarded as Druidic; it is engraved in Roman letters on a brass
tablet and is now thought to be part of the Romanizing of native religion
attempted under the early Empire. Moreover, twenty-eight is a true lunar
month not only in the astronomical sense of the moon's revolutions in
relation to the sun, but in the mystic sense that the Moon, being a woman,
has a woman's normal menstrual period ('menstruation' is connected with
the word 'moon')
of twenty-eight days.
The Coligny system was probably brought into Britain by the Romans of the Claudian conquest and memories of its intercalated days are said by Professor T. Glynn Jones to survive in Welsh folklore. But that in both Irish and Welsh myths of the highest antiquity 'a year and a day' is a term constantly used suggests that the Beth-Luis-Nion Calendar is one of 364 days plus one. We can there- fore regard the Birch month as extending from December 24th to January 20th.
The second tree is the quickbeam ('tree of life'), otherwise known as
the quicken, rowan or mountain ash. Its round wattles, spread with
newly-flayed bull's hides, were used by the Druids as a last extremity for
compelling demons to answer difficult questions--hence the Irish
proverbial expression 'to go on the wattles of knowledge', meaning to do
one's utmost to get information.
The quickbeam is also the tree most
widely used in the British Isles as a prophylactic against lightning and
witches' charms of all sorts: for example, bewitched horses can be
controlled only with a rowan whip. In ancient Ireland, fires of rowan were
kindled by the Druids of opposing armies and incantations spoken over
them, summoning spirits to take part in the fight. The berries of the
magical rowan in the Irish romance of Fraoth, guarded by a dragon, had
the sustaining virtue of nine meals; they also healed the wounded and
added a year to a man's life. In the romance of Diarmuid and Grainne, the
rowan berry, with the apple and the red nut, is described as the food of
the gods. 'Food of the gods' suggests that the taboo on eating anything
red was an extension of the commoners' taboo on eating scarlet toadstools
--for toadstools, according to a Greek proverb which Nero quoted, were
'the food of the gods'. In ancient Greece all red foods such as lobster,
bacon, red mullet, crayfish and scarlet berries and fruit were tabooed
except at feasts in honour of the dead. (Red was the colour of death in
Greece and Britain during the Bronze Age--red ochre has been found in
megalithic burials both in the Prescelly Mountains and on Salisbury
The oracular use of the rowan explains the unexpected presence of
great rowan thickets in Rugen and the other Baltic amber-islands,
formerly used as oracular places, and the frequent occurrence of rowan,
noted by John Lightfoot in his Flora Scotica, 1777, in the neighbourhood of ancient stone circles. The second month extends from January 21st to February 17th. The important Celtic feast of Candlemas fell in the middle of it (February 2nd). It was held to mark the quickening of the year, and was the first of the four 'cross-quarter days' on which British witches celebrated their Sabbaths, the others being May Eve, Lammas (August 2nd) and All Hallow E'en, when the year died. These days correspond with the four great Irish fire-feasts mentioned by Cormac the tenth- century Archbishop of Cashel. In Ireland and the Highlands February 2nd is, very properly, the day of St. Brigit, formerly the White Goddess, the quickening Triple Muse. The connexion of rowan with the Candlemas fire-feast is shown by Morann Mac Main's Ogham in the Book of Ballymote: he gives the poetic name for rowan as 'Delight of the Eye, namely Luisiu, flame.'
The third tree is the ash. In Greece the ash was sacred to Poseidon, the
second god of the Achaean trinity, and the Meliai, or ash-spirits, were
much cultivated; according to Hesiod, the Meliae sprang from the blood
of Uranus when Crones castrated him.
In Ireland the Tree of Tortu,
The Tree of Dathi, and the Branching Tree of Usnech, three of the
Five Magic Trees whose fall in the year A.D. 665 symbolized the triumph
of Christianity over paganism, were ash-trees.
A descendant of the Sacred
Tree of Creevna, also an ash, was still standing at Killura in the nineteenth
century; its wood was a charm against drowning, and emigrants to America
after the Potato Famine carried it away with them piecemeal.
letters are formed from ash-twigs; as ash-roots strangle those of other forest trees. The ash is the tree of sea-power, or of the power resident in water; and the other name of Woden, 'Yggr', from which Ygdrasill is derived, is evidently connected with hygra, the Greek for 'sea' (literally, 'the wet element'). The third month is the month of floods and extends from February 18th to March 17th. In these first three months the nights are longer than the days, and the sun is regarded as still under the tutelage of Night. The Tyrrhenians on this account did not reckon them as part of the sacred year.
The fourth tree is the alder, the tree of Bran. In the Battle of the Trees
the alder fought in the front line, which is an allusion to the letter F being
one of the first five consonants of the Beth-Luis-Nion and the Boibel-
Loth; and in the Irish Ossianic Song of the Forest Trees
it is described as
'the very battle-witch of all woods, tree that is hottest in the fight'.
Though a poor fuel-tree, like the willow, poplar and chestnut, it is prized
by charcoal-burners as yielding the best charcoal; its connexion with fire
is shown in the Romance of Branwen when 'Gwern' (alder), Bran's sister's
son, is burned in a bonfire; and in country districts of Ireland the crime of
felling a sacred alder
is held to be visited with the burning down of one's house. The alder is also proof against the corruptive power of water: its slightly gummy leaves resist the winter rains longer than those of any other deciduous tree and its timber resists decay indefinitely when used for water-conduits or piles. The Rialto at Venice is founded on alder piles, and so are several mediaeval cathedrals. The Roman architect Vitruvius mentions that alders were used as causeway piles in the Ravenna marshes.
The connexion of Bran with the alder in this sense is clearly brought out
in the Romance of Branwen where the swineherds (oracular priests) of
King Matholwch of Ireland see a forest in the sea and cannot guess what
it is. Branwen tells them that it is the fleet of Bran the Blessed come to
avenge her. The ships are anchored off-shore and Bran wades through the
shallows and brings his goods and people to land; afterwards he bridges
the River Linen, though it has been protected with a magic charm, by
lying down across the river and having hurdles laid over him. In other
words, first a jetty, then a bridge was built on alder piles. It was said of
Bran, 'No house could contain him.' The riddle 'What can no house ever
contain?' has a simple answer: 'The piles upon which it is built.' For the
earliest European houses were built on alder piles at the edge of lakes. In
one sense the 'singing head' of Bran was the mummied, oracular head of a
sacred king; in another it was the 'head' of the alder-tree--namely the
topmost branch. Green alder-branches make good whistles and, according to
my friend Ricardo Sicre y Cerda, the boys of Cerdaña in the
Pyrenees have a traditional prayer in Catalan:
And I will make you whistle sweetly.
which is repeated while the bark is tapped with a piece of willow to loosen it from the wood. Berng (or Verng in the allied Majorcan language) is Bran again. The summons to Berng is made on behalf of the Goddess of the Willow. The use of the willow for tapping, instead of another piece of alder, suggests that such whistles were used by witches to conjure up destructive winds--especially from the North. But musical pipes with several stops can be made in the same way as the whistles, and the singing head of Bran in this sense will have been an alder-pipe. At Harlech, where the head sang for seven years, there is a mill-stream running past the Castle rock, a likely place for a sacred alder-grove. It is possible that the legend of Apollo's flaying of Marsyas the piper is reminiscent of the removal of the alder-bark from the wood in pipe-making.
The alder was also used in ancient Ireland for making milk pails and
other dairy vessels: hence its poetical name in the Book of Ballymote,
comet lachta--'guarding of milk'. This connexion of Bran-Crones, the
alder, with Rhea-Io, the white moon-cow is of importance.
In Ireland, Io was called Glas Gabhnach, 'the green stripper', because though she yielded milk in rivers she never had a calf.
The magical connection of the Moon with menstruation is strong and widespread. The baleful moon-dew used by the witches of Thessaly was apparently a girl's first menstrual blood, taken during an eclipse of the Moon. Pliny devotes a whole chapter of his Natural History to the subject and gives a long list of the powers for good and bad that a menstruating woman possesses. Her touch can blast vines, ivy and rue, fade purple cloth, blacken linen in the wash-tub, tarnish copper, make bees desert their hives, and cause abortions in mares; but she can also rid a field of pests by walking around it naked before sunrise, calm a storm at sea by exposing her genitals, and cure boils, erysipelas, hydrophobia and barrenness. In the Talmud it is said that if a menstruating woman passes between two men, one of them will die. back to text
Even in healthy women there is greater variation in the length of time elapsing between periods than is generally supposed: it may be anything from twenty-one to thirty-five days. back to text
To be found in Standish O'Grady's translation in E. M. Hull's Poem Book of the Gael. A charming, though emasculated version of the same poem is current on Dartmoor. It tells which trees to burn and which not to burn as follows: | <urn:uuid:5d44f0dc-b30b-4191-b02a-fc01da966101> | {
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Over 15 years after they were first reintroduced to the Southwest, there are still only around 75 Mexican gray wolves in the wild, and only three breeding pairs, making them one of North America’s most endangered animals, and the most endangered wolf in the world. More Mexican wolves are desperately needed to strengthen the wild population’s genetics and increase their numbers.
It’s time for the stalling to stop.
For years, scientists have said that new releases are essential to pull the small, struggling wild population of Mexican wolves back from the brink of extinction. The US Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) own 2010 annual progress report states that "lack of appropriate initial releases and successful translocations from captivity" contributed to "fewer known adult wolves available for pair formation." This acknowledgment was accompanied by a pledge to "replac[e] the individual animals lost through initial releases and translocations" (p. 29).
Nonetheless, since 2006, the USFWS has only released two new wolves into the wild,and their current plan for new releases is inadequate.In fact, the agency just removed from the wild the one new wolf it released in almost five years, simply because he did not pair up with the Bluestem alpha female as the USFWS had hoped.
The agency has not kept their pledge to replace lost wolves, and the wild population now suffers from genetic inbreeding that is causing lower litter sizes and pup survival rates. These magnificent animals cannot afford more delays, inadequate release plans, or arbitrary rules that hinder their recovery.
New releases of Mexican gray wolves are badly needed to bolster the small population that currently remains in the wild. This population is too small to ensure the survival of these magnificent animals and there are many wolves in captivity that are eligible for release. Newly released wolves will not only increase population numbers but will also improve the wild population’s genetics.
Please help ensure the recovery of the Mexican wolf by seeing to it that these three things happen:
1. The USFWS should start releasing eligible captive wolves into the wilds where they belong, as quickly as possible. There are Mexican wolves languishing in captive facilities right now that could be released into New Mexico, having lived in the wild previously. The USFWS should expedite the releases of these eligible wolves.
2. The USFWS needs to change the rule that prohibits releasing wolves throughout the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area if they have not previously lived in the wild. Allowing direct releases in New Mexico will give wildlife managers the flexibility to get more wolves on the ground, regardless of unexpected events like 2011’s Wallow Fire. It will allow them to choose the best places for releases to succeed. And it will give these important animals a much better chance at recovery.
3. The USFWS should move ahead with many new releases into Arizona and do it the right way. The proposal put out to release only a few more wolves into Arizona in 2013 is inadequate-too few wolves will be released, and under management policies that call for them to be killed or removed over livestock conflicts. This is unacceptable.
Please send us a copy of your message as well, so that we can track the actions taken to save these wonderful animals. [email protected]
Thank you – your actions can make all the difference for these amazing animals.
Click here to join our email list for Mexican wolf news and alerts. | <urn:uuid:6ad1c919-0108-439f-9569-2c627ecbcef1> | {
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The practice questions at MyGRETutor are designed to coach you to the right answer. Each simulation practice question is accompanied by two hints. When you answer a practice question, a full explanation is shown. And, our simulated GRE revised practice tests are based on the GRE exam format. Our vocabulary tutor adjusts to your skill level. From the thousands of GRE vocabulary words that we have in our database, MyGRETutor selects those words that are matched in difficulty to your skill level. We provide you with hints and suggestions, and keep track of your progress.
Preparing for the Argument Essay
Most students want to do everything they can to write a clear, organized argument essay. GRE prep should include essay-writing practice. Students can write a practice argument essay, then dissect it sentence by sentence to make sure it contains all of the necessary elements. As a note, the GRE gives students 30 minutes to write an argument essay, so it’s a good idea for students to time themselves when they complete their practice essays. That way, they know how much time they can spend on making notes, drafting an outline, and writing the essay. | <urn:uuid:a3750f17-a672-45a3-9284-43ceece61510> | {
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North Pacific Krill, Euphausia pacifica: The North Pacific Krill is a member of the Euphausiidae Family which has more than 80 members globally. Krill are more abundant than one might believe. They are shrimp-like creatures that swarm in huge clouds of significant biomass up to 2,000,000 metric tons with more than 1,000,000 animals per cubic meter, found in the upper water column.
Krill serve as a vital food source for a wide variety of marine life including sea birds, manta rays, mobula rays, and whales, with consumption rates estimated to be between 150,000,000 and 300,000,000 metric tons per annum.
For example, during the summer months in Alaskan waters Krill are consumed by Blue Whales at a level of 4 tons per day per individual. Each female Krill can produce many sets of 20,000 eggs per annum. There is also commercial interest in Krill with collections made using towed nets. Krill are used as a feed supplement for fish farms and aquariums, as well as for human consumption in Asia, where Krill consumption is estimated at 500,000 metric tons per annum.
Krill are believed to be the ocean’s richest source of protein and are also rich in vitamins. Krill undergo a daily vertical migration where they spend daylight hours in the twilight depths of the ocean, 100 to 300 feet deep, staying out of sight of predators. They are filter feeders and at night they rise to the surface to feed on phytoplankton.
North Pacific Krill, along with the species Thysanoessa spinifera, are the most common krill off the west coast of North America. They are about one-half inch in length and are characterized by having long antennae, no rostrum, spherical eyes, legs of similar appearance, no spines in the abdomen, and a prominent spine in the lateral part of the shell or carapace. The North Pacific Krill is found in all waters of the North Pacific. | <urn:uuid:9cc12577-e1fb-4317-8de9-6055b7854095> | {
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The Trumpeter Finch (Rhodopechys githaginea) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
This bird breeds in the Canary Islands, across north Africa, and in the Middle East and into central Asia. There is a small European population in southern Spain. Many birds are largely resident, but there is post-breeding dispersal, and some Asian breeders migrate into Pakistan for the winter.
In the summer of 2005 there was a notable eruption of this species into northwestern Europe, with several birds reaching as far as England. I found this small flock in the hill behind Cost Teguise. | <urn:uuid:e1ceec10-7e3d-4598-9299-5cdbc970acc2> | {
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Modern Christian Mythology: Long Lives of the Patriarchs
Many cultures have mythological tales that set the origin of their culture in a glorious or past. Their forefathers, whether real or mythical are often given great wisdom, insight, and near supernatural powers. And, long life spans was a particularly sought after trait in pre-scholastic societies in which long life was the only measurement of a man’s wisdom. An explanation does not need to be given for every story that is obviously mythological. Who,after all, spends an extraordinary amount of time explaining the flight ability of Pegasus? But, when we do have a parallel, it can be quite interesting to look at to gain insight into the evolving nature of myths and legends.
And, the case of the long lives of the Biblical Patriarchs does have a very interesting parallel, indeed, since their ages appear to be inspired by earlier Sumerian legends of the long lives of their early kings, many of whom are believed to be purely mythical.
Now, the list of the patriarchs is given in two locations in the Bible, each differing from each other (Genesis chapter 4 and chap 5, the J source and P source, respectively). The names are slightly different and are in a slightly different order in each list. When the P source was compiling his list, he must have come into contact with the Sumerian king list and used it as a source.
They understood the reigns as the lifespan, just in need of conversion. The focus on _ is their age at the time of the birth of their children
“In P’s list there are ten patriarchs before the Flood …
the Babylonians told similarly of ten kings who reigned before the
Flood, and who reigned moreover for the portentous period of …432,000 years.
These are their names, with the number of years that each
reigned, according to Berossus 2; —
-S.R. Driver, The Book of Genesis with introduction and notes
|Priestly List||Sumerian Kings|
Once the total number of units were “known”, the lives of each of the patriarchs were filled in. Some of the numbers may have had significance (the life span of Enoch, who was associated with the sun, was 365 years) other may have just been random numbers (both Mahahalel and Enoch had “65” assigned to them).
There’s other correlations between the names in the list, too:
(information from Driver, paraphrased by me)
- The third names, Babylonian Amelon and Hebrew Enosh both mean “man”
- The fourth names, Babylonian Ammdnon and Hebrew Kain, both mean “smith”‘
- The fifth names, Babylonian Amegalarus, a variation of ‘ man of Aruru,’ (a Sumerian god), Hebrew Mahalal’el is a variation on, ‘praise of EL’
- The eighth names, Babylonian Amenipsinus is a corruption of ‘the man of Sin’, (Sin being the moon-god), and Hebrew Methushelah ‘or man of god’ or ‘man of the moon-god, depending on the original name
So, why would the writer of the Priestly Code use a pre-existing list of Sumerian kings to compose his list? Can you imagine an ancient historian trying to put together the history of his people and happening upon a actual written record that he could use to calculate his own time frame? What a great find that would have been. He must have been ecstatic. | <urn:uuid:708922de-8eb7-4513-a404-cb4ad48cf43f> | {
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How to Ice Skate
If you want to learn how to ice skate, you came to the right place. Below are easy steps that will help you understand the process as well as have a general idea about the topic. But before starting with the steps, you need to know the basic concepts about ice skate. Ice skating is moving on ice by using ice skates. It can be done for a variety of reasons, including leisure, travelling, and various sports. Ice skating occurs both on specially prepared indoor and outdoor tracks, as well as on naturally occurring bodies of frozen water such as lakes and rivers. skates are boots with blades attached to the bottom, used to propel oneself across a sheet of ice. They are worn as footwear in many sports, including ice hockey, bandy and figure skating. The first ice skates were made from leg bones of horse, ox or deer, and were attached to feet with leather straps. A pole with a sharp metal spike was used for pushing the skater forward.
Easy Steps to Ice Skate
Below are simple steps to learn how to ice skate. Go step by step, and check your progress.
- You will need to find some good skates. Buy or rent them, rentals are adequate at a good rink for your first steps. It is worth noting that if you are skating outside, the second biggest ice skating risk is falling through the ice while skating on ponds, lakes, etc. Always make sure the ice is thick enough to support your weight; if in doubt skate elsewhere. It is also good to scope out the surface for any other obstacles that may be in the way. Try to find a companion. Learning by yourself it is good, but learning with someone will help in relaxing on the ice.
- Teach yourself to maintain your balance on the ice. This is crucial. You need to find your center of gravity. The secrets to skating well are technique and relaxation.
- You need to trust the ice. This may sound silly, but think in your mind, I trust the ice!!! You will skate very easy and you will find yourself more comfortable on the ice.
- Walk on the ice. This may sound strange, by learning to walk on the ice will help give you ankle support and help you get used to the friction of the ice. You are doing a good job since you are not holding onto anything. The wall can become a crutch. Instead, hold your arms out at just below shoulder level to learn to balance yourself. bend your knees slighty and lean forward, not back, you don't want to crack your head.
- Try to lean on your weak foot, then push in a diagonal direction outwards with your strong foot as if you were shoveling snow behind and to the right of you. This will then propel you forward. Then bring the right foot back in next to the left and repeat the process.
- Keep this up and begin to take longer strokes and try to glide. If you try to give an extra flick of the toe/ankle at the end of each stroke, it will give you more power and make you a more efficient and faster skater.
- Bend your knees and move your body with the strokes. To stop, There are a number of different ways to stop while ice skating, let's about one of them. Place one skate behind you with the toe facing away from you and gently drag it behind until you come to a halt. When you do this, your balance will be put on one foot only, so practice skating on one foot to perfect this technique.
- How to do Three-turn
1. Begin skating forward on a left outside edge, and place your right foot just off the ice, and pointed toward the right.
2. Look in the direction you are skating, the left arm should be in the front and the right arm out to the side.
3. Bend both knees, keep right leg off the ice, but bring it in near the left leg.
4. Perform an outside edge with your left foot, pushing off with the right inside edge.
5. Straighten the left knee and transfer the weight to the ball of the foot.
6. Twist the upper body counterclockwise, shift the left skate, and spin it around in the opposite direction you were skating.
7. You are now skating backwards with the left arm to the back (direction skating) and the right arm to the front of the body.
- "Don't toepick!" If you find yourself tripping as you skate, you are most likely "toe-picking." Make sure that when you put your blade down on the ice, it's level, and the toe pick isn't going down first.
Practice makes perfect, don't hesistate to practice to achieve the desired goal. Try to combine the steps above with the video below in order to obtain the most information about how to ice skate.
How to Ice Skate Video
Below is also a video to help you learn how to Ice Skate.
We hope the above steps and video about how to ice skate have helped you in your quest to learn how to ice skate. If you like this page you might also want to go to our main page and learn more about our Book of the Worlds. | <urn:uuid:16e6b1b5-c998-46ca-8a90-7eafe96425cc> | {
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In 2001, Americans spent over $61 billion on soft drinks. The industry produced 15 billion gallons of soft drinks, twice as much as in 1974. That is equivalent to 587 12-ounce servings per year or 1.6 12-ounce cans per day for every man, woman, and child.
12- to 19-year-old boys who consume soda pop drink an average of 2 12-ounce sodas per day (868 cans per year). Girls drink about one-fourth less.
Bigger serving sizes spur consumption. In the 1950s, Coca-Cola sold only a 6½-ounce bottle. That grew into the 12-ounce can, which is now being supplanted by 20-ounce bottles ( and then theres 7-Elevens 64-ounce 600-calorie Double Gulp the Pop Belly Special).
Soda pop is Americans single biggest source of refined sugars, providing the average person with one-third of that sugar. Twelve- to 19-year-old boys get 44% of their 34 teaspoons of sugar a day from soft drinks. Girls get 40% of their 24 teaspoons of sugar from soda. Because some people drink little soda pop, the percentages are higher among actual drinkers.
Soft drinks provide the average 12- to 19-year-old male with about 15 teaspoons of sugar a day and the average female with about 10 teaspoons a day.
In 12- to 19-year-olds, soft drinks provide 9% of boys calories and 8% of girls calories. Those percentages are triple (boys) or double (girls) what they were in 1977-78. Those figures include teens who consumed little or no soda pop.
As teens have doubled or tripled their consumption of soft drinks, they drank 40% less milk. Twenty years ago, boys consumed twice as much milk as soft drinks, and girls consumed 50% more milk than soft drinks. Now, boys and girls consume twice as much soda pop as milk.
Teenage girls consume only 60% of the recommended amount of calcium, with soda-pop drinkers consuming almost one-fifth less calcium than non-drinkers. It is crucial for females in their teens and twenties to build up bone mass to reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life. Preliminary research suggests that drinking soda pop instead of milk can contribute to broken bones in children and adolescents.
Obesity rates have risen in tandem with soda consumption. Soft drinks provide 10.3% of the calories consumed by overweight teenage boys, but only 7.6% of the calories consumed by other boys. The National Institutes of Health recommends that people trying to lose or control their weight should drink water instead of soft drinks with sugar.
Among frequent consumers, regular soft drinks promote tooth decay because they bathe the teeth with sugar-water for long periods of time.
Diets high in carbohydrate may promote heart disease in insulin resistant people by raising triglyceride levels in blood. Sugar, such as that in soda pop, has a greater effect than other carbohydrates.
Soft drinks may increase the recurrence of kidney stones. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) includes cola beverages on a list of foods that doctors may advise patients to avoid.
Caffeine, a mildly addictive stimulant drug, is added to most colas, Dr Pepper, some orange sodas, and other soft drinks. Caffeines addictiveness may be one reason why six of the seven most popular soft drinks contain caffeine. A can of Mountain Dew contains as much caffeine as is in one cup of coffee.
The artificial sweetener saccharin, which is now used only in a few brands, has been linked in human studies to urinary-bladder cancer and in animal studies to cancers of the bladder and other organs. The safety of acesulfame-K, which is used in the new Pepsi One, has been questioned by several cancer experts. Aspartame should be better tested.
In 2000, Coca-Cola spent almost $300 million on media advertising, and the entire soft-drink industry spent over $700 million. Between 1986 and 1997 the four major companies spent $6.8 billion on advertising.
In 2000, 3 million soft-drink vending machines dispensed more than 20 billion drinks worth $6 billion. Coca-Cola Companys soft drinks are sold at two million stores, more than 450,000 restaurants, and 1.4 million vending machines and coolers.
Pepsi, Dr Pepper, and Seven-Up encourage feeding soft drinks to toddlers by licensing their logos to a maker of baby bottles, Munchkin Bottling, Inc. Infants and toddlers are four times likelier to be fed soda pop out of those bottles than out of regular baby bottles. | <urn:uuid:ab704d12-0c01-4bc2-a035-317178c504fb> | {
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Knowing how to code is becoming increasingly valuable in the technology-driven world we live in today, but not everyone has the time or money to invest in a sold computer science or programming education.
Most people who have no experience in programming tend to think that learning to code would be an intimidating task, requiring a high IQ and a good teacher. In reality, anyone can really do it, which is why two students from Columbia University founded Codeacademy – a free, interactive website for beginners who want to learn how to code at their own pace.
A Breakdown of What Codeacademy Offers
Codeacademy offers its users a set of tutorials in a variety of different programming languages that they can follow along with and actually plug in the code to get firsthand experience. It’s been designed for the complete beginner in mind who’ve never taken a computer class before.
There’s a “Show hint” button at the bottom of each step if you get stuck, and a “Run” button for you to pull up the result of what you created with your code. If you made a mistake, you can hit the red “Reset” button to try again.
Every step progresses from simplest to more advanced in a sequential way that you can understand it, using skills learned from the previous step as you move on. Courses are divided into sections, and sections have a number of steps to be completed.
Codeacademy makes the whole process really fun by offering you points and badges to earn when you complete a section. It may also ask you to share your completed results with your friends on social media.
The Codeacademy Community and Resources
Although the site serves people who basically want a self-taught approach to learning code, we still can’t entirely replace knowledge and skills from real people with computers.
Codeacademy has a Q&A Forum for its users who need to ask questions when they get stuck on any part of the course that they can’t figure out. And if you’re already an experienced programmer willing to teach newbies, there’s a great new “Teach” section that gives the experienced an opportunity to build their own courses.
Memorizing everything right off the bat can be tough, so there’s a convenient glossary section that pertains to each programming language, which you can refer to if you need a friendly reminder about something you’re working on.
Finally, there’s the “Scracth Pad,” which is a template form similar to what you find in each lesson that you can use to just experiment writing code and apply what you’ve learned so far.
Codeacademy Full Review
I have to give Codeacademy almost five full stars because I’ve taken beginner courses in programming, but I could never grasp the concepts or lessons because it just didn’t work for me in a classroom environment. I learned so much more with Codeacademy, and I can’t believe I got to do it for free.
I found that each step in the course would build upon the concepts learned as you progressed, which I really liked, and the instructions were simple enough to follow. It’s really rewarding to press “Run” and see that you’ve correctly written your code. I remember doing it in class with the Command Prompt and never fully understood what I was doing.
Personally, I’d love to see a course in PHP available from Codeacademy. I know they’re adding new stuff all the time and have done a lot of growing up over the past couple years, so I’m pretty satisfied for now. I’m actually really excited to get started on some of the other sections where I left off.
If you have any interest in learning to code, Codeacademy is a great place to get started. I highly recommend it for absolutely everyone. | <urn:uuid:03ed97c1-f353-4e12-b5b6-4c75b4e0471a> | {
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The following are definitions for common terms used within the adoption, compliance, and enforcement toolkits.
Building code refers to a law or regulation used by state or local governments that establishes specifications for the design and construction of residential or commercial buildings. Building codes help ensure that new and existing residential and commercial structures meet minimum health, safety, and performance standards. In addition, building codes offer a baseline to which structures can be compared.
Code adoption refers to the vehicle that establishes code requirements and their administration. Adoption can be mandatory, voluntary, or a combination of the two. The means of adoption vary with respect to the scope of the code provisions being adopted, the point in time or time frame applicable to adoption, and the entity doing the adopting. Adoption of an energy code helps to ensure that new and existing residential and commercial buildings achieve the minimum level of energy efficiency outlined in the code.
Commercial build community means those practitioners engaged in the design and construction of commercial and high-rise multifamily residential buildings that fall under the requirements of commercial building energy codes.
Compliance with energy codes means that buildings are designed, constructed, inspected, and tested to meet the requirements of the applicable energy code so that a certificate of occupancy can be issued by a code official.
Energy codes refer to the subset of provisions in a building code that establishes the criteria for the building’s thermal envelope; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system; service water heating system; lighting system; and other areas related to energy usage and performance. Energy codes are developed as a baseline from which homes and all other buildings will achieve a minimum level of energy efficiency.
Enforcement community means those practitioners engaged in ensuring that the design and construction of buildings meet the requirements of commercial building energy codes. These practitioners are typically code officials, but they could also be peers in the commercial or residential build communities.
Mandatory adoption is affected through a law, rule, or regulation from an authoritative body or agency.
Model energy codes refer to national and international standards that cover the design, construction, and testing of buildings. Future model energy codes and standards may involve actual building energy usage and will therefore require consideration of commissioning, operation and maintenance, and occupant behavior of all buildings.
Residential build community means those practitioners engaged in the design and construction of low-rise residential buildings that fall under the requirements of residential building energy codes. Practitioners include architects, engineers, and designers, as well as subcontractors responsible for various energy-using or energy-influencing systems in a building.
Toolkit refers to a mixed media assemblage of information helpful in adopting and updating residential and commercial building energy codes; for designing and constructing residential and commercial buildings that comply with the appropriate energy code for a particular location, the year for which construction starts, and the building type (as applicable); and for enforcing residential and commercial building energy codes for a particular location, energy code, and building type (as applicable).
Voluntary adoption is the decision by a state, jurisdiction, designer, contractor, owner, developer, or other authority associated with a building to comply with all or certain portions of an energy code, standard, or other criteria. | <urn:uuid:a6a84c0f-d99a-4ed6-a64e-059128df4a29> | {
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The 16S rRNA gene is the gold standard in molecular surveys of bacterial and archaeal diversity, but it has the disadvantages that it is often multiple-copy, has little resolution below the species level and cannot be readily interpreted in an evolutionary framework. We compared the 16S rRNA marker with the single-copy, protein-coding rpoB marker by amplifying and sequencing both from a single soil sample. Because the higher genetic resolution of the rpoB gene prohibits its use as a universal marker, we employed consensus-degenerate primers targeting the Proteobacteria.
Pyrosequencing can be problematic because of the poor resolution of homopolymer runs. As these erroneous runs disrupt the reading frame of protein-coding sequences, removal of sequences containing nonsense mutations was found to be a valuable filter in addition to flowgram-based denoising. Although both markers gave similar estimates of total diversity, the rpoB marker revealed more species, requiring an order of magnitude fewer reads to obtain 90% of the true diversity. The application of population genetic methods was demonstrated on a particularly abundant sequence cluster.
The rpoB marker can be a complement to the 16S rRNA marker for high throughput microbial diversity studies focusing on specific taxonomic groups. Additional error filtering is possible and tests for recombination or selection can be employed. | <urn:uuid:e9075c6f-3281-4fe0-8df0-ecdac987a019> | {
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When you are dealing with intermittent, unpredictable, sources of energy, you can no longer apply the same categories as with the currently prevalent modes of generation. If you want solar power to be competitive without subsidies, grid parity is not enough – at least not if you define grid parity as the average cost of generation being equal to the average price.
In order to be truly competitive they must not only deliver the same quantity of energy at the same average price, but they must compete at actual market prices. This is very likely to be a relevant factor even for private consumers, if plans to introduce a “smart grid” work out.
It is impossible to sell solar power on long-term contracts for most applications, unless those can accommodate an unsteady supply of power – such as pumping water into reservoirs or land drainage, a field on which it competes with much cheaper wind power. Wind power has a very successful history in those areas, literally millions of wind-driven water pumps were installed in the USA in the early 20th century to pump water for cattle and other purposes – and of course there are the famous wind mills of Holland used to drain the polders.
But even the success of wind power in those very convenient applications is based on using overpowered pumping stations that are simply shut off when enough water has been pumped. This is necessary to ensure that enough water will be pumped at all times, despite the unreliable supply of power. Thus a part of the potential energy simply went to waste, which is a recurrent theme in this area.
Grid parity must not be reached with respect to the cost of energy that could potentially be generated, but with respect to the amount of that energy that is actually worth using. Any installation using an unreliable and/or fluctuating supply of energy must be oversized and will be more expensive and less efficient than one that has access to a constant reliable supply.
The Principle of Continuous Operation
Continuous operation is one of the key elements of energy efficiency in almost all walks of life. An express-train running non-stop requires less time and less energy than a train making several stops. In the example of the water pump, even if you had reliable and predictable supply of energy for the first half of the day and none during the second (a luxurious condition compared to the realities of wind or solar power), this would still mean that instead of one pump you would need two in order to do the same amount of work.
More complicated processes also need a lot of energy just to stop or to start up. A simple example is an industrial bakery. Ideally, you would want to keep running the ovens continously, because once you turn off the power, the heat in the oven below a certain temperature is lost – just as the heat required during the initial heating process. The same applies over all of the rest of the production line and again, you would need two bakeries to do the job of one. (Ok, more realistically the ratio might be 5:3 instead of 2:1, considering that maintenance would be done during the downtime.)
Just because of that effect, using such a kind of energy supply will not be worthwhile for many applications – it will, in most cases, even be unreasonable if the energy were free of cost. It is rarely the case that energy accounts for the majority of the cost of running a process and even rarer that the expense can justify additional investments.
Even were the investment is worth it, it will lead to a loss of efficiency. I’m quite sure this process could be modelled as something akin to a Markov Chain process, similar to the way that Shannon modelled the maximum information that a given channel could transmit. Unfortunately, this kind of math is not my strong suit.
Wind power is certainly the cheapest of the renewables that can be deployed on a large scale, but it is also the least reliable. Load factors (the ratio of average to maximum power generation) vary between 20% on land and 30-40% in off-shore parks.
Unfortunately, the times at which maximum power generation is reached, varies all over the place. There can be several weeks of lulls without power generation. Worst of all, there is no good co-relation between power generation and power demand. Dutch windmill owners during the Dutch golden age were exempt from the religious prohibition of work on Sundays. Basically, they worked whenever the wind was blowing, including at night.
You can do this to small group well-paid people, but telling a whole nation to concentrate on working when the wind provides energy is simply not feasible. (No holidays for you, there’s an atlantic depression moving in next week!)
Of course, this is not an argument not to use wind energy, but you do run into problems doing so. Germany had an installed wind power of 27 GW, providing on average 4.5 GW of power. As you can see on the graph, since 2007 the amount of power generated has stayed constant, even dropped, despite a constant increase of installed a capacity. We’ll come to talk about this fact.
Power consumption in Germany varies roughly between a minimum of 40GW at night and a maximum of 100GW. The average is 70GW. On a windy night, wind power could provide more than half, even two thirds of the power. But it won’t. That’s because coal fired and nuclear power plants can’t be shut down over night and started up during day. They can, however, reduce their power output and they will, because the supply of wind power is driving prices down during that time, below the cost of generation. If the supply of wind power, that is not actually sold on the market, is so large that it outstrips the demand left even after all other power stations are running at their minimum, wind turbines have to be shut down to avoid overloading the grid.
So is it all the fault of coal and nuclear power being so inflexible? Well, just ask yourself what would happen if Germany were to triple its wind power capacity. Then the installed peak power would be about 80GW. On a windy night, half of them would have to be shut down for lack of demand. The average power generation, assuming load factors of 20-25% would be 16-20GW, about one quarter of the average German consumption of electricity.
In 2010, however, the load factor had already dropped below 17% because of what was just discussed. A higher capacity of generation would reduce load factors even further – we are dealing with yet another case of diseconomies of scale. A doubling of installed capacity does not double the amount of useful energy generated.
I will now discuss the problem for solar power. Energy storage will follow afterwards.
The one saving grace of Solar power is that at least in warmer climates, it provides a lot of power when it is needed most for air conditioning (in summer, at noon). Northern latitudes, that are dominated by need of heating in cold weather, are not so lucky. They need energy most when solar power is at its minimum (in winter, at night).
There is also a co-relation between the time the sun shines and the time most power is needed, since people understandably prefer to work during the day. This means that maximum power is reached when power demand and prices, ceteris paribus, are above average. But, as I like to say, ceteris is rarely paribus. (Circumstances rarely stay the same when you change something.)
However, capacity factors of solar power are even worse than for wind power. They vary between about 10% in the sunnier places of Germany and a theoretical maximum somewhere below 25% in a desert. That’s because not only 50% of the day is night, but the power during the day depends on the angle of the sun. The math is somewhat involved – it depends on latitude, season, the direction the solar panel is facing and whether or not it can be moved. But roughly speaking it is zero at night and a sine function during the day, modulated by the vagaries of weather and celestrial mechanics.
If Germany wanted to install enough solar power capacity to provide 20% of its total electric energy needs (about 15GW on average), it would not be sufficient to install a capacity of 150GW, as a load factor of 10% would imply. The argument is the same as for wind power. The maximum power demand of Germany is 100GW. Not only would 50GW go to waste at noon of a sunny day, even if all other power stations were switched off, but this amount is also entirely dependent on the weather.
It isn’t much of a hyperbole to say that solar power would either literally be too cheap to meter (hence, not worth selling) or just not there. Of course this means that under such circumstances prices will no longer be highest, but lowest at noon just when solar power generates most of its energy. You drive up supply and prices plummet. The price of grid parity with solar power generation is much lower than what you would expect without it, even if solar power only makes up a few percent of total power generation.
3% of total average power generation with solar power means that you will get up to 30% of peak power generation from solar power. This makes for great propaganda. Hey you sceptics, see, we can do it! But actually *this* is the problem.
300GW of installed capacity could nominally provide over 40% of German electric energy, but only up to 100GW are actually needed – and even that only in winter. It’s somewhat less in summer. Trying to use the surplus will result in an inefficient use of energy, thus increasing the total demand of electric energy. But all scenarios for sustainable supply of electricity in Germany require *more* efficiency and a decrease in total use of electricity.
But up to here we have only considered daily variations. Depending on where you live, there are also seasonal variations. There is precious little sun to go around in Europe right now, because it’s the shortest day of the year. Worse yet, the sun is shining at a very shallow angle, providing even less energy than the reduced time of daylight alone would suggest.
This makes relying upon solar power as the main mode of energy generation a questionable proposition, unless the surplus of energy in summer could be retained for use in winter.
All the problems outlined above stem from the fact that there is no mechanism to store energy in the huge quantities involved. Again, using Germany as an example, we find that it has no more than 40-50 GWh of storage. Two hours on a windy day are enough to fill up all pumped storage reservoirs with wind energy only, if they all the reservoirs were empty before. The energy stored is way would last about half an hour during the day and one hour at night, if they had sufficient turbine capacities to actually generate 40 or 100 GW and pumps to use that power. (Which they don’t.)
If we wanted to use this storage to store an easily imaginable power surplus of 200GW between 9:30 and 14:30 for later use, we would not only need 1000GWh = 1TWh of storage capacity, 50 times the current amount – but of course also enough pumps capable of dealing with this amount of power without being turned into a smoldering heap of scrap metal.
Turning our eyes away from the fact that building pumped storage is frowned upon, protested against and sued to oblivion by German environmentalists (who keep pointing out that such things must be done in the Alps or in Norway – go figure), you may also be unpleasantly surprised that letting all the water run back from the reservoirs will only yield about 700-800GWh of electricity out of 1000GWh used to pump it up. The generation capacity that goes beyond the maximum power demand will have to be increased accordingly, if you want to keep using the same amount of electricity. So, we would have to increase the installed capacity of about 300GW by another 50GW just to compensate for losses in storage compensating daily variations – in a scenario in which solar power contributes less than half the total electricity required. (Again, those are not exact values, but they do show the kind of problem we’re facing.)
An efficiency of 70-80% is actually a pretty good value, as we will soon see. But given the sheer size of the required capacity (20-25 times the current amount), it is doubtful that even this much can be obtained. And we’re still only talking about compensating for daily variations and a partial supply of renewable energy. The larger the proportion wind and solar power, the larger the proportion of the generated energy that needs to be stored. Getting 30GW from wind energy and 30GW from solar yields installed capacities of 120GW and 300GW, even with 100% efficient storage. The figures will be more favourable for solar thermal power stations in the desert, which have higher capacity factors and are already using salt for heat storage up to several hours – but the cost of those is one of the main reasons for Solar Millenium going bust …
Longer term variations, both seasonal and the occasional lull in wind power, require much larger amounts of energy storage. We are no longer talking about 1TWh, but on the order of over 100TWh. It is reasonable to expect that in the best of all worlds, only half of the energy generated with solar or wind power could be used directly without storage – most likely less.
What can we do to store such massive amounts of energy? Pumped storage is out of the question. Highly efficient flywheels or batteries, mass produced in unprecendented quantities, could barely provide for daily needs. Unfortunately, high-efficiency means fly right out of the window when you have to store truly massive amounts of energy, unless new ones are put into practice (as opposed to merely being announced).
Such amounts of energy can be stored chemically, most plausibly using electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen. In this process, about 70% of the electricity is turned into chemical energy. Turning chemical energy into electricity, no matter if you’re using the most efficient fuel cells or gas turbines, is at best 50% efficient. This means we are losing two thirds of the energy just through conversion.
But that’s not all. Hydrogen gas is not actually storable, because it has a miserable energy density by volume. It must be liquified, losing at least another 20% of the energy for a total efficiency of 28%. Or hydrogen could be turned into another chemical compound. A prototype I recently saw on TV that turns hydrogen and CO2 into methane (for which we already have an infrastructure) was said to have 60% efficiency of converting electricity into chemical energy. But the problem is the CO2, it needs to be taken from the exhaust of the turbine. This process has already been developed for CCS, it is called oxyfuel and consumes on the order of 15% of the energy. But the methane must also be compressed, consuming another few percentage points – but who is counting? Combined with a turbine efficiency of 50%, the total efficiency is 25.5% already.
Similar things can be said for plans to use the well-developed Haber-Bosch-Process to turn hydrogen and nitrogen into ammonia and use this as storage. (Certainly the most convenient to store … and least convenient to be around.)
I must admit I haven’t done the math on the proportions of the energy that can be used directly, be used within a day or must be stored long-term. Especially since the requirements for windpower are even harsher than for solar power, I will assume that between one third and two thirds of the energy must be taken from longterm storage. I will assume storage for daily variations to be perfect and long-term chemical storage to reach an efficiency of 33%. (This is not an easy task, especially since turbines are already operating near the physical boundaries and energy losses in creating chemical compounds are unavoidable.)
In this case, compensating the losses of chemical energy storage would require average energy generation to be increased by 100% in the case of two thirds being taken from longterm storage and by 66% in the case of one third.
There is one question left that I cannot answer and this is the cost of the installations required to store energy. But again, we might assume those to be free and err on the side of being too favourable towards renewable energy.
And finally, to bring this long text to a conclusion, we can say that in order for renewable energy like wind power and solar power to be competitive with the more readily and reliably available forms of energy generation, their cost must not merely reach parity – they must be at most half as expensive as those.
But must they be? Preferably yes. The feed-in tariffs used today are distorting the markets and were a major contributor to the solar bubble currently bursting. Other forms of special subsidies are very likely to lead to different kinds of distortions, perhaps more benign ones.
Any effort to internalize externalities would certainly be appreciated, so long as this happens in an unbiased process. There is no need to talk about the impact of mining, oil drilling etc. they obvious and obviously an externality not reflected in the price of the energy. But the huge installations required by solar power (which I will detail some time in a hopefully much shorter post) or pumped storage have non-trivial impacts on the environment. (And biomass is another rant altogether.) We are talking about installations very much larger than the areas occupied by coal strip mines or the Alberta oil sands, for example. And while I’m convinced that no country has, of yet, build wind power on a scale that would do significant damage or be more than a local nuisance (although the population of Danemark or parts of Northern Germany might beg to differ), its potential is not unlimited either. | <urn:uuid:0bb8ccef-77a9-4861-aeb1-0e9ec73df34d> | {
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“Every part of all this soil is sacred to my people. Every hillside, every valley… has been hallowed by some sad or happy event in days long vanished.” (Chief Seattle)
Driving north on Highway 101 between Turnpike Avenue and Patterson Avenue, there’s a small and simple sign on the side of the road that reads, “Maria Ygnacio Creek’. Thousands of people pass it by everyday, but very few see it. In fact, if you blink you’ll miss it.
In Goleta neighborhoods there are more noticeable signs….
And a bike path named in her honor as well! You may have heard that creek name before, but who was Maria Ygnacio, and why would she have a creek named after her?
Well, first off, the signs have her name wrong. Her real name was Maria Ygnacia, spelled with an A, and she was a Barbareno Chumash woman raised in the Santa Barbara/Goleta area. While you won’t read about her in Goleta, The Good Land or older history books written by European settlers, Maria is the only Chumash woman to leave her mark on Santa Barbara County and she is memorialized, albeit spelled wrong, on many signs and maps today.
Much of what we know about her has been passed down to her descendants in stories told by her son’s wife and recorded by this gentleman, John P. Harrington. He was an extraordinary figure in the world of American Indian studies, and most of what little we know about the Chumash language is due to his efforts. The written records of the Santa Barbara Mission also tell part of her story, because the Mission played an important part in her family’s lives.
Maria’s story begins in 1769, the year her mother was born. The same year the Portola expedition made its way overland from Baja California, passing through Santa Barbara.
Her mother married Pablo Lihuisanaitset, who was from a powerful family in their society. They lived over the mountains in the village of Shniwax, along the Santa Ynez River.
Some years later, Pablo assumed the inheritance of his mother’s lineage, and he and his wife moved to the coastal town of Syuxtun so he could take his position as a wot, a chief. The large town of Syuxtun, a political capital, was located west of the mouth of Mission Creek in present day Santa Barbara.
Maria Ygnacia was born in Syuxtun in 1798 and was baptized at the Mission on April 17, 1803. She was about 5 at that time, and by then about half of the people living at Syuxtun had been baptized. Soon after, her family moved back over the mountains to Shniwax.
Because Maria Ygnacia had been baptized, her parents would come once a year to visit the padre at the mission. There they would receive their annual allotment of a blanket and a dress. A severe drought eventually forced the remaining Chumash into the missions for survival, including Maria’s family.
The Chumash that were living at the mission were used as labor for construction of the mission and the extensive water system.
The “neophytes” at the mission lived in crowded compounds in rows of adobe apartments. The winter of 1806 brought an extreme measles epidemic and the Chumash had no natural resistance to this foreign disease. Living in such close proximity only accelerated the spread of the deadly disease and hundreds of Chumash died in a very short period of time. In this time of death and disease, Maria’s parents gave her a little brother, Pedro, who was born and baptized at the mission in 1808.
In 1812, when Maria Ygnacia was 14, a terrible earthquake struck the Santa Barbara area. The La Purisima Mission, shown here, was completely destroyed and the Santa Barbara Mission was seriously damaged. Powerful aftershocks continued for 3 months! The soldiers at the presidio were so disturbed by the reoccurring earthquakes that they abandoned that building and lived in hastily built thatch huts and the Chumash slept out in the open. From fresh cracks made in the mountainsides, people could see a bright glowing luminescence. Chumash elders said the quakes were caused by giant serpents moving beneath the ground. They believed the serpents were unhappy because the Chumash had given up their old religious beliefs.
In 1824, there was a revolt at the area missions against mistreatment by the soldiers and the unhealthy living conditions. The Santa Barbara Chumash fought the Spanish soldiers in Mission Canyon. Maria Ygnacia and her people escaped over the Santa Ynez Mountains back to Shniwax, along the Santa Ynez River. From there they made their way through the mountains to the Tulare swamps in the Central Valley, where the Yokuts people welcomed them. The Chumash from Santa Barbara finally agreed to return to the mission if they would not be punished.
The years passed and Maria Ygnacia and her family obtained a grant of land in a canyon near the mission vineyard. We don’t know exactly when or why Maria was given this land at a place called the Alikon, but her third husband had been a long time mission acalde, (an Indian official). Experts think the parcel was given to Maria’s husband in the late 1830’s for his long service to the mission community. When he passed away, Maria Ygnacia became the sole owner. Folks started calling the creek that flows down from the mountains and through her property, the Maria Ygnacia Creek.
Today if you drive up Old San Marcos Pass Road you can see the site of the Alikon, where Maria and her family lived and thrived for years.
Maria Ygnacia lived there with her mother, close relatives, and her two young children. We’re not sure when it was planted, but there was an orange orchard at the Alikon and it got the nickname Indian Orchard. Without this land grant, her family would have lost their language and they would have been split apart.
The Alikon was their cultural safe haven, where they ate their own foods and they spoke their native language. For that reason, the language came down through her descendants to the present day Chumash of Santa Barbara. (The existing descendants have no fluent speakers left, but they hope to change that soon.)
On Sundays Maria Ygnacia and her family traveled by wagon to the small chapel built by the Indians on the reservation at Cieneguitas, near the present day Modoc Road/Hope Ranch area. Yes, there was once a reservation for the Chumash in that area, but they were slowly forced out of that as well.
As the daughter of the wot, Maria Ygnacia would gather her people at the beach near La Goleta for ceremonies under the full moon. There they would sing their ancient songs and make offerings to the sea. Even now, if you walk along these beaches under the light of the full moon, listen to the sound of the waves. If you listen closely enough, maybe you can hear the voices of the ancient Chumash, mourning all that has been lost.
Maria Ygnacia died in June, 1865. Of the thousands of Chumash born at Syuxtun over the centuries, she outlived them all. She was most likely buried at the cemetery by the chapel at La Cieneguita. Maria Ygnacia’s most important legacies continue in the language and the stories that she passed down to her descendants, and the Catholic faith for which her ancestors paid such a heavy price to receive.
Maria’s son Jose and his wife Louisa, shown here, inherited the ranch at Alikon. At some point, Jose began going by the more masculine name Ygnacio, instead of Ygnacia. This is most likely where the confusion began with the name of the creek. Jose died in 1881, when his wagon went off a cliff, but his wife Louisa lived to be over 100 years old. Louisa worked with John Harrington to record the Chumash language and culture until her death in 1919.
The Chumash family sold the Alikon to American settler Fred Stevens in 1907. When he bought it, there were still about 40 original orange trees, planted in the1830’s. Stevens removed all but 3 of the ancient trees, but everyone still called it the Indian Orchard. Again, probably due to her son changing his name, folks started calling it Maria Ygnacio creek, instead of Ygnacia, as seen in this map from 1903.
This map from 1909 got the name right…
As does this map from 1922, showing the creek labeled with the correct name, Maria Ygnacia creek.
But all modern maps and government documents mistakenly call it Maria Ygnacio Creek.
In a very remote and private place, we found one sign that still has the name right….
In 1947, the News Press ran an article about Maria’s grandson, Louisa’s son, Tomas Ygnacio. He was born at the Alikon, but by then lived in a small apartment in Santa Barbara and still spoke his native tongue fluently. He told some stories that were history from a Chumash point of view, unlike any of the local history we all know now.
Tomas remembered a story his grandmother Maria told him about when she was a young girl. One day when the Chumash laborers were laying the foundation for the mission, young Maria was playing and skipping around nearby. One of the Indian overseers told her if she had so much energy, she should stamp down the fresh laid cement! They forced her to do it and it burned her feet horribly, probably from the lime in the cement. But Tomas was proud to say that his grandmother’s footprints were in the cement at the Old Mission!
Little Maria Ygnacia was witness to a lot of amazing events in her life. The European’s diseases, a huge earthquake, an Indian revolution, the American invasion, and the complete devastation of her people.
So, next time you are heading north on Highway 101, just before you reach the Patterson Avenue exit off ramp, slow down a little and look for the small nondescript sign that reads “Maria Ygnacio Creek”. Remember her story, and remember that this land now covered with asphalt and buildings, cars and concrete, was once the home of the Chumash.
And be sure to remind people, it’s Maria Ygnacia Creek, not Ygnacio!
James Yee, the great-great-great grandson of Maria Ygnacia, contributed to this biography. He is a member of the Barbareño Band of Chumash Indians (BBCI), an organization comprised of the families in the Santa Barbara area that have proof of their Chumash ancestry. Special thanks goes to Ernestine Ygnacio-Desoto, the great-great granddaughter of Maria Ygnacia, without whom this article could not have been written.
For more information about Maria Ygnacia and her descendants, watch the DVD titled, “6 Generations”, available at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. A portion of the script of that documentary film has been incorporated into this narrative.
Sources: James Yee, UC Davis, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, John Johnson, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Independent, Michael Redmon, California State Library, Santa Barbara News Press
Click here to check out Tom Modugno's page on Goleta history. | <urn:uuid:a26bc4a5-b709-48fc-91ba-be14c0c3d826> | {
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Polycystic Kidney Disease
Cats affected by this disease have many cysts within the kidney filled with fluids. This enlages the kidney, reducing its ability to function properly. PKD is seen equally in males and females. Kittens are usually born with small fluid filled cysts on the kidneys. The cysts gradually increase in size and crowd out the normal kidney tissue. The disease is usually fatal.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is caused by a defective gene in Persians and exotic short-haired breeds. Every cat with the gene will have polycystic kidneys. Some of the clinical signs are depression, lack of or reduced appetite, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and weight loss.
Currently the only practical way to identify affected cats has been by ultrasound scanning of the kidneys when a kitten is at least 10 months old. At this age the screening has a 95% accuracy. Before that age, the cysts may be too small to accurately identify and a false clearance may be given. As the kidneys fail, only supportive measures can be provided to make the cat more comfortable and to try to slow down the progression of the disease through changes in the diet. | <urn:uuid:15b84066-84d4-43b4-b1c4-964866b20d3a> | {
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Why did Jesus respond to John the Baptist's inquiry about His identity by pointing to His miraculous acts (Luke 7:22)?
In Luke 7:20 we read that John the Baptist, now in prison, sent some messengers to Jesus to ask, "Are you the one who was to come, or should we expect someone else?" Jesus replied to them: "Go back and report to John what you have seen and heard: The blind receive sight, the lame walk, those who have leprosy are cured, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the good news is preached to the poor" (verse 22).
As a backdrop to understanding this passage, it was the common viewpoint among the Jews of that time that when the Messiah came, He would deliver Israel from Roman domination and set up His glorious kingdom. In fact, there were very high messianic expectations in the first century, and even John himself may have expected the soon emergence of the kingdom that he had been preaching about.
But now something unexpected happened -- John was imprisoned. Instead of the kingdom, which (it was thought) would be characterized by such things as liberty and freedom, John now found himself locked up in jail and was in danger of execution. So -- what was John to make of this development? John may have expected that Jesus would use more coercive powers as the Messiah/deliverer of Israel. John thus decided to send messengers to Jesus to ask, "Are you the one who was to come, or should we expect someone else?" (Luke 7:20).
Jesus' response is extremely significant. Instead of merely giving verbal assurance that He was the Messiah, He replied to the messengers, "Go back and report to John what you have seen and heard: The blind receive sight, the lame walk, those who have leprosy are cured, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the good news is preached to the poor" (Luke 7:22). Why did Jesus say this? Because these were the precise miracles that were prophesied to be performed by the Messiah when He came (see Isaiah 29:18-21; 35:5-6; 61:1-2). The miraculous deeds alone were more than enough proof that Jesus was the promised Messiah. The miracles were Jesus' divine credentials -- His divine "ID Card," so to speak.
There is another point that bears mentioning. When Jesus told the messengers to go to John and report His miracles, this would indeed cause John to recognize that Jesus was the fulfillment of these messianic promises. We might also observe, though, that Jesus' choice to avoid coming right out and saying "You can rest assured that I am the Messiah" may be because of the popular misconceptions of the Messiah among the masses -- and perhaps even John himself. Perhaps Jesus' intention in sending the messengers to report about the miracles was to indicate to John, "Yes, I am the Messiah -- the true Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament who will deliver people from bondage to sin -- but not the Messiah of popular misconception, the coercive political deliverer that so many are expecting today."
The Complete Book of Bible Answers, by Ron Rhodes, answers over 350 common questions. It is available for purchase at a discount price. Click here to order it: | <urn:uuid:f92989e2-e88f-4c79-89f7-443c3bf09314> | {
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Prof Ricardo Otheguy
The seminar explores first-principles questions about the nature of language and the form of grammar. It examines theoretical positions that endorse the grammar-use distinction and are functional because explanations for linguistic structure are sought in factors outside of language. And it examines positions that are semiotic because they take the form-meaning pair as the basic unit of grammar. Also considered will be approaches where the grammar-use distinction is problematized. Readings are drawn from scholars working in cognitive grammar, West Coast functionalism, Columbia School, construction grammar, usage-based grammar, exemplar theories, and variationist sociolinguistics.
Prof Loraine Obler
In this course we will interrogate the logic of neurolinguistic argument. By way of historical background in the early weeks of the class we will review the 19th century origins of the field, abstracting the reasoning of Broca (1861, 1865) and Wernicke (1874), and the early 20th c. debates about brain regions responsible for language (Marie, 1906) along with a series of 1908 debates in the Neurological Society of Paris. We then turn to argument in the most recent decades when technological advances have permitted refined theorizing about language and its relation to the brain. Here we will consider, for example, the positions on whether Specific Language Impairment (SLI) exists or is, instead, Primary Language Impairment, competing explanations of agrammatism, and one or sets of target articles and comment in Behavior and Brain Sciences.
Rather than take a final exam, students will complete a literature review paper that sets up research questions for a project that would decide between two competing alternatives.
Prof. Ricardo Otheguy
The course will address issues of Spanish as seen from the point of view of the sociolinguistics of language and the sociolinguistics of society (or, as these two approaches are also known, variationist sociolinguistics and the sociology of language). Under the first approach, we will study variable features of Spanish phonology and morphosyntax, as these are conditioned by external factors (personal and socio-demographic) and internal factors (morphosyntactic and communicative). We will also consider some of the classic issues of Latin American and Peninsular dialectology. Under the second approach, we will ask the root sociology-of-language question, that is, who speaks what to whom where and for what purposes, as it applies to Spanish-speaking settings in Latin America, the Peninsula, and the Hispanic communities of the United States. Classes will be conducted in Spanish (but questions can be asked, and will be answered, in English). Some readings will be in Spanish, others in English. Exams and papers are written in Spanish or English, according to the student’s choice.
Prof. Gita Martohardjono
*Note: This course will only meet on weeks when there is NO colloquium
This 1-credit practicum will provide students with a broad range of tools and techniques to use in teaching linguistics and related courses across the CUNY campuses. We will look at Linguistics-specific and general issues that come up for new teachers. Topics to be covered include:
Prof. Sandeep Prasada
Children acquire new words with astonishing ease and speed. This course
will explore theoretical and empirical research pertaining to the
mechanisms by which children acquire the meaning of words. Questions
to be examined include: Are there special word learning mechanisms? If
so, what are some of them? If not, what are the sources of constraint
on the acquisition of word meaning? Are the meanings of words from
different syntactic categories learned in the same way? How/do
morpho-syntactic differences between languages influence the
acquisition of word meanings? How do statistical properties of the
input impact the course of lexical development? What is the role of
parental input? Where do syntax-semantics correspondences in lexical
development come from? What kinds of errors do children make in
acquiring the meanings of novel words? How do they learn to correct
these errors? What are the cognitive resources that the child must
bring to the task of learning various different kinds of word meanings?
We will cover research on the acquisition of the meanings of nouns,
verbs, adjectives, spatial prepositions, and personal pronouns.
Students will be introduced to the methods available for studying
lexical development as well as their limitations. Class meetings will
include a combination of lecture and seminar style sessions. Students
will have the opportunity to do presentations as well as a
project/paper on a topic of interest in lexical development.
Prof. Andrew Rosenberg
This is the first of a two-part course sequence to train students with a linguistics background in the core methodologies of computational linguistics. Successful completion of this two-course sequence will enable students to take graduate-level elective courses in computational linguistics; both courses offered by the Graduate Center's Linguistics Program, as well as courses offered by the Computer Science Program. This course [as the first part--Methods in Computational Linguistics I—of a two-part sequence] will introduce computer programming at a level that will allow students to begin building computer applications that address various computational linguistic tasks. No previous programming experience is required. The programming language we will use is Python. We begin by learning the syntax of Python and how to program generally; we then focus specifically on linguistic applications.
Prof Cecelia Cutler
This course examines the role of language in the construction of social identity, with a special focus on Latino identities in the US. How much agency do people have in choosing and projecting their gender, sexual, racial, ethnic, class, and identities through linguistic, discursive, and other semiotic devices in interaction? How do individuals linguistically and discursively contest the ways in which they are imagined, defined and labeled by others? By the semester’s end, students will gain an understanding of the different ways in which to consider the role of language in identity construction and develop their own ideas for continuing research in this area.
Profs. Dianne Bradley & Christina Tortora
An introduction to the intellectual foundations, methodologies, and motivations of linguistics. What kinds of questions do linguists ask? What do some of the answers look like? And why?
The course will cover fundamental concepts in the core areas of linguistics, i.e., phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Their role in fields such as first and second language acquisition, sentence processing, language change, sociolinguistics and pragmatics, may be explored depending on faculty specialization.
A substantial component of the course will be the discussion and demonstration of analytical techniques used in contemporary linguistics and applied to problem sets. A practicum will be attached to this course, taught by graduate student assistants.
Prof. J. Del Valle
This course will offer an overview of both modernist and critical approaches to language policy and planning (LPP). While the former deal with LPP mainly as resource management, the latter focus on the discursive and ideological dimensions of both LPP and its academic treatment. The course will be structured around three major topics: language standardization (including, for example, technical and ideological issues related to orthographic codification, pluricentrism, and the role of language academies), linguistic minorities (including, for example, policies for maintenance or shift and linguistic rights), and language spread (including, for example, policies dealing with the international promotion of English as a foreign language or the status of Spanish as a “foreign?/second?/heritage?” language in the United States).
Prof. Bill Haddican
This course provides an introduction to Principles and Parameters Theory (P&P), the
foundation of current mainstream generative approaches to sentence structure. P&P aims to explain the acquisition and cross-linguistic variation of syntactic phenomena by pursuing the idea that a pre-determined set of principles underlies the grammars of all languages; the apparent differences we see among languages are the result of parameter settings. Although we will examine similarities and dierences between languages, English (and other European languages) will be a main point of reference in our understanding of the theory.
By the end of this course, students will be expected to be able to:
reproduce all the core ingredients of P&P theory
apply the principles and parameters of P&P syntax and perform syntactic analysis on their basis
have access to the primary literature employing P&P theory
be proficient at engaging in syntactic argumentation
Prof. Sam Alxatib
This course covers advanced topics in the semantics of natural language. We introduce and discuss representations of meaning that are beyond those permitted in extensional frameworks, and focus on how syntactic structures of natural language expressions can be composed and related to these enriched representations. Likely topics: the semantics of attitude verbs, modality, conditionals, questions, degree semantics, plurals and events, tense and aspect. The course assumes background in material covered in Semantics I, particularly the coverage of extensional semantics in Heim and Kratzer (1998).
Prof. Dianne Bradley
This course, assuming no more than general familiarity with phonological concepts, offers an intensive introduction to the formal apparatus of modern generative phonology, with an emphasis on the development of fluency in analyzing phonological data. The presentation of material in class therefore assumes concurrent registration in the associated practicum (Ling 73600, Phonology I Practicum).
The basics of phonological description and theory -- inventories, distinctive features, natural classes, alternations, levels of representation, rule or constraint formulation -- are first introduced within the linear framework of classic generative phonology. With these basics in place, we motivate additions to the formalism -- feature geometry, autosegmental architecture, notions of underspecification, metrical representation -- in terms of their better capture of typologically common phonological phenomena. Finally, we review an altogether different analytic framework, Optimality Theory.
Prof. Juliette Blevins
This course continues the study of sound patterns presented in Phonology I, with an emphasis on explanation. Why do certain sound patterns recur again and again in the world’s languages while others are extremely rare? What sound patterns are best explained in terms of articulatory properties of speech, and which are best viewed as a consequence of aspects of human speech perception? What phonological universals have been proposed and what is their current status? What sound patterns can be analyzed as as emergent properties of linguistic systems?
The basic text will be Blevins (2004) Evolutionary Phonology (Cambridge University Press), continued use of Kenstowicz (1994) Phonology in Generative Grammar (Blackwell), and a handful of articles as additional assigned reading. Requirements include weekly readings, homework assignments, and participation in class discussion. There will be two in-class exams: a mid-term and a final, both assessing understanding of readings, homework, and lecture material. A prerequisite for this course is Phonology I, or permission of the instructor.
Prof. Gita Martohardjono
In this course, we will examine two of the characteristics that make second language or non-native language acquisition (NNLA) unique and distinct from native (or first) language acquisition: The first is the type of evidence needed for the attainment of NNLA, focusing on the study of negative evidence (aka corrective feedback) and its controversial role in NNLA. The second area of concentration is the impact of prior linguistic experience on NNLA, including the native language as well as other non-native languages acquired previously. The course is open to students new to second language acquisition, along with those who are more advanced. For the former group, there will be opportunities to collect data and formulate a research proposal on the basis on literature in one of the two areas of concentration. More advanced students can carry out a research project of their choosing; such students are requested to consult with the instructor prior to registration for the course.
Prof. Doug H. Whalen
Seminar in Speech Science: Articulatory Phonology
Articulatory Phonology is a theory of the phonological structure of speech that takes the gesture as its main primitive. Phonological distinctions are based on the presence vs. absence of gestures, differences in specifications of the gestures (such as degree of constriction) and the temporal coordination of gestures within a unit. Certain phonological patterns fall out more naturally in this model than in feature-based systems, while the reverse is true for other patterns. This course will explicate and evaluate Articulatory Phonology both on its own terms and in relation to featural accounts. Possible redefinitions of clinical disorders (e.g., misarticulation of segments) in these terms will be explored. | <urn:uuid:f4478714-6c02-4ce4-91d8-4ba80822fd74> | {
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Tidbits on the Wakefield Master
Master was an anonymous playwright who wrote in the fifteenth
century. Early scholars suggested that a man by the name of
Gilbert Pilkington was the author, but this idea has been disproved
by Craig and others. The epithet "Wakefield Master"
was first applied to this individual by the literary historian
Gayley. The Wakefield Master gets his name from the geographic
location where he lived, the market-town of Wakefield in Yorkshire.
He may have been a highly educated cleric there, or possibly
a friar from a nearby monastery at Woodkirk, four miles north
of Wakefield. This anonymous author wrote a series of 32 plays
(each averaging about 384 lines) called the Towneley Cycle.
A cycle is a series
of mystery plays
performed during the Corpus Christi festival. These works appear
in a single manuscript, which was kept for a number of years
in Towneley Hall of the Towneley family. Thus the plays are
called the Towneley Cycle. The manuscript is currently found
in the Huntington Library of California. It shows signs of Protestant
editing--references to the Pope and the sacraments are crossed
out, for instance. Likewise, twelve manuscript leaves were ripped
out between the two final plays because of Catholic references.
This evidence strongly suggests the play was still being read
and performed as late as 1520, perhaps as late in Renaissance
as the final years of King Henry VIII's reign. This fact says
something about the power and influence of the medieval mystery
play--the genre was still popular when Shakespeare was a small
boy, and he might very well have grown up watching such plays
before writing his own.
The original plays
in the Towneley cycle seem to have been performed sometime between
1400 and 1450. Sometime around 1460-1475 or so, the Wakefield
Master obtained them and began revising them. Two unique plays,
Caesar Augustus and The Talents appear in the
final version, and five other completely new plays were added
by the Wakefield Master, including Noah, the First
Shepherds' Play, The Second Shepherds' Play, Herod
the Great, and The Buffeting of Christ. These last
five plays are all written in a vigorous nine-line stanza characteristic
of the Wakefield Master. The Wakefield Master also revised the
Killing of Abel and made other small adjustments to the
plays he did not write--always improving them. The other plays
in the cycle are similar to older ones in the York Cycle of
mystery plays, which date back at least as far as 1376 from
the oldest records.
Out of the entire
cycle, the most famous work in this cycle is probably the Secunda
Pagina Pastorum, known in English as the Second Shepherds'
[Image from Huntingdon Library
MS HM1, fol. 38r, first lines of the Second Shepherds' Play.]
The play is wildly
experimental. Unlike every other mystery cycle, which procedes
chronologically from the plays dealing with creation, to plays
dealing with Adam and Eve, to Christ, and so on up to the final
play of the Last Judgment, the Wakefield Master includes two
versions of the Angel's announcement to the shepherds. Various
theories have been proposed for this choice. One theory is that
alternate plays would be performed each year. Thus, the First
Shepherds' Play might be performed one year, and the
Second Shepherds' Play the next. I dismiss this argument
because line 815 and other locations in the Second Shepherds'
Play refer clearly to Perkin, Gibbon, and Gentle John Horne--characters
from the First Shepherds' Play. These lines would make
no sense to the audience unless they had seen the First Shepherds'
Play shortly before the Second Shepherds' Play. Clearly,
the author intended for them to be viewed in sequence.
My own favorite
theory is that, given the audience's familiarity with the genre
of mystery cycles, the playwright intentionally defamiliarized
his subject-matter by inserting a second play about the shepherds
where the viewers expect to find the flight into Egypt. By doing
so, the Wakefield Master can insert contemporary shepherds from
the Yorkshire region into the narrative. When the audience sees
these men (whom they know) up on stage complaining about taxation,
the weather, and political problems, it sounds like a critique
of the modern world. Mak's appearance seems like normal regional
slander against the Scottish and thieves of livestock generally.
Then, when the angelic message comes, and Mak attempts to steal
the sheep, they are suddenly shocked into the realization that
the biblical figures of the shepherds are people akin to those
they know, and they are surprised to discover that the lamb
is actually Christ. This surprise and sudden realization in
the audience mimics the sudden revelation facing the biblical | <urn:uuid:d244c826-1d70-4270-81c7-b17faf41e216> | {
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A research team finds calcium ions on acamprosate might be doing the work
Many drugs on the market work in mysterious ways. Scientists still don’t know how aspirin works. They still don’t know how Prozac works, or any of the antipsychotics. But how a drug works is not necessarily important. When you need to prevent suffering and death, what is important is that the drug works, and works safely. How it works can wait.
But sometimes when a drug mechanism reveals itself, it’s a surprise. That was the case in a recent study of acamprosate, one of four drugs approved in the United States as a pharmacological treatment for alcoholism. It turns out that acamprosate itself might not be the active ingredient. Instead, the calcium ions attached to the drug could be driving its anti-relapse effects.
Rainer Spanagel and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Mental Health and the University of Heidelberg in Mannheim, Germany, were one of the first groups to study acamprosate. Their previous studies showed that long-term abstinence from alcohol could produce increases in glutamate levels in the brain. Glutamate is an amino acid and one of the chemical messengers in the brain. The increase in glutamate creates an excited brain state, and could make alcoholics more likely to relapse and drink again.
Studies with acamprosate, or specifically with the calcium salt of acamprosate, a form of the drug that’s coupled with calcium ions, show that it can reduce relapse after withdrawal in mouse models of alcoholism. It also helps calm down the increases in glutamate in human alcoholics.
Spanagel and his group wanted to understand why acamprosate was able to reduce relapse, and if possible, how they could make the drug more effective. Calcium acamprosate is the approved treatment, but relatively little of it gets into the brain. Spanagel commissioned another form of the drug, sodium acamprosate. In this form, more of the drug reached the brain. But, strangely, it didn’t work. It didn’t reduce alcohol consumption in rats after withdrawal.
Mystified, the scientists dug deeper. They showed that calcium acamprosate doesn’t act on receptors for glutamate, called NMDA receptors, which suggests that acamprosate doesn’t affect the glutamate system. Spanagel and his colleagues began to question whether acamprosate was biologically active at all.
So they went back to the original patent for acamprosate, where they found a clue. The patent states that “the calcium salt may be used as neurotropic agent; the magnesium salt as vasculotropic agent; the potassium salt as antiasthenic agent; the lithium salt may be used in for bipolar patients and the sodium salt in local treatments; the zinc salt may be used in dermatology.” Different salts of the same molecule, with very different functions. Right there in the wording of the patent was the suggestion that the ions — calium, lithium, potassium — could be the active agents.
In further tests, Spanagel and his group showed that calcium acamprosate, and not sodium acamprosate, reduced alcohol intake in booze-deprived rats. Even basic calcium chloride was able to reduce alcohol intake. In addition, the researchers found an association between levels of blood calcium and abstinence in people on acamprosate.
“It’s not every day you find an FDA approved medication where the salt is driving the effect,” says Jeff Weiner, an alcohol addiction researcher at Wake Forest School of Medicine. He notes that there needs to be confirmation of the results before acamprosate is declared inactive. There could be functions of acamprosate, or of calcium acamprosate specifically, that are currently undiscovered. “We’re going to need more data,” he says, “before we throw the drug out with the bathwater.”
Spanagel agrees that the results need to be replicated. “We are not claiming that any of the published results are wrong, the interpretation is wrong,” he says. And there are still many unanswered questions. Calcium levels in blood may not correspond to calcium levels in brain. High levels of calcium dosing can have adverse cardiac side effects. The blood levels of calcium in people being treated with calcium acamprosate normalized after the first month, even though abstinence continued. And the rats in the study showed reduced movement in response to calcium treatment. They might be reducing their alcohol intake because they are simply moving less.
And if calcium is the active agent, there’s still an important unanswered question: Scientists still don’t know how that calcium might be working stop alcoholics from going back to the bottle.
Markus Heilig, a psychiatrist with the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, wrote a commentary on the paper calling for a randomized clinical trial to look at acamprosate, its calcium salt, and calcium alone. “If we could figure out the actual mechanism and find something more specific and more potent, there’s probably something there,” he says. “Whether it’s the calcium or the acamprosate, it’s doing something for some people.”
But Heilig also emphasizes that the paper, while it raises more questions than it answers, “represents some of the best science.” Whether acamprosate will turn out to have effects on its own or whether it all turns out to be calcium, the study helps to further our understanding of how we might prevent relapse. “This is ultimately a story of how science is all about questioning everything,” Helig says, “including the things we think we know.” | <urn:uuid:e99402c3-d663-4055-9b4f-06d4af3d4eaa> | {
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During the New Deal, Franklin Delano Roosevelt commissioned murals and sculptures in more than 1,100 Post Offices across the nation. The huge, wall-length murals show miners in West Virginia and farmers in Iowa, immigrants in New York City and steel workers in Ohio. Many were painted by the most famous artists of the time. President Roosevelt chose Post Offices because they were the focal point of every community in America. In their permanence, their architectural beauty, their central location on Main Street, Post Offices were physical representations of the uplifting ability of government to serve everyone. Local motifs and themes were chosen to show that the government serves every unique community.
Photos of the murals were collected in Democratic Vistas: Post Offices and Public Art in the New Deal, the seminal book on the subject by Marlene Peck and Gerald E. Markowitz, which is now out of print. But thanks to help from Temple University Press, some of the murals can be seen together online for the first time ever.
ALSO: Sign This Petition | <urn:uuid:0562456f-f5fc-41f7-ad46-3c544482b4e8> | {
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By Clarence Plank: PNT staff writer
Germany invaded Poland in 1939 setting off the possibility of American forces being involved in the war.
Before World War II and Pearl Harbor, the American military set about training its men for the possibility of war. One of those men was 1st Sgt. Bennie Hill, father of Gladys Tucci of Portales.
“The military decided to train their sergeants,” Tucci said. “The man in charge of it was General George Patton.”
Tucci said the blue and red armies fought each other with blank bullets. Bombers used bags of flour to drop on enemy forces.
The Army learned a lot about mobile warfare with breakdowns, repair team shortages and repeated traffic jams. Poorly-worded orders were common, according to historynet.com
“My dad was in the field artillery at Fort Bliss and that was mechanized,” Tucci said. “They made him a forward observer. The forward observers were the ones who infiltrated enemy territory.”
From 1940 to 1941, 400,000 U.S. troops were split equally into two armies and given fictional country names. Two maneuvers were planned for the spring and autumn of 1940, with largest and most complex held from August to September in 1941, according to historynet.com.
The armies were fighting for dominance of land and the Mississippi River for a supply line, according to the Web site louisianatravel.com.
Hill was later sent to teach war tactics at two different places. The first was Camp White in Oregon and the second was Indio, California. Hill went on to fight in the Battle of the Bulge.
The life expectancy of a forward observer was six weeks because it was a dangerous job.
“One time my dad found himself behind enemy lines,” Tucci said. “They didn’t know where he was, so he had to crawl through the swamps until he got to a heavily wooded area. Only there he would be safe.”
Tucci said her mother once got a letter saying her dad was missing in action, but she ignored it. She knew the man she married was a country boy and he could survive off the land.
“He couldn’t use his gun because that would have warned the enemy,” Tucci said. “So he survived by eating roots and berries. At one point he caught a rabbit somehow and had to kill it with his bare hands.”
Tucci said her dad saved another soldier who was involved in a hand-to-hand combat with a German. The German had stabbed the soldier in the throat and Hill shot the German in the shoulder. Hill tended to the soldier’s wounds, but never knew later if he had survived.
“When I was living in Santa Fe,” Tucci said. “My dad asked if he could use my car because he wanted to go to Santa Rosa because that is where the soldier was from.”
Tucci said her dad learned the soldier survived, but the wound destroyed his voice box. The soldier and his family were happy to see Hill and thank him.
After 30 years in the military, Hill retired as master sergeant. For a short time he was a detective for the Pinkerton Detective Agency, which he left to focus his time on his grandchildren.
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Juniper shrubs (Juniperus) provide the landscape with well defined structure and a fresh fragrance that few other shrubs can match. The care of juniper shrubbery is easy because they never need pruning to maintain their attractive shape and tolerate adverse conditions without complaint. Anyone interested in providing habitat for wildlife should consider growing junipers. The National Wildlife Federation counts juniper shrubs as one of the top 10 plants for wildlife because they provide an abundance of food, shelter from harsh weather, and nesting sites for birds.
There are more than 170 cultivated varieties of juniper, including low-growing ground cover or edging plants, shrubs and trees. The shapes include narrow columns, tight pyramids, and rounded forms that spread as wide as their height or more.
The fragrant foliage can be either needles or overlapping scales. Some shrubs have both types of foliage because the leaves start out as needles and transition to scales as they mature.
Juniper shrubs are either male or female. The male flowers provide the pollen for the female flowers, and once pollinated, the females produce berries or cones. One male shrub can provide pollen for several females.
How to Take Care of Junipers
Plant juniper shrubs in a location with full sun or light shade. When they get too much shade, the branches spread apart in an effort to let more sunlight in, and the damage to their shape can’t be repaired.
Junipers grow in any type of soil as long as it is well-drained. Many types make excellent street shrubs because they tolerate the spray from road salt and other urban pollution.
Plant container-grown junipers any time of year. Shrubs with balled and burlaped roots are best planted in fall. Dig the planting hole as deep as the root ball and two to three times wider. Set the shrub in the hole so the soil line on the stem is even with the surrounding soil. Backfill with the soil removed from the hole without amendments. Press down firmly as you fill the hole to remove air pockets. Water deeply after planting, and add additional soil if it settles into a depression.
Water young shrubs during dry spells for the first two years. Afterward, the shrub is drought tolerant and can make do with what nature provides.
Fertilize the shrub with 10-10-10 fertilizer in spring of the year after planting and every other year thereafter. | <urn:uuid:9e05ed23-6daf-4718-be5f-16a2b1aaf498> | {
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In DBS, a neurosurgeon implants electrodes in the brain that attach to a “pacemaker” for the brain.
The inevitable result is that the shovels move with rhythmic precision, and the slowest man becomes the pacemaker for the rest.
Then one will come to grips with life, the pacemaker of style.
I'm not built for rapid work, but I guess I'll do with you for pacemaker.
It is well known that the pacemaker plays his rôle not only in the field of sport but also in the factory.
Behind a rapidly spinning limousine pedalled a grotesquely humped bicyclist, using the car as a pacemaker.
pacemaker pace·mak·er (pās'mā'kər)
A part of the body, such as the specialized mass of cardiac muscle fibers of the sinoatrial node, that sets the pace or rhythm of physiological activity.
Any of several usually miniaturized and surgically implanted electronic devices used to stimulate or regulate contractions of the heart muscle.
A substance whose rate or reaction sets the pace for a series of chain reactions.
The rate-limiting reaction itself.
A group of specialized muscle fibers in the heart that send out impulses to regulate the heartbeat. If the heart's built-in pacemaker does not function properly, an artificial pacemaker may be necessary — a small electrical device that also regulates the heartbeat by sending out impulses. An artificial pacemaker may be placed inside the body surgically or may be worn outside. | <urn:uuid:52dd8d2c-fcc4-4531-8b7c-8543da6fea1b> | {
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Based on industry indications that the powering of many existing data centers is done so in an inefficient and power-wasting manner, the "Demonstration" project's objectives were to demonstrate the reliability and energy-efficiency of an alternative power delivery system using direct-current server rack powering in comparison to standard AC power distribution.
From the results following conclusions could be drawn:
- Efficiency - By eliminating conventional conversion steps, normally a common source for power loss, tested DC-power solutions showed a minimum 5% to 7% efficiency gain. These gains did not include power reductions in cooling loads.
- Availability - The project showed the availability of DC-powered servers, how they can be easily applied and adapted to data centers currently using standard AC powering solutions.
- Functionality - DC-powered servers showed no indication of constrains in performance when compared to AC powered servers.
In final conclusion the report listed identified areas for follow up investigations. This to help establish industry discussions and engagement concerning the future of DC powering. One included area was the Integration of Other Sources, such as renewable energy sources.
Renewable energy sources to supply web hosting data centers? Is DC powering to be considered the future of green hosting?
William Tschudi, project contact at LBNL states in an email correspondence; "We'll have to see. There is growing interest in the concept and some early adopters are moving ahead. There are some DC centers in Europe and Japan and through our collaboration we now have an opportunity to create a world wide standard for voltage and connectors which would enable the same type of equipment to be delivered anywhere in the world."
Tschudi continues "The reason that the industry is beginning to look at the use of DC directly is that some of the power that is normally lost in the conversion process can be saved resulting in substantial energy savings since these facilities operate continuously."
"The power lost in the conversion process also generates heat which must be removed through the HVAC system. So saving this power has a multiplier effect in the building. There are also non-energy benefits in directly using DC. First of all there is less equipment in the chain so in the long run the capital cost will be less and there will be fewer points of failure so the system will be more reliable. The phone companies have always operated with DC power and their reliability is unmatched."
"In addition, power quality issues should be eliminated, again improving reliability. Finally, the use of DC will also enable seamless ties to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, or fuel cells which generate in DC."
"In addition to the electronics (e.g. servers), we can also eliminate conversion loss in variable speed drives used for fans, pumps, and chillers and we can use DC lighting. Everything would operate more efficiently."
When asked how many web hosting providers that today are using DC powering William Tschadi replies; "Only a handful to my knowledge."
In conclusion it seems this type of DC powering still has some steps to take before being presented and accepted as a realistic alternative on the commercial market. Regardless, based on the results of the demonstration project, DC powering has the potential of becoming not only the new way of green web hosting but also a cost efficient solution for an industry heavily dependent on its power supply.
There are few pages more dreaded in the web design world than the 404 error page, which flashes on the screen when users click on a link that simply cannot be found on the site's web server. It's a page that is almost always equated automatically with failure or a dead end, but it just doesn't have to be that way. In fact, websites that embrace 404 error pages as more of an opportunity than a failure will stand the best chance at capturing "lost" users and turning them into viable clicks.
Though search engine optimization has only recently gone mainstream among sites of all sizes and backgrounds, it's something that has been developing step-by-step for at least the past decade. Search engine optimization, often abbreviated SEO, is designed to make sure that a page is considered the most relevant result for certain keywords. This is done through any number of approved practices, including the use of certain keywords, the regular posting of new content to a website, or the regular engagement of users with site content or product listings. Though the vast majority of websites fall within the guidelines set by major search engines, many other sites have been known to artificially raise their standings in search results at Google, Yahoo, and Bing by using shady tactics that are often strictly prohibited.
When businesses need to increase their conversion rates, or even boost the reputation and authority of their company's blog, there are few tools more effective than an email newsletter. Though it is easily one of the oldest tools in the digital marketing industry, the email-based newsletter still remains one of the most effective ways for businesses to be noticed, to drive traffic to their own content, and to increase their sales through improved customer awareness and client conversions. There are a few key reasons for this, each of which has remained true since the email newsletter's inception several decades ago.
They're pushing the hosting industry forward, all while maintaining the highest of quality. It's our pleasure to present to you Squarespace as one of the Good Guys of Hosting.
It’s been a while since we handed out the “badge” Good Guys of Web Hosting to anyone, but what better way to start out the series again than with presenting it to Steadfast.
When it comes to search engine optimization, there is only one thing that typically matters to major players like Google, Yahoo, and Bing, and that’s the content featured on the website. The goal of search engine optimization, quite simply, is to develop the website's authority through well-written articles that inspire links, mentions, Facebook and Twitter interactions, and similar activities. Authoritative guest posts, another form of written content, are a great way to further boost the reach of a website and give it even more authority at the major search engines. All of this content-centric importance tends to leave design behind in a big way.
Our mission is not only to help the end consumer find quality web hosting but also to push the industry forward. We want to make sure that consumers are safe when signing up for a hosting provider. Stating what should be regarded as the proper practices in the web hosting industry is beneficial for both parties – the consumer and the provider – as it leaves no open question marks. Below are ten items with ethical codes that we believe are important to highlight.
By: David Walsh
Finding the right web host requires a great deal of information, not only about pricing tiers and included features, but also about the extra features that can be added to an account when needed. The best web hosting companies online are the ones that offer the largest amount of add-on features to their customers, ranging from commerce to security and IP addresses. While some might view these add-ons as "hidden charges," the truth is that they're most often to be features that the majority of consumers don't need. Web hosting companies do their best to avoid charging customers for unneeded features, focusing more on value and a la carte pricing for their products.
In days gone by, marketing was more “physical materials” and less “online presence.” Today, the world of marketing is completely different. What once worked doesn’t work anymore; what doesn’t exist in the past has cornered the marketing industry now. Plus, since marketing is primarily done online, it’s changing all the time, which makes it extremely difficult to keep up with the latest and greatest in promoting your business. However, having an online presence is not just important but integral to your business’ success.
With all of the talk concerning trends in mobile computing, web design, and a wide range of other high-tech industries, the web hosting sector often gets forgotten by those who forecast trends and predictions for the tech economy. Even so, web hosting and cloud services both remain two of the fastest-growing and most dynamic industries around the world. Their importance continues to grow exponentially with each passing year, especially now that a large number of consumers tote mobile powerhouses in their pockets or bags, largely in the form of smartphones and tablet computing devices.
List all related articles.. | <urn:uuid:13620855-c67c-4092-8ad9-0300ff8122a7> | {
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Red Rock quarries topic of history talk
Two lectures are scheduled in the coming week at the Old Colorado City History Center, 1 S. 24th St.
Both are free and open to the public.
The first will be “Red Rock Quarries - How and Why,” Tuesday, April 7, from 7 to 8 p.m. This presentation will be part of the Friends of Red Rock Canyon's third annual “talk and walk” educational series. Geologist Jon Barker will discuss quarrying technology and how the canyon's sandstone was once used for building materials, then follow up with an educational walk at Red Rock the morning of April 11 (sign-ups for the walk will be taken the night of his talk at the center).
The second lecture at the History Center will be Friday, April 10 at 11 a.m. - “The Stories Behind the Tombstones,” an illustrated program about the pioneers buried in the Florissant Cemetery. The speaker, Laura Lee Moncrief, “has also co-authored a book based on her research in libraries, county courthouses, and talking with local old-timers,” according to a press release from the Old Colorado City Historical Society (OCCHS).
For more information, call 636-1225.
From a press release | <urn:uuid:6de0b4a3-7cb6-45a6-a254-ead03694981e> | {
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Presentation on theme: "I am a Bucket Filler Lesson 4. What are drops? Drops are personal, positive written messages. They’re a simple way to share kind words with others, give."— Presentation transcript:
What are drops? Drops are personal, positive written messages. They’re a simple way to share kind words with others, give unexpectedly, and fill someone’s bucket. Students will learn…how to write drops
Drops can be… Compliments –“You did an outstanding job on your math test!” Say Thank You –“Thank you for sticking up for me at recess today.” Special Note –“I just want to say that you are a great friend.”
Drops can be… Drops must be honest Drops must be nice Drops must be about one thing you can describe Drops can be thank you notes Drops can be about when you notice someone doing something good Drops can be about something you know another person does very well
Drops can also be… Drops should be just about the person you are writing the drop for Drops should be specific Drops should tell the person why he or she is getting this drop from you
Activity Think of a person in your family you want to give a drop to. Write something that will fill this person’s bucket on the drop. Later, we will give the drops to these people. | <urn:uuid:15a8872f-d7d8-4635-ab37-0dac89768d30> | {
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Issue Date: October 8, 2012
Bacteria Confiscate Unstable Iron-Citrate Complex
A unique bacterial protein selectively binds an unstable triferric citrate complex to import iron into Bacillus cereus cells, reports a team from the University of California, Berkeley (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210131109). Iron is an essential element that bacteria commonly sequester by sending ligands, called siderophores, to chelate insoluble Fe3+ in the environment. Selective binding and transport proteins then convey the complexes back into the cells. Common siderophores include citrate ([COH(COO)(CH2COO)2]3–) and citrate-based ligands. Citrate’s carboxyl and hydroxyl groups coordinate Fe3+. Previously, however, citrate-binding proteins were observed harboring only Fe(citrate)2 and Fe2(citrate)2. Kenneth N. Raymond and colleagues have now identified a B. cereus protein, christened ferric citrate-binding protein C, or FctC, that selectively binds Fe3(citrate)3 even when other iron-citrate species are present in solution. Only a few closely related species have genes for similar proteins, so FctC may give the B. cereus group an advantage by enabling import of iron complexes that other bacteria cannot sequester.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:1a5a8ab5-081c-4cc6-8f0c-44b2fe8665cf> | {
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History of Mesothelioma
Dallas Injury Attorneys Connecting Asbestos Exposure
Asbestos has been used for centuries in fireproofing, insulating, and in many manufacturing industries. Although malignant mesothelioma was not linked to asbestos exposure until the 1960s (and the information was not released to the general public until the 1970s), medical experts throughout the world began speculating about health concerns associated with asbestos exposure as early as the late 1800s and early 1900s.
In the 1920s, following the first asbestosis diagnosis in England, a study commenced that revealed one in four asbestos workers in England was suffering from a related lung disease. Subsequent studies detailing the risks of asbestos exposure were brought to the attention of manufacturers producing asbestos products and industrial businesses using commercial products containing asbestos.
Companies were aware of the risks of asbestos exposure in the 1960s and continued to allow workers to be exposed in the workplace for approximately another decade before the information was released to the general public. At this point, the commercial use of asbestos was phased out. Although highly regulated, asbestos is still used in certain industries today.
Asbestos & Mesothelioma Litigation
Asbestos litigation has commenced against manufacturers, product suppliers, employers, and other parties that were responsible for placing workers at risk. Settlements obtained not only alleviate the financial burdens of those dealing with the fatal lung disease mesothelioma or other asbestos-related diseases—these settlements enable victims and their families to obtain justice for their suffering.
Contact a Dallas Mesothelioma Lawyer
If you or a loved one is suffering from mesothelioma, or if a loved one has died from mesothelioma, talk with an experienced and compassionate attorney at Crain Lewis Brogdon, LLP. We can help you understand your rights and help you obtain peace of mind. Contact us for a free consultation to learn about your legal options and prospects.
Schedule a free consultation with a Dallas mesothelioma attorney at Crain Lewis Brogdon, LLP—call (214) 301-5007. | <urn:uuid:9dc1b6f0-9f53-4a5d-b376-84d954c28041> | {
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Born in the South African state of Transvaal, Desmond Tutu moved to Johannesburg when he was 12. Wanting to become a physician, Tutu trained as a teacher instead and graduated from the University of South Africain 1954. When his teaching years were up, Tutu was determined to do something to improve his life and others, so he became a priest in the Anglican Church in 1960. In England, Tutu earned his master’s degree in theology.
In 1975 Tutu became the first black African to serve as Dean of St. Mary’s Cathedral inJohannesburg. Bishop Tutu was able to denounce the apartheid system in place as “evil and unchristian”. A seeker of equal rights, Tutu also sought a system of common education.
In 1984, Desmond Tutu was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. On September 7, 1986 Desmond Tutu was enthroned as Archbishop of Cape Town, and was the first black archbishop of the South African Anglican church. In 1994, President Mandela appointed Archbishop Tutu to chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. When he retired as Archbishop of Cape Town in 1996, he was named Archbishop Emeritus.
In 2007, Desmond Tutu joined former South African President Mandela, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, retired U.N Secretary General Kofi Annan, and former Irish President Mary Robinson to form The Elders, a private initiative mobilizing the experience of senior world leaders outside of the conventional diplomatic process. Tutu was named to chair the group. In 2009, President Barack Obama named him to receive the nation’s highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom- watch here. | <urn:uuid:21b38792-237a-41ae-8279-e7a793e2492d> | {
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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. paraleipsis
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Paralipsis, also known as praeteritio, preterition, cataphasis, antiphrasis, or parasiopesis, is a rhetorical figure of speech wherein the speaker or writer invokes a subject by denying that it should be invoked.
Within those comments is the word "praeteritio," which caused me to look it up.
The abstract definition of irony as saying the “con - trary” of what one means, the most popular formula from Cicero and Quintilian on, led the rhetoricians and others occasionally to extend the opposition beyond praise and blame to logical contraries which might not involve praise or blame, such as praeteritio and negatio.
Matthew, this is a brilliant example of praeteritio.
Now, Augustine is indulging in a kind of meta-version of what's called praeteritio — bringing something up by saying how you're not going to bring it up.
= As Professor E. Fantham points out to me, this _praeteritio_ takes the place of a full _aristeia_ detailing
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Women suffer a greater dental decline as a result of hormones, according to a report by Science Daily. The report focused on a study by John R. Lukacs, a professor of anthropology at the University of Oregon, who specializes in dental, skeletal and nutritional issues and found a link between sex and dental health. Lukacs' study, published in the October issue of Current Anthropology, links dramatic changes in female-specific hormones with a higher frequency of dental caries.
The study examined the records of the frequencies of dental cavities in both prehistoric and living human populations around the world. According to the study, reproduction pressures and rising fertility explain why women suffered a more rapid decline in dental health than did men as humans transitioned from hunter-and-gatherers to farmers and more sedentary pursuits.
It was discovered that women typically experience poorer dental health than men. According to Lukacs, studies published this year in the Philippines and in Guatemala point to the same findings.
Previously, anthropologist have attributed an increase in cavities to a change in food production by agrarian societies. Lukacs, however, finds that the adoption of agriculture has increased demands on female fertility and sedentism, leading to an increase in poor dental health due to diet and hormonal levels. Therefore, increased fertility, dietary changes and division of labor during the move into agricultural societies contributed to the widespread gender differential observed in dental caries rates today.
Female hormones, according to Lukacs, can impact cavity formation. Higher levels of estrogen, including fluctuations at puberty and high levels during pregnancy are said by Lukacs to promote cavities and dietary changes. Lukacs also found that women produce less saliva than do men, reducing the removal of food residue from the teeth.
If Lukacs' findings are correct, and women do experience poorer dental health as a result of hormones and diet issues, the future of female-specific oral care products could be just on the horizon. | <urn:uuid:fd6c52e5-f801-414e-8c32-1416febf89e9> | {
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Where can I find tips on making math accessible to students with disabilities?
There are a number of valuable resources about making math accessible available on the web. Here are a few places to look:
- The Accessibility Solutions area of the Design Science website includes a number of articles on making math content accessible to students with disabilities, and also provides background on math accessibility policy issues.
- For guidelines on providing access to scientific and mathematical expressions for all users with disabilities, see Accessible Digital Media Guidelines available on the National Center on Accessible Media website.
For suggestions on math accommodations and teaching strategies, consult some of the following online articles:
- Accommodating Math Students with Learning Disabilities by Rochelle Kenyon.
- Mathematics Strategy Instruction for Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities by Dr. Joseph Gagnon and Dr. Paula Maccini.
- Mathematics for Students with Learning Disabilities from Language-Minority Backgrounds: Recommendations for Teaching by Diane Torres Raborn.
For more information on this topic, consult the following DO-IT Knowledge Base articles Why is accessible math important? and Are there commercial products designed to make math accessible to students with disabilities? | <urn:uuid:4c381725-d2de-453f-ba79-7056715ca531> | {
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Tuesday, April 28, 2009
USS Helena (PG-9)
Figure 1: USS Helena (PG-9) photographed in Far Eastern waters sometime after 1899, while dressed with flags for a holiday. U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.
Figure 2: USS Helena (PG-9) painted by the Chinese artist Qikit, 1905. Courtesy of the Navy Art Collection, Washington, DC. Donation of Mrs. A.W. Lott. Navy Art Accession #: 76-301-A. U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.
Figure 3: USS Helena (PG-9) in a mud dock on the Liao River, China, during the winter of 1903 and 1904. U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.
Figure 4: USS Helena (PG-9) in Canton, China, circa 1925. U.S. Navy photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.
Named after the capital of Montana, USS Helena (PG-9) was a 1,571-ton steel gunboat built by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia, and was commissioned on 8 July 1897. The ship was approximately 250 feet long and 40 feet wide, had a top speed of 13 knots, and had a crew of 175 officers and men. Helena was armed with four 4-inch guns, four 11-pounders, and one 3-inch rifle.
Helena was initially assigned to the North Atlantic Fleet and her primary function was to patrol the waters off the coast of the United States. During the Spanish-American War, Helena was sent to Cuba where she saw action on several occasions. On 2 and 3 July 1898, Helena exchanged gunfire with Spanish shore batteries at Fort Tunas. On 18 July, as part of the small US task force blockading the port of Manzanillo, she assisted in the sinking of eight enemy ships during the naval attack on that port. Helena was part of the overall naval blockade of Cuba as well.
After the Spanish-American War ended, Helena joined the US Asiatic Fleet. She steamed there via the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal and arrived in the Philippines on 10 February 1899. The gunboat played a significant role during the Philippine Insurrection and assisted US Army troops in subduing the Filipino rebellion there. On 21 May 1899, Helena assisted in the landing of American troops at Jolo and in June she supported the Army in Manila Bay as US troops went on the offensive south of Manila into Cavite Province. On 13 June, Army troops on board Helena were brought ashore using the gunboat’s launches and they assaulted the strong enemy defenses along the Zapote River. On 7 November 1899, Helena provided gunfire support for 2,500 US Army troops landing at San Fabian in Lingayen Gulf.
Helena remained in the Far East for the balance of her naval career, doing what gunboats did best, which was protecting American lives and property in foreign countries. She served in China from October 1900 to December 1902 and then returned to the Philippines and stayed there until March 1903. After that she was sent back to China, but in December 1904 Helena returned to Cavite in the Philippines. While based there, she was decommissioned on 19 April 1905.
Helena was re-commissioned on 16 July 1906 and visited various ports within the Asiatic Station until June 1907. From then on, she was an active member of both the South China Patrol and the Yangtze River Patrol until 29 June 1929, when she was placed in “reduced” commission. Helena continued to serve with the South China Patrol until 27 May 1932, when she was officially decommissioned and struck from the Navy list. USS Helena was sold for scrap on 7 July 1934, after serving in the US Navy for 35 years.
Posted by Remo at 8:41 AM | <urn:uuid:86089c76-71fa-43c2-8ec4-1d61dd7290db> | {
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An umbilical hernia is a protrusion of the peritoneum and fluid, omentum or a portion of abdominal organ(s) through the umbilical ring -- which is the fibrous and muscle tissue around the navel (belly-button).
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
An umbilical hernia in an infant is caused by the incomplete closure of the umbilical ring (muscle), through which the umbilical blood vessels passed to provide nourishment to the developing fetus.
The hernia generally appears as a soft swelling beneath the skin that often protrudes when the infant is upright, or with crying or straining. Depending on the severity, the area of the defect can vary from less than 1 to more than 5 centimeters in diameter.
Small (less than 1 cm) hernias usually close spontaneously without treatment by age 3 to 4 years. Those that do not close may require surgery. Umbilical hernias are usually painless.
Umbilical hernias are common in infants. The exact incidence is unknown, but may be as high as 1 in 6 infants.
Umbilical hernias occur slightly more frequently in infants of African American descent. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are not related to any disease condition. However, umbilical hernias can be associated with rare diseases, such as mucopolysaccharide storage diseases, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Down syndrome, and others.
Signs and tests
A physical examination reveals the hernia.
Usually, no treatment is required unless the defect persists past the age of 2 years. In extremely rare cases, bowel or other tissue can protrude and become strangulated (lack of blood flow to a section of bowel). This is an emergency requiring surgery.
Most umbilical hernias resolve without treatment by 2 years of age. Those that persist are usually successfully treated by surgery.
Strangulation of bowel tissue is serious, and requires immediate surgery (rare).
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider, or go to the emergency room if abdominal pain develops in an infant with an umbilical hernia, or if the hernia becomes tender, swollen, or discolored -- particularly if signs of peritonitis or shock also develop.
There is no known prevention. Taping or "strapping" and umbilical hernia will not cause it to go away.
Update Date: 11/4/2003John Goldenring, M.D., MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
Last updated: Tue, 06 Jan 2009 00:20:03 GMT | <urn:uuid:defbbfc9-a04e-48c0-8769-89c7f8711f0c> | {
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Patients and doctors often confuse the terms heel spur and plantar fasciitis. While these two diagnoses are related, they are not the same. Plantar fasciitis refers to the inflammation of the plantar
fascia--the tissue that forms the arch of the foot. A heel spur is a hook of bone that can form on the heel bone (calcaneus) and is associated with plantar fasciitis. About 70 percent of patients
with plantar fasciitis have a heel spur that can be seen on an X-ray. However, many patients without symptoms of pain can have a heel spur. The exact relationship between plantar fasciitis and heel
spurs is not entirely understood. Heel spurs are common in patients who have a history of foot pain caused by plantar fasciitis.
Over-pronation (flat feet) is a common cause of heel spurs, but people with unusually high arches (pes cavus) can also develop heel spurs. Women have a significantly higher incidence of heel spurs
due to the types of footwear often worn on a regular basis.
Major symptoms consist of pain in the region surrounding the spur, which typically increases in intensity after prolonged periods of rest. Patients may report heel pain to be more severe when waking
up in the morning. Patients may not be able to bear weight on the afflicted heel comfortably. Running, walking, or lifting heavy weight may exacerbate the issue.
Most patients who are suffering with heel spurs can see them with an X-ray scan. They are normally hooked and extend into the heel. Some people who have heel spur may not even have noticeable
symptoms, although could still be able to see a spur in an X-ray scan.
Non Surgical Treatment
The most important part of treatment is to rest. Do not undertake activities which hurt the foot or aggravate symptoms as will only cause painful symptoms to persist. Apply an ice pack regularly for
10 minutes at a time every hour initially to reduce pain and inflammation of the surrounding tissues. As symptoms subside frequency of application can reduce to 2 or 3 times per day. Exercises and
stretches to keep the foot and ankle strong and mobile are important as long as pain allows. Stretching the plantar fascia is important, especially if symptoms are worse in the morning. A plantar
fasciitis night splint is excellent for stretching and preventing the plantar fascia tightening up over night. Anti-Inflammatory medicine (e.g. ibuprofen) may be prescribed by a doctor but always
check with a medical professional first as taking some medications such as ibuprofen should not be done if the patient has asthma. Shoe inserts can help to take the pressure off of the spur and
reduce pain. If these treatments do not significantly ease the symptoms then surgery may be an option.
Approximately 2% of people with painful heel spurs need surgery, meaning that 98 out of 100 people do well with the non-surgical treatments previously described. However, these treatments can
sometimes be rather long and drawn out, and may become considerably expensive. Surgery should be considered when conservative treatment is unable to control and prevent the pain. If the pain goes
away for a while, and continues to come back off and on, despite conservative treatments, surgery should be considered. If the pain really never goes away, but reaches a plateau, beyond which it does
not improve despite conservative treatments, surgery should be considered. If the pain requires three or more injections of "cortisone" into the heel within a twelve month period, surgery should be
You can prevent heel spurs by wearing well-fitting shoes with shock-absorbent soles, rigid shanks, and supportive heel counters; choosing appropriate shoes for each physical activity; warming up and
doing stretching exercises before each activity; and pacing yourself during the activities. Avoid wearing shoes with excessive wear on the heels and soles. If you are overweight, losing weight may
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How was Guinness Book of Records started? It all happened in May 1951. Sir Hugh Beaver, then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries, was involved in an argument on a party in a bar. The argument was about which was the fastest bird in Europe. Sir Beaver realized that there was no book which allowed settling arguments about records, and he thought that a book of this kind might become popular.
The first 197-page edition of The Guinness Book of Records was published on August 27, 1955. It quickly flew to the top of the British bestseller lists by Christmas. Since then about 400 million Guinness World Record copies were published. The most recent one is scheduled to be released in 2011. Let’s see what world records it will show.
Made by British inventor Perry Watkins, this car has become the smallest car in the world. It measures just 41 inches high, 51 inches long and 26 inches wide.
Edit: These guys met on a website for tall people. The total height of these two persons makes 4 meters 9 cm. They may shortly appear in Guinness World as the tallest couple in the world.
You’re looking at Ukrainian Igor Vovkovinskiy while he’s sitting, nothing special, you may think, but you’ll see the difference when he is up… | <urn:uuid:49c77378-a640-4e07-a900-93cae6a6eb50> | {
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The indefinite article is the a is the same for all genders.
a boy, a girl, a cat
The indefinite article has no plural form.
a boy - boys
We use an if the following word starts with a vowel.
|the following word starts with a consonant||the following word starts with a vowel|
Mind the pronunciation of the following word.
|This u sounds like a consonant, so we use a.||This an.sounds like a vowel, so we use|
- before phrases of time and measurements (per week/weekly)
|We have English 4 times a week.|
|I go on holiday twice a year.|
|Our car can do 220 kilometres an hour.|
|Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.|
- before phrases of jobs
|My father is a car mechanic.|
- with a noun complement
|He is a good boy.|
- before phrases of nationality
|Bruce Springsteen is an American.|
|We need half a pound of sugar.|
|This is quite a good story.| | <urn:uuid:c6ac5485-5626-45bd-a9fc-cac800073c7f> | {
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Presentation on theme: "Year 12 Biology Module 3: The Species Outcomes covered:"— Presentation transcript:
1 Year 12 Biology Module 3: The Species Outcomes covered: 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11
2 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Dominant gene located on 1 of the autosomesLetters used are upper case ie BB or BbAffected individuals have to carry at least 1 dominant gene (heterozygous or homozygous)Passed onto males and femalesEvery person affected must have at least 1 parent with the traitDoes not skip generationsE.g. Huntington’s disease, Marfan syndrome
4 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance The recessive gene is located on 1 of the autosomesLetters used are lower case ie bbUnaffected parents (heterozygous) can produce affected offspring (if they get both recessive genes ie homozygous)Inherited by both males and femalesCan skip generationsIf both parents have the trait then all offspring will also have the trait. The parents are both homozygous.E.g. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia
7 Autosomal Dominant/ Recessive Problems Cross a pure breeding, black coated guinea pig with a pure breeding, white coated guinea pig. Given that, in guinea pigs, black coat colour is dominant to white coat colour, determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the first and second generation offspring.
8 Incomplete dominanceIn a heterozygous organism, neither gene is dominant, both genes are expressed equallyCapital letters used for both allelesSnap dragons- red = RR, white= WW, pink = RWCows- brown = BB, white= WW, roan=BW
10 Incomplete dominance problems In Andalusian chickens, the black Andalusian character is incompletely dominant to the white-splashed Andalusian character. The heterozygous condition produces blue Andalusian chickens. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 and F2 generations if a pure breeding, black Andalusian is crossed with a pure breeding, white-splashed Andalusian.
11 Co- dominanceOccurs when alternative alleles are present in the genotype and fully observed in the phenotypeE.g. ABO blood grouping system, where a single gene locus features multiple alleles- IA, IB, and i. Individuals carrying alleles for both A and B express both in the phenotype AB.
12 Co- dominance Genotype Phenotype (blood group) IA IA or IAi A IB IB, or IBiBIAIBABiiO
13 Sex linked inheritance Genes are carried on the sex chromosomes (X or Y)Sex-linked notationXBXB normal femaleXBXb carrier femaleXbXb affected femaleXBY normal maleXbY affected male
14 Sex linked inheritance Dominant Dominant gene on X chromosomeAffected males pass to all daughters and none of their sonsGenotype= XAYIf the mother has an X- linked dominant trait and is homozygous (XAXA) all children will be affectedIf Mother heterozygous (XAXa) 50% chance of each child being affectedE.g. dwarfism, rickets, brown teeth enamel.
16 Sex linked dominant problems The barred pattern of chicken feathers is inherited by a pair of sex linked genes, B for barred, b for no bars. If a non-barred female is mated to a barred male,a) What will the proportion and appearance of the offspring?What will be the appearance and proportion of the progeny produced by mating an Fl male with an Fl female?
17 Sex linked Inheritance Recessive Gene located on the X chromosomeMore males than females affected (males inherit X from mother)Females can only inherit if the father is affected and mother is a carrier (hetero) or affected (homo)An affected female will pass the trait to all her sonsDaughters will be carriers if father is not affectedMales cannot be carriers (only have 1 X so either affected or not)Can skip generationsE.g. colour blindness, haemophilia, Duchene muscular dystrophy
18 Sex linked recessive problem Red-green colour blindness in men is caused by the presence of a sex-linked recessive gene c, whose normal allele is C.a) Can two colour blind parents produce a normal son?b) Can they produce a normal daughter?c) Can two normal parents produce a colourblind son or daughter?d) Can a normal daughter have a colourblind father or mother?e) Can a colourblind daughter have a normal father or mother?
28 Sex linked Dominant pedigrees Look for:More males being affectedAffected males passing onto all daughter (dominant) and none of his sonsEvery affected person must have an affected parent
29 Sex linked recessive pedigrees More ales being affectedAffected female will pass onto all her sonsAffected male will pass to daughters who will be a carrier (unless mother also affected)Unaffected father and carrier mother can produce affected sons
34 This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching. | <urn:uuid:173af327-ca1f-49d0-872c-6db1bab8bfa6> | {
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In a look at the forms, functions and uses of water, Salas and Dabija turn the ordinary into the extraordinary.
The simple text and spot-on rhymes belie the sophistication of the inherent message behind the verse—water is a life-giver. It creates the weather, quenches thirst, is a habitat for animals, helps the plants and trees grow, both cools and insulates, fights fires, soothes injuries and beautifies the Earth in myriad ways. Mentioning only spring and autumn by name, the pictures nonetheless cycle through all four seasons. “Water is water— / it’s puddle, pond, sea. / When springtime comes splashing, / the water flows free. // Water can be a… / Tadpole hatcher / Picture catcher // Otter feeder / Downhill speeder // Garden soaker / Valley cloaker.” Dabija’s illustrations, created with a combination of traditional and digital techniques and filled with simple shapes and vivid, vibrant colors, are misty, scratchy, sometimes-impressionistic, always atmospheric—in a word, beautiful. Even older elementary students will welcome the shimmering pairings of words and artwork, their teachers using this as both a science lesson and a writing exercise—can students write as poetically, economically and informatively as Salas? Backmatter extends the poetic hints in brief paragraphs (“Rainbow jeweler” describes how rainbows form, for example).
Kids of all ages will gain a new appreciation for water, and Salas and Dabija will surely gain new fans. (glossary, further resources) (Informational picture book. 4-10) | <urn:uuid:d3f6c85f-a0a5-4917-8d39-d8df8eaf8f4e> | {
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The history of the White House began when President George Washington and city planner Pierre L'Enfant chose the site for the presidential residence, now listed at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Irish-born architect James Hoban's design was chosen in a competition to find a builder of the "President's House." Construction began in October 1792. Although Washington oversaw the building of the house, he never lived in it. When the White House was completed in 1800, President John Adams and his wife, Abigail, moved in as the first residents. Since then, each president has made his own changes and additions. It survived a fire at the hands of the British in 1814 during the War of 1812 and another blaze in the West Wing in 1929 when Herbert Hoover was president. President Harry Truman gutted and renovated the building during his time there. Encompassing approximately 55,000 square feet, the White House has 132 rooms, including 35 bathrooms and 16 family and guest rooms. It is the world's only private residence of a head of state that is open to the public. | <urn:uuid:cc83318a-f983-4ef7-ba58-053f6aa31fd2> | {
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Scientists find way to make cells resistant to HIV, hope to cure AIDS
A big step towards curing the disease in a person with HIV was made by researchers who found a way to tether HIV-fighting antibodies to immune cells.The scientists’ experiments at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) created a cell population resistant to the virus and showed that these resistant cells can quickly replace diseased cells.
According to a press release, the new technique offers a significant advantage over therapies where antibodies float freely in the bloodstream at a relatively low concentration. Instead, antibodies in the new study hang on to a cell’s surface, blocking HIV from accessing a crucial cell receptor and spreading infection.
Jia Xie, senior staff scientist at TSRI and first author of the study published recently in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, called it the “neighbour effect” as an antibody stuck nearby is more effective than having many antibodies floating throughout the bloodstream.
“This is really a form of cellular vaccination,” study senior author Richard Lerner said.
Because the delivery system can’t reach exactly 100 percent of cells, the finished product was a mix of engineered and unengineered cells. The researchers then added rhinovirus to these cell populations and waited to see what would happen. The vast majority of cells died in about two days. In dishes with only unengineered cells, the population never recovered. There was an initial die-off in the mixed engineered/unengineered populations, too, but their numbers quickly bounced back.
After 125 hours, these cell populations were back up to around the same levels as cells in a healthy control group. In essence, the researchers had forced the cells to compete in Darwinian, “survival-of-the-fittest” selection in a lab dish. Cells without antibody protection died off, leaving protected cells to survive and multiply, passing on the protective gene to new cells.
“HIV is treatable but not curable—this remains a disease that causes a lot of suffering.That makes the case for why these technologies are so important,” Joseph Alvarnas, M.D., director of Value-Based Analytics at City of Hope, said. | <urn:uuid:65d549be-bdaa-4475-9249-c1ff7d142089> | {
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Wheelchair Rugby (Murderball) — The Game
Timing: 2 x 45 minute blocks
CROSS-CURRICULAR: Sciences, Physical Education
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Sample Grade 5
OVERVIEW: This lesson focuses on how the game of wheelchair rugby is played.
CURRICULUM SKILLS / KNOWLEDGE / VALUES:
- learn how the game of wheelchair rugby is played
- expand their knowledge about wheelchair rugby
- computer and internet access
website to view supporting web links and video:
Wheelchair Rugby Canada Cup
- Wheelchair Rugby: The Basic Rules
- Wheelchair Rugby Trivia Game Questions and Answer Key
- Wheelchair Rugby Trivia Game Cards (50) (photocopy one set) and Blank Templates
- View the wheelchair rugby games video clips and facilitate discussion around what students learned and what they found most interesting.
- With the class, explain and discuss the Game of Wheelchair Rugby and Basic Rules.
- Play Wheelchair Rugby Trivia. There are a number of ways to play:
- have the students cut the questions from the answers and do a matching activity in partners or teams, or match the questions with answers that are posted around the classroom.
- or play a team or group trivia live game show using any of the provided Trivia Questions and Answers.
- or have students create more questions and answers to add to the trivia card set by filling in the blank templates. | <urn:uuid:6288db5c-684b-49c8-9dbf-5e429b3e9529> | {
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Fiber refers to types of carbohydrates that the body cannot break down or absorb. Even though your body cannot absorb it, fiber is a necessary nutrient as it helps maintain health in various body systems. The average person should consume between 20 and 35 grams of fiber each day; but according to the Joslin Diabetes Center, most Americans only consume half that amount.
High-fiber foods have more density, meaning that they require more chewing time, which gives your body more time to register that it’s full. High-fiber foods also sit longer in your stomach before moving through the rest of your digestive tract, which helps you feel fuller longer and reduce snacking between meals.
Digestive Tract Regulation and Health
Fiber helps regulate the digestive tract and bowel movements by slowing down the progression of stools. This helps the body absorb more water. Also, fiber adds bulk to stools, making them soft and easier to pass and reducing the incidence of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Soft and bulky stools may also help sweep out toxins and carcinogens from the colon, according to Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterology.
Soluble fiber found in oats, oat bran, beans and some fruits helps to reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein, or bad, cholesterol by inhibiting its absorption into the bloodstream. High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol can lead to heart disease.
Blood Sugar Regulation
Fiber slows down the absorption of the sugar in the digestive system. This helps maintain even levels of blood sugar and reduce the incidence of potentially dangerous blood sugar spikes. People with diabetes who eat at least 50 grams of fiber per day may be able to control their blood glucose levels better than those who eat less.
Bloating, Cramping and Flatulence
Increasing dietary fiber does not have many cons. However, because fiber does absorb water, you must increase water intake as you increase fiber. Consuming too little water while increasing fiber intake can cause bloating, cramping and increased flatulence as fiber moves through the digestive tract. You should increase your fiber intake slowly daily until you reach the recommended daily value. | <urn:uuid:d85b39ff-770c-4140-b808-688a4ed0a0ac> | {
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Brachial Plexus Injuries
What is a brachial plexus injury?
A bundle of connected nerves in the neck region of your spinal cord sends branches down into your chest, shoulders, arms, and hands. This group of nerves is called the brachial plexus. These nerves control the motions of your wrists, hands, and arms, allowing you to raise your arm, type on your keyboard, or throw a baseball.
The brachial plexus nerves are sensory, too. For instance, they let you know that the pan you just grabbed with your hand is too hot to hold.
The brachial plexus can be injured in many different ways—from pressure, stress, or being stretched too far. The nerves may also be damaged by cancer or radiation treatment. Sometimes, brachial plexus injuries happen to babies during childbirth. In some cases, an overactive immune system can damage the plexus.
Brachial plexus injuries cut off all or parts of the communication between the spinal cord and the arm, wrist, and hand. This may mean that you can't move or feel parts of your arm or hand. Often, brachial plexus injuries also result in total loss of feeling in the area.
The severity of a brachial plexus injury varies. In some people, function and feeling returns to normal. Others may have lifelong disabilities because they can't use or feel a part of the arm.
Brachial plexus injuries are categorized by how badly the nerves are damaged:
Avulsion. The root of the nerve is completely separated from the spinal cord (the most severe type).
Neurapraxia. The nerves are stretched (the least severe type).
Rupture. Part of the nerve is actually torn.
Neuroma. Scar tissue forms on the stretched nerve as it fixes itself.
Brachial neuritis. This is a rare syndrome for which no cause can be identified. It's also called Parsonage-Turner syndrome.
Brachial plexus birth injury is when the brachial plexus gets stretched during childbirth. It is called Erb's palsy or Klumpke's palsy, depending on which part of the plexus is injured. Erb's palsy affects between 1 and 2 babies in every 1,000 births.
What causes a brachial plexus injury?
The most common type of injury happens when the neck is tilted while traction happens on the other side of the neck. But injuries are varied, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, athletic injuries (especially contact sports), and childbirth.
During childbirth, large babies may be at an increased risk for brachial plexus injuries. A quick or emergency delivery, when the baby must be forcibly pulled out, can result in a brachial plexus injury. This happens because the baby's neck is often flexed severely in one direction. Babies in breech position (bottom end comes out first) and those whose labor lasts an unusually long time may also suffer brachial plexus injuries.
Cancer and radiation therapy can both cause brachial plexus injury. The tumor itself can invade the brachial plexus. Radiation of lymph nodes in the area can also damage the nerves.
Who is at risk for a brachial plexus injury?
Factors that may raise your risk are:
Motor vehicle accidents
Sports activities, especially football
Childbirth, especially large babies, breech position, or long labor
Cancer and radiation therapy
What are the symptoms of a brachial plexus injury?
Symptoms depend on where along the length of the brachial plexus the injuries happen and how severe they are.
These are common symptoms of brachial plexus injuries:
No feeling in the hand or arm
Inability to control or move the arm, wrist, or hand
An arm that hangs limply
How are brachial plexus injuries diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will examine your hand and arm. He or she will test for feeling and function to help diagnose this type of injury.
These are other diagnostic tests often used:
Imaging tests, such as an MRI scan or CT scan
Tests to determine nerve function and electrical activity, including a nerve conduction study and electromyogram (EMG)
X-ray of the neck and shoulder area
How are brachial plexus injuries treated?
Some brachial plexus injuries require surgery to repair the damage. Physical therapy can help you restore function in your arms and hands. It can also improve range of motion and flexibility in stiff muscles and joints.
Brachial plexus injuries don't always need treatment. Some people, particularly babies with a brachial plexus birth injury, get better without any treatment. But it can take as long as several months for the injury to heal. Certain exercises can help with healing and function.
You may need regular checkups to watch the progress and healing of a brachial plexus injury. Checkups are especially important for babies. They may be needed for as long as 2 years as the injury heals.
In some cases, a surgeon can connect other nerves or tendons to the muscles of the arm or hand to restore function. This is only done when the chance of spontaneous nerve growth becomes unlikely.
What are possible complications of brachial plexus injuries?
For severe brachial plexus injuries, prompt surgery could be needed to try to get function back. Without it, you might have a lasting disability and be unable to use your arm or hand.
If you have a brachial plexus injury resulting in a lack of feeling, you must take special care when dealing with hot items, razors, knives, or other objects that could harm you. A brachial plexus injury can keep you from feeling any other injury to the affected area. You may not notice that you're hurt.
You may also have long-term pain or sensory changes in the affected area. Or you could have paralysis.
What can I do to prevent brachial plexus injuries?
To help prevent these injuries:
When should I call the healthcare provider?
If you have had an injury to the neck or shoulder area and you can't feel or move your hand or arm, call your healthcare provider to find out what's causing your symptoms
Key points about brachial plexus
Brachial plexus injuries often heal well if they aren't severe. Many people with minor brachial plexus injuries recover between 90% and 100% of the normal function of their arms.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:
Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.
Online Medical Reviewer:
Anne Fetterman RN BSN
Online Medical Reviewer:
Raymond Kent Turley BSN MSN RN
Date Last Reviewed:
© 2000-2019 The StayWell Company, LLC. 800 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions. | <urn:uuid:eaec2099-8890-49c7-a89e-15b0e4b6c3ef> | {
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How Many Teens Text While Behind the Wheel?
Teenagers aren’t drinking as much as they used to and more of them now wear seat belts, but all of that could be offset by the startling number of them who admit to texting while driving.
The CDC’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, which has been done every other year since 1991, polled 15,000 teens and found that they’re now less likely to engage in risky behaviors like smoking, binge-drinking, or having a high number of sexual partners.
But that said, nearly a third of teen drivers said they’ve texted or emailed while behind the wheel at least once in the previous month, a statistic Howell Wechsler, director of the CDC’s Division of Adolescent and School Health, finds troubling.
Teen deaths related to car accidents have fallen 44 percent since 1991, but crashes are still the number one cause of fatalities for the age group. And since inexperienced teen drivers have the highest rate of distraction-related auto wrecks, Wechsler said, “Texting or emailing while driving can have deadly consequences that are entirely preventable.” | <urn:uuid:f2f379e1-a481-47d2-b10b-f6c49a5fda88> | {
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Ezequiel Moraes dos Santos
With support from the grant from Probio, the small GIS station
has been maintained. The WWF Brazil also confirmed their interest
in developing a partnership with the GLT Association for expanding
the GIS lab. The GIS continues to assist the researchers in
locating important areas for their activities.
Amongst the example of products generated
by the GIS are:
- Map of the Poço das Antas Reserve to use for developing
management strategies by IBAMA
- Demonstration Map of the burnt burnt in Poço das
Antas for use by IBAMA
- Schematic Map of the projected forest corridors between
the Rio Vermelho Farm and Poço das Antas
- Schematic Map for the agricultural schools that participate
in the Environment Education program
- Maps to help establishment of two RPPNs (private reserves)
- Map for a proposal to establishment an APA of the Rio
- Due to its structure and transparency, the GIS system
has attracted the interest of potential partners such as
local city halls, university and other NGOs.
- This has been made successful due to the unrestricted
bracket support of the PRONABIO/PROBIO/MMA grant, with the
additional funds from BIRD/GEF/CNPq. | <urn:uuid:58c9aac2-872e-43d6-bdab-b79cc903b3d9> | {
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Evens Coat of Arms
Click below to change main image
Which coat of arms or "family crest" is mine?
Choose the design you like best, just your ancestors did when they painted these symbols on the shields they carried into battle and displayed in their homes. These coats of arms are real, historical works of art/culture dating back as far as 1100AD. Most of these designs were compiled and documented by genealogists and heraldists in large books published in the nineteenth century. These arms were owned by individuals who bore your surname, and were passed down through the generations from father to son, earning the monicker "family crest".
Origin, Meaning, Family History and Evens Coat of Arms and Family Crest
Origins of Evens:
This unusual surname, of old Welsh origin. It is a nickname form of the Welsh male given name Ifan or Evan, itself coming from “Iohannes” through the common “Iovannes,” the Latin forms of John. The surname John has enjoyed great popularity in Europe all over the Christian period, being given in respect of St. John the Baptist, St. John the Evangelist, or the nearly one thousand other Holy persons of the name. The real derivation is from the Hebrew name “Yochanan” which means “Jehovah has blessed (me with a son)” or “may Jehovah bless this child.” The surname Evans combines in the first part of the 16th Century, and in the new era takes the forms as Evans, Evens, Evins, Evance, Ifans, Ivings and Heavans. The name is well recorded in the “Document of National Biography” with over fifty entries, one of the most remarkable being Mary Ann Evans (1819 – 1880), who under the name of George Eliot, wrote “Silas Marner” and “Middlemarch,” and many other famous works. William Evans, at the age of 23 yrs., who shifted from London on the ship “America” obligated for Virginia in July 1635, was one of the oldest recorded name ancestors to settle in the New World.
More common variations are: Eavens, Evenes, Eveans, Eivens, Evenas, Evenis, Evens, Evaens, Evenso, Evoens.
The origins of the surname Evens found in Herefordshire where people held a family seat from early times. Some say better before the success of Normans and the entrance of Duke William at Hastings 1066 A.D.
The very first recording spelling of the family was shown to be that of John Yevans, dated about 1533, in the “Records of Monmathshire”. It was during the time of King Henry V111, who was known to be the “Bluff King Hal”, dated 1509-1547. The origin of surnames during this period became a necessity with the introduction of personal taxation. It came to be known as Poll Tax in England.
Many of the people with surname Evens had moved to Ireland during the 17th century.
United States of America:
Individuals with the surname Evens settled in the United States in three different centuries respectively in the 17th, 18th, and 19th. Some of the individuals with the name Evens landed in the United States in the 17th century included John Evens arrived in Virginia in 1619. Magdalan Evens, who came to Maryland in 1649-1652. Franc Evens, who landed in Maryland in 1661.
People with the surname Evens who settled in the United States in the 18th century included Edward Evens landed in Virginia in 1704. Richard Evens arrived in Baltimore, Maryland in 1720. William Evens came to Mississippi in 1798. Edward Evens arrived in Mississippi in 1798.
The following century saw many more Evens surnames come. Some of the population with the surname Evens who arrived in the United States in the 19th century included Jacob Evens landed in America in 1806. Ezekiel Evens and George Evens, both arrived in New York in the same year 1812.
Some of the people with the surname Evens who landed in Canada in the 18th century included Ebenezr Evens landed in Nova Scotia in 1750. Mary Evens landed in Nova Scotia in 1750. William Evens landed in Nova Scotia in 1750.
Some of the individuals with the surname Evens who settled in New Zealand in the 19th century included Joshua Evens arrived in Lyttelton, New Zealand aboard the ship “Ballochmyle” in 1874. Edwin Evens arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship “Hindostan” in 1875.
Here is the population distribution of the last name Evens: Haiti 21,493; United States 2,732; Belgium 1,410; England 527; Dominican Republic 361; Canada 295; South Africa 274; France 208; Australia 202; Germany 134.
Bernt Evens (born 1978), is a Belgian professional soccer player.
Bob Evens (born 1947), is an English Anglican priest.
George Bramwell Evens (1884–1943), was a British radio announcer.
Evens Coat of Arms Meaning
The two main devices (symbols) in the Evens blazon are the chevron and fleur-de-lis. The two main tinctures (colors) are sable and or.
Sable, the deep black so often found in Heraldry is believed to named from an animal of the marten family know in the middle ages as a Sabellinœ and noted for its very black fur 1A Glossary of Terms used in British Heraldry, J.H. Parker, Oxford, 1894, Entry:Sable. In engravings, when colors cannot be shown it is represented as closely spaced horizontal and vertical lines, and appropriately is thus the darkest form of hatching, as this method is known 2Boutell’s Heraldry, J.P. Brooke-Little, Warne, (revised Edition) London 1970, P 26. Although it may seem a sombre tone, and does indeed sometimes denote grief, it is more commonly said to represent Constancy 3The Symbolisms of Heraldry, W. Cecil Wade, George Redway, London, 1898 P35.
Or is the heraldic metal Gold, often shown as a bold, bright yellow colour. It is said to show “Generosity and elevation of the mind” 4The Symbolisms of Heraldry, W. Cecil Wade, George Redway, London, 1898 P35. Later heralds, of a more poetic nature liked to refer to it as Topaz, after the gemstone, and, for obvious reasons associated it with the Sun 5Understanding Signs & Symbols – Heraldry, S. Oliver & G. Croton, Quantum, London, 2013, P53. In drawings without colour it is usually represented by many small dots, or by the letter ‘O’ 6A Complete Guide to Heraldry, A.C. Fox-Davies, Bonanza (re-print of 1909 Edition), New York, 1978, P76-77.
The chevron is one the major shapes used upon a shield, known as ordinaries. The inverted ‘V’ of the chevron is perhaps thought to have originated to represent a military scarf folded on the shield 7A Display of Heraldry, J. Guillim, Blome, London, 1679, (various), or additional cross-pieces used to strengthen the shield and painted a different colour.8The Pursuivant of Arms, J. R. Planche, Hardwicke, London 1859. It has also acquired the meaning of “Protection… granted… to one who has achieved some notable enterprise” 9The Symbolisms of Heraldry, W. Cecil Wade, George Redway, London, 1898 P45, possibly becuase of its resemblance to the roof truss of a house.
The fleur-de-lys (“flower of the lily”) has a long and noble history and was a symbol associated with the royalty of France even before heraldry became widespread. 10Boutell’s Heraldry, J.P. Brooke-Little, Warne, (revised Edition) London 1970, P 3. The Lily flower is said to represent “Purity, or whiteness of soul”11The Symbolisms of Heraldry, W. Cecil Wade, George Redway, London, 1898 P134 and sometimes associated with the Virgin Mary. The fleur-de-lys is also used as a small “badge”, known as a mark of cadency to show that the holder is the sixth son of the present holder of the arms 12A Complete Guide to Heraldry, A.C. Fox-Davies, Bonanza (re-print of 1909 Edition), New York, 1978, P489 | <urn:uuid:75c6927c-5186-40ff-af8b-dd222a7812fd> | {
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Hair loss is often described as a medical condition, which is not true. Shedding hairs is usually an indication to some underlying condition. There is a long list of medical conditions that are often related to hair loss. These ailments may be a cause or symptom of hair loss, or may make you more vulnerable to hair shedding.
Here are some diseases that are commonly associated with hair loss.
The connection between thyroid and hair loss is well known. Both hyper and hypothyroidism can cause hair loss. If due to any reason, your thyroid hormone levels drop or rise to unhealthy levels, this can appear as hair loss. But the good news is that thyroid related hair loss is not permanent. As soon as you get the required treatment for thyroid problem, hair loss not only stops but the hairs also regrow automatically. It is also pertinent to mention here that sometimes medications for thyroid disease also trigger hair loss. So, you need to be watchful about your condition and triggers.
Ringworm is a common fungal infection that causes scaly, crusted rash that mostly appears as round patches on the skin. This fungal infection when affects the scalp skin, it hampers hair growth in the affected areas, causing temporary hair loss. Hair loss due to ringworm can be effectively treated and cured with antifungal medications, both oral and topical.
One medical condition that is considered the most common cause of hair loss, especially in women is Anemia, an ailment characterized by significantly low count of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemia, commonly known as iron deficiency, is caused by either destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) or due to insufficient production of RBCs. Anemia does not have any apparent symptoms. Anemic patients usually feel tired, become easily fatigued and feel short of breath even after a light exercise, such s climbing stairs or a brisk walk.
High grade fever is also often associated with hair loss. Fever is an indication of your immune system’s quick response to any foreign invader, be it a virus, fungi, bacteria or any other toxin. Low grade fevers are clinically considered healthy for the body as they help it to fight off infections. However, high grade fever is not at all good for you and must be controlled. It can not only trigger hair loss, but may also damage your brain. Typhoid involves high grade fever and thus often causes hair loss.
Cancer is a medical condition caused by abnormal growth of cells anywhere in the body. Besides being an extremely painful condition, cancer can sometimes trigger hair loss as well, an added psychological distress. And if cancer does not cause you to shed hairs, its treatment (chemotherapy) will definitely do that.
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease characterized by red, raised scaly patches that typically affects elbows and knees, but can appear anywhere on the body. When the condition affects your scalp skin, it is called scalp psoriasis. These patches extend from the scalp to the forehead as well as back of the head towards the neck. Sever disease can cause patchy hair loss in the affected area. However, the hairs usually return after the disease has been controlled.
Low levels of testosterone can also trigger hair loss in men. Low-T can be caused by a number of conditions such as obesity, liver and kidney disorders, type-2 diabetes etc. Unlike Androgenic Alopecia (caused by high levels of Dihydrotestosterone) hair shedding due to Low-T is temporary and hair growth becomes normal again as soon as the hormone levels are balanced in the body.
Schedule A Free Online Consultation:
If you still have any queries regarding hair loss from illness, or you are seeking hair transplant surgery in Dubai feel free to contact us now by filling the free online consultation form below. | <urn:uuid:d173e9d7-1c4a-40c0-bffa-0b42190c659d> | {
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From Ancient Mesoamerica to the Toltecs
c. 8000 B.C.
The first human experiments with plant cultivation begin in the New World during the early post-Pleistocene period. Squash is one of the earliest crops. This agricultural development process, which continues slowly over thousands of years, will form the basis of the first villages of Mesoamerica (including Mexico and Central America).
The first major Mesoamerican civilization–the Olmecs–grows out of the early villages, beginning in the southern region of what is now Mexico. This period is marked by the effective cultivation of crops such as corn (maize), beans, chile peppers and cotton; the emergence of pottery, fine art and graphic symbols used to record Olmec history, society and culture; and the establishment of larger cities such as San Lorenzo (about 1200-900 B.C.) and La Venta (about 900-400 B.C.).
In the late Formative (or Pre-Classic) period, Olmec hegemony gives way to a number of other regional groups, including the Maya, Zapotec, Totonac, and Teotihuacán civilizations, all of which share a common Olmec heritage.
The Mayan civilization, centered in the Yucatán peninsula, becomes one of the most dominant of the area’s regional groups, reaching its peak around the sixth century A.D., during the Classic period of Mesoamerican history. The Mayas excelled at pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and mathematics, and left an astonishing amount of great architecture; the ruins can still be seen today. By 600 A.D., the Mayan alliance with the Teotihuacán, a commercially advanced society in north-central Mexico, had spread its influence over much of Mesoamerica.
With Teotihuacán and Mayan dominance beginning to wane, a number of upstart states begin to compete for power. The warlike Toltec, who migrated from north of Teotihuacán, become the most successful, establishing their empire in the central valley of Mexico by the 10th century. The rise of the Toltecs, who used their powerful armies to subjugate neighboring societies, is said to have marked the beginning of militarism in Mesoamerican society.
The early Post-Classic period begins with the dominant Toltecs headquartered in their capital of Tula (also known as Tollan). Over the next 300 years, internal conflict combined with the influx of new invaders from the north weaken Toltec civilization, until by 1200 (the late Post-Classic period) the Toltecs are vanquished by the Chichimecha, a collection of rugged tribes of undetermined origin (probably near Mexico’s northern frontier) who claim the great Toltec cities as their own.
Rise and Fall of the Aztecs
The nomadic Chichimecha tribe of the Mexica, more commonly known as the Aztecs, arrive in Mexico’s central valley, then called the Valley of Anahuac, after a long migration from their northern homeland. Following the prophecy of one of their gods, Huitzilopochtli, they found a settlement, Tenochtitlán, on the marshy land near Lake Texcoco. By the early 15th century, the Aztecs and their first emperor, Itzcoatl, form a three-way alliance with the city-states of Texcoco and Tlatelóco (now Tacuba) and establish joint control over the region.
The mighty Aztecs conquer their chief rivals in the city of Azcapotzalco and emerge as the dominant force in central Mexico. They develop an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization, with an economy driven by bustling markets such as Tenochtitlán’s Tlatelolco, visited by some 50,000 people on major market days. Early forms of currency include cacao beans and lengths of woven cloth. The Aztec civilization is also highly developed socially, intellectually and artistically. Their language, Nahuatl, is the dominant language in central Mexico by mid-1350s, although numerous other languages are spoken. Distinctive examples of the Aztec artistic style include exquisitely feathered tapestries, headdresses and other attire; finely worked ceramics; gold, silver and copperware; and precious stones, particularly jade and turquoise. In the great cities of the Aztec empire, magnificent temples and palaces and imposing stone statues decorating most street corners, plazas and landmarks all embody the civilization’s unfailing devotion to its many gods.
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, the first European to visit Mexican territory, arrives in the Yucatán from Cuba with three ships and about 100 men. Members of the local native population clash with the Spanish explorers, killing some 50 of them and capturing several more. Córdoba’s reports on his return to Cuba prompt the Spanish governor there, Diego Velásquez, to send a larger force back to Mexico, under the command of Hernán Cortés. Like most of the first European visitors to the New World, Cortés is driven by the desire to find a route to Asia and its immense riches in spices and other resources.
Cortés sets sail from Cuba with 11 ships, more than 450 soldiers and a large number of supplies, including 16 horses. Upon arriving in Yucatán, the Spaniards take control of the town of Tabasco, where they begin learning of the great Aztec civilization, now ruled by Moctezuma II. Defying the authority of Velasquéz, Cortés founds the city of Veracruz, on the Gulf of Mexico directly east of Mexico City. With an entourage of 400 (including several captive members of the native population, notably a woman known as Malinche, who serves as a translator and becomes Cortés’s mistress) Cortés begins his famous march inward into Mexico, using the strength of his forces to form an important alliance with the Tlascalans, enemies of the Aztecs.
Cortés and his men arrive in Tenochtitlán; they are welcomed as honored guests by Moctezuma and his people due to the Spaniard’s resemblance to Quetzalcoatl, a legendary light-skinned god-king whose return was prophesied in Aztec legend. Taking Moctezuma hostage, Cortés is able to gain control of Tenochtitlán.
August 13, 1521
After a bloody series of conflicts–involving the Aztecs, the Tlascalans and other native allies of the Spaniards, and a Spanish force sent by Velásquez to contain Cortés–Cortés finally defeats the forces of Montezuma’s nephew, Cuauhtémoc (who became emperor after his uncle was killed in 1520) to complete his conquest of Tenochtitlán. His victory marks the fall of the once-mighty Aztec empire. Cortés razes the Aztec capital and builds Mexico City on its ruins; it quickly becomes the premier European center in the New World.
Hidalgo, Santa Anna and War
Napoleon Bonaparte occupies Spain, deposes the monarchy, and installs his brother, Joseph, as head of state. The ensuing Peninsular War between Spain (backed by Britain) and France will lead almost directly to the Mexican war for independence, as the colonial government in New Spain falls into disarray and its opponents begin to gain momentum.
September 16, 1810
In the midst of factional struggles within the colonial government, Father Manuel Hidalgo, a priest in the small village of Dolores, issues his famous call for Mexican independence. El grito de Dolores set off a flurry of revolutionary action by thousands of natives and mestizos, who banded together to capture Guanajuato and other major cities west of Mexico City. Despite its initial success, the Hidalgo rebellion loses steam and is defeated quickly, and the priest is captured and killed at Chihuahua in 1811. His name lives on in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, however, and September 16, 1810, is still celebrated as Mexico’s Independence Day.
Another priest, Jose Morelos, succeeds Hidalgo as leader of Mexico’s independence movement and proclaims a Mexican republic. He is defeated by the royalist forces of the mestizo general Agustín de Iturbide, and the revolutionary banner passes to Vicente Guerrero.
After revolt in Spain ushers in a new era of liberal reforms there, conservative Mexican leaders begin plans to end the viceregal system and separate their country from the mother land on their own terms. On their behalf, Iturbide meets with Guerrero and issues the Plan of Iguala, by which Mexico would become an independent country ruled as a limited monarchy, with the Roman Catholic Church as the official state church and equal rights and upper-class status for the Spanish and mestizo populations, as opposed to the majority of the population, which was of Native American or African descent, or mulato (mixed). In August 1821, the last Spanish viceroy is forced to sign the Treaty of Córdoba, marking the official beginning of Mexican independence.
Iturbide, who earlier declared himself emperor of the new Mexican state, is deposed by his former aide, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, who declares a Mexican republic. Guadalupe Victoria becomes Mexico’s first elected president, and during his tenure Iturbide is executed, and a bitter struggle begins between Centralist, or conservative, and Federalist, or liberal, elements of the Mexican government that will continue for the next several decades.
Santa Anna himself becomes president after leading the successful resistance against Spain’s attempt to recapture Mexico in 1829. His strong Centralist policies encourage the increasing ire of residents of Texas, then still part of Mexico, who declare their independence in 1836. After attempting to quell the rebellion in Texas, Santa Anna’s forces are decisively defeated by those of rebel leader Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. Humbled, he is forced to resign power by 1844.
May 12, 1846
As a result of the continuing dispute over Texas, frictions between the U.S. and Mexican residents of the region, and a desire to acquire land in New Mexico and California, the U.S. declares war on Mexico. The U.S. quickly smother their enemy with superior force, launching an invasion of northern Mexico led by General Zachary Taylor while simultaneously invading New Mexico and California and blockading both of Mexico’s coasts. Despite a series of U.S. victories (including a hard-won victory over Santa Anna’s men at Buena Vista in February 1847) and the success of the blockade, Mexico refuses to admit defeat, and in the spring of 1847 the U.S. sends forces under General Winfield Scott to capture Mexico City. Scott’s men accomplish this on September 14, and a formal peace is reached in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848. By its terms, the Rio Grande becomes the southern boundary of Texas, and California and New Mexico are ceded to the U.S. The U.S. agrees to pay $15 million as compensation for the seized land, which amounts to half of Mexico’s territory.
Defeat in the war against the United States serves as a catalyst for a new era of reform in Mexico. Regional resistance to the strict centralized regime of the aging Santa Anna leads to guerrilla warfare and eventually to the general’s forced exile and the rise to power of rebel leader Juan Álvarez. He and his liberal cabinet, including Benito Júarez, institute a series of reforms, culminating in 1857 in the form of a new constitution establishing a federal as opposed to centralized form of government and guaranteeing freedom of speech and universal male suffrage, among other civil liberties. Other reforms focus on curtailing the power and wealth of the Catholic Church. Conservative groups bitterly oppose the new constitution, and in 1858 a three-year-long civil war begins that will devastate an already weakened Mexico.
Road to Revolution
Benito Júarez, a Zapotec Indian, emerges from the War of the Reform as the champion of the victorious liberals. One of Júarez’s first acts as president is to suspend payment on all of Mexico’s debts to foreign governments. In an operation spearheaded by France’s Napoleon III, France, Great Britain and Spain intervene to protect their investments in Mexico, occupying Veracruz. The British and Spanish soon withdraw, but Napoleon III sends his troops to occupy Mexico City, forcing Júarez and his government to flee in June 1863. Napoleon III installs Maximilian, archduke of Austria, on the throne of a Mexican Empire.
Under pressure from the United States, which has continued to recognize Júarez as the legitimate leader of Mexico, France withdraws its troops from Mexico. After Mexican troops under General Porfirio Díaz occupy Mexico City, Maximilian is forced to surrender and is executed after a court-martial. Reinstated as president, Júarez immediately causes controversy by proposing further changes to the constitution that would strengthen executive power. In the 1871 elections, he narrowly wins reelection over a slate of candidates including Porfirio Díaz, who leads an unsuccessful revolt in protest. Júarez dies of a heart attack in 1872.
After another revolt–this time successful–against Júarez’s successor Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, Porfirio Díaz takes control of Mexico. Except for one four-year stretch from 1880 to 1884, Díaz will rule essentially as a dictator until 1911. During this period, Mexico undergoes tremendous commercial and economic development, based largely on Díaz’s encouragement of foreign investment in the country. By 1910, most of the largest businesses in Mexico are owned by foreign nationals, mostly American or British. The modernizing reforms made by the Díaz government turn Mexico City into a bustling metropolis, but they largely benefit the country’s upper classes, not its poor majority. The fundamental inequality of Mexico’s political and economic system breeds growing discontent, which will lead to revolution.
Francisco Madero, a landowning lawyer and a member of Mexico’s liberal, educated class, unsuccessfully opposes Díaz in the year’s presidential elections. He also publishes a book calling for free and democratic elections and an end to the Díaz regime. Although fully 90 percent of the Mexican population at the time is illiterate, Madero’s message spreads throughout the country, sparking increasing calls for change, and Madero himself becomes the acknowledged leader of a popular revolution.
November 20, 1910
The Mexican Revolution begins when Madero issues the Plan of San Luis Potosí, promising democracy, federalism, agrarian reform and worker’s rights and declaring war on the Díaz regime. By 1911, Díaz is forced to step aside and Madero is elected president, but conflict and violence continue for the better part of the next decade. Popular leaders like Emiliano Zapata in southern Mexico and Pancho Villa in the north emerge as the champions of the peasant and working class, refusing to submit to presidential authority.
In the wake of a series of bloody riots in the streets of Mexico City in February 1913, Madero is overthrown by a coup led by his own military chief, General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta declares himself dictator and has Madero murdered, but opposition from the supporters of Villa, Zapata and the former Díaz ally (but political moderate) Venustiano Carranza drive Huerta to resign by 1914. Carranza takes power, and Zapata and Villa continue waging war against him. Various invasions by the United States–nervous about their unruly neighbor–further complicates matters, as Carranza struggles to hold power. Government forces led by General Álvaro Obregón finally defeat Villa’s northern guerrilla forces, leaving the rebel leader wounded but alive.
Mexico remains neutral throughout World War I, despite efforts by Germany to enlist the country as an ally. Despite the warring factions in Mexico, Carranza is able to oversee the creation of a new liberal Mexican constitution in 1917. In his efforts to maintain power, however, Carranza grows increasingly reactionary, ordering the ambush and murder of Zapata in 1919. Some of Zapata’s followers refuse to believe their hero is dead, and his legend lives on to inspire many generations of social reformers. The following year, Obregón is overthrown and killed by a group of his more radical generals. They are led by Obregón, who is elected president and faces the task of reforming Mexico after ten years of devastating revolution. By this time, nearly 900,000 Mexicans have emigrated to the United States since 1910, both to escape the violence and to find greater opportunities for work.
After three years, the U.S. recognizes the Obregón government, only after the Mexican leader promises not to seize the holdings of American oil companies in Mexico. In domestic affairs, Obregón puts into place a serious of agrarian reforms, and gave official sanction to organizations of peasants and laborers. He also institutes a sweeping educational reform led by Jose Vasconcelos, enabling the Mexican cultural revolution that begins during this period–including astonishing work by such artists as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, the photographer Tina Modotti, the composer Carlos Chávez and the writers Martín Luis Guzmán and Juan Rulfo–to extend from the richest to the poorest segments of the population. After stepping down in 1924 to make way for another former general, Plutarco Calles, Obregón is reelected in 1928, but is killed this same year by a religious fanatic.
Rebuilding the Nation
Lázaro Cárdenas, another former revolutionary general, is elected president. He revives the revolutionary-era social revolution and carries out an extensive series of agrarian reforms, distributing nearly twice as much land to peasants as had all of his predecessors combined. In 1938, Cárdenas nationalizes the country’s oil industry, expropriating the extensive properties of foreign-own companies and creating a government agency to administer the oil industry. He remains an influential figure in government throughout the next three decades.
Elected in 1940, Cárdenas’ more conservative successor, Manual Ávila Camacho, forges a friendlier relationship with the U.S., which leads Mexico to declare war on the Axis powers after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. During World War II, Mexican pilots fight against Japanese forces in the Philippines, serving alongside the U.S. Air Force. In 1944, Mexico agrees to pay U.S. oil companies $24 million, plus interest, for properties expropriated in 1938. The following year, Mexico joins the newly created United Nations.
Miguel Alemán becomes the first civilian president of Mexico since Francisco Madero in 1911. In the post-World War II years, Mexico undergoes great industrial and economic growth, even as the gap continues to grow between the richest and poorest segments of the population. The ruling government party, founded in 1929, is renamed the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), and will continue its dominance for the next 50 years.
PRI in Power
As a symbol of its growing international status, Mexico City is chosen to host the Olympic Games. Over the course of the year, student protesters stage a number of demonstrations in an attempt to draw international attention to what they see as a lack of social justice and democracy in Mexico under the PRI government and its current president, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. On October 2, ten days before the Games were to open, Mexican security forces and military troops surround a demonstration at the historic Tlatelolco Plaza and open fire. Though the resulting death and injury toll is concealed by the Mexican government (and their allies in Washington), at least 100 people are killed and many others wounded. The Games go ahead as planned.
Huge oil reserves are discovered in the Bay of Campeche, off the shores of the states of Campeche, Tabasco and Veracruz, at the southernmost end of the Gulf of Mexico. The Cantarell oil field established there becomes one of the largest in the world, producing more than 1 million barrels per day by 1981. Jose López Portillo, elected in 1976, promises to use the oil money to fund a campaign of industrial expansion, social welfare and high-yield agriculture. To do this, his government borrows huge sums of foreign money at high interest rates, only to discover that the oil is generally of low grade. These policies leave Mexico with the world’s largest foreign debt.
By the mid-1980s, Mexico is in financial crisis. On September 19, 1985, an earthquake in Mexico City kills nearly 10,000 people and causes heavy damage. The displaced residents, dissatisfied with the government’s response to their situation, form grassroots organizations that will blossom into a full-fledged human rights and civic action movement during the late 1980s and 1990s. The country’s problems are exacerbated by continuing accusations of electoral fraud against the PRI and the devastation caused in the Yucatán by a massive hurricane in 1988.
December 17, 1992
President Carlos Salinas joins George H.W. Bush of the U.S. and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada in signing the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which goes into effect January 1, 1994. The agreement calls for a phasing out of the longstanding trade barriers between the three nations. Salinas pushes it through over the opposition of the media and the academic communities and of the leftist Partido Revolucionario Democrático (PRD), which begins to win growing support among the electorate. Salinas’ government is plagued by accusations of corruption, and in 1995 the former president is forced into exile.
The latest PRI candidate, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, is elected president and immediately faces a banking crisis when the value of the Mexican peso plunges on international markets. The United States loans Mexico $20 billion, which, along with a plan of economic austerity, helps stabilize its currency.
The corruption-plagued PRI suffers a shocking defeat, losing the mayoralty of Mexico City (also known as the Distrito Federal, or DF) to PRD candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of former president Lázaro Cárdenas, by an overwhelming margin.
Vicente Fox, of the opposition Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) wins election to the Mexican presidency, ending more than 70 years of PRI rule. Parliamentary elections also see the PAN emerge victorious, beating the PRI by a slight margin. A former Coca-Cola executive, Fox enters office as a conservative reformer, focusing his early efforts on improving trade relations with the United States, calming civil unrest in areas such as Chiapas and reducing corruption, crime and drug trafficking. Fox also strives to improve the status of millions of illegal Mexican immigrants living in the United States, but his efforts stall after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. With reforms slowing and his opponents gaining ground, Fox also faces large-scale protests by farmers frustrated with the inequalities of the NAFTA system.
In the July presidential election, the PAN’s Felipe Calderón apparently wins by less than one percentage point over the PRD’s Andrés Manual López Obrador, with the PRI in third place. With the country strongly divided along class lines–López Obrador aims to represent Mexico’s poor, while Calderón promises to continue the country’s business and technological development–López Obrador and his supporters reject the results as fraudulent and stage mass protests. On September 5, a federal elections board officially declares Calderón the winner. He is inaugurated in December, as more than 100,000 protesters in Mexico City–in addition to PRD legislators–rally around López Obrador, who refuses to concede defeat. In his first months in office, Calderón moves away from the pro-business, free-trade promises of his campaign, expressing his desire to address some of the issues of poverty and social injustice championed by the PRD. | <urn:uuid:ed618b97-b802-473d-a177-818bb4b1bb3e> | {
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Enzymatic Reaction(image will open in a new window)
Cholesterol esterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sterol esters into their component sterols and fatty acids. The enzyme is found primarily in the pancreas, but has been detected in other tissues as well. Bile salts, such as cholate and its conjugates, are required to stabilize the enzyme in its native polymeric form and to protect it from proteolytic hydrolysis in the intestine (Vahouny and Treadwell 1968). Cholesterol esterase finds clinical applications in the determination of serum cholesterol (Allain et al. 1974).
Throughout the early 1900s the enzymatically catalyzed synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the presence of certain tissues was observed and described (Kondo 1910, Schultz 1912, Cytronberg 1912, Gardner and Lander 1913, Mueller 1916, Porter 1916, Nomura 1924, Shope 1928, Nedswedski 1935, Klein 1939, Sperry 1935, and Sperry and Stoyanoff 1937).
In 1949 and 1950, two papers were published as part of an extensive study on cholesterol esterase. This research described a method for crude enzyme preparation that focused on the importance of stable emulsions of cholesterol and cholesterol esters for activity (Yamamoto et al. 1949, and Swell and Treadwell 1950). Throughout the 1950s, the cholesterol esterase of serum and various other tissues was studied (Korzenovsky 1960). In 1957, Hernandez and Chaikoff studied the properties of pancreatic cholesterol esterase specifically and devised a rapid turbidimetric method for enzymatic activity estimation (Hernandez and Chaikoff 1957).
In the 1960s, Vahouny et al. studied methods for protecting cholesterol esterase from proteolytic inactivation (Vahouny et al. 1964). This study coupled with the known correlation between cardiovascular disease and high serum cholesterol (Keys 1980, and Goldstein and Brown 2003) led to the development of total serum cholesterol determination methods using cholesterol esterase (Allain et al. 1974).
In 1989, Kyger et al. sequenced a cDNA clone of bovine pancreatic cholesterol esterase. In 1994, the landmark “4S” study showed for the first time that lowering LDL levels through the use of statins could prevent heart attacks and prolong life (Goldstein and Brown 2003). With such treatment options available and the need for testing total cholesterol in serum rising dramatically, cholesterol esterase has become one of the most widely used enzymes in clinical laboratories (MacLachlan 2000).
Cholesterol esterase is synthesized in the acinar cells of the pancreas, stored in zymogen granules, and secreted as a component of pancreatic juice into the lumen of the small intestine (Labow et al. 1983). Cholesterol esterase hydrolyzes a wide range of ester substrates including cholesteryl esters, acylglycerides, phospholipids (Brockerhoff and Jensen 1974), retinyl esters (Fredrikzon et al. 1978), vitamin esters, and phenyl esters (Rudd and Brockman 1984). The enzyme has also been found to have amidase activity (Hui et al. 1993). The enzyme is useful as a biocatalyst because of its ability to catalyze transacylation reactions in a water-limited environment (Gallo et al. 1977, Kazlauskas 1989, and Feaster et al. 1996).
The gene that encodes cholesterol esterase in pigs (lipA) is located on chromosome 14 (GENE ID: 100142668). The LIPA gene is conserved in human, chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, fruit fly, mosquito, C. elegans, S. pombe, S. cerevisiae, E. gossypii, M. grisea, N. cassa, A. thaliana, and rice.
Cholesterol esterase is a glycoprotein that in the presence of salts aggregates to a hexamer (Hyun et al. 1971). Cholesterol esterase belongs to the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold family (Ollis et al. 1992, and Cygler et al. 1993). Most members of this family are esterases and share secondary and tertiary features. Nearly all use a serine esterase catalytic mechanism, which resembles that of the serine proteases (Kraut 1977).
Protein Accession Number: NP_001116606
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A few days before Thanksgiving in a small Virginia town called Poquoson, Frank Gornik, 14, was removing storm debris for his uncle’s company. The boy, a freshman in high school, fed branches into a wood chipper. He used a shovel to help force the branches and that shovel was grabbed by the machine and—in an instant—swallowed the boy and killed him.
Each year, 35-40 teens die similarly unimaginable deaths in workplace accidents—tractor rollovers, work-related car accidents, drownings in grain silos. Here at the National Consumers League, we try to monitor these deaths to prevent them from occurring. A decade ago, the number of working teens who died on the job was about double what it is today. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, federal and state departments of labor, nonprofit organizations and employers worked together to help bring the number of deaths down, but we must keep working to reduce that number even further.
Sadly, although it was a freak accident, Gornik’s death was preventable. The boy was much too young to work with such deadly equipment. Over the years, state and federal officials have realized that teens lack the judgment and experience to operate some hazardous machinery and require workers to be 18 to use them (although some exemptions are made for agriculture). Because of their ability to inflict massive and instantaneous damage, wood chippers are among the proscribed machines. Under the Bush administration, the U.S. Department of Labor refused to enact NIOSH-recommended changes to the “hazardous orders” regulations that would have improved teen worker safety protections. It is our understanding that under Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis’ leadership, the department is working to update those regulations and close some current exemptions that allow teens to perform dangerous work.
Although Gornik had his share of sadness— according to local newspaper reports, he lost both parents in a two-year stretch between 2005 and 2007—he was remembered by many fellow students for his ready smile and helpfulness. He was a very popular student who played sports and made the honor roll, and the Poquoson community continues to grieve his loss.
It’s hard to make any sense of an unspeakable tragedy like this, but the lessons learned from the accident that took Frank Gornik’s life might prevent similar deaths. Each year, NCL publishes a report—“The Five Worst Teen Jobs”—about dangerous job for teens, hoping that parents, employers, and young workers will carefully consider which jobs they take and what tasks they perform at work. It’s vital that employers learn state and federal child labor and safety laws, and it’s vital that young workers think about their own safety and know that they are able to say “no” to any job task that is dangerous or against the law. | <urn:uuid:59552a8f-c7f9-41df-8607-9e72b5587673> | {
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"Of course there is a range," said Mark Dickinson of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Arizona. "Some galaxies would have formed more quickly, and it might just be that we're seeing an extreme example of that."
But, Dickinson continued, "it's a sample of one. You can ask [in light of current theories] how likely is it that you'd find a galaxy like this? The answer is that it's not very likely, not that it couldn't exist."
At the Edge of Observation
The HUDF-JD2 galaxy is located in a tiny patch of sky called the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
No one knows for sure how far away the galaxy lies because the discovery is pushing the very limits of telescope technology.
"It's definitely a galaxy, it's definitely very distant, there's no question about that," Dickinson said. "Is it at the very edge of the observable universe, or not quite that far?"
Hubble cannot see the galaxy in visible light, but this non-observation may hold important information.
"The fact that we don't see it in the deepest optical images ever taken is one of the reasons we believe it's as old as it is," Dickinson explained.
As the universe expands, light is stretched and shifted to longer, redder wavelengths. The newfound galaxy's visual wavelengths appear to have been so reduced that they were absorbed by space hydrogen as they traveled the billions of light years toward Earth.
The galaxy was spotted via Hubble's infrared images and by an infrared camera on the Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory.
Such state-of-the-art equipment enabled astronomers to discover the galaxy, but the big baby's exact distance will likely remain a mystery until the next generation of telescopes emerges.
"We're at the frontiers of what we can do with our existing telescopes," Caltech's Ellis explained.
Ellis spoke from an Aspen, Colorado, meeting where Caltech is collaborating with other institutions on the construction of a 98-foot (30-meter) telescope.
The instrument would have ten times the power of the world's largest telescopethe 33-foot (10-meter) instrument at the W.M. Keck Observatory atop Hawaii's Mauna Kea volcano.
The discovery of the new galaxy provided another compelling reason to develop telescopes that can peer further back into the universe's distant past.
"It's like crossing the ocean and meeting a lone seagull, a forerunner of land ahead," Ellis said. "There is now every reason to search beyond this object for the cosmic dawn when the first such systems switched on."
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We’re probably all familiar with the classic techniques of photographic toning from seeing various examples of Sepia toned images, but for years analog photographers have been experimenting with chemical toners to create various processing effects. One such technique is to split tone a print to create a dark blue and copper coloured image with a dark dejected mood. In this tutorial we’ll look at using Photoshop to replicate this classic technique in digital form, using Color Balance adjustments to achieve the same range of blue and yellow tones.
Typical sepia toning of a photograph gives the image that classic orange/brown appearance, resulting in a much warmer atmosphere than the basic black and white alternative. Split toning on the other hand produces much more stark effects by creating unusual colour combinations. One popular technique is the bleaching of highlights with sepia, followed by the treating of the shadows with selenium to give a harsh mix of blue and yellow tones. The result is a cold and dejected mood which works great with photographs of abandoned ruins or urban exploration. Here’s an example of this effect applied to a photo from a friend’s exploration of Chernobyl. See more of his great shots of Dark Pripyat.
Split toning in Photoshop
Sepia/Selenium split toning effects work best with photographs that feature some kind of desolate scene in order for the dark blues to give the image a gloomy atmosphere. My buddy Ric kindly supplied one of his Dark Pripyat shots as the base for this tutorial.
The whole purpose of photographic toning was to inject some colour into a basic black and white image before the colour film was available. Therefore the first step we need to take in Photoshop is to convert our modern digital image to monochrome. The best way to do this without losing the image’s contrast is to click the “New adjustment layer” icon at the bottom of the Layers palette and select Black & White.
Add another Adjustment Layer, this time selecting Color Balance. There’s a few different ways to adjust the toning of your image, such as Gradient Maps or Curves adjustments on each channel, but the Color Balance option make it easy by allowing you to adjust the amounts of specified colours such as Yellow or Cyan.
Make sure the Preserve Luminosity checkbox is selected, then change the Tone option to Shadows. Increase the Cyans and Blues in the shadows to create the Selenium effect by moving the sliders to 30 Cyan and 40 Blue.
Next, change the Tone selection to Highlights, then adjust the sliders to represent the sepia tones in the highlights. This means moving the sliders to 25 Red and 35 Yellow.
The image has already been given the dark split toning effect, but final adjustments of the overall tone can be made using the Midtones sliders. Adding just an extra +10 Red helps warm up the sepia tones a little, or conversely adding more blue will enhance the coldness of the effect.
The split toning effect is complete, but I always like to sharpen up images with a quick High Pass filter. Press CMD+A to Select All, then go to Edit > Copy Merged. Paste a copy of the image at the top of the layer stack.
Go to Filter > Other > High Pass then adjust the slider until the details are subtly appearing from the grey background.
Change the blending mode of the high pass layer to Linear Light then reduce the opacity to around 30% to tone down the sharpening effect until it looks more natural.
The final sepia/selenium split toning effect replaces all the tones of the image with blues and yellows and creates a dark and gloomy mood which enhances this particular subject of an abandoned city. | <urn:uuid:e0d15996-a6b7-4d10-9aaa-66fb401102f4> | {
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SMETE Digital Library - a collection of collections – a community of communities
The SMETE Digital Library is a dynamic online library and portal of services by the SMETE Open Federation for teachers and students. Here you can access a wealth of teaching and learning materials as well as join this expanding community of science, math, engineering and technology explorers of all ages. SMETE provides access to numerous web based learning resources in many disciplines including science and engineering areas.
and abstract of our paper in SMETE Digital Library: Learning Resource: Innovative approaches to information literacy instruction for engineering undergraduates at Drexel University
Source: Digital Libraries for Global Distributed Innovative Design
The project proposes the development, implementation and use of a testbed to improve the teaching and learning of students partaking in global team-based design projects. The project combines the use of digital libraries with virtual design studios. | <urn:uuid:61a2ac62-44ed-49d5-95b6-396f69a6c997> | {
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After a year of severe drought it seems difficult that the rains are being cursed, but the intense precipitations with which 2016 began in Cuba have gotten here at an extremely untimely moment for agriculture. Recent press reports confirm damages in important crops for the Cuban families’ table as well as for the sugar agribusiness.
The rains have increased since November to date, during the usual dry season of the Cuban climate. To highlight the paradox, they had almost disappeared in the humid months, from May to October, to the point of comparing the year’s drought, dragged on since 2014, with the worst in a century. The damages in the water reserves were not only felt in the agricultural and livestock sector. They also generated tension in the supply of potable water for the population.
The reserve of the 242 reservoirs managed by the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources (INRH) decreased to critical levels: 36 per cent of their capacity in mid-2015.
A report presented to the MPs at the end of the year by the INRH said that up to December 137 of the country’s 168 municipalities had been declared in a state of drought: 37 in moderate drought, 50 in severe drought and 50 in extreme drought. Productions like rice, a basic cereal in the Cuban diet, registered strong losses.
However, the precipitations gradually increased starting November. At the end of the year the reservoirs were storing 4.810 million cubic metres, 53 per cent of the total capacity. They brought a respite that with the start of 2016 has turned into an increasingly contradictory blessing for several crops.
Climate alterations associated to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation meteorological phenomenonhave been felt in a very diverse manner in the Caribbean. In Cuba they have generated a warm and humid winter, which delayed actions like the planting of tomato and potatoes – that usually begin between November and December -, they damaged vegetable seedbeds and are threatening with rendering uselessthe sowing of beans, another basic food among Cubans.
Before the unleashing of the start of the year’s strongest rains, Osmar Méndez, head of Vegetables of the Agriculture Ministry (MINAG), reported that the December precipitations had caused losses. In the last month of 2015 farmers had planned to collect close to 35,000 tons of tomato, but due to bad weather conditions they only harvested some 20,000. On a similar date in 2014 they had collected 50,000 tons of that vegetable, Méndez compared.
The damages were perceived in the shortage of tomatoes in the agricultural and livestock markets and the high prices. The effects were also felt in other products, seasoned by the intense popular debates about the causes of the poor supply and the measures that the government, with President Raúl Castro heading them in person, promised to study to face the prices higher than the mean incomes of Cubans.
According to the MINAG head of Vegetables, the yields also dropped in the early sowing of beans in September. The development of the pods was affected by excess humidity and high temperatures, two factors that also favoured the attack by plagues.
Ministry experts commented to the press before 2015 closed that the farming of another highly demanded foodstuff, potato, could withstand and meet the plans despite the delay in the planting previewed for November because of the rains, but the most recent TV newscasts reported damages in the planting of potatoes, due to excess humidity, in leading provinces in the production of the tuber: Mayabeque and Artemisa, located to the south of the capital.
The sugar harvest joined the crops suffering damages. After the cane fields were affected by the previous drought, the excess humidity now, during the harvesting months, is hindering the cutting of cane and reducing its sugar yields. Several sugar factories that were expected to join the campaign in December postponed their entering the harvest awaiting more favourable conditions, which January has still not provided.
The horizon shows no signs of clearing up, according to the meteorologists, who forecast repeated intense rains until March. They have come to put out a drought that was becoming dangerous, but the excess humidity also has its cost. (2016)
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- Nos reservamos el derecho de no publicar los comentarios que incumplan con las normas de este sitio. | <urn:uuid:eb009394-744c-4d7f-b023-6fa245e4c04f> | {
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A learning object (LO) is ” “a collection of content items, practice items, and assessment items that are combined based on a single learning objective” (Cisco Systems, 1999). When people talk of “chunking” instruction, they are often referring to the creation of learning objects.
You can find a list of learning object projects at the The Learning Object web site maintained by the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee’s Center for International Education.
The scalability dilemma
I think as instructional designers, particularly in an organizational setting, we’re always struggling to find the balance between making things scalable and the need to create bespoke learning experiences.
Enter the concept of a reusable learning object (RLO). An RLO is self-contained and portable, i.e., it can be dipped into by a learner independently of a larger course (like a LEGO block combined with other LEGO blocks to create different structures) and it can be ported to different learning systems (such as learning management systems) without losing value. The ideal of learning objects was that, once created, elearning designers could collect different objects to create learning courses. Tagged with metadata, an RLO could be easily searched for.
However, for a critique of learning objects, see, “The Reusability Paradox” by David Wiley (2001). Basically, Wiley’s argument is that once a learning object is designed (as it should be) with a specific learner population in mind, by definition, it’s not reusable. In a sense, the most reusable learning objects are probably the least effective ones.
Is there a way to draw upon something from the idea of reusable learning objects to make processes more efficient?
Without getting hung up on the “truest” definition of RLOs, it’s worth considering that some elements of any learning program may be sharable (Grossman, n.d.). It might be possible to design some objects that are context neutral. You can use popup screens, glossaries, and creative branching as tools to differentiate instruction (e.g., clickable by different users depending on their interests and needs). You can also provide learners with self-assessment tools that link to specific content areas of a learning module depending on success or challenges the learner identifies when taking the assessment.
The amorphous, shifting learning environment
I certainly haven’t solved the scalability problem though I’m continuously trying to increase efficiencies. However, I have let go of the idea that learning experiences can be neatly compartmentalized into modules.
The learning environment that learners tap into is the workplace and can be a shifting, amorphous combination of informal learning networks, an organization’s tacit knowledge (which is often poorly utilized), more formalized learning management systems, enterprise social networks, public social networks, and yes, training efforts. Is a real-world learning environment incompatible with the idea of resuable learning objects? I’m not willing to say that yet, but I do think that its widely distributed nature of such a learning environment makes it hard to find those objects even when they exist. A secondary challenge for instructional designers may be to actually overcome the institutional amnesia that often arises, as folks forget what resources currently exist and thus fail to make use of potentially very worthy prior efforts.
I feel as if I’m ending this blog post on a bit of a downer, so I’m going to challenge myself to try to come up with some strategies to minimize some of these issues at least for myself. Maybe they’ll be useful. I’m very interested in how others are tackling these issues, so please share your thoughts!
Cisco Systems. (1999). Reusable information object strategy. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/solutions/learning/whitepapers/el_cisco_rio.pdf
Grossman, S. (n.d.). Writing for reuse. Presentation at San Diego State University. Retrieved from https://edbreeze.sdsu.edu/p46235440?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal
Wiley, D. (2001). The Reusability Paradox. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20041019162710/http:/rclt.usu.edu/whitepapers/paradox.html | <urn:uuid:c6d530a1-0cdd-4287-bcce-0d1eec408fa5> | {
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In 1971, as the nation heatedly debated its involvement in the Vietnam War, the New York Times obtained a copy of an internal Defense Department report that detailed government discussions about the war. These confidential documents would become famously known as the Pentagon Papers.
At the U.S. government's request, the district court issued a temporary injunction ordering the New York Times not to publish the documents, claiming that the publication of the documents would endanger national security. The Times appealed, arguing that prior restraint (preventing publication) violated the First Amendment.
The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in favor of the Times. In dissent, Chief Justice Warren Burger noted that the "imperative of a free and unfettered press comes into collision with another imperative, the effective functioning of a complex, modern government." He challenged the wisdom of publishing the highly confidential intelligence, but respected the freedom offered by the First Amendment: "Only those who view the First Amendment as an absolute in all circumstances -- a view I respect, but reject -- can find such cases as these to be simple or easy."
This case is extremely important to journalists, as the court recognized the need to find a balance between the right to a free press and the need for the government to protect national security. The ruling in favor of the press places even more responsibility on the Fourth Estate, challenging journalists to use their freedoms wisely in their role as gatekeepers for disseminating information to the public.
More Great Links
- Barnett, Lincoln. “The Case of John Peter Zenger.” American Heritage. December 1971. (Oct. 4, 2010)http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/1/1971_1_33.shtml.
- Hudson, David. “Defamation and the First Amendment.” Freedom Forum. (Oct. 7, 2010)http://www.freedomforum.org/packages/first/defamationandfirstamendment/index.htm
- Dias, Monica. “Branzburg revisited?” The News Media & the Law. Winter 2002. (October 4, 2010)http://www.rcfp.org/news/mag/26-1/cov-branzbur.html.
- Hiestand, Mike. “Dean v. Utica FAQ.” Trends in High School Media. 2005: National Scholastic Press Association. Oct. 12, 2004.http://www.studentpress.org/nspa/trends/~law0205hs.html
- Infoplease.com. “New York Times Co. vs. United States (1971).”. Pearson Education, 2005. www.infoplease.com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar25.html.
- The Oyez Project, Nebraska Press Assoc. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976) http://oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1975/1975_75_817 (Oct. 3, 2010)
- The Oyez Project, New York Times v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 (1964) http://oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1963/1963_39 (Oct. 4, 2010)
- Willcox, Laird. The Writer’s Rights: 1229 Selected Quotations. 2002. (Oct. 4, 2010)http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/docs/Writers_Rights.pdf
The U.S.'s cash bail system produces two different outcomes depending on how much money the defendant has. Learn more at HowStuffWorks. | <urn:uuid:81bc07c4-c40f-42bc-ab1e-55ef980cef8f> | {
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Ancient Dry Spells, Future Risk?
The last major drought to hit the northeastern U.S. lasted three years and shrunk New York City’s reservoirs by nearly three quarters. But as bad as that drought was, the region has seen at least three dry spells in the last 6,000 years that were far worse, says Dorothy Peteet, a climate scientist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
By analyzing sediment cores pulled from the tidal marshes of New York’s Hudson River Valley, Peteet and colleagues have identified a 500 year drought that that began in 850 AD. Two other droughts, more than 5,000 years ago, lasted only 20 to 40 years, but may have been far more severe. Though some climate models show the Northeast becoming wetter as the climate warms, the region could still be at risk of drought in the future, she says. Peteet presented new results from her Hudson River work Monday at a press conference at the American Geophysical Union’s fall meeting in San Francisco.
“People don’t generally think about the Northeast as an area that can experience drought, but there’s geologic evidence that shows major droughts can and do occur,” said Peteet, who is also affiliated with NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). “It’s something scientists can’t ignore. What we’re finding in these sediment cores has big implications for the region.”
In related research on droughts, new evidence suggests that people may have been changing the climate even before the industrial era. Ben Cook, a climatologist at Lamont-Doherty and GISS, presented results at the same press conference Monday suggesting that the ancient Meso-American civilizations of the Maya and Aztec amplified droughts in the Yucatan Peninsula and southern and central Mexico by clearing rainforests for farming. As trees were replaced with crops and grassland, more of the sun’s energy was reflected back into space, reducing cloud formation and rainfall, says Cook.
He estimates that as much as half of the dryness in the pre-Colonial period was due to deforestation. “I wouldn’t argue that deforestation causes drought or that it’s entirely responsible for the decline of the Maya,” he said, “but our results do show that deforestation can bias the climate toward drought.”
A NASA news story, Ancient Dry Spells Offer Clues About the Future of Drought, offers further information about droughts and explains what global climate models have to say about their frequency in the decades ahead. | <urn:uuid:da864685-966a-4f8c-a3b7-74c058ca4a91> | {
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Falgwian ['fa:5.gwi:an] (Falgwian: Falgwei ['fa5.gwaI']) is a language spoken by approximately 940,000 people in Falgwia (and surrounding countries). It is a language isolate, with no known linguistic relatives or ancestors beyond Old Falgwian. The order is Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) and nouns are governed by the cases: nominative, accusative, dative, locative, and an argued genitive. It has the numbers: singular, dual, and plural. The moods: infinitive, indicative, potential optative, and imperative. The aspects: imperfective, perfective, and habitual. And the tenses: present and past.
- 1 Grammar
- 1.1 Phonology
- 1.2 Pronouns
- 1.3 Nouns
- 1.4 Verbs
- 1.4.1 Infinitive
- 1.4.2 Base Participles
- 1.4.3 Habitual Aspect
- 1.4.4 Aorist Imperfective Aspect
- 1.4.5 Aorist Perfective Aspect
- 1.4.6 Pretorite Perfective Aspect
- 1.4.7 Preterite Perfective vs. Aorist Perfective
- 1.4.8 Verb Summary
- 1.4.9 Negative
- 1.4.10 Potential Optative
- 1.4.11 Imperative
- 1.4.12 Passive
- 1.4.13 Irregular Verbs
- 1.4.14 Expressing "To have"
- 1.5 Adjectives
- 1.6 Adverbs
- 1.7 Clauses
- 1.8 Prepositions
- 1.9 Ko Particle
- 1.10 Other Particles
- 1.11 Demonstratives
- 1.12 Syntax
- 2 Numbers
- 3 Punctuation
- 4 Telling Time
- 5 Expressing Age
- 6 Letter Writing
- 7 Legal Writing
- 8 Patronymic Naming System in Falgwian
- 9 Common Phrases and Expressions
|Plosive||b p||t d||k g|
-w stays as [w] in consonant clusters (except the exception with h below), and also word initially unless the previous word ends in a vowel. Between vowels such as VCV, [w] allophones to [B]. [w] allophones to [b] in all situations that are CV and where the previous word ends in a vowel. This is due to lenition in Old Falgwian of /b/, as well as fortition of /w/ in non onset forms which allophoned to /B/.
-v as [v] is seen only in loanwords and oftentimes is completely allophoned to [w].
-f is realised as [f] word-initially and word finally. f is realised as [p] intervocalicaly and in the consonant clusters fm, fn, and pf which are realised as [p] due to the laxation of consonant clusters. [p] is also preserved in many loanwords ie. Priwet! A common greeting from Russian Privet. Over time, [p] has been lost and resurrected in Falgwian. Most recently its revival was due to German influence, causing the allophoning of [f] to [p], especially in the few remaining consonant clusters in Falgwian.
- The diphthongs ia, ie, io, and iu are all realised as [j]+vowel (except where seen word finally in loanwords). These are all created diphthongs to manage German and Russian loanwords. Some traditional words and names can still be found with the original loss of loaned [j] ie. Ohan not Iohan (Johann).
-h is realised as [X] unless followed by w, where it allophones to [W]. h is also realised as /h/ in most pronouns, particles, and prepositions.
-l is realised as [l] initially and word medially as in CV.CV where C is [l].
-l is realised as only if syllable final.
The basic syllabic structure of Falgwian is CV.CV, with occasional consonant clusters usually consisting of C+/w/.
There is final obstruent devoicing of [d] to [t] and [g] to [k] in unstressed final syllables.
|a||/a/||wat ('I am')|
Ai is /ei/.
Ei is /ai/.
-Stress is always on the first syllable in Falgwian.
Falgwian has a considerable amount of vowel allophony since the written language has not been updated in any comprehensive manner (with the exception of Falgwianised loan words) since the 17th century. It will be outlined below according to the phoneme in question.
In most words, especially pronouns, of two or more syllables which end in an -a, the -a is often dropped completely. An example of this would be the accusative second person plural pronoun nama which is often realised as [nam] in speech. Where the a is proceeded by an h, the h will be deleted. An example of this would be the accusative second person dual pronoun nyha which is often realised as [nI] in speech (occasionally even [ni] when unstressed).
E is [e] in an open syllable (CV), [E] in a closed syllable (CVC), before a rhotic (r) in a closed syllable, and [@] when unstressed word final. E is also often deleted word finally, especially so in pronouns of two or more syllables such as the dative first person plural pronoun wame which is realised as [wam]. As with the above a, in the dual this causes the deletion of h.
In most words of three or more syllables which end in an -ai, the -ai is often reduced simply to [i]. An example of this would be kuwynai which is realised as [ku'.wi.ni]*see below for further analysis* in speech.
In most words of three or more syllables which end in an -ei, the -ei is often reduced simply to [i]. An example would of this would be karytei which is realised as [ka'.ri.ti]*see below for further analysis* in speech.
In most words of two or more syllables which end in an -y, the -y often allophones to [i]. An example of this would be feny which is realised as [fE'.ni:] in speech. Y also allophones to [i] in closed unstressed syllables such as the kuwynai and karytei examples above. Y allophones so often to [i] it's almost more worthy to denote it as phonemically [i] with an allophone to [I] in stressed syllables although this would be historically misleading.
Regarding the pronouns, while there is a conflation in speech of the nominative, accusative, and dative in the dual and plural in most persons, because of particle supremacy ambiguity is avoided in speech.
There are also irregular pronunciations and examples (usually in Falgwianised loanwords where diphthongs are retained) but another example is Tywei which is [t1Bi] in Tywei itself and its suburbs but elsewhere in the country is exclusively [t1BaI].
A AI, D, E, EI, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y
The alphabet is pronounced as follows:
/a:/ /eI:/ /de:/ /e:/ /aI:/ /ef:/ /ga:/ /Xa:/ /i:/ /ka:/ /e5/ /em/ /en/ /O/ /pe:/ /er/ /es/ /te:/ /u:/ /ve;/ /be:/ /1:bsilOni/*
- Spelled Ypsilonei
N.B. Pay close attention to the pronunciations.
-Ha is pronounced /a/ in unstressed positions and /ha/ in stressed positions. /Xa/ is almost nonexistent in speech.
Third person masculine:
Third person feminine:
Third person inanimate:
The nominative third person inanimate pronouns are used with all endings. Also note, the third person inanimate is used to refer to a group of men and women.
The accusative pronouns are suffixed by a hyphen to the verb according to particle supremacy. The accusative also serves the purpose of the reflexive since Falgwian has no explicit reflexive. While any transitive action can become recipricol ie. reflexive, Falgwian has a tendency to use the reflexive less often than Indo-European languages. It should also be noted that the reflexive can be used to state a general action without the need for a personal subject as in The project will finish itself as opposed to I will finish the project (though both are equally acceptable). In anticuated Falgwian, the -a form corresponds to the impersonal reflexive.
Third person masculine:
Third person feminine:
Third person inanimate:
Like the accusative pronouns, dative pronouns are suffixed by a hyphen to the verb according to particle supremacy.
N.B. Ocassionally the final -e is dropped off of the dative pronouns. This varies by dialect, but is becoming more widespread due to frequent use by the younger generation. In the dual, this causes the deletion of /h/.
Third person masculine:
Third person feminine:
Third person inanimate:
The locative pronouns follow most prepositions except fwyt (with) and a few others which are specified later. The locative is also used after certain verbs.
Third person masculine:
Third person feminine:
Third person inanimate:
The genitive pronouns are both adjectival and nominal pronouns. Falgwian has complex rules for using possessives in general. Nouns which often do not take possessives (but may in English) include body parts and any noun which is about to be used (ie. a toilet, food, etc). To put it simply, nouns can only be possessed as concepts in their own right, where there existence or function is not about to be altered in some manner. This is so widespread in speech it's almost safer in Falgwian to not use the possessive pronouns at all and simply be corrected when they are used as opposed to when they aren't.
Third person masculine:
Third person feminine:
Third person inanimate:
Pronoun and Particle Supremacy
Falgwian uses a system of pronoun and particle supremacy whereas post-verbal pronouns and particles, either hyphenated or not, must follow a verb in a strict syntactic order. That order is:
Verb-Accusative-Dative Aspect Negative Nominative
Linokair-ta-ne nas wi ha.
Give1PS-it-to you AORPERF NEG I
I never gave it to you.
Nouns are divided into categories by their nominative endings, -a, -ai, -ie, -y, or -e. The most common ending is -ai, followed by -ei, -a, -y, and rarest, -e. They are occasionally grouped together by ending similarities as -a/-ai, -ei, -e/-y. They are governed by the Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Locative cases. A Genitive case is argued to exist, but it is so degraded that some simply call it an irregular system. Cases do not always remove endings, so follow each on a case by case basis. It should also be noted that Falgwians drop the final -a and -e off of -a and -e nouns of more than one syllable. While this conflates the case endings in speech, their distinction is still relatively possible as there are very few -e nouns and typically such nouns involve a specific category.
-a and -ai nouns add the ending -t
-ei nouns take off the -ei and replace it with -y
-e and -y nouns add -n
-a, -ai, and -ei nouns remove their endings and add -u:
-e and -y nouns add -m
Fyste- Fystem Hywy- Hywym
Other Uses of the Dative
The dative case has another use after the preposition fwyt (with). For example:
Gweir nas tyky fwyt sinelu
I saw a man with a coat.
There are also some verbs which always take the dative, for example, nadyseit (to hold):
Nadyseir nas ha medailu uwa heimag mai'kulinag.
I held the medal in my hands.
The Locative Case is very similar to the same case as used in Slavic languages like Polish or Russian.
-a and -ai nouns add the ending -g.
-ei nouns take off the -ei and replace it with -ig.
-e nouns add a -g.
-y nouns take off -y and replace is with -eig.
Hywy to Hyweig
Using the Locative for location.
When there is a clause of static location using the copula, you can use the nominative pronoun + locative ending on the noun.
I'm at the house.
There is also no "to" when using location.
The Genitive adds -wydu (pronounced [wi]) to the possessed noun, and the possessor remains unmarked. The possessor always comes second to the marked possessed noun and is marked for plurality and case. The possessor also dictates the ending used for the noun phrase. The only exception is that -e nouns take the ending -wydo (pronounced [wi]).
The Dog's House
Notice how kuwynai retains its nominative form, while -wydu has been attached to taima.
The genitive can also be used to mark the direct object of a negative verb, but it sounds very poetic and formal and it's hardly used by Falgwians since the genitive is a real pain to speak and write.
If you have only two of a thing, the prefix he' has to be prefixed to the noun and no plural marker is used. He' is pronounced /he/, or occasionally /e/.
The dual is very frequently used in Falgwian. Its uses often extend beyond the marking of dual plurality. One example of this is the Falgwian tendency to mark a group or a team or a bunch of people using the dual. The use of this personalises the group with regards to the speaker. The dual is also often used in Falgwian to mark very large quantities of things or occasionally people. This is a result of the plural lacking the strength to emphasis a large quantity of something (the plural reads as 3-20 or so items), while this use of the dual emphasises a much larger quantity. The dual is also often used to mark the plural of -y and -e nouns as it is preferred over the use of mugy. In addition to all of this, Falgwians seek out uses where the dual is appropriate to mark dual plurality. If there's a chance the dual can be used, you can bet Falgwians will use it over the plural. In some cases the dual is even taking over the plural, though this is only in urban youth dialects and there are no known hard and fast rules to when the dual replaces the plural and when it does not.
The plural is prefixed, and so it does not interrupt the case endings attached to a noun. There is no plural prefix for -e and -y nouns. The plural marker is derived from the word mugymen meaning "many," and literally means "many," or three or more.
-a nouns: mai'
-ai nouns: ma'
-ei nouns: mu'
-y and -e nouns: No plural possible through prefixation. The particle mugy can precede any -y and -e noun and indicates many. The dual is also often used to mark the plural of -y and -e nouns.
Comparatives and Superlatives
To form a comparative in Falgwian add the word mise, usually, at the beginning of the sentence, and then followed immediately after by the comparative adjective. The unmarked relative pronoun form, naiwar corresponds to English "than."
Mise namedais wat igun taima naiwar agun taima.
More niceADJENDG be3PS that house that yonder house
That house is nicer than that further house.
To form a superlative use the modified form of mise, misenyt, which usually comes at the beginning of the sentence with the copula:
Misenyt namedais wat taima.
Most prettyADJENDG is house
That house is the prettiest.
Kalotein-wa ly teiwi wagweit mysenyt simideis tyky uwa Artig!
Cause3PS-meACC IMPRF itNOM tobeINFIN most happyADJENDG man on earthLOC!
It made me the happiest man on earth.
N,B.- Misenyt is not the same word as Dak, and can only be used with adjectives in superlative constructions.
To say something is as...as, use the expression My...Ko.
My hweides wiet mu'nulanei ko ma'wananai.
As tastyADJENDG are PLRLapple ko PLRLbanana.
Apples are as tasty as bananas.
N.B. Medy and Tedy become Med and Ted to form comparatives and superlatives.
The infinitive ends in -eit or -ait and provides the stem for the base participles/present tense.
Infinitive: Mywait- To eat
Infinitive: Faligeit- To want
N.B.- In an infinitive noun phrase, all particles and pronouns follow the first conjugated verb, then any additional infinitives are added.
The base participles are the key to the Falgwian verb system. They are conjugated from the infinitive stem by removing the -ait or -eit and are paired with an auxilary to express tense and aspect. On their own the base participles represent the present tense and lack aspect.
The habitual aspect is used in Falgwian to express an action which happens habitually or with some frequency. The aspect has two tenses, the present and past habitual tenses. While Falgwians have a tendency to seek out actions which are habitual in meaning to mark, they will quickly discard an action as habitual to mark as aorist or preterite if they so see it fit.
Habitual Present Tense
The habitual present is marked by a prefix to the present tense conjugated verb.
-ait verbs: my'
-iet verbs: mei'
To express a time measurement with the habitual, use the noun adverbially (by first turning it into an adjective by adding -d).
I work every day.
Habitual Past Tense
The habitual past tense works the same way as the habitual present tense, except it refers to something that used to be done as a habit. It is marked by a prefix to the present tense conjugated verb.
-ait verbs: ty'
-iet verbs: tei'
Aorist Imperfective Aspect
The aorist imperfective aspect is marked using the particle ly positioned after the verb according to particle supremacy. The particle never inflects for person, number, or ending. The aorist imperfective tense serves the purpose of marking an event which is important to the speaker which has no explicit ending. One interesting note is that the aorist imperfective is always used in a main clause even when an ending seems implied.
Takyneir ly, sitylu hwanysair nas keiwyn.
Study1PS AORIMP, then open1PS AORPERF doorACC.
I was studying, then I opened the door.
The former clause is an aorist imperfective situation, and the latter an aorist/pretorite perfective situation, depending.
Also note that the there used to be a counterpart to the aorist imperfective in Falgwia, the preterite imperfective, but it long merged with the preterite perfective and has since disappeared from the language. Its use is thus seen as archaic. For informational sake, the preterite imperfective was marked with particle le positioned after the verb according to particle supremacy.
A Special Note Regarding the Aorist Imperfect
Within spoken Falgwian and much informal written Falgwian, the imperfect is falling out of use in favour of the pretorite/aorist. The imperfect can almost be seen as archaic or sounding uptight, though this varies between speakers.
Aorist Perfective Aspect
The aorist perfective aspect is formed with the auxiliary particle nas which follows the present form of the verb according to particle supremacy. The particle never inflects for person, ending, or number. The aorist perfective serves the purpose of marking completed or perfective past events which are important to the speaker. It is often paired with the pretorite perfective aspect, and is usually not regulated by strict rules, opting rather to be quite subjective.
Pretorite Perfective Aspect
The preterite perfective aspect marks unimportant completed past events. It is often paired with the aorist perfective, and is usually not regulated by strict rules, opting rather to be quite subjective. It is marked by a prefix to the present tense conjugated verb.
-ait verbs: fa'
-eit verbs: fy'
The preterite perfective is often used to set the scene, as opposed to the aorist imperfective.
Fy'wat huladas talai.
PRET'is3PS sunADJENDG day.
It was a sunny day.
Preterite Perfective vs. Aorist Perfective
There are no rules regarding when to use the pretorite or the aorist perfective. One can use the aorist or preterite perfective, respectively, for an entire paragraph, and in fact, some writers find it preferable. There is no manner to state a general past in Falgwian so one must pick between the pretorite or the aorist perfective. The aorist perfective is stronger at emphasising the action than the preterite perfective is at deemphasising it, however, so the pretorite perfective would more likely be used for a general past (although, Falgwians themselves typically avoid speaking in generals; rather they prefer to emphasise or deemphasise past actions.)
Mywair nas nulany, hylo fa'masykair-tasei.
Eat1PS AOR appleACC, then PRET'rid1PS-itACC.
I ate the apple, then I threw it away.
Mywait would most likely be in the aorist perfective, and masykait in the preterite perfective. But this is not always the case. It depends on the emphasis the speaker is trying to convey.
The particle wi means "not" and follows the verb. Wi- can also be hypened to a noun to make its opposite, as in wi-taima homeless (this goes for all the forms illustrated below). Falgwian has no concept of the double negative as it is known in English. Various ways to express the negative are outlined below.
Neket- Never (Used to mean "never up to the time of reference," see Teine particle for contrastive uses)
The negative quantifier will always come after any particle involved in particle supremacy.
Lymeir wi nekit.
I have nothing.
Gweir wi nekanat
I can't see anybody.
N.B.- In Falgwian, a negative sentence that uses any in English, uses nek. Mek is only used in non-negative sentences.
Negative particles can also be stacked up, as such (the order does not matter). They are declined according to -a nouns and -a is added wherever necessary (-a is dropped in neki, meki, etc):
Tywaisair nas wi nekit nekutag nakanu.
I didn't buy anythingACC anywhereLOC for anyoneDAT.
Other forms that follow the same rule, but do not use the negative particle wi:
Dakan- Most people
Daki- Most things
Dakut- Most places
Daket- Most times
Tykan- Everybody/one/Each person/All persons
Tyki- Everything/Each thing/All things
Tykut- Everywhere/Each place/All places
Tyket- Everytime/Each/All times
N.B.- To express the opposite of Dak, add San- as a prefix, so few things is San-dak. Also, any of the above particles may be hyphened to a noun.
Nekan, Mekan, Dakan, Tykan can also be used as pronouns:
Tenein mywait mekan.
Anyone can eat.
The potential optative marks anything that might happen in the future 'I might go to the mall later' Or 'I might go with him'. There is no marker in Falgwian of absolute future constructions ie. what is often indicated in English by 'will'.
To mark the potential optative, add the particles dyn for -ait verbs and dein for -iet verbs after the verb according to particle supremacy.
The aorist and preterite are distinguished with the potential optative in the following constructions:
If I would have come, I would be happy.
Aor + Pot Opt
If I come, I will be happy.
Pret + Pot Opt
The imperative is very simple, simply drop the t from the infinitive. The imperative can refer to all persons or one person, there is no distinction made. The negative imperative simply adds wi after the verb.
To construct the passive in Falgwian, one must conjugate the infinitive according to the passive participle endings given below. Notice that the passive retains different conjugations in the dual for -ait and -eit nouns. For the instigator (in English, what is followed by 'by'). Attach the accusative of the object affected by the instigator as well as any other particles after according to particle supremacy. Finally, attach nat by a hyphen to the instigator of the action. Nat is a passive marking particle.
Lynakeisi-wa nas nat-tykei
Kick3PS-1PSACC AORPERF PAS-man
I was kicked by the man
[Lit: Kicked-me by man]
But, what about, I was kicked?
Lynakeisi-wa nas nat
Kick3PS-meACC AORPERF PAS
I was kicked.
Infinitive: Wagweit- To be
Special Note: When Wagweit is used with a question word:
It contracts according to this chart:
|Hwar||Hwar'a||Hwar'am||Hwar'at||Hwar'ys||Hwar'an||Hwar'yd||Hwar weir||Hwar weir||Hwar weit|
|Hwog||Hwog'ar||Hwog'am||Hwog'at||Hwog'ys||Hwog'an||Hwog'yd||Hwog weir||Hwog weir||Hwog weit|
|Hwyn||Hwyn'ar||Hwyn'am||Hwyn'at||Hwyn'ys||Hwyn'an||Hwyn'yd||Hwyn weir||Hwyn weir||Hwyn weit|
|Hwen||Hwen'ar||Hwen'am||Hwen'at||Hwen'ys||Hwen'an||Hwen'yd||Hwen weir||Hwen weir||Hwen weit|
|Hwak||Hwak'ar||Hwak'am||Hwak'at||Hwak'ys||Hwak'an||Hwak'yd||Hwak weir||Hwak weir||Hwak weit|
|Hwit||Hwit'ar||Hwit'am||Hwit'at||Hwit'ys||Hwit'an||Hwit'yd||Hwit weir||Hwit weir||Hwit weit|
|Hwis||Hwis'ar||Hwis'am||Hwis'at||Hwis'y||Hwis'an||Hwis'yd||Hwis weir||Hwis weir||Hwis weit|
Expressing "To have"
Falgwian, like its Baltic neighbours, is a have-less language meaning it lacks the verb "to have." Rather, to form a verb of possession Falgwian employs the verb Wagweit and the dative. The possessed noun is used in the nominative as the subject of Wagweit while the possessor is used in the dative.
I have a car.
Lit: Car is to me.
Note however the use of "to have" in an expression of obligation. For this sense Falgwian does have a verb which is Fyneit - to have to/must.
Adjectives precede the noun and agree with the noun in number, ending, and case. They are usually found in the dictionary as ending in a -d, although irregularities do exist. The -d form is also the form used for the plural of -y and -e nouns. When multiple adjectives modify the same noun, they are hyphenated together. Below is the declination table for indefinite adjectives (as well as definite adjectives to a point). Note that unmarked adjectives are considered indefinite.
Regarding the use of both indefinite and definite adjectives, Falgwian does not use adjectives to create predicate construction situations where the adjective is separated from the noun by the copula. For attributive uses of the adjective, Falgwian employs the adjective clause though this itself is limited as Falgwian cannot modify a verbless main clause as in The man, satisfied with his work, went along on his way as The man who was satisfied with his work went along on his way.
N.B. Medy and Tedy are irregular and do not decline. However, they become Med and Ted to form comparatives and superlatives and in this case have to decline.
Falgwian distinguishes definiteness in adjectives. The definite adjective is formed by the addition of the hyphenated prefix wesi- to a declined indefinite adjective. Definite adjectives cannot be used in comparatives or superlatives. Falgwian also can use the definite adjective on its own without a headnoun as in English, The good and the bad, Falgwian, Wesi-medy ei wesi-tedy.
There is a considerable amount of allophony with adjectives, especially regarding the declination of adjectives. This allophony exists on all adjectives, indefinite and definite. With forms where there is a choice between a phoneme and silent, the silent usually prevails on adjectives of three or more syllables. Pay close attention to the phonetic realisation of each ending.
|Nominative||Silent||[i] or Silent||[im]|
|Accusative||[@] or Silent||[i]||[im]|
|Dative||Silent||[i] or Silent||[im]|
|Locative||[@] or Silent||[i]||[im]|
|Genitive||Silent||[i] or Silent||[im]|
Adverbs precede verbs and generally end in -u, and less often -un. Adverbs are not listed in dictionaries, and are made by the addition of -u or -un to adjectives. They are entirely regular, and go immediately before verbs. To form an adverb, simply add -u to the end of an adjective. Only add -un if the adjective ends in a stop, ie. t, k, n, and m. -n is also used when an adjective ends in a vowel.
Medy and Tedy are Medu and Tedu respectively.
Adverbs of Location
Falgwian has several forms for the adverbs of location ie. English here and there (as well as now and then)
Situ- Here (close to speaker) Now (Soon)
Sitymu- There (close to listener) No form
Sitywu- There (moderately far from speaker (may or may not be close to listener)) Now/Then (Unspecified time (interchangeable with below))
Sitylu- Yonder (very far from speaker (may or may not be very far from listener)) Now/Then (Unspecified time (interchangeable with above))
Sityhu- Yonder (very far from speaker and listener) Then (Far off)
A Falgwian noun clause involves the subordinate clause acting as the subject, object, indirect object, or locative of the independent clause. Noun clauses cannot be formed in Falgwian to represent situations where the subordinate clause is a subject compliment or adjective compliment, nor to form a genitive situation. Noun clauses use the appropriate relative pronouns (see below). The pronouns are declined ONLY for the case of the subordinate clause. The syntax of such clauses is always:
V (S), rel. pn. and clause
Relative clauses are dependent clauses that modify nominals, that is, either nouns or noun phrases. Falgwian relative clauses used to behave as common adjectives, this is, they preceded the noun they were modifying [their head], but in the last years it has assimilated to a degree. Furthermore, Falgwian relative pronouns have quite a complex morphology that, with a few irregularities, are largely agglutinating. Syntactically, relative clauses come after the verb in a sentence, and before their head. In Falgwian their syntax is thus:
V (S) , rel. pn. and clause , Antecedent (O)
Relative pronouns have basically three parts; in morphological order they are the number agreement, the root, which we can think about as being the actual relative pronoun, and the case (relative pronouns are not declined for noun endings). The number agreement is simple enough; nothing for the singular, he'- for the dual and ma'- for the plural. For case, the pronoun is declined according to -a nouns (-a is added before the ending where necessary). Relative pronouns are declined and take the number of the antecedent as according to its role in the relative clause whereas the antecedent is declined and takes the number according to its its role in the main clause.
|Relative Pronoun Root||English Equivalent|
|Thing||Naiwar||What, That, Which|
|Manner or Reason||Naiwog||Why, How|
N.B There is no genitive relative pronoun. There is no way to form a genitive relative clause in Falgwian.
As can be seen, the second part of the relative pronoun root mirrors pretty precisely the interrogative pronouns, save that they don’t have an initial h-, the fact that Dawynmutei probably stems from a periphrastic which place construction, the fact that naiwog conflates the semantic functions of hwog and hwen (the interrogative how and why particles), and that dawok is likely the remnant of a no longer existing conditional interrogative pronoun).
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses
A restrictive clause is a relative clause which is, in English, not offset by commas and adds necessary information to the antecedent. While a nonrestrictive clause is, in English, offset by commas and unnecessary to the construction of the sentence; it simply provides extra information. Falgwian forms such clauses the same making no distinction. They are formed as normal adjectives, so therefore the order is:
V (S), rel. pn. and non/restrictive clause, Antecedent (O)
Ko afrikai uwa fliterwokenig, dawit kytalai manafein nas, tykie
The man who got married yesterday is going on his honeymoon to Africa.
Ko afrikai uwa fliterwokenig, dawit kytalai manafein nas, tykie
The man, who got married yesterday, is going on his honeymoon to Africa.
Falgwian uses “subordinisors” or subordinating conjunctions to introduce adverbial clauses that act as adverbs by modifying verbs. Like normal adverbs, adverbial clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions precede the verb they modify.
|Yna||By the time that, As soon as that|
|Hwa||Only if that, Only when that|
|My||Like that, Similarly that|
|Tulu||Imitating that, Trying to look like that|
|Al||Even though that, Regardless of that|
At is an archaic subordinator which means how, the manner in which, the way in which.
Also, these kind of adverbial phrases can be preceded by the negative particle wi, which turns the polarity of the entire adverbial phrase to negative. The syntax, therefore, surrounding subordinators is:
(wi) sub clause, V (S) O
To give a mere list of all Falgwian prepositions with English equivalents for each of them is futile, since the use of prepositions varies so much from one language to another. For example: the English preposition in frequently corresponds to the Falgwian preposition uwo; but this does not apply to such constructions as in a week (Falgwian: ko kelimeg), in the reign of King John (Falgwian: yna ewokei-wydu kenig-Ohan), in my opinion (Falgwian: ko hywa tylanai), a man in a coat (Falgwian: tykei fwyt sinelu), in memory of (ko mynasai), etc. The correct use of the prepositions can only be learnt through practice, but examples may give an illustration of their use. The most important Falgwian prepositions are listed below, in their alphabetical order, and for each preposition is given (a) the most important English equivalents, (b) examples illustrating their principal use, and (c) special idioms. Ko is not discussed here. (Loc) indicates that the preposition takes the locative.
(I) In front of
Wam nywi fyrina nu. (Loc) He is in front of you.
Fawynin nas fyrina taimaig. (Loc) They met in front of the house.
Wat mywa tyk-faly fyrina mu. (Loc) His whole life was in front of him.
(I) After (rank, place, number, time, etc.)
Ynamai keiwyn hwytin nu! (Loc) Shut the door after yourself!
Talai hwytin talaig. (Loc) Day after day.
Nadysein nas Mynomasei residenu hwytin Kalutanei. Mynomasei became president after Kalutanei.
(2) For (intention)
Fa'ko li maketei hwytin wutaig. (Loc) She went to the store for butter.
Gwein ly mi hwytin mywag welosiwig. (Loc) He looked for his bike.
Rytamein nas mi taimu hwytin nykonig. (Loc) He wrote home for money.
Faligein ly mi hwytin lu. (Loc) He longed for her.
N.B. The beneficiary for/to uses hywtin.
Lynein ly mi ka tylawa memaseig. (Loc) He walked through the forest.
Talyhein nas ka agenig. (Loc) It was sold through an agent.
Fy'feir ka hywag feikwaig. (Loc) I heard it from my sister.
Gwein ly mi ka okinaig. (Loc) He looked in through the window.
Gwei-tai ka YouTube Watch it on YouTube.
Ka mywag faleig. (Loc) Throughout one's life.
(I) By, past
Fy'lynein mi lina wu. (Loc) He walked right by me.
Wat teine lina ky. That's way beyond normal.
Lymeir syweirait tatu hywa mekei. I have a letter from my friend.
Ko nas mi tatu taimai ko taimai. He went from house to house.
Kelime tatu fweitake. A week from Friday.
Wie tatu- Apart from, besides
Leiwysein sarinei tatu wiresei. The wind blows off the pier.
Werytei-no tatu kreditai-wydu nykonei! Keep away from money-lenders!
N.B. The location-wydu form often used to express where one is from can only be used with actual locations or equivalent.
(I) At (aim)
Masykin nas wunyn y kuwynaig. (Loc) They threw stones at the dog.
Masykain nas mami y maseig. (Loc) He aimed at the tree.
Gweir y memaseig. (Loc) I look towards the forest
Ko has many uses in Falgwian of which several are outlined below. It's worth mentioning that one of ko's principle uses is as the Falgwian verb to go, albeit it is not used like a normal verb. As the verb to go, ko is used to indicate the travel to a place (Note that ko cannot be used in the imperative and never calls upon the locative).
Ko ha Tywei.
I go to Tywei.
Ko dyn taimai.
Ko FUTOPT I house
I will go to the house.
Faligier ko Tywei.
Want1PS I go Tywei
I want to go to Tywei.
Also note that any tense marker (including the potential optative) can be placed directly after ko to indicate the appropriate tense. Ko always takes the -ait form.
Ko is also used as Ko-DAT (lit: It goes to SUB) to indicate a sense of to pass/to spend. This construction is extremely common in Falgwian:
Ko-we nas wuly ko monitake.
I went to the beach on Monday.
Ko is also used in time constructions such as ago and others illustrated below:
Sityhu nefemair nas ko manis mylime.
I lived there three years ago.
Damasier (dein) ko kelime.
I leave in a week.
Dylunain-tai (dyn) wydasenei ko kelime.
The project will take a week to complete.
Ko is also used to emphasise a personal or important noun. This use of ko is trickier but it is not a hard and fast rule so it's not required. Note: This use of ko can only be used when the noun referenced by ko is in the nominative or genitive.
Ko hywa tylanai.
In my opinion.
Ko mynasai-wydu Tekei.
In memory of Tekei.
Tei'getameir ko hywa leikwai misenyt hweidat ma'fadatait.
My mother used to make the best cookies.
The particle ko is presumed to have been formed of a merger between the historical verb for to go (konait) and a preposition ko.
To say something is about a topic or a thing, say politics, say Ony'politiky, or On' if a vowel. The current genitive is almost definite and is more concrete and formal and some would say slightly archaic. If you want your specific Politics Book, use the Genitive, if you want a book about Politics, say Ony'politiky nywokai. This is also used for names of news companies, magazines, and general companies. It is more indefinite. In fact, in some dialects and demographics, especially among teenagers, the genitive is almost completely falling out of use and being replaced by the Ony particle.
Teine means never as in "never up until to the time of reference, and never in the future." It is a strong word and often stressed. Teine contrasts with Neket in that Neket means "never up until the time of reference, but no consensus on the future".
There is also Teini+adjective which is roughly equivalent to English so, really, super in so much, really hot, super cool, etc.
The At particle is no longer used in modern Falgwian. Its use is only preserved in some phrases such At Tugalin (For Luck's Sake). In some earlier writing--pre 20th century--the at particle may be seen in infinitival phrases. For example: Faligeir at mywait (I want to eat). This form is no longer used in favour of simply stacking the verbs together ie. Faligeir mywait. The particle at was also a subordinator that was used to mean how.
The K'y particle indicates the approachment of a goal. It is a contraction of Ko and Y. It is used as follows; case markings are not used:
Myreir naiwarat katalai hylateir k'y ekisamai.
I believe that I am going to pass the test tomorrow.
The demonstratives are both adjectives and pronouns and they don't decline. They are not as commonly used as in English or French, and are only beginning to see more usage among the younger generation as a manner to be more expressive. They are from the Polish accusative pronouns. The plural forms are used for both dual and plural nouns.
Except in rare cases such as those mentioned above with comparatives, superlatives, and adverbs, the verb must begin a Falgwian sentence. One exception to this rule not noted above is that, in more elevated speech, if an adverb precedes a verb, the verb can be pushed past the noun in the sentence so long as the subject and object are not pronouns. For example:
Medu mywat wolykait lumasein nas.
He cleaned his room well.
See Falgwian Numbers (which also includes years and dates).
Numbers in Falgwian are base 10.
There are no ordinal numbers beyond using the numbers as adjectives. Zero is onama.
Falgwian punctuation consists of many of the same punctuation marks as most European languages ie. periods, commas, colons, semi-colons, question marks, exclamation marks, parenthesis, etc. A few unique uses are outlined below:
Commas- Falgwian always uses commas to offset subordinate clauses as well as infinitives. It also uses commas to link two independent clauses where there is no conjunction. Falgwian also does not have the concept of the Oxford comma in lists (ie. the final comma before and). As well, when creating a list with and before each separate noun, a comma must come before every and but the first and. Finally, like other European languages, Falgwian uses a comma where American English uses a decimal point in numerical expressions. However, Falgwian uses a decimal point or space where American English uses a comma in larger numbers.
Quotation Marks- Falgwian uses the quotation marks „ “ as well as « »/»«, however the latter is seen far less frequently. There are no rules regarding which to use. Falgwian places all additional punctuation within the quotation marks. Quotation marks in Falgwian, however, have a more expanded use than in English. Where in English they are used for the titles of poems, articles, short stories, songs and TV shows, in Falgwian they are also used for titles of books, novels, films, dramatic works and the names of newspapers or magazines (which would be italicized (or underlined in writing) in English). Lastly, Falgwian uses the single quotation , ’ marks to mark a quotation within a quotation.
Apostrophe- The apostrophe is widely used in Falgwian to mark the contraction of certain particles as outlined above. It is also used to indicate part of a word which is missing.
Dash- The dash is used widely in Falgwian to link particles as outlined above as well as numbers, adjectives, and titles. It is also used as in English to indicate a pause (with either a dash or an em-dash). Falgwian uses the dash to indicate a change in speaker when no quotation marks are present, and finally, Falgwian uses a dash or em-dash to indicate two zeros in a price.
Capital letters- Capital letters in Falgwian are used for all proper nouns excluding titles (capitals are not used for language, nationality, country names, etc. though they are used for cities). Capitals are also used for acronyms and titles of publications (except insignificant words such as ei (this is almost exactly the same as the same practice in English)). Up until a spelling reform in the early in 1960s, Falgwian also used to capitalise all nouns, however today this practice is no longer accepted as a standard.
Ha is a word used to tell time.
It is one o'clock.
Ha dana ei dinita.
It is one thirteen.
In Falgwian, there are no words for noon, midnight, quarter past, ten after, etc.
Falgwians also always use the 24:00 clock.
Hour- Hane (is the origin of ha) (Ha is also used as hrs in English ie. 24ha 24hrs)
N.B. Ha is pronounced /ha/ not /a/.
Also remember, Ko dana tyme- One minute ago
To express age in Falgwian use the expression:
Ko ha henatita.
I am 22 years old.
The expression is very idiomatic, and needs to be memorised as such. To express the past, use a past particle after ko according to particle supremacy. To ask how old someone is use ko plus the appropiate nominative genitive pronoun:
Dear Mr. Smith
(Ko is used for letters or presents to mean to someone. "From" is name-wydu)
For Sincerely use thank you, Maleir-na
Falgwian, for its part, actually simplifies language for legalese, but not for the benefit of the people as one would suspect. One of the staples of the Falgwian grammar are many structures which are used to emphasise or de-emphasise a given element of the language. Examples of this include the preterite perfective and aorist perfective, which are differentiated by whether or not the speaker wants to emphasise the action or not. It is not a matter of whether a given use is grammatical or not, but more the intentions of the speaker. Another such case is the particle Ko which is placed before a noun in the nominative or genitive to indicate that the noun is of importance to the speaker. These are features which legalese lacks. Since the aorist perfective is stronger at emphasising an action than the preterite perfective is at de-emphasising it, the preterite is exclusively used in legal writing to refer to the perfective past. There is also an imperfective aspect in Falgwian which exclusively uses the aorist imperfective since the preterite imperfective fell out of use long ago. As can be suspected, particles like Ko are also not used in legal writing to indicate importance or emphasis. The goal of Falgwian legal writing is to make the text as neutral as possible in a language which lacks grammatical features which exclusively express neutrality.
Patronymic Naming System in Falgwian
Falgwian has a patronymic naming system. It works as follows:
Dadywei Tykonasai has a son named Ty. Ty's last name is then Dadywai. If he has a daughter named Kwiny, her name is Kwiny Dadywai.
So, for example:
Falgwia Press Officer Kwiny Gwamai is the son of Gwamei Hwynitai and Kuly Namonai. Kwiny's husband is Tomaskei Gryzbowskai (from former Polish name Tomasz Gryzbowsky), their kids are Tynei Tomaskai and Lywany Tomaskai. Foreign names can be incorporated into last names, however this is not commonly done. Usually, only ethnic Flagwians opt to follow the patronymic naming system.
Common Phrases and Expressions
Hello- Hywi or Hei or Hai
How are you?- Hwog nadysiem-na (nywi)?
I am good- Nadysier-wa (ha) medy
Thank you- Maleir-na (ha)
Goodbye- Mywasim or Mywa
My name is...:
Formal: I call myself...- Hwyfanair-wo (ha)...
Informal: Call me...- Hwyfanai-wa...
What is your name?- Hwar hwyfanait-no (lit: What do you call yourself?)
I am from...- War (ha) ___-wydu (Kind of idiomatic) | <urn:uuid:96a3db13-141a-4b57-8070-37ceb6dacff9> | {
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- How to create an inflorescence
- Litter leaves lilacs
- How to collect inflorescences in a bouquet
- Video: Master classes on weaving lilac from beads
Weaving lilac from beads is a veryA painstaking occupation that requires additional restraint, a lot of free time for this hobby. For example, in order to get an original flower, it will take several hours to separate the inflorescences into a common beautiful composition, you need to spend three or four days, but this will be done by yourself.
Lilac of beads - a beautiful spring plant,Which can decorate any room. About how to make a lilac bush of beads tell a detailed master class. And also video clips that will help you better understand the most difficult moments. Initially, it is recommended to stock up with white beads, as well as lilac and green colors, you can also use gentle blue # 11 for dilution.
In addition, do not forget about the bugle orFelling of blue, white, lilac flowers. We also need a basis for creating a composition, which should consist of a copper wire, the diameter of which is 0.3 millimeters. To wrap and hide the wire on the stalk of the lilac, take the green strands of increased density.
How to create an inflorescence
You can weave twigs of lilac withLoop method. To do this, take the wire, retreat from it ten centimeters and dial 15 beads, thus creating a loop. Next, you need to make an indentation of seven millimeters in size and create the next loop, which must consist of 13 beads. It is important to make the right indentation so that the lilac of beads is not too tight and dense to all weave. In the case when the distance is minimal, the branch will have a shortened and not attractive appearance, the splendor will disappear.
In our master class, we will consider a slightly different way of creating twigs for lilacs of beads and bugles.
A bouquet of lilac of beads consists of largeInflorescence of different colors. Initially, it is necessary to make miniature fragrant inflorescences of this wonderful flowering bush. For this purpose, it is necessary to take a wire, the length of which is equal to 30 centimeters and to collect beads in a total of five pieces. All this should be in the center of the segment, you can see in detail in the photo.
Then the end of the wire must be passed inOrder through the initial bead on the other side. After this, it is necessary to tighten the wire tightly and pay attention to the fact that the beads do not move from the central part of the wire. Thus, we need to make the first loop, as indicated by the master class consisting of five beads.
Next you need to make another loop, whichIs created on the same principle as the previous one, namely, at the edge of the wire, you need to collect 5 beads, and return the end in the opposite direction, after getting into the initial bead, tighten the wire and push the beads to the loop. Exactly the same way you need to create an additional loop and eventually get four curls, which are very close to each other, you can already see the first operating time and the bush comes to life.
The wire must be twisted 1-2 turns,As in the photo, folded in half and strung one bead of glass beads. It must be pressed tightly to the loops consisting of beads and bend perpendicularly. So we got one of the colors of the lilac, reminiscent of a partially mushroom and creating a bouquet of lilac from beads, as it's right to do a video lesson at the end of the article.
Creating more and more similar colors,They produce large inflorescences of lilacs, in which leaflets are added. On one branch there should be about 6 flowers, they should be at least 9 pieces. It is important to consider that from their quantity the lilac of beads will look sumptuous and colorful, that is if there is time, diligence and desire, it is possible to create quite original and impressive composition. In total, in order to create a lilac bush, you need at least 54 flowers.
Litter leaves lilacs
Following the creation of multicolored flowers for lilacs, it's time to start weaving green leaves. In this case, beads of similar color are needed.
Initially, the firstPart of the leaf taking into account the parallel weaving. Part of the part should be created on a wire, the size of which is 25 cm, do not forget about the information that contains the diagram:
- 1st row: one bead;
- 2nd row: two beads;
- 3rd row: two beads;
- 4th row: three beads;
- 5th row: four beads;
- 6th row: five beads;
- 7th row: six beads;
- 8th row: five beads;
- 9th row: four beads.
The first half should be intertwinedLeaflet. In exactly the same way, such a master class can be used for weaving maple compositions and leaves of grapes. We need to take a wire, the length of which is 25 cm, pass it around the first and second row of the sheet and continue the weaving.
It should be leveled at the ends, the first row of all from a single bead is created. The working end of the wire, located near the part of the leaf, needs to be stretched between the next two rows.
Further, we weave the following series according to this scheme:
- 3rd row: three beads;
- 4th row: four beads;
- 5th row: five beads;
- 6th row: five beads;
- 7th row: five beads;
- 8th row: four beads;
We finish the weaving of the leaf, connecting the endsWires in one piece, and pass through the middle one bead. On the sides should be recruited for 3, then do not forget about the connection ends in one unit and put on them ten beads, pay attention to the photo. The last dialed beads should fit snugly to the top of the leaf. After such a simple and uncomplicated process, you get completely original leaves for a lilac bush made with your own hands.
Total number of such leaflets should be at least 3And they will be located on one inflorescence. Perhaps you want to make a large number and different sizes - it does not affect the entire composition and its beauty. At this stage, we finish the master-class on making leaves and go to the assembly of lilac twigs.
How to collect inflorescences in a bouquet
After creating all the necessary details, branchesBegin to assemble into a common brush. It is necessary to take inflorescence, which will become central and basic. In those places where the trunk is wound with threads it is necessary to add 4 branches, they should be at the same distance from the central one. After this, take the stem and wrap it with green threads for 2 cm and add four more twigs.
Then it is recommended to stitch the stalk by two centimeters and add leaves, visually choosing the length and finish the work.
Similarly, the master class recommends thatWeaving the remaining brushes of lilac and combining them into one beautiful composition, combining different colors of glass beads and beads. From the resulting brushes it is necessary to fold one beautiful lilac of beads, which put in a small vase in a prominent place in the room.
Cognitive video on this topic is presented in our article. Let the beadwork of lilac and painstaking occupation, but you will create a souvenir that will not be a shame to give to relatives.
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Gym exercise no good for your mood but the great outdoors works
REGULAR outdoor exercise could halve the risk of suffering from poor mental health, according to a new study.
Activities in natural environments such as parks and forests have a positive effect on stress, mood and fatigue, researchers at the University of Glasgow found.
The study showed that exercising in "non-natural environments" such as gyms does not protect against poor mental health.
Professor Richard Mitchell, of the Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health at the university, said: "I wasn't surprised by the findings that exercise in natural environments is good for your mental health, but I was surprised by just how much better it is for your mental health to exercise in a green place like a forest, than in other places like the gym.
"Exercise anywhere is a good thing but exercise in natural environments has a greater benefit for mental health.
"Woodlands and parks seemed to have the greatest effect, so the message to doctors, planners and policymakers is that these places need protecting and promoting.
"The results suggest that making the decision to exercise in a natural environment just once a week could be enough to gain a benefit. Any additional use may have a bigger effect."
Prof Mitchell said 8% of people who exercised regulary in green spaces were likely to suffer poor mental health while the number doubled to 16% for those who did not exercise regularly outdoors.
The research team studied the use of natural and non-natural environments for physical activity, such as walking, running and cycling.
Outdoor exercise had a positive effect on biomarkers, which indicate levels of stress and fatigue.
Studying 1,890 entries to the Scottish Government's general health questionnaire, they looked at the association between the use of each environment and the risk of poor mental health.
Prof Mitchell added: "The information in the health survey gave us great information on a large pool of people but we did not have access to the type, duration or intensity of exercise.
"It would be interesting if we could conduct further research and establish a direct comparison between a run in a park and a run on a treadmill, for example."
The research has been published in the Social Science And Medicine journal. | <urn:uuid:faa5b4c3-b716-4059-967e-fc730e676969> | {
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Elliott, M.A. and Baughan, C.J. (2004) How can we persuade adolescents to wear cycle helmets? An application of the theory of planned behaviour. In: TRL Annual Research Review 2003. TRL Limited, Wokingham, United Kingdom, pp. 81-90.
|Microsoft Word - Draft Version |
This chapter provides an application of the theory of planned behaviour regarding adolescents wearing cycle helmets. Injuries to adolescent cyclists are unacceptably high but whilst cycle helmets have been found to be effective at reducing injuries to the head, brain and upper facial area, adolescent cyclists rarely wear them.
|Item type:||Book Section|
|Keywords:||transport research, road safety, young people, cycle helmets, Transportation and Communications, Psychology|
|Subjects:||Social Sciences > Transportation and Communications|
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > Psychology
|Department:||Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HaSS) > School of Psychological Science and Health > Psychology|
|Depositing user:||Strathprints Administrator|
|Date Deposited:||19 Jul 2011 16:03|
|Last modified:||12 Mar 2012 10:53|
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Get has a lot of uses in English. It's the Causative/Inchoative form
of both be and have. That is, it can represent either come to be (= become) or come to have when it's inchoative -- Inchoatives are intransitive and refer to change of state -- or it can represent either cause to be or cause to have when it's causative -- Causatives are transitive and refer to causing change.
- Stative: He was tired/sick/here/mad/arrested/writing.
- Inchoative He got tired/sick/here/mad/arrested/writing.
- Causative He got me tired/sick/here/mad/arrested/writing.
Consequently, get can be used in most constructions and idioms that involve either be or have. And there are an awful lot of them.
As far as its usage in scientific papers is concerned, I agree with Karthik that this depends entirely on the traditions of the research community. Nobody should attempt to write (let alone publish) scientific research in any field without having read many, many papers in the same field, and by that time, they should be aware of the traditional writing styles and conventions in their field.
Oh, and most of the examples provided in the OQ are not participles, by the way. | <urn:uuid:22d534ff-0f20-4784-a354-d34db66a4b88> | {
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Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province in central China, is situated on Jianghan Plain, a river-crossed fertile land created by the Hanjiang River joining the Yangtze River. Wuhan is a routine port for a Yangtze River cruise. Divided by the Yangtze, the city is known as the 'Three Towns of Wuhan' with Hankou and Hanyang on the west bank, and Wuchang on the east.
The panorama was taken in Hanyang Qingchuan Bridge downstream， Hanjiang River and Yangtze River intersection , Hanjiang River from here into China's largest rivers -- the Yangtze river.
360-degree panorama photography by yunzeng liu
Hubei Province, called "E"for the People's Republic of provincial administrative regions. Hubei Province in central China, the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake and the north, between latitude 29 ° 05 'to 33 ° 20 ', longitude 108 ° 21 'to 116 ° 07 '; north of Henan Province, Anhui Province, east, southeast and south O Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, west of Chongqing Municipality, Shaanxi Province, adjacent to the northwest. 740 km long from east to north-south width of 470 km, an area of 185,900 square kilometers, accounting for 1.95% of total area, ranking 13th. The capital is the only central region vice provincial cities - Wuhan City. | <urn:uuid:ba75db07-22c4-4752-9955-0942f270c8e5> | {
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|Funnel clouds can be considered weak tornadoes that do not have a visible portion
reaching the ground. Presumably, all tornadoes go though a funnel cloud stage before reaching the ground.
Some destructive tornadoes may only look like a funnel cloud if the air is
unusually dry, preventing the formation of cloud material all the way to the ground. But more commonly, the
tornadic circulation is too weak to support a well developed condensation funnel.
virtually all true funnel cloud situations, there will be a circulation of air reaching from the visible
funnel all the way to the ground -- it just can be seen. Low clouds associated with thunderstorms are often mistaken for funnel
clouds, and the National Weather Service makes a special effort to train storm spotters to be able to tell the difference. | <urn:uuid:a3e8a806-edbf-4f9f-b5e4-478b2eae1076> | {
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annual observance World AIDS Day will be commemorated on December 1, 2012.
World AIDS Day aims to increase awareness of the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic globally and in the US.
World AIDS day is about increasing awareness, fighting prejudice and
improving education. The World AIDS Day Theme for 2012 is "Getting to
Zero." The theme is about reducing new HIV infections, discrimination and
AIDS related deaths to zero through increased advances and equal access to
HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care. One hundred ninety-one
countries around the world are observing this day to draw attention to the
According to UNAIDS estimates, there are now 34 million people living
with HIV, including 2.1 million children. Over 25 million people have died
from AIDS. During 2010 some 2.7 million people became newly infected with
RaeAnn Tucker-Marshall, Health Department Director of Public Information
adds, "To give people a more national perspective, according to the most
recent CDC data, approximately 50,000 Americans become newly infected with
HIV each year and more than 14,000 people with AIDS die each year in the US.
Yet, studies show that some of the populations with the highest rates of
infection either do not recognize their risk or believe that HIV is no
longer a serious health threat. And research indicates that individuals who
are complacent about the threat of HIV are more likely to practice risky
For more information on the Department's confidential AIDS/HIV testing
and counseling, educational materials, and AIDS prevention services call the
Health Department at (309) 852-0197 or 792-4011 (Henry) or 852-3115 (Stark)
or visit our website at www.henrystarkhealth.com or find us on Facebook at
Henry and Stark County Health Departments. | <urn:uuid:059c3c63-1b6e-46ff-b18e-61e9539d61db> | {
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Located near the harbor in Kinsale, Charlesfort plays host to the White Lady of Kinsale, one of Ireland’s most famous and tragic ghosts.
Charlesfort, or Dun Chathail in the Irish language, was built between 1677 and 1682 during the reign of Charles II as a fortress to defend against attacks from enemies approaching via the sea. William Robinson, who designed the Royal Hospital in Kilmainham in Dublin, is credited with the design of the fort.
According to legend, one of the fort’s soldiers married a local girl and they stayed at the fort for their wedding night. The soldier had watch duty that night and a bit drunk from the day’s celebrations, fell asleep. Other soldiers in the fort found him asleep while on duty and following the protocol of the day, shot him at his post. After hearing about her husband’s death, the bride flung herself to her death from one of the fort’s walls.
Decades after the tragedy, The White Lady was seen wandering through Charlesfort by soldiers and their families, especially children. Two sergeants were packing up some equipment when one man’s daughter asked who the White Lady smiling at her was. Both men saw nothing, but the girl was adamant that a woman in a white dress had been looking at her. In another story, a nurse saw The White Lady standing over the bed of a sleeping child.
Not all of her interactions with the living are friendly. Even into the first half of the twentieth century, several captains recounted stories of being pushed down a flight of stairs by an unseen force.
Charlesfort was in military use until 1922. It is now in ruins, but the bride can still be seen wandering the fort’s walls in her white wedding dress. The White Lady as the locals call her, has also been seen wandering through the streets of Kinsale where she lived.
Charlesfort was declared an Irish National Monument in 1973 for its part in Irish history and there are now regular guided tours. The fort played a part in several conflicts including the Williamite War between 1689 and 1691. In 1689, James II sought to reclaim the English throne from William of Orange and he came to Kinsale with French soldiers. James II was later defeated by William. Charlesfort had suffered much damage through its years of service and restoration began after it was declared an Irish National Monument. Some of the original construction from the Seventeenth Century can still be seen today. | <urn:uuid:26e698a9-46da-4e47-8c3f-bd86c4089d14> | {
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The five factor model delineates five broad traits--extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience--that encapsulate most of the differences in personality across individuals. These traits, sometimes designated as domains, were originally derived from a categorization of the adjectives that are commonly used to describe individuals but then verified and refined through factor analyses, a statistical technique that is conducted to identify sets of correlated dimensions.
Costa and McCrae (1992) identify six facets that correspond to each trait or domain. For example, individuals who exhibit extraversion are gregarious, assertive, warm, positive, and active, as well as seek excitement.
The six facets that underpin neuroticism, as defined by Costa and McCrae (1992), relate to the extent to which individuals exhibit anxiety, depression, and hostility as well as feel self conscious, act impulsively, and experience a sense of vulnerability, unable to accommodate aversive events.
Six facets defined the trait that is often referred to as agreeableness: trust in other individuals, straightforward and honest communication, altruistic and cooperative behavior, compliance rather than defiance, modesty and humility, as well as tender, sympathetic attitudes (Costa & McCrae, 1992).
The six facets that correspond to conscientiousness relate to the degree to which individuals are competent, methodical--preferring order and structure, dutiful, motivated to achieve goals, disciplined, and deliberate or considered (Costa & McCrae, 1992).
Openness to experience is the final trait, which relates the extent to which individuals are open to fantasies, aesthetics, feelings, as well as novel actions, ideas, and values (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Open individuals prefer novel, intense, diverse, and complex experiences (McCrae, 1996). In contrast, closed individuals prefer familiar tasks and standardized routines (McCrae, 1996).
Neuroticism is inversely, but only weakly, related to measures of fluid intelligence, such as Ravens Progressive Matrices (Unsworth, Miller, Lakey, Young, Meeks, Campbell, & Goodie, 2009). Specifically, only anxiety and vigilance seem to be negatively related to intelligence. Presumably, neuroticism might elevate test anxiety, which in turn can impair performance (Unsworth, Miller, Lakey, Young, Meeks, Campbell, & Goodie, 2009).
Openness to experience is positively related to fluency--that is, the ability to generate unique exemplars of some category, such as animals (Unsworth, Miller, Lakey, Young, Meeks, Campbell, & Goodie, 2009). Conceivably, fluency might partly mediate the established association between openness and creativity.
Extraversion has been also shown to be positively associated with some facets of creativity, such as divergent thinking. Divergent thinking reflects the capacity of individuals to uncover many answers to a single prompt, such as uses of a brick.
To illustrate, in one study, conducted by Furnham and Nederstrom (2010), to assess divergent thinking, participants completed the consequences test. In particular, they were asked to specify the consequences that might unfold if, for example, people could no longer read or write. The number of proposed solutions was regarded as a measure of divergent thinking. In addition, participants completed a measure of personality as well as some ability tests. Divergent thinking was positively associated with extraversion as well as verbal reasoning and tolerance to uncertainty& divergent thinking was also elevated in males compared to females. Conceivably, positive mood states, prevalent in extraverts, could enhance flexibility in thinking (cf. De Dreu, Baas, & Nijstad, 2008& see dual pathway to creative performance).
Indeed, many studies have examined how openness to experience is related to intelligence. Ziegler, Danay, Heene, Asendorpf, and Buhner (2012) developed a model, called the Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence model, that characterizes this relationship. First, according to this model, both openness and fluid intelligence foster crystalized intelligence. In this model, fluid intelligence entails fundamental capacities that are universally valued, such as reasoning ability, memory span, perceptual speed, and mental rotation. Crystalized intelligence comprises knowledge that is derived from the culture, such as vocabulary.
Interestingly, as Ziegler, Danay, Heene, Asendorpf, and Buhner (2012) showed, if openness to experience is elevated, fluid intelligence is no longer strongly associated with crystalized intelligence. Similarly, if fluid intelligence is elevated, openness to experience is no longer strongly associated with crystalized intelligence. Presumably, fluid intelligence enables individuals to learn in novel settings more efficiently, facilitating crystalized intelligence. However, when openness to experience is elevated, people are more inclined to reflect carefully in novel settings, diminishing the need to process information efficiently, and thus overriding the importance of fluid intelligence.
In addition, openness to experience and fluid intelligence affect one another. Specifically, according to the environmental enrichment hypothesis, openness to experience fosters fluid intelligence. That is, as openness increases, people expose themselves to novel settings and insights, facilitating the development of fundamental capabilities. According to the environmental success hypothesis, fluid intelligence fosters openness to experience: People who can process information efficiently are more inclined to manage novel settings effectively, increasing their comfort to unfamiliar experiences and promoting openness.
Which of these two mechanisms prevails, according to Ziegler, Danay, Heene, Asendorpf, and Buhner (2012), may depend on the age and development of individuals. Indeed, in their study, in which participants were examined between the ages of 17 and 23, only the environmental enrichment hypothesis was vindicated, contrary to other studies.
Zhang and Huang (2001) revealed that thinking styles differ across the five traits. Extraversion coincides with more creative and complex thinking styles. Specifically, their thinking style is described as more judicial--evaluating the solutions that other individuals present for example-as well as global rather than local, and external rather than internal, involving interactions with other individuals (Zhang & Huang, 2001).
Neuroticism coincides with a tendency to follow specific norms, procedures,instructions, and routines, shunning roles in which they are not certain of their responsibilities. That is, their thinking style is often described as executive--that is, administrative-conservative and local rather than global (Zhang & Huang, 2001).
Openness also coincide with more creative and complex thinking styles. Their thinking style is described as legislative-attempting to challenge traditional perspectives as well as liberal rather than conservative (Zhang & Huang, 2001).
Relative to extraverted individuals, introverted individuals are more proficient on monotonous tasks, such as monitoring a screen for several hours. Specifically, the neural circuits of introverted individuals tend to be more activated. Consequently, these circuits, and therefore their concentration, is thus active even when the environment is uninspiring and monotonous. These individuals, therefore, concentrate effectively despite the monotony or tedium of some activities (Rose, Murphy, Byard, & Nikzad, 2002).
Furthermore, conscientious individuals are less distracted by other thoughts and can thus focus their attention on monotonous tasks. In contrast, neuroticism is inversely associated with this capacity: This trait compromises the ability of individuals to control their frustration when the task is monotonous (Rose, Murphy, Byard, & Nikzad, 2002).
These arguments were substantiated by Rose, Murphy, Byard, and Nikzad (2002). In this study, participants needed to complete a vigilance task. They needed to press a button whenever some infrequent event unfolded but not respond otherwise. Performance on this task was positively associated with conscientiousness but negatively associated with extraversion and neuroticism.
Extraversion tends to coincide with a bias away from negative stimuli. In one study, reported by Amin, Constable, and Canli (2004), participants completed a dot probe task. In particular, two pictures appeared simultaneously on a screen. On some trials, one of the pictures was negative and the other picture was neutral. On other trials, one of the pictures was neutral and one of the pictures was positive. Then, a dot appeare was superimposed on one of the two pictures. Participants needed to indicate the location of this dot by pressing the appropriate button.
If participants were extraverted, they responded more rapidly when the probe appeared on a neutral rather than negative picture. Presumably, extraverted individuals tended to direct their attention to neutral instead of negative pictures and thus recognized dots at this location more quickly. Interestingly, when probes were superimposed on the more negative of the two pictures, fMRI imaging indicated the right fusiform gyrus was especially activated in extraverted individuals. This region is activated when individuals need to search vigorously or process unexpected stimuli. Accordingly, extraverted individuals directed attention to the more positive picture: Dot probes that were superimposed on the other picture demanded effort to uncover and contradicted expectations.
Agreeableness coincides with an inclination to direct attention towards cues that relate to cooperation rather than competition or conflict. That is, individuals who exhibit elevated levels of agreeableness are often unable to disengage their attention from pro-social cues. Individuals who exhibit low levels of agreeableness are often unable to disengage their attention from anti-social cues (Wilkowski, Robinson, & Meier, 2006)
To illustrate, in a study conducted by Wilkowski, Robinson, and Meier (2006), a series of pro-social or anti-social words, such as assist or attack, appeared on a screen. Participants were instructed to articulate whether the word relates to being helpful or hurtful. Immediately after their response, a p or q appeared on the screen, either in the same location or in a different location. Participants pressed one of two keys, depending on whether the letter was a p or q. Agreeable individuals responded more rapidly to the letter if, immediately before this character was presented, a pro-social word had appeared at the same location or an anti-social word had appeared at a different location. Disagreeable individuals responded more rapidly to the letter if, immediately before this character was presented, and anti-social word had appeared at the same location or a pro-social word had appeared at a different location.
Furthermore, openness also coincides with a preference to focus on abstract, intangible, and distant goals or concepts rather than concrete, tangible, and immediate duties or details. To illustrate, Vaughn, Baumann, and Klemann (2008) showed that open participants felt more motivated when they were encouraged to pursue future hopes and aspirations rather than immediate duties and obligations& future aspirations are abstract rather than concrete and thus align with the preferred cognitive style of open individuals. In contrast, closed participants felt more motivated when they were encouraged to fulfill more immediate duties and obligations& immediate duties are more specific and concrete, aligning to the preferences of closed participants.
Neuroticism and trait anxiety tend to be associated with a bias towards negative stimuli. The attention of individuals who report neuroticism or trait anxiety tend to be directed towards threatening stimuli, at least initially (e.g., Bar-Haim et al., 2007). Furthermore, these individuals are more likely to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening (Calvo & Castillo, 2001). In addition, they also overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes (e.g., Eysenck & Derakshan, 1997).
Individuals who report elevated levels of neuroticism are especially inclined to decide, and often consciously, to avoid events or contexts that might evoke negative emotions. This inclination was demonstrated by Lommen, Engelhard, and van den Hout (2010). In this study, a series of white or black circles appeared in sequence. For some participants, the white circles always coincided with an electric shock. The black circles did not coincide with an electric shock.
Next, another set of circles appeared, all of which were grey. Some of these circles were similar to white& some circles were similar to black& other circles were somewhere between white and black. Only the circles that white or nearly white coincided with an electric shock. Depending on the condition, participants were granted either 1 s or 5 s to press a space bar. Pressing the space bar would prevent the electric shock.
Relative to people who did not report elevated levels of neuroticism, people who did report elevated levels of neuroticism were more inclined to press the space bar, even if the circles were not especially white. That is, they demonstrated more caution. Nevertheless, this pattern emerged only when participants were granted 5 s to reach a decision, indicating this inclination demands conscious deliberation.
Other differences between individuals who report elevated levels of neuroticism and other participants were observed. For example, individuals who reported elevated levels of neuroticism were more inclined to rate the electric shocks as unpleasant. They perceived the negative events as more aversive.
Conscientiousness seems to coincide with self control--the capacity to inhibit temptations and pursue important but challenging goals. For example, in one study, conscientious individuals persisted on a tedious task for a longer duration than did other participants (Sansone, Wiebe, & Morgan, 1999).
These five traits are also associated with job performance. Indeed, a variety of studies and meta-analyses have been undertaken to examine the association between personality, as represented by the five factor model, and performance (e.g., Barrick & Mount, 1991& Barrick, Mount, & Judge, 2001& Salgado, 1997, 2003& Tett, Jackson, & Rothstein, 1991).
These pioneering meta-analyses showed that conscientiousness and, to a lesser extent, extraversion were positively related to job performance (e.g., Barrick & Mount, 1991). Later studies have shown that emotional stability, openness to experience, and agreeableness are also related to job performance (for a meta-analysis, see Tett, Jackson, & Rothstein, 1991)--with correlations between .2 and .35. Nevertheless, the role of extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness in particular seems to vary across settings and responsibilities (Barrick, Mount, & Judge, 2001) and, therefore, might not be applicable to all jobs.
Other factors also affect the strength of these relationships. These associations, for example, are more pronounced when the measures that are intended to represent the five factors are administered (Salgado, 2003). That is, in some studies, the five factors are aggregated from sets of specific scales--not designed for this purpose. Associations derived from these aggregated scales are usually lower.
Conscientious individuals, in general, tend to perform more proficiently than peers, as rated by official standards, from elementary schools (Digman & Inouye, 1986) to work settings (Barrick & Mount, 1991)
Many studies have assumed that personality is linearity associated with job performance. However, as Le, Oh, Robbins, Ilies, Holland, and Westrick (2011) showed, curvilinear relationships are probably more accurate. That is, once traits like conscientiousness or emotional stability exceed a particular level, performance no longer improves but tends to diminish. If the jobs are complex, performance diminishes only at higher levels of these personality traits.
To illustrate, conscientiousness can facilitate lofty goals and effort. Nevertheless, if excessive, this focus on lofty goals and effort can reduce flexibility to other objectives, increasing rigidity and even culminating in burnout. If a task is not especially complex, conscientious individuals may still devote undue effort to this activity, often to the detriment of other pursuits. Very high levels of conscientiousness, therefore, are especially unfavorable when the tasks are not particularly complex.
Similarly, emotional stability may curb distractibility and thus improve concentration and performance. Nevertheless, if emotional stability is too elevated, individuals may not demonstrate the beneficial effects of some unpleasant emotions in particular situations. Some anxiety, for example, can direct attention to subtle complications?-vital for simple tasks. Furthermore, some anxiety might facilitate social insight, improving relationships, and enhancing organizational citizenship behavior.
To assess these possibilities, Le, Oh, Robbins, Ilies, Holland, and Westrick (2011) administered a series of questionnaires, intended to gauge the conscientiousness and emotional stability of participants. Their supervisors also evaluated the extent to which participants help colleagues, act responsibility, and perform their tasks effectively. Furthermore, whether participants engage in tasks that are simple, primarily comprising established routines, or complex was assessed.
The results confirmed the hypotheses. When conscientiousness or emotional stability exceeded a particular level, citizenship behavior and task performance no longer improved but tended to diminish. If the jobs were complex, however, performance diminished only at very high levels of these personality traits.
Likewise, as Carter, Dalal, Boyce, O?Connell, Kung, and Delgado (2014) showed, whether the association is linear or curvilinear depends on which approach is used to assess the relationship between conscientiousness and performance. Traditionally, to assess a scale, researchers sum or average a set of scores. This approach assumes a dominance model: Individuals who exhibit more of some trait, such as conscientiousness, will tend to generate higher scores on some measure. Alternatively, to assess a scale, researchers can utilize an ideal point model: Individuals are more likely to endorse items that are similar to their level on an underlying continuum. Participants compare the extremity of an item with their own extremity on some trait--arguably a more accurate approach. Sophisticated techniques, such as the generalized graded unfolding IRT model, apply this model.
Carter, Dalal, Boyce, O?Connell, Kung, and Delgado (2014) showed that, when this more sophisticated approach is used, called an ideal point model, the relationship between conscientiousness and performance was curvilinear. Very low or very high conscientiousness was detrimental. When the traditional dominance model was applied, the relationship between conscientiousness and performance was linear. Conscientiousness was positively associated with performance. The authors argued that many standard techniques might have overlooked the curvilinear relationship.
According to some research, people who are especially extraverted or introverted are not especially effective in sales roles. Instead, individuals who report moderate levels of extraversion and introversion, called ambiverts, are more likely to perform well in these roles.
This possibility was proposed and verified by Grant (2013). In this study, the participants were employees of call centers, charged with the responsibility of generating sales from both existing and new customers. They completed a measure of the five factor model of personality, comprising 20 items, validated by Donnellan, Oswald, Baird, & Lucas (2006). After controlling hours worked, job tenure, and the other personality traits, the relationship between extraversion and sales performance was an inverted U shape, peaking midway between extreme introversion and extreme extraversion. None of the other personality traits, or square of these personality traits, were significantly associated with sales performance.
When individuals are especially extraverted, they like to be the focus of attention, sometimes diminishing their sensitivity to the needs of other people. Conversely, when individuals are especially introverted, they might not be assertive enough to persuade other people.
Extraverted individuals often evoke negative emotions in the people with whom they interact, as shown by Eisenkraft and Eifenbein (2010). Extraverted individuals, for example, often seem dominant, and this dominance could undermine the sense of power or status in other people.
To demonstrate, in the study conducted by Eisenkraft and Eifenbein (2010), members of 48 workgroups, each of which comprised four or five individuals, completed a questionnaire. Specifically, they first completed a measure of the five factor model. Next, they evaluated the extent to which they experience various emotions--anger, boredom, calmness, enthusiasm, happiness, relaxation, sadness, and stress--when they interact with each of the other members of their workgroup. Finally, they specified the individuals with whom they most often interact.
The results show that some people were more likely to provoke negative emotions in colleagues than were other people. Specifically, participants who reported elevated levels of extraversion--or low levels of agreeableness--were more like to elicit negative emotions in their colleagues (Eisenkraft & Eifenbein, 2010). Furthermore, some people were especially likely to provoke positive emotions in other people. These individuals were more likely to be central to social networks, often chosen as close to other colleagues (Eisenkraft & Eifenbein, 2010).
Most people assume that agreeable individuals--that is, anyone who is cooperative, sympathetic, trustworthy, sincere, compliant, and modest--tend to evaluate other people favorably. However, Kammrath and Scholer (2011) challenged this simple assumption. These researchers showed that agreeable individuals are especially likely to evaluate helpful acts favorably but unhelpful acts unfavorably.
Specifically, as a set of four studies demonstrated, agreeable individuals are primarily motivated to develop strong, trusting relationships or associations, called a communal orientation, rather than to prevail. Because of this orientation, they are very sensitive to whether or not other people are supportive and fair or unsupportive and unfair. If someone seems unsupportive or unfair, agreeable people, relative to disagreeable people, will be especially disappointed. They will evaluate this individual as particularly negative, selfish, hurtful, unkind, and disrespectful.
Kammrath, McCarthy, Cortes, and Friesen (2015) explored the association between personality and assertiveness. In general, people assume that introverted and agreeable people are not assertive. However, as Kammrath, McCarthy, Cortes, and Friesen (2015) showed, the motivation or causes of this unassertive behavior differs between introverted and agreeable people.
In particular, people who are introverted exhibit limited ability to be assertive. For example, as rated by their partners, individuals who reported elevated levels of introversion cannot be forceful with other people or speak up when necessary. Furthermore, when introverted people remember times in which they felt dissatisfied with someone, they were less inclined to confront the person, even if they felt the topic was important.
In contrast, people who are agreeable exhibit ability to be assertive but also the ability to be unassertive when warranted. For instance, in this study, agreeableness did not affect the degree to which people are forceful with other people or can speak up when necessary. Yet, as rated by their partners, individuals who reported elevated levels of agreeableness can avoid arguments or be a follower when necessary& extraversion did not affect this capacity significantly. Likewise, when agreeable people remember times in which they felt dissatisfied with someone, they confronted the other person when the topic was important but not when the topic was unimportant.
The effect of placebos--such as sugar pills--on pain depends on personality (Pecina et al., 2012). Specifically, agreeableness has been shown to increase the magnitude of placebo effects. Perhaps, agreeable people may be more open to advice or information and may be less defensive.
Specifically, if participants perceive themselves as high on resilience as well as exhibit high levels of agreeableness, placebo effects are more pronounced. That is, these participants felt their pain had diminished in response to placebos. These participants also showed greater activation of the opioid neurotransmission in the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and periaqueductal gray, vital to the relief of pain.
The personality of individuals, as gauged by the five factor model, also affects immunity. For example, as Armon, Melamed, Shirom, Berliner, and Shapira (2013) showed, neuroticism and extraversion are positively associated, and openness to experience is negatively associated, with two biomarkers of inflammation: C-reactive protein and fibrinogen--two proteins that are released during the acute phase of infection or trauma. Furthermore, the positive association between neuroticism and inflammation was especially pronounced if individuals were physically inactive, as gauged by number of hours of physical activity.
In short, these studies imply that openness to experience, introversion, and emotional stability may facilitate health. Excessive inflammatory responses can impede physiological repair and, over time, compromise cardiovascular health. These traits diminish inflammatory responses and thus prevent these complications.
Several accounts can be applied to explain these findings. Neuroticism, for example, activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ultimately increasing the concentration of cortisol in the blood& cortisol then evokes an inflammatory response. Physical activity, however, may dampen this set of reactions, however.
The mechanisms that underpin the relationship between extraversion and inflammation is not as certain. People who are extraverted may be more inclined to gravitate to thrilling, reckless, or risky activities--activities that can promote cortisol, inflammation, or both.
Finally, openness to experience coincides with activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, and this region, vital to flexibility and adaptation, tends to curb activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, diminishing cortisol and inflammation. In this study, however, openness was negatively correlated with only fibrinogen.
Absenteeism is related to personality. In particular, employees are sometimes absent because of legitimate illness or family commitments. Other individuals, in contrast, choose to be absent--sometimes to engage in enjoyable activities instead.
Extraversion and openness to experience are positively related to the likelihood that employees choose to be absent (Darviri & Woods, 2006). These individuals tend to seek excitement or novelty and, thus, feel motivated to engage in interesting activities outside work. Agreeableness, in contrast, is negatively related to this tendency. That is, agreeableness is associated with the need to comply with social obligations, which curbs absenteeism.
At work, individuals often need to regulate their emotions, such as suppress their anger or anxiety, to reach their goals. This regulation of emotions is sometimes called emotional labor. Two forms of emotional labor are often differentiated: surface and deep (Grandey, 2000, 2003). Surface labor refers to attempts in individuals to display specific emotions, such as happiness or excitement, while experiencing different emotions. Deep labor refers to attempts in employees to change their actual emotional experiences.
As Kiffin-Petersen, Jordan, and Soutar (2010) demonstrated, personality affects which strategies people utilize. This study showed that neuroticism is positively associated with the use of surface acting--a strategy that was also shown to promote exhaustion at work, perhaps because suppression demands persistent effort. In contrast, agreeableness and extraversion was associated with deep acting, and this strategy increased the likelihood that individuals would engage in organizational citizenship behavior.
Conceivably, agreeableness increases the likelihood that individuals feel genuine compassion for customers. They actually, therefore, experience the emotional state they would like to express (Kiffin-Petersen, Jordan, & Soutar, 2010).
The personality of people also correlates with the shoes they wear most often. For example, as Gillath, Bahns, Ge, and Crandall (2012) demonstrated, if people are extraverted, their shoes are more likely to be worn and the tops of these shoes are higher. If people are agreeable, their shoes do not seem as pricy or masculine, as judged by other individuals. If people report low levels of neuroticism, their shoes tend to be more masculine and worn& the brand name is also more likely to be conspicuous.
In addition, people sometimes judge the personality of other individuals from their shoes alone. That is, in the study that was conducted by Gillath, Bahns, Ge, and Crandall (2012), individuals were instructed to judge the personality of people from a photographs of the shoes this person wore most often. If the shoes were bright and colorful, these individuals tended to assume the person was extraverted and open to experience. If the shoes were feminine and inexpensive, and the brand was not conspicuous, people tended to assume the person was agreeable. These ratings were not usually accurate, except presumed agreeableness was correlated with actual agreeableness.
The five factor model is modestly related to the personality disorders, as defined by the DSM IV. Indeed, facets of the five factors can be used to predict personality disorders (see De Fruyt, De Clercq, Miller, Rolland, Jung, Taris, Furnham, & Van Hiel, 2009). In particular, De Fruyt, De Clercq, Miller, Rolland, Jung, Taris, Furnham, and Van Hiel (2009) examined whether scores on the NEO-PI-R, a comprehensive measure of the five factor model, can be used to estimate ten personality disorders:
De Fruyt, De Clercq, Miller, Rolland, Jung, Taris, Furnham, and Van Hiel (2009) estimated the extent to which individuals demonstrated these personality disorders from their responses to the NEO. In particular, they developed formulas that relate these responses to personality disorders. These formulas are derived by correlating profiles of each disorder with relevant facets.
For example, to estimate paranoid personality, the responses to N2, E1r, E2r, O4r, O6r, A1r, A2r, A3r, A4r, A6r are summed. In this example, the letter refers to the trait, the number refers to the facet within this trait, and r refers to reversed--x - 1 + 32. The results, in general, confirmed this technique. Personality disorders, as estimated from the NEO, did predict the decision to exclude these individuals during the selection process, for example.
Piedmont, Sherman, Sherman, Dy-Liacco, and Williams (2009) argue that personality disorders could be conceptualized as extreme values on one or more of the five primary traits (see also Widiger, Costa, & McCrae, 2002). They developed a scale that represents extreme values on openness to experience, called the Experiential Permeability Inventory.
Excessive openness might correspond to preoccupation with fantasy, unstable goals, inadequate conformity to social conventions, eccentricity, and diffuse identity (Widiger, Costa, & McCrae, 2002). Negligible openness might correspond to an inability to adapt to change, intolerance to different perspectives, alexithymia, and limited interests.
As Piedmont, Sherman, Sherman, Dy-Liacco, and Williams (2009) highlight, extreme values on openness, either excessive or negligible, can undermine connections with social collectives or relationships. If openness is excessive, they remain too independent, appearing odd and eccentric. If openness is negligible, they seem too rigid and intolerant to maintain social relationships.
Accordingly, extreme values of openness undermine the capacity of individuals to adapt their inner, private experiences--thoughts, feelings, preferences, and inclinations--to accommodate their social environment. This capacity affects a concept called experiential permeability. That is, some individuals demonstrate unduly permeable boundaries between themselves and the surrounding environment. They cannot distinguish between personal inclinations and external imperatives. They do not, therefore, inhibit these inclinations, and hence might appear eccentric, manifested as excessive openness and related to schizotypal personality disorder.
Other individuals demonstrate very impermeable boundaries. They cannot relate personal inclinations to external imperatives. They conform to social cues, without any sensitivity to personal needs. They conform inordinately, manifested as negligible openness--and related to alexithymia and authoritarianism.
The Experiential Permeability Inventory comprises four factors:
Relative to individuals who are not diagnosed with a disorder of the same age, individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder report greater levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience (Schriber, Robins, & Solomon, 2014). These differences are generally large in magnitude. Yet, correlations between self reports and parents reports were similar in people with autism spectrum disorder and other people, suggesting that autism does not compromise some facets of insight appreciably. But, in contrast to people without autism spectrum disorder, people with autism spectrum disorder were more likely to report their personality more favorably than did their parents.
The five personality traits are assumed to be largely independent of one another. Yet, the association between one personality trait and some outcome often depends on other personality traits.
For example, conscientious and agreeableness moderate the association between neuroticism and some behaviors. To illustrate, as Bowling, Burns, Stewart, and Gruys (2011) showed, when conscientiousness, agreeableness, or both are elevated, the positive association between neuroticism and counterproductive work behavior diminishes. That is, if people are conscientious and agreeable, they can more readily suppress their immediate urges. Urges that are provoked by stress and may evoke undesirable behavior, common in people who report neuroticism, are likely to be inhibited in conscientious and agreeable individuals.
Similarly, agreeable employees are more likely to receive promotions and rewards than disagreeable employees, but only if they are also conscientious. To clarify, conscientious employees are more likely than other colleagues to receive favourable evaluations from their supervisors. However, if these employees also tend to be perceived as disagreeable, their methodical, careful, and disciplined manner can be perceived as rigid and inflexible. That is, they will often impose their own opinions and objectives onto others. In addition, they will strive to fulfil their own goals to the detriment of other activities, such as cooperation with colleagues (see Witt, Brown, Barrick, & Mount, 2002).
Experiences in the work environment can subsequently change personality (Scollon & Diener, 2006). That is, as Scollon and Diener (2006) showed, job satisfaction at one time corresponds to subsequent increases in extraversion.
The mechanisms that underpin this change in extraversion have not been investigated extensively. Conceivably, if employees enjoy their role, they experience more positive emotions. These positive emotions tend to override concerns and doubts. Individuals are willing to embrace risks in social settings, manifesting as confidence and extraversion.
Alternatively, if employees enjoy their role, they might flourish at the organization. They will thus be granted more opportunities and experiences to develop their social competence, sometimes increasing extraversion.
As Hudson, Roberts, and Lodi-Smith (2012) showed, when individuals become more invested and committed to their work, their personality tends to change. In particular, they tend to exhibit the personality traits that are especially suitable in the work environment, such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Presumably, as people become invested in work, their identity is more likely to entail their work roles. These work roles are associated with personality styles in which people inhibit egocentric motives and attempt a variety of tasks, increasing conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
To investigate this possibility, in one study, conducted by Hudson, Roberts, and Lodi-Smith (2012), participants completed a series of measures across a three year period. These measures included an assessment of personality as well as the extent to which participants exhibit job involvement (e.g., "Most of my interests are centered around my job", work investment (e.g., "I consult my coworkers before making important changes in my life"), and both organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior.
As people became more committed to their work, as reflected by increased investment and organizational citizenship behavior, their level of conscientiousness increased significantly. Furthermore, investment in work at one time also predicted increases in agreeableness at a later time. Finally, increases in job involvement coincided with increases in openness to experience.
Several studies have explored the neurological correlates of these five personality traits. First, personality traits do correspond to differences between left and right activation in various brain regions. Conscientiousness, for example, seems to coincide with more activation in the left, compared to the right, prefrontal cortices, as determined by EEG recordings (Jensen-Campbell, Knack, Waldrip, & Campbell, 2007). In particular, alpha power was greater in the right relative to left prefrontal regions, and alpha power tends to represent reduced brain activity. This asymmetry, however, arose only after participants received critical rather than favorable feedback.
DeYoung, Hirsh, Shane, Papademetris, Rajeevan, and Gray (2010) showed the volume of brain regions is indeed related to personality. In this study, structural magnetic resonance imaging was applied to 116 adults. In short, openness was not significantly related to brain structure. In contrast, extraversion was positively related to the volume of the medial orbitofrontal cortex, critical to the processing of reward information. This finding aligns to the proposition that extraversion partly emanates from an amplified sensitivity to rewards.
Neuroticism was inversely related to the volume of regions in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the left medial temporal lobe, especially the posterior hippocampus. Furthermore, neuroticism was positively related to both grey and white matter in the mid-cingulate gyrus. These findings are consistent with the proposition that neuroticism primarily represents sensitivity to threat and punishment. To illustrate, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex is integral to emotional regulation, especially in response to self evaluations (Ochsner & Gross, 2005). The hippocampus seems to be critical in the resolution of conflicts and the regulation of rumination (e.g., Gray & McNaughton, 2000). The mid-cingulate gyrus can amplify sensitivity to errors and pain (e.g., Eisenberger & Lieberman, 2004).
Agreeableness was inversely associated with the volume of the left superior temporal sulcus but positively associated with the volume of the fusiform gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. The posterior cingulate cortex might facilitate theory of mind--that is, the capacity to understand the perspectives and beliefs of other individuals (Saxe & Powell, 2006). Thus, the capacity to process social information might partly underpin agreeableness.
Conscientiousness was associated with volume of middle frontal gyrus in left lateral prefrontal cortex, critical to explicit planning and deliberate control of behavior. This region enables individuals to maintain information in working memory and, thus, facilitates the execution of plans.
As McCrae, Scally, Terracciano, Abecasis, and Costa (2010) concede, the attempts of researchers to identify the alleles of genes that coincide with particular personality traits have uncovered mixed and unconvincing results. These authors, for example, refer to studies that have examined whether one gene, underpinning the serotonin transporter, correlates with neuroticism. This transporter facilitates the uptake of serotonin, curbing depression. A polymorphism in the promoter region of this serotonin transporter has been shown to correlate with neuroticism, yet this finding has since been disputed by subsequent studies. Note that a polymorphism is a specific allele or variant of a gene, and a promoter region is a section of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular gene?-the first phase of gene expression.
According to McCrae, Scally, Terracciano, Abecasis, and Costa (2010), researchers might not have focused their attention on the most applicable regions, given the human genome entails 25,000 genes. The genome-wide association study represents an attempt to simplify this endeavor. Specifically, the genome comprises a series of haplotypes. These haplotypes are clusters of single nucleotide polymorphisms that are located close together and are highly correlated. Each single nucleotide polymorphisms is a variation or mutation of a gene that is observed in more than 1% of the population. Because these polymorphisms are correlated, researchers can sometimes assess only of these single nucleotide polymorphisms to characterize a haplotype.
The analysis of these markers offers key benefits. First, examination of single nucleotide polymorphisms, instead of entire haplotypes, can uncover some misleading information. Sometimes, researchers will discover an association between a single nucleotide polymorphisms and some phenotype, such as neuroticism. However, the single nucleotide polymorphism might not actually be responsible for this characteristic. Instead, this single nucleotide polymorphism might correlate with other single nucleotide polymorphisms that, in turn, underpin the characteristic. Second, researchers can, in essence, examine whether thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms correlate with specific traits.
Nevertheless, several complications compromise this approach. In particular, because thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms can be examined simultaneously, Type I errors are common. Researchers will sometimes incorrectly conclude that a single nucleotide polymorphism is correlated with a trait. Although a stringent level of alpha can be used to overcome this problem, such as a Bonferroni adjustment (see also Modified Bonferroni adjustments, this adjustment decreases the capacity of researchers to uncover small effects. Thus, genes that are only marginally associated with some trait will often be overlooked. Traits that are explained by hundreds of genes are, therefore, more difficult to examine. To override this approach, one study is often undertaken to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms that might be associated with a trait& then, a replication study that examines these single nucleotide polymorphisms more closely is undertaken.
McCrae, Scally, Terracciano, Abecasis, and Costa (2010) attempted to identify molecular personality scales--an index derived from extensive sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms that have been shown to be strongly associated with specific traits. This approach is utilized primarily to demonstrate whether or not specific traits are indeed underpinned by genes rather than to characterize the precise genes. To illustrate this approach, suppose allele A is associated with some trait. For all individuals, if both of their alleles for some single nucleotide polymorphisms is A, they receive a 2& if one of the alleles is A, they receive a 1& if none of the alleles are A, they receive 0. Then, for this trait, scores on all the relevant alleles are summed.
Although effective, this approach disregards instances in which the effect of one gene depends on the expression of another gene, called an epistatic effect. Only the additive effects of genes can be examined. Furthermore, this approach does not determine whether gene expression--that is, how the environment affects whether the gene is functioning at some point in time--influences traits. Only the presence or absence of genes can be established.
McCrae, Scally, Terracciano, Abecasis, and Costa (2010) applied this technique to examine whether personality, as represented by the five factor model, is correlated with genes. The molecular personality scales, and thus genes, were significantly associated with neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness but not extraversion. These molecular personality scales were derived from the most relevant 500 or so single nucleotide polymorphisms for each trait--only a limited portion of the entire genome.
To some extent, birth order can affect the personality of people. Relative to other individuals, people who were the oldest sibling in their family tend to be less extraverted, dominating, talkative, lively, and assertive (Herrera, Zajonc, Wieczorkowska, & Cichomski, 2003& Pollet, Dijkstra, Barelds, & Buunk, 2010). This relationship persists after controlling age and number of children in the family.
Conceivably, as Pollet, Dijkstra, Barelds, and Buunk (2010) propose, parents might be more strict and overprotective towards their first born children, perhaps because of uncertainty about their own parenting. Thus, parents are more dominant, and children become more submissive in response. That is, dominant behaviors in one person tend to evoke submissive behaviors in another person. Consistent with this possibility, extraversion is inversely associated with overprotective parents (Nakao, Takaishi, Tatsuta, Katayama, Iwase, & Yorifuji, et al., 2000).
Alternatively, and consistent with the concept of developmental niches (e.g., Sulloway, 1996), firstborn children occupy a privileged position. They might not, therefore, experience the need to assert themselves. They do not, therefore, develop this capacity.
In some nations, especially during the early 1900s, pathogens like leprosy, malaria, typhus, dengue, and tuberculosis were especially common. In other nations, pathogens were not as frequent. Interestingly, as Schaller and Murray (2008) demonstrated, in nations in which these pathogens were especially prevalent, residents are not as likely to be extraverted.
According to Schaller and Murray (2008), when pathogens are prevalent, practices that curb the diffusion and propagation of diseases are reinforced. Many social behaviors can increase this diffusion of disease and, therefore, tend to be discouraged. Because these social behaviors are deterred, the incidence of extraversion diminishes. Exploration is also discouraged in these environments, promoting conformity instead of openness.
The principle personality traits are often assumed to be relatively stable across time, largely determined by genetics. Nevertheless, many studies, especially research conducted by Brent Roberts and his colleagues, have shown that personality does change across the life span (e.g., Roberts, 2005, 2006 & Roberts & Caspi, 2001 & Roberts & Wood, 2006).
From a series of longitudinal studies, a series of principles, defining the principle antecedents of personality development, have been formulated. For instance, according to this neo-socioanalytic model of personality, personality matures with age, manifested as a rise in the level of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. This maturity partly arises as individuals reflect upon their identity and engage in a broader range of social roles. For instance, extraversion and emotional stability rise with age, especially when individuals feel satisfied and committed to their job (Scollon & Diener, 2006).
Agreeableness can also be shaped by experience. Meier, Wilkowski, and Robinson (2008) developed a computer task that might affect the agreeableness of individuals--or at least offset aggression. According to these authors, agreeableness, at least partly, represents the capacity to activate cooperative or helpful inclinations in hostile contexts (Meier, Robinson, & Wilkowski, 2006). These cooperative inclinations curb anger and aggression (Wilkowski & Robinson, 2008).
To assess this proposition, Meier, Robinson, and Wilkowski (2006) conducted a study in which participants needed to classify words, such as slander or support, as hostile or helpful. Individuals who reported elevated levels of agreeableness were more likely than other participants to classify helpful words more rapidly than hostile words. Their attention, thus, seems to be directed towards the helpful features of some person or interaction.
From this perspective, Meier, Wilkowski, and Robinson (2008) predicted that agreeableness could be cultivated. Specifically, the salience of helpful concepts could be amplified. These authors developed a task in which helpful targets, such as praise, followed hostile prime, such as kill, 90% of the time. The primes, typically hostile words, appeared at one of four locations on a screen. Participants then shifted the mouse to this location and clicked the prime. After the prime was clicked, a target word materialized. Participants were instructed to memorize these target words?and this instruction was intended to focus their attention on these items.
Participants completed 360 trials. In half the trials, the prime was neutral in emotion. In the experimental group, the remaining primes related to aggression--90% of which were followed by a helpful target. In the control group, the remaining primes were strings of letters, such as cccc. Participants in the experimental condition, exposed to hostile primes followed by helpful words, demonstrated less aggression in a subsequent laboratory task than participants in the control condition.
Some investigators contend the five factors are too broad. Instead, they recommend the researchers and practitioners examine facets or subdivisions of these factors, sometimes called subordinate or narrow traits instead.
Many studies have substantiated the benefits of these narrow traits. The various facets of conscientiousness, including achievement, order, and dependability, do not all correlate with job performance to the extent. Research that merely aggregates these facets into a single broad factor, called conscientiousness, might overestimate the importance of some dimensions and underestimate the importance of other dimensions (Dudley, Orvis, Lebiecki, & Cortina, 2006). In addition, the correlations between personality and performance are often higher when narrow, rather than broad, traits are examined (e.g., Ashton, 1998).
Most studies examine average personality rather than variability in personality. In contrast, Clifton and Kuper (2011) conducted two studies to examine whether individuals who vary their personality across their friendships experience more social problems. First, participants completed a measure of their personality, as represented by the five factor model. Next, participants received a survey that assesses interpersonal problems, such as sensitivity to rejection, aggression, need for social approval, and limited sociability. Then, in another session, participants specified the name of 30 significant people in their lives. For each individual, participants indicated how close they were to this person. They also completed a ten item personality test (Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003 & for evidentiary support, see Furnham, 2008), to indicate their personality or demeanor around each person in turn (e.g., "When I am around this person, I see myself as extraverted...").
If people tended to vary their level of agreeableness or openness across relationships, they were more likely to experience interpersonal problems, such as sensitivity to rejection, aggression, and excessive need to receive social approval (Clifton & Kuper, 2011). Conceivably, people who vary their personality might often feel the need to inhibit many of their inclinations, compromising their natural tendencies and undermining their intuition during these exchanges. Alternatively, this variability might indicate they are volatile: that is, minor events could ignite specific behaviors, perhaps indicating limited self control. Finally, variability might indicate the self concept of individuals is not cohesive but fragmented.
According to Cervone (1999, 2005), explicit personality tests are marred by an obvious tautology. To illustrate this tautology, Cervone (1999, 2005) emphasized that many of the questions in these tests overlap with the outcomes that are measured. For example, consider a study that explores whether neuroticism is associated with anxiety. Both the measure of neuroticism and the measure of anxiety will include items that gauge feelings of apprehension or symptoms of agitation. Therefore, neuroticism will inevitably predict anxiety. The utility of this personality test, therefore, is limited.
The NEO is one of the most common measures of the five factor model. Short versions of the NEO gauge only the five traits. Longer versions gauge six facets of each of these fix traits.
Spence, Owens, and Goodyer (2012) utilized item response theory to examine the reliability and utility of various items in the NEO-FFI. They restricted their analyses to adolescents, an age at which personality is still changing and the distinction between some of the factors is obscured. In essence, they showed that many of the items do not discriminate individuals well and are not especially reliable. After these items were removed, reliability improved without compromising validity.
Item response theory estimates two parameters for each item. The first parameter, called discrimination and usually represented by the letter a, indicates the extent to which the latent trait is related to responses on this item. When discrimination is elevated, the latent trait is highly related to the probability of endorsing this item. The second parameter, called difficulty and represented by the letter b, indicates the likelihood of endorsing an item, given a specific level on the latent trait. As difficulty increases, individuals become less inclined to endorse the item. They are not as likely, for example, to endorse the item "I like parties".
Item response theory can provide key information. For example, item response theory can extract equations called item information curves and total information curves (Baker, 2001). These curves reflect the extent to which each item or scale is informative.
In this study, participants completed the NEO-FFI, which comprises 60 items. They also completed hedonic and eudaimonic measures of wellbeing, friendship satisfaction, and grades at school. To apply item response theory, the responses to the personality scale were subjected to a graded response model, suitable for Likert scales (Samejima, 1969). The Mplus programme was utilized to analyze the data, using an MLR estimator and a logit link. According to Baker (2001), discrimination values between .65 and 1.34 are moderate and values between 1.35 and 1.69 are high.
Rather than assume that all items load on one factor, a multidimensional item response theory model was utilized, in which each item loaded on one dominant factor as well as one or more specific factors. Therefore, for each item, several discrimination parameters were estimated. Overall, 19 of the items generated discrimination values below 1.17. Once these items were removed, however, correlations between personality and the other measures--wellbeing, friendships, and grades--hardly changed at all. Validity was thus maintained. Finally, the threshold data indicated that people highly agree or highly disagree with items only when three standard deviations away from the population mean.
A variety of measures have been constructed to assess the five personality traits (for an empirical comparison of various measures, see (for studies that compare distinct measures, see Furnham, 2008b). Some measures merely consist of a series of adjectives. Participants indicate the degree to which these adjectives correspond to their personality. The most common variant of this procedure was developed by Goldberg (1992), which comprises 100 adjectives and generates values of Cronbach's alpha, a measure of internal consistency, that range from .74 to .88 across the five scales.
Some of these measures comprise short phrases, such as "Is a reliable worker", and participants are instructed to specify the extent to which these phrases depict their personality. Examples include the Big Five Inventory (John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991), in which Cronbach's alpha ranges from .71 to .80 across the five scales and the number of items is 44.
The personality of individuals, as gauged by the five factor model, can be distilled, to some extent, from their language in social media (Park et al., 2015). In particular, in this study, over 66 000 Facebook uses completed the NEO to gauge their personality. In addition, thousands of features of their language use during social media were extracted, including the frequency with which they used specific words, the frequency with which they used particular combinations of words, and their use of particular categories of words or topics. Next, a multiple regression was undertaken to examine the association between personality, as rated by the participants themselves, and these language features. This analysis extracted a model that can be used to predict personality.
The model was then validated on another cluster of 5000 Facebook users. That is, these uses also completed a NEO. The language of these users was subjected to the model, and this model closely predicted their personality. Correlations between predicted and actual personality was about .4 for each of the five traits, ranging from .35 to .43. Correlations between predicted and actual personality on the specific facets of the NEO, such as depression, anger, and anxiety on the neuroticism scale, ranged from .08 to .41 but tended to exceed .20.
Some words were especially associated with personality. Positive words like wonderful, excited, thank you, family, and amazing, were associated with agreeableness. Words like really, sick, hate, and don't were associated with neuroticism, whereas team, workout, game, and great were inversely associated with neuroticism. The words can't, wait and go were inversely associated with openness.
Many studies indicate that individuals can often estimate the personality of someone else from limited slices of information: photographs, websites, bedrooms, conversations, and so forth. For example, in some studies, individuals are asked to rate their own personality on the five factor model. Then, a stranger estimates the personality of one or more of these individuals, from limited information such as a personal profile on a website or a bedroom (e.g., Vazire & Gosling, 2004). Significant correlations tend to be observed, especially for openness to experience.
To ascertain the source of this correlation, some studies have explored the features that coincide with specific personality traits. For example, Marcus, Machilek, and Schutz (2006) showed that conscientious individuals are more inclined to post their resumes on their personal websites as well as regularly count the number of visitors.
During these interactions, many cues and mannerisms can influence perceptions of personality. As Stewart, Dustin, Barrick, and Darnold (2008) showed that job applicants whose handshake is relatively firm, vigorous, and protracted are more likely to be perceived as extraverted. A firm, vigorous, and protracted handshake usually instils a sense of contact or immediacy between the two individuals. This sense of immediacy is usually associated with warmth, closeness, and caring. Because of this sense of connection, individuals perceive each other as more trustworthy and sociable.
Hirsh and Peterson (2008) developed a measure of the five factor model that was not as susceptible to self-enhancement. In particular, in this study, participants needed to decide which of two statements, each of which were socially desirable, describes their personality. Even when participants attempted to fake their answers, responses to these measures predicted performance and creativity. As an aside, when told to fake, people tended to inflate their levels of conscientiousness to the detriment of agreeableness.
Individuals often describe the traits or characteristics of other people. They might perceive someone as active, persistent, clever, resolute, efficient, attractive, undisciplined, dumb, aimless, lazy, empathic, sensitive, friendly, caring, polite, ethical, considerate, tolerant, warm, honest, aloof, withdrawn, jealous, mean, reserved, dishonest, or hypocritical. This gamut of traits and characteristics, together with hundreds of other attributes, correspond to two dimensions (Abele & Bruckmuller, 2011 & Abele & Wojciszke, 2007 & Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2008 & Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007 & Peeters, 1992, 2008).
The first dimension is called communion or warmth. People high on this dimension are perceived as empathic, sensitive, friendly, caring, polite, ethical, considerate, tolerant, warm, and honest. People low on this dimension are aloof, withdrawn, jealous, mean, reserved, dishonest, or hypocritical. The second dimension is called agency or competence. People high on this dimension are perceived as active, persistent, clever, resolute, and efficient. People low on this dimension are undisciplined, dumb, aimless, and lazy. These two dimensions are sometimes referred to as the Big Two (Paulhus & Trapnell, 2008).
Each dimension corresponds to distinct properties. First, when individuals meet or evaluate an acquaintance, colleague, or stranger, they perceive communion as more important than agency. They would prefer a cooperative than a gifted person. However, when individuals evaluate themselves or their children, they become more likely to value agency instead of communion (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007 & Wojciszke & Abele, 2008). For example, self esteem is more dependent on agentic than one communal traits (Wojciszke, Baryla, Parzuchowski, Szymkow, & Abele, 2011).
Second, not only do individuals tend to value communion over agency in other people, they also process characteristics associated with warmth and cooperation more rapidly than characteristics associated with competence or power (Abele & Bruckmuller, 2011). For example, they can more readily decide whether communal traits rather than agentic traits are desirable or undesirable. When they receive descriptions of people, they can more readily decide whether or not these individuals are communal than whether or not these individuals are agentic. Finally, when they describe someone, they tend to refer to communal traits before they refer to agentic traits.
According to many studies, people tend to like anyone whose level of communion is similar to their own and whose level of agency is different to their own (Tiedens & Fragale, 2003). If they interact with someone whose level of agency is similar to their own, some complications unfold. They feel the other person might challenge their status or power. Similarly, the needs of these individuals may conflict with each other. They might both want to initiate action or both want to comply, compromising the utility of their interactions.
Many studies have confirmed these premises. For example, according to the concept of dominance complementarity, proactive employees--who show initiative, suggest improvements, or introduce changes to enhance the organization--should prefer an introverted, reserved leader. Conversely, employees who are not proactive should prefer an extraverted leader.
Grant, Gino, and Hofmann (2011) verified this hypothesis. As these researchers showed, when employees of a pizza store tend to be proactive, profit is likely to be high if leaders are more introverted and reserved. In contrast, when the employees are not proactive, profit is likely to be high if leaders are more confident and extroverted in their manner.
Ronay, Greenaway, Anicich, and Galinsky (2012) verified one of the mechanisms that may underpin dominance complementarity. Specifically, if all the individuals in a team are dominant, conflicts are more likely to unfold, and performance is, therefore, likely to be impeded.
In this study, participants completed a task in teams of three. To complete this task, participants needed to share their answers and, therefore, coordinate their efforts. In some teams, the fourth finger was appreciably shorter than was the second or index finger in all individuals?-a characteristic that tends to indicate elevated levels of testosterone (see digit ratio). In other teams, the fourth finger was not appreciably shorter than was the second in all individuals, indicating low testosterone. Finally, in some teams, testosterone levels were mixed across the teams.
After completing the task, participants indicated the extent to which conflict was rife, answering questions such as "There was conflict about task responsibilities within our group". Relative to the other teams, when all the individuals exhibited elevated levels of testosterone, conflict was especially pronounced.
However, as Ronay, Greenaway, Anicich, and Galinsky (2012) also showed, when individuals complete tasks that demand cooperation and coordination rather than independence, dominance complementarity seems to be most beneficial. For example, basketball demands cooperation and sharing, whereas baseball is more independent. Dominance complimentarity, therefore, is vital to basketball but not baseball.
To illustrate, in one study, conducted by Ronay, Greenaway, Anicich, and Galinsky (2012), participants completed one of two tasks in teams of three individuals. One of the tasks demanded cooperation and coordination. Each person received a different matrix of letters. They needed to distill words from this matrix but then share these words with other teams members to construct sentences. The other task did not demand cooperation or coordination. Each person needed to uncover various uses of common objects, such as a brick, and then merely pooled their answers with the other members at the end.
For some teams, the three members were all equal on agency or power. To illustrate, in some teams, before completing the task, all three members imagined a time in which they could influence other people. Alternatively, all three members imagined a time in which they were subordinate to someone else. In other teams, the three members differed on agency or power. One individual had imagined a time in which they felt influential& one individual had imagined a time in which they felt subordinate& and one individual did not form either of these images.
If the task demanded cooperation and coordination, teams in which power was distributed across the team rather than equal performed most proficiently. If the individuals could instead complete the tasks independently, teams in which power was uniform performed most proficiently. Presumably, hierarchy can facilitate coordination and diminish conflict, vital for teams that need to work interdependently. Nevertheless, hierarchy might also amplify a need to seek power in general, which can promote unethical decisions.
As Farley (2011) showed, gossiping affects the perceived warmth or likeability as well as the perceived agency or power of individuals. That is, when people gossip about someone else, the extent to which they are perceived as likeable and powerful tends to diminish, especially if they communicate negative information about other people.
In one study, participants had to reflect upon a specific person. Some participants had to consider a person who gossips frequently about people--specifically people not in the room at the time. Other participants had to consider a person who gossips infrequently. Furthermore, in some instances, participants were also asked to consider only a person who usually expressed negative comments about other people. In other instances, participants were also asked to consider only a person who usually expressed positive comments about other people. After they identified this person, participants rated the degree to which this individual is likeable and influential.
The results were clear. People who frequently, rather than infrequently, expressed negative comments about other individuals were perceived as neither likeable (cf., Gawronski & Walther, 2008), nor influential. Frequency of gossip did not affect the reputation of people who expressed positive comments about other individuals.
This study did not examine the mechanisms that underpin these effects. Nevertheless, several possibilities could be proposed. People who express negative comments about other individuals could be perceived as disloyal and untrustworthy. Alternatively, the memories or representations of these people could be integrated with the negative words they express. In addition, consistent with the social identity theory of leadership , these individuals may be perceived as diverging from the norms of their collective, curbing their perceived authority. In short, gossip may benefit groups: for example, anyone who deviates from the norms will be penalized. Nevertheless, the person who gossips is usually perceived unfavorably.
Often, individuals feel they have been rejected by someone. They might not, for example, be invited to a party. Or, their job application may be rejected. As Celik, Lammers, van Beest, Bekker, and Vonk (2013) demonstrated, the emotions people experience after they are rejected depends on whether limited competence or warmth evoked this response. Specifically, if people feel they were not perceived as warm enough, they tend to feel more sad than angry. In contrast, if people feel they were perceived as not competent enough, they tend to feel more angry than sad.
The rationale is straightforward. If people feel they are not warm enough, they essentially feel that someone does not like them. They feel helpless, unable to change the response of the other individual. Consequently, they feel they must adjust their goals rather than mobilize more effort to achieve these goals& sadness has been shown to enhance this capacity of individuals to change their goals. Likewise, sadness can evoke sympathy in other people and foster relationships.
In contrast, if people feel they are not competent enough, they perceive their status or rank as too low. Consequently, they feel compelled to compete with other people--a motivation that anger can facilitate. That is, anger mobilizes effort and can also compel other people to concede to their demands or needs (Van Kleef, 2010).
Celik, Lammers, van Beest, Bekker, and Vonk (2013) conducted two studies that corroborate these possibilities. In one study, participants engaged in a conversation with a confederate and then rated this person on a series of 10 traits, associated with competence and warmth. They also received feedback about their traits, as rated by the confederate. Next, to manipulate whether or not participants felt rejected, the confederate either left or did not leave before the remainder of this study, without offering reasons. Then, participants were asked to remember all the ratings the confederate had indicated--putatively as a memory test but actually to determine whether participants assumed the confederate perceived them as low in competence or warmth. Furthermore, participants indicated the degree to which they feel sad or angry.
If participants ascribed the departure of this confederate to inadequate warmth, they tended to report feelings of sadness. However, if participants ascribed the departure of this confederate to inadequate competence, they tended to report feelings of anger instead. The second study observed the same pattern of results, even when the justification of the confederate's rejection, inadequate competence or inadequate warmth, was unambiguous.
According to Ashton, Lee, and Son (2000), the five factor model should be converted to a six factor model. Specifically, these researchers showed that factor analysis of adjectives, or even verbs and nous, tend to generate six factors. Provided the solution is rotated, the first five factors correspond to the traditional five traits: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience, sometimes called intellect in this model. The sixth factor is novel and represents honesty. Specifically, this factor includes terms like sincere, loyal, trustworthy, altruistic, fair, just, and faithful instead of untruthful, greedy, dishonest, sly, hypocritical, and so forth (for a review, see Ashton & Lee, 2001).
Ashton and Lee (2001), in a seminal paper, characterized the evolution or mechanisms that underpin these six factors. In essence, they argued that:
In short, honesty, agreeableness, and emotional stability relate to the inclinations of individuals in social environments, especially the extent to which they express prosocial acts and inhibit antisocial acts. Extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness represent the domains in which people are most engaged or energized. Ashton and Lee (2001) also reviewed all the evidence that aligns to these mechanisms.
In addition to the five factor model, other frameworks have been developed to represent the personality space. According to one measure, the FIRO-B, personality -or at least interpersonal behavior--can be represented by three dimensions (Schutz, 1958, 1992). The first dimension represents the extent to which individuals seek to maintain relationships with friends or collectives. This dimension, called a need for inclusion, revolves around the fear of rejection or exclusion from social entities.
The second dimension relates to the need to maintain control. That is, individuals sometimes feel a motivation to maintain power and influence in their relationships.
The third dimension concerns the extent to which individuals seek affection, intimacy, and closeness. Specifically, individuals often feel a need to receive warmth and love.
Almost everyone, obviously seeks some level of inclusion, control, and affection. However, undue levels of inclusion, control, and affection can compromise the degree to which individuals feel unique, supported, or independent respectively. As a consequence, individuals seek a balance between these competing needs.
The FIRO-B determines the extent to which individuals express or demonstrate the pursuit of inclusion, control, and affection--rather than solitude, support, and independence. In addition, this instrument examines the degree to which individuals desire inclusion, control, and affection. Hence, this instrument distinguishes between expressed and wanted inclusion, control, and affection. Differences between expressed and wanted scores are assumed to represent a form of internal conflict.
Some studies have examined the psychometric properties of this instrument and explored the validity of this model (Furnham, 1990). Furthermore, this instrument is used extensively, especially in English speaking nations like the United Kingdom (Dancer & Woods, 2006).
Individuals who experience neuroticism might be more suited to roles in which employees must follow specific procedures, instructions, and routines precisely (Zhang & Huang, 2001). Individuals who demonstrate extraversion are not suited to roles in which they need to focus on specific, minute details (Zhang & Huang, 2001).
Individuals who seem conscientious are most effective when the roles, goals, targets, and potential rewards are defined clearly (Byrne, Stoner, Thompson, & Hochwater, 2005). In contrast, individuals who are not conscientious perform almost as effectively, if not more effectively, than individuals who are conscientious when the roles, goals, targets, and potential rewards are not defined clearly (Byrne et al., 2005).
Managers should ensure that individuals should be appreciably more or less extraverted that are the colleagues with whom they are likely to work (Liao Joshi, & Chuang, 2004). That is, employees are less likely to hurt, offend, mock, or curse colleagues at work if they are appreciably more or less extraverted than most of the other individuals in their workgroup, because conflicts are less likely to arise.
In contrast, managers should ensure the individuals should allocated to workgroups in which colleagues exhibit similar levels of agreeableness (Liao Joshi, & Chuang, 2004). This similarity also curbs unsuitable behaviors.
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This range includes cement and lime products perfect for a broad range of construction purposes, used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete.
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete.
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- Education and Science»
- Sociology & Anthropology
Family Customs and Practices in the Philippines That I Want To Change
The Philippines is a family-centered and community-centered country. Much value is placed on family togetherness, family obligation, conformity to society’s rules and expectations, and obedience, which in some instances is a good thing, but taken to extremes it does more harm than good.
After reflecting on these family matters, I have realized that there are a few family customs and practices in the Philippines that I do not agree with and would like to change. Keep in mind that these are simply my opinions based on my personal values and beliefs. In the end, each of us is the best judge to determine what is best for our own families.
Expecting our children to be our retirement plan.
I’ve heard people say, “It’s good to have children so there will be someone to support us financially when we’re old.” Then I look around and see people who are always living for their parents, unable to move forward with their own lives because they are chained to the past, burdened with this heavy obligation placed upon them since birth. When these people get married and have children, they unconsciously place the same burden on their kids because they think it’s normal, and the vicious cycle continues.
This has made me see the urgency of educating people to plan for retirement. We have to stop looking at our children as retirement investments! We brought them into this world by choice, therefore it is our obligation as parents to take care of our children, not the other way around.
Expecting our children to live with us forever.
While in countries like America children are expected to live on their own once they become mature enough, in the Philippines “good” children are expected to live with their parents until the day they die. If the children do assert their independence and try to leave at some point in their adult lives, they are labeled “black sheeps”. Why?
Isn’t the role of parents to nurture and train children to become self-sufficient and responsible citizens of the future? Children are not possessions that we can buy and keep with us forever, nor are they pets that we can keep caged up.
Not training our children to think for themselves.
This is the danger when too much emphasis is placed on obedience. The parents make up all the rules and children are just expected to follow blindly. If they question orders, they are punished for “talking back”. I do agree that rules are important, but the reason behind these rules need to be properly explained to children so that they understand their value and purpose. Asking them what they think about things is also a good exercise in critical thinking and judgment.
But we tend to underestimate the thinking capacity of children too much. We talk to them in a condescending or teasing tone and say things like, “They’re just kids, they won’t understand.” But they do understand!
Being overly concerned about what others might say.
I’ve observed that this is quite common. We are so afraid that our relatives and friends might think poorly of us for some reason or other. At the same time we are also quick to find fault in the lives of these same relatives and friends. As a result, parents put tremendous pressure on the children to behave according to the set norms of society.
It is impossible to please everybody! There will always be someone somewhere out there who does not agree with us. And it’s okay. We do not need to convince everyone to be the same as us nor do we have to be the same as others. We all have our own set of values and beliefs and we think, speak and act according to them. We’ll be happier if we just respected each other’s differences and not try to impose our own values and beliefs on others.
What about you?
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Climate change and human health - risks and responses. Summary.:
Previous page |
adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, public and private adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation.
anthropogenic emissions: Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols associated with human activities. These include fossil fuel burning for energy, deforestation and land use changes that result in net increase in emissions.
atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen and oxygen, together with a number of trace gases such as argon, helium and radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and ozone. In addition, the atmosphere contains water vapour, clouds, and aerosols.
biosphere: The part of the Earth’s system comprising all ecosystems and living organisms in the atmosphere, on land (terrestrial biosphere), or in the oceans (marine biosphere), including derived dead organic matter such as litter, soil organic matter, and oceanic detritus.
carbon dioxide (CO2): A naturally occurring gas as well as a by-product of burning fossil fuels and land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal greenhouse gas which affects the Earth’s radiative balance and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured.
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Greenhouse gases which are used for refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, solvents, or aerosol propellants. They are all covered under the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Since they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, CFCs drift into the upper atmosphere where, given suitable conditions, they break down ozone. These gases are being replaced by other compounds, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons, covered under the Kyoto Protocol.
climate: Usually defined as the ‘average weather’ or more rigorously as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years as defined by the WMO. These relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind.
climate change: Refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in it’s variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere. The UNFCC defines climate change as ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods’. See also climate variability.
climate variability: Variations in the mean state and other statistics (e.g. standard deviations, the occurrence of extreme events etc) of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing.
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY): An indicator of life expectancy combining mortality and morbidity into one summary measure of population health to account for the number of years lived in less than optimal health. It is a health measure developed for calculating the global burden of disease which is also used by WHO, the World Bank and other organizations to compare the outcomes of different interventions.
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): El Niño, in its original sense, is a warm water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. This event is associated with a fluctuation of the intertropical surface pressure patterns and circulation in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon is collective known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation or ENSO. During an El Niño event, the prevailing trade winds weaken and the equatorial counter current strengthens, causing warm surface waters in the Indonesian area to flow eastward to overlie the cold waters of the Peru current. This event has great impact on the wind, sea surface temperature, and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world. The opposite of an El Niño event is called La Niña.
greenhouse effect: Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation, emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere itself due to the same gases and by clouds. Atmospheric radiation is emitted to all sides, including downward to the Earth’s surface. Thus greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system. This is called the ‘natural greenhouse effect’. Atmospheric radiation is strongly coupled to the temperature of the level at which it is emitted. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases leads to an increased infrared opacity of the atmosphere and therefore to an effective radiation into space from a higher altitude at a lower temperature. This causes a radiative forcing, an imbalance that can only be compensated for by an increase of the temperature of the surfacetroposphere system. This is the ‘enhanced greenhouse effect’.
greenhouse gases (GHGs): Those gases in the atmosphere which absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons and others dealt with under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.
impacts: Consequences of climate change on natural systems and human health. Depending on the consideration of adaptation, we can distinguish between potential impacts and residual impacts:
• Potential impacts are all impacts that may occur given a projected change in climate, with no consideration of adaptation.
• Residual impacts are the impacts of climate change that can occur after adaptation.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): A group of experts established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its role is to assess the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of humaninduced climate change, based mainly on peer reviewed and published scientific/technical literature. The IPCC has three Working Groups and a Task Force.
monitoring: Performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of populations. Not to be confused with surveillance although surveillance techniques may be used in monitoring.
morbidity: Rate of occurrence of disease or other health disorder within a population, taking account of the age-specific morbidity rates. Health outcomes include: chronic disease incidence/prevalence, hospitalisation rates, primary care consultations and Disability- Adjusted-Life-Years (DALYs).
mortality: Rate of occurrence of death within a population within a specified time period.
ozone: Form of the element oxygen with three atoms instead of the two that characterise normal oxygen molecules. Ozone is an important greenhouse gas. The stratosphere contains 90 % of all the ozone present in the atmosphere which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. In high concentrations, ozone can be harmful to a wide range of living organisms. Depletion of stratospheric ozone, due to chemical reactions that may be enhanced by climate change, results in an increased ground-level flux of ultraviolet-B-radiation.
scenarios: A plausible and often simplified description of how the future may develop, based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about key driving forces and relationships. Scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts and may sometimes be based on a narrative storyline.
sensitivity: Degree to which a system is affected by climate-related changes, either adversely or beneficially. The effect may be direct (e.g. a change in crop yield in response to temperature change) or indirect (e.g. damages caused by increases in the frequency of coastal flooding).
stratospheric ozone depletion: The reduction of the quantity of ozone contained in the stratosphere due to the release of greenhouse gases as a result of human activity.
stratospheric ozone layer: The stratosphere contains a layer in which the concentration of ozone is greatest, the so-called ozone layer. The layer extends from about 12 to 40 km. This layer is being depleted by human emissions of chlorine and bromine compounds. Every year, during the Southern Hemisphere spring, a very strong depletion of the ozone layer takes place over the Antarctic region, caused by humanmade chlorine and bromine compounds in combination with the meteorological conditions of that region. This phenomenon is called the ozone hole.
surveillance: Continuous analysis, interpretation and feedback of systematically collected data for the detection of trends in the occurrence or spread of a disease, based on practical and standardized methods of notification or registration. Sources of data may be related directly to disease or factors influencing disease.
ultraviolet radiation (UVR): Solar radiation within a certain wavelength, depending on the type of radiation (A, B or C). Ozone absorbs strongly in the UV-C (< 280nm) and solar radiation in these wavelengths does not reach the earth's surface. As the wavelength is increased through the UV-B range (280nm to 315nm) and into the UVA (315nm to 400nm) ozone absorption becomes weaker, until it is undetectable at about 340nm. The fractions of solar energy above the atmosphere in the UV-B and UV-A ranges are approximately 1.5% and 7% respectively.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Convention signed at United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Governments that become Parties to the Convention agree to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
vulnerability: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity.
Pdf download files
Glossary [pdf 89kb]
Pdf files for other chapters and for the complete summary
Climate change and human health - risks and responses. Summary.:
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Information, capacity building and research
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | <urn:uuid:2e1e6366-6ac9-409a-9365-bce255d4014a> | {
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With famed physicist Stephen Hawking at his side, an Internet investor announced Tuesday that he's spending $100 million on a futuristic plan to explore far outside our solar system.
Yuri Milner said the eventual goal is sending hundreds or thousands of tiny spacecraft, each weighing far less than an ounce, to the Alpha Centauri star system. That's more than 2,000 times as far as any spacecraft has gone so far.
Propelled by energy from a powerful array of Earth-based lasers, the spacecraft would fly at about one-fifth the speed of light. They could reach Alpha Centauri in 20 years, where they could make observations and send the results back to Earth.
They might discover a planet or planets there — experts think there may be some, but there's no proven sighting yet — and possibly even find signs of life there or elsewhere, said Milner and a panel of experts at the announcement. The three stars that make up Alpha Centauri are the closest stars to our star — the sun.
"We commit to the next great leap into the cosmos," Hawking said, "because we are human and our nature is to fly."
Hawking has joined Milner and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg on the board of the project, called Breakthrough Starshot, which includes a team of scientists. Milner said his $100 million will go to establish the feasibility of the project, and that a launch itself would require far more money.
Hawking is also part of a project Milner announced last summer to use earthbound telescopes to seek intelligent life in outer space.
For the Starshot project, the tiny spacecraft would be boosted into space by a conventional rocket, and then set free individually. They would capture the energy from the earthbound laser array with sails a few yards wide. Milner said recent advances in electronic miniaturization, laser technology and fabrication of extremely thin and light materials have made such a mission realistic to consider.
"We can do more than gaze at the stars," Milner said. "We can actually reach them."
Avi Loeb, chair of Harvard's astronomy department and member of the Starshot project's management and advisory committee, told reporters that scientists have scrutinized the technical obstacles and "we don't see any showstoppers.... We think we can overcome all these challenges."
Hawking, of Cambridge University, said the plan fits in with what he said makes humans unique, which is transcending limits.
"With light beams, light sails and the lightest spacecraft ever built, we can launch a mission to Alpha Centauri within a generation," Hawking said.
The project was announced on the 55th anniversary of the flight of Russian Yuri Gagarin, the first human in space. Milner was named after him.
Lisa Kaltenegger, an astronomy professor at Cornell University, who is not involved in the project, said in an email, "I think it is inspiring on this date to plan our next journey to the stars." | <urn:uuid:0df60e96-3459-489e-b9e2-17e9f63fcc41> | {
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Featured tracks include:
1. Introduction: Knowledge to Morality
2. Historical Emphasis on Teaching and Importance of Religion in America
3. America in the 17th and 18th Century
4. America in the 19th Century
5. America in the 20th Century
6. Where We Are Now
7. Eleven Things to Know
8. 139 Things to Learn
9. Sunday School and How to Help
©2009 Christina Brown; (P)2009 Christina Brown
I have listened to many of Deaver Brown's other audio books about startups and entrepreneurship, so I was a little surprised to see him branching out to topics like religion. I generally like the conversational style that he uses for most of his audio books, instead of reading word-for-word from an actual book. Since this one was only $1.95, I figured I would give it a shot... at least it might be entertaining. I was pleasantly surprised that he didn't have an obvious bias when presenting the material. It is definitely a very brief summary of a wide variety of religions, but I found it to be a useful high-level refresher. It has been 20 years since I took a formal comparative religion class, so I can't really vouch for the accuracy of the material. Nothing was obviously wrong to me, but that might not be saying much since I'm not a religious expert. Anyway, if you like Deaver Brown's style, you may enjoy this book like I did. If you're primarily looking for a good book about comparative religions, I would probably recommend finding another more in-depth book or possibly some other reputable online resources.
Conservative Catholic Curmudgeon
The author has not done his homework and therefore suffers from the ignorance he is trying to dispel. For example, he says that the function of the Pope in Catholicism is the same as that of the Grand Revelator in Mormonism, which is an egregious error.
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Flowering Plants Lab
- pages 19-21: these pages focus on the different parts of a plant including the stem, roots, leaves, and root and shoot system. Most of the answers to these questions can be found in the book and the notes that we took in class. And if someone did not get to see the roots of the plants in the classroom, they looked similar the the root system at the top of page 20
- pages 21-22: these pages are review of the differences of monocots and dicots
- page 23: this page focus on roots and many of the answers are in the notes packet and book
- pages 24-27: these pages dealt with the cross sections of plant roots and stems and their specific parts. Remember, monocots and dicots have differences in their root and shoot cross sections which explains the difference in looks of the cross sections. Note: we did not do the celery stalk lab
- buttercup root cross section -----monocot root cross section
- pages 28-30: these are pages dealing with dicot woody stem plants and recognizing the different parts of them. Just saying, it is much easier to answer the questions if you read the information that is given beforehand.
- pages 30-32: they deal with the parts of a leaf in general and there are many of the same terms that we saw earlier on in the lab.
- Pages 33-34: these are review questions based on the lab and are a very good source of review.
Just as a reminder, remember to label all of images as the directions say to do and label and write the magnification of all of your drawings that you viewed in the microscope.
work on UP 19-34
UP 41-54 -> due on monday
yellow chapter 28 study guide -> due on monday | <urn:uuid:da3e0b86-c0a5-4846-861e-d1ba1d404a78> | {
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If your expensive ear thermometer isn't accurate enough to tell whether your baby has fever, try your engagement ring. Researchers have used diamonds just 100 nm in diameter to detect temperature changes as small as 0.044°C inside living cells and similar-sized gold particles to produce those changes. When atomic defects in the diamond lattice, called nitrogen-vacancy color centers, are illuminated by green light, they emit red light with an intensity that depends on temperature. Monitoring this light produces a superaccurate, atomic-scale thermometer. The scientists used silicon nanowires to inject the gold nanoparticle and diamond crystals (shown in this artist’s impression as gray), into a living cell. While the gold nanoparticle was heated with a laser beam, the diamond thermometers monitored the exact temperature changes in different parts of the cell. The researchers, who report their findings in Nature, also determined how much heat was needed to kill the cell. They hope that the findings may allow basic insights into cell biology or even cancer detection, as malignant tissue's faster metabolism raises its temperature. | <urn:uuid:d9b9f86b-e63d-4a4a-b82a-56c47957c34d> | {
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Looking for elementary school science projects your students will love? It is similar to empirical sciences in that it includes an objective, cautious and systematic research of an area of information; it’s completely different because of its methodology of verifying its data, utilizing a priori fairly than empirical methods. 26: Science has also brought medical equipments that assist to avoid wasting human life. “A pretended or spurious science; a set of associated beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being primarily based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have,” from the Oxford English Dictionary , second edition 1989.
All the scientific presentations are open to the public, specifically, college and university students, college and others. College students will gain a robust foundation that will allow them to bring information science to bear on these areas. In distinction, science is “a set of strategies designed to explain and interpret noticed and inferred phenomena, past or current, and aimed at constructing a testable physique of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation”(p.
2: Science has modified the people and their dwelling, life type, meals habits, sleeping arrangements, incomes methods, the way in which of communication between individuals and recreational actions. Carnegie supports analysis in the earth, area and life sciences. The therapists do not know anything concerning the science behind it since the complete mannequin of Asian pure drugs isn’t primarily based as a lot on anatomy, physiology and science as on invisible power move and vitality traces that can not be seen by the eye, a microscope, or detected in a take a look at tube.
For a human body to function properly it needs all the required vitamins and minerals that are still current in your meals. In accordance with public coverage being concerned about the nicely-being of its residents, science policy’s aim is to think about how science and know-how can best serve the general public. SNS is a program of the Society for Science & the Public (SSP), a nonprofit 501(c)(three) membership organization devoted to public engagement in scientific research and schooling.
Society for Science & the Public is seeking a new title sponsor for the nearly 70-year-old International Science and Engineering Honest, the world’s largest international high school STEM (science, expertise, engineering and mathematics) competitors. Social sciences nonetheless use the identical methodologies as natural sciences. Science has invented ways to peep contained in the human physique to deal with diseases of human beings through X-ray machines. | <urn:uuid:47a3433a-5b86-4a4c-bca7-ec6836f28b20> | {
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Future Cars Menu
US Congress May Consider Requiring Noisier Electric Cars
In brief: The Motor Vehicle Safety Act, now in Congress, may include the addition of authorization for the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration to regulate noise requirements for plug-in vehicles.
A version of the Motor Vehicle Safety Act is in both the House of Representatives and the Senate in Washington, D.C. Amendments have been proposed to include noise requirements for electric vehicles to alert pedestrians or to give power to the NHTSA to require and regulate these noise-makers for quiet-running vehicles.
A study done by the NHTSA last fall found that hybrid vehicles are more likely to be involved in pedestrian incidents, though critics point out what they see as flawed methodology in the study. The flaw, they say, is that most hybrids are generally more urban in use than other vehicles, so the comparison is apples to oranges.
Nevertheless, several groups including the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the National Federation of the Blind, and the American Council of the Blind petitioned Congress to consider including noise requirements for hybrid and electric vehicles.
If included in the new safety rules, the requirements could go into effect as early as next year.
And so ...
Most auto manufacturers don't seem to be waiting for legislation. The Chevy Volt, for instance, will have a unique sound that plays exterior to the car during all-electric driving.
Photo credits: Lotus Sound Engineering
This site follows the emergence, application and development of transportation innovation. Reference to manufacturers, makes and models, and other automotive-related businesses are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement by FutureCars.com. | <urn:uuid:66123740-8bde-4351-bf4c-f8d819aa13f7> | {
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BEFORE CAMBODIAN LIVING ARTS’ CREATION
Fifty years ago, Cambodia was home to some of the most diverse abundant arts and culture in Southeast Asia. Music, dance and performance flowed strongly through Cambodian people’s blood. There were singers on every corner, musicians in every village and a dancer in every child. Art flourished. But in 1975, the Khmer Rouge destroyed nearly everything and everyone. Between 1975 and 1979, 2 million Cambodians died from execution, starvation and over work. Among the dead were 90% percent of Cambodia’s artists, who were specifically targeted for execution, a devastating blow to all of Cambodia’s oral traditions. After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, this human and cultural tragedy was compounded by two subsequent decades of economic hardship. Few of the surviving master artists could make a living by performing or teaching.
Arn Chorn-Pond, a child during the genocide, survived by playing the flute for his captors. He escaped to a Thai refugee camp in 1979 and was one of eight boys adopted by Reverend Peter Pond and brought to live in the United States. Arn, like many other Cambodian American refugees struggled with the past. One day in a large cathedral full of people Arn told is story. He cried. They cried. He played the flute for them. And for the first time since being a child soldier, he began to heal. Arn’s story led him around the United States and the world for over a decade. Church after church, school after school, he opened up to anyone who listened. After time, he knew what wanted, what he needed to do.
IN THE NINETIES…
Arn had discovered a network of aging “living treasures” surviving in poverty in cities and villages across Cambodia. What had begun as a personal quest for his own family, who had owed an opera company, and for his flute teacher, who had risked death by secretly teaching Arn traditional Cambodian songs during the Khmer Rouge, turned into a lifelong mission to generate artistic and cultural renewal in his country.
In 1998, backed by a small group of dedicated people in the United States, Arn set up the Cambodian Masters Performers Program, which has since evolved into Cambodian Living Arts. Initially, the program supported four master artists whom Arn had ‘discovered’ to acquire instruments, rent teaching spaces, and earn a small salary. Starting small, we celebrated accomplishments such as hiring a fifth teacher, flautist Yim Saing, 77, who resumed making flutes after 10 years. Every success slowing piecing together cultural fabric of Cambodia’s performing arts.
Cambodian Living Arts has had numerous important partners along the way, including our fiscal sponsor from 1999 – 2009, World Education, which was critical to support and nurturer. During this time the Cambodian Masters Performing Program grew from a vision shared by a few people into the thriving robust organization that Cambodian Living Arts is today. We expanded from a small group of students and four master artists to over 16 master artists and 11 assistant teachers who have touched the lives of over 1,000 students. Our efforts to bring the arts and culture of Cambodia back from the brink of extinction are paying off, not only because of our own efforts, but because we have been joined by many other groups and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts to preserve the culture and artistic heritage of Cambodia. In 2010 Cambodian Living Arts was awarded a Global Vision Award for Cultural Restoration from Travel + Leisure magazine.
CAMBODIAN LIVING ARTS TODAY
Cambodian Living Arts (CLA) joined forces with the Marion Institute in 2009. After the past decade of work, CLA is operating in a Cambodia very different from that of the 1990s, and with a renewed vision as ambitious as Arn’s was when he first set out to discover the surviving Master Artists from his childhood. Today, we still support all of the master artists who have worked with us over the years. They are not only teaching the next generation, but are now guiding their students to become the next generation of teachers through our Community Arts Outreach program. More importantly we are working to address the most pressing needs of the arts community in Cambodia today, by building partnerships, sharing expertise and resources, increasing the capacity of artists and advocating for the artists with cultural policy makers and major institutions. We envision a dynamic cultural sector with the arts becoming the national and international signature of Cambodia. Learn more about all the work we are doing today.
JOIN NCAS-I AND DROP SWITCH ON SEPTEMBER 19TH AT 8:00PM
CERVANTES – OTHER SIDE IN DENVER FOR
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