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Vanilla is a great spice with many health benefits.
Vanilla is an extract from the vanilla bean. It has many culinary and cosmetic uses. However, vanilla and its flavoring extracts can also serve a multitude of medicinal functions. For example, the extract vanillin has long been recognized for its role in the treatment of sickle cell anemia.
1) Vanilla has antimicrobial properties
Vanillin shows antimicrobial properties against E Coli and Listeria (R).
Biofilms are microbial films that are embedded in a self-produced matrix (R). Quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria produce and detect signal molecules and thereby coordinate their behavior (R).
Vanilla is unique quorum sensing inhibitor and this may help break up biofilms (R).
2) Vanilla reduces free radical concentrations
Extracts of vanilla pods scavenged radicals in a concentration-dependent manner (R).
Various extracts scavenged hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals (R).
Treatment with vanillin ameliorated impaired mitochondrial enzyme complexes (I, II, and IV) in experimental model of Huntington’s disease. Further it could inhibit singlet oxygen-induced protein and lipid oxidation (R).
Vanillin, at a concentration of 2.5 mmol/L, has afforded significant protection against protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in hepatic mitochondria induced by photosensitization with methylene blue plus light (R).
3) Vanilla has anti-cancer properties
Vanillin enhances mismatch repair processes in DNA (R).
4) Vanilla has anti-depressant properties
Vanillin activates the α2 adrenergic receptors or opioid receptors, which has anti-depressant and pain releiving effects (R).
The Antioxidant properties of vanillin could also contribute to its antidepressant activity (R).
5) Vanilla has anti-cholesterol properties
The cholesterol-lowering effect of vanilla is either due to its hypotriglyceridemic effect or its regulatory effect on the genes involved in cholesterol metabolism including LDL receptor (LDLR) and HMG Co A reductase (HMGCR) genes (R).
Vanillin at very high dosages have some carcinogenic effects.
The study concludes (R):
Vanillin was not cocarcinogenic when consumed orally. However, it was cocarcinogenic when being administered intraperitoneally at high concentration. Hence, the use of vanillin in food should be safe but might have cocarcinogenic potential when it is used in high concentration for therapeutic purposes.
In the human health risk assessment, the Acceptable Dietary Intake value of vanillin is 10.0 mg/kg/day) (R).
I consume 1g of vanilla day.
The information on this website has not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration or any other medical body. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Information is shared for educational purposes only. You must consult your doctor before acting on any content on this website, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.
HOW WOULD YOU RATE THIS ARTICLE? | <urn:uuid:49406fbe-92fa-4436-bdb9-2f7c5851e051> | {
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Where to code and how to execute?
Follow the steps given below to make first page of HTML.
1. Code editor
You can use any kind of code editors such as simple notepad or notepad++ for HTML.
You must have browsers to execute HTML document. There are several browsers. But we will use Google Chrome.
3. First HTML page
3.1 Write the basic syntax of HTML in simple notepad. Select File option in the menu bar and click on Save as.
3.2 Now name the File with extension .html. Find a location and then click Save as button.
3.3 Open the file that you saved. The result will look like this.
Congratulations! You have made your first HTML page. The title can be seen in the red rectangular box of the above figure.
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:002cb58e-847b-4472-bd18-f7b474ec7ec2> | {
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(Last Updated on : 05/03/2010)
In India, fishing is considered as a bright and prosperous industry. With short supplies of fish on land, India looks to the sea that holds huge promise and it can supply vast quantity of fish. Fish is a rich source of high grade proteins. It is quite surprising that fishing industry in India is almost in a primitive stage in spite of having a really long coastal line of near about 6100 kms and a broad continental shelf particularly in several parts along the West Coast. Another probable reason is that modernization on a limited scale began after the independence of the country.
Fishing in India suffers from several climatic disadvantages. Firstly, India being a tropical country, fish does not keep fresh for long time without proper refrigeration. Modernization in this context means replacing fishing craft by power driven boats, providing facilities of quick refrigeration of fish to avoid its putrefaction. It also includes arranging canneries for surplus fish, utilizing discarded portions of fish for making fertilizers, etc., providing refrigerated road transport facilities to inland markets and the marketing of fish on cooperative lines. Hence, steps are being taken to introduce modernization in the fishing industry of India in order to bring better results in this particular area.
India has several mechanized boats as well as numerous commercial deep sea fishing vessels. Moreover, fishing harbours have been constructed on the East Coast and the West Coast. In ocean fish is caught in shallow waters whose depth is moderately less. The fishing boats remain near the coast and they rarely go beyond a distance of around 11 kms from the coast. Coastal fisheries are not significant in the country as Indian coastline is not indented. Fish is mainly caught in the back waters of Kerala
as well as Tamil Nadu
, in deltas of Ganga River
, Mahanadi River
, Krishna River
, Godavari River
and Kaveri River
, Chilka Lake
and a huge number of creeks on the West Coast.
Further, inland rivers like the Brahmaputra River
, Ganga River and their tributaries like Tapti River
, Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, Sutlej River
and Krishna and the abundant canals, tanks and ponds are tapped for fresh water fish. States like West Bengal Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Tamil Nadu have several large rivers and they account for a huge percentage of the total fresh water catch in India. Fish is also imported from neighbouring countries. Interestingly, in India, fishing along the West Coast is by far more important than along the East Coast. Fishing along the West Coast and in the inland lagoons in Kerala is very common in the country. Moreover, varieties of edible shellfishes are caught for export.
Pond culture is not feasible in those regions on the Indian Plateau and northern Western India where ponds go dry and have little water during the hot dry season. Further, fish culture is being extended to other favourable areas of the country too. Development of fisheries in the reservoirs of water formed as a result of the execution of the river valley projects. Fish oil industry is still in infancy and exports of marine products and overall growth of fishing industry have increased tremendously over the past few years. | <urn:uuid:46c7decb-da3b-4bfd-b140-48e1509d09ae> | {
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Wednesday, June 10, 2015
Because the old companies see themselves as an integral part of a web of relationships often connected to their family history and reputation, the development of relationships within the local community – both commercial and social – are seen as just as important as the development of relationships with their business transaction partners. The old companies are active participants in their local communities, promoting the community and developing local networks for mutual learning and benefit. In many cases a company and their local community are so closely associated with each other that they are seen as one and the same.
Old companies score significantly higher than young firms on every question relating to building relationships within their communities. Whether it was participating in business organizations (such as the Chamber of Commerce), building personal connections with people in other industries, or being involved in projects to promote their local community, the older firms are significant, active members of their communities. The old companies believe the connections they build with local people in other industries at all levels of management have a positive influence on the reputation of their firm. They also believe there is a positive influence on their business that comes from the local community’s good reputation.
As a result of recognizing the value provided by the society beyond their individual business or industry, the old companies invest time and resources in projects that develop and sustain their communities. And when a crisis hits their community, the old companies are there to help. And this community support works both ways, with the community stepping in to help out a business when disaster hits, such as with 150-year-old, sixth-generation Brietbach’s Country Dining in Balltown, Iowa, which was struck by fire and completely destroyed twice within 18 months. In this case, it was the community that helped rescue the business. (You can see more of this remarkable story in the film Spinning Plates.)
Often when I talk about social responsibility with my students, they think just in terms of philanthropy, or monetary donations to non-profit organizations, and they ask how small or start-up companies can do this when they are still struggling to make money to keep the business operating. The community relationship practices engaged in by the old companies are great examples of how social responsibility and community service can be more than just financial donations to the United Way (although when able, the old companies are philanthropic as well). Often these practices take the form of supporting employees’ volunteer efforts.
Other companies have “donated” their employees to non-profits during slow times in the business cycle, thus keeping valued people on their payroll for when business turns up again while also contributing to their community. It would be difficult to overstate the loyalty and dedication to a company that these practices build in employees who see themselves helping out their community. | <urn:uuid:e3db1fec-b1a3-4101-bcbe-c1266af25b78> | {
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We've written a lot about alternative fuels, such as using plastics and garbage to power a cement kiln in Texas. Now, in what's at least a three-way win, civil engineers at Kansas State University (KSU) have figured out how to use the waste products of biofuels to make a stronger concrete that's also got a smaller carbon footprint.
Since concrete is one of the world's most-used industrial materials, there's been ongoing work to make it greener. Most efforts are aimed at finding a replacement for Portland cement, one of concrete's main ingredients. For example, Wagners Composite Fibre Technologies, which makes engineering composites, also makes Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC). By eliminating Portland cement, this concrete's carbon emissions are 80 to 90 percent lower than the levels usually associated with that material.
EFC uses a geopolymer binder system made from the chemical activation of blast furnace slag, which is waste from iron production, and fly ash, which is waste from coal-fired power generation.
The KSU researchers have also found a replacement for Portland cement, but they're using ash that results from the waste products of biofuels, in turn made from the waste products of agriculture -- in this case, corn stover, wheat straw, and rice straw. All of these are used as feedstocks for the class of biofuels known as cellulosic, meaning they are derived from feedstock based on inedible waste plant material, instead of feedstock derived from seeds or grains of plants grown as (usually non-food) crops.
Corn stover -- corn stalks and leaves -- is the same material DuPont is using in its Nevada, Iowa biofuel facility, which it expects to complete in 2014.
Since the production of cellulosic ethanol is expected to increase, so will the wastes resulting from those processes, say Feraidon Ataie, doctoral student in civil engineering, and Kyle Riding, an assistant professor of civil engineering, in an article (subscription or payment required) detailing their work in the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. That means that the availability of high-lignin residue, the byproduct of cellulosic ethanol, will continue to increase as a feedstock.
At present, this material doesn't have many other uses. It's usually burned to produce electricity, or the ash that results from burning is tossed out and landfilled.
The team found that, after pre-treating the high-lignin ash byproduct, adding it to cement made the cement stronger because the ash reacted chemically with the cement. After some experimentation, they determined that using the agricultural residue ash (ARA) to replace 20 percent of the cement by mass increased the concrete's strength by 32 percent. Ataie and Riding also spent considerable time studying the effects of thermochemical pretreatments to make the ash reactive in specific ways.
According to the article, the team found that:
Pretreatments are effective in partial removal of alkali metals and other impurities out of both wheat straw and rice straw leading to ARA with lower loss on ignition (LOI), higher internal surface area, and higher amorphous silica content than that of unpretreated ARA. It was shown that the ash alkali content correlated with the ash LOI and amorphous silica content.
It makes sense that research that reduces the carbon footprint of cement, makes that cement a lot stronger, and keeps lignin ash out of landfills is taking place in an agricultural state like Kansas. It will also be interesting to see how, and when, this innovation can reduce the cost of making ethanol biofuels by giving commercial value to what was once a waste product. | <urn:uuid:69425444-4ba8-4d60-8758-4c0ae7407716> | {
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"Jebus" redirects here. For other uses of the word, see Jebus (disambiguation).
According to the Hebrew Bible the Jebusites (Hebrew יבוסי YəbhŻsÓ, Yevusi, Y'vusi) were a Canašnite tribe who inhabited the region around Jerusalem in pre-biblical times (second millennium BC). Jerusalem was known as Jebus until King David conquered it, an event estimated to have occurred in 1004 BC, by the process of text missing. Though the haredim, the strictly Orthodox Jews, have their own chronology, which places the event later, the date was commemorated in an Israeli medal issued in 1996 (http://www.testimony-magazine.org/jerusalem/intro.htm).
The Book of Genesis (10:15-19) gives the cultural affiliations of the Jebusites, related to the city of Sidon, expressed in terms of genealogy:
- "Canašn became the father of Sidon his first-born, and Heth, and the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites. Afterward the families of the Canašnites spread abroad. And the territory of the Canašnites extended from Sidon, in the direction of Gerar, as far as Gaza, and in the direction of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha."
The books of Genesis (10:16; 15:21) and Exodus (3:8,17; 13:5) mention the Jebusites as one of seven nations doomed to destruction.
When the IsraŽlites arrived in Canašn around 1200 BC the Jebusites were ruled by a king named Adonizedek (Joshua 10:1,23), whose name, according to the midrash means "ruler of Zedek" or Jerusalem. Adonizedek participated in a coalition of kings from the neighboring cities of Jarmut, Lachish, Eglon and Hebron against IsraŽl. Joshua defeated the coalition and slew Adonizedek.
Despite the death of Adonizedek, the Jebusites remained well established in Jebus itself, although their role in Canašn was significantly reduced. They remained in their mountain fastnesses, and they dwelt at Jerusalem with the children of Judah and Benjamin (Joshua 15:63; Judges 1:21).
Jebus was the strongest fortress in Canašn and its defenses were considered impenetrable. This is the reason why the Jebusites said that they could defeat David's army with the blind and the lame, when David asked the Jebusites to give the city to him as his capital. But David and his men took Jebus by surprise after breaching its fortifications through the water tunnel which supplied the city with water.
The last mention of the Jebusites in the Bible occurs when David purchases from Ornan the Jebusite, also called Araunah (2 Samuel 24:16-25), the threshing-floor on Mount Moriah, a place apparently already consecrated to the grain goddess, in order to build an altar to God. The transaction is recounted in 1 Chronicles 21:22-25.
It is unknown what became of the Jebusites, but it seems logical that they were assimilated by the IsraŽlites.
- Daily Bible Study website (http://www.execulink.com/~wblank/20010401.htm) | <urn:uuid:8582394f-6af5-4220-a7ab-fa243304d897> | {
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Excessive Endurance Training Can Literally Break Your Heart
- 12:30 pm |
A little exercise is good for you. Too much can be bad for you, and could even kill you.
Although it remains true that people who exercise are generally healthier than those who don’t, a study published this month in Mayo Clinic Proceedings and a study presented last week to the American College of Sports Medicine find excessive training for ultramarathons, Olympic-length triathlons and other endurance events can cause long-term and potentially fatal damage to the heart and major arteries.
The Mayo report, a meta-study of previously published data, suggests chronic training for and participation in such events can cause abnormalities to the structure and function of the heart, including dilation of the chambers. Sustained endurance training releases the same biomarkers found during cardiac arrest.
These changes revert to normal within a week, but months or years of repetitive injury can cause patchy myocardial fibrosis, or scarring, and lead to an irregular heartbeat. One study reviewed by the authors found 12 percent of otherwise healthy marathoners showed evidence of scarring, and the rate of coronary disease among these runners during a two-year follow-up was “significantly” higher than in the control group.
“If you exercise for longer and excessive amounts of time, you’re putting wear and tear on the body, including the heart, and you could be increasing your risk,” said Dr. Chip Lavie of the University of Queensland School of Medicine and a co-author of both studies. “For a person who’s exercising just for health, you get the benefits from a lot lower levels of activity.”
Although elite endurance athletes often develop abnormal electrocardiograms and atrial or ventricular entropy, few have thought it would lead to serious arrhythmias or cardiac arrest. Evidence suggests it can. The report notes ultramarathoners and professional cyclists have been associated with as much as a five-fold increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation, the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia. Excessive endurance exercise also may be linked to coronary artery calcification, diastolic heart failure and stiffening of large-artery walls, but these findings remain largely hypothetical due to inconsistencies in the data.
Still, perspective is in order. Some two million people run a marathon in the United States each year, yet there is but one death for every 100,000 people who race. So it isn’t as if marathoners and triathletes are dropping dead mid-stride. As in all things, moderation is key, researchers said, and 30 to 60 minutes is plenty. That jibes with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations that we get 2.5 hours of moderate exercise — brisk walking, riding a bike on level ground, etc. — each week. The feds say we ought to spend another 75 minutes per week engaging in vigorous activity like running.
A separate study, presented June 2 at the American College of Sports Medicine, found the health benefits of rigorous exercise plateau. The study followed 52,000 people, including 14,000 runners, for 15 years to examine the association between running and mortality. Lavie and his colleagues found the mortality rate was nearly 20 percent lower among runners, and particularly reduced among people who ran less than 20 miles per week, fewer than six times a week or at 6 to 7 mph.
“Not only did we find that more was not better, but the data suggests that more could be worse,” Lavie said. “It’s a U-shaped relationship. As you run more, mortality starts creeping back up. You’d expect it would plateau, but not only did this happen, it went the other way and they lost their survival advantage.”
The finding is somewhat akin to studies examining the correlation between alcohol and heart disease. A glass or two of wine can reduce the risk, but a bottle or two will increase it.
“We’re not trying to scare anyone,” added Lavie. “Clearly the bigger problem for society is that not enough people exercise. We’re not trying to get people not to exercise. If they are exercising for their health, they are probably better off doing a heck of a lot less.” | <urn:uuid:a4d62fc0-5bea-496a-8674-05d258fe8300> | {
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Starting at an early age, teach your children about the importance of dental hygiene by building a fun, brushing and flossing routine together.
Encouraging your children to take responsibility for their own oral care and instilling healthy habits not only helps prevent cavities, but also boosts your child's self esteem.
Explore the free educational materials and activities on this page to get started.
In this section, you'll find family oral health tips including dental emergency information, current oral care product news and information, and age-specific oral care guidelines.
Here is where you'll find fun, easily-accessible do together on-line games, along with such activities as a virtual art gallery and video chapters from the award-winning Dr. Rabbit and the Legend of Tooth Kingdom! | <urn:uuid:746f1a18-a964-4351-ba87-a744ec800410> | {
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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
development of Big Science
...a centre for radar research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Weinberg was not only describing a new form of scientific research; his concept was an expression of nostalgia for “ Little Science,” a world of independent, individual researchers free to work alone or with graduate students on problems of their own choosing. Whether or not the world of Little Science...
What made you want to look up "Little Science"? Please share what surprised you most... | <urn:uuid:25d25670-9892-4ad0-83fe-6077b874e79e> | {
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Laboratory Cold Storage
That buzzing, that awful, loud, constant sound that seems to pervade every lab space on the face of the earth. You hear it when you walk into the lab in the morning and luckily it seems to fade away as you settle into your day. Know what I am talking about? That is the sound of many refrigerators and freezer laboring away to maintain their specific temperatures and just because the sound of them may fade away, does not mean they are not still consuming energy. In fact you can probably hear one right now as you read this article.
The cold storage box is really a complex piece of machinery; there are a lot of moving parts (one of the reasons they break down so often). You have the insulated storage box, compressor(s), condenser coils, evaporator, refrigerant and the list goes on. Freezers and refrigerators maintain their temperatures by evacuating warm air out of the insulated box. Refrigerant vapor is compressed, heating it up and raising its pressure. That hot, high-pressure refrigerant travels through condenser coils where it meets with room temperature air, cooling it and becoming a liquid, while still maintaining its high pressure. This high-pressure liquid then circulates through the insulated box absorbing much of the heat inside, effectively lowering its temperature. The refrigerant returns to a vapor and circulates back to the compressor to start the process again. Every time, your refrigerator of freezer falls outside the parameters it is set to, this process happens.
To avoid spending additional resources on energy consumption from cold storage, try following these tips:
1) Dr. Gornish, identifies one method in her “3 Easy Tips to Green Your Lab” article. She says that by raising your Ultra-Low Temperature freezer’s set point from -80°C to -70°C you can reduce their consumption by 2-4 Kwh a day. This is a great start to reducing your energy use from cold storage; it is what we call a low hanging fruit or an action you can take for little effort or cost. Make sure to have an argument prepared on how this will not endanger the contents of your freezer, as it is not uncommon to find opposition to this method.
2) Know what you want in your refrigerator or freezer before opening it. For every minute the door of the cold storage box is open, it takes approximately 10 minutes to cool it down again. The longer the door is open, the longer the compressor will have to run to cool it down again.
3) Have your facilities department regularly clean the backside of your refrigerators and freezers. Dust will build up on the condenser coils, insulating them and making the compressor work harder, increasing its energy use by up to 25%. In addition to lowering the efficiency of the compressor, the increased workload will shorten the lifespan of the freezer or refrigerator.
4) Listen to your refrigerators and freezers; if you hear a compressor that is on for an extended period of time, have the maintenance department check it out. This could be a sign of an aging piece of equipment. Over time the wear and tear on a compressor can decrease the efficiency of that freezer/refrigerator by up to 35%, increasing your costs.
5) When purchasing freezers instead of looking at just the upfront cost include operating cost of the freezer. This takes energy use into consideration and can save you money over the lifetime of the freezer.
For instance, Ultra-Low Temperature (ULT) freezers or Freezers that operated at -80°C use an average of 9-22 Kwh/per day. In the course of a year a freezer that uses 22 Kwh a day will cost about $1,200 a year vs the more efficient 9 kwh/ day freezer that only costs $500. If the more efficient freezer has a price premium of $3,000 it will only take 4.3 years to recoup that cost. Considering the average lifespan of a ULT freezer is 17-20 years, you could end up saving more than $10,000 over the lifetime of that piece of equipment.
While freezers are not the most energy intensive equipment in your lab, they still do use a considerable amount of energy. By following these simple tips you can help to reduce your energy load, lower carbon emissions and save your company or institution money. | <urn:uuid:b0fc85e9-9014-4de7-b4db-57ff9691d7e6> | {
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Ohio Researchers Unveil Emissions-Free Method of Extracting Energy from Coal
Posted By Lidija Grozdanic On February 22, 2013 @ 5:50 pm In Air quality,Environment,Green Technology,Innovation,News | 9 Comments
Researchers at Ohio State University have discovered a new way to extract energy from coal while preventing 99 percent of the carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere. The technique, called Coal-Direct Chemical Looping (CDCL), harnesses coal’s energy without burning it. This new groundbreaking technology, which could revolutionize one of the dirtiest industries on the planet, will be tested at a larger-scale pilot plant currently under construction in Alabama.
Ohio State University researchers have developed a clean coal technique that produces heat while removing virtually all of the pollution . Conventional coal combustion processes consume oxygen to make steam, which turns giant turbines and sends power down electric lines.
While this old-fashioned technology produces large amounts of hazardous carbon dioxide, the new method is almost completely free from greenhouse gas emissions . Coal is chemically combusted in a sealed chamber from which pollutants can’t escape. The only waste product is coal ash, water and recyclable metal from iron-oxide.
The technology is based on the use of tiny iron-oxide beads that cause a chemical reaction by carrying oxygen to the fuel. The mixture is then heated to high temperatures and carbon dioxide rises into a chamber where it’s captured, leaving only hot iron particles and coal ash behind. The difference in size makes the iron and coal ash particles easy to separate and allows the reuse of the metal beads.
The nine-day experiment with coal-direct chemical looping was a success, according to Dr. Liang-Shih Fan, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and director of Ohio State’s Clean Coal Research Laboratory.
“We voluntarily chose to stop the unit. We actually could have run longer, but honestly, it was a mutual decision by Dr. Fan and the students. It was a long and tiring week where we all shared shifts,” said doctoral student Elena Chung.
Via Slashdot
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URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/ohio-researchers-unveil-emissions-free-method-of-extracting-energy-from-coal/
URLs in this post:
Image: http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2013/02/cleancoal_sm.jpg
Ohio State University: http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/looping203.htm
energy from coal: http://inhabitat.com/coal-accounts-for-less-than-40-of-u-s-electricity-production-in-2011-lowest-level-in-over-30-years/
carbon dioxide: http://inhabitat.com/new-machine-turns-co2-into-fuel/
Image: http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2013/02/800px-Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg
pollution: http://inhabitat.com/china-responsible-for-almost-half-of-all-global-coal-consumption-reports-eia/
greenhouse gas emissions: http://inhabitat.com/world-meteorological-organization-reports-greenhouse-gas-emissions-at-a-record-high/
chemical reaction: http://inhabitat.com/nyc/massive-fuel-cell-could-put-nycs-city-hall-off-the-grid/fuel-cell-wikimedia-commons/
biomolecular engineering: http://inhabitat.com/vanderbilt-university-team-creates-biohyrid-solar-cells-that-utilize-spinach/
Slashdot: http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/13/02/21/2336200/new-process-takes-energy-from-coal-without-burning-it?utm_source=rss1.0mainlinkanon&utm_medium=feed
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“An act ratifying certain articles . . .”
The State of New York ratified the Bill of Rights on March 27, 1790, and sent it to the Federal Government. The document, however, did not have far to travel. New York City was then both the capital of the United States and the State of New York. Unlike other states, New York copied the 12 articles into their ratification document. This ratification is now a Federal record, part of the chain of evidence of our rights as citizens that is in the stewardship of the National Archives.
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Study the following sentences.
- He succeeded in his attempt.
- His attempt was successful.
- His attempt was crowned with success.
You may have noticed that all the three sentences given above express the same idea. The verb succeeded in sentence 1 changes to the adjective successful in sentence 2 and the noun success in sentence 3.
More examples are given below.
- Respect your parents and teachers. (respect – verb)
- Be respectful to your parents and teachers. (respectful – adjective)
- Show respect to your parents and teachers. (respect – noun)
- He works diligently. (diligently – adverb)
- He works with diligence. (diligence – noun)
- He died in an instant. (in an instant – adverb phrase)
- He died instantly. (instantly – adverb)
- He accepted all of our proposals. (proposals – noun)
- He accepted all that we proposed. (proposed – verb)
- This is apparently a good proposal. (apparently – adverb)
- This appears to be a good proposal. (appears – verb)
- It is apparent that this is a good proposal. (apparent – adjective)
- The performance didn’t give me any amusement. (amusement – noun)
- I wasn’t amused by the performance at all. (amused – verb)
- No invitation was sent to the mayor. (invitation – noun)
- The mayor wasn’t invited. (invited – verb)
- I do not intend to spend my vacation here. (intend – verb)
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Lebanon Table of Contents
The lack of official statistics makes a demographic analysis of Lebanese society a difficult task. Because of the precarious and delicate sectarian arrangement in the body politic, the government has deliberately avoided conducting a comprehensive update of the 1932 census. Christian communities, primarily the Maronites (see Glossary), fear that the numerical preponderance of Muslims would eventually strip them of their privileges by changing the foundations of political representation. When the French Mandate government conducted the 1932 census, it enumerated 861,399 Lebanese, including those living abroad, most of whom were identified as Christians. The distribution of parliamentary seats among the confessions was based on the findings of the 1932 census; the ratio of six Christians to five Muslims, including Druzes (see Glossary), has been retained.
The government has published only rough estimates of the population since 1932. The estimate for 1956, for example, showed that in a total population of 1,411,416, Christians accounted for 54 percent and Muslims, 44 percent. The estimate was seriously contested because it was based on figures derived from a government welfare program that tended not to include Muslims in areas distant from Beirut. After the 1950s, the government statistical bureau published only total population estimates that were not subdivided according to sect. Consequently, the census became a highly charged political issue in Lebanon, because it constituted the ostensible basis for communal representation (see The National Pact , ch. 4).
Conducting a census during the 1970s and 1980s was clearly impossible because of the war. The United States Department of State 1983 estimate for the population of Lebanon was 2.6 million. The figures included Lebanese nationals living abroad and excluded Palestinian refugees, of whom there were nearly 400,000. A 1986 estimate by the United States Central Intelligence Agency of the confessional distribution of the population showed 27 percent Sunnis (see Glossary), 41 percent Shias, 7 percent Druzes, 16 percent Maronites, 5 percent Greek Orthodox, and 3 percent Greek Catholics. However, these data were, at best, informed estimates subject to revision.
In the absence of a reliable country-wide population census, the most useful data on population was a 1984 survey conducted in the Greater Beirut region by a team of specialists from the American University of Beirut. An examination of the age composition of the resident population of Beirut in the 1983-84 period revealed a relatively young population with 41.5 percent less than twenty years of age. There appeared to be a decline in fertility over the last decade for the resident population of Beirut.
The sex distribution of the 1983-84 Beirut resident population indicated an overall sex ratio of 95.5 males per 100 females. The extreme deficiency observed for males in the age group twenty through forty-nine may be the result of two factors: the large emigration of men in these ages, mostly to Persian Gulf countries, and a high rate of war-related mortality.
A 1983 World Bank (see Glossary) study contained some statistics on the demographic characteristics of Lebanon for the period 1960 through 1981, the last year for which figures were available in 1987. Although the reliability of the figures could not be established, the figures revealed some interesting trends (see table _, Demographic Data, 1960-81, Appendix A). During this period, the crude birth rate declined perceptibly as did the crude death rate. Surprisingly, life expectancy rose despite the war. The fertility rate continued to decline during the war, but there was little change in the age structure of the population. Total population increased, although at a slower rate than in the prewar period, and there was a dramatic increase in urban population because of the continued influx to the cities. The rate of increase of population density slowed, however, as a result of the war and the consequent emigration of large numbers of Lebanese.
Although accurate figures of Beirut's population in the mid1980s were lacking, the city's dominant demographic position was unquestioned. Beirut has featured prominently in Lebanese society as a port city throughout its history and as the major population center of the country since at least the beginning of the Mandate period in 1920. Its role in maritime trade brought prosperity to its inhabitants. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 benefited Beirut, which replaced the port of Haifa as a center for Arab trade with the West. Until the 1950s, Beirut was inhabited primarily by non-Maronite Christians and Sunni Muslims. In the 1950s a wave of immigrants from all parts of Lebanon and from all sects sought the lure of economic prosperity and the readily available government services of Beirut. The civil strife that began the 1970s has reinforced the sectarian demographic divisions in the city.
Other major cities in Lebanon include Tripoli, Sidon, Tyre, Baalbek, and Zahlah. Tripoli, the capital of Ash Shamal Province, has a majority Sunni population and a Christian minority. Sidon, in Al Janub Province, also has a Sunni majority, with a sizable Christian community. Tyre, in Al Janub Province, has a diverse sectarian composition. Although the majority of its inhabitants are Shias, the city has always included Christians of various sects. Baalbek, in Al Biqa Province, has a Shia majority and a Christian minority. Zahlah, also in Al Biqa Province, has a predominantly Christian population (see fig. 1, Administrative Divisions).
Data as of December 1987
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How is dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) diagnosed?
DH is diagnosed by a skin biopsy, which involves removing a tiny piece of skin near the rash and testing it for the IgA antibody. DH is treated with a gluten-free diet and medication to control the rash, such as Dapsone or Sulfapyridine. Drug treatment is short term, usually until the gluten-free diet begins to relieve symptoms. It’s not necessary to perform an intestinal biopsy to establish the diagnosis of celiac disease in a patient with DH; the skin biopsy is definitive. | <urn:uuid:e65fca88-43dd-41f3-9a0b-d2974fdd248a> | {
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Earth Day in New York State
With the Largest U.S. Park in the Lower 48 and Vast Areas Where Only Stars Light the Night,
New York State Has a Long Tradition of Environmentalism
What better place to celebrate Earth Day than somewhere with no light pollution, no building towering over the forest canopy, no cell phone towers or fast food restaurants, and not much that moves faster than a horse? Head for New York State's Amish Trail and that's just what you'll find. And that's just one of the many pristine, frozen-in-time treasures of New York State.
There are huge stretches of land where you can drive for hours and never pass a billboard or strip mall, idyllic islands where you'll feel suspended in time, and vast wilderness areas where you can't help but connect with nature. In fact, Adirondack Park, with more than 6.2 million acres, is the largest park outside of Alaska, bigger than Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Glacier and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks combined.
Many people find it hard to believe that so much land could remain undeveloped so close to New York City, but the reason is remarkably simple; a "forever wild" amendment to the N.Y. State Constitution ratified in 1894 mandated that state-owned and acquired forest preserve lands be "forever kept as wild forest lands." Amazingly, this was enacted almost a century before the first Earth Day in 1970!
Today, New York State's millions of acres of wilderness shelter diverse habitats that are home to many rare plants and at-risk indigenous species. But ‘protected' doesn't mean ‘inaccessible'; the state's rugged mountains, remote rivers, lakes and ponds and extensive forests are traversed by nearly 2,000 miles of trails.
The state's commitment to conservation continues to grow. The original Adirondack and Catskill Mountain preserves have been expanded and joined by more than 175 state parks with recreational activities that include fishing, hiking, mountain biking, swimming and kayaking. Some even offer horseback riding, golf, cottages or campsites.
Earth Day is dedicated to making sure everyone appreciates and values the natural resources of the planet. This year, state parks and other wilderness preserves will be offering Earth Day activities from scavenger hunts and guided walks to clean-up projects, and whether you're looking to join an organized program or simply enjoy nature on your own terms, New York State Parks are the place to be!
The following is a just a sampling of enticing ways to celebrate Earth Day 2013 in New York's State Parks and wilderness areas:
Sun with Seals. Along the eastern tip of Long Island, seals come up on the shore to bask in the afternoon sun, and this guided Seal Hike at Montauk Point State Park is timed for their sun time. Harbor seals are the most common species, but harp, grey, hooded and ringed seals are often seen as well. This scenic coastal hike is offered on Saturday, April 20 at 9:00 am and Sunday, April 21 at 11:00 am. For more information please call (631) 668-5000 or visit: http://nysparks.com/events/event.aspx?e=61-6962.0.
While there: See the historic Montauk Lighthouse, enjoy some of the world's best surf fishing and see if you can spot the heady swirl of converging tides from the Atlantic and Block Island Sounds. For more information, please call (631) 668-2544 or visit: http://www.montauklighthouse.com/.
Beautify a beach. Craft vendors, food, and free tree seedling give-a-ways are among the Earth Day events planned at Hamlin Beach State Park in the Finger Lakes. The festivities will begin at 9 am on Saturday April 20. Admission to the park and events are free, bring your pets too! For more information please call (585) 964-2462 or visit: http://nysparks.com/parks/20/details.aspx.
While there: Stroll along the sandy beach, fish for salmon or trout, follow the self-guided nature trail at the Yanty Creek marsh or enjoy one of the 10 miles of hiking and biking trails.
Walk with a Riddell. The 1,000 acre Robert V. Riddell State Park in Central New York was a gift from Patricia Riddell Kent and Steve Kent. The park offers a variety of family-friendly passive recreational opportunities. As part of an extensive statewide trail network, it is a preferred destination for hikers and other outdoor enthusiasts. Additional activities include bird-watching, snowshoeing and fishing. For more information, please call (607) 432-2114 or visit: http://nysparks.com/parks/18/details.aspx.
While there: Pick up a trail map to explore more of the park's 1,000-plus acres of forests, open fields and sugar shacks, stone walls and other remnants of the former estate at this recently donated park.
Run with your eyes wide open. At the Envirun 5K Run for the Environment on Goat Island on April 20 at Niagara Falls State Park, the scenery could be the biggest challenge. Runners will get on their marks at 10:30 am and proceeds will support environmental programs and education. The $20 fee ($15 for students under 18) is halved for those registering online http://www.awmanfs.org/envirun.htm and a post-race party will include live music and free refreshments.
While there: Take a boat ride under Niagara Falls on the Maid of the Mist or a Whirlpool Jet Boat tour through the Niagara River rapids.
Nurture your love of nature. Inspired by Earth Day? "I Love My Park Day," a statewide event, kicks off this year on Saturday May 4, 2013. Many of the state parks will be organizing volunteers for conservation and other projects. Last year at Allegany State Park, volunteers and park staff worked together to restore the historic Sweetwater Spring. At Thacher State Park, young and old helped clear trails, plant flowers and build a bridge. This year, Parks & Trails New York will work to build on the success of the event by engaging new volunteers, building a strong community of park stewards, and expanding friends groups' capacity. For more information please contact Laura DiBetta by email at [email protected] or call (518) 434-1583. You can also visit http://www.ptny.org/ilovemypark/about.shtml.
Watchable Wildlife. This is the fastest growing segment for family travel and in New York State, which ranks fifth in the U.S. for number of wildlife-watching participants, it just got even better. The Department of Environment Conservation (DEC) and New York State Parks and Recreations recently introduced a new program called Watchable Wildlife, which offers a schedule of events and tips on what types of species can be found in New York State along with where they can be found and what the best times to view them are. From bald eagles, falcons and Osprey to Monarch Butterflies, coyotes and black bears; New York State offers something different for everyone. For more information, please visit: http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/55423.html.
More Parks to Visit
Moreau Lake State Park in the Capital-Saratoga region lies amidst hardwood forests, pine stands and rocky ridges. Shady groves of trees shelter picnic grounds perfect for family fun. Wooded campgrounds are quiet and secluded, offering facilities for group campers, as well as tent and trailer sites. The sandy beach, nature, hiking and cross-country ski trails, boating, fishing and ice fishing, and proximity to the Saratoga Springs and Lake George areas make the park attractive to visitors all year round. For more information and to make reservations please call (518) 793-0511 or visit: http://nysparks.com/parks/150/details.aspx.
The Minnewaska State Park Preserve in the Hudson Valley is situated on the dramatic Shawangunk Mountain ridge, which rises more than 2,000 feet above sea level and is surrounded by rugged, rocky terrain. Visitors can enjoy numerous waterfalls, three crystalline sky lakes, dense hardwood forests, sheer cliffs and ledges opening to beautiful views, clear streams cut into valleys, world-class rock climbing and 25 miles of footpaths on which to bike, walk, hike and simply enjoy. Horseback riding and cross-country ski trails are available as well. For more information, please call 845 255-0752 or visit: http://nysparks.com/parks/127/details.aspx.
For the camaraderie that comes with working on a team, join the Catskills Trail Crew. The Trail Conference trail crews are made up of volunteers dedicated to the construction and rehabilitation of trails in the Catskill region. Bring your lunch, plenty of water, gloves and sturdy work shoes, and be prepared to get dirty. For more information and how to sign-up, please call (201) 512-9348 or visit: http://www.nynjtc.org/content/catskill-trail-crews.
Whether you're searching for a place to enjoy Earth Day or to simply enjoy the great outdoors at any time of the year, why not go back to place where environmentalism began--the "forever wild" parklands and preserves of New York State!
For more information on parks and events, visit www.iloveny.com. Also, a complete listing of parks searchable by activities, amenities, region and park name as well as Earth Day programs, is available from the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation at http://www.nysparks.com/parks/ | <urn:uuid:f88884ca-3f71-4e24-bb8c-55f6bbe7454b> | {
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Pink Shirt Day was inspired by a 2007 incident in Nova Scotia where a Grade 9 boy was bullied for wearing a pink polo shirt on his first day of school. Other students rallied in support of the bullied student and the movement was born. David Shepherd, Travis Price and their teenage friends organized a high-school protest to wear pink in sympathy with a Grade 9 boy who was being bullied. They took a stand against bullying when they protested against the harassment of a new Grade 9 student by distributing pink T-shirts to all the boys in their school. Bullying is a serious problem in our schools, workplaces, and over the internet and unfortunately bullies don’t disappear after school…they become adults, enter the workplace and quite often continue to bully.
On June 15th 2010 Ontario introduced an amendment to the Occupational Health and Safety act related to the prevention of workplace violence and harassment. Bill 168’s intentions were that “everyone should be able to work without fear of violence or harassment, in a safe and healthy workplace”.
So what is workplace bullying? Bullying can be a hidden action that is difficult to detect and often dismissed as “personality conflicts”, however a bully’s activity can range from behaviours such as public humiliation, personal insults, over monitoring with malicious intent, ignoring or excluding, withholding information, constant criticism, spreading rumours, gossips or innuendos etc.
Bullying increases stress levels in your workplace for the person being bullied, but also for the people witnessing the bullying who may not know how to deal with the actions going on or feel intimidated about sharing it with a superior. Although it may seem difficult to legislate “appropriate behaviour”, Bill 168 outlines requirements to have the best possible preventative measures in place, as well as the tools to manage when a situation does occur. Conducting an assessment of your workplace and determining where your operation might be vulnerable to acts of violence and harassment is the first step in making changes to your business practices, reporting and investigation procedures, so your employees understand what their obligations are when faced with workplace violence and harassment situations.
Encourage respect in the workplace and be sure to emphasize that bullying is a very serious matter that will not be tolerated. Bullying is not limited to the schoolyard. The February 29th Wear a Pink Shirt day is a great way to educate about bullying and outline the resources available for help, and also revisit your Bill 168 policy and ensure it is effective in your organization.
For more information on Pink Shirt Day visit their website at www.pinkshirtday.ca For help on ensuring your organization is Bill:168 compliant click here, or view Clear Path’s Bill:168 Do-It-Yourself Package.
Image courtesy of www.pinkshirtday.ca
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Recently an article was posted in the Canadian HR Reporter, “Ontario could see spike in mental stress claims”. This article was very detailed in explaining the nature of the Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal’s decision on eliminating the requirement of physical threat when granting benefits for mental stress claims. We have summarized and highlighted the main points below:
In January the Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal (WSIAT) decided to eliminate the requirement of physical threat when granting benefits for mental stress claims. (Decision 483/11,)This will widen the number of claims being made, now that a physical event does not have to be the trigger for the mental stress claim. This opens the door for a variety of circumstances under which an employee might be able to receive compensation. It is estimated that 98% of mental stress claims would have been rejected prior to this decision, due to the absence of a physical threat.
The case that changed the nature of eligibility for mental stress benefits involved a female education assistant who sought benefits after she was falsely accused of striking a Grade 5 student in class. This individual had been an educator for more than 20 years, and was suspended while the school investigated the allegation. She was reinstated, however the worker’s physician reported that she experienced flashbacks of the moment of her suspension and avoided children, schools and playgrounds. The incident triggered memories of sexual and emotional abuse she experienced in her childhood. She was subsequently diagnosed with major depression. The tribunal found that the events she experienced were “objectively unexpected and traumatic” resulting in a disabling psychological condition.
Howard Levitt from Levitt law firm in Toronto agreed that “an allegation like that in the context of a teacher can lead to several major repercussions: one she could be criminally charged; two she could be precluded from ever teaching again…and three her reputation will be destroyed in newspapers, articles and otherwise, so there’s no question that what happened to her falls within the definition for traumatic mental stress benefits”.
While it has been long associated with mental health claims the board has decided that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is no longer the only required diagnosis to qualify for benefits entitlement. To apply for traumatic stress benefits the claimant, must first be diagnosed by a physician with an Axis 1 diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Any diagnosis under Axis 1 is acceptable such as general clinical disorders (PTSD), major depression autism, schizophrenia etc.
To be eligible for benefits the following must be proven:
Increasingly we are seeing that worker’s compensation claims are no longer limited to physical injury, and now with Decision 483/11 mental health, depression and stress claims will become more common. They are often more complex and difficult to resolve vs. physical injury claims. Minimize the possibility of mental health claims in your workplace by encouraging wellness, and offering appropriate support programs. The Great West Life Centre for Mental Health has a great website that offers workplace strategies for mental health.
If you have questions about handling a mental health claim, or managing a difficult claim please contact Anna Aceto-Guerin directly at [email protected] or by phone 519-624-0800.
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How many of you can relate to this scenario: Your NEER statement arrives in the mail and you immediately file it away in your desk? December rolls around and your Controller or Finance department approaches you inquiring why the company owes a surcharge to the WSIB? Are you able to explain why?
This is something we hear often when discussing NEER statements with HR Professionals. With so much on your plate already, learning how your NEER statement has been calculated and why you are potentially owing thousands of dollars to the WSIB can be overwhelming.
NEER is a very complicated system already, now factor in the new 4 year window and you really have a convoluted program. So what should you be looking for when you get your statement?
Looking ahead to September 2012 and your next NEER rebate or surcharge, it’s important to know if you currently have claims that are active in the 2012 year. Active claims or claims that are receiving of Loss of Earnings (LOE) benefits in the year of review (currently 2012), can significantly affect your NEER refund or surcharge. Your claims management process and the decisions you make regarding return to work and accommodation can swing a pending rebate to surcharge or potentially the other way around.
What do we mean?
(The following case study is based on an actual NEER Review. Names have been modified for confidentiality. The rating factor for Company A is 78.7%)
As a starting point, using the September 2011 NEER statement we can forecast Company A at a projected surcharge of $550,876.53 for September 2012. However to get a more true indication of what September 2012’s NEER rebate or surcharge will look like we need to review any currently active claims. Company A currently has a claim for John Doe in August of 2011 which is active as of the September 2011 statement: will this claim remain active into September 2012?
The following will have significant impact on Company A’s pending NEER costs:
Type of Claim
However if this worker continued to lose time until approximately June 2012, we are able to forecast that the NEER surcharge would only decrease to $249,872.97. In this case returning this employee to work by June 2012 does also reduce Company A’s surcharge but resulted in $251,003.56 savings in NEER costs.
Loss of Earnings (LOE) and when they are paid can have a significant impact on your NEER rebate or surcharge position in September. Clear Path’s approach to claims management is to return injured workers to work on suitable modified duties at full wages as soon as possible. Foster an early and safe return to work plan along with medical management and continual communication with your WSIB adjudicator and the employee. Understanding your NEER statement and how your costs will fluctuate is key to making sure your rebate is maximized or your surcharge is minimized.
In our upcoming workshop “Demystifying the WSIB’s NEER Program”, we discuss 10 case studies and how your RTW decisions can impact your pending September NEER rebate or surcharge.
Clear Path also offers a complimentary and confidential review of your most recent NEER statement by our WSIB claims specialists (a $250 value!). Our experts will forecast your costs for this year and identify areas of potential savings. You have nothing to lose and there is absolutely no obligation to utilize our services further. Fax your most recent NEER statement today to (519) 624-0860 for a complimentary review.
Clear Path has a particular specialty in cost-effective WSIB claims management, return-to-work (RTW) strategies and acquiring SIEF cost relief. Click here to learn more about our WSIB claims management services.
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The HRPA conference has just wrapped up, but we are still buzzing with excitement over what an amazing three days Clear Path had in Toronto at the conference. Between the tradeshow, attending keynote presentations and presenting two seminars of our own, it was a full three days!
We were so excited to have been chosen to speak on two topics this year. It is a prestigious honour to be chosen to speak once let alone twice, as up to potentially 4000 applications are submitted to the Conference Committee each year.
On Wednesday February 1st, Anna started the morning off by presenting “Averting a Crisis: Dealing with a Potential Bill: 168 Situation” to a full room of over 100 attendees! This session provided practical tips you should take to prevent or defuse workplace violence, ways to spot workplace harassment and best practices on how to manage these situations when they occur. Participants at the seminar had the opportunity to enter to win a Clear Path Do-It-Yourself Bill 168 Package. The lucky winner was Kimberley L. from Virtual High School! Congratulations Kimberley!
In the afternoon Anna and Brenda co-presented “Dealing with WSIB Repeat Offenders”. Combining real world case studies with practical how to tips, Anna and Brenda were able to bring their extensive background in WSIB Claims Management and provide a session that was both informative and engaging. Exploring the claims management process and employer obligations under WSIA and the new re-integration system participants learned strategies to deploy when faced with a WSIB “repeat offender” and examples of how medical professionals can be leveraged to support your injured employees, challenge medical evidence and get workers back to their pre-injury job. Congratulations to Asli A. from Concord Steel Centre Ltd. who was the lucky winner of the draw for a complimentary registration to an upcoming Clear Path learning session- “ Demystifying the WSIB’s NEER Program”!
Clear Path also kept busy live tweeting throughout the conference. We were mentioned as a top influencer twice on the HRPA Hashcaster board, and on Thursday February 2nd, we made top contributor! It was great to be so active and connected with fellow attendees during those three days! Follow Clear Path on Twitter, and check out what we were tweeting about during the conference!
Being at the HRPA conference and attending the keynote presentations was a very motivational, inspiring experience that makes you rethink not only your business approach but also choices you make in your personal life. A common theme from keynote speakers like Amanda Lang (of Lang&O’Leary), Marshal Goldsmith (renowned coach to leaders) and Neil Parischa (author of Book of Awesome) was “unleashing your inner 3 year old”. Learning to be innovative, take risks and exploring challenges to increase our productivity as individuals and organizations. One of the points that resonated was that “Play can change the world”-Kevin Carroll. Embracing creativity and promoting it within your organization, and not “swimming in a sea of sameness” –Josh Linkner were all great tips. All the keynote presentations left a lasting impression that it’s important to take stock, learning to appreciate the little things and be willing to take risks and seize the moment.
We encourage all our readers to embrace play, live outside the box, and don’t get sucked back into "the sameness" and miss opportunities that are right in front of you.
Thank you HRPA for an amazing three days! Can’t wait until the 2013 Conference!
View Clear Path’s HRPA Conference photos on Facebook
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Recently we wrote about how Mondays have the highest absence occurrence and how it can be a sign of dissatisfaction and low engagement with one’s job. Some studies are pointing to the reasons for absence as essentially boredom or employees who are feeling unfulfilled. At the other end of the spectrum employers are seeing increase in absenteeism because employees are stressed and overwhelmed by workload or expectations. These seemingly benign absences can lead to more long term issues such as lost productivity, claims and litigation.
An article written recently on MSNBC Careers highlights another potential risk associated with being bored on the job-employees turning to alcohol to cope.
A study of 102 office workers in the UK concluded that 25% were bored at work most of the time and that those individuals suffered from chronic boredom resulting in more stress, more absences and a desire to leave the position. A third of respondents indicated they were more likely to drink after a boring day of work. Alcohol and substance abuse as a coping mechanism has the potential of entering the workplace when it becomes a habit for an employee. This presents higher risk of employee absence, potential workplace violence issues and may lead the employee to take unnecessary risks such as vandalizing, stealing or sabotaging searching for stimulation to cure their boredom.
A sense of belonging and self- worth goes a long way to encourage engagement with your employees. Assessing the mental health needs of your workplace and creating a pro-attendance environment are one of the many strategies we discuss in our upcoming Employee Absence Does Not Make the Heart Grow Fonder learning session.
How are you creating a pro-attendance healthy work environment? Join us on Wednesday February 15th at the Cambridge Chamber of Commerce where we will discuss strategies for managing employee absence.
We'd love to connect with you!
In Ontario employers are not required to provide unpaid or paid sick leave, or paid benefit plans for sickness to employees. However, employees who work for employers that regularly employ at least 50 employees or more are entitled to unpaid emergency leave in certain situations under theEmployment Standards Act.
Some companies provide a designated number of sick days, while others have an accumulation process. As part of a sick pay program employers must decide whether or not employees are allowed to carry over their allotted sick days or accumulated hours of sick time from year to year. Some of the concerns include:
Are you encouraging the “use it or lose it” philosophy by reminding employees that if they don’t use sick time by the end of the year it’s gone? Employees may feel like they are losing out and feel the need to take the time off. These unplanned absences can result in lost productivity, lowered morale due to having to cover for the “sick employee”, and possibly starting a trend with other employees creating continual absence disruptions.
A possible alternative to combat the “use it or lose it” attitude could be to provide your employees with a set number of sick days, but if they don’t utilize them by the end of the year, they are rewarded with a year end bonus equal to the time off they didn’t use. As always be sure to promote that a healthy workplace is still top priority, and should someone be suffering from a contagious illness that could potentially affect others, staying home and using the sick time is the recommended and preferred option. You don’t want to encourage people coming in sick just to receive it back in the form of a bonus.
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Clear Path Employer Services
295 Thompson Drive, Unit 2
Cambridge, Ontario N1T 2B9
T: (519) 624-0800
T: (888) 336-0950
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The feds already keep track of people with AIDS, but feel that's no longer enough, since advances in treatment mean that a decreasing proportion of HIV-infected individuals contract full-blown AIDS. Compiling a database of the infected makes it easier to track (and prevent) the spread of the disease. But HIV/AIDS, once considered the "gay plague," still carries a stigma, and that could scare many HIV-positive people away from putting their names in a database. They may not be reassured by the CDC recommendation that states make it a felony to release the names of HIV patients. "This is all part of a larger issue of privacy versus the ability to track and help prevent a disease," notes TIME science writer Christine Gorman. "And the privacy concerns are greatly heightened in the case of HIV." Which forces HIV and gay advocacy groups to confront the burning question: Which do you value more your privacy or the chance to halt this plague?
The effort to combat HIV ran right into privacy concerns Thursday, and gay advocacy groups aren't happy with the results. Looking to better track the spread of the virus that causes AIDS, the Centers for Disease Control ordered states to require that all HIV patients register their names for entry into a national network of databases. That has gay rights groups more than a little alarmed. The problem, the groups say, is that infected people could be less likely to seek treatment if they know they have to give their names. And while there are similar requirements for most communicable diseases, HIV is a particularly touchy one. | <urn:uuid:36df202a-ca40-4901-a579-21ef485889bb> | {
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What is Variance Analysis?
Variance Analysis is defined as an analysis of the performance of a business or process by means of variances which involves the process of computing the amount and isolating the cause of variances between actual cost and standard cost. Variance Analysis helps in analyzing the difference between Actual Cost and Standard Cost and provides the key to cost control which enables management to correct adverse tendencies as well as understand the areas of concern and improvement. In short Variance Analysis involves computation of Individual Variances and determination of causes of each such variance.
When Actual Cost is higher than the Standard Cost, Variance Analysis is said to be Unfavorable or Adverse which is a sign of inefficiency and thereby reduces the profit of the business. Similarly, when Actual Cost is less than the Standard Cost, Variance Analysis is said to be Favorable and is a sign of improvement in efficiency or it may be due to production substandard product or an incorrect standard.
Accordingly, Variance Analysis helps the management of the business to:
- Understand the Amount of Variance
- Its occurrence and factors responsible for it
- Take appropriate action to obviate or reduce such a variance
However it is pertinent to note here that not all variances which are reported through Variance Analysis are controllable, some are Uncontrollable as well. An uncontrollable Variance is one which is not amenable to control by individual or departmental action and is caused by external factors such as a change in market conditions, fluctuations in demand and supply etc over which the business doesn’t have any control and as such are uncontrollable in nature.
Variance Analysis can be computed under each element of cost for which standards have been established and each such variance can be analyzed to ascertain the causes and necessary action can be undertaken. For instance, Material Price Variance will help the business to understand the variance caused due to change in the price of the material. Furthermore, by analyzing the total variances component-wise, business can determine and isolate the causes giving rise to each variance
Examples of Variance Analysis
Let’s understand the Variance Analysis with the help of a few examples:
4.9 (3,296 ratings)
Standard Cost of Product AB manufactured by Ram International is furnished below:
|Material (5 units @ Rs 4 each)||
|Labor (20 hours @ Rs 1.50 per hour)||
|Total Product Cost||
Actual Units produced were 8000 units and Actual Cost is as follows:
|Material ( 40500 units @ Rs 5 each)||
|Labor ( 150000 hours @ Rs 1.60 per hour)||
Based on the above illustration let’s do the Variance Analysis for each component of Cost
|Particulars||Standard Cost ( in Rs)||Actual Cost ( in Rs)||Variance ( in Rs)|
|Material||160000 (8000* 20)||202500||42500 (Adverse)|
|Lab0r||240000 ( 8000* 30)||240000||—|
|Overhead Expenses||80000 (8000*10)||90000||10000 (Adverse)|
Thus by using Variance Analysis Ram International can identify the cost components which are showing variation and accordingly can take corrective actions.
The Standard Material input required for 20000 kgs of a finished product are given below:
|Material||Quantity ( in Kg)||Standard Rate per Kg||Total (Quantity * Std Rate)|
And now we have to calculate the standard output we have a standard loss of 2000 kg
Minus standard loss from Total Quality kg to we get standard output
Actual Production in the period was 20000 kg. Details of Actual quantities of material used and the prices paid are as under:
|Material||Quantity ( in Kg)||Purchase Price per Kg||Total (Quantity * Std Rate)|
And now we have to calculate the Actual Cost we have an Actual loss of 3000 kg
Minus standard loss from Total Quality kg to we get actual output
Based on the above illustration let’s compute Material Cost Variance and Material Price Variance:
- Material Cost Variance = Standard Cost – Actual Cost
- Material Cost Variance = Rs (800000 – 839000)
- Material Cost Variance = Rs 390000 (Adverse)
Now, we will find the Material Price Variance by using the Material Price Variance
- Material Price Variance= Actual Quantity ( Standard Price- Actual Price)
- Material A = 10000 (Rs 20- Rs 19)
- Material A = Rs 10000 (Favorable)
- Material B = 8500 (Rs 40- Rs 42)
- Material B = Rs 17000 (Adverse)
- Material C = 4500 (Rs 60- Rs 65)
- Material C = Rs 22500 (Adverse)
Things to Remember About Variance Analysis
- Variance Analysis helps in identifying the reasons for higher cost and deviations from standard cost and helps management to analyze whether the higher cost are well justified or requires punitive actions for correcting the same.
- Variances arising out of each factor should be correctly segregated. If a part of variance due to one factor is wrongly attributed to or merged with that of another, the analysis report submitted to the Management can result in misleading and incorrect inferences.
- There should be promptness in reporting Controllable Variances to the Management so that corrective actions can be undertaken timely.
Major Areas of Variance Analysis
Variance Analysis finds its utility in the below-mentioned cost areas of business:
- Variance Analysis is suitable for finding Material Price Variances which can be caused as a result of changes in the market price of material used in the manufacturing etc.
- Variance Analysis is suitable for finding Material Usage Variances which can be caused as a result of spoilage in the usage of materials, inefficiency in production etc.
- Variance Analysis is useful in finding Labor Variance which is further subdivided into Labor Efficiency Variance and Labor Rate Variance. By doing such Labor Variance Analysis reasons for variation can be unearthed.
Variance Analysis is an important measure in Cost Accounting and involves examination of variances in detail and evaluation of them which can be either based on cost or based on Sales and forms an integral part of Standard Costing System. It serves as an important tool by which business managers ensure adequate control and undertake corrective action whenever the need arise (mostly in case of Adverse Variation). However, it should be used on major cost and revenue items to safeguard the time and cost involved in doing such an analysis of the management.
This has been a guide to Variance analysis. Here we look at the calculation and examples of variance analysis including Material Price Variances and Material Cost Variances. You may also take a look at the following articles : | <urn:uuid:5d008774-7ba3-43df-96f1-a9cd9620f04e> | {
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- Turn off lights when leaving any room, including common areas.
- Use sunlight instead of artificial lights during the day. Sunlight also helps the body produce Vitamin D and improves your thinking process.
- Instead of brightly lighting an entire room, focus light where needed.
- Study in public area, such as a library or common room.
- Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs. CFLs reduce energy consumption by 75%, and they last longer.
- Unplug battery chargers, power adapters and any other small appliances when not in use. Things like cell phone chargers and other adapters continue to draw electricity even when they are not in use.
- Don’t keep refrigerators too cold. Recommended temperatures are 37-40°F for refrigerators.
- If you are not using it, turn it off, be it lights, computer, TV, stereo, etc.
- Turn off your computer when not in se, or next best configure your computer to hibernate. Hibernation uses much less energy than sleep mode, but it still returns to where you left off fairly quickly.
- Turn off screen savers. They waste power by keeping your computer and monitor active.
- Turn off the TV in common areas when nobody is watching it.
- Turn off water when brushing your teeth, washing your face or shaving. Leaving the water on can waste several gallons of water along with energy, especially if the water is hot.
- Take shorter and colder showers to save energy and water. Reducing your daily shower time by 1 minute not only reduces energy, but saves about 1,000 gallons of water every year.
- Wash full loads of laundry in cold water. Cold water doesn’t set the stains, prevents bright or dark colors from fading, prevents natural fibers from shrinking and saves energy.
- In the winter, close curtains or blinds during the night to keep the heat in. Open them during the day to take advantage of the sun’s light and warmth.
- If you have control of your thermostat, then it should be set between 68-72°F in the winter and 74-78°F in the summer.
- Keep your windows closed when he air-conditioning or heat is on. Opening windows when the air- conditioning or heat is on wastes immense amounts of energy per year.
- During the day, open blinds in the winter to use solar gain to help heat the room. Close blinds in the summer to keep the solar heat out.
- Walk through buildings and look for places where energy is being used when it isn’t needed. Report energy waste by emailing [email protected] | <urn:uuid:b7a7f41c-5a83-4464-b6d6-d5a7eeaa6612> | {
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The dotcom era was a speculative bubble formed by the rapid rise and interest in internet companies. During the five years leading up to the peak, many businesses were born with the primary focus of gaining market share through brand building and networking. The theory was that out of a collection of like companies, one was bound to "make it", and businesses and investors alike were more than willing to put their bets on the table. Getting big fast was key to survival, as companies raced to acquire substantial market share, sacrificing profits along the way. With an unprecedented amount of individual investing, the boom pushed the Nasdaq Composite Index to an all-time high of 5132.52 on March 10, 2000.
On March 10, 2000, the Nasdaq reached an all-time high of 5132.52, after which the index faltered until October 9, 2002, having lost 78% of its value.
TUTORIAL: Market Crashes: The Dotcom Crash
The next day, the bubble popped and one company after another imploded, fueling an internet sector freefall that lasted for the next two and a half years. Businesses and investors were forced to acknowledge that venture capital and initial public offerings did not guarantee income or make up for the lack of sound business plans. With the spectacular rise and subsequent crash of many of these dotcom companies, few were left standing after the dust had settled. (For related reading, see 5 Steps Of A Bubble.)
1. Amazon.com (Nasdaq:AMZN)
Founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, Amazon is the largest online retailer in the world. In 1995, Amazon made its online debut as a bookstore, eventually adding movies, music, electronics, computer software and many other consumer goods to its diversified offerings. Amazon's initial public offering took place on May 15, 1997 at a price of $18 per share, rising to more than $100 and subsequently dropping to less than $10 after the bubble burst. Like other dotcoms, Amazon's business plan focused more on brand recognition and less on income, and it did not turn a profit until the fourth quarter of 2001. Today, Amazon trades at over $200 per share, and employs more than 37,000 people with reported net sales of $9.86 billion. (The initial valuation of an IPO can determine the success or failure of a specific stock, but how is that price determined? For more, see How An IPO Is Valued.)
2. eBay (Nasdaq:EBAY)
Founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, eBay is a popular online auction and retail presence. eBay showed extraordinary growth early on, as the number of hosted auctions flew from 250,000 during 1996 to 2 million during just the first month of 1997. On September 21, 1998 eBay went public at an IPO price of $18; prices had no trouble topping $53 on the first day of trading. eBay expanded its product categories to include practically anything that can sell - from antiques and gold coins to automobiles and real estate - and also incorporated different, more popular types of auctions. These moves proved successful for eBay, which now has more than 17,000 employees with reported revenues topping $9 billion. (For related reading, see 8 Secrets For Selling On The New eBay.)
3. Priceline.com (Nasdaq:PCLN)
Founded in 1998, Priceline is a travel-related website that helps users find discount rates and name their own prices on hotels, car rentals, airfares and vacation packages. Priceline shares jumped from $16 to $86.25 during its first day of trading in March, 1999, only to fall to less than $10 over the next couple of years. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the entire travel industry faced challenges. In 2002, Priceline's then-new CEO, Jeffery H. Boyd, rebuilt the Priceline brand around hotels - rather than on airfares - and expanded its market in Europe. Priceline currently works with a network of over 100,000 hotels in more than 90 countries, and has enjoyed both revenue and net income growth over the last several years. Today, its shares trade at over $500.
4. Shutterfly (Nasdaq:SFLY)
Shutterfly is an internet-based personal publishing service that allows users to create prints, calendars, photo books, cards, stationery and photo-sharing websites. Founded in 1999, Shutterfly survived the dotcom bust to go public on September 30, 2006 with an IPO share price of $15.55. Shutterfly is up against big competitors, including Snapfish and Kodak. According to InfoTrends, the three companies together control approximately 85% of the online photo and merchandise market. Today, Shutterfly trades above $60 per share.
5. Coupons.com (privately held)
Steve Boal founded Coupons.com in 1998 after realizing that the coupon business had yet to adapt to the new internet economy. Three years later in April, 2001, the company issued its first digital coupon; two months later, it launched its own destination website. In June, 2011 Coupons.com attracted $200 million from institutional investors, money that will be used to expand services and increase hiring. The company is currently valued at $1 billion and may be looking at an initial public offering in 2012. Coupons.com cites declining newspaper readership and increased grocery costs as factors in the growth of online couponing. (For more on private companies, see How To Invest In Private Companies.)
TUTORIAL: Market Crashes: Housing Bubble And Credit Criss (2007-2009)
The Bottom Line
In the mid to late 1990s the Internet was a relatively new animal, and the businesses that sprung to life did so with ambition, hope and, at times, shaky business plans. While many of the companies experienced huge and rapid growth - its owners becoming instant millionaires - a significant proportion crashed and burned just as quickly. Some companies were able to adapt through reorganization, new leadership and redefined business plans, making them the survivors of the dotcom bubble. | <urn:uuid:132eebf1-efb9-4574-9680-db33d8982c29> | {
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Published on October 9th, 2012 | by Mathias1
How Living Roofs Improve Solar Panel Performance
Both green roofs and solar panels have their own set of unique benefits making them well worth consideration on their own. Now with new financing models in place homeowners can go solar with minimal upfront costs. Green roofs have been used for many decades now and benefits like absorbing rainwater, improving insulation, mitigating the heat island effect and many others are all well documented making them an acceptable choice.
Here is how living roofs are improving solar panel performance.
Image via Green Roof Technology
Green Roofs and Solar Panels Make a Great Eco Team
A study conducted at the University of Michigan (Green roof valuation: a probabilistic economic analysis of environmental benefits) found that a 21,000-square-foot (1,950 m2) green roof brought in about $200,000 in savings over the course of it`s lifetime (compared to a conventional roof). Almost two thirds of these savings came from lower energy consumption.
One neat thing about plants is through evaporation they lower surrounding air temperatures. It also happens to be that photovoltaic solar panels perform better when cooled. Another component is that green roofs remove pollutants from the air, which at the same time keep dust particles away from the solar cells. This will not only make maintenance easier, but also allow the solar panels to absorb more sunlight.
Several research teams across the globe have therefore started projects to assess exactly how much of a performance boost can be achieved by combining the two:
According to sister site CleanTechnica “solar panels mounted on a green roof will produce significantly more energy – up to 16% more – than those mounted on a non-living roof, especially during summer’s higher temperatures.”
Although the results from these experiments are very different, both illustrate that there are benefits to reap in by combining the two technologies. A couple of percentages can make a lot of difference in the solar power industry, which in the long run will bring solar panels cost down and make green energy accessible to more people. | <urn:uuid:c1cb8be8-75d0-47b9-bfda-db74781dc091> | {
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Historially the Amur Leopard's range included the Amur River Basin
and the mountains of northeast China and the Korean Peninsular, but today it is only found in one small area of far eastern Russia, and (possibly) Jilin Province in China. The main cause of the Amur Leopard's demise: Being hunted for its fur and for medicinal use. Declines in its traditional prey have caused the leopard to hunt domestic animal populations, causing it to be further hunted. Because population levels are so diminished, the gene pool is severely restricted, making it especially vulnerable. An additional threat is a proposed oil pipeline which would cut directly through their last remaining habitat. | <urn:uuid:46712a64-7206-445c-8d5b-ff8fc7e17b4b> | {
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Unhealthy lifestyles are affecting millions across the globe, and experts in Scotland recently realized the great majority of people in the country risk acquiring type 2 diabetes because of improper diet and lack of exercise. These factors are vastly ignored by people in industrialized nations. Canadian pharmacies gathered information in the form of statistics showing around 50,000 people suffer from the lifestyle disease and are unaware of the situation.
Neglecting the situation is bound to increase risk further as an estimated 620,000 people are at risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes. Government bodies and NGOs must collaborate immediately to help educate the masses about proper diet. Lifestyle changes to be implemented need to be taught through different formats either through the Internet or at the grass-root level through volunteers.
Conference Preparing Clients with Ways to Reduce Diabetes
History shows people over the age of 40 years have maximum risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but researchers found the youth in Scotland also had increased risk in recent times. Preparations were underway to take necessary action. Experts plan on helping people avoid chronic illnesses like kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, and eye problems, all related to diabetes. A conference was held at Glasgow's SECC where professionals from the medical field assembled to discuss vital parameters needed to be implemented on a war footing. Specialists normally ask people to buy Novolog and other effective medication from Canadian pharmacies to prevent onset of diabetes.
Nearly 5% of the Scottish population faces risk of diabetes. The situation has unduly increased cost of hospitalization by over 12% approximately. The sudden increase therefore demands prompt action on the part of regulatory bodies and others. More funds are needed to significantly lower risk of the disease both in the short and long term. The Scottish Diabetes Survey in 2011 present figures that are truly astonishing and will spur experts to think of short-term methods aimed at preventing diabetes. Weight control is definitely one measure that has to be accounted for when dealing with the lifestyle ailment.
Preventing Excess Weight after Smoking Cessation May Help Reduce Risk
People use different methods to stop smoking; however, experts have found they have the tendency to put on weight. Excess weight does increase risk of diabetes mellitus, so it becomes essential to find ways and means to avoid putting gaining weight. Several studies have already indicated increased risk of the disease simply because people are unable to control weight.
Researchers used information from two studies including the Women's Health Initiative to determine how smoking and changes in weight were related. The elaborate study confirmed results of earlier studies indicating people who had given up smoking had 50% increased risk of developing diabetes as compared to current smokers. The risk factor increased to 70% when comparison was made with non-smokers.
Shedding weight becomes easier in time, which is why quitters faced increased risk of developing the lifestyle disease immediately after quitting. Risk reduced at the end of a three-year observation period. Canadian pharmacies are aware of increased risk and therefore recommend Canada drugs to effectively reduce risk of chronic illnesses including type 2 diabetes. | <urn:uuid:30e9fe7d-3866-4e33-a494-e7fcf756c6b6> | {
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The principles of coaching are at the very heart of what makes an outstanding school or college. Coaching can significantly improve performance, build reflective and proactive teams and be the catalyst for effective change and renewal. The skills a coach needs are the same as those a teacher needs to create independent, active and participative learners who are reflective, motivated and resilient. Coaching is made for educators who want to create a culture where challenge is an integral part of every lesson and where learners understand how they are learning as well as what they are learning. Coaching supports teachers to know their strengths, to focus on how they can continually improve their practice and create opportunities for professional dialogue through peer to peer interaction and the sharing and cascading of teaching strategies that work.
Coaching is about being positive, asking deep and rich questions that will not evoke a yes or no answer, but require the coachee to seek an answer or a solution to their own problem or issue and be drawn skilfully towards being empowered to move out of their paradigm or comfort zone.
It is also about active and deep listening. A coach hears what is being said and can use it to influence change or modify behaviour. He or she can read the signals that lie behind what is not being said and persuade individuals to think differently about their own vision, goals and objectives.
There has never been a better time to incorporate coaching into the vision for school or college. OFSTED and ESTYN are both focusing on the well-being and professional status of leaders, managers, teachers and support staff across the profession. The recently published Standards for Teachers' Professional Development clearly state that 'Professional Development should include collaboration and expert challenge'. and 'Professional Development should be sustained over time'. Coaching is about trust and requires commitment from senior leaders and managers to create the right environment where all staff focus on their own learning and how to build learning classrooms or other learning spaces that foster deep learning and mastery and build confidence and self - belief.
Our suite of coaching courses have been designed to incorporate all the facets of school life. They stand alone or can be delivered as part of a planned structure to develop a coaching culture over time. We would recommend that senior leaders have access to the content of our Leading a Coaching School training day, either where one person attends the training and takes back their learning to share with the rest of the senior leadership team (SLT) or where we train the SLT together for a day. We believe that middle leaders are pivotal to successful implementation of a coaching culture, Heads of Departments, Phase Leaders and Assistant Heads can all benefit from the opportunity to learn some coaching skills at our Coaching from the Middle - aspiring to leadership course and understand how they can use coaching to empower others to change, build highly effective teams and create a more consistent approach to the cascading and sharing of good and outstanding practice. The pastoral role is a vital one and our Coaching for Pastoral Leaders course supports year heads, form tutors, SENCOs and others involved in the pastoral process to develop coaching skills that will enhance pupil well-being, behaviour and self-esteem. All teachers will benefit from attending our Coaching Towards Outstanding Teaching and Learning training event, the opportunity to use coaching skills to talk pedagogy and look in depth at what we mean by learning ensure that this course remains one of our most popular, some teachers have been on the course twice!! We offer a similar course for those who mentor NQTs, it is highly beneficial for ensuring that mentors create the right feedback for NQTs to learn their craft and become good teachers by the end of their probationary period. If you mentor NQTs join us for our course, Coaching the NQT - going beyond mentoring. We have not forgotten the absolutely vital teaching assistant and those who support learning in the classroom. Our Coaching for Teaching Assistants and Support Staff focuses on their role and how developing a range of coaching skills can help them to build learner confidence, enhance self-esteem and create opportunities for stretch and challenge for those who struggle with their learning. We also offer a training course for those who are entrusted with developing a coaching school or college. Developing the Skills of a Coaching Ambassador is designed to deepen the skills and attributes of the coaching team. We have now designed a new course Coaching as a Powerful Pedagogy in the Classroom. The skills imbued in coaching are highly effective used with and by learners, this course looks specifically at how to develop pupils' coaching skills specifically to support independent and deep learning, problem solving and risk taking to foster challenge and higher level thinking.
Coaching principles are the embodiment of positive leadership and management, they embrace the skills needed to develop highly effective formative assessment strategies and provide opportunities for much more constructive feedback following appraisal, lesson observation or in one to one and team discussions. All our training has an element of coaching within it. The materials, presentations and activities we use are all designed for delegates to take their learning back to their colleagues. You might also like to have a look at our other courses that are a part of our coaching suite,
- Lesson Study - Enhancing learning through professional collaboration and enquiry
- Re-thinking Appraisal - Influencing learning, empowering people and creating a culture of positive change
- The Art of Positive Lesson Observation - How to use powerful feedback that nurtures reflection, learning and outstanding teaching
Once you make the decision to embrace coaching as an integral part of your learning and improvement plan you will not turn back. | <urn:uuid:1e09da2a-e1b0-47ca-854d-ebfa0810fe53> | {
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There are many excellent books dealing with Old Turkic, Preclassical and Classical Mongolian and Literary Manchu individually, but none providing in a single volume a comprehensive survey of all the three major Altaic languages. The present volume attempts to fill this gap; at the same time it reviews also the much debated Altaic Hypothesis. The book is intended for use by students at university level as well as by general readers with a basic knowledge of linguistics. The 39 language texts analysed in the volume are discussed within their historical and cultural context, thus vastly enlarging the scope of the purely linguistic investigation.
Igor de Rachewiltz, Ph. D. (1961) in History at the Australian National University, Canberra, and currently Emeritus Fellow in the same university, is a historian and philologist specializing in China and Mongolia in the 12th - 14th centuries. He is the author and editor of numerous books and articles on the subject, his major work being an annotated translation of the epic chronicle known as
The Secret History of the Mongols (Brill, 2004).
Volker Rybatzki, Ph. D. (2006) in Altaic Studies, University of Helsinki, is Associate Professor of Altaic Studies at Helsinki University. He has published chiefly on Mongolian language and culture from the 13th to the 15th centuries. He is at present engaged in the preparation of an etymological dictionary of the Mongolian language in that period.
All those interested in Old Turkic, Preclassical and Classical Mongolian, and in Manchu-Tungus, as well as in Altaic philology and comparative linguistics. | <urn:uuid:369cf0d6-8946-47fc-9a47-0aeac6622911> | {
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New research has found that people who are unmarried have a considerably higher risk of dying early, even though they tend to exercise regularly//, and may not be overweight especially later on in their life.
The study conducted by the scientists, Robert Kaplan and Richard Kronick, of the University of California, had involved the census and death certification data of around 67, 000 adults in the US. The study had shown that there was a higher ratio of death among the single, while a successful, surviving marriage had showed a longer life. The researchers had suggested that marriage could act as a vague substitute for social connectedness, while a life without it is more strongly associated with isolation.
The researchers writing in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health explained that their data had covered a range of age groups, from 19 to 24-year-olds to pensioners, during the years from 1989 to 1997. The study had showed that at the start almost 50% were married and just fewer than 10% were widowed. They further stated that 12% were divorced and 3% were separated and of the remaining 5% of them were living together, and 1 in 5 had never married. The researchers explained that they also took into account age, health and several other factors that were likely to influence the findings.
Scientists stated that they found that those people who had been widowed were almost 40% more likely to die over the eight-year period, and those who had been divorced or separated were 27% more likely. They also noted that those who had never been married were 58% more likely to have died during the period as compared to those people who were married and living with their spouses. They also found that the penalty for not marrying was more for those in very good or excellent health, and least for those in poor health, and the study also found that it was greater among men than women.
The researchers explained that in the you
nger age group, the main causes of death among those who had never married were infectious disease like Aids, and other factors like accidents. They also found that cardiovascular and chronic diseases were among the main probable causes among the middle-aged group. Explaining that unmarried men were more likely to die early than their women counterparts, they also said that men between the ages of 19 to 44 who were unmarried were twice as likely to die earlier when compared to the men of the same age who were married.
Prof Kaplan had explained that evidence suggests that social isolation could increase the risk of premature death. He said, “Marriage is a rough proxy for social connectedness. Among categories on being unmarried, we suggest that having never married may be associated with more severe isolation because it is associated with greater isolation from children and other family.”
Mary Toner, the chief executive of the charity Scottish Marriage Care, was of the opinion that the result of the study clearly shows that the protection is offered by a stable relationship or marriage. She said, “I would argue that good healthy marriages and relationships are enriching, and we would agree that an isolated lifestyle can be damaging.”
br>Related medicine news :1
. Tomato Sauce reduces Cancer Risk- Study2
. Study on obesity and heart failure 3
. National Lung Study in the process 4
. Study casts doubt on keyboard ills5
. Study reveals how stress can make you sick6
. Study reveals how stress can make you sick7
. Study supports vegetable diet8
. Study to look at early surgery to treat epilepsy9
. Its Never Too Late to Stop Smoking,Study Finds
. New Technique to Study Infants Brain.11
. Groundbreaking Study Gives Hope For Patients With Kidney Cancer | <urn:uuid:93be466b-0d31-4775-958e-bfa014e789ea> | {
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Also undercounted were about 5 percent of American Indians living on reservations and nearly 2 percent of minorities who marked themselves as “some other race.”
“While the overall coverage of the census was exemplary, the traditional hard-to-count groups, like renters, were counted less well,” Census Bureau director Robert Groves said. “Because ethnic and racial minorities disproportionately live in hard-to-count circumstances, they too were undercounted relative to the majority population.”
“Our belief is that without our outreach, our numbers would have been much, much worse,” he added.
The South, led by the District of Columbia, Texas, Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina and Florida, was more likely to have people who were missed. The Midwest and Northeast as a whole posted small over-counts.
The findings come after more than 100 cities including New York challenged the official 2010 results as too low.
The Census Bureau, which recently rejected New York’s request to revise the city’s count, says the latest analysis will not affect the government’s official U.S. population tally of 308.7 million but it will be used to improve the 2020 count. Nor will the analysis affect how the federal government distributes more than $400 billion to states for roads, schools and social programs. | <urn:uuid:de4f1a3d-44e0-42d4-8be8-db21c417cadb> | {
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THE MINERAL ANDRADITE
, like other garnets, forms rounded crystals with 12 rhombic or 24 trapezoidal faces or combinations of these and some other forms.
This crystal habit is classic for the garnet minerals.
Andradite is the calcium iron garnet and forms in contact or regional metamorphic environments as does grossular
, the calcium aluminum garnet.
It is believed that these garnets form from the metamorphism of impure siliceous limestones.
Andradite has many varieties based on color.
- Melanite is the black variety.
- Demantoid is the bright green variety and is sometimes cut as a gem.
- Topazolite is the yellow variety and is also
occasionally cut as a gem.
- Color is typically greenish gray to green but also black, yellow and rarely colorless.
- Luster is vitreous.
- Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent.
- Crystal System is isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m
- Crystal Habits include the typical rhombic dodecahedron. also seen is the 24 sided trapezohedron.
Combinations of these forms are common and sometimes the rare faces of the
hexoctahedron, a 48 sided crystal habit that rarely is seen by itself, can also combine with these other forms making very attractive, complex and multifaceted crystals.
Massive occurrences are also common.
Commonly forms crust that shows many rhombic faces.
- Cleavage is absent.
- Fracture is conchoidal.
- Hardness is 6.5 - 7.5
- Specific Gravity is approximately 3.8+ (above average for translucent minerals).
- Streak is white.
- Associated Minerals are micas, chlorite, diopside and serpentine.
- Other Characteristics: index of refraction is 1.89 (highest of the garnets)
- Notable Occurrences include Arizona; Ural mountains in Russia; Italy and California..
- Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, index of refraction and hardness. | <urn:uuid:b3ff8e4f-6324-41d7-91d9-641a4ae8ff5b> | {
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Did you know?
It is a blue marlin that the
fisherman battles in
classic novella The Old
Man and the Sea.
Atlantic Blue Marlin
Other Names: Aguja Azul
The Atlantic and Pacific Blue marlin look nearly the same in their appearance. The upper and
rear portions of the body are dark, brilliant blue in color, and that includes the dorsal fin. The
lower portion has a silver white color. In many cases, there are up to 15 vertical stripes,
consisting of small dots and narrow bars, also in a brilliant blue color. These stripes become
quite bright when the fish is ready to strike or when hooked, but they rapidly disappear when the
fish is removed from the water. The remaining blue marlin fins are generally black-brown in color
and the anal fins have a bit of silver-white tinge. The principal way to distinguish blue marlin from
their relatives is to examine the shape of the dorsal fin tip, which is more pointed on blue marlin.
In addition, the spots found on the fins of most marlin are absent on the blue marlin.
Range: Blue marlin can be found in tropical and warm temperate waters around the globe,
mostly in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is the most tropical of the billfish and is often
found in waters near the equator. In eastern Pacific waters, they can be found in an area
generally from southern California along the coast of Mexico to Peru in South America.
Feeding Habits: Blue marlin feed primarily near the surface, though they occasionally dive to
deeper water to feed, depending on where their prey is found. Their diet consists mostly of fish
and other sea life found near the surface and is highly dependent upon location. This diet can
include tuna, mackerel, squid, octopus and any number of fish species indigenous to the
Sporting Qualities: Most believe Blue Marlin are the most sought after of all the ocean sport fish.
A super strong and powerful bill-fish, blue marlin will fight hard and run fast for many hours on
end, especially when you are hooked up to a very large marlin. They can suddenly dive to deep
water and can make wild jumps like some type of fish acrobatic. With impressive endurance, it is
not uncommon to see a hooked fish make up to 40 or more spectacular jumps. This fish can be
a touch test of an anglers deep sea fishing skills.
|Florida Keys Fish
Florida Keys Sportfishing Information : Florida Keys Fishing Charters : Florida Keys Flats Fishing : Florida Keys Offshore Fishing : Florida Keys Wreck Fishing :
Florida Keys Reef Fishing : Florida Keys Bonefishing : Florida Keys Tarpon Fishing : Florida Keys Bait & Tackle Shops : Florida Keys Marinas : Florida Keys Boat Rentals :
Florida Keys Fishing Tournaments : Florida Keys Fishing Articles : Upper Florida Keys Fishing : Middle Florida Keys Fishing : Lower Florida Keys Fishing
|More helpful Florida Keys and Key West websites:
www.flkeys-diving.com | www.thefloridakeys-keywest.com | www.flkeysgc.com | <urn:uuid:b07c1ef9-a2e9-48d6-892e-480aff43de01> | {
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Undated (WXOW) - When it comes to preventing stroke and dementia not all antioxidants are created equal.
Researchers tracked about 5,400 people aged 55 years and older for nearly 14 years.
The risk of developing brain disease was the same for those who drank high levels of antioxidants and those who drank low levels.
Experts say antioxidants in foods like blueberries, strawberries, tomatoes, bell peppers, corn, and spinach can be beneficial.
There is growing evidence that eating lots of fruits and vegetables and even drinking alcoholic beverages may reduce the risk of stroke.
All content © Copyright 2000 - 2013 WorldNow and WXOW. All Rights Reserved.
Persons with disabilities who need assistance with issues relating to the content of this station's public inspection file should contact Administrative Assistant Theresa Wopat at 507-895-9969. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, at 888-835-5322 (TTY) or at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:352fc42a-3a77-40e3-bd00-27b470ce7be3> | {
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How King Lisuarte was speaking with his knights about his wish to fight at the Island of the Boiling Lake to free King Arban of North Wales and Angriote de Estravaus from prison, when a giant damsel arrived from the sea and asked the King, in front of the Queen and his court, to have Amadis fight with Ardan Canileo. If Arden Canileo were defeated, the island would be subject to the King and he could free all the prisoners he wished, but if Amadis were defeated, they would want nothing other than to take Amadis’s head to Madasima.
Isabella of Coimbra (1432-1455), first wife of King Alfonso V of Portugal, a richly dressed lady of her time. Painting by Nuno Gonçalves.]
After Urganda had left, as ye have heard, several days passed. King Lisuarte was traveling through the countryside speaking with his knights about how he wished to take the Island of Mongaza, where the Boiling Lake was, to free King Arban of North Wales and Angriote de Estravaus, when they saw a ship coming by sea toward the port of the town to disembark. They went to see who traveled in it.
When the King arrived, a damsel and two squires were coming to shore in a launch. When they arrived, the damsel rose and asked if King Lisuarte was there. They said yes, and they were all amazed at her height, for in all the court there was no knight who was within a large palm of her. All her facial features and limbs were in keeping with her height, and she was quite beautiful and richly dressed.
She said to the King:
“My lord, I bring you a message, and if it please you, I shall deliver it before the Queen.”
“So it shall be done,” the King said.
He went to his palace and the damsel followed him. When they were before the Queen and all the knights and women of the court, the damsel asked if Amadis of Gaul was there, the one who had previously called himself Beltenebros. He answered:
“Good damsel, I am he.”
She looked at him angrily and said:
“It could well be that ye are him, but now we shall see if ye are as good as your praise.”
Then she took two letters with golden seals that she brought, which were her credentials, and gave one to the King and the other to the Queen. The King said:
“Damsel, say what ye wish, and we shall listen.”
The damsel said:
“My lord, Gromadaza, the giantess of the Boiling Lake, and the very beautiful Madasina, and Ardan Canileo the Feared, who shall defend them, have learned that ye wish to come to their land and take it. And because this cannot be accomplished without great loss of life, they say that there should be a trial by combat in this way: that Ardan Canileo shall fight Amadis of Gaul, and if Ardan defeats or kills him, the land shall remain free and ye shall let him take Amadis’s head to the Boiling Lake. If Ardan is defeated, they shall give all their land to you, my lord, and their prisoners, King Arban of North Wales and Angriote de Estravaus, shall immediately be brought here. If Amadis loves them as much as they think and wishes to make their hope in him come true, he shall grant the battle to free those two friends, but if he is defeated or killed, Ardan Canileo shall take them. And if Amadis does not grant the battle, he shall soon see their heads cut off in front of him.”
“Good damsel,” Amadis said, “if I grant this battle, how can the King be certain that your words will be complied with?”
“I shall tell you,” she said. “The beautiful Madasima, along with twelve damsels of high estate, shall enter into the custody of the Queen to guarantee compliance or their heads shall be cut off. And of you, Madasima wishes no other guarantee than if ye die, that she shall take your head and shall be given safe passage. And they shall do more. For this cause King Andanguel, the old giant, shall enter into custody with his two sons and nine knights, who control the prisons and towns and castles of the island.
“If these people place themselves in the custody of the King and Queen as ye say, those are very fine guarantees. But I tell you that ye shall not have my response if ye and the squires with you do not agree to dine with me.”
“Why do ye invite me?” she said. “This is not wise, and all your effort shall be lost because I despise you mortally.”
“Good damsel,” Amadis said, “this hurts me because I love you and would do you all the honor I could. And if ye wish my response, grant what I have asked.”
The damsel said:
“I grant it, but more to make you respond as ye ought to than by my own free will.”
“Good damsel, it is a just cause for me to risk myself for those two friends and because by it the reign of the King can be increased, and for that I accept the battle in the name of God. May those of whom you spoke come here to be hostages.”
“Truly,” the damsel said, “ye have replied as I wished. The King must promise that if ye go back on your word, he shall not help you against the family of Famongomadan.”
“This promise is not necessary,” Amadis said, “for the King would not have anyone in his company whose word is not true. And let us go eat, for it is time.”
“I shall go,” she said, “happier than I thought, and since the virtue of the King is as ye say, I am satisfied.”
And she said to the King and Queen:
“Tomorrow Madasima and her damsels and the knights shall be here as your prisoners. Ardan Canileo will want to have the battle immediately, but it is necessary that ye grant him safety against everyone except Amadis, whose head he shall carry away from here.”
Sir Bruneo of Bonamar, who was present, said:
“My lady damsel, often those who think they will take another’s head in fact lose their own, and soon this may happen to Ardan Canileo.”
“Who are ye who speaks for Amadis?”
“I am a knight,” he said, “who would gladly enter into the battle if Ardan Canileo wished to have a companion fight me.”
She told him:
“Ye are excused from this battle, but if ye wish to fight so much, the day after the battle I shall have my brother answer you. He is as mortal an enemy of Amadis as ye show yourself to be his friend, and I think, given how my brother is, that he shall remove your ability to speak for him ever again.”
“My good damsel,” Sir Bruneo said, “if your brother is as ye say, it would be good to go forward with that which ye promised in anger and rage. And ye see here my gage, for I wish to fight him.”
And he held his cloak out to the King, and the damsel took a silver net from her head and said to the King:
“My lord, see here my token that I shall fulfill what I have said.”
The King took the gages, but not to his pleasure. He was deeply troubled by what would happen between Amadis and Ardan Canileo, who was as valiant and feared a knight as any in the world. For four years the King had found no knight who would knowingly dare to fight him. | <urn:uuid:69821590-bc35-40f2-a893-b2c896ab9c43> | {
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|Mitral Valve Regurgitation|
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.|
- Mitral valve prolapse—abnormal closure of the valve with protrusion of a leaflet tip backward into the left atrium, causing it to leak. This may be congenital or acquired.
- Rheumatic fever —infectious disease can afflict the inside of the heart, leading to scarring of the heart’s valves. Rheumatic fever used to be a common cause of mitral valve damage, but it is not common today in the United States.
- Heart attack —reduced blood supply to the heart can weaken the small muscles that hold the mitral valve in place, causing it to leak
- Congenital deformity—several different types of congenital heart defects distort the mitral valve
- Heart muscle disease—many types of disease can weaken the heart muscle, stretching out the mitral valve ring so that the valve no longer closes. Among these causes are alcohol, certain drugs, radiation , muscular dystrophies, malnutrition, cancer , and many inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
- A history of rheumatic fever or other serious infectious disease
- Inflammatory diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
- Storage diseases such as hemochromatosis and glycogen storage disease
- Heart disease
- Muscle disease
- Radiation exposure
- Exposure to certain drugs such as lithium, sulfonamides, cancer chemotherapy , and phenothiazines
- Chronic, progressive fatigue
- Shortness of breath, especially with exertion
- Worsening shortness of breath when you lie down
- New associated palpitations or racing heart rate, which may suggest the development of an abnormal heart rhythm
Treat Underlying Disease
American Heart Association http://www.heart.org
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
Canadian Cardiovascular Society http://www.ccs.ca
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada http://www.heartandstroke.ca
Braunwald E. Valvular heart disease. In: Isselbacher K, et al. (Eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998.
Wood AJJ. Adverse reactions to drugs. In: Isselbacher K, et al. (Eds.) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998.
Wynne J, Braunwald E. The cardiomyopathies and myocarditides. In: Isselbacher K, et al. (Eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicinem. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998.
- Reviewer: Michael J. Fucci, DO
- Review Date: 03/2014 -
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Women Who Have Helped Shape the IT Industry
As a historically male-dominated industry, women are still fighting for more representation throughout the IT industry, especially in leadership roles. While the percentage of women in IT is on the rise, ranging from 27%-47% at major tech companies like Netflix, Microsoft, and Uber, the numbers drop significantly when looking just at leadership positions. Furthermore, among Fortune 500 companies, only 24 have female CEOs and even fewer of those are IT companies.
There may be a long way to go until there’s equal representation of women across the IT industry, but it is also important to celebrate those who have helped get the industry to this point. Here are just a few of the women who have shaped the industry and whose stories may just inspire you to get your IT career started with Carolina Career College:
More formally known as the Countess of Lovelace, Ada Lovelace is credited with writing instructions for the first computer program. Born in 1815, long before the concept the internet or programming as we know it today was introduced, Lovelace was studying under Charles Babbage, known as the father of the computer at the University of London.
At the time, her work was not known or respected and remained so until the 1950s, when an article she had translated and notated was reintroduced. Later, the U.S. Department of Defense named a computer language after Lovelace.
Dr. Keller was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and later developed the Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) Programming Language. BASIC allowed anyone who could learn the language to code, an ability previously reserved for those with advanced degrees in science and math.
Dr. Keller also made strides in creating more opportunity for Computer Science programs by working with Dartmouth College to develop a National Science Foundation workshop. Additionally, she pushed for more women to have access to a computer science education throughout her life and even created a Computer Science Department at Clarke College, one of the few women’s colleges at the time.
Not only was Rear Admiral Hopper one of the first female computer scientists, but she was also the oldest serving officer in the U.S. armed forces and the first woman to become a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society. Throughout her career, she worked on numerous technologies such as the first electronic computer (ENIAC), the first commercial electronic computer (UNIVAC I & II), and the first code compiler (A-0). Hopper is also known for the innovative concept of writing code with words instead of symbols which led her to develop the first English-language compiler known as the Flow-Matic.
In addition to graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar and getting her Ph.D. from Yale, all of her innovations and hard work earned her dozens of honorary degrees and a Presidential Medal of Freedom, among other honors.
Known for coining the term “software engineering” and for her work on the code for the Apollo mission, Margaret Hamilton is another pioneer of IT. Before Hamilton came along, computer scientists learned on the job since there weren’t established schools for coding and software. In fact, Hamilton learned to write code for weather predicting software when she took a job at MIT while her husband attended Harvard Law School. After completing the U.S. Space Program, she was the first programmer hired for the Apollo project at MIT.
Hamilton’s innovations across the industry earned her the NASA Exceptional Space Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Dr. Kate Bouman is one of the more recent women to go viral for her work in IT, specifically creating the first image of a black hole using an algorithm she’d spent three years building at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). At the young age of thirty, Dr. Bouman has earned a B.S.E. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan, an S.M. degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT, and her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT.
After bringing the world the first images of a black hole, she has started teaching at Caltech in the Computing and Mathematical Sciences department.
All of these women achieved things that no one thought was possible, some of them with little access to higher education or a support system. At Carolina Career College, we know that women are capable of achieving the impossible and we are here to support you as learn the skills you will need to potentially make the next IT breakthrough. | <urn:uuid:d18e4eb4-512d-4018-96aa-520bf8fd1cdb> | {
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A sheet is a representation of a continuous partial function between two spaces which are locally like either (a) n-dimensional Euclidean space or (b) an n-dimensional integer grid. The function values do not follow a simple formula and, thus, are represented using a table of values at a finite set of sample locations. The function is represented to finite precision: values only at a finitely dense set of locations, values only to a fixed precision. Each sheet contains homogeneous data. For example, all values have the same type and the same precision. This allows packed storage and optimization of compiled code.
Traditionally, computer vision algorithms have stored image-like data in 8-bit or 16-bit integer arrays. Much of the complexity and non-generality of vision code is due to the fact that the programmer must hand-code the transformation between the user-level representation of the data and the actual, optimized array format. For example
Sheets provide a layer of abstraction which insulates the programmer from such details. Specifically, the sheet representation provides support for:
Distinctions which rarely affect the structure of computer vision algorithms are handled automatically, so that a single, simple low-level vision function can be applied to data of several types. For example, one can write a median filter or canny edge finder algorithm which works regardless of the precision of the image values, whether they are signed or unsigned, whether the image is tubular (e.g. a log-polar representation), and whether data is not available for certain locations in the domain (e.g. stereo disparities. This greatly increases the generality and portability of the algorithm.
The ideal domain of many computer vision functions is an infinite space. For example, an ideal perspective image has domain R². Obviously, we don't have values (even sampled values) for this entire space. We can still regard our image as a function with domain R², so long as we allow the function to be partial.
It is common for computer vision code to assume that data is available for a rectangular region of the image and, thus, that the partial function on R² can be represented as a total function on a rectangular array. However, this line of reasoning fails in circumstances such as the following
In such cases, the function must clearly be represented as partial and we must include a mechanism for marking certain locations as having no value. Once this machinery is in place, it is simplest to regard all flat 2D images as partial functions on R². Cases (1) and (2) make it obvious that there is no strong distinction between locations outside the storage array and locations inside the storage array whose values are missing. In Envision, a special "missing" value is returned when a numerical value is unavailable, regardless of the reason why the value is unavailable.
When the codomain is multi-dimensional (e.g. a field of 2D motion vectors), the value at each location must either be entirely present or entirely missing. This is a consequence of our homogeneity assumption. The coordinate axes exist for computation convenience and are arbitrary. The stored data should be covariant under rotations of the output coordinate system.
When only 1D data is available for a 2D output value, it is typical that the 1D data lies along a vector not aligned with the coordinate axes. For example, in motion computations, the missing output component is likely to lie perpendicular to the image gradient direction. Such cases cannot be handled by allowing individual coordinates of points to be missing. Rather, they require a totally different representation of the data.
Failure to handle non-rectangular images or internal missing values is an extremely common limitation of computer vision algorithms. It discourages researchers from taking algorithms developed for 8-bit gray-scale images (e.g. edge finders) and using them on other types of data (e.g. stereo disparities).
In C and scheme, array indices are always positive and start at zero. Camera images, however, have a natural notion of center (the intersection of the camera's optical axis with the image plane). This center varies from image to image, but almost never lies at the corner. Therefore, many computer vision algorithms are cluttered by addition and subtraction of the coordinates of the image center.
In addition, the unit of measure appropriate at a high level may not match the spacing of the sample locations (pixels). For example, many stereo matching algorithms initially match a subsampled version of the input images. The result is then used to guide matching of the images at full resolution. Conceptually, image has a fixed size and, thus, the distance between two features should be the same at the two scales. The pixelwise distances, however, are different.
Envision allows the user to specific the location of the image center and the scaling required to convert pixel distances into units meaningful in the application. Conversion between user locations and raw pixel locations is then done automatically.
Essentially all numbers used in computer vision algorithms have limited precision, due to a combination of quantization and contamination with random noise. Therefore, bulk data is usually stored as integers, but converted to floating point for numerical operations, using a magic constant. Magic constants limit generality and portability; mistakes (e.g. forgetting to apply the multiplier on access or storage) are a frequent source of bugs.
In Envision, it appears to the programmer that each sheet contains floating point numbers. The precision of these numbers is immediately evident, and enforced when numbers are stored. The conversion of these numbers to integers is performed automatically.
Digitized camera images contain values in a limited (and known) range, usually [0,255]. The values produced by each stage in a low-level computer vision algorithm also lie in fixed range, due to the restricted range of the input and the fact that ubiquitous random noise limits the precision of all numbers. These range restrictions are used to store images in memory, and in disk files, using only 1-2 bytes per pixel.
True floating point numbers, i.e. real numbers with an extremely wide range of magnitudes, are essentially non-existent. When they appear to be present, this is usually a sign of poor numerical handling, e.g. inverting a small number. The exceptions to this principle seem to occur in high-level code, not in code handling sheet data.
In Envision, values stored into a sheet are automatically clipped to the declared range of the sheet. That is, higher and lower values are automatically changed to values at the extreme ends of the declared range. This is the behavior favored by most computer vision algorithms. Of course, if a specific algorithm requires a different behavior (e.g. an error break), it is simple for code to include an explicit test for underflow and overflow.
The range of values does not need to fit the standard signed or unsigned, 8-bit or 16-bit ranges provided by C. For example, a program producing angular output (e.g. edge orientations) may specify that they must lie in the range [0.0,360.0) and are represented to the nearest tenth of a degree. Envision enforces this declared range.
Failure to handle overflow and underflow is a common bug in computer vision algorithms. The algorithm may be tested on images for which overflow does not occur (e.g. the highest intensity value is only 200). Later on, when it is applied to other sorts of images, it may crash without warning.
Or, more likely and far worse, because images are stored in unsigned arrays and unsigned numbers in C are modular, the code may simply generate wrong numbers. A few wrong numbers may be ignored as random or be blamed on another cause. The true problem may not become apparent until someone happens to run an image in which many values over/underflow.
The possible domains for computer vision functions obviously include R, and R². Possible codomains clearly include R, R², and R³. All of these spaces are flat (linear).
A few applications, however, require either the domain or the codomain to have a more interesting topological shape.
Circles, tubes, and tori are manifolds, i.e. they look locally like R or R². Furthermore, they are easy to represent with rectangular arrays: simply change the boundary conditions at the edges.
The current implementation supports the following possibilities:
The dimensions of the codomain can be limited to 3D (or perhaps 4D) because of the homogeneity assumption built into the definition of sheets. A single sheet is supposed to contain only data of a single type, and the coordinates of a multi-dimensional output value are also supposed to share a common type. For example, a sheet with 2D codomain might contain 2D motion vectors, or 2D color values. However, it should not contain a a homogeneous mixture of values, such as a two color components and a list of values for texture properties. A function that produces a list of heterogenous values at each point should be represented using a list of several sheets.
The change required for circular boundary conditions is conceptually simple and easy to add (once) to the image coprocessor. By contrast, coding it individually for each algorithm is a nuisance, it clutters the code, and it is a source of errors.
Many of the functions used in low-level vision conceptually take continuous values as input and produce continuous values as output. However, values can only be stored at finitely-spaced sample locations. Values at other locations must be obtained by interpolation. Many simple operations, such as rotating or resizing images, require interpolated values.
Interpolation is a nuisance to code and almost invariably coded poorly. Typical practice seems to be to use bilinear interpolation, despite the fact that it shaves significant amounts off peaks and troughs. This is particularly annoying because peaks and troughs are often the focus of attention in vision algorithms, and because the problem may appear trivial when the operation is applied once but become worse if the operation (e.g. rotation) is applied repeatedly.
Finally, implementing interpolation requires considerable care when there may be missing values. The required work is almost never done. Thus, algorithms requiring interpolation either do not work on images with missing values, or work poorly.
In Envision, sheets with continuous domains automatically support references at non-integer locations. These values are generated using a second-order polynomial interpolation algorithm which handles any pattern of missing values. [ADD REFERENCE TO PAGE WITH DETAILS]
Exact integers and inexact real numbers have very different numerical properties and must be handled in different ways. Or, said another way, continuous and discrete spaces are very different topologically. These differences have practical consequences. For example, when the domain is conceptually discrete, it is an error to ask for values from non-integer locations.
Some bulk data in computer vision is best regarded as a function with discrete domain. Typical examples include large tables (e.g. databases of object models) and long lists of points (e.g. image features, edge locations). Long lists of points, triangles, or rectangles are common in computer graphics.
Some functions used in computer vision also have a discrete codomain. Examples include histograms, bit-encoded or binary edge maps, and compressed (e.g. run-length encoded) images. Values retrieved from these sheets are integers and should be processed using exact arithmetic.
Envision supports three types of sheets:
Sheets with continuous domain and discrete codomain are not supported. Theoretically, the functions they would represent cannot be continuous. In practical terms, specifying the domain to be continous implies that it supports interpolation of values for non-integer locations. However, discrete values cannot be interpolated except by, essentially, treating them as if they were continuous.
Associated with each sheet is a "focus area." This is a rectangular sub-area of the sheet's storage array. Envision includes a scan primitive that allows an operation to be repeated at every location in a sheet, without the user having to explicitly write the double loops. The focus area is used to set the parameters for this loop. Similarly, display operations consider only the contents of the focus area.
Subsections of 2D images are created to focus attention on part of the image, or to divide the image into pieces for parallel processing. Curves (e.g. the boundary of an image region), represented as 1D sheets, are frequently divided into sections by curve segmentation algorithms. For example, a curve may be divided at sharp corners.
Focus areas are useful because they allow a sub-section of a sheet to be extracted without allocating new storage. The new sheet appears to be a subsection for most practical purposes, but it shares storage with its parent. Because images are so large, storage is precious in computer vision algorithms. Sheets which share storage arrays are said to belong to the same "storage group." (Similar shared storage can also be created by moving the origin of a sheet or rescaling its coordinate system.)
The focus area is used to set up the loop used in scanning. However, when scanning through all points in a sheet's focus area, an algorithm looking at a location inside the focus area can can retrieve values from nearby locations outside the focus area. This is extremely useful because most low-level computer vision operations require data from a local neighborhood, not just at the point of interest. Depriving them of context outside the focus area typically results in less accurate, and sometimes entirely wrong, output values.
Ownership, Maintenance and Disclaimers
Manual Top Page | <urn:uuid:6cc77071-1bf1-426d-810f-3e82a3a68333> | {
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NOTE: This is the second of a three-part series on the value of play, by Robert Hess. The first article is entitled, Play’s Unfortunate Reputatlon, and the third article is entitled, Play Broadens and Deepens the Mind.
The relentless drive toward more academics and less play is beginning to generate a backlash. Some parents, like Sara Bennett and Nancy Kalish, authors of the book The Case Against Homework, have become outspoken critics of our current education system. These parents are fed up with watching their children struggle through lengthy, tedious homework assignments every night and be judged and often demoralized by meaningless standardized tests.
Teachers are tired of “teaching to the test,” often to the exclusion of real learning, not to mention enjoyment.
And, perhaps most importantly, child development experts are beginning to reexamine whether play may not occupy an important role in the learning process after all. The American Academy of Pediatrics, for one, has stated unambigously that “play (or some available free time in the case of older children and adolescents) is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and youth.”
The basic insight that play is a essential part of the learning process is not a new one. It goes back at least as far as Plato, who argued in The Republic that children learn best by play, not force. In fact, progressive educator and author Chris Mercogliano had the brilliance of mind to notice and bring to our attention that the ancient Greek words for education/culture (paideia), play (paidia), and children (paides) all have the same etymological root. For the ancient Greeks, it appears, children, education, and play formed a single whole.
Recent research on play behavior suggests that the ancient Greeks essentially had it right. Children, it turns out, learn best not through hard work, but through hard play. And play is not the opposite of work. Rather, it is an essential prerequisite for work and, in some cases, indistinguishable from work.
Dr. Stuart Brown, the foremost authority on play behavior in the U.S., describes research on the link between play and learning in his book, Play: How it Shapes the Brain, Opens the Imagination, and Invigorates the Soul. Brown contends that play makes us smarter in the sense that it enables us to process new information, adapt to new situations, and handle complex social interactions better than other animals that play less. Without play, proper cognitive and emotional development cannot occur.
Drawing on comparative studies on animal play behavior, Brown explains that species with larger brains (relative to body size) play more than those that play less. Specifically, researchers have discovered that the amount of play in a given species is positively correlated to the development of the brain’s frontal cortex. This is the area of the brain that is responsible for discriminating relevant from irrelevant information, monitoring and organizing our thoughts and feelings, choosing between good and bad actions, overriding and suppressing unacceptable social responses, and performing other higher-order mental functions. The implication is that humans are both the most playful and also the most intelligent creatures on Earth.
Perhaps even more important, Brown notes, the time period of most intense play coincides with the most dramatic growth of the cerebellum, another critical part of the brain that is known to contain more neurons than the whole rest of the brain and is responsible for coordinating key functions in other parts of the brain. This correlation suggests that there is a sensitive period, a relatively narrow window, during which play helps stimulate brain development.
The exact mechanism by which play stimulates brain development is still unclear. However, Brown and other play researchers believe that play may be involved in a particular phase of brain development, known as terminal synaptogenesis, which coincides with the peak time of playful behavior. We are born with an overabundance of brain cells in the frontal cortex. During the process of terminal synaptogenesis, excess brain cells (neurons) and connections between neighboring neurons (synapses) are selectively eliminated.
Play, it is believed, aids in the process of synaptogenesis through simulation and testing. At play we imagine and experience new situations, create and test new possibilities, and learn and practice new skills and lessons in a safe environment. Because we are just playing, there is no risk in failure and we can push the envelope‒and thereby boost cognitive development without penalty. In this way, Brown and other play researchers hypothesize, play helps “sculpt” the brain.
This scientific evidence strongly suggests that play is critical to the development of higher-order mental functions, and that there is a certain window for play to do its job. In the third and last part of this series, I will present the science findings which show that play maximizes learning, including academic learning. | <urn:uuid:4558d706-ace8-45b5-ba77-09dcbb4452c8> | {
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Rye bread consumption in early life and reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer
Cancer Causes and Control, 05/04/2012
Torfadottir JE et al. – The results suggest that rye bread consumption in adolescence may be associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer (PCa), particularly advanced disease.Methods
- From 2002 to 2006, 2,268 men, aged 67–96years, reported their dietary habits in the AGES-Reykjavik cohort study.
- Dietary habits were assessed for early life, midlife, and current life using a validated food frequency questionnaire.
- Through linkage to cancer and mortality registers, the authors retrieved information on PCa diagnosis and mortality through 2009.
- They used regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) for PCa according to whole-grain consumption, adjusted for possible confounding factors including fish, fish liver oil, meat, and milk intake.
- Of the 2,268 men, 347 had or were diagnosed with PCa during follow-up, 63 with advanced disease (stage 3+ or died of PCa).
- Daily rye bread consumption in adolescence (vs. less than daily) was associated with a decreased risk of PCa diagnosis (OR=0.76, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.59–0.98) and of advanced PCa (OR=0.47, 95 % CI: 0.27–0.84).
- High intake of oatmeal in adolescence (≥5 vs. ≥4 times/week) was not significantly associated with risk of PCa diagnosis (OR=0.99, 95 % CI: 0.77–1.27) nor advanced PCa (OR=0.67, 95 % CI: 0.37–1.20).
- Midlife and late life consumption of rye bread, oatmeal, or whole-wheat bread was not associated with PCa risk. | <urn:uuid:82376437-7a50-4931-bec9-0f795e1708d8> | {
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Sandblasting Laminated Glass Introduction
Laminated glass is made by sandwiching one or more interlayer film
between two layers of glass. There are several kinds of interlayer
and the most common ones are PVB EAV and SGP. The whole sheet then
will be put into the autoclave at certain temperature and pressure
according to the film type. In this way, the two layer of glass are
boned together by the interlayer film. In case of breakage, the
glass will hold together and not shatter into pieces. So it is a
kind of safety glass.
With the sandblasting process, different kinds of patterns can be
etched on the surface of the upper glass, adding more aesthetic
sense to the laminated glass.
Sandblasting Laminated Glass Specification
Color: Clear, Green, Blue, Bronze, Grey, Milk White, etc.
Thickness: 3+0.38+3mm, 4+0.38+4mm, 5+0.38+5mm, 6+0.38+6mm,
5+0.76+5mm, 6+0.76+6mm etc could be produced as per request.
Sizes: 1830x2440mm, 2134x3300mm, 2250x3300mm, etc. could be
produced as per request. | <urn:uuid:84438652-6abc-4415-b16f-2e45865c79de> | {
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A pair of dead stars sitting in a star cluster about 150 light years from Earth appear to have their atmospheres polluted with debris from asteroids . Astronomers say this suggests that the basic ingredients for making Earth-like planets could be quite common in stellar nurseries across the cosmos.
“We have identified chemical evidence for the Lego building blocks of rocky planets,” says Jay Farihi, lead author of a new study in a NASA statement .
The strange discovery was made thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope’s view of two burnt-out cores of white dwarf stars. The orbiting observatory was able to determine the chemical fingerprints of their stellar atmospheres and detect signs of silicon and carbon- known to be a common building blocks of rocky planets like our own. (Related: Solar System’s Fate Predicted by Nearby White Dwarf?)
Researchers believe that this polluting material is falling in from a population of asteroids orbiting in a disk around the stars which get pulverized as they get gravitationally sucked into the stars.
“When these stars were born, they built planets, and there’s a good chance they currently retain some of them. The material we are seeing is evidence of this,” said Farihi, an astronomer at the University of Cambridge in England.
“The debris is at least as rocky as the most primitive terrestrial bodies in our solar system.”
The stars, reside in the Hyades star cluster, in the northern constellation of Taurus (The Bull). The cluster is relatively young, at only 625 million years old. Until now, astronomers have had a hard time finding planets within young clusters like this because the stars at this stage in their lives may simply be too active and unstable .
But now this new planet-detection technique is giving a never-before-seen peek at the actual chemistry of rocky planets. What’s exciting is that just by looking at the ratio of silicon-to-carbon of the material they are measuring, researchers can tell how similar- chemically at least – exoplanets could be to our own. (Related: New Planets found in Star Cluster- Would Have Dazzling Nights)
Astronomers now have a new tool in their arsenal to better understand the chemistry that goes into making planets, and figure out if there could possibly be different recipes for making habitable worlds like our own.
The polluted white dwarf study appeared in the May 2 issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. | <urn:uuid:7c2de6fe-6929-44f7-adc4-5f31fb1a24b0> | {
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Haida Tattoos - The Haida are renowned around the world for the beauty and complexity of their art and images. The bold lines of the Haida designs make them uniquely suited to be reproduced as tattoos. And for good reason - the art with which the Haida are synonymous today, the totems poles, carvings and prints - are largely derived from ancient tattoo designs that the Haida used to depict Clan Crests. The Haida were once one of the most heavily tattooed indigenous people in the world, and were one of very few groups in recorded history to tattoo in color, using red as well as black.
Haida crests chronicled important mythological events in the family or clan's history - usually when an ancestor encountered a spiritual being in a supernatural context. Oftentimes, stories related to these events were told and retold, in turn setting the specific family or clan apart from others while defining their social position among Haida society.
When tattooed upon the body or carved onto an object, crests served as title to the animal or geographic feature depicted on it as well as to its spirit. Thus, the right to a crest, the right to use the emblem, was more valuable than the particular physical object itself. Individuals who were freshly tattooed were presented by their families to the community at a ceremonial potlatch. Crests were symbols of power & prestige & their owners were given the right to pass them on to their heirs.
Check out an
amazing early Haida "Tattoo Kit" located at Smithsonian Institution
Find out more about traditional Haida tattooing practices and cultural history
Read excerpts about Haida tattooing from James Swan's 1870's journal.
Below you will find a gallery of inspirational images that will help you in your quest of creating the perfect Haida tattoo. | <urn:uuid:54f69874-5ebc-4336-a5fe-2c47a1d70b12> | {
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Posted on March 17, 2014
All countries have certain records that form a basis for most research. In the United States, it would be the federal census. For Ireland, one source that you should always consult is the Primary Valuation of Ireland, commonly called "Griffith's Valuation."
Griffith's Valuation was taken between 1848 and 1864 and is a list of occupiers of land and the value of the property. It covers approximately 80% of Ireland's tenements. There are no Irish censuses for this time period, so this is a key census substitute.
This video covers the background of Griffith's Valuation, key terms, and how to search this valuable collection on Archives.com. May the luck of the Irish be with you!
Start your free trial today to learn more about your ancestors using our powerful and intuitive search. Cancel any time, no strings attached. | <urn:uuid:5aa896c9-6ac1-4fb0-852b-d9f0692323da> | {
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|IN THIS SECTION|
|Virus and Anti-Virus|
Not everyone is trustworthy. The sheer size of the internet and the “virtual” anonymity of transactions and conversations mean ever more vigilance is required. The YOURLifeChoices Security, Spam and Scams page is aimed at providing you with the latest news and updates to keep you secure. Why not get a Free Anti-Virus Scanner, find out the latest Spam and Scams doing the rounds so you are not hit, or read up on how to prevent Identity Theft!
The SCAMwatch website is run by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and provides information on how to recognise, avoid and report scams. You can find details on the latest scams in operation and the site has also broken down scams into categories like identity theft scams, mobile phone scams and chain letter scams.
Stay Smart Online
The Australian Government's cybersecurity website provides information for Australian internet users on the simple steps you can take to protect your personal and financial information online.
Did you know that it’s possible for your smartphone to get a virus, or for someone to hack into your smartphone to steal your information or run up large phone bills in your name? Techradar has a comprehensive guide to smartphone security, which can help you to avoid falling victim to these smartphone crimes.
This site offers a comprehensive guide to what people like to download and what are the latest downloads available. It provides a useful guide to the free anti-virus software that is available online.
The Australian Government has created a guide to help all Australians stay safe and secure online by implementing security measures, gaining knowledge and reducing risks.
Google Security Blog
Get the most up-to-date online security news at the Google Security Blog. Security breaches, warnings, news of new viruses and more are publicised by Google, so you can stay on top of threats to your online safety.
Making sure your online banking is secure is important for many reasons. Money Buddy’s guide to securing your online banking explains how to protect your money and avoid identity theft and the five minutes it takes to read could save you from an online banking attack.
A leading company in the technology information business, PCWorld produces a magazine as well as publishes articles on its website. With the only security measure between your personal information and a hacker being your password, PCWorld explains how to create a secure password you can remember.
Good Security Questions
Many websites, including Centrelink (now known as Human Services), will ask you to create a series of security questions in case you forget your password. But a poorly chosen security question could give a hacker easy access to your information. So how do you choose a good security question?
Shopping online is fast, convenient and often the goods are delivered directly to your door. But how can you be sure it’s safe? PCMag offers 11 tips for safe online shopping, so you know when, how and where it is safe to pay for items online.
Top five bestsellers from Booktopia
A new survey shows that half of adults are sexting.
Securely store your passwords, so you don’t have to worry about forgetting them.
SplashData has released its annual list of the most commonly used passwords.
Any Google+ user can email your Gmail account if you don’t opt out of this ...
A new study shows that your computer's webcam might not be as secure as you ...
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- Receive our enewsletter, read a recent issue
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- Join our meeting place | <urn:uuid:b5cc322e-3669-4ffd-a2d1-ca7f46256827> | {
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High: 80º Low: 59º
High: 75º Low: 58º
High; 72º Low: 52º
Fit And Well Idaho: Stroke Risk Factors
Twin Falls, Idaho ( KMVT-TV / KSVT-TV ) Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States has a stroke.
May is National Stroke Awareness Month.
What are the risk factors for a stroke?
First, we'll start with the non-modifiable risk factors, or ones you can't control.
"They're your genetics, your age, your race, your gender; the modifiable risk factors are the ones we focus on. They're the things you can actually change to help decrease your risk of a stroke," explains Dr. Cheri Wiggins.
High blood pressure is the most important risk factor for a stroke. That's because it's the leading cause of a stroke.
High blood pressure or hypertension is a modifiable risk factor.
"There's kind of a way to look at those in two groups. One is medical issues such as hypertension, diabetes, elevated lipids and making sure those are treated appropriately...The other one is lifestyle factors such as obesity, making sure you're at a healthy weight, physical activity, making sure you get exercise on a regular basis, not smoking, which is really important. If you do smoke, stopping smoking is one of the best ways to get your risk factors down quickly," Wiggins says.
This stroke risk scorecard is a visual guide of measuring your overall health to being at risk of a stroke. | <urn:uuid:5269bd77-d96f-4198-b07d-ca6c8bdba67a> | {
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Originally Published: March 9, 1995 - Last Updated / Reviewed On: July 28, 2014
What are the best non-meat sources of protein?
As vegetarianism, veganism, and even just eating less meat become more popular dietary and lifestyle choices for a growing number of people, adequate protein sources are always a topic of discussion. There have been scores of arguments about protein in all its facets: how much you need, what kinds are most useful to the body, and how to prepare it. But what it comes down to is: every body is different, has different needs, and digests foods uniquely, so the best non-meat sources of protein for one person might be the worst for someone else.
The recommended daily protein intake for healthy adults is about 0.4 grams per pound of body weight. Vegans (those who avoid all animal products, including dairy and eggs) may require a bit more at 0.5 grams per pound of body weight. Protein facilitates growth, metabolism, immune system functioning, repair, muscle contraction, and the transmission of nerve impulses and hormones in the body. It can also be a source of energy when the body runs out of carbohydrates and fat for fuel. And protein's not that hard to find, even for vegetarians. Almost every food contains protein: nuts, seeds, beans, soy products (tofu, soy milk, tempeh), grains (wheat, oats, rice), eggs, and dairy products all being excellent vegetarian sources (many of which tend to be low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium).
The list below gives the protein content of some of the highest protein and/or most popular vegetarian foods:
- Tempeh — 1 cup — 31 g
- Lentils — 1 cup — 18 g
- Chickpeas — 1 cup — 15 g
- Tofu (firm) — 4 oz — 11 g
- Peanut butter — 2 tbsp — 8 g
- Soymilk — 1 cup — 7 g
- Soy yogurt — 1 cup — 6 g
- Whole wheat bread — 2 slices — 7 g
- Broccoli, cooked — 1 cup — 4 g
Protein is a macronutrient made up of smaller parts, called amino acids. There are different amino acids, many of which the body can produce, but nine which the body cannot. These nine must be eaten, and are therefore called essential. Animal proteins contain all nine of these essential amino acids in appropriate proportions, while the proteins found in plants often do not. Plant-based sources of protein have various amounts of amino acids in them. As such, it was previously thought that certain ‘complimentary proteins’ or combinations of plant-based proteins were needed in order to get all essential amino acids. However, rather than planning specific food combos at each meal, eating a variety of plant-based proteins over the course of a day should ensure that you get the essential amino acids you need.
You might find it helpful to consult with a registered dietitian if you want a more specific evaluation of your diet and unique nutritional needs. Columbia students can contact Medical Services (Morningside) or the Student Health Service (CUMC) to schedule an appointment. There is also a wealth of information online about vegetarian recipes, philosophies, and nutritional facts about specific foods.
People decide to eat less meat or no meat for myriad reasons that include health, animal rights, environmental sustainability, and religion. You can rest assured that your decision will further any or all of these goals without depriving you of the protein you need. Enjoy! | <urn:uuid:4f9be19f-4ede-48d3-85a7-57349bef9e1d> | {
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Typical of the rural plantation town of Pahala, Kau High and Pahala Elementary School in Hawaii County is the arrangement of classrooms with the large lanai that is used as both access and rainy day play area. The use of tongue and groove vertical board, single-wall construction on a post and pier foundation with a corrugated metal roof is typical of this genre. Also, the back most of these classrooms face the north to capture maximum light without direct sun, while the south side features the lanai for a wider overhang and shade. The single loaded open lanai is also appropriate for natural ventilation in Hawaii’s trade wind climate. Built in the 1930s, Kau High and Pahala Elementary School is significant as an intact example of the rural school to serve the plantation community. This school reflects the time period on the County of Hawaii’s building program of rapid expansion in plantation population and therefore educational needs in rural areas of the island. It is also a largely intact campus done by Frank F. Arakawa, County Architect and engineer. This school, built in the later years of the school building boom, utilizes some “Hawaiian Style” characteristics. Simple and vernacular in style, it is reflective of the surrounding plantation town it resides in.
This list of Hawaii’s historic properties is provided as a public service by Historic Hawaii Foundation. It is not the official list of properties designated on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places. For official designations and determinations of eligibility, contact the State Historic Preservation Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources of the State of Hawaii at 808-692-8015. | <urn:uuid:8b01cb9b-9e69-4656-a04a-3a8511efaa04> | {
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Over the past few decades, there has been a considerable amount of work in the field of computer hardware. While computer technology is constantly improving and evolving, rarely do we experience moments where we simply sit back and say “wow, that’s amazing”. It’s been a while since I felt that way, but the introduction of solid-state drive (SSD) technology managed to get that reaction out of me.
Rarely will you find a computer upgrade that can single-handedly transform your desktop experience. You might purchase a new monitor, or upgrade your video card, or install more RAM – in the end, the general experience is the same. But when you switch over to a solid-state drive, suddenly everything is fast.
SSD technology is truly amazing and it’s only going to improve from here on out. But for those of us who aren’t so up-to-date with the cutting edge in computer hardware, what are SSDs? How do they work? Why should you care? Keep reading to find out!
Overview of Computer Memory
If you want to know why you should care about SSD technology, then you’ll need to understand a basic overview of computer architecture.
For simplicity’s sake, we can say that a computer’s memory architecture is broken down into three sections: the cache, the memory, and the hard disk. Each of these sections has a critical function that determines the way in which they operate.
The cache is the innermost memory unit. As your computer operates, it uses the cache as a sort of playground for doing all of its calculations and procedures. Because the cache is so intimately necessary, the electrical pathways to the cache are the shortest, meaning data access is almost instantaneous.
The memory is the middle ground for the computer. You may know it as RAM, or Random Access Memory. This is the place where your computer stores information related to active programs and processes running on your machine. Access to this memory is slower than access to the cache, but negligibly so.
The hard disk is where everything else is stored for permanence. It stores all of your programs, configuration files, documents, music files, movie files, and more. When you want to access a file or run a program, the computer needs to load it from the hard disk and intomemory.
Why do we need to know these distinctions? Because there is a vast difference in speed. While the cache and memory operate at speeds in nanoseconds, the hard disk operates at a speed in milliseconds, mostly because it has to spin to the right place before anything can be read from it.
This means that before the computer can do anything, it has to wait for the hard disk. In essence, the hard disk is the bottleneck; no matter how fast everything else is, you can only operate as fast as your hard disk. This is where the SSD steps in. The SSD can cut down that bottleneck by up to a factor of 10, single-handedly cutting out a massive chunk of wait time when using your computer.
Solid-State Drives: The How
A solid-state drive uses a type of memory called “flash memory,” which is similar to RAM. However, unlike RAM, which clears whenever the computer powers down, SSD memory remains even when it loses power.
If you were to take apart a typical hard disk, you’d see a stack of magnetic plates on an axis with a reading needle–kind of like a vinyl record player. Before the needle can read or write to the plate, it has to spin around to the right location. SSDs, on the other hand, use a grid of electrical cells to quickly send and receive data. These grids are separated into sections called “pages,” and these pages are where the data is stored. Pages are clumped together to form “blocks.”
Why is this necessary to know? Because SSDs can only write to empty pages in a block. In a hard disk, data can be written to any location on the plate at any time, and that means that data can be overwritten easily. SSDs can’t overwrite data directly. Instead, the SSD must first find an empty page in a block and then write to that empty page.
So then how does an SSD handle data deletion? When enough pages in a block are marked as unused, the SSD will take the entire content of that block, commit it to memory, and erase the whole block. Then it will take the committed image and reprint it on that block without the unused pages.
All this to say that SSDs necessarily become slower over time. How, you ask?
When you have a fresh SSD, it’s loaded entirely with blocks full of blank pages. When you load new data into the SSD, it can immediately write into those blank pages with blazing speeds. However, as you use it, you’ll end up running out of blank pages and you’ll be left with random pages scattered through that are no longer being used.
Since an SSD can’t overwrite data directly, every time you want to write new data from that point on, the drive will need to:
- Find a block with enough pages marked unused,
- Record which pages in that block are still necessary,
- Reset every page in that block to blank,
- Rewrite the necessary pages into the freshly reset block,
- Then fill the remaining pages with the new data.
So in essence, once you’ve gone through all of the blank pages from a new SSD purchase, your drive will have to go through this process whenever it wants to write new data. Hence, a slowdown in SSD speeds over time.
The Drawback of Solid-State Drives
One big problem of SSDs is inherent in flash memory itself: it can only sustain a finite number of writes before it dies. There is a lot of science that goes into explaining why this happens, but suffice it to say that as the SSD is used, the electrical charges within cells must be periodically reset.
Unfortunately, the electrical resistance increases slightly with every reset, which increases the voltage necessary to write into a cell. Eventually, the required voltage becomes so high that the particular cell becomes essentially useless. Thus, a finite number of writes.
But at the end of it all, the SSD does offer something that a traditional HDD could never bring: lightning-fast speeds. The SSD is an intricate creation that has many layers of complexity behind it, and while it does come with a number of its own disadvantages, it certainly does its job well.
Via: Make Use Of | <urn:uuid:76c0b440-c5b0-4543-9c39-f3735d5045fa> | {
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Control blood sugar levels with food
BY Lisa Guy Nutrition expert
You can easily control your blood sugar levels with the foods you eat.
Regulating blood sugar levels is essential for good health, to maintain a healthy weight and to lower the risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. According to new research published in the Public Library Of Science Medical Journal, people with high blood sugar levels are also at an increased risk of developing cancer.
Much of the food we eat is converted into blood sugar, which is used by the body for energy. Problems occur, however, when we have high or low blood sugar levels.
Here are the best ways to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
- Protein: One of the best ways to stabilise blood sugar levels is by including high-quality protein with each meal. The best sources include lean red meat, fish, chicken, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds and tofu.
- Chromium: Chromium helps normalise blood sugar levels and enhance insulin production. Sources include broccoli, wholegrain cereals, nuts, mushrooms and soy beans.
- Reducing sugar: Reduce your consumption of sugary processed foods such as chocolates, cakes, biscuits, sugary breakfast cereal and soft drinks. These foods give a sharp rise in blood sugar levels.
- Fibre: Fibre helps to stabilise blood sugar levels. It slows the absorption of glucose from food, which reduces the sharp rise in blood sugar levels. Best sources include wholegrain breads and cereals, brown rice, legumes, fruit and vegetables.
Discover more from our nutrition expert Lisa Guy here.
Find out more about Lisa Guy. | <urn:uuid:ded05acf-221d-4d2d-806e-153f5deb9722> | {
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A 700-acre fire swept across the north side of the Centennial Valley early in September, leaving the area completely clear of vegetation. A disaster? No. The prescribed fire will actually rejuvenate habitat for four rare plant species.
Four rare plants found in the Centennial Sandhills of southwestern Montana require the habitat associated with sand dunes. Painted milk vetch and pale evening-primrose grow on the crests and slopes of blowout areas. Sand wild rye occurs in sand-deposition areas of the dunes, and fendler cat's-eye is found in sparsely vegetated sites across the sand dunes. All of these species typically decline as perennial vegetation takes over areas of formerly open sand.
Changes in disturbance regimes--primarily fire suppression--have allowed sagebrush and bunchgrasses to overtake much of the Centennial Sandhills. The prescribed burn removed this vegetation, creating more favorable habitat for the special status species. It was the first step in implementing the special management identified in the Dillon Resource Management Plan for the Centennial Sandhills Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Follow up grazing treatments and an anticipated increase in pocket gopher activity are expected to further destabilize the dunes and maintain open sand habitat.
Early in the project, the Dillon FO partnered with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They conducted an intensive pre-treatment inventory of the four rare plant species and established a baseline study to evaluate the special management proposal. The study will determine if selected treatment methods will promote and maintain early seral conditions of the Centennial Valley’s sandhills ecosystem, thus restoring these diminished habitats. Rangeland Management Specialist Brian Hockett and range technicians Erik Broeder and Matt Stoltenberg assisted in establishing the study. Brian and range technicians Tanya Thrift and Dominique Colberg assisted TNC and the USFWS with the rare plant inventory.
Prescribed fire burn boss George Johnson conducted the pre-burn briefing and led the interagency team of project personnel. The Forest Service, Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Lima Volunteer Fire Department, and TNC assisted with the burn.
Dillon Field Office staff participating in the burn included George Johnson, Kipper Blotkamp, Brian Thrift, Ryan Martin, Steve Armiger, Bart Howells and Kelly Bockting. Project proponent Brian Hockett was unable to assist due to an injury, but was on site with Wildlife Biologist Katie Benzel to observe and photograph the return of fire to the sandhills.
The Dillon FO will employ a target fire return interval of 20 -30 years coupled with follow-up monitoring and adaptive management to maintain habitat for rare plants in the Centennial Sandhills ACEC. | <urn:uuid:ed70832c-f096-4abd-9bfc-94ff782ccb72> | {
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Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879. To mark the anniversary of his birth, Israel's Hebrew University of Jerusalem has launched an expanded Einstein Archives Online site with more than 80,000 documents. Over half of that trove features Einstein's personal papers. Another 30,000 additional Einstein and Einstein-related documents in the collection were discovered since the 1980s.
Previously, just 900 images of Einstein documents -- about half of the catalog -- had made its way online. The updated archive now includes material documenting Einstein's personal and professional life up to 1921.
The connection between Einstein and Hebrew University dates back to the university's founding in 1918. Einstein bequeathed all of his writings as well as the rights to the use of his image to the institution.
Copy of 1903 marriage announcement to Mileva Maric, a fellow student at the Zurich Polytechnic. She and Einstein divorced in 1919. The archive, which is slowly being updated, eventually will include correspondence between Einstein and his mistresses -- including his cousin Elsa, who later became his second wife.
1916 article published in Annalen der Physik on "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity." A year earlier, Einstein had completed his work on the theory, which contradicted the 250-year-old assumptions of Newton's theory of gravity.
Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Interestingly enough, the prize was not awarded for his general theory of relativity, which at the time was still a hot-button source of controversy. Instead, it was awarded for Einstein's work on science's understanding of the photoelectric effect.
Translation of the 1922 Nobel Prize to Einstein: "The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences at its meeting on November 9, 1922, according to the guidelines formulated by Alfred Nobel in his will from November 27,1895, decided, regardless of the value, which may be attributed to the theories of relativity and gravitation after appropriate confirmation, to present the prize, which is awarded for the year 1921 to the person who has made the most important discovery or invention in physics, to Albert Einstein for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
Rare manuscript -- one of only three still in existence --containing Einstein's formula E=mc2 (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared). This manuscript, written in German, was published in English in 1946 by Science Illustrated under the title "E=mc2: The Most Urgent Problem of our Time."
Page from a 1921 speech that Einstein delivered in Berlin tracing the history of German Jewry and calling for the settlement of Jews in what then was the British Mandate for Palestine.
Earlier, Einstein faced criticism in Germany after touring the U.S. to raise funds for the Hebrew University. At the time, another German-Jewish scientist, Fritz Bauer, accused Einstein of disloyalty. But Einstein was having none of it:
"Despite my declared international mentality, I do still always feel obliged to speak up for my persecuted and morally oppressed fellow clansmen, as far as it is within my powers ... this involves an act of loyalty far more than one of disloyalty."
Years later, Einstein would be offered the presidency of the state of Israel in 1952 but turned it down. | <urn:uuid:f1a6816e-c431-40c1-8c2f-d25cf712f1ce> | {
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Environmental assessment in an ever-changing worldDate Released: Fri, 21 October 2011 13:00 +0200
Environmental assessment in an ever-changing world
Speaking at Rhodes University, Dr Peter Chapman, risk analyst for International Environmental Consulting Company Golder Associates stated that “there are no easy answers,” when he addressed fellow scientists and audience, in his talk titled, “Risk Assessment Theory, Fundamentals and Common Misapplications.”
Dr Chapman, guest lecturer of the Institute for Water Research, implored the audience of future water researchers to use all the tools available to them in risk assessment and reminded them, “There are no perfect tools; there are just tools in the tool box.”
The Canadian researcher has traveled the world doing risk assessment. He defined his work: “It’s a way of putting things together to evaluate and assess probabilities for adverse effects of different activities or stressors.”
He emphasised that risk analysis is not only concerned with contaminants, as it is commonly thought, but is interested rather in large-scale, long-term implications: populations, genetic diversity, changes in trajectories.
However he was clear that while phenomena such as climate change, habitat change and exotic species all threaten environments, one must be careful not to confuse correlation with causation when determining the source of a problem.“Be careful of what seems obvious,” he said.
He further cautioned against obvious answers and making assumptions in risk assessment. “You need to get all the information, all the data, talk to people...find out what you know, what you don’t know and what you need to know.” He encouraged the audience to speak to other experts, scientists, and lay people to gather as much insight into an environmental situation as possible.
Using case studies, Dr Chapman illustrated diverse instances of risk assessment. In one study, there were high concentrations of selenium, a naturally occurring nonmetal, essential for human health and animals and some plants, but harmful in high dosages. Here the issue was not the existence of the stressor, but the abundance of it, highlighting the importance of knowing the stressor - be it chemical, mineral organic or inorganic.
Preferring prevention to correction, Dr Chapman underscored the merits of evaluating and assessing an activity’s potential environmental affect, rather than reflecting back once a negative change has occurred. “We often don’t do a comparison of the risk of taking an action versus the risk of not taking an action,” he said, “It’s a lot of tradeoffs.”
The primary purpose of the environmental risk analysis is to protect the integrity of populations, but there are numerous positive byproducts, including saving costs and resources and reducing environmental footprints.
An assessment often involves a process of elimination said Dr Chapman, explaining that much of the work uses modeling and constructing worst case scenarios. Equations are used to calculate risk, however there is no such thing as one hundred percent certainty. “There is no shame in making a mistake,” reiterated Dr Chapman, reinforcing how important they are to the learning process.
Regarding climate change, he believes that science needs to determine the most important issues and decide what to focus on. It is a challenging time for science, he acknowledged, as there are no longer environmental baselines to compare to, but ever-shifting reference baselines. “It is an exciting time for scientists, though - terrible in terms of the environment, but exciting in terms of dealing with this problem,” he added.
Picture and story by Hailey Gaunt | <urn:uuid:1202a1fe-567e-47f3-b73e-9418e7ad7a04> | {
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Hello, I have been gearing up for Calculus 1 after being out of school for ~13 years. I've been using the Math Tutor DVD for Calculus 1 to get myself ready before class starts and it has been good thus far. Was not too comfortable with my chain rule skills from the examples given on the video so found some online to practice. The following problem has given me grief:
I solve it this way:
f'(x)=1/2(5cosx)^(-1/2) * (-sinx)
The solution on the webpage gives:
f'(x)=1/2(5cosx)^-1/2 * 5(-sinx)
My question is how did that "5" make it to 5(-sinx)??
Shouldn't the derivative of (5cosx) be (-sinx) since 5 is a constant and is eliminated? | <urn:uuid:21f3f1de-97d9-41d4-9a6a-f5cc8ae2bbdc> | {
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In 430BC, at the start of the destructive, long-running war between Athens and Sparta, the great Athenian statesman Pericles made a speech in honour of his city's war-dead. The speech, recorded by the historian Thucydides, is a great and moving account of ancient democratic values. Everyone is equal before the law in our city, says Pericles. We are tolerant, free and open. Finally, he remembers to mention the women of Athens. "The greatest glory of a woman is to be least talked about by men, whether they are praising you or criticising you," he says, quellingly. And that's it.
And yet, there was more to classical womanhood than Pericles's silent and undiscussed matrons. (His own long-term girlfriend, Aspasia, was certainly talked about then and now; famously clever and sophisticated, she was attacked in the comic plays of the time because of her supposed influence over the statesman.) Next week the Cheltenham literature festival is to stage a debate in which novelist Stella Duffy, historian Lucy Hughes-Hallett and broadcaster and writer Bettany Hughes will each champion their own favourite "ancient heroine". I'll be chairing, and the audience will vote on which of these fabulous females is the day's favourite. The identities of the speakers' chosen women – who may be real, or drawn from literature or myth – are not to be revealed until the day. But the classical world gives them plenty of women to choose from. Below are some of my favourites. If sometimes these women seem more harridans or harlots than heroines, we might remember Anne Elliot in Persuasion: "Men have had every advantage of us in telling their own story . . . the pen has been in their hands."
Antigone Mythical heroine of Sophocles's play of the same name, she defies the explicit command of her uncle Creon, king of Thebes, and gives her dead brother, who died a traitor, his proper funeral rites – a crime punishable by death. A standard-bearer for courage in the face of brutish (male) authority.
Athena Surely the best Olympian deity, Athena (also known as Athene) is the goddess of craft, technology, ingenuity, and, crucially, winning. She is Odysseus's protector in the Odyssey, on hand to provide magical disguises or pep-talks.
Artemisia In Herodotus's Histories we see this queen of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum in Turkey) fighting on the Persian side in the war with Greece. Witnessing the battle of Salamis, King Xerxes of Persia was pleased to see the vessel she was commanding ram an enemy ship. "My men have turned into women and my women into men," he remarked. What she'd actually done was ram a friendly ship (all hands lost) to put off the Athenian vessel that was advancing her way. The Athenians assumed she was on their side and backed off.
Boudicca British, of course, but gets on to the list by being known to us through Roman sources. In the early years of Roman rule in Britain her husband, Prastutagus, king of the Iceni in East Anglia, died leaving the Roman emperor, along with his own two daughters, as joint heirs to his lands. But the daughters were raped by Romans and Boudicca was flogged. Boudicca rose up in rebellion and ravaged Colchester, St Albans and burned London to the ground. Not until the Great Fire and the blitz would the city again be visited by such destruction. A poster-girl for anti- imperial resistance, she possessed "more spirit than is usual among women", wrote historian Cassius Dio.
Circe In the Odyssey, Circe turned visiting men into pigs. What more can I say?
Cleopatra She was the 1st century BC pharaoh of Egypt and Rome's favourite exotic temptress. Fighting a civil war against her husband (who was also her brother), she had smuggled herself into the palace where Julius Caesar was staying by having herself rolled up in a carpet. She enlisted him to her cause and became his lover. Later, she famously became embroiled with Mark Antony. Behind the Roman propaganda one can discern a pretty wily politician.
Clodia Metelli The epitome of the chic, sexy, scandalous aristocrat of 1st century BC Rome, Metelli was supposedly the "Lesbia" to whom the love-lorn poems of Catullus are addressed (and if so, a total ball-breaker). In a speech in the lawcourts, Cicero referred disparagingly to her colourfully louche life of affairs, adulteries, beach parties, banquets and drinking sessions. She was widely suspected of having poisoned her first husband. Not necessarily a role model.
Clytemnestra Also not necessarily a role model, since in Aeschylus's play Agamemnon, this mythical character plots her husband's murder when he returns victorious from the sack of Troy. However, she was pushed: he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to the gods to secure a favourable wind across the sea to Troy.
Dido In Virgil's Aeneid, the queen of Carthage, an exile from Tyre after the murder of her husband, was doing very nicely thank you very much, founding a new city in what is now Tunisia. And then Aeneas, an exile from defeated Troy, turned up. The pair fell in love and consummated their passion; but their happiness was cut short when the gods demanded that he leave for Italy. Understandably upset by one of the most brutal dumpings in literature, Dido committed suicide by stabbing herself with his sword. Good use of phallic symbolism, madam.
Gorgo In Herodotus's Histories, Gorgo, a smart Spartan, turns up first as a child, dishing out some good advice to her father during a diplomatic meeting. Later, in the run-up to the Persian wars of the 480s BC, when she is married to Leonidas, later the leader of the fatal 300 at Thermopylae, the Spartans receive a letter – a wax tablet – with nothing written on it. Gorgo has the bright idea of scraping off the wax. Lo, scratched into the wood beneath is a message warning of the coming Persian invasion. She is, therefore, basically the Ruth Evershed (from Spooks) of the ancient world.
Helen The face that launched a thousand ships and all that. And she's Zeus's daughter, and so special. In Homer she is otherworldly, insightful, clever and graceful – an ambiguous figure, of course, because by absconding with the Trojan prince Paris, leaving her Spartan husband Menelaus, she supposedly caused the war. In the Odyssey, she is portrayed as tactful, smart and a good deal brighter than her husband Menelaus.
Hypatia The Alexandrian Hypatia, who died in AD 415 is the first woman philosopher-mathematician known to history. She worked on geometry, astronomy and neoplatonic philosophy and was a popular teacher. She attracted ire for her political connections, and was murdered by fanatical Christians. "Hypatia was torn from her chariot," wrote Gibbon in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, "stripped naked, dragged to the church, and inhumanly butchered by the hands of . . . a troop of savage and merciless fanatics: her flesh was scraped from her bones with sharp oyster-shells, and her quivering limbs were delivered to the flames."
Livia Hard not to think of Siân Phillips's chilling portrayal of her in the classic BBC TV series I, Claudius. This, as in Robert Graves's original novel, draws on the works of the ancient biographer Suetonius, to depict the wife of the emperor Augustus as a monstrous schemer, poisoning every unfortunate who got in the way of her plan to have her own son Tiberius (from her first marriage) installed as Augustus's successor as emperor. She succeeded.
Medea In Euripides's play of the same name, she is the wife of Jason, seeker of the Golden Fleece. When he leaves her for a younger model, she delivers a remarkable speech on the lot of married women, culminating in the memorable line: "I'd rather stand in the battle line three times than give birth once." She does rather blot the feminist copybook by murdering her own children in revenge against their father.
Penelope In the Odyssey, she is the wife of Odysseus. She has traditionally been regarded as a model of fidelity, since she waits for 20 years for him to return home from the Trojan wars, but there is more to her than that. Wily and smart, she is more than a match for the suitors who attempt to claim her in his absence; and she is no pushover, either, when Odysseus finally turns up.
Sappho She is the great woman poet of antiquity. Born on Lesbos in the second half of the 7th century BC, she wrote poems of love and longing, marriage hymns and invocations to the gods. She was hugely admired in antiquity and praised as the "female Homer". She was also imitated – one of her most exquisite poems was translated into Latin by Catullus. Her poems exist in fragments and scraps, but nine volumes of works were said to be in the possession of the great library at Alexandria. Little is known of her life and she has been appropriated as everything from gay icon to model matron.
Tomyris It's oddly little known now how this queen of the Massagetae in central Asia, according to Herodotus, defeated the great king Cyrus of Persia in battle in 530BC. After he had been killed, she plunged his head into a wineskin full of human blood – since he had successfully tricked her troops and captured her son by getting them drunk.
• Charlotte Higgins is the author of It's All Greek To Me, published by Short Books, £12.99
• This article was amended on 8 October 2010. The original referred to Jason as the king of Athens. This has been corrected. | <urn:uuid:52a3d257-23e7-47a5-8120-dda5e62d3788> | {
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Creative Writing Tips –
What a plot is and what a story is can be sometimes confusing. If you think they are the same… They are not. A plot is the outline of your story. The story is everything included.
I will illustrate the difference by asking you to visualize two pictures…
1. Visualize a skeleton.
2. Visualize a body.
The skeleton is your plot. It’s the outline of your story. It won’t be visible when we flesh it out but it will still be there, holding your story together.
The body is your story. It’s everything, which our story will contain, including the plot. The story is the plot fleshed out.
What does it mean to ‘flesh it out?’
Let me show you.
I’ll take a brief plot…
A man meets a woman and they fall in love. They encounter great difficulties because their family are against the relationship.
This is the outline of the story.
Now we are going to flesh it out and make it into a story. Fleshing it out means adding things to make this basic plot into a story. To do this we will add the rest of the ingredients such as…
- Setting – Where will our story take place
- Dialogue – What will be said and by whom
- Characters – How many characters will our story contain? Who are they? What is their role?
- Problems – What and how many problems will the couple encounter
- Goal – What is the couple’s goal?
- Conflict – What is the conflict?
- Climax – How is the conflict going to come to its peak?
- Ending – Will their love win in the end?
- And anything else I’ll need in my story
Once we have written up all these ingredients, this will be our plot fleshed out into a story.
About The Author
Besides his passion for writing, Nick Vernon runs an online gift site where you will find gift information, articles and readers’ funny stories. Visit http://www.we-recommend.com
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As the season’s transition, it can be very easy to catch a sick bug. Your body is getting used to the change, and with a busy lifestyle, it’s likely that many people will start feeling run down and will have a bout of sickness. And once that starts, it spreads like wildfire. Check out these five tips to avoid the bug.
Get A Flu Vaccine
The flu vaccine or anything similar is the best way of avoiding the common cold. It’s usually given to children and those over a certain age, normally sixty-five. Even though anyone who gets a flu vaccine usually gets a temporary bout of sickness, the regularity at which they get sick is greatly reduced. If it’s something that you get offered for free, it’s certainly worth doing, but it’s also worth getting for a fee to help reduce how often you get sick.
Water is a great way of flushing out the toxins in your body and keeping you feeling energetic and generally healthy. As summer rolls around, it’s important to keep up your intake and if you can, to increase it to cater for the heat. Your body is going to be losing more water during these summer months, so it’s good to stay on top of it so you can continue to feel the best you can be. Always carry a bottle of water around with you and if you don’t like water as it is, just flavor it with something like cucumber or lemon.
Eating junk food is certainly not good for your body and too much of it is going to make you sick. To keep your body feeling good on the inside, it’s good to maintain a healthy diet. Think lots of fruit and vegetables and being aware of what’s going onto your plate. Alcohol is also a big weight gainer, so it’s a good idea to cut down or at least to choose options that are less calorie heavy.
Wash Your Hands
Germs and bacteria can travel very easily from person to person and if you’re living in the city, just brushing your hand past a handrail can bring you into contact with potentially harmful germs. Practice washing your hands after commuting to and from work and if you can, make sure you have a small bottle of hand sanitizer on you for when your on-the-go and don’t have access to a sink!
Get Plenty Of Sleep
And finally, sleep is your friend. During the year, there can be peaks in your social and work calendar where you’re out a lot, and that can have a knock-on effect with your health if you don’t get enough shut-eye. Try to get at least seven to nine hours of sleep per night and catch up on weekends if you’ve not had enough during the week.
Take Advantage of These Tips to Avoid the Bug
Take advantage of these tips to avoid the bug so you and your family can stay as healthy as possible! | <urn:uuid:1223a443-bf67-4065-9b7a-f3913d1e40f4> | {
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About Labels, Claims and Certification Programs
Many meat and poultry packages carry claims about the production practices that were used to raise livestock and poultry. Some products carry a special certification seal. This information can be confusing.
It's important to remember that all products in the marketplace are subject to federal inspection or, in a small percentage of the meat supply, to an equivalent state inspection program. Inspected products meet both food safety requirements and humane slaughter requirements as well.
In addition, claims can be made if their accuracy can be documented to USDA's Labeling Division. Common claims include:
Free Range or Free Roaming -- Producers must demonstrate to the Agency that the poultry has been allowed access to the outside.
No Hormones (pork or poultry): Hormones are not allowed in raising hogs or poultry.. Therefore, the claim "no hormones added" cannot be used on the labels of pork or poultry unless it is followed by a statement that says "Federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones."
No Hormones (beef and lamb): The term "no hormones administered" or "no added hormones" may be approved for use on the label of beef or lamb products if sufficient documentation is provided to the Agency by the producer showing no hormones have been used in raising the animals.
No Antibiotics (red meat and poultry): The terms "no antibiotics added" or "raised without the use of antibiotics" may be used on labels for meat or poultry products if sufficient documentation is provided by the producer to the Agency demonstrating that the animals were raised without antibiotics.
The Federal Humane Slaughter Act applies only to meat packing plants. Some organizations have created certification programs that use private auditors to evaluate on-farm care in addition to care and handling at the plant. Companies that are certified through these programs may apply a special seal to their products in addition to the USDA inspection seal.
Standards for the Humane Care & Handling of Livestock: An Overview of Four Certification Programs, Ruth Woiwode, Ph.D., Animal Care & Handling Conference, 2012
University Animal Welfare Experts
Many large land-grant universities have animal and poultry science departments where students may pursue bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in animal science. Key sub-specialties within those departments can include animal behavior, animal well-being, animal nutrition and animal physiology. Listed below are some of the leading experts in the field.
Dr. Candace Croney, Purdue University
Dr. Temple Grandin, Colorado State University
Dr. Anna Johnson, Iowa State University
Dr. John McGlone, Texas Tech University
Dr. Suzanne Millman, Iowa State University
Dr. Ed Pajor, University of Calgary
Dr. Joe Regenstein, Cornell University
Dr. Janeen Salak-Johnson, University of Illinois
Dr. Janice Swanson, Michigan State University
Dr. Yvonne Vizzier Thaxton, University of Arkansas
Dr. Dan Thompson, Kansas State University
Dr. Kurt Vogel, University of Wisconsin River Falls | <urn:uuid:384bcc57-a70e-4810-b981-b5a97d3b271f> | {
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A female albatross who is at least sixty-years old has just hatched a new chick at her nest at Midway Atoll in the central Pacific. This bird, named Wisdom, breaks records for wild bird longevity and parentage.
Conventional wisdom on albatross longevity is that, with luck, they can live up to 50 years, perhaps longer. But Wisdom is not a conventional bird. Now we know that “longer” is the right answer.
A scientist named Chandler Robbins first put a numbered band on her leg in 1956 as she incubated an egg. Now, the thing is, her species—Laysan Albatrosses—don’t breed until they’re at least 5 years old. So she was hatched no later than 1951. But they typically don’t breed until they’re even older, 8 or 9 years, after courtship that lasts several years. This means Wisdom is likely to be in her early sixties.
She looks damn good for her age!
Albatrosses can only lay one egg per nesting season. And they can’t breed every year. Wisdom’s species often nests 2 out of every 3 years, or so. It’s possible she’s hatched about three dozen chicks. For albatrosses, that’s exceptional.
One unresolved question: is Wisdom a cougar?
See also: This Just In on CNN.
I’ve never been face-to-bill with Wisdom herself though I’ve been to Midway twice.
I’ve been to many of the world’s greatest albatross colonies on far-flung ocean islands in several oceans and have written a lot about these greatest of all flying birds (my opinion!).
For more info and beautiful imagery about albatrosses in general: | <urn:uuid:2234d6df-10b8-4319-b298-cc38d6598b40> | {
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The Pensacola News Journal is reporting that Northern Florida is in the middle of a popcorn tree explosion. Seedlings of the invasive popcorn tree, also known as the Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum), have been, well, popping up all over the Gulf Coast. The article speculates that the habitat disturbance caused by last season's hurricanes may be partly to blame for the recent population growth, due to the inability of the tallow trees to withstand the winds. Broken branches would have become a part of many debris piles, spreading seeds in the process. A little Google digging indicates the jury is still out regarding the reasons behind the spread of this species. Regardless, the popcorn tree seedlings have arrived, and it remains to be seen whether they can gain a stronger foothold in the already highly invaded Florida ecosystems. | <urn:uuid:3a186711-f706-47d2-a102-444f5c9eb354> | {
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Visit this page to view our Creature Feature, where we showcase an example of New Zealand's extraordinary wildlife.
Mallard ducks in New Zealand: mallard are common wild ducks that live in Northern Hemisphere wetlands.
Most domestic (tame) ducks were bred from mallards. The female is called a hen, the male is called a drake, and the young are called ducklings.
In New Zealand, introduced mallards are mating with the native grey duck. During the past 80 years, mallards have been released to supplement wild duck populations, and the proportion of grey ducks remaining is only about five percent.
Mallards are waterfowl and so are most likely found on shallow bodies of fresh water such as wetlands and ponds, on lakes and even flooded fields.
What do mallard ducks look like?
The mallard is a medium-to-large dabbling duck that is most recognizable by the male's glossy green head and white collar around the neck. The female is a mottled brown with a brown bill, and both sexes have orange feet and a purple-blue speculum with both sides outlined in white. Both male and female mallards are about 20-23 inches (51-59 cm) long.
Do they fly?
Yes, and they can accomplish some interesting feats. They swim with their tail held above the water and, when they're alarmed, they spring directly out of the water and into the air. The sudden flight of mallards can make quite a spectacular sight.
How do mallard ducks feed?
By "dabbling" and upending, meaning that they tip their bodies into water, bill first, tail in the air, to forage for food. Their diet is 90% vegetarian, consisting mainly of seeds of grasses, sedges, pond weeds and other aquatic vegetation. Snails, insects and small fish sometimes are taken as well.
Do mallards have bones?
Mallards have an internal skeleton like you and me and grow by adding material to this skeleton and to their muscles.
A bird's bones are much lighter than ours - birds have honeycomb bones so that they are not too heavy to fly. You can see all the bones in a bird’s skeleton in this picture and what their bones are called. Do any have the same names as your bones?
How do mallards raise their young?
Once Mallards arrive where they want to nest in the spring, the females build down-lined nests on the ground near lakes and reservoirs. It is important that the nests be well-placed in dense vegetation to avoid being found and eaten by predators.
Although mallards usually mate with a single bird for a particular season, the male deserts the female after only the first week of incubation. The female incubates the five to 14 eggs by herself until they hatch some time between March and July, some 26 to 30 days later. The downy young leave the nest soon after hatching and can fly from 49 to 60 days later.
What do mallards do each day?
They feed in the early morning and late afternoon – often in nearby harvested fields - returning to water after feeding. During summer, mallards spend much time asleep on water banks.
The mallard has only three defenses - swimming, flying and camouflage, and it is prey to large mammals.
How do mallards communicate?
The hen (female) mallard duck produces a quack, while the drake (male) produces a low grunt-whistle. The range of calls produced by a hen and drake mallard, as with most waterfowl, are somewhat limited. Often the same call is used in a variety of situations. For example, a simple hen mallard quack can communicate contentment, loneliness or danger. The calls produced by mallard ducks can also be used to coordinate flight when preparing for migration, leaving the roost for feeding grounds or escaping potential life-threatening situations. Mallards will also give pre-flight calls to one another to signal their intent to change.
Do mallards like to be together?
Yes, they are extremely social and gregarious creatures. They love to be part of the crowd. During migration, mallards will congregate in huge numbers at key staging and refuge areas as they travel through the different flyways. Many of these key areas will hold tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of mallard ducks at one time.
When viewing a flock or group of contented mallards you may notice many of the following characteristics. In many instances you will notice ducks tipping up and down as they feed, wings being flapped and stretched and splashing as they chase each other around.
Most members of the group will have a low profile contented head position. Low profile head positions are those of dabbling, resting, preening, sleeping or contented ducks. There will always be some members of the flock that have upright heads to watch for danger. The more upright heads that are in the group, the more wary and alert the group is to danger.
Do mallards moult?
Most ducks, including mallard ducks, undergo two body moults each year, which means they lose many of their feathers. During mid summer into early autumn their plumage is very drab and basic. As the autumn and winter progress hormonal and dietary changes cause the plumage to become a brilliant breeding or alternate plumage.
Caring for this plumage is of the utmost importance. Feathers are composed primarily of keratin, the same substance that comprises our finger nails and hair. Frequent preening and bathing are vital to the health of the feathers. While preening the mallard duck squeezes oil from a gland at the base of their tail onto their bill and methodically spreads it across their plumage.
Since mallard ducks can't reach their heads and necks with their bills, they rub oil on them from their bodies and then work the feathers back into place with their feet. Regular bathing helps to cleanse the plumage of dirt, debris, and external parasites. | <urn:uuid:d733e135-31fc-4c24-9129-695b6fb770f0> | {
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|Organic Farming :: Organic Inputs and Techniques|
Recycling of Farm Waste
Recycle of garden wastes
It has been estimated that organic resources available in the country alone can produce not less than 20 million tonnes of plant nutrients (NPK). Vermicompost technology has promising potential to meet the organic manure requirement in both irrigated and rainfed areas. It has tremendous prospects in converting agro-wastes and city garbage into valuable agricultural input. Thus various economic uses can be obtained from organic wastes and garbage and prevent pollution. From vermiculture, we get well decomposed worm casts, which can be used as manure for crops, vegetables, flowers, gardens, etc. In this process, earthworms also get multiplied and the excess worms can be converted into vermiprotein which can be utilised as feed for poultry, fish, etc. Vermi-wash can also be used as spray on crops
Cow dung and agro wastes in the ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 may be mixed and allowed to predecompose for about 2 weeks in a separate tank adjacent to the vermicompost tank, before being fed to the earthworms.
Ideal tank size for small scale vermicompost production is 10’ x 6’ x 2.5’ (150 cu .ft.)
Create adequate no. of holes (about 8 holes of 5 cm. diameter at the bottom) to facilitate drainage of excess water
Bedding comprise of broken bricks, stone pieces, saw dust, sand and soil
Release earthworms in this bedding
Pour the feed mix over this bedding of earthworms of about 15 to 20 cm thick
Pre decomposed material need not be added in layers but its depth should not be more than 1.5 to 2 feet
Tank is covered with thatched roof to maintain the moisture of the tank feed (40% moisture should be maintained)
Under sub optimal moisture conditions the earthworms have a tendency to move downwards towards the bed of the tank. When the moisture, temperature and organic matter are optimum, the size, weight and cocoon producing capacity of earthworm’s increases.
Conversion: One kilogram of worms numbering about 600 to 1000 can convert 25 to 45 kg. of wet waste per week. The compost recovery would be around 25 kg per week under well managed conditions.
The total decomposition may take about 75 – 100 days depending on various factors. Therefore one tank may be used to 4 to 5 times in a year for vermicompost. A few days before the harvest watering of the tank are discontinued to allow migration of worms towards the bottom of the bed. The compost is then transferred outside without disturbing the bed and heaped on a plain open surface. The compost is sieved through a 3 mm mesh and then packed in gunnies.
About 1700 kg of compost can be obtained from each cycle. While sieving the unhatched cocoons can also be retrieved. The excess worms can be retrieved and put in new tanks or sold or can be sun-dried to make vermin-protein. The cost of vermin-protein can be taken @ Rs. 5/kg. The compost should be sun-dried and then bagged for sale / use.
Methods of waste treatment by Earthworms
The second method is easy and is widely practiced in our country.
Total land required for construction of 4 tanks = 900 sq. ft. (30’ x 30’)
Earth worms – 25 kg for 4 tanks @ Rs. 300 /kg (Euginea utilis) - Rs. 7500.00
Professor and Head
© All Rights Reserved. TNAU-2014 | <urn:uuid:c47adc83-d677-4d9e-aec1-74f94bdab96a> | {
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Extraction and storage of stem cells from the pulp of deciduous or permanent tooth
Today Dental Center “Dr. Gais” gives a second chance to the parents who have not preserved stem cells at the birth of their child. If this moment was missed, there is a new source of stem cells from milk tooth when they change between 5 and 13 years old, and now even from permanent teeth.
In which part of the milk tooth are stem cells located?
In pulp of deciduous tooth in the accumulation of dentin to form a hermetically sealed and sterile space in which are contained a plurality of stem cells. The pulp of the tooth is formed even in the embryonic stage of development of the organism and, therefore, the cells are young and carry the original DNA. It is proven that the pulp of a tooth contains from 1000 to 100 00 stem cells that can be isolated, multiplied and implanted in an area of damage, starting to generate new tissue.
Stem cell Tooth Eligibility Criteria?
- Molar extracted by orthodontic
- Without carious violations
- With a healthy periodontium
It is planned, quick and painless. In deciduous teeth is carried out between the ages of 5 and 13 years, by extraction of a tooth by trained dentist, under sterile conditions. For this procedure are suitable frontal teeth with mild shaking and maximum preserved root. The removed tooth is placed in a special environment and it is quickly transported to the laboratory Biohellenika. For permanent teeth there is no age limit. The only condition is that the tooth meets the above mentioned requirements. Isolated stem cells are stored for a period of 20 years, in liquid nitrogen at – 196 ˚ C, whereby they retain their viability, afterwards can be multiplied and used for further treatment.
Stem cells from milk or permanent tooth are determined as mesenchymal, that have the ability to differentiate into tissue forming cells (cardiac muscle, kidney, liver, muscle tissue, tendons, cartilage, even have the ability to form dentin). Currently the treatment of diseases through tissue regeneration of mesenchymal stem cells is the newest and most rapidly developing trend in modern medicine. | <urn:uuid:874a6f2e-b707-483f-bde8-3799e194f10b> | {
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The Meaning of the Speed of Light
Now let’s notice that while the electric field has units of force per unit charge, the magnetic field has units of force per unit charge per unit velocity. Further, from our polarized plane-wave solutions to Maxwell’s equations, we see that for these waves the magnitude of the electric field is — a velocity — times the magnitude of the magnetic field. So let’s try collecting together factors of :
Now each of the time derivatives comes along with a factor of . We can absorb this by introducing a new variable , which is measured in units of distance rather than time. Then we can write:
The easy thing here is to just write instead of , but this hides a deep insight: the speed of light is acting like a conversion factor from units of time to units of distance. That is, we don’t just say that light moves at a speed of , we say that one second of time is 299,792,457 meters of distance. This is an incredibly identity that allows us to treat time and space on an equal footing, and it is borne out in many more or less direct experiments. I don’t want to get into all the consequences of this fact — the name for them as a collection is “special relativity” — but I do want to use it.
This lets us go back and write instead of , since the factor of here is just an artifact of using some coordinate system that treats time and distance separately; we see that the electric and magnetic fields in a propagating electromagnetic plane-wave are “really” the same size, and the factor of is just an artifact of our coordinate system. We can also just write instead of for the same reason. Finally, we can collect together to put it on the exact same footing as .
The meanings of these terms are getting further and further from familiarity. The -form is still made of the same components as the electric field; the -form is times the Hodge star of the -form whose components are those of the magnetic field; the function is times the charge density; and the vector field is the current density. | <urn:uuid:00408fde-3cb2-4045-9cb6-2cb97c1902b1> | {
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Here is a fun and challenging way for students to gain familiarity with common homophones. Each of these 32 task cards features a short, high-interest paragraph with three incorrect homophones. Students must identify the incorrect homophones and write the correct ones on their answer sheets. An answer key is included so that students can self-check. There is also a cover card and three challenge cards that can be used to extend the activity and add rigor.
These cards would be great at a center. While they will work great for individuals, students may also benefit from partner work.
Printing and Cutting:
These cards were made to be printed in color, but will print out fine in grayscale too. They should print out with even margins around the cards; however, because every printer is different, it is possible that you may need to adjust your printer settings. Selecting “actual size” or adjusting the size percentage should do the trick. Cut the cards apart using the dotted guidelines (discarding the bottom strip). Laminate if possible. Another option is to print on cardstock.
You may also be interested in:
Editing Task Cards: 200 Fun Facts Sentence Cards CCSS Aligned
Task Cards for a variety of topics can be found in the Task Card section of my TpT store. | <urn:uuid:76ea951b-8616-486b-a4f1-4182cad9f1e1> | {
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While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference.
The color psychology of Black.
Black absorbs all light in the color spectrum. It is often used as a symbol of menace or evil, but it is also popular as an indicator of power.
Black is associated with death and mourning in many cultures. It is also associated with unhappiness, sexuality, formality, and sophistication. In ancient Egypt, black represented life and rebirth. It is often used in fashion because of its slimming quality. Black is often associated with elegance. Used in home interiors, it can give a classy look to a wall. Black furniture or accent pieces in a predominantly white room can create a stark, dramatic contrast. For small-roomed houses or apartments however, painting the walls black is not recommended as this will make rooms more smaller and makes them restricting and depressing.
The color psychology of White.
White represents purity or innocence. It is bright and can create a sense of space or add highlights.
White is also described as cold, bland and sterile. Rooms painted completely white can look spacious but empty and unfriendly. Wearing white means a fresh outlook and new beginnings. White helps reduce any nagging feelings of disappointment or drudge. A predominantly white home interior gives a feeling of space and cleanliness. A few splashes of colors from accents or decors will not make it look bland and too sterile.
The color psychology of Red.
Red is a warm, bright color that evokes strong emotions. It is associated with love, warmth and comfort.
Red is also considered an intense or even angry color that creates feelings of excitement. Wearing red exudes charm, confidence and sexiness.. Red is typically associated with energy, danger, power and love. This color has been known to increase blood pressure and raise appetites. Since the color is so strong, it can be unnerving and is best used as an accent.
The color psychology of Blue.
Blue calls to mind feelings of calmness or serenity. It is often described as peaceful, tranquil, secure and orderly. It can also create feelings of sadness or aloofness.
Blue is often used to decorate offices because research has shown that people are more productive in blue. It can also lower the pulse rate and body temperature. Blue has a soothing quality about it that makes people feel relaxed and comfortable.
The color psychology of Green.
Green is a cool color that symbolizes nature and the natural world. It also represents tranquility, good luck, health and jealousy.
Green is thought to relieve stress and helps heal. Those who have a green work environment experiences fewer stomach aches. Green represents the Spring season and new growth. Choose this color to wear whenever you are embarking on something new or wish to turn over a new leaf. Green also has the same calming qualities as blue. Neutral shades of green such as olive or sage are more accepted in room colors and decor than shades of aqua or yellow-green.
The color psychology of Yellow.
Yellow is a bright color that is often described as cheery and warm. It is also the most fatiguing to the eye due to the high amount of light that is reflected on and by it.
Yellow can also create feelings of frustration and anger. While it is considered a cheerful color, people are more likely to lose their tempers in yellow rooms. Since yellow is the most visible color, it is also the most attention-getting. It can also increase metabolism. While this color is known to make people feel happy and energetic, it is also known to cause people to become angry quicker. Used on home interiors, pale shades of yellow are best when painting walls.
The color psychology of Purple.
Purple is the symbol of royalty and wealth. It also represents wisdom and spirituality.
Purple does not often occur in nature, it can sometimes appear exotic or artificial. The color purple, especially shades of violet, will definitely make a statement. Wearing purple shows others that you want to be noticed. Light purple is seen as a feminine color, it might be a good paint color for a young girl’s room. Darker purples or mauves are more mature looking for other portions of a house, known to evoke feelings of wisdom and royalty.
The color psychology of Brown.
Brown is a natural color that evokes a sense of strength and reliability.
Brown brings to mind feelings of warmth, comfort and security. Brown is a safe, comforting and neutral color. It gives a feeling of warmth, security and belongingness. Browns can typically be combined with brighter colors like light blues, pinks, yellows and especially oranges. A medium brown color may be good for walls with accents of brighter colors placed throughout the room.
The color psychology of Orange.
Orange is a very energetic color and calls to mind feelings of excitement, enthusiasm and warmth.
Orange is often used to draw attention, such as in traffic signs and advertising. Orange is a warm, inviting color. It’s easier on the eyes than yellow, yet it is not as bold as red. Neon orange is not something you want to see on the walls of your house, but its warmer shades are more appropriate for walls. It is also known to increase appetites and may be a good color for dining rooms and as an accent to other rooms.
The color psychology of Pink.
Pink is essentially a light red and is usually associated with love and romance. It is thought to have a calming effect.
While pink's calming effect has been demonstrated, researchers of color psychology have found that this effect only occurs during the initial exposure to the color. More than feeling feminine, wearing pink conveys compassion and an open heart. When people are wearing pink, whether they are male or female, they appear approachable and capable of loving others.
Lighter shades of pink generally evokes a feeling of calmness. Stronger shades used on a wall will create stronger intensities of excitement. | <urn:uuid:f3dc13f4-a277-4d45-8205-45d5a32b14c2> | {
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- Briefing Room
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
|Accelerating Infrastructure Innovations|
Publication Number: FHWA-RD-01-063
Date: April/May 2001
Triangular silt barriers, geotextile filter bags, and concrete blocks are just some of the products and ideas State highway agencies are using to better control soil erosion and sedimentation resulting from highway construction projects. The roadbuilding process often disturbs soil, which is then vulnerable to being washed downstream when it rains, causing a build-up of soil and other matter in waterways that is known as sedimentation. Excessive sedimentation can destroy fish habitat; clog streams, storm drains, and culverts; and pollute waterways, among other problems.
The National Partnership for Highway Quality (NPHQ), formerly known as the National Quality Initiative, has taken its mission of continuous quality improvement online. The new NPHQ Web site features information on the NPHQ National Achievement Awards, State quality successes, and links to other related sites. You can visit the site at http://nphq.org.
PaveSpec 3.0, your ticket to improved pavement quality, is now available online. The software program is designed to aid State and local highway agencies in developing performance-related specifications and predicting the performance and life-cycle costs of constructed Portland cement concrete pavement. PaveSpec can also simulate the risks and consequences of achieving different levels of quality for a project. The program can be downloaded at www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/pavespec/. For more information or to obtain a copy on CD, contact Peter Kopac at FHWA, 202-493-3151 (email: [email protected]).
Ensuring safety and mobility are of primary importance when designing and building a road. Today for a growing number of highway agencies, preserving environmental, community, scenic, and historic resources at the same time is another goal that's getting top billing.
When the Texas Department of Transportation (DOT) launched its Statewide program encouraging the use of recycled materials in 1994, in response to a legislative mandate, "no one really anticipated the great potential recycled materials held for road construction," says Rebecca Davio of the Texas DOT. Seven years later, the agency is spending $200 million a year on recycled products and has kept nearly 2.6 million tons of waste products out of landfills since the progra began. | <urn:uuid:d091bc0e-eb5f-4b1d-9521-2fcf44ebcdb0> | {
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Age of first foraging: How do workers know when to "graduate"?
Honey bee workers change jobs as they age. For the first 2-3 days after emerge from a cell, they spend most of their time cleaning cells and eating pollen. The protein in the pollen help the bees to development a pair of their special glands (hypopharyngeal glands) in the head, they are then ready to secret proteinaceous food to feed the larvae. So for the next 7-10 days workers spend the majority of their time feeding the larvae and taking care of the queen, and they are properly called "nurses". When workers are about 14 days old, they are now "mid-aged" and engage in activities that are near the nest periphery: receiving nectar collected by foragers, drying down the moisture in nectar to make it honey, building and fixing the wax cells throughout the hive. Some workers also have alternative career paths to become the "guards" and "undertakes". Guards stay near the entrance to keep foreign workers from entering a wrong hive -- they are usually in a highly alert position with their front 2-4 legs lifted from the substrate and their wings held tight together. They jump into other workers when they return to the hive to smell them if they are hivemates or not. Undertakers perform the job of removing dead bees out of the colony. Finally when workers are about 21-30 days old, they "graduate" from the home school to go out to forage. Foragers collect nectar as the source material for honey, pollen as their only protein source, water to dilute honey (in spring time) or to be evaporated to keep the hive cool (in summer), and propolis to seal cracks, Once a worker becomes a forager, she rarely does anything else inside the hive -- she becomes highly specialized and only does one job: foraging.
For many years it is not known what factors regulate the age of first foraging. Surely workers do not have calendars to keep track of everyone's age and say "worker number 251, you are now three weeks old and you should start foraging!" So how can on average, workers start foraging more or less around the same time (three weeks of age) in summer? Working with Gene Robinson, I have discovered that workers use a simple negative feedback system to regulate this process: as old foragers die off, the inhibition that keeps the other workers "at home"is reduced and other workers therefore graduate to become foragers (essentially replacing the dead foragers). Therefore, one can make bees to become foragers much earlier by making a single cohort colony that only has newly emerged bees (no foragers) -- in fact they can become foragers as early as 5-7 days of age compared to the usual 21-30 days. Conversely, keeping foragers at home would have the effect of delaying the onset of foraging on younger bees. This makes ecological sense: when there is a nectar dearth and foragers are not doing much outside, they would contact their hivemates at home more often and transmit the "inhibitor" more efficiently, thus delaying their age of first foraging. The alternative way of deciding when to become a forager: say using the abundance of freshly collected nectar or pollen, would make a "bad decision" -- younger bees would starting foraging earlier than usual due to the lack of newly collected food, but they would not find anything to forage, because there is currently a nectar dearth.
This research was conducted at University of Illinois and Prof. Gene Robinson is pursuing the checmical identity of the "inhibitor".
Back to Research at the MSU Apiculture Laboratory | <urn:uuid:6f656bd1-b96d-4465-9617-b5d81be303c1> | {
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|Slow growing, clumping bamboo with black culms and finely textured foliage. Leaves are narrow and dark green, to 5 inches long. New canes are green, turning black the second year. Spreads vigorously by runners. Excellent screen or easily grown in containers.
Bamboo is a common term for a large number of giant grasses that include many different species and varieties. There are two main types of bamboo. Runner types send out underground stems to varying distances and send up vertical shoots. These will grow in large thickets or groves if left alone. Runners are mainly found in temperate regions. Clump bamboos have underground stems that sprout vertical shoots much closer to their parent plants growing slowly outward. Clumpers tend to be tropical or subtropical. Bamboo has many uses worldwide from building materials to paper. | <urn:uuid:d0468e4c-e938-4844-9090-46f1c17d3e5c> | {
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Women living in neighborhoods exposed to debris generated by the destruction of the World Trade Center were twice as likely as women outside those neighborhoods to give birth to underweight babies, researchers report in the 5 August Journal of the American Medical Association.
Previous studies have linked low birth weight--a risk factor for some developmental problems--to heavy smoking and extreme air pollution. To see if pollution from the destruction of the World Trade Center had a similar effect, researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center tracked pregnant women who were living near the World Trade Center at the time of the attacks.
The researchers recruited 187 women, all of whom had been pregnant and in the area around the World Trade Center either on the day of the attacks or during the 3 weeks following. For comparison, they tracked more than 2300 pregnant women from elsewhere in New York City, who delivered babies in the same time period. All the women were at least 30 years old and mostly white, partnered, and college-educated. The researchers found almost no differences between the two groups' infants--except that 8.2% of babies in the World Trade Center group were in the lowest 10% of birth weights for their gestational age, compared to only 3.8% in the control group. Even after allowing for differences in smoking habits, mother's age, posttraumatic stress, and other factors, "the proximity of effects of the World Trade Center showed through," says Philip Landrigan, lead author of the study. The reason may be exposure to airborne particles or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from burning materials, the team says. They plan to follow the children, testing for effects on IQ and other developmental markers.
The study shows "a strong effect" for such a small sample of women, says Beate Ritz of the University of California, Los Angeles. However, she cautions that the results are preliminary and finds some flaws in the researchers' methods. Women in the World Trade Center group came to the study themselves, instead of being randomly selected, which could distort results. In addition, she says, women older than 30, like most of those enrolled in the study, have higher risk for adverse birth outcomes and are more susceptible to environmental hazards. "We don't know what the effect size would be" if there were younger women in the study, she says. | <urn:uuid:ef169f7d-d297-4035-87a1-73e3c91c9724> | {
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Summer School 2012
Theme I: art and faith
WEEK ONE : 9 – 13 July 2012
Course 1: Dr Cecily Hennessy
Nike to Angel: The Inception of Early Christian Art
Christian imagery is central to our knowledge and experience of western art during the past two millennia. This course explores the origins and influences of that imagery as it appears in wall paintings and monumental mosaics, in ivories, metalwork and manuscripts. In order to gain a perspective on its roots and influences, we look at key images and symbols from the pre-Christian world. We analyse their meanings and significance and discuss how they gained new interpretations when borrowed and adapted for fundamental aspects of Christian iconography. We also examine the role of art in religious belief and practice, focusing on key sites, such as Dura Europas in modern Syria and fascinating late antique cities, such as Ravenna, Rome and Constantinople as well as questioning major visual concepts such as the representation of Christ and of the Virgin. It is planned that visits include a special handling session at the British Museum.
WEEK TWO: 16–20 July 2012
Course 10: Dr Richard Williams
Art and the Reformation
This course is now FULL. Please contact us if you would like to be added to the waiting list
The Reformation ran in parallel with the Renaissance in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, each exerting a profound effect on the visual arts. Often caricaturing the Protestant Reformation as purely destructive, art history has usually downplayed or overlooked the ways in which it shaped and re-directed the arts. Cranach collaborated with Luther to reinvent religious art so that it avoided medieval ‘superstition’, and other German artists, including Dürer and Holbein, took different approaches in adapting to the changing climate. Bruegel and others developed new, less controversial subjects such as landscapes, still-life, and genre scenes. We can also detect a new ‘Protestant sensibility’ in the art of Rembrandt whose down-to-earth realism contrasts so dramatically with the grandiose works of Rubens, a representative of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Moreover, the Reformation forced a re-evaluation of the purpose of the visual image, shifting from a religious icon to a ‘work of art’, admired for its beauty. This course looks at the art of Northern Europe from the destruction of a rich tradition of medieval art to the flourishing of new and often very moving works. Visits will include the National Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings.
WEEK THREE: 23–27 July 2012
Course 19: Dr Rose Walker
The Road to Compostela
Wayside Cross in Santiago de Compostela
‘There are four roads … ’, so begins the ‘Pilgrim’s Guide’ to Santiago de Compostela in the Codex Calixtinus, the manuscript that was stolen from the cathedral in 2011. The text goes on to describe an itinerary of holy bodies; good and bad rivers; places to stay and people to avoid. Along those same roads some of the finest monuments of Romanesque art came into being.
This course will look at buildings, sculpture and reliquaries at sites along the roads in France and Spain, including the mesmeric image of Sainte-Foy at Conques and the cloisters of Moissac and Santo Domingo de Silos. It will also look at England’s fascination with Santiago de Compostela over the centuries. We will visit the Victoria and Albert Museum, the British Museum, and Reading Abbey where they once claimed to have the arm of St James. | <urn:uuid:3d5a5d5b-e048-4868-aa78-97f5a136871a> | {
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What lies beneath the waters surface Sandy Floors
At first sight, sandy floors seem almost empty of life. There are no plants like the seagrass meadows and there are no reefs. Nevertheless, sandy floors are important to the marine environment.
Hear all about it!
At first sight, sandy floors seem almost empty of life. There are no plants like the seagrass meadows and there are no reefs. Nevertheless, sandy floors are important to the marine environment. The sand itself sieves the seawater and filters nutrients out. This means bacteria and other microorganisms can live in the sand and near its surface.
Detritus (waste matter) builds up in the sandy floor, where decomposers like the sea cucumber filter feed the sand. These creatures clean the sand particles of the waste matter and this forms their food. The waste from the sea cucumber is clean sand.
Sandy floors are also home to molluscs and crustaceans. Some of these creatures use the sand as their base and filter the seawater to feed on nutrients and microorganisms.
Most creatures live in the sand and emerge usually at night to feed or breed. The Bubble Shell, Moon Shell, Razor Clam, the Two-spot Swimming Crab, the Blue Manna Swimming Crab and a variety of other shells and crustaceans can be found living in this habitat.
When snorkelling, look out for tracks left on the sandy floors by the movements these creatures. You can also see rays in these sandy shallows and fish like the Silver Drummer and Western Buffalo Bream swimming there in schools.
Conservation StatusThe waters around Rottnest Island are a designated Marine Reserve. Also, some parts of Rottnest’ sandy floors are included the Marine Sanctuary Zones shown in the Rottnest Island Marine Management Strategy (2007).
- Extinct in Wild
- Critically Endangered
- Near Threatened
- Least Concerned
Protect this sensitive habitat and preserve the Island’s ecosystem by:
Do Not stand on reef and coral while snorkelling or diving
Do use water wisely on the island
Do dispose of your litter correctly
Do anchor only in sandy areas of water
Do snorkel and enjoy the marine environment | <urn:uuid:4e9af1a6-9e95-4e96-9f32-c3d6329d1ee0> | {
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On March 6, 1900, the body of a working man was found in a basement
in San Francisco's Chinese quarter, apparently dead of plague. The San Francisco
Board of Health took prompt action, quarantining the entire Chinatown area.
A house-to-house search, led by uniformed police officers, was made for other
victims and for various unsanitary conditions. Within hours, the Chinatown
community was alarmed and the sick and dead were hidden, while fears were
voiced that the entire quarter would be razed, as had happened in Honolulu's
Chinatown. Despite pathological confirmation of plague, the strong public
response forced the quarantine to be lifted after 3 days. Over the next 2
months, while San Franciscans debated the scientific, public health, and commercial
aspects of the discovery, more plague cases were identified. Unable to organize
an effective response, concerned about the spread of the disease to other
cities, and convinced by the notion that Asians were particularly susceptible
to plague because of their dietary reliance on rice rather than animal protein,
President McKinley ordered a quarantine of all Chinese and Japanese persons
in San Francisco. Railroads and other means of public transportation were
forbidden from carrying Asians and other members of what McKinley called "races
liable to the plague" out of the city unless they held health certificates
from the Marine Hospital Service, the predecessor of the US Public Health
Service.1 The presidential order was challenged
in federal court, which held that it was a clear violation of the equal protection
guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and the quarantine
was overturned.2 But the combination of
scientific and medical uncertainty, commercial concerns, and the vulnerability
of marginalized groups would recur repeatedly over the succeeding century,
leading to unjust and often ineffective control of infectious outbreaks.
Even in situations of less urgency than plague, social inequities have
intruded into apparently scientific infection control measures. At the turn
of the 20th century, when communicable diseases like diphtheria and typhoid
were thought of as major public health threats, quarantine regulations were
enforced differently for the rich and for the poor. While well-to-do families
were permitted to quarantine their sick in their own homes or were entirely
shielded from the issue by private physicians who simply chose not to report
their cases to the city, the poor were more often carried off to municipal
isolation wards, while their homes were placarded with signs warning that
a case of "scarlet fever" or "measles" had occurred there.3 Similar
disparities occurred among persons traveling to the United States from Europe.
While steerage and third-class passengers were taken off the incoming ships
in the harbor and landed at quarantine stations like Ellis Island in New York
City to be examined for signs of contagion, cabin-class passengers were examined
only briefly in their cabins and then landed directly in Manhattan to continue
their journeys without further interruption.4 Public
health concerns were defined by many public health officials as issues of
race and economic status. In fact, so closely were the signs and symptoms
of infection linked to ethnicity in the minds of public health officials that
when physicians diagnosed typhus in the Devlin sisters, 2 native-born New
York school girls, the health department simply rejected the diagnosis, and
the girls were not quarantined.3 Although
some conditions of life for the poorer classes may have made them more vulnerable
to infection, in many cases the targets for quarantine were populations with
low rates of morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases.3
Maintaining public health is a police function of the state5; the government may impose restrictions on private
rights to promote the health and welfare of the general public. At the turn
of the 20th century, the New York City Board of Health included the police
commissioner. Police officers can be used to enforce quarantine orders, as
they were in San Francisco in 1900. However, government coercion conflicts
with US traditions of antiauthoritarianism and personal liberty, requiring
careful thought if quarantine is to be considered for control of infectious
disease.6 A strategy of cooperation, though,
depends on trust in the public health system and in the authorities responsible
for it. Traditional methods of quarantine and isolation, such as those used
in San Francisco in 1900, those applied to immigrants in the early 20th century,
and those used to detain persons with tuberculosis in more recent times,7 have frequently fallen short of these standards.
Isolation strategies have often dealt differently with persons of different
social and economic status, and the burdens of infection control policies
have fallen more heavily on those least able to bear them—the poor,
immigrants, and marginalized ethnic groups.
Funding/Support: This work was supported in
part by the US Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cooperative Agreement for Academic Centers for Public Health Preparedness.
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Athens and Shibboleth are access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. They replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Athens or Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password. | <urn:uuid:928565d0-c821-4963-9580-366f1471d0c5> | {
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Google's Kurzweil on teaching human language to computers
The noted inventor and futurist tells Singularity Hub that one of the challenges to language processing is teaching computers to process information in a hierarchical fashion, as mammals do.
Famed inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil joined Google last month to work on "some of the hardest problems in computer science," specifically machine learning and language processing.
"The project we plan to do is focused on natural language understanding," Kurzweil told Singularity Hub in an interview (see video below). "We want to give computers the ability to understand the language that they're reading."
As Google's director of engineering, Kurzweil's said the challenge isn't just one of the hardest but also the most important.
"It's ambitious, in fact there's no more important project than understanding intelligence and re-creating it," he said.
Kurzweil explains that one of the chief challenges he and his team at Google face is that language is hierarchical and only mammals have the ability to understand hierarchical ideas. Kurzweil notes that computers such as IBM's Watson are now being programmed to process human information in a similar fashion.
Kurzweil predicts that fruits of his research will eventually be applied "Google scale" -- to the Web giant's vast data resources.
"I envision some years from now that the majority of search queries will be answered without you actually asking," Kurzweil said. "It'll just know this is something that you're going to want to see." | <urn:uuid:16c2fc1d-0c7d-4041-b7e8-cc1d3f387ef9> | {
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Digital applications enable brands to engage with a large number of users and promote themselves in a digital environment.
What are digital applications
Origins of digital applications can be found in ancient Greece. It was an age when philosophers and programmers would debate for days on the use and purpose of digital applications, better known as aplicatiae digitale. Just kidding, the Greeks called them aplicatius digitalius. Ok, enough…
Application software is a computer program, or a combination of several computer programs, developed to carry out specific operations such as writing, calculating or any other. It’s not the same as a system software which only executes application software. A good example of an application software is Microsoft Office with all of its components, whereas Microsoft Windows is an example of a system software which executes Office.
Digital applications in marketing
Digital applications are powerful means of communication as they allow brands to reach their overall communication goals. In digital marketing, they enable brands to engage with a large number of internet users and promote themselves in a digital environment.
Types of digital applications
1. Brand awareness digital applications
Brand awareness applications aim to attract a large number of users and increase the number of fans or followers as much as possible. In various industries, we managed to reach end users, introduce them to the brand, and double the number of Facebook fans. It’s important to note that digital applications later affected business results for the better.
2. Performance digital applications
With performance applications, goals are different. Clients want to increase sales, reach a high ROI etc. We had the most success with clients in medical and tourism industry. By using Facebook as a sales channel, we managed to increased ROI above 30 in one case and above 10 in another case. We also increased sales by 50 and 25 percent respectively.
3. Mixed digital applications
Mixed digital applications simply have both goals. Attract users and make better business results.
To be successful, digital applications should be made with a couple of important characteristics in mind.
Usefulness: they need to solve customers’ problems or fulfill their needs.
Accordance with communication strategies: in order to get the brand message out clearly, digital applications have to follow the same communication guidelines as the rest of the company’s marketing activities.
Visual attractiveness: users are more likely to use digital applications and interact with them if they look and feel good. That’s why UX (user experience) and UI (user interface) design principles are taken into account during the development phase.
Gamification: challenging and rewarding digital applications achieve the best results as the users put their maximum effort to get the most out of it, which is also good for the brand.
Fun: it’s essential for digital applications to be entertaining, because people generally go online to enjoy themselves. Fun applications lead to stronger user engagement and an intensive viral effect of the application.
Value of digital applications
Digital applications allow users to engage with a brand. Their purpose is to communicate a brand, raise brand awareness and make the brand more exposed to the customer. We also use them as communication platforms as well as platforms for lead generation and market research.
Brand exposure during the usage of the application
Users are on our home field; we communicate with customers instantly, send them messages and communicate the values of a brand. This kind of live communication through digital applications has proven to be among the most effective types you can do online.
Retention within the application
On average, users spend 5 to 7 minutes in digital applications. Those 5 to 7 minutes are extremely valuable to us because users create their opinions on the brand during that period. Slowly, users get closer to us until they are completely “caught”, and that leads us to our next point.
Lead generation and market research
Users of digital applications provide valuable information that can be used in future activities. We know for how long were they exposed to our brand, what they like about our products or services, whether they are already using them and much more. Users give this information voluntarily by giving a permission when entering the app, thus excluding the fact that the information will be used against them. Brands can then create ads targeted to specific groups of people and, based on the given information, provide products or services fit for them.
There are a lot of ways to achieve great results, but they all have this things in common. Your every campaign has to be measurable and targeted for each specific group of users. That’s the right path to success, and you have to be on it. Otherwise… well, you do the math. ;) | <urn:uuid:b0d71de7-c65c-4844-962d-fab381a907ab> | {
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Herbs, perennials, epiphytes, shrubs or trees, usually succulent. Stems variously modified: cylindric, flattened or spherical, bearing complex axillary, rounded, usually raised structures (areoles) The areoles bear flowers, leaves, spine clusters and often barbed bristles. Leaves present, often deciduous, or reduced or 0. Flowers solitary, sessile (except Pereskia), bisexual, usually actinomorphic. Perianth segments in gradual transition from green sepals to often very showy petals. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior, 1-locular. Fruit usually a berry, rarely a capsule. | <urn:uuid:f344cb9a-f1af-45cc-8904-e427c54e5338> | {
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What a great week of school! I found this fun lego unit study from Walking by the Way and it was great motivation for Mj!! Here's what Mj did this week.
Bible: Mj learned about Balaam and his talking donkey, Rahab, the battle of Jericho and Achan's sin. He memorized Numbers 24:17a "I shall see Him, but not now: I shall behold Him, but not night: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Scepter shall rise out of Israel." A great prophecy about Jesus. He also wrote a letter of encouragement to his Wednesday night church teacher who is in her first semester of college.
English: Mj's learning how to write instructions. We read instructions on making fingerprints and then Mj wrote how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
Math: Mj reviewed his calendar skills and learned about time. He learned about time to the 5 minutes and how to say time in different ways (quarter after, quarter til, half past, 20 minutes after, 10 minutes before, etc.)
Reading: Mj read a play about a family of Pilgrims on the Mayflower and he read a story about a boy who was allergic to animals and wanted a pet.
Heritage Studies: Mj began a chapter on Starting the Colonies. He learned about Virginia and the reason people came to Virginia was to find gold. He also learned about Pocahontas and John Smith.
Mj is pointing to Virginia on his "Why did the Colonists Come?" Paper.
Science: Mj learned the difference between cartilage and bones. He also learned that minerals make our bones strong and that's why it's important to drink milk. We played a review game where Mj had to give me the sign language "B" or "C" to tell me if the body part was bone or cartilage
The ear is cartilage.Lego Unit Study: Mj learned a lot about Legos this week. Legos were invented by Ole Kirk Kristiansen in Denmark. They were first made out of wood. He watched a video about how Lego's are made and also watched a video of different Lego creations. He also learned why Lego's fit together and don't come apart easily.
Finding Denmark on the globe. | <urn:uuid:f3fe3ce5-27ae-41db-8449-85ccfb9388fb> | {
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Legazpi is a town of about 9000 inhabitants located on top of Urola valley, in Guipuzcoa. Surrounded by many mountains, and near to the Aizkorri mountain range, its predominant economic activity is industrial (manufacture, metalurgics, plastics).
The rich industrial tradition of Legazpi comes from the Middle Ages, when transformation of iron minerals was given by "haizeolak" (meaning "factories moved by wind"). Later, during XIVth century, the energy of water replaced wind in the process, and several "iron factories moved by water" were founded ("ur", water and "ola", factory are the two components of the river Urola, crossing Legazpi). This industrial tradition had its continuity in modern times, and Legazpi became one of the most important metallurgic centres in the industrialised modern Basque Country.
One of the XIVth century factories (called Mirandaola) has remained until today, being the heart of an interesting complex where traditions and ways of living from the past are shown. | <urn:uuid:ffda4951-97d8-4e85-8d3b-26f7f0a9b998> | {
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MANDATE OF IETC
In 2005, UNEP IETC developed a full-fledged portfolio on waste management, which initially comprised two focal areas: resource augmentation by utilizing waste and integrated solid waste management. After the successful implementation of an initial set of activities, there was demand to address specific waste streams such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE / e-waste), waste agricultural biomass, health care waste, waste oils, waste plastics, and disaster debris. In 2009, UNEP Governing Council 25 acknowledged the efforts of UNEP IETC and requested a scaling up of the activities.
Water and sanitation
Historically, water has been a key focal area with initiatives on the management of lakes and reservoirs, integrated water resource management (IWRM) based on the ecosystem approach, and promotion of water-related ESTs. UNEP IETC's water and sanitation programme has aimed to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation, particularly through wastewater management. In the future, water and sanitation will be addressed as part of the waste management agenda.
UNEP IETC has experience in a wide range of activities including technical assistance, demonstration/ pilot projects, capacity building, and advisory services. | <urn:uuid:9226f937-a807-44f4-a004-a7f36f3b4a26> | {
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For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little.--ISAIAH.
THIS chapter is from the first edition of the author's class-book, copyrighted in 1870. After much labor and increased spiritual understanding, she revised that treatise for this volume in 1875. Absolute Christian Science pervades its statements, to elucidate scientific metaphysics.
Question.--What is God? Answer.--God is incorporeal, divine, supreme, infinite Mind, Spirit, Soul, Principle, Life, Truth, Love.
Question.--Are these terms synonymous? Answer.--They are. They refer to one absolute God. They are also intended to express the nature, essence, and wholeness of Deity. The attributes of God are justice, mercy, wisdom, goodness, and so on.
Question.--Is there more than one God or Principle? Answer.--There is not. Principle and its idea is one, and this one is God, omnipotent, omniscient, and omni
present Being, and His reflection is man and the universe. Omni is adopted from the Latin adjective signifying all. Hence God combines all-power or potency, all-science or true knowledge, all-presence. The varied manifestations of Christian Science indicate Mind, never matter, and have one Principle.
Real versus unrealQuestion.--What are spirits and souls? Answer.--To human belief, they are personalities constituted of mind and matter, life and death, truth and error, good and evil; but these contrasting pairs of terms represent contraries, as Christian Science reveals, which neither dwell together nor assimilate. Truth is immortal; error is mortal. Truth is limitless; error is limited. Truth is intelligent; error is non-intelligent. Moreover, Truth is real, and error is unreal. This last statement contains the point you will most reluctantly admit, although first and last it is the most important to understand.
Mankind redeemedThe term souls or spirits is as improper as the term gods. Soul or Spirit signifies Deity and nothing else. There is no finite soul nor spirit. Soul or Spirit means only one Mind, and cannot be rendered in the plural. Heathen mythology and Jewish theology have perpetuated the fallacy that intelligence, soul, and life can be in matter; and idolatry and ritualism are the outcome of all man-made beliefs. The Science of Christianity comes with fan in hand to separate the chaff from the wheat. Science will declare God aright, and Christianity will demonstrate this declaration and its divine Principle, making mankind better physically, morally, and spiritually.
Two chief commandsQuestion.--What are the demands of the Science of Soul? Answer.--The first demand of this Science is, "Thou shalt have no other gods before me." This me is Spirit. Therefore the command means this: Thou shalt have no intelligence, no life, no substance, no truth, no love, but that which is spiritual. The second is like unto it, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." It should be thoroughly understood that all men have one Mind, one God and Father, one Life, Truth, and Love. Mankind will become perfect in proportion as this fact becomes apparent, war will cease and the true brotherhood of man will be established. Having no other gods, turning to no other but the one perfect Mind to guide him, man is the likeness of God, pure and eternal, having that Mind which was also in Christ.
Soul not confined in bodyScience reveals Spirit, Soul, as not in the body, and God as not in man but as reflected by man. The greater cannot be in the lesser. The belief that the greater can be in the lesser is an error that works ill. This is a leading point in the Science of Soul, that Principle is not in its idea. Spirit, Soul, is not confined in man, and is never in matter. We reason imperfectly from effect to cause, when we conclude that matter is the effect of Spirit; but a priori reasoning shows material existence to be enigmatical. Spirit gives the true mental idea. We cannot interpret Spirit, Mind, through matter. Matter neither sees, hears, nor feels.
Sinlessness of Mind, SoulReasoning from cause to effect in the Science of Mind, we begin with Mind, which must be understood through the idea which expresses it and cannot be learned from its opposite, matter. Thus we
arrive at Truth, or intelligence, which evolves its own unerring idea and never can be coordinate with human illusions. If Soul sinned, it would be mortal, for sin is mortality's self, because it kills itself. If Truth is immortal, error must be mortal, because error is unlike Truth. Because Soul is immortal, Soul cannot sin, for sin is not the eternal verity of being.
Question.--What is the scientific statement of being? Answer. - There is no life, truth, intelligence, nor substance in matter. All is infinite Mind and its infinite manifestation, for God is All-in-all. Spirit is immortal Truth; matter is mortal error. Spirit is the real and eternal; matter is the unreal and temporal. Spirit is God, and man is His image and likeness. Therefore man is not material; he is spiritual.
Spiritual synonymsQuestion.--What is substance? Answer. - Substance is that which is eternal and incapable of discord and decay. Truth, Life, and Love are substance, as the Scriptures use this word in Hebrews: "The substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen." Spirit, the synonym of Mind, Soul, or God, is the only real substance. The spiritual universe, including individual man, is a compound idea, reflecting the divine substance of Spirit.
Eternity of LifeQuestion.--What is Life? Answer.--Life is divine Principle, Mind, Soul, Spirit. Life is without beginning and without end. Eternity, not time, expresses the thought of Life, and time is no part of eternity. One ceases in proportion as the other is recognized. Time is finite;
eternity is forever infinite. Life is neither in nor of matter. What is termed matter is unknown to Spirit, which includes in itself all substance and is Life eternal. Matter is a human concept. Life is divine Mind. Life is not limited. Death and finiteness are unknown to Life. If Life ever had a beginning, it would also have an ending.
Question.--What is intelligence? Answer.--Intelligence is omniscience, omnipresence, and omnipotence. It is the primal and eternal quality of infinite Mind, of the triune Principle,--Life, Truth, and Love,--named God.
True sense of infinitudeQuestion.--What is Mind? Answer.--Mind is God. The exterminator of error is the great truth that God, good, is the only Mind, and that the supposititious opposite of infinite Mind - called devil or evil--is not Mind, is not Truth, but error, without intelligence or reality. There can be but one Mind, because there is but one God; and if mortals claimed no other Mind and accepted no other, sin would be unknown. We can have but one Mind, if that one is infinite. We bury the sense of infinitude, when we admit that, although God is infinite, evil has a place in this infinity, for evil can have no place, where all space is filled with God.
The sole governorWe lose the high signification of omnipotence, when after admitting that God, or good, is omnipresent and has all-power, we still believe there is another power, named evil. This belief that there is more than one mind is as pernicious to divine theology as are ancient mythology and pagan idolatry. With
one Father, even God, the whole family of man would be brethren; and with one Mind and that God, or good, the brotherhood of man would consist of Love and Truth, and have unity of Principle and spiritual power which constitute divine Science. The supposed existence of more than one mind was the basic error of idolatry. This error assumed the loss of spiritual power, the loss of the spiritual presence of Life as infinite Truth without an unlikeness, and the loss of Love as ever present and universal.
The divine standard of perfectionDivine Science explains the abstract statement that there is one Mind by the following self-evident proposition: If God, or good, is real, then evil, the unlikeness of God, is unreal. And evil can only seem to be real by giving reality to the unreal. The children of God have but one Mind. How can good lapse into evil, when God, the Mind of man, never sins? The standard of perfection was originally God and man. Has God taken down His own standard, and has man fallen?
Indestructible relationshipGod is the creator of man, and, the divine Principle of man remaining perfect, the divine idea or reflection, man, remains perfect. Man is the expression of God's being. If there ever was a moment when man did not express the divine perfection, then there was a moment when man did not express God, and consequently a time when Deity was unexpressed - that is, without entity. If man has lost perfection, then he has lost his perfect Principle, the divine Mind. If man ever existed without this perfect Principle or Mind, then man's existence was a myth.
The relations of God and man, divine Principle and
idea, are indestructible in Science; and Science knows no lapse from nor return to harmony, but holds the divine order or spiritual law, in which God and all that He creates are perfect and eternal, to have remained unchanged in its eternal history.
Celestial evidenceThe unlikeness of Truth, - named error, - the opposite of Science, and the evidence before the five corporeal senses, afford no indication of the grand facts of being; even as these so-called senses receive no intimation of the earth's motions or of the science of astronomy, but yield assent to astronomical propositions on the authority of natural science. The facts of divine Science should be admitted, although the evidence as to these facts is not supported by evil, by matter, or by material sense,--because the evidence that God and man coexist is fully sustained by spiritual sense. Man is, and forever has been, God's reflection. God is infinite, therefore ever present, and there is no other power nor presence. Hence the spirituality of the universe is the only fact of creation. "Let God be true, but every [material] man a liar."
The test of experienceQuestion.--Are doctrines and creeds a benefit to man? Answer.--The author subscribed to an orthodox creed in early youth, and tried to adhere to it until she caught the first gleam of that which interprets God as above mortal sense. This view rebuked human beliefs, and gave the spiritual import, expressed through Science, of all that proceeds from the divine Mind. Since then her highest creed has been divine Science, which, reduced to human apprehension, she has named Christian Science. This Science
teaches man that God is the only Life, and that this Life is Truth and Love; that God is to be understood, adored, and demonstrated; that divine Truth casts out suppositional error and heals the sick.
God's law destroys evilThe way which leads to Christian Science is straight and narrow. God has set His signet upon Science, making it coordinate with all that is real and only with that which is harmonious and eternal. Sickness, sin, and death, being inharmonious, do not originate in God nor belong to His government. His law, rightly understood, destroys them. Jesus furnished proofs of these statements.
Evanescent materialityQuestion.--What is error? Answer.--Error is a supposition that pleasure and pain, that intelligence, substance, life, are existent in matter. Error is neither Mind nor one of Mind's faculties. Error is the contradiction of Truth. Error is a belief without understanding. Error is unreal because untrue. It is that which seemeth to be and is not. If error were true, its truth would be error, and we should have a self-evident absurdity--namely, erroneous truth. Thus we should continue to lose the standard of Truth.
Unrealities that seem realQuestion.--Is there no sin? Answer. - All reality is in God and His creation, harmonious and eternal. That which He creates is good, and He makes all that is made. Therefore the only reality of sin, sickness, or death is the awful fact that unrealities seem real to human, erring belief, until God strips off their disguise. They are not true, because they are not of God. We learn in Christian
Science that all inharmony of mortal mind or body is illusion, possessing neither reality nor identity though seeming to be real and identical.
Christ the ideal TruthThe Science of Mind disposes of all evil. Truth, God, is not the father of error. Sin, sickness, and death are to be classified as effects of error. Christ came to destroy the belief of sin. The Godprinciple is omnipresent and omnipotent. God is everywhere, and nothing apart from Him is present or has power. Christ is the ideal Truth, that comes to heal sickness and sin through Christian Science, and attributes all power to God. Jesus is the name of the man who, more than all other men, has presented Christ, the true idea of God, healing the sick and the sinning and destroying the power of death. Jesus is the human man, and Christ is the divine idea; hence the duality of Jesus the Christ.
Jesus not GodIn an age of ecclesiastical despotism, Jesus introduced the teaching and practice of Christianity, affording the proof of Christianity's truth and love; but to reach his example and to test its unerring Sci- ence according to his rule, healing sickness, sin, and death, a better understanding of God as divine Principle, Love, rather than personality or the man Jesus, is required.
Jesus not understoodJesus established what he said by demonstration, thus making his acts of higher importance than his words. He proved what he taught. This is the Science of Christianity. Jesus proved the Principle, which heals the sick and casts out error, to be divine. Few, however, except his students understood in the least his teachings and their glorious
proofs, - namely, that Life, Truth, and Love (the Principle of this unacknowledged Science) destroy all error, evil, disease, and death.
Miracles rejectedThe reception accorded to Truth in the early Christian era is repeated to-day. Whoever introduces the Science of Christianity will be scoffed at and scourged with worse cords than those which cut the flesh. To the ignorant age in which it first appears, Science seems to be a mistake,--hence the misinterpretation and consequent maltreatment which it receives. Christian marvels (and marvel is the simple meaning of the Greek word rendered miracle in the New Testament) will be misunderstood and misused by many, until the glorious Principle of these marvels is gained.
Divine fulfilmentIf sin, sickness, and death are as real as Life, Truth, and Love, then they must all be from the same source; God must be their author. Now Jesus came to destroy sin, sickness, and death yet the Scriptures aver, "I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil." Is it possible, then, to believe that the evils which Jesus lived to destroy are real or the offspring of the divine will?
Truth destroys falsityDespite the hallowing influence of Truth in the destruction of error, must error still be immortal? Truth spares all that is true. If evil is real, Truth must make it so; but error, not Truth, is the author of the unreal, and the unreal vanishes, while all that is real is eternal. The apostle says that the mission of Christ is to "destroy the works of the devil." Truth destroys falsity and error, for light and darkness cannot dwell together. Light extinguishes the
darkness, and the Scripture declares that there is "no night there." To Truth there is no error,--all is Truth. To infinite Spirit there is no matter,--all is Spirit, divine Principle and its idea.
Fleshly factors unrealQuestion.--What is man? Answer.--Man is not matter; he is not made up of brain, blood, bones, and other material elements. The Scriptures inform us that man is made in the image and likeness of God. Matter is not that likeness. The likeness of Spirit cannot be so unlike Spirit. Man is spiritual and perfect; and because he is spiritual and perfect, he must be so understood in Christian Science. Man is idea, the image, of Love; lie is not physique. He is the compound idea of God, including all right ideas; the generic term for all that reflects God's image and likeness; the conscious identity of being as found in Science, in which man is the reflection of God, or Mind, and therefore is eternal; that which has no separate mind from God; that which has not a single quality underived from Deity; that which possesses no life, intelligence, nor creative power of his own, but reflects spiritually all that belongs to his Maker.
And God said: "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth."
Man unfallenMan is incapable of sin, sickness, and death. The real man cannot depart from holiness, nor can God, by whom man is evolved, engender the capacity or freedom to sin. A mortal sinner is not
God's man. Mortals are the counterfeits of immortals. They are the children of the wicked one, or the one evil, which declares that man begins in dust or as a material embryo. In divine Science, God and the real man are inseparable as divine Principle and idea.
Mortals are not immortalsError, urged to its final limits, is self-destroyed. Error will cease to claim that soul is in body, that life and intelligence are in matter, and that this matter is man. God is the Principle of man, and man is the idea of God. Hence man is not mortal nor material. Mortals will disappear, and immortals, or the children of God, will appear as the only and eternal verities of man. Mortals are not fallen children of God. They never had a perfect state of being, which may subsequently be regained. They were, from the beginning of mortal history, "conceived in sin and brought forth in iniquity." Mortality is finally swallowed up in immortality. Sin, sickness, and death must disappear to give place to the facts which belong to immortal man.
Imperishable identityLearn this, O mortal, and earnestly seek the spiritual status of man, which is outside of all material selfhood. Remember that the Scriptures say of mortal man: "As for man, his days are as grass: as a flower of the field, so he flourisheth. For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place thereof shall know it no more."
The kingdom withinWhen speaking of God's children, not the children of men, Jesus said, "The kingdom of God is within you;" that is, Truth and Love reign in the real man, showing that man in God's image is unfallen and eternal. Jesus beheld in Science the per
fect man, who appeared to him where sinning mortal man appears to mortals. In this perfect man the Saviour saw God's own likeness, and this correct view of man healed the sick. Thus Jesus taught that the kingdom of God is intact, universal, and that man is pure and holy. Man is not a material habitation for Soul; he is himself spiritual. Soul, being Spirit, is seen in nothing imperfect nor material.
Material body never God's ideaWhatever is material is mortal. To the five corporeal senses, man appears to be matter and mind united; but Christian Science reveals man as the idea of God, and declares the corporeal senses to be mortal and erring illusions. Divine Science shows it to be impossible that a material body, though interwoven with matter's highest stratum, misnamed mind, should be man,--the genuine and perfect man, the immortal idea of being, indestructible and eternal. Were it otherwise, man would be annihilated.
Reflection of SpiritQuestion.--What are body and Soul? Answer. - Identity is the reflection of Spirit, the reflection in multifarious forms of the living Principle, Love. Soul is the substance, Life, and intelligence of man, which is individualized, but not in matter. Soul can never reflect anything inferior to Spirit.
Man inseparable from SpiritMan is the expression of Soul. The Indians caught some glimpses of the underlying reality, when they called a certain beautiful lake "the smile of the Great Spirit." Separated from man, who expresses Soul, Spirit would be a nonentity; man, divorced from Spirit, would lose his entity. But there is,
there can be, no such division, for man is coexistent with God.
A vacant domicileWhat evidence of Soul or of immortality have you within mortality? Even according to the teachings of natural science, man has never beheld Spirit or Soul leaving a body or entering it. What basis is there for the theory of indwelling spirit, except the claim of mortal belief? What would be thought of the declaration that a house was inhabited, and by a certain class of persons, when no such persons were ever seen to go into the house or to come out of it, nor were they even visible through the windows? Who can see a soul in the body?
Harmonious functionsQuestion.--Does brain think, and do nerves feel, and is there intelligence in matter? Answer.--No, not if God is true and mortal man a liar. The assertion that there can be pain or pleasure in matter is erroneous. That body is most harmonious in which the discharge of the natural functions is least noticeable. How can intelligence dwell in matter when matter is non-intelligent and brain-lobes cannot think? Matter cannot perform the functions of Mind. Error says, "I am man;" but this belief is mortal and far from actual. From beginning to end, whatever is mortal is composed of material human beliefs and of nothing else. That only is real which reflects God. St. Paul said, "But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother's womb, and called me by His grace, . . . I conferred not with flesh and blood."
Immortal birthrightMortal man is really a self-contradictory phrase, for man is not mortal, "neither indeed can be;" man is im
mortal. If a child is the offspring of physical sense and not of Soul, the child must have a material, not a spiritual origin. With what truth, then, could the Scriptural rejoicing be uttered by any mother, "I have gotten a man from the Lord"? On the contrary, if aught comes from God, it cannot be mortal and material; it must be immortal and spiritual.
Matter's supposed selfhoodMatter is neither self-existent nor a product of Spirit. An image of mortal thought, reflected on the retina, is all that the eye beholds. Matter cannot see, feel, hear, taste, nor smell. It is not selfcognizant,--cannot feel itself, see itself, nor understand itself. Take away so-called mortal mind, which constitutes matter's supposed selfhood, and matter can take no cognizance of matter. Does that which we call dead ever see, hear, feel, or use any of the physical senses?
Chaos and darkness"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep." (Genesis i. 1, 2.) In the vast forever, in the Science and truth of being, the only facts are Spirit and its innumerable creations. Darkness and chaos are the imaginary opposites of light, understanding, and eternal harmony, and they are the elements of nothingness.
Spiritual reflectionWe admit that black is not a color, because it reflects no light. So evil should be denied identity or power, because it has none of the divine hues. Paul says: "For the invisible things of Him, from the creation of the world, are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made." (Romans i. 20.)
When the substance of Spirit appears in Christian Science, the nothingness of matter is recognized. Where the spirit of God is, and there is no place where God is not, evil becomes nothing, - the opposite of the something of Spirit. If there is no spiritual reflection, then there remains only the darkness of vacuity and not a trace of heavenly tints.
Harmony from SpiritNerves are an element of the belief that there is sensation in matter, whereas matter is devoid of sensation. Consciousness, as well as action, is governed by Mind, - is in God, the origin and governor of all that Science reveals. Material sense has its realm apart from Science in the unreal. Harmonious action proceeds from Spirit, God. inharmony has no Principle; its action is erroneous and presupposes man to be in matter. Inharmony would make matter the cause as well as the effect of intelligence, or Soul, thus attempting to separate Mind from God.
Evil non-existentMan is not God, and God is not man. Again, God, or good, never made man capable of sin. It is the opposite of good--that is, evil--which seems to make men capable of wrong-doing. Hence, evil is but an illusion, and it has no real basis. Evil is a false belief. God is not its author. The supposititious parent of evil is a lie.
Vapor and nothingnessThe Bible declares: "All things were made by Him [the divine Word]; and without Him was not anything, made that was made." This is the eternal verity of divine Science. If sin, sickness, death were understood as nothingness, they would disappear. As vapor melts before the sun, so evil would vanish before the reality of good. One must hide the
other. How important, then, to choose good as the reality! Man is tributary to God, Spirit, and to nothing else. God's being is infinity, freedom, harmony, and boundless bliss. "Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty." Like the archpriests of yore, man is free "to enter into the holiest,"--the realm of God.
The fruit forbiddenMaterial sense never helps mortals to understand Spirit, God. Through spiritual sense only, man comprehends and loves Deity. The various con- tradictions of the Science of Mind by the material senses do not change the unseen Truth, which remains forever intact. The forbidden fruit of knowledge, against which wisdom warns man, is the testimony of error, declaring existence to be at the mercy of death, and good and evil to be capable of commingling. This is the significance of the Scripture concerning this "tree of the knowledge of good and evil,"--this growth of material belief, of which it is said: "In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." Human hypotheses first assume the reality of sickness, sin, and death, and then assume the necessity of these evils because of their admitted actuality. These human verdicts are the procurers of all discord.
Sense and pure SoulIf Soul sins, it must be mortal. Sin has the elements of self-destruction. It cannot sustain itself. If sin is supported, God must uphold it, and this is impossible, since Truth cannot support error. Soul is the divine Principle of man and never sins, hence the immortality of Soul. In Science we learn that it is material sense, not Soul, which sins; and it will be found that it is the sense of sin which is lost, and not a sinful soul. When reading the Scriptures, the substitu
tion of the word sense for soul gives the exact meaning in a majority of cases.
Soul definedHuman thought has adulterated the meaning of the word soul through the hypothesis that soul is both an evil and a good intelligence, resident in matter. The proper use of the word soul can always be gained by substituting the word God, where the deific meaning is required. In other cases, use the word sense, and you will have the scientific signification. As used in Christian Science, Soul is properly the synonym of Spirit, or God; but out of Science, soul is identical with sense, with material sensation.
Sonship of JesusQuestion. - Is it important to understand these explanations in order to heal the sick? Answer.--It is, since Christ is "the way" and the truth casting out all error. Jesus called himself "the Son of man," but not the son of Joseph. As woman is but a species of the genera, he was literally the Son of Man. Jesus was the highest human concept of the perfect man. He was inseparable from Christ, the Messiah,--the divine idea of God outside the flesh. This enabled Jesus to demonstrate his control over matter. Angels announced to the Wisemen of old this dual appearing, and angels whisper it, through faith, to the hungering heart in every age.
Sickness erroneousSickness is part of the error which Truth casts out. Error will not expel error. Christian Science is the law of Truth, which heals the sick, on the basis of the one Mind or God. It can heal in no other way, since the human, mortal mind so-called is not a healer, but causes the belief in disease.
True healing transcendentThen comes the question, how do drugs, hygiene, and animal magnetism heal? It may be affirmed that they do not heal, but only relieve suffering temporarily, exchanging one disease for another. We classify disease as error, which nothing but Truth or Mind can heal, and this Mind must be divine, not human. Mind transcends all other power, and will ultimately supersede all other means in healing. In order to heal by Science, you must not be ignorant of the moral and spiritual demands of Science nor disobey them. Moral ignorance or sin affects your demonstration, and hinders its approach to the standard in Christian Science.
Terms adopted by the authorAfter the author's sacred discovery, she affixed the name "Science" to Christianity, the name "error" to corporeal sense, and the name "substance" to Mind. Science has called the world to battle over this issue and its demonstration, which heals the sick, destroys error, and reveals the universal harmony. To those natural Christian Scientists, the ancient worthies, and to Christ Jesus, God certainly revealed the spirit of Christian Science, if not the absolute letter.
Science the wayBecause the Science of Mind seems to bring into dishonor the ordinary scientific schools, which wrestle with material observations alone, this Science has met with opposition; but if any system honors God, it ought to receive aid, not opposition, from all thinking persons. And Christian Science does honor God as no other theory honors Him, and it does this in the way of His appointing, by doing many wonderful works through the divine name and nature. One must fulfil one's mission without timidity or dissimulation, for to be well done, the work must be done unselfishly. Christianity
will never be based on a divine Principle and so found to be unerring, until its absolute Science is reached. When this is accomplished, neither pride, prejudice, bigotry, nor envy can wash away its foundation, for it is built upon the rock, Christ.
Mindless methodsQuestion.--Does Christian Science, or metaphysical healing, include medication, material hygiene, mesmerism, hypnotism, theosophy, or spiritualism? Answer. - Not one of them is included in it. In divine Science, the supposed laws of matter yield to the law of Mind. What are termed natural science and material laws are the objective states of mortal mind. The physical universe expresses the conscious and unconscious thoughts of mortals. Physical force and mortal mind are one. Drugs and hygiene oppose the supremacy of the divine Mind. Drugs and inert matter are unconscious, mindless. Certain results, supposed to proceed from drugs, are really caused by the faith in them which the false human consciousness is educated to feel.
Animal magnetism errorMesmerism is mortal, material illusion. Animal magnetism is the voluntary or involuntary action of error in all its forms; it is the human antipode of divine Science. Science must triumph over material sense, and Truth over error, thus putting an end to the hypotheses involved in all false theories and practices.
Error only ephemeralQuestion. - Is materiality the concomitant of spirituality, and is material sense a necessary preliminary to the understanding and expression of Spirit?
Answer.--If error is necessary to define or to reveal Truth, the answer is yes; but not otherwise. Material sense is an absurd phrase, for matter has no sensation. Science declares that Mind, not matter, sees, hears, feels, speaks. Whatever contradicts this statement is the false sense, which ever betrays mortals into sickness, sin, and death. If the unimportant and evil appear, only soon to disappear because of their uselessness or their iniquity, then these ephemeral views of error ought to be obliterated by Truth. Why malign Christian Science for instructing mortals how to make sin, disease, and death appear more and more unreal?
Scientific translationsEmerge gently from matter into Spirit. Think not to thwart the spiritual ultimate of all things, but come naturally into Spirit through better health and morals and as the result of spiritual growth. Not death, but the understanding of Life, makes man immortal. The belief that life can be in matter or soul in body, and that man springs from dust or from an egg, is the result of the mortal error which Christ, or Truth, destroys by fulfilling the spiritual law of being, in which man is perfect, even as the "Father which is in heaven is perfect." If thought yields its dominion to other ' powers, it cannot outline on the body its own beautiful images, but it effaces them and delineates foreign agents, called disease and sin.
Material beliefsThe heathen gods of mythology controlled war and agriculture as much as nerves control sensation or muscles measure strength. To say that strength is in matter, is like saying that the power is in the lever. The notion of any life or intelli
gence in matter is without foundation in fact, and you can have no faith in falsehood when you have learned falsehood's true nature.
Sense versus SoulSuppose one accident happens to the eye, another to the ear, and so on, until every corporeal sense is quenched. What is man's remedy? To die, that he may regain these senses? Even then he must gain spiritual understanding and spiritual sense in order to possess immortal consciousness. Earth's preparatory school must be improved to the utmost. In reality man never dies. The belief that he dies will not establish his scientific harmony. Death is not the result of Truth but of error, and one error will not correct another.
Death an errorJesus proved by the prints of the nails, that his body was the same immediately after death as before. If death restores sight, sound, and strength to man, then death is not an enemy but a better friend than Life. Alas for the blindness of belief, which makes harmony conditional upon death and matter, and yet supposes Mind unable to produce harmony! So long as this error of belief remains, mortals will continue mortal in belief and subject to chance and change.
Permanent sensibilitySight, hearing, all the spiritual senses of man, are eternal. They cannot be lost. Their reality and immortality are in Spirit and understanding, not in matter,--hence their permanence. If this were not so, man would be speedily annihilated. If the five corporeal senses were the medium through which to understand God, then palsy, blindness, and deafness would place man in a terrible situation, where he would be like those "having no hope, and without God in the world;" but as a matter of fact, these calamities often
drive mortals to seek and to find a higher sense of happiness and existence.
Exercise of Mind-facultiesLife is deathless. Life is the origin and ultimate of man, never attainable through death, but gained by walking in the pathway of Truth both before and after that which is called death. There is more Christianity in seeing and hearing spiritually than materially. There is more Science in the perpetual exercise of the Mind-faculties than in their loss. Lost they cannot be, while Mind remains. The apprehension of this gave sight to the blind and hearing to the deaf centuries ago, and it will repeat the wonder.
Understanding versus beliefQuestion.--You speak of belief. Who or what is it that believes? Answer.--Spirit is all-knowing; this precludes the need of believing. Matter cannot believe, and Mind understands. The body cannot believe. The believer and belief are one and are mortal. Christian evidence is founded on Science or demonstrable Truth, flowing from immortal Mind, and there is in reality no such thing as mortal mind. Mere belief is blindness without Principle from which to explain the reason of its hope. The belief that life is sentient and intelligent matter is erroneous.
The Apostle James said, "Show me thy faith without thy works, and I will show thee my faith by my works." The understanding that Life is God, Spirit, lengthens our days by strengthening our trust in the deathless reality of Life, its almightiness and immortality.
Confirmation by healingThis faith relies upon an understood Principle. This Principle makes whole the diseased, and brings out the
enduring and harmonious phases of things. The result of our teachings is their sufficient confirmation. When, on the strength of these instructions, you are able to banish a severe malady, the cure shows that you understand this teaching, and therefore you receive the blessing of Truth.
Belief and firm trustThe Hebrew and Greek words often translated belief differ somewhat in meaning from that conveyed by the English verb believe; they have more the significance of faith, understanding, trust, constancy, firmness. Hence the Scriptures often appear in our common version to approve and endorse belief, when they mean to enforce the necessity of understanding.
All faculties from MindQuestion.--Do the five corporeal senses constitute man? Answer.--Christian Science sustains with immortal proof the impossibility of any material sense, and defines these so-called senses as mortal beliefs, the testimony of which cannot be true either of man or of his Maker. The corporeal senses can take no cognizance of spiritual reality and immortality. Nerves have no more sensation, apart from what belief bestows upon them, than the fibres of a plant. Mind alone possesses all faculties, perception, and comprehension. Therefore mental endowments are not at the mercy of organization and decomposition,--otherwise the very worms could unfashion man. If it were possible for the real senses of man to be injured, Soul could reproduce them in all their perfection; but they cannot be disturbed nor destroyed, since they exist in immortal Mind, not in matter.
Possibilities of LifeThe less mind there is manifested in matter the better. When the unthinking lobster loses its claw, the claw grows again. If the Science of Life were understood, it would be found that the senses of Mind are never lost and that matter has no sensation. Then the human limb would be replaced as readily as the lobster's claw,--not with an artificial limb, but with the genuine one. Any hypothesis which supposes life to be in matter is an educated belief. In infancy this belief is not equal to guiding the hand to the mouth; and as consciousness develops, this belief goes out,--yields to the reality of everlasting Life.
Decalogue disregardedCorporeal sense defrauds and lies; it breaks all the commands of the Mosaic Decalogue to meet its own demands. How then can this sense be the Godgiven channel to man of divine blessings or understanding? How can man, reflecting God, be dependent on material means for knowing, hearing, seeing? Who dares to say that the senses of man can be at one time the medium for sinning against God, at another the medium for obeying God? An affirmative reply would contradict the Scripture, for the same fountain sendeth not forth sweet waters and bitter.
Organic construction valuelessThe corporeal senses are the only source of evil or error. Christian Science shows them to be false, because matter has no sensation, and no organic construction can give it hearing and sight nor make it the medium of Mind. Outside the material sense of things, all is harmony. A wrong sense of God, man, and creation is non-sense, want of sense. Mortal belief would have the material senses sometimes good and sometimes bad. It assures mortals that there
is real pleasure in sin; but the grand truths of Christian Science dispute this error.
Will-power an animal propensityWill-power is but a product of belief, and this belief commits depredations on harmony. Human will is an animal propensity, not a faculty of Soul. Hence it cannot govern man aright. Christian Science reveals Truth and Love as the motive-powers of man. Will - blind, stubborn, and headlong--cooperates with appetite and passion. From this cooperation arises its evil. From this also comes its powerlessness, since all power belongs to God, good.
Theories helplessThe Science of Mind needs to be understood. Until it is understood, mortals are more or less deprived of Truth. Human theories are helpless to make man harmonious or immortal, since he is so already, according to Christian Science. Our only need is to know this and reduce to practice the real man's divine Principle, Love
True nature and origin"Quench not the Spirit. Despise not prophesyings." Human belief--or knowledge gained from the so-called material senses - would, by fair logic, annihilate man along with the dissolving elements of clay. The scientifically Christian explanations of the nature and origin of man destroy all material sense with immortal testimony. This immortal testimony ushers in the spiritual sense of being, which can be obtained in no other way.
Sleep an illusionSleep and mesmerism explain the mythical nature of material sense. Sleep shows material sense as either oblivion, nothingness, or an illusion or dream. Under the mesmeric illusion of belief, a man will think that he is freezing when he is warm, and that he
is swimming when he is on dry land. Needle-thrusts will not hurt him. A delicious perfume will seem intolerable. Animal magnetism thus uncovers material sense, and shows it to be a belief without actual foundation or validity. Change the belief, and the sensation changes. Destroy the belief, and the sensation disappears.
Man linked with SpiritMaterial man is made up of involuntary and voluntary error, of a negative right and a positive wrong, the latter calling itself right. Man's spiritual individuality is never wrong. It is the likeness of man's Maker. Matter cannot connect mortals with the true origin and facts of being, in which all must end. It is only by acknowledging the supremacy of Spirit, which annuls the claims of matter, that mortals can lay off mortality and find the indissoluble spiritual link which establishes man forever in the divine likeness, inseparable from his creator.
Material man as a dreamThe belief that matter and mind are one, - that matter is awake at one time and asleep at another, sometimes presenting no appearance of mind, this belief culminates in another belief, that man dies. Science reveals material man as never the real being. The dream or belief goes on, whether our eyes are closed or open. In sleep, memory and consciousness are lost from the body, and they wander whither they will apparently with their own separate embodiment. Personality is not the individuality of man. A wicked man may have an attractive personality.
Spiritual existence the one factWhen we are awake, we dream of the pains and pleasures of matter. Who will say, even though he does not understand Christian Science, that this dream--rather than the dreamer--may not be mortal man? Who can rationally say otherwise,
when the dream leaves mortal man intact in body and thought, although the so-called dreamer is unconscious? For right reasoning there should be but one fact before the thought, namely, spiritual existence. In reality there is no other existence, since Life cannot be united to its unlikeness, mortality.
Mind one and allBeing is holiness, harmony, immortality. It is already proved that a knowledge of this, even in small degree, will uplift the physical and moral standard of mortals, will increase longevity, will purify and elevate character. Thus progress will finally destroy all error, and bring immortality to light. We know that a statement proved to be good must be correct. New thoughts are constantly obtaining the floor. These two contradictory theories--that matter is something, or that all is Mind--will dispute the ground, until one is acknowledged to be the victor. Discussing his campaign, General Grant said: "I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." Science says: All is Mind and Mind's idea. You must fight it out on this line. Matter can afford you no aid.
Scientific ultimatumThe notion that mind and matter commingle in the human illusion as to sin, sickness, and death must eventually submit to the Science of Mind, which denies this notion. God is Mind, and God is infinite; hence all is Mind. On this statement rests the Science of being, and the Principle of this Science is divine, demonstrating harmony and immortality.
Victory for TruthThe conservative theory, long believed, is that there are two factors, matter and mind, uniting on some impossible basis. This theory would keep truth and error always at war. Victory would perch on neither banner.
On the other hand, Christian Science speedily shows Truth to be triumphant. To corporeal sense, the sun appears to rise and set, and the earth to stand still; but astronomical science contradicts this, and explains the solar system as working on a different plan. All the evidence of physical sense and all the knowledge obtained from physical sense must yield to Science, to the immortal truth of all things.
Mental preparationQuestion,--Will you explain sickness and show how it is to be healed? Answer. - The method of Christian Science Mind-healing is touched upon in a previous chapter entitled Christian Science Practice. A full answer to the above question involves teaching, which enables the healer to demonstrate and prove for himself the Principle and rule of Christian Science or metaphysical healing.
Mind destroys all illsMind must be found superior to all the beliefs of the five corporeal senses, and able to destroy all ills. Sickness is a belief, which must be annihilated by the divine Mind. Disease is an experience of so-called mortal mind. It is fear made manifest on the body. Christian Science takes away this physical sense of discord, just as it removes any other sense of moral or mental inharmony. That man is material, and that matter suffers,--these propositions can only seem real and natural in illusion. Any sense of soul in matter is not the reality of being. If Jesus awakened Lazarus from the dream, illusion, of death, this proved that the Christ could improve on a false sense. Who dares to doubt this consummate test of the power and willingness of divine Mind to hold man forever
intact in his perfect state, and to govern man's entire action? Jesus said: "Destroy this temple [body], and in three days I [Mind] will raise it up;" and he did this for tired humanity's reassurance.
Inexhaustible divine LoveIs it not a species of infidelity to believe that so great a work as the Messiah's was done for himself or for God, who needed no help from Jesus' example to preserve the eternal harmony? But mortals did need this help, and Jesus pointed the way for them. Divine Love always has met and always will meet every human need. It is not well to imagine that Jesus demonstrated the divine power to heal only for a select number or for a limited period of time, since to all mankind and in every hour, divine Love supplies all good.
Reason and ScienceThe miracle of grace is no miracle to Love. Jesus demonstrated the inability of corporeality, as well as the infinite ability of Spirit, thus helping erring human sense to flee from its own convictions and seek safety in divine Science. Reason, rightly directed, serves to correct the errors of corporeal sense; but sin, sickness, and death will seem real (even as the experiences of the sleeping dream seem real) until the Science of man's eternal harmony breaks their illusion with the unbroken reality of scientific being.
Which of these two theories concerning man are you ready to accept? One is the mortal testimony, changing, dying, unreal. The other is the eternal and real evidence, bearing Truth's signet, its lap piled high with immortal fruits.
Followers of JesusOur Master cast out devils (evils) and healed the sick. It should be said of his followers also, that they cast fear and all evil out of themselves and others and heal the sick.
God will heal the sick through man, whenever man is governed by God. Truth casts out error now as surely as it did nineteen centuries ago. All of Truth is not understood; hence its healing power is not fully demonstrated.
Destruction of all evilIf sickness is true or the idea of Truth, you cannot destroy sickness, and it would be absurd to try. Then classify sickness and error as our Master did, when he spoke of the sick, "whom Satan hath bound," and find a sovereign antidote for error in the lifegiving power of Truth acting on human belief, a power which opens the prison doors to such as are bound, and sets the captive free physically and morally.
Steadfast and calm trustWhen the illusion of sickness or sin tempts you, cling steadfastly to God and His idea. Allow nothing but His likeness to abide in your thought. Let neither fear nor doubt overshadow your clear sense and calm trust, that the recognition of life harmonious--as Life eternally is--can destroy any painful sense of, or belief in, that which Life is not. Let Christian Science, instead of corporeal sense, support your understanding of being, and this understanding will supplant error with Truth, replace mortality with immortality, and silence discord with harmony.
Rudiments and growthQuestion.--How can I progress most rapidly in the understanding of Christian Science? Answer.--Study thoroughly the letter and imbibe the spirit. Adhere to the divine Principle of Christian Science and follow the behests of God, abiding steadfastly in wisdom, Truth, and Love. In the Science of Mind, you will soon ascertain
that error cannot destroy error. You will also learn that in Science there is no transfer of evil suggestions from one mortal to another, for there is but one Mind, and this ever-present omnipotent Mind is reflected by man and governs the entire universe. You will learn that in Christian Science the first duty is to obey God, to have one Mind, and to love another as yourself.
Condition of progressWe all must learn that Life is God. Ask yourself: Am I living the life that approaches the supreme good? Am I demonstrating the healing power of Truth and Love? If so then the way will grow brighter "unto the perfect day." Your fruits will prove what the understanding of God brings to man. Hold perpetually this thought,--that it is the spiritual idea, the Holy Ghost and Christ, which enables you to demonstrate, with scientific certainty, the rule of healing, based upon its divine Principle, Love, underlying, overlying, and encompassing all true being.
Triumph over death"The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law,"--the law of mortal belief, at war with the facts of immortal Life, even with the spiritual law which says to the grave, "Where is thy victory?" But "when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory."
Question.--Have Christian Scientists any religious creed? Answer.--They have not, if by that term is meant doctrinal beliefs. The following is a brief exposition of
the important points, or religious tenets, of Christian Science: 1. As adherents of Truth, we take the inspired Word of the Bible as our sufficient guide to eternal Life. 2. We acknowledge and adore one supreme and infinite God. We acknowledge His Son, one Christ; the Holy Ghost or divine Comforter; and man in God's image and likeness. 3. We acknowledge God's forgiveness of sin in the destruction of sin and the spiritual understanding that casts out evil as unreal. But the belief in sin is punished so long as the belief lasts. 4. We acknowledge Jesus' atonement as the evidence of divine, efficacious Love, unfolding man's unity with God through Christ Jesus the Way-shower; and we acknowledge that man is saved through Christ, through Truth, Life, and Love as demonstrated by the Galilean Prophet in healing the sick and overcoming sin and death. 5. We acknowledge that the crucifixion of Jesus and his resurrection served to uplift faith to understand eternal Life, even the allness of Soul, Spirit, and the nothingness of matter. 6. And we solemnly promise to watch, and pray for that Mind to be in us which was also in Christ Jesus; to do unto others as we would have them do unto us; and to be merciful, just, and pure.
These things saith He that is holy, He that is true, He that hath the key of David, He that openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth; I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it.--REVELATION. | <urn:uuid:bccf01e6-61dd-4c96-8785-0f2e1fedcf65> | {
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Why do even those among us who loudly proclaim utter freedom from superstition feel just a bit reluctant to state that such and such calamity has never happened without immediately feeling an urge to tap on some solid piece of wood?
As everyone knows, when we knock on wood it is supposed to avert evil or misfortune which otherwise might attend vainglorious speech.
No one knows how the superstition arose, but George Stimpson, in A Book about a Thousand Things (1946), presents some of the numerous theories that have been offered. He says:
Some attribute it to the old game known as “touching wood” or “wood tag,” in which a player who succeeds in touching wood is safe from capture.
Others hold that this game and “knocking on wood” had a common origin in primitive tree worship, when trees were believed to harbor protective spirits.
To rap on a tree, the dwelling place of a friendly spirit, was to call up the spirit of the tree to protect one against impending misfortune. Later, people would place the hand on a wooden statue of a deity for the same purpose.
It is said that among certain European peasants it is still common to knock loudly on wood to keep away evil spirits.
Still others believe the superstition is of Christian origin and that it is in some way associated with the wooden cross upon which Jesus was crucified.
Perhaps, they think, it is a survival of the religious rite of touching a crucifix when taking an oath or the beads of the rosary when praying. | <urn:uuid:8befe56b-f734-4b0b-b9e6-3b52b9f36a4f> | {
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Swamp Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) at Otter Slough Natural Area
Points of Interest:
- See a stand of water tupelo, a tree of the Deep South.
- See a variety of wetland birds.
- At dusk in the spring listen for the honking sounds of the green treefrog.
Natural Features Description:
Otter Slough is a small remnant of the former oxbow lakes and associated swamps that once were extensive throughout the Mississippi Lowlands prior to widespread artificial drainage efforts beginning in the late 19th century. Here you can catch a glimpse of what was once an amazing watery wilderness in Missouri’s southeast corner. Water tupelo and bald cypress dominate the trees in the swamp. Both are adapted to living with waterlogged soils. However, periodic drawdowns of Otter Lake creating mudflats are needed for a few years in a row to allow the seedlings of the tupelo and cypress to germinate and grow large enough to survive another round of flooding. The seeds of both water tupelo and cypress float and are readily carried by floodwaters.
This wetland environment is good habitat for a variety of reptiles and amphibians including green treefrog, common snapping turtle, southern painted turtle and the broad-banded watersnake. The waters of the slough support a number of fish species at the northern edge of their range, including the flier, slough darter and the banded pygmy sunfish. Other animals using the swamp include wood duck, great blue heron, green heron, muskrat, and swamp rabbit.
In Stoddard County, travel west of Dexter on Highway 60, then turn left (south) and travel about 8 miles south on Highway ZZ to County Road 675. Turn right (west) on 675 and travel a mile to the area entrance. Continue heading west on the gravel road along the north end of Cypress Lake. To your right (north) you will see a lane to the area headquarters and a boat ramp on Otter Slough Lake. Access to the natural area is best by boat when the water level is up. The natural area is in the vicinity of Duck Blind 2. Hunting and fishing are permitted. A map and compass are recommended to explore this area.
Get more information from the MDC Atlas.
View Larger Map | <urn:uuid:e15df119-1c98-48a8-9ffb-77024ca50fce> | {
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A (Situationist) Body of Thought
Posted by The Situationist Staff on February 7, 2008
In a Boston Globe article last month, Drake Bennett summarized some of the recent research suggesting “that we think not just with our brains, but with our bodies.” The entire piece is well worth reading; we’ve excerpted a few highlights below.
* * *
The brain is often envisioned as something like a computer, and the body as its all-purpose tool. But a growing body of new research suggests that something more collaborative is going on — that we think not just with our brains, but with our bodies. A series of studies, the latest published in November, has shown that children can solve math problems better if they are told to use their hands while thinking. Another recent study suggested that stage actors remember their lines better when they are moving. And in one study published last year, subjects asked to move their eyes in a specific pattern while puzzling through a brainteaser were twice as likely to solve it.
The term most often used to describe this new model of mind is “embodied cognition,” and its champions believe it will open up entire new avenues for understanding — and enhancing — the abilities of the human mind. Some educators see in it a new paradigm for teaching children, one that privileges movement and simulation over reading, writing, and reciting. Specialists in rehabilitative medicine could potentially use the emerging findings to help patients recover lost skills after a stroke or other brain injury. The greatest impact, however, has been in the field of neuroscience itself, where embodied cognition threatens age-old distinctions — not only between brain and body, but between perceiving and thinking, thinking and acting, even between reason and instinct — on which the traditional idea of the mind has been built.
“It’s a revolutionary idea,” says Shaun Gallagher, the director of the cognitive science program at the University of Central Florida. “In the embodied view, if you’re going to explain cognition it’s not enough just to look inside the brain. In any particular instance, what’s going on inside the brain in large part may depend on what’s going on in the body as a whole, and how that body is situated in its environment.”
* * *
. . . [T]oday, neuroscientists, linguists, and philosophers are making much bolder claims. A few argue that human characteristics like empathy, or concepts like time and space, or even the deep structure of language and some of the most profound principles of mathematics, can ultimately be traced to the idiosyncrasies of the human body. If we didn’t walk upright, for example, or weren’t warm-blooded, they argue, we might understand these concepts totally differently. The experience of having a body, they argue, is intimately tied to our intelligence.
* * *
Embodied cognition upends several centuries of thinking about thinking.
* * *
In the 1980s, . . . a group of scholars began to contest this approach. Fueled in part by broad disappointment with artificial-intelligence research, they argued that human beings don’t really process information the way computers do, by manipulating abstract symbols using formal rules. In 1995, a major biological discovery brought even more enthusiasm to the field. Scientists in Italy discovered “mirror neurons” that respond when we see someone else performing an action — or even when we hear an action described – as if we ourselves were performing the action. By simultaneously playing a role in both acting and thinking, mirror neurons suggested that the two might not be so separate after all.
“You were seeing the same system, namely the motor system, playing a role in communication and cognition,” says Arthur Glenberg, a professor of psychology and head of the embodied cognition laboratory at Arizona State University.
This realization has driven much of the recent work looking at how moving and thinking inform and interfere with each other. For example, a pair of studies published in 2006 by Sian Beilock, now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Chicago, and Lauren Holt, one of her former students, examined how people who were good at certain physical activities thought about those activities.
In one study, Beilock and Holt had college hockey players, along with a non-hockey-player control group, read a sentence, sometimes hockey-related, sometimes not. Then the subjects would be shown a picture and asked if it corresponded with the sentence. Hockey players and non-hockey players alike almost invariably answered correctly, but on the hockey-related sentences the response times of the hockey players were significantly faster than the nonplayers. . . . According to Beilock, the difference in response time wasn’t a matter of knowledge – after all, all of the subjects in the study got the vast majority of the questions right. What it suggested, Beilock argues, is that the athletes’ greater store of appropriate physical experiences served as a sort of mental shortcut.
“People with different types of motor experiences think in different ways,” she argues.
These sorts of results aren’t simply limited to thinking about sports, or other highly physical activities. A 2003 study by Michael Spivey, a psychology professor at Cornell, and his student Elizabeth Grant, found that people who were given a tricky spatial relations brainteaser exhibited a distinctive and unconscious pattern of eye movements just before they arrived at the answer. The subjects seemed to unconsciously work through the problem by enacting possible solutions with their gaze.
* * *
Other studies have looked at non-spatial problems and at memory. Work led by Susan Goldin-Meadow, a psychology professor at the University of Chicago, has found that children given arithmetic problems that normally would be too difficult for them are more likely to get the right answer if they’re told to gesture while thinking. . . .
The body, it appears, can subtly shape people’s preferences. A study led by John Cacioppo, director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago, found that subjects (all non-Chinese speakers) shown a series of Chinese ideographs while either pushing down or pulling up on a table in front of them will say they prefer the ideographs they saw when pulling upward over the ones they saw while pushing downward. Work by Beilock and Holt found that expert typists, when shown pairs of two-letter combinations and told to pick their favorite, tend to pick the pairs that are easier to type – without being able to explain why they did so.
What’s particularly interesting to neuroscientists is the role that movement seems to play even in abstract thinking. Glenberg has done multiple studies looking at the effect of arm movements on language comprehension. In Glenberg’s work, subjects were asked to determine whether a string of words on a computer screen made sense. To answer they had to reach toward themselves or away from themselves to press a button.
What Glenberg has found is that subjects are quicker to answer correctly if the motion in the sentence matches the motion they must make to respond. If the sentence is, for example, “Andy delivered the pizza to you,” the subject is quicker to discern the meaning of the sentence if he has to reach toward himself to respond than if he has to reach away. The results are the same if the sentence doesn’t describe physical movement at all, but more metaphorical interactions, such as “Liz told you the story,” or “Anne delegates the responsibilities to you.”
The implication, Glenberg argues, is that “we are really understanding this language, even when it’s more abstract, in terms of bodily action.”
* * *
“I think these findings are really fantastic and it’s clear that there’s a lot of connection between mind and body,” says Arthur Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas. He remains skeptical, though, that the roots of higher cognition will be found in something as basic as the way we walk or move our eyes or arms.
“Any time there’s a fad in science there’s a tendency to say, ‘It’s all because of this,”‘ Markman says. “But the thing in psychology is that it’s not all anything, otherwise we’d be done figuring it out already.”
* * *
To read the entire article, click here. To read related Situationist posts, go to “A Closer Look at Interior Situation,” “The Unconscious Situation of our Consciousness – Part IV,” “The Body Has a Mind of its Own,” and “Brainicize: The Situational Malleability of our Brains.” | <urn:uuid:6188ad82-eefd-4e65-9ec2-b230a3e547a2> | {
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This year, our maples and oaks put out new leaves, and our fruit trees started blooming about two weeks earlier than usual. Is this a symptom of climate change? Is this a good thing? Or does this make our trees more susceptible to late spring frosts and other potential problems?
Phenology is "the study of recurring lifecycle events influenced by seasonal environmental changes." In our area, the most important phenological events are spring leaf out and autumn leaf fall. These two events signal the beginning and end of the growing season.
Leaf out occurs when bare deciduous trees put out leaves and become green. Not all trees leaf out at the same time. And of course, conifers are always green. Exotic species often leaf out earlier and drop their leaves later than native species, which gives them a competitive advantage.
Changes in phenology are a real marker of global climate change. Around the world, evidence is mounting that spring is coming earlier and fall is lasting longer. Is this a positive aspect of climate change? With a longer growing season, trees might be more productive and pull more carbon dioxide out of the air. We may soon be able to grow garden plants that previously did not grow well, or at all, in our region, such as Camellias or okra.
On the other hand, a longer growing season might not be so good. If plants green up earlier, they will use more water resources, possibly creating unfavorable dry conditions later in the year. Under drought stress, many trees are susceptible to disease, and dry autumn soils could result in less dramatic fall foliage colors. While we might welcome some new garden plants, we will be less enthusiastic about other newcomers such as kudzu or tiger mosquitoes.
And will our native plants get "confused" - greening up in early April and then getting frozen by a late spring frost, as occurred throughout the southeastern U.S. in 2007? When spring finally arrived, tree crowns and crops were damaged, and fewer flowers emerged.
It would be useful to know if spring is coming earlier. Traditionally, phenology has been studied by networks of observers that gather visual information about trees in their neighborhood, often focusing on one particular species, such as lilacs. Recent methods have become more technical, with data from satellites being used to detect plant growth patterns over very large areas.
The Cary Institute has just started participating in the Northeastern Phenology Network, a new effort based on video cameras linked through the World Wide Web. We are one of a dozen or so sites across the northeastern U.S. and Canada using Webcams to track the emergence of spring by looking at when trees get their leaves.
A camera mounted on the roof of a building on the Institute's campus records images of a specific set of trees. Every 30 minutes or so, images are uploaded to a server based at the University of New Hampshire. By analyzing the amount of green in the images, and drawing on other observational data that is collected locally, the network is able to track the changing of the season in real-time.
By collaborating with a national phenology network, the Northeastern Phenology Network is a coordinated effort to track how our world is changing in ways people can relate to. Take a look at the Cary Institute's TreeCam and help us figure out if spring is indeed coming earlier. | <urn:uuid:25a54498-a597-4569-8176-e651617b502f> | {
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Wolves-social, highly organized animals-live by their instincts, instincts informed by a deep connection to the natural world. The Howl, a sound that haunts our myths and fairy tales, is their call to collect before a hunt or their way of finding their pack members when separated.
Because the fear of wolves is so ingrained in our mythologies and stories, and because wolves occasionally prey on livestock, humans and wolves have long been at an impasse. As early as the Middle Ages, extermination campaigns were launched against wolves. And today, the wolf population has been dramatically reduced because of conflicts with humans. With a vitality that cannot be mistaken, wolves embody the true spirit of the wild. | <urn:uuid:2c090339-060c-4e3d-90d4-e94fe48ecf39> | {
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There are 4 easy steps to accomplish this task. Remember that you will always need to access the global configuration mode to add interfaces. Let’s walk through these steps together.
First you should connect to your router. You would do this with the enable command.
router> enable enter
Now we need to access the configurator to use the terminal.
router# config t enter (Note: t for terminal)
Notice that the prompt changes as you go deeper into the router configuration. (> sign changes to # sign).
You should see the following message:
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Next we need to configure the Ethernet interface.
router(config)# interface Ethernet 0/0 enter
Notice that the prompt now changes to (config-if)# indicating that we are now in configuration interface mode.
The final step is to type the IP address and subnet for the ethernet interface.
router(config-if)# ip address 22.214.171.124 255.255.255.0
Pressing CNTL/Z saves your changes and gets you back to the enable prompt. Of course you will want to verify your configuration. Type the following command at the enable prompt:
router# show interface Ethernet 0/0 enter
You should see the Ethernet 0/o is up and the IP address that we configured is displayed. | <urn:uuid:9f364476-e7fe-4f46-aa30-dddb0a2eae4c> | {
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The fundamental conception that underlay all of Berthelot's work was that all chemical phenomena depend on the action of physical forces which can be determined and measured. When he began his career it was assumed that all organic chemistry depended upon vital forces to produce organic compounds. Berthelot opposed this idea and in order to disprove it he synthesized many organic molecules (including hydrocarbons, and natural fats and sugars) from inorganic starting materials, thus proving that the synthesis of these molecules did not depend of vital forces and that organic chemicals obeyed the same principals as inorganic compounds.
His other major contribution is the Thomsen-Berthelot principle of thermochemistry. Berthelot and Dutch chemist Julius Thomsen both independently came up with slightly different formulations for this principle which states that all chemical changes are accompanied by the production of heat and the processes which occur will be the ones in which the most heat is produced. This postulate led to the thermal theory of affinity which postulated that the true measure of chemical affinity was the amount of heat that was produced by a particular reaction. This was later disproved by Herman von Helmholtz, who discovered that the true affinity was not the amount of heat produced by a reaction, but the maximum amount of work or free energy produced when the reaction was carried out reversibly.
For his work in disproving the theory of vitalism and pioneering work in the field of thermochemistry Marcellin Berthelot is the Dead Scientist of the Week for the Week of October 25-31, 2009.
Marcellin Berthelot Wikipedia Entry
Thomsen-Berthelot principle of thermochemistry Wikipedia Entry
Marcellin Berthelot NNDB Entry | <urn:uuid:12c81a59-c35f-4141-8cb6-68b4a65f59f6> | {
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Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge
When undertaking an appropriate assessment of impacts at a site, all features of European importance (both primary and non-primary) need to be considered.
Annex I habitats that are a primary reason for selection of this site
|1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time|
|The Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge site is located off the south Lincolnshire coast in the vicinity of Skegness, extending eastwards and north from Burnham Flats on the North Norfolk coast, occupying The Wash Approaches. Water depths are generally shallow and mostly less than 30m below chart datum. The area encompasses a wide range of sandbank types (banks bordering channels, linear relict banks, sinusoidal banks with distinctive ‘comb-like’ subsidiary banks) and biogenic reef of the worm Sabellaria spinulosa. These features lay almost entirely on the glacial till of the Bolders Bank Formation which is responsible for much of the evident surface topography, especially glacial mounds, channels and hollows (Cooper et al, 2008). The group of banks within the Wash Approaches are generally between 15 to 20km long and 1.5 to 3km wide. They arise from the basal layers by 7 to 12m with crest heights generally less than 5m BCD. The sedimentary component of the banks is fine to medium sands, predominantly being derived from coastal erosional processes over the last 5,000 years following the last glacial retreat and marine inundation (Cooper et al, 2008).|
|Abundant Sabellaria spinulosa agglomerations have consistently been recorded within the boundary of the cSAC (Foster-Smith & Hendrick, 2003). Survey data indicate that reef structures are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with a patchy distribution of crust-forming aggregations across the site. The main areas of S. spinulosa reef are found along the Lincolnshire coast south of Skegness at Lynn Knock and Skegness Middle Ground (south-east part of the site); just north of Docking Shoal bank; and associated with the southern edge of Silver Pit (in the northern area of the site) (Woo, 2008; Foster-Smith & Hendrick, 2003; Brutto, 2009; Limpenny et al, 2010).|
Annex I habitats present as a qualifying feature, but not a primary reason for selection of this site
Annex II species that are a primary reason for selection of this site
Annex II species present as a qualifying feature, but not a primary reason for site selection
Many designated sites are on private land: the listing of a site in these pages does not imply any right of public access. | <urn:uuid:9bcd98cf-fd74-4b64-9d75-7a96e003c279> | {
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As in the "Oxford First Rhyming Dictionary", this higher-level "Oxford Junior Rhyming Dictionary" is an alphabetically organised dictionary. It contains key words, more than 3000 rhyming words to help children write their own poetry, rap, slogans, songs and rhyming stories. There is a full index of words listed at the back. Original rhymes by J. Foster and humorous illustrations give context and fun for young poets. This volume also includes an illustrated Activities section giving guidance on writing a whole variety of different poetry types.
"Sobre este título" puede pertenecer a otra edición de este libro.
Descripción Oxford University Press, 2005. Hardcover. Estado de conservación: New. book. Nº de ref. de la librería 019911191X | <urn:uuid:62dd5027-93d0-495d-9db4-cdfe209af3c6> | {
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|Prime Minister of France|
16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920
|Preceded by||Paul Painlevé|
|Succeeded by||Alexandre Millerand|
25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909
|Preceded by||Ferdinand Sarrien|
|Succeeded by||Aristide Briand|
|Minister of War|
16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920
|Preceded by||Paul Painlevé|
|Succeeded by||André Lefèvre|
|Minister of the Interior|
14 March 1906 – 24 July 1909
|Prime Minister||Ferdinand Sarrien
|Preceded by||Fernand Dubief|
|Succeeded by||Aristide Briand|
|Born||Georges Benjamin Clemenceau
28 September 1841
|Died||24 November 1929
16th arrondissement, Paris
|Political party||Radical Republican
|Spouse(s)||Mary Eliza Plummer
|Nickname(s)||«Father of Victory»
Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ klemɑ̃so]; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic. Clemenceau served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. He was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles at the France Peace Conference of 1919. Nicknamed "Père la Victoire" (Father Victory) or "Le Tigre" (The Tiger), he took a harsh position against defeated Germany, though not quite as much as President Poincaré, and won agreement on Germany's payment of large sums for reparations.
- 1 Early years
- 2 Journalism and exile
- 3 Marriage and family
- 4 The beginning of the Third Republic
- 5 Paris Peace Conference
- 6 Presidential bid
- 7 Last years
- 8 Clemenceau's First Ministry, 25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909
- 9 Clemenceau's Second Ministry, 16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920
- 10 Personal life
- 11 Legacy
- 12 See also
- 13 Notes
- 14 References
- 15 External links
Clemenceau was a son of the Vendée, born at Mouilleron-en-Pareds. In Revolutionary times, the Vendée had been a hotbed of monarchist sympathies. By his birth, its people were fiercely republican. The region was remote from Paris, rural and poor. His mother Sophie Eucharie Gautreau (1817–1903) was of Huguenot descent. His father Benjamin Clemenceau (1810–1897) came from a long line of physicians, but he lived off his lands and investments and did not practice medicine. The father had a reputation as an atheist and a political activist; he was arrested and briefly held in 1851 and again in 1858. He instilled in his son a love of learning, devotion to the Revolution, and a hatred of Catholicism.
Journalism and exile
In Paris, the young Clemenceau became a political activist and writer. In December 1861, he co-founded a weekly newsletter, Le Travail, along with some friends. On 23 February 1862, he was arrested by the police for having placed posters summoning a demonstration. He spent 77 days in the Mazas Prison.
He graduated as a doctor on 13 May 1865, founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of Napoleon III. Clemenceau left France for the United States when the Imperial agents began cracking down on dissidents, sending most of them to the bagne de Cayennes (Devil's Island Penal System) in French Guiana.
Clemenceau worked in New York City 1865-69, following the American Civil War. He maintained a medical office but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper. He took a post teaching French and horseback riding at a private girls' school in Stamford, Connecticut.
Marriage and family
On 23 June 1869, he married one of his students, Mary Eliza Plummer (1848-1923), in New York City. She was the daughter of William Kelly Plummer and wife Harriet A. Taylor. The Clemenceaus had three children together before the marriage ended in a contentious divorce.
During this time he joined French exile clubs in New York opposing the imperial regime.
The beginning of the Third Republic
He returned to Paris after the defeat at Sedan and the fall of the Second Empire. In 1870 he was appointed Mayor of the 18th arrondissement of Paris, including Montmartre, and was also elected to the National Assembly for the 18th arrondissement. When the Paris Commune seized power in March 1871, he tried unsuccessfully to find a compromise between the more radical leaders and the commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune declared that he had no legal authority to be Mayor, and seized the city hall of the 18th arrondissement. He ran for election to the Paris Commune council, but received less than eight hundred votes, and took no part in its governance. He was in Bordeaux when the Commune was suppressed by the French Army in May 1871.
After the fall of the Commune, he was elected to the Paris municipal council on 23 July 1871 for the Clignancourt quarter, and retained his seat till 1876, passing through the offices of secretary and vice-president, and becoming president in 1875.
Chamber of Deputies
In 1876 Clemenceau stood again for the Chamber of Deputies, and was elected for the 18th arrondissement. He joined the far left, and his energy and mordant eloquence speedily made him the leader of the Radical section. In 1877, after the Seize Mai crisis, he was one of the republican majority who denounced the de Broglie ministry. He led resistance to the anti-republican policy of which the Seize Mai incident was a manifestation. In 1879 his demand for the indictment of the de Broglie ministry brought him prominence.
In 1880 Clemenceau started his newspaper, La Justice, which became the principal organ of Parisian Radicalism. From this time, throughout Jules Grévy's presidency, he became widely known as a political critic and destroyer of ministries (le Tombeur de ministères) who avoided taking office himself. Leading the Far Left in the National Assembly, he was an active opponent of Jules Ferry's colonial policy (which he opposed on moral grounds and also as a form of diversion from the “Revenge against Germany”) and of the Opportunist party. In 1885 his criticism of the Tonkin disaster contributed strongly to the fall of the Ferry cabinet.
At the elections of 1885 he advocated a strong Radical programme, and was returned both for his old seat in Paris and for the Var, district of Draguignan, selecting the latter. Refusing to form a ministry to replace the one he had overthrown, he supported the Right in keeping Freycinet in power in 1886, and was responsible for the inclusion of General Boulanger in the Freycinet cabinet as War Minister. When Boulanger showed himself as an ambitious pretender, Clemenceau withdrew his support and became a vigorous opponent of the heterogeneous Boulangist movement, though the Radical press and a section of the party continued to patronize the general.
By his exposure of the Wilson scandal, and by his personal plain speaking, Clemenceau contributed largely to Jules Grévy's resignation of the presidency in 1887. He had declined Grévy's request to form a cabinet on the downfall of Maurice Rouvier's Cabinet. by advising his followers to vote for neither Floquet, Ferry, or Freycinet, he was primarily responsible for the election of an "outsider", Sadi Carnot, as president.
The split in the Radical party over Boulangism weakened his hand, and its collapse meant that moderate Republicans did not need his help. A further misfortune occurred in the Panama affair, as Clemenceau's relations with Cornelius Herz led to his being included in the general suspicion. He remained the leading spokesman of French Radicalism, but his hostility to the Russian alliance so increased his unpopularity that in the 1893 election, he was defeated for his Chamber seat, after having held it continuously since 1876.
After his 1893 defeat, Clemenceau confined his political activities to journalism. His career was further clouded by the long-drawn-out Dreyfus case, in which he took an active part as a supporter of Émile Zola and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and Nationalist campaigns. In all, Clemenceau published 665 articles defending Dreyfus during the affair.
On 13 January 1898 Clemenceau, as owner and editor of the Paris daily newspaper L'Aurore, published Émile Zola's "J'accuse" on the front page. He decided to run the controversial article, which would become a famous part of the Dreyfus Affair, in the form of an open letter to the President, Félix Faure.
In 1900 he withdrew from La Justice to found a weekly review, Le Bloc, to which he was practically the sole contributor. Le Bloc lasted until 15 March 1902. On 6 April 1902 he was elected senator for the Var, district of Draguignan, although he had previously called for the suppression of the Senate, as he considered it a strong-house of conservatism. He served as senator of Draguignan until 1920.
He sat with the Radical-Socialist Party and moderated his positions, although he still vigorously supported the Combes ministry, who spearheaded the anti-clericalist Republican struggle. In June 1903 he undertook the direction of the journal L'Aurore, which he had founded. In it he led the campaign to revisit the Dreyfus affair, and to create a separation of Church and State. The latter was implemented by the 1905 Act.
In March 1906 the Rouvier ministry fell, owing to the riots provoked by the inventories of church property, and to the Radicals' victory during the 1906 legislative election. The new government of Ferdinand Sarrien appointed Clemenceau as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet. On a domestic level, Clemenceau reformed the police forces and ordered repressive policies towards the workers' movement. He supported the formation of scientific police by Alphonse Bertillon, and founded the Brigades mobiles (French for "mobile squads") led by Célestin Hennion. These squads were nicknamed Brigades du Tigre ("The Tiger's Brigades") after Clemenceau himself.
The miners' strike in the Pas de Calais after the disaster at Courrieres, which resulted in more than one thousand dead, threatened wide disorder on 1 May 1906. Clemenceau ordered the military against the strikers and repressed the wine-growers' strike in the Languedoc-Roussillon. His actions alienated the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party, from which he definitively broke in his notable reply in the Chamber to Jean Jaurès, leader of the SFIO, in June 1906.
His speech positioned him as the strong man of the day in French politics; when the Sarrien ministry resigned in October, Clemenceau became premier. During 1907 and 1908, he led the development of a new Entente cordiale with Britain, which gave France a successful role in European politics. Difficulties with Germany, and criticism by the Socialist party in connection with Morocco (First Moroccan Crisis in 1905–06, were settled at the Algeciras Conference).
Clemenceau was defeated on 20 July 1909 in a discussion in the Chamber on the state of the Navy, in which bitter words were exchanged between him and Théophile Delcassé, the former president of the Council whose downfall Clemenceau had aided. Refusing to respond to Delcassé's technical questions, Clemenceau resigned after his proposal for the order of the day vote was rejected. He was succeeded as premier by Aristide Briand, with a reconstructed cabinet.
Between 1909 and 1912, Clemenceau dedicated his time to travels, conferences and also to the treatment of his sickness. He went to South America in 1910, traveling to Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina (where he went as far as Santa Ana de Tucuman in the North-West of Argentina). There, he was amazed by the influence of French culture and of the French Revolution on local elites. In 1912, he had his prostate operated on.
He published the first issue of the Journal du Var on 10 April 1910. Three years later on 6 May 1913, he founded L'Homme libre ("The Free Man") newspaper in Paris, for which he wrote a daily editorial. In these media, Clemenceau focused increasingly on foreign policy, and condemned the Socialists' anti-militarism.
When the First World War broke out, his newspaper was one of the first to be censored by the government; it was suspended from 29 September 1914 to 7 October. In response, Clemenceau changed the newspapers' name to L'Homme enchaîné ("The Chained Man"). He criticized the government for its lack of transparency and its ineffectiveness, while defending the patriotic union sacrée against the German Empire.
First World War
When the First World War broke out in 1914 Clemenceau advised Interior Minister Malvy to invoke Carnet B, a list of known and suspected subversives who were supposed to be arrested on mobilisation. The Prefect of Police gave the same advice. In the event the government did not do so and 80% of the 2,501 people listed volunteered for service. He declined to join the government of national unity as Justice Minister in autumn 1914.
He was a vehement critic of the government, complaining that it was never doing enough to win the war. He rejected any talk of a compromise peace, he wanted the Germans to pay. The prominence of his opposition made him the best known critic and the last man standing when the others had failed. “Messieurs, les Allemands sont toujours a Noyon” (the Germans are at Noyon) wrote Clemenceau’s paper endlessly.
When the hour was darkest in November 1917 Clemenceau was appointed prime minister. Unlike his predecessors, he discouraged internal disagreement and called for peace among the senior politicians.
Clemenceau governed not from the Matignon (the Prime Minister’s office) but from the Ministry of War in the Rue Saint-Dominique. Almost his first act as Prime Minister was to sack Sarrail (because of his links with the socialist politicians Caillaux and Malvy, now suspected of treasonable contacts with the Germans) from command at Salonika. This was the main topic of discussion at the first meeting of the War Committee (6 December), where he said “Sarrail cannot remain there”.
Churchill later wrote that Clemenceau "looked like a wild animal pacing to and fro behind bars" in front of "an assembly which would have done anything to avoid putting him there, but, having put him there, felt they must obey".
When Clemenceau became Prime Minister in 1917 victory seemed to be a long way off. There was little activity on the Front because it was believed that there should be limited attacks until the American support arrived. At this time, Italy was on the defensive, Russia had virtually stopped fighting – and it was believed (correctly - see the Treaty of Brest Litovsk) that they would be making a separate peace with Germany. At home the government had to combat increasing resentment against the war. They also had to handle increasing demonstrations against the war, scarcity of resources and air raids – which were causing huge physical damage to Paris as well as damaging the morale of its citizens. It was also believed that many politicians secretly wanted peace. It was a challenging situation for Clemenceau, because after years of criticizing other men during the war, he suddenly found himself in a position of supreme power. He was also isolated politically. He did not have close links with any parliamentary leaders (especially after years of criticism) and so had to rely on himself and his own circle of friends.
Clemenceau's ascension to power meant little to the men in the trenches at first. They thought of him as "Just another Politician", and the monthly assessment of troop morale found that only a minority found comfort in his appointment. Slowly, however, as time passed, the confidence he inspired in a few began to grow throughout all the fighting men. They were encouraged by his many visits to the trenches. This confidence began to spread from the trenches to the home front and it was said "We believed in Clemenceau rather in the way that our ancestors believed in Joan of Arc." After years of criticism against the French army for its conservatism and Catholicism, Clemenceau would need help to get along with the military leaders in order to achieve a sound strategic plan. He nominated general Henri Mordacq to be his military chief of staff. Mordacq helped to inspire trust and mutual respect from the army to the government which proved essential to the final victory.
Clemenceau was also well received by the media because they felt that France was in need for strong leadership. It was widely recognized that throughout the war he was never discouraged and he never stopped believing that France could achieve total victory. There were skeptics, however, that believed that Clemenceau, like other war time leaders, would have a short time in office. It was said that "Like everyone else … Clemenceau will not last long- only long enough to clean up [the war]."
1918: Clemenceau's crackdown
As the situation worsened in early 1918, Clemenceau continued to support the policy of total war – "We present ourselves before you with the single thought of total war" – and the policy of "la guerre jusqu'au bout" (war until the end). His 8 March speech advocating this policy was so effective it left a vivid impression on Winston Churchill, who would make similar speeches on becoming British Prime Minister in 1940. Clemenceau's war policy encompassed the promise of victory with justice, loyalty to the fighting men, and immediate and severe punishment of crimes against France.
Joseph Caillaux, a former French prime minister, disagreed with Clemenceau's policies. He was a believer in negotiating peace by surrendering to Germany. Clemenceau observed Caillaux as a threat to national security. Unlike previous ministers, Clemenceau publicly moved against Caillaux. As a result, the parliamentary committee decided that Caillaux would be arrested and imprisoned for three years. Clemenceau believed, in the words of Jean Ybarnégaray, that Caillaux's crime "was not to have believed in victory [and] to have gambled on his nation's defeat".
It was believed by some in Paris that the arrest of Caillaux and others was a sign that Clemenceau had begun a Reign of Terror. The many trials and arrests aroused great public excitement, one newspaper ironically reported "The war must be over, for no one is talking about it anymore". These trials, far from making the public fear the government, inspired confidence as they felt that for the first time in the war, action was being taken and they were being firmly governed. The claims that Clemenceau's "firm government" was a dictatorship found little support. Clemenceau was still held accountable to the people and media. He relaxed censorship on political views as he believed that newspapers had the right to criticize political figures – "The right to insult members of the government is inviolable". The only powers that Clemenceau assumed were those that he thought necessary to win the war.
In 1918, Clemenceau thought that France should adopt Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, mainly because of its point that called for the return of the disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine to France. This meant that victory would fulfill the war aim that was crucial for the French public. Clemenceau was however sceptical about some other points, including those concerning the League of Nations, as he believed that the latter could succeed only in a utopian society.
As war minister Clemenceau was also in close contact with his generals. However, he did not always make the most effective decisions concerning military issues (though he did heed the advice of the more experienced generals). As well as talking strategy with the generals he also went to the trenches to see the Poilu, the French infantrymen. He would speak to them and assure them that their government was actually looking after them. The Poilu had great respect for Clemenceau and his disregard for danger as he often visited soldiers only yards away from German frontlines. These visits contributed to Clemenceau's title Le Père de la Victoire (Father of Victory).
1918: the German spring offensive
On 21 March the Germans began their great Spring Offensive. Clemenceau was heard to say "Sacrebleu the Germans marched in backwards and we thought they were leaving". The Allies were caught off-guard and a gap was created in the British/French lines – giving them access to Paris. This defeat cemented Clemenceau's belief, and that of the other allies, that a coordinated, unified command was the best option. It was decided that Foch would be appointed to the supreme command.
The German line continued to advance and Clemenceau believed that they could not rule out the fall of Paris. It was believed that if "the tiger" as well as Foch and Pétain stayed in power, for even another week, France would be lost. It was thought that a government headed by Briand would be beneficial to France because he would make peace with Germany on advantageous terms. Clemenceau adamantly opposed these opinions and he gave an inspirational speech to parliament and "the chamber" voted their confidence in him 377 votes to 110.
1918: the Allied counter-offensive and the Armistice
As the Allied counter-offensives began to push the Germans back, it became clear that the Germans could no longer win the war. Although they still occupied allied territory, they did not have sufficient resources and manpower to continue the attack. As countries allied to Germany began to ask for an armistice, it was obvious that Germany would soon follow. On 11 November an armistice with Germany was signed. Clemenceau was embraced in the streets and attracted admiring crowds. He was a strong, energetic, positive leader who was key to the allied victory of 1918.
Paris Peace Conference
It was decided that a peace conference would be held in Paris, France. (The treaty signed by both parties was signed in the Palace of Versailles, but deliberated upon in Paris). On 13 December U.S. president Woodrow Wilson received an enormous welcome. His Fourteen Points and the concept of a League of Nations had made a big impact on the war weary French. Clemenceau realized at their first meeting that he was a man of principle and conscience.
It was decided that since the conference was being held in France, Clemenceau would be the most appropriate president. He also spoke both English and French, the official languages of the conference.
The Conference progress was much slower than anticipated and decisions were constantly being tabled. It was this slow pace that induced Clemenceau to give an interview showing his irritation to an American journalist. He said he believed that Germany had won the war industrially and commercially as its factories were intact and its debts would soon be overcome through ‘manipulation’. In a short time, he believed, the German economy would be much stronger than the French.
France's diplomatic position at the Paris Peace Conference was repeatedly jeopardized by Clemenceau's mistrust of David Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson, and his intense dislike of French President Raymond Poincaré. When negotiations reached a stalemate, Clemenceau had a habit of shouting at the other heads of state and storming out of the room rather than participating in further discussion.
On 19 February 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference, as Clemenceau was leaving his apartment in the Rue Benjamin-Franklin (fr) to drive to a meeting with House and Balfour at the Crillon, a man jumped out and fired several shots at the car. One bullet hit Clemenceau between the ribs, just missing his vital organs. Too dangerous to remove, the bullet remained with him for the rest of his life. Clemenceau's assailant, anarchist Emile Cottin, was seized by the crowd following the leader's procession and nearly lynched. Taken back to his house, Clemenceau's faithful assistant found him pale but conscious. "They shot me in the back," Clemenceau told him. "They didn't even dare to attack me from the front."
Clemenceau often joked about the "assassin's" bad marksmanship – “We have just won the most terrible war in history, yet here is a Frenchman who misses his target 6 out of 7 times at point-blank range. Of course this fellow must be punished for the careless use of a dangerous weapon and for poor marksmanship. I suggest that he be locked up for eight years, with intensive training in a shooting gallery."
Rhineland and the Saar
When Clemenceau returned to the council of ten on 1 March he found that little had changed. One issue that had not changed was a dispute over the long running Eastern Frontier and control of the German province Rhineland. Clemenceau believed that Germany's possession of the territory left France without a natural frontier in the East and so simplified invasion into France for an attacking army. The British ambassador reported in December 1918 on Clemenceau's views on the future of the Rhineland: "He said that the Rhine was a natural boundary of Gaul and Germany and that it ought to be made the German boundary now, the territory between the Rhine and the French frontier being made into an Independent State whose neutrality should be guaranteed by the great powers".
The issue was finally resolved when Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson guaranteed immediate military assistance if Germany attacked without provocation. It was also decided that the Allies would occupy the territory for fifteen years, and that Germany could never rearm the area. Lloyd George insisted on a clause allowing for the early withdrawal of Allied troops if the Germans fulfilled the treaty; Clemenceau inserted Article 429 into the treaty that permitted the Allied occupation beyond the fifteen years if adequate guarantees for Allied security against unprovoked aggression were not met. This was in case the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty of guarantee, thereby making null and void the British guarantee as well as that was dependent on the Americans being part of it. This is, in fact, what did occur. Article 429 ensured that a refusal of the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaties of guarantee would not weaken them.
President Poincaré and Marshal Ferdinand Foch both repeatedly pressed for an autonomous Rhineland state. At a Cabinet meeting on 25 April Foch spoke against the deal Clemenceau had brokered and pushed for a separate Rhineland. On 28 April Poincaré sent Clemenceau a long letter detailing why he thought Allied occupation should continue until Germany had paid all her reparations. Clemenceau replied that the alliance with America and Britain was of more value than an isolated France which held onto the Rhineland: "In fifteen years I will be dead, but if you do me the honour of visiting my tomb, you will be able to say that the Germans have not fulfilled all the clauses of the treaty, and that we are still on the Rhine". Clemenceau said to Lloyd George in June: "We need a barrier behind which, in the years to come, our people can work in security to rebuild its ruins. The barrier is the Rhine. I must take national feelings into account. That does not mean that I am afraid of losing office. I am quite indifferent on that point. But I will not, by giving up the occupation, do something which will break the willpower of our people". He said later to Jean Martel: "The policy of Foch and Poincaré was bad in principle. It was a policy no Frenchman, no republican Frenchman could accept for a moment, except in the hope of obtaining other guarantees, other advantages. We leave that sort of thing to Bismarck".
There was increasing discontent among Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson about slow progress and information leaks surrounding the Council of Ten. They began to meet in a smaller group, called the Council of Four, Vittorio Orlando of Italy being the fourth, though less weighty, member. This offered greater privacy and security and increased the efficiency of the decision making process. Another major issue which the Council of Four discussed was the future of the German Saar province. Clemenceau believed that France was entitled to the province and its coal mines after Germany deliberately damaged the coal mines in Northern France. Wilson, however, resisted the French claim so firmly that Clemenceau accused him of being ‘pro German’. Lloyd George came to a compromise and the coal mines were given to France and the territory placed under French administration for 15 years, after which a vote would determine whether the province would rejoin Germany.
Although Clemenceau had little knowledge of the Austrian-Hungarian empire, he supported the causes of its smaller ethnic groups and his adamant lead to the stringent terms in the Treaty of Trianon which dismantled Hungary. Rather than recognizing territories of the Austrian-Hungarian empire solely within the principles of self-determination, Clemenceau sought to weaken Hungary just as Germany and remove the threat of such a large power within Central Europe. The entire Czechoslovakian state was seen a potential buffer from Communism and this encompassed majority Hungarian territories.
Clemenceau was not experienced in the fields of economics or finance, but was under strong public and parliamentary pressure to make Germany's reparation bill as large as possible. It was generally agreed that Germany should not pay more than it could afford, but the estimates of what it could afford varied greatly. Figures ranged between £2,000 million which was quite modest compared to another estimate of £20,000 million. Clemenceau realised that any compromise would anger both the French and British citizens and that the only option was to establish a reparations commission which would examine Germany's capacity for reparations. This meant that the French government was not directly involved in the issue of reparations.
Defence of the Treaty
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919. Clemenceau now had to defend the treaty against critics who viewed the compromises Clemenceau had negotiated as inadequate for French national interests. The French Parliament debated the treaty and Louis Barthou on 24 September claimed that the U.S. Senate would not vote for the treaty of guarantee or of Versailles and therefore it would have been wiser to have the Rhine as a frontier. Clemenceau replied that he was sure the Senate would ratify both and that he had inserted Article 429 into the treaty, providing for "new arrangements concerning the Rhine". This interpretation of Article 429 was disputed by Barthou.
Clemenceau's main speech on the treaty was delivered on 25 September. He said that he knew the treaty was not perfect but that the war had been fought by a coalition and therefore the treaty would express the lowest common denominator of those involved. He claimed criticisms of the details of the treaty were misleading; they should look at the treaty as a whole and see how they could benefit from it:
The treaty, with all its complex clauses, will only be worth what you are worth; it will be what you make it...What you are going to vote to-day is not even a beginning, it is a beginning of a beginning. The ideas it contains will grow and bear fruit. You have won the power to impose them on a defeated Germany. We are told that she will revive. All the more reason not to show her that we fear her...M. Marin went to the heart of the question, when he turned to us and said in despairing tones, ‘You have reduced us to a policy of vigilance.’ Yes, M. Marin, do you think that one could make a treaty which would do away with the need for vigilance among the nations of Europe who only yesterday were pouring out their blood in battle? Life is a perpetual struggle in war, as in peace...That struggle cannot be avoided. Yes, we must have vigilance, we must have a great deal of vigilance. I cannot say for how many years, perhaps I should say for how many centuries, the crisis which has begun will continue. Yes, this treaty will bring us burdens, troubles, miseries, difficulties, and that will continue for long years.
The Chamber of Deputies ratified the treaty by 372 votes to 53, with the Senate voting unanimously for its ratification. On 11 October he gave his last parliamentary speech, to the Senate. He said that any attempt to partition Germany would be self-defeating and that France must find a way of living with sixty million Germans. He also said that the bourgeoisie, like the aristocracy before them in the ancien régime, had failed as a ruling class. It was now the turn of the working class to rule. He advocated national unity and a demographic revolution: "The treaty does not state that France will have many children, but it is the first thing that should have been written there. For if France does not have large families, it will be in vain that you put all the finest clauses in the treaty, that you take away all the Germans guns, France will be lost because there will be no more French".
In 1919 France adopted a new electoral system and the legislative election gave the National Bloc (a coalition of right-wing parties) a majority. Clemenceau only intervened once in the election campaign, delivering a speech on 4 November at Strasbourg, praising the manifesto and men of the National Bloc and urging that the victory in the war needed to be safeguarded by vigilance. In private he was concerned at this huge swing to the right.
His friend Georges Mandel urged Clemenceau to stand for the Presidency in the upcoming election and on 15 January 1920 he let Mandel announce that he would be prepared to serve if elected. However Clemenceau did not intend to campaign for the post, instead he wished to be chosen by acclaim as a national symbol. The preliminary meeting of the republican caucus (a forerunner to the vote in the National Assembly) chose not Clemenceau but Paul Deschanel by 408 votes to 389. In response Clemenceau refused to be put forward for the vote in the National Assembly because he did not want to win by a small majority but by a near-unanimous vote. Only then, he claimed, could he negotiate with confidence with the Allies.
In his last speech to the Cabinet on 18 January he said: "We must show the world the extent of our victory, and we must take up the mentality and habits of a victorious people, which once more takes its place at the head of Europe. But all that will now be placed in jeopardy...It will take less time and less thought to destroy the edifice so patiently and painfully erected than it took to complete it. Poor France. The mistakes have begun already".
Clemenceau resigned as Prime Minister as soon as the Presidential election was held and took no further part in politics. In private he condemned the unilateral occupation by French troops of the German city of Frankfurt in 1920 and said if he had been in power he would have persuaded the British to join it.
He took a holiday in Egypt and the Sudan from February to April 1920, then embarking for the Far East in September, returning to France in March 1921. In June he visited England and received an honorary degree from Oxford. He met Lloyd George and said to him that after the Armistice he had become the enemy of France. Lloyd George replied: “Well, was not that always our traditional policy?” He was joking but after reflection Clemenceau took it seriously. After Lloyd George's fall from power in 1922 Clemenceau remarked: “As for France, it is a real enemy who disappears. Lloyd George did not hide it: at my last visit to London he cynically admitted it”.
In late 1922 Clemenceau gave a lecture tour in the major cities of the American north east. He defended the policy of France, including war-debts and reparations, and condemned American isolationism. He was well received and attracted large audiences but America's policy remained unchanged. On 9 August 1926 he wrote an open letter to the American President Calvin Coolidge, arguing against France paying all its war-debts: "France is not for sale, even to her friends". This appeal went unheard.
He wrote two short biographies of the Greek orator Demosthenes and the French painter Claude Monet. He also penned a huge two-volume tome, covering philosophy, history and science, titled Au Soir de la Pensée. Writing this occupied most of his time between 1923 and 1927.
During his last months he wrote his memoirs, despite declaring previously that he would not write them. He was spurred into doing so by the appearance of Marshal Foch's memoirs which were highly critical of Clemenceau, mainly for his policy at the Paris Peace Conference. He only had time to finish the first draft and it was published posthumously as Grandeurs et Misères d'une Victoire (The Grandeur and Misery of Victory). He was critical of Foch and also of his successors who had allowed the Versailles treaty to be undermined in the face of Germany's revival. He burned all his private letters.
Clemenceau's First Ministry, 25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909
- Georges Clemenceau – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior
- Stéphen Pichon – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Georges Picquart – Minister of War
- Joseph Caillaux – Minister of Finance
- René Viviani – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
- Edmond Guyot-Dessaigne – Minister of Justice
- Gaston Thomson – Minister of Marine
- Aristide Briand – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship
- Joseph Ruau – Minister of Agriculture
- Raphaël Milliès-Lacroix – Minister of Colonies
- Louis Barthou – Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
- Gaston Doumergue – Minister of Commerce and Industry.
- 4 January 1908 – Aristide Briand succeeds Guyot-Dessaigne as Minister of Justice. Gaston Doumergue succeeds Briand as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. Briand remains Minister of Worship. Jean Cruppi succeeds Doumergue as Minister of Commerce and Industry.
- 22 October 1908 – Alfred Picard succeeds Thomson as Minister of Marine.
Clemenceau's Second Ministry, 16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920
- Georges Clemenceau – President of the Council and Minister of War
- Stéphen Pichon – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Louis Loucheur – Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing
- Jules Pams – Minister of the Interior
- Louis Lucien Klotz – Minister of Finance
- Pierre Colliard – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
- Louis Nail – Minister of Justice
- Georges Leygues – Minister of Marine
- Louis Lafferre – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
- Victor Boret – Minister of Agriculture and Supply
- Henry Simon – Minister of Colonies
- Albert Claveille – Minister of Public Works and Transport
- Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Maritime Transports, Merchant Marine, Posts, and Telegraphs
- Charles Jonnart – Minister of Liberated Regions and Blockade.
- 23 November 1917 – Albert Lebrun succeeds Jonnart as Minister of Liberated Regions and Blockade.
- 26 November 1918 – Louis Loucheur becomes Minister of Industrial Reconstitution. His office of Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing is abolished.
- 24 December 1918 – The office of Minister of Blockade is abolished. Lebrun remains Minister of Liberated Regions.
- 5 May 1919 – Albert Claveille succeeds Clémentel as Minister of Merchant Marine. He remains Minister of Public Works and Transport, while Clémentel remains Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
- 20 July 1919 – Joseph Noullens succeeds Boret as Minister of Agriculture and Supply.
- 6 November 1919 – André Tardieu succeeds Lebrun as Minister of Liberated Regions.
- 27 November 1919 – Léon Bérard succeeds Lafferre as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. Louis Dubois succeeds Clémentel as Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs.
- 2 December 1919 – Paul Jourdain succeeds Colliard as Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions.
Clemenceau was a long-time friend and supporter of the impressionist painter Claude Monet. He was instrumental in persuading Monet to have a cataract operation in 1923, and for over a decade encouraged Monet to complete his donation to the French state of Les Nymphéas(Water Lilies) paintings that are now on display in Paris' Musée de l'Orangerie in specially constructed oval galleries (which opened to the public in 1927).
- James Douglas, Jr. bought an apartment in Paris for his friend Georges Clemenceau in 1926 to use as a retirement home. This building later became the Musée Clemenceau.
- Clemenceau, Arizona, USA was named in honor of Georges Clemenceau by his friend James Douglas, Jr. in 1917
- Mount Clemenceau (3,658m) in the Canadian Rockies was named after Clemenceau in 1919.
- The French aircraft carrier Clemenceau was named after Georges Clemenceau.
- The Cuban Romeo y Julieta cigar brand once produced a size named the Clemenceau in his honour, and the Dominican-made variety still does.
- A character named "George Clemenceau" portrayed by Cyril Cusack appears in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles episode Paris, May 1919.
- One of Beirut's streets is named in honour of Georges Clemenceau. See Rue Clémenceau
- Similarly, there is a street named Clemenceau in a southeastern suburb of Montreal, Canada (Verdun).
- Clemenceau's famous line "War is too important to be left to the generals" is quoted by the character General Ripper in the movie Dr. Strangelove.
- It is also quoted in the episode "Mindset" of "Exosquad", but the writers use Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord as the source.
- He was played by Paul Bildt in the 1930 German film Dreyfus.
- One of Singapore's streets is named in honour of Georges Clemenceau. See Clémenceau Avenue. Mon. Georges Clemenceau was on an eastern tour in the 1920s, when he visited Singapore, and was invited to witness the foundation stone laying of the Cenotaph. At that visit, he had the honor to mark the foundation of Clemenceau Avenue. The Clemenceau Bridge (1920s) was a crossing over the Singapore River.
- List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s – 4 Jan. 1926
- Clemenceau's name is spelled with an (e) and not with the (é) that is normally required in French for the pronunciation /e/.
- Clemenceau rather preferred the pronunciation kləmɑ̃so, but current usage has adopted the vowel [e] (by analogy with the name Clément). See P. Fouché, Traité de prononciation française, Paris, 1956, p. 65.
- David Watson, Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography (1976) pp. 16-22.
- Watson (1976), pp. 16-22.
- Watson (1976), pp. 23-32.
- David Watson (1976), pp. 23-32.
- Milza, Pierre, L'année terrible - La Commune (mars-juin 1871)
- Musée Clemenceau
- See the 30 September 1906 discourse, La Roche-sur-Yon (French)
- G. Clemenceau, Notes de voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Hachette, 1911
- Tuchman 1962, p93
- Tuchman 1962, p342
- Watson, Georges Clemenceau (1974) pp 249-72
- Tuchman 1962, p425
- Doughty 2005, p403
- Palmer 1998, p157
- Terraine 1978, p25
- Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World, Random House: New York, (2003) 150
- Watson, p. 337.
- Watson, p. 347.
- Watson, p. 350.
- Watson, p. 351.
- Watson, pp. 351-352.
- Watson, p. 352.
- Watson, p. 353.
- Watson, pp. 349-350.
- Watson, p. 360.
- Watson, p. 361.
- Watson, p. 362.
- Watson, p. 385.
- Watson, p. 386.
- Watson, p. 387.
- Watson, p. 388.
- Watson, p. 389.
- Watson, pp. 390-391.
- Smith, Roberta (10 September 2009). "Serenade in Blue". New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- __________. Monet: Le cycle des ‘Nymphéas’ (Paris : Musée national de l’Orangerie, 1999).
- Dallas, Gregor. At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World 1841-1929 (1993); emphasis on political milieu
- Doughty, Robert A. (2005). Pyrrhic Victory. Havard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02726-8.
- Duval-Stalla, Alexandre, "Claude Monet - Georges Clemenceau : une histoire, deux cacactères", ( Paris : Folio, 2013)
- Greenhalgh, Elizabeth, " David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and the 1918 Manpower Crisis," Historical Journal (2007) 50#2 pp. 397–421
- Holt, E., The Tiger: The Life of Georges Clemenceau 1841–1929, (London : Hamilton, 1976)
- Jackson, J. Hampden. Clemenceau and the Third Republic (1962) online edition
- MacMillan, Margaret. Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War (2001)
- McAuliffe, Mary. Dawn of the Belle Epoque: The Paris of Monet, Zola, Bernhardt, Eiffel, Debussy, Clemenceau, and Their Friends (2011) excerpt and text search
- Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible - La Commune (mars-juin 1871). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
- Newhall, David S. Clemenceau: A Life at War (1991)
- Palmer, Alan (1998). Victory 1918. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84124-6.
- Terraine, John (1978). To Win a War. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-304-35321-3.
- Tuchman, Barbara (1962). August 1914. Constable & Co. ISBN 978-0-333-30516-4.
- Watson, D. R. "The Making of French Foreign Policy during the First Clemenceau Ministry, 1906-1909," English Historical Review (1971) 86#341 pp. 774–782 in JSTOR
- Watson, David R. Georges Clemenceau: France: Makers of the Modern World (2009), 176pp excerpt and text search
- Watson, David R. Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography (1976) online edition
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Georges Clemenceau|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georges Clemenceau.|
|Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article about Georges Clemenceau.|
- The Clemenceau museum
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Georges Clemenceau
- Works by Georges Clemenceau at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Georges Clemenceau at Internet Archive (search optimized for the non-Beta site)
- Clemenceau, the man and his time by Henry Mayers Hyndman at archive.org
- South America To Day by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org. In English.
- The strongest (Les plus fort) by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org
- The surprises of life by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org
- At the foot of Sinai by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org
- Clemenceau's cartoons
- Dreyfus Rehabilitated | <urn:uuid:01cba61a-0fa2-4f36-a642-899a9a6ac158> | {
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University of San Francisco alums aren’t the only ones striving to reduce humanity’s ecological impact and take advantage of more efficient “green” technologies. In the last year, USF has invested in a fifth array of solar panels, moved to shrink sales of plastic water bottles, and established an administrative-level Green Team to develop strategies for a more sustainable campus.
The largest capital outlay, estimated at about $375,000, went for new solar panels on top of renovated Kalmanovitz Hall. The installation, combined with panels already generating power on Cowell Hall, Gleeson Library, Koret Health and Recreation Center, and University Center, boosted USF’s solar energy production from a maximum of 71 kilowatt hours to 420 kilowatt hours, reducing the university’s carbon footprint by almost 330 tons a year, said Everette Ersery, assistant director of facilities.
“It has significantly reduced our carbon footprint and electrical bill, while reducing the amount of energy we and PG&E use,” Ersery said.
In addition, a growing number of eco-friendly initiatives are finding support from the Green Team, which first met in October 2007 with the support of USF President Stephen A. Privett, S.J. “The Green Team’s purpose is to look into how we can make USF more sustainable by lessening the carbon footprint of the campus so that we are a better citizen of the world,” said Glenn Loomis, Green Team chairman and USF community relations director.
Among the projects the Green Team supports is the installation of water “refill stations,” water fountains with eight- to 10-inch curved spouts, around campus. The decision came in response to student lobbying and the launch of the student-led Trust the Tap campaign to eliminate plastic water bottle sales on campus. The campaign, which consisted of water taste tests, art exhibitions, and information handouts, highlighted the environmental harm caused by using disposable plastic water bottles.
Choosing tap water over bottled water helps reduce the 17 million barrels of oil and 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide needed to produce and deliver plastic water bottles for American consumption annually, according to Pacific Institute, a nonprofit research group devoted to creating a healthy, sustainable planet.
The refill stations are intended to provide convenient locations for students, faculty, and staff to tap into San Francisco’s municipal water, among the cleanest in the country, as USF’s food vendor, Bon Appétit, and administrators work to reduce plastic water bottle sales for more eco-friendly refillable water containers over the coming months, said Holly Winslow, resident district manager for Bon Appétit.
Bon Appétit, already a leader in the eco-friendly food service industry, dishes up its meals on reusable tableware, rather than disposable plates and plastic ware at USF’s cafeterias, and has since 2005. Carryout cups, bowls, and utensils are made from renewable corn, sugarcane, and potato starch, all 100 percent compostable, Winslow said.
In addition, Bon Appétit buys more than 85 percent of its meat, vegetables, and other products from farms within a 150-mile radius, in an effort to reduce the amount of energy required to create the approximately 5,000 weekday meals needed to feed students. Bon Appétit closes the circle by sending 10 tons of food waste each week to be composted and distributed to area farms.
Beyond food services, the Green Team is working to increase the amount of recyclables captured in the university’s general waste stream from 65 percent to 75 percent. Recent inspections have shown that almost 25 percent of the garbage found in USF’s general waste could be recycled or composted, said Joe Murphy, environmental safety manager for USF and head of USF’s recycling efforts.
Other initiatives include an attempt to increase bicycle commuting to campus by raising awareness and installing additional racks for secure bicycle parking, a composting pilot program in residence halls, and the campus-wide installation of energy efficient light fixtures and light bulbs.
While still on the horizon, USF’s biggest commitment to creating a sustainable campus is a new $60 million Center for Science and Innovation that will be Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified. Anticipated to break ground in the next few years, the four-story science facility, at the south end of Harney Science Center, is being designed to house labs and classrooms for all the sciences, including biology, physics, and chemistry. The state-of-the-art facility will incorporate the most efficient water and energy technologies, along with recycled construction materials. | <urn:uuid:3666e409-a0a3-4fbd-990b-0c69b6f62df8> | {
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Rational Problem Solving
Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Department of Social Planning and Welfare Administration, 1714-1 Yoshino Cho, Nobeoka Shi, Miyazaki ken, 882-8508, Japan
Modern politics and the economy are based on a way of thinking called modern reason, first articulated by Thomas Hobbes in 1651. The field of social work has adopted this way of thinking and rational problem solving as its primary method. However, modern reason and rational problem solving are defective ways of helping people resolve personal and social problems. This paper critiques modern reason and rational problem solving. Key words: modern reason, rationality, rational problem solving, and decision-making.
When a man reasoneth, he does nothing else but conceive a sum total...for REASON in this sense is nothing but reckoning, that is adding and subtracting of the consequences of general names agreed upon for the marking and signifying of our thoughts.
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan[i]
Modern reason and the method by which it is used, called rational problem solving, have become the way we think about things in our modern world and is the form of reasoning used in solving the most complex problems of our day. Modern rational problem solving has been officially designated as the method by which members of the social work profession are expected to engage in assisting clients and reach decisions.[ii] While rational problem solving method is a powerful tool it has a number of limitations for social work practice. These limitations militate against the unqualified acceptance of rational problem solving as a model for the social work profession.[iii]
1. What is Modern Reason?
Modern reason, first articulated by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) in his book Leviathan published in 1651, is a process of calculation. "In what matter so ever there is a place for addition and subtraction, there is also a place for reason; and where they have no place, there reason has nothing at all to do.”[iv](emphasis in original) Therefore, "when man reasoneth," Hobbes asserted, "he does nothing else but conceive a sum total."[v] “Reason” said Hobbes, “is nothing but reckoning, that is adding and subtracting of the consequences of… names agreed upon.”[vi]Graham Allison asserts that rationality refers to an “essentially Hobbesian notion of consistent, value-maximizing reckoning or adaptation within specified constraints.”[vii]
2. What is Rational Problem Solving?
If someone today talks about a decision being rational, he or she simply means a process by which one defines a problem, gathers information, compares all the alternatives, and then in a cost calculus, decides which alternative solution maximizes one's goals.
For Hobbes, reason is an instrument of problem solving. In order to use modern reason in problem solving, Hobbes asserted that one must "get a good and orderly method."[viii] This method says hopes is “…nothing but reckoning of…consequences.”[ix] Hobbes then proceeds to describe how modern reason can be used to reckon consequences of decisions. Rational problem solving, asserts Hobbes, begins as the decision maker first decides or defines interests or goals that one wants to achieve. For Hobbes each person is the best judge of his or her own interests, needs and preferences.
Ones interests includes arriving at a definition of ones preferences, the particular features or aspects of the subjective interests that one wishes to maximize, "so that he who that by experience, or reason, the greatest and surest prospect of consequences, deliberates best himself."[x]
After a person understands clearly what his preferences are, he considers all of the alternative ways that his preferences can be achieved or in Hobbes terminology "the right ordering of... | <urn:uuid:0cbd1d10-3523-4e74-93a1-efb59f75336b> | {
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Some Don't Like It Hot
If you’ve lived in Arizona for at least one summer, you are familiar with how hot it can become outside. Since we cannot stop our lives, we occasionally need to be outside under these extreme conditions. Being exposed to such high temperatures, even for a short period of time, can lead to heat exhaustion and eventually heat stroke.
Various types of people are at risk for developing heat stroke and heat exhaustion. Athletes for example, who perform rigorous exercise in these conditions, may be at risk without proper precautions. However, the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions are also at a higher risk. This is due to the fact that as we age the body’s ability to regulate its temperature becomes impaired and those with certain medical conditions may be on medications that blunt these mechanisms. Dehydration, poor physical condition, obesity and not being acclimated to such extreme conditions also leave people more susceptible to developing heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
The mortality rate of those that develop heat stroke is quite high. That is why it is very important to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion, so therapy can be initiated quickly to prevent the progression to heat stroke. Early symptoms to look for are: muscle cramps, rapid heart rate or palpitations, fast breathing, headache, lightheadedness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These can symptoms can occur together or individually. Once you start having symptoms, it is imperative to rest and cool down the body right away as delaying therapy can lead to organ damage and even death.
Once symptoms of heat exhaustion are recognized, the treatment is focused on lowering the body’s core temperature. This can be done in several ways such as: spraying oneself with water and standing in front of a fan, seeking out shade or cover, removing any extra clothing, taking a cool shower or bath, drinking cool water and/or sports drinks (to help cool the body internally and replenish lost fluids), and/or place a cold pack or towel around the neck or in the armpits.
I cannot stress it enough; the best way to treat heat exposure is to avoid exposure to extreme temperatures all together. However, if this is not possible, be sure to take frequent breaks when being active in such extreme conditions, make sure to stay well hydrated (even if you are not thirsty), try to perform activities earlier in the day when it is cooler, and wear loose, light-weight clothing.
Dr. Joshua Millstein earned his medical degree at the Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine in Glendale and completed his internship and residency at St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix. He is a board-certified internist who practiced at several Valley locations since 2007 and joined SMGAZ in May 2016. | <urn:uuid:92ffba25-8b99-45a0-9a01-b868cc5b4ab6> | {
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English Foundations II offers a year of skill building and strategy development in reading and writing. Semester one is a reading program designed to help struggling readers develop mastery in the areas of reading comprehension, vocabulary building, study skills, and media literacy. Semester two is a writing program which builds confidence in composition fundamentals by focusing on the areas of composing, grammar, style, and media literacy. Both semesters are structured around ten mini-units which offer interactive instruction and guided practice in each of the four learning strands. Students read for a variety of purposes and write for a variety of audiences. The workshops stress high interest, engaging use of technology, relevant topics, and robustly scaffolded practice. Students learn to use different types of graphic organizers as they develop and internalize reading and writing process strategies. They build confidence as they develop skills and experience success on numerous low stakes assessments that encourage growth and reinforce learning.
The reading program content is based on the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), International Reading Association (IRA), National Reading Program (NRP), and McREL, standards and aligned to state standards. The writing program is based on the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) standards and aligned to state standards. | <urn:uuid:7e1737f8-8053-41d5-bdd7-9721b97158d3> | {
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Since this site is about puzzles, I figured it a suitable blog post to answer the question “What is a puzzle?”
Probably with similar debates to the age old question of is it a sport or a game – what exactly deviates a puzzle from a game?
Commonly puzzles test the following skills:
- Ingenuity – Figure out how to solve the puzzle
- Speed – How fast can you figure out the puzzle
- Knowledge – If it’s not a mechanical puzzle you can “figure out” per se – do you have the knowledge to solve it?
- Problem solving – A puzzle is merely a problem that must be solved
What is a puzzle?
One thing we can decide for sure is that a puzzle has a definite ending. A jigsaw puzzle is complete when it’s fully assembled, the Rubik’s cube is solved when all of the sides are solid colors, a disentanglement puzzle is solved when it’s, well, disentangled.
A puzzle, depending on its difficulty, makes you think. You need to figure out how you’ll solve it and this involves variable usage of the brain.
Long time puzzle collector Stan Isaac’s has a quote definition of a puzzle that states:
- A puzzle is fun
- and it has a right answer
While I don’t necessarily agree with the first statement, as there are plenty of puzzles that are not necessarily fun to everyone, I do agree with the second.
Types of puzzles
There are several different types of puzzles, let’s go over some of the common ones to help identify their characteristics and therefore define puzzles.
- Logic puzzles – Riddles etc.
- Math based puzzles – Find the missing number in the series
- Mechanical puzzles – Rubik’s, disentanglement, rope puzzles
- Pen and paper – Mazes
- Word puzzles – Crosswords, hangman
- Number puzzles – Sudoku, other similar style puzzles
Phases of puzzling
Maybe it’s the same, or maybe different for you, but I go through a few phases when solving puzzles.
- Observation – Observe the puzzle, maybe physically if it’s mechanical
- Testing – Test my observed solution
- Iterate – If the above is not successful, repeat
So what makes up a puzzle then
The pieces of a puzzle are as follows, based on the previous evidence we can extrapolate:
- A puzzle has a definite ending – it can have more than one ending depending on the solution – it has a clear GOAL
- A puzzle tests the solver on some level on ingenuity, knowledge, and other skills relative to the puzzle
- There are different types of puzzles
- Some level of logical reasoning is needed to solve a puzzle – this depends on the difficulty
Another definition from The Random House dictionary answers the question “What is a puzzle” as “a toy or other contrivance designed to amuse, presenting difficulties to be solved by ingenuity or patient effort.” I guess this definition places a puzzle as one physical/mental entity and does not include non-enjoyable or non-toys as puzzles, which is the difference for me. I think that a puzzle is any problem that has a solution – whether or not the solution can be found or not is an entirely different story. I think in one of my next pieces I’ll write on whether or not the solution to some puzzles exists, or should exist.
Until next time, happy puzzling! | <urn:uuid:e72bfbf8-0664-4d6f-94c5-1e5b5366b4ac> | {
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When a juvenile Osprey leaves Rutland Water on its first migration, many threats await. Long crossings of the Bay of Biscay and the vast and unforgiving Sahara are two natural hazards that must be overcome, but fishing nets and hunters are very real dangers too. Over the years satellite tracking and ringing studies have shown that both environmental and anthropogenic factors have resulted in the death of young Ospreys on migration. Getting to the fish-rich waters of West Africa is a long and demanding journey, but arriving there safely is only part of the story. Recent research shows that surviving for 18 months in West Africa can be just as challenging.
Since 2001 more than 30% of young Ospreys that have fledged from nests in the Rutland Water area have made it back to the UK, but what happens to the 60-70% of birds who fail to make it home? In most cases we simply don’t know. However, there is always a glimmer of hope that we will discover the fate of lost birds, because all of the juveniles in the Rutland population are ringed. The first recovery of a Rutland-ringed bird was made by a farmer in Guinea in 1998. He found the bird, which had been released at Rutland Water the previous year, dying in the corner of a field. Later that evening, as he was preparing the bird for the pot he noticed the rings on its legs, and in his words, ‘knew it to be on a mission’. He eventually managed to get news of his find to the British Embassy who passed the details on to the BTO.
More recently, satellite tracking studies have shown that many young Ospreys die during their first year in West Africa. Many young birds are chased away from the best wintering sites by experienced adult birds defending their patch, and as such, often get pushed into poorer quality areas where they are more likely to come to grief. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that wintering Ospreys are often very approachable. Not only do they perch in prominent places, but they will often tolerate a close approach. This is perfectly exemplified by the most recent ring recovery of a Rutland bird.
A few weeks ago, we received notification that 4J(13), a female that fledged from the Site B nest in 2013, has been hunted and killed over 5000km away in the Ivory Coast. The BTO recovery had contact details of the person who had submitted the report and so I sent an e-mail to try and find out more.
Over the weekend I received a reply from Koffi Roger Yeboue. He explained that the bird was killed by a hunter in an area of forest beside the ABI lagoon in the Adiaké region of south-east Ivory Coast. The hunter who killed the bird gave the following explanation:
“Not far from my field, in the forest area, there is a big tree. During the month of December 2014 I noticed that this bird comes at the end of the day to sleep in that tree. Always the same tree. So in the last weekend of December 2014, I decided to kill it. This day, I waited it for a long time. It was around 18:30 UT when it came. I killed it. Then I noticed he was wearing two rings: a metal ring and a plastic ring. I was scared because I had never seen a bird with rings!!! I got the rings but I could not eat this bird. People have told me that other birds wearing rings were killed in the area. It seems that these birds go fishing in the lagoon all the day and come to sleep in the forest .I am so confused. If I had seen the rings, I would never killed this bird. It is necessary to find another ring system visible by hunters.”
By December 2014, 4J would have been in West Africa for over a year, but the hunter’s description suggests that it may have only just started using this particular roosting site. The fact that it returned there each night is exactly what we have learned to expect of wintering Ospreys; but in this case, it sealed the bird’s fate. Like the farmer in Guinea, when the hunter noticed the rings, he realised the significance of the bird; and it was then that he enlisted the help of Koffi to try and track down where it was from.
The death of 4J mirrors that of AW, the satellite-tagged bird that we lost in the Ivory Coast in February 2012. Although we were never able to prove it, we suspected at the time that the bird had been killed by a hunter. Improved satellite imagery of this area now shows that the bird’s last location was a small village.
The killing of 4J is a fate that probably befalls many wintering Ospreys in West Africa. In some areas the hunters are merely very poor people trying to survive, but in other areas this is not the case. The sentiments of the hunter; that he would not have killed the bird if he had known where it was from echo what local people have told me in Gambia and Senegal. If local people understood the remarkable journeys that migratory birds make, they would not kill them. That is why the education work we are undertaking in West Africa is so important. The Osprey Flyways Project aims to encourage communities to value and, thus, protect, migratory birds. A second email that I received from Koffi sums this up perfectly:
“I am very happy to read you again. It is a pleasure for me to note that through a death ringed bird, a bridge is thrown between continents and between people. 4J is dead, but 4J is still in our hearts. Since this story, my vision on birds has changed. These animals are messengers travelling from one country to another without visa, flight ticket or passport .What a fabulous destiny.
My next challenge will be to convince people to stop killing birds in the region and find the rings of dead birds.”
We wish Koffi well in his important mission and send our sincere thanks for taking the time to contact the BTO and then to reply to my e-mails. Another friendship created by the journey of an Osprey. | <urn:uuid:dab6c9f8-b5d7-40df-b7ae-5c5b0883ba34> | {
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It is carnivorous, feeding on small prey that it catches using the long stinging tentacles around the edge of its umbrella. Its mouth, located under the umbrella, is extended by four long, scalloped lobes: its oral arms.
This jellyfish multiplies at an alarming rate in the Pacific, where it competes for food with other marine species, namely those used by fisheries.
The northern sea nettle can grow to up to 30 cm in diameter with 6 m long tentacles.
L'artiste en scène | <urn:uuid:d53a24a5-4c03-440a-9969-6ab12a13c03d> | {
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Mrs. McQuaid’s Grade Eleven Math Classes (521A)
Charlottetown Rural High School
Welcome to our web page and thank you for visiting. This page was
designed to share some of the creative writing assignments that we have
done in our grade 11 math class this year. So far, we have done
three writing assignments: a personal autobiography, a short research
paper on a historical figure in mathematics, and a math adventure.
In this page you will find a link to each of the different
assignments. The link will contain the assignment, as given to students,
as well as a variety of samples of student work. All students in my
classes were required to do the assignments. However, samples for this
page were submitted on a voluntary basis. Teachers may feel free to use
the assignments in their own classes if they wish.
The personal autobiography assignment was designed to get students
thinking about their own math experiences to this point and to evaluate
what their own math needs are now and for the future. I was impressed
with the seriousness with which students approached the assignment and
the effort they put into it. The assignments deal with personal
experiences and I ensured students that their names would not be
attached. On the day I gave the assignment I read the students my own
math autobiography to give them an idea of what I was looking for. It
was a great way for students to get to know a little about me and by
reading their assignments I learned a lot about them.
The mathematician assignment basically required students to do a
little research and find out about some of the people that played
important roles in the history of mathematics. The assignments were
meant to be short and to the point. The students did a great job and
expressed interest in finding out about some of the figures in history.
The Mathematical Adventure Assignment was a response to a film we
watched called "Donald Duck in Mathemagic Land." The film,
which has Donald Duck as the main character, explores math in the world
around us, looking at music, art, nature, and more. I asked the students
to come up with their own math adventure to explain something about
mathematics. They took the assignment by storm. I had many students
modify assignments to create comic strips, videos, and poetry. I was
extremely impressed with the quality of material that they created.
Each of these assignments were given in the hope of encouraging an
appreciation for mathematics outside of the basic textbook and
curriculum. It is my hope that the assignments helped to foster a
positive attitude towards math as it exists in our world. Assessment for
each of the assignments was based on how well the criteria, as outlined
in the assignment, was met. I tried to allow as much creativity as
possible and keep the assignments light and fun.
I hope you enjoy reading these assignments as much as I did and that
you appreciate the creativity of the students that wrote them. Should
you have any questions feel free to contacts me.
First Year Teacher, Charlottetown Rural High School | <urn:uuid:d34153b1-dba1-4b21-b796-c583d6c5cb0a> | {
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Warm Temperatures Bring Dangerous Bacteria to Northern Waters
[The health department] yesterday suggested that Rhode Islanders avoid exposing open wounds to saltwater and avoid eating raw or undercooked shellfish. (The shellfish advisory is always in effect, Gifford said, because of the potential dangers of eating raw shellfish.) [That’s David R. Gifford, director of the state Department of Health.]
Of particular concern to the state are the warmer waters of the upper Bay -- from Greenwich Bay north to Providence -- and inlets, shallow areas and coastal ponds such as Ninigret Pond and the Great Salt Ponds.
Gifford said the bacteria needs warm saltwater to survive, but he would not rule out the possibility of its presence in cooler parts of the Bay or in the ocean.
Nationally, there are about 100 cases of Vibrio infection a year, a third of which are fatal, Gifford said.
… Gifford said a man in his 50s or 60s was collecting shellfish near Warwick's Conimicut Point early last month. A wound on his leg became infected, leading to a serious hospitalization. The man is now recovering, Gifford said. He refused to release more information, saying he did not want to jeopardize the man's privacy.
"He got adequately treated and he's recovering fine," Gifford said.
The state does not routinely test the water for Vibrio, inasmuch as it is normally found in warmer waters, Gifford said.
But after learning of this man's case, the waters and shellfish around Coniicut Point were tested. On Thursday night, the results came back showing low levels of the bacteria. Gifford said the levels were high enough to issue the advisory.
The department is now testing shellfish and water in the upper Bay and other warm saltwater areas, including the inlets and coastal ponds. Results could take a few weeks because of the complexity of the bacteria, Gifford said.
The department was not sure how the bacteria got to Rhode Island waters, but Gifford speculated that either the Gulf Stream carried it up here or a ship in the Gulf carried it up here in water in its ballast tank.
The excerpt is from the Providence Journal, by the way, which is doing a terrific job of covering conditions on the Bay and in the state's coastal waters this summer. If only we had its equivalent on Long Island Sound. | <urn:uuid:c0ef981f-a356-4db6-b5b3-023db5a2f58a> | {
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|The Shulchan Aruch (Hebrew: שולחן ערוך, literally: "Set Table") (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a codification, or written manual, of halacha (Jewish law), composed by Rabbi Yosef Karo in the 16th century. Together with its commentaries, it is frequently considered the most authoritative compilation of halacha since the Talmud.
This original English translation is being done by Wikisource contributors.
- Arukh ha-Shulchan
- Shulchan Aruch at Hebrew Wikisource
- Online English translation of the entire Kitzur Shulchan Aruch code of Jewish law
- Online English translation of the Mishneh Torah code of Jewish law
This work was published before January 1, 1923, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. | <urn:uuid:dc27c9df-0c48-4189-8514-3f014662b495> | {
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Recipient of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1995.
The old city of Bukhara was founded 2,500 years ago. Within its ancient city walls and gates are 500 standing monuments: they include 24 madrasas, 48 mosques, 14 caravanserais, 9 mausoleums, 4 trading domes, the Ark citadel, and many hammams, old houses, and canals. The restoration programme began in the late 1960's under the USSR, and has been continued by Uzbekistan since its independence in 1990. The primary aim is to conserve the major monuments and landmarks in the centre of the old city, and to re-integrate them into the life of the bordering districts. Because most of the upgraded mosques, madrasas, mausoleums, and other monumental structures are no longer used as such, a new function was found for each. Some madrasas, for example, have been turned into craft centres, studios, and galleries. One has become a restoration institute where future restorers are trained. Other structures have had their old functions renewed. A caravanserai is once again a silk and cloth warehouse, and trading domes are renewed as active suqs. Among the great landmarks restored are the Samanid Mausoleum, the Mir-i Arab Madrasa, and the Kalyan Minaret. To open up the old centre, thereby allowing the monuments to be better seen, mediocre buildings of the 1950's were removed. Utilities have been upgraded, and the streets paved. Old Bukhara, no longer a derelict slum, is now a viable prosperous city. The jury believes that "the restoration of Bukhara sends a very strong message to the rest of the Islamic world of the need to restore and re-integrate old cities into new ways of life." | <urn:uuid:854ed0cd-4e20-4204-9c07-4fd45c0f1aee> | {
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Diamonds have always been regarded as the most precious of gemstones. Because of their value and ease of transport, loose diamonds have been used in trade for more than 4000 years. Today, loose diamonds are largely used in the making of jewelry.
DNA2Diamonds loose diamonds are available in round, princess and radiant cuts. They can be created in sizes ranging from 0.25 carats – 2.0 carats. Our loose diamonds are available in five elegant colors that provide enduring radiance, luster, fire and brilliance: red, cognac, yellow-green, blue and white.
Because fancy color loose diamonds are becoming increasingly popular and are in and high demand, the price of these precious gems is likely to continue to increase in the future.
In nature, it takes millennia to create a diamond; however DNA2Diamonds can create a loose diamond in just a few weeks. During this time, the diamond is certified to be physically, chemically and optically identical to an earth-mined diamond.
The key difference in our loose diamonds is that they are simply more beautiful, more meaningful and more precious than any other diamond because they contain the essence of those you love. They are truly the most personal diamonds in the world.
DNA2Diamonds loose diamonds begin with the signature carbon taken from hair or the cremated ashes of loved ones (including treasured animal companions). This special carbon is added to a diamond seed in our laboratory and exposed to the same process of extreme heat and pressure that occurs deep below the earth’s crust.
Learn More About DNA2Diamonds Loose Diamonds Now:
Watch our Diamond Videos
Browse our Articles in our Diamond Guide
Look up Diamond Terminology in our Diamond Glossary | <urn:uuid:30772e18-caa1-4303-a279-322297c56659> | {
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William I, 1797–1888, emperor of Germany (1871–88) and king of Prussia (1861–88), second son of the future King Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg. Essentially conservative, William fled to England during the revolutionary uprisings of 1848 in Prussia, and upon his return (1849) he commanded the troops that crushed the republican insurrection in Baden. When his brother King Frederick William IV was declared insane, William became (1858) regent, and on Frederick William's death William became king of Prussia. William immediately set about reorganizing and strengthening the army, and when he met the opposition of the legislature, he appointed Otto von Bismarck his prime minister in 1862. From then until the emperor's death, Bismarck guided the destiny of Prussia and Germany. Opposition to the king's and Bismarck's military program was suppressed, and in 1864 Prussia began its career of military conquest in the war with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein. This led to the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, from which Prussia emerged the leading German power. William I commanded in person in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, received the surrender of Napoleon III at Sedan, and was proclaimed (Jan. 18, 1871) emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles (see Germany). Although William often disagreed with Bismarck's policies, he ultimately was always persuaded by his chancellor. William did not favor the Kulturkampf (Bismarck's struggle against the Roman Catholic Church) but gave it his tacit consent. As a symbol of reborn German unity he was popular, but his militarism and belief in his divine right to rule drew upon him the hatred of the radical elements. Two attempts on William's life (1878) enabled Bismarck to pass severe legislation against the socialists. William's reign was crucial in European history, for it saw Germany's rise to power on the continent. His son Frederick III succeeded him.
See P. Wiegler, William the First (1927, tr. 1929); T. Aronson, The Kaisers (1971).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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"url": "http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/william-i-emperor-germany-king-prussia.html"
} |
Subsets and Splits