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In politics, the adjective radical means favoring revolutionary changes in the social structure. It’s derived from the Latin radix, meaning root, and it relates to the desire to change society at the roots. The word has historically applied to the political left. While reactionaries (extreme right-wing) seek to preserve or bring back longstanding social structures, radicals (extreme left-wing) seek new structures and revolutionary reforms. There are still progressive and even centrist political parties, notably in Europe, that describe themselves as radical with no connotation of extremism.
But radical is now often used as a synonym of extreme, applicable to both sides of the political spectrum. This is unfortunate because both radical and extreme have useful and distinct meanings in politics, and conflating them erodes the meaning of both. While radical can logically apply to nonleftist positions in favor of uprooting society, phrases like radical conservatism are contradictions.
Outside politics, radical means arising from or going to the root. Again, it should not be confused with extreme, which means (1) of the greatest severity or (2) extending far beyond the norm.
For example, these writers use radical where extreme or even just conservative would make more sense:
[T]he radical agenda of the Republican Party and its vocal Tea Party component brings to mind two widely divergent memories. [NJ.com]
Florida is undergoing a radical conservative transformation under Gov. Rick Scott. [Miami New Times]
The centre-right will not capture any more votes in Scotland until they can present a truly radical new programme. [Scotland on Sunday]
And these writers use radical in its traditional political sense:
The country needs a radical reformer more than ever, but the chances of one emerging are mixed. [Wall Street Journal]
Grassroots activists called at the weekend for a radical shake-up at national level after a disastrous slump in its election fortunes. [Financial Times]
Bin Laden fled to Khartoum in Sudan where it was relatively safe for Muslim radicals and terrorists to operate. [Australian] | <urn:uuid:7935ddb2-81b1-48f4-b6c6-c835371e53b4> | {
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Sixteen endangered Pacific leatherback sea turtles have been injured or killed in the Hawaii-based longline swordfish fishery this year causing an immediate halt to the entire fishery thanks to policies put in place by the Sea Turtle Restoration Project and allies. Longline fishing remains the leading threat to endangered leatherbacks, driving them towards extinction in the Pacific.
Regulations governing the Hawaii-based shallow-set pelagic longline
fishery for swordfish include annual limits of 16 leatherback sea turtles and 17 loggerhead sea turtles that can be hooked, injured or killed. Since the limit for leatherbacks was reached, Hawaii
longline vessels are prohibited from shallow-set fishing north of the
Equator for the remainder of the calendar year.
Take action to demand immediate protections for leatherbacks! Click here to demand critical habitat be finalized for Pacific leatherbacks.
Earlier this year, the Sea Turtle Restoration Project and allies successfully defended the sea turtle take limits for loggerheads in court, victoriously returning the take limit to 17 loggerheads allowed to be injured or killed each year in the fishery after the limit was raised to 46. Click here to read our press release on the loggerhead longline victory.
Click here to read our press release on our victory achieving an uplist to endangered status for Pacific loggerheads, which immediately triggered increased scrutiny of the longline fishery on their imperiled population. | <urn:uuid:8dcc7f73-2dc2-4621-ac5a-08c16c15f7f4> | {
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Why Do More Men Than Women Die of Skin Cancer?
Men don’t use sunscreen regularly
Exposure to the sun’s UV rays – both long wave ultraviolet A (UVA) and short wave ultraviolet B (UVB) — are known to cause skin cancer. About 86 percent of all melanomas are attributed to sun exposure, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation. Protecting your skin from the sun’s rays means wearing sunscreen everyday and reapplying it every few hours, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding spending long periods of time in the sun between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.
But only 14.3 percent of men say they regularly use sunscreen on their face and other exposed skin, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. This might be due, in part, to advertisements and educational information about the importance of sunscreen typically being aimed toward women more than men.
Men also often spend more time outdoors. The U.S. Labor Department shows that men, on an average, spend one hour a day more than women on sports and leisure activities. If these activities are outdoors, such as fishing, hiking, or playing golf, they are spending seven more hours per week out in the sun. The cumulative effects of sun exposure increase their risk of developing skin cancer.
Men don’t go to the doctor unless absolutely necessary
Too often, men ignore signs of skin cancer. They don’t see visiting a doctor or dermatologist as a priority in their life. Three times more men than women indicated they hadn’t seen a doctor over the last year, according to Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Illinois. Many men wait as long as possible, even if they have a lesion or other suspicious signs of skin cancer.
Skin cancer is treatable when detected and treated early. But that means doing skin self-checks on a regular basis, seeing a dermatologist on an annual basis, and more often, if there are suspicious moles or ones that change shape or color. You should contact your doctor immediately if you have sores or lesions that don’t heal. Without treatment, skin cancer can spread to the lymph nodes and beyond, making it deadly or more difficult to treat.
There might be biological differences
A report published in Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2012 points to possible biological differences between men and women when it comes to skin cancer. Women have a greater chance of survival. Not only did researchers note that the cancer was less likely to spread to lymph nodes in women, when it did, it took longer. But even when the cancer was found in lymph nodes, women still had a higher survival and cure rate.
It’s impossible to do anything about the biological differences; however, regular check-ups not only allow doctors to look for suspicious skin lesions, they also raise awareness. Men who regularly visit the doctor may be more aware of warning signs and be vigilant about completing self-skin checks.
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Stroke Diagnosis, Treatments, Recovery, Preventive, Complications
Stroke refers to a condition when blood supply to the brain is interfered or lacks due to congestion (ischemic stroke) or burst (haemorrhagic stroke) of the blood vessels. With no blood the brain gets no supply of oxygen and nutrition, this causing the cells in partial brain die. The condition will cause the part of the body controlled by the brain area to lose its normal function. Stroke is a medical emergency because brain cells can die in a matter of minutes. Quick handling may minimize possible brain damage and complications.
The symptoms of Stroke
Partial body is controlled by different partial brain and therefore stroke symptoms depend on the brain area affected and its damage degree. The symptoms vary individually but happen mostly in a sudden. 3 indications are the most common:
Face. The face looks slanting side way, unable to smile of losing resilience.
Arms. Stroke may cause arms to weaken and lose power of pulling back. Not only the arms but also the legs of the same side weaken.
Speech. Unclear speech, babbling, or even totally losing speech ability.
Other indications of stroke:
Nusea and vomit.
Sudden grave headache, stiff neck, and vertigo.
Hard of swallowing (dysphagia).
Losing balance and coordination.
Sudden losing sight or doubling sight.
Two types of stroke by causes:
Ischemic stroke. This case happens when the arterial blood vessels fail to carry blood and oxygen to the brain due to congestion. It is called ischemia.
This type happens when the blood vessels of the brain burst and bleed. The bleeding may be caused by some conditions affecting the blood vessels as follows:
Weakening blood vessel walls (brain aneurism).
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA):
TIA has the same stroke symptoms but it lasts usually for five minutes. It is caused by clogging of blood clot, cutting blood supply to the brain.
Stroke risk factors as the following:
Health factors, including
Having historical TIA case.
Life style factors, including
Lacking physical exercise.
Constricted drugs consumption.
Other factors, including
Evaluation on the types of stroke and brain area affected.
Firstly there will be inquiries about the following:
The first symptoms appearing and activities being done.
The medicines being consumed.
Historical injury on head area.
Inquiries about health and family history on heart failure, TIA, and stroke.
Physical check wholly, as blood pressure, heart beat, abnormal noise in the blood vessels.
Further examination including a.o.:
USG doppler carotis.
Stroke treatments usually require a neurologist, depending on the type of the case, ischemic or haemorrhagic.
Ischemic stroke treatment
Firstly the medical action will focus on ensuring stable breathing, controlling blood pressure, and recovering blood flow. The actions cover:
rtPA injection. By rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) infusing, recovery of blood flow will be acted upon but after due propriety of the patient.
Antiplatelet drugs. To prevent blood coagulating, this medicine will be prescribed, such as aspirin.
Anticoagulant. To prevent blood clotting, anticoagulant as heparin, will be dispensed, working by manipulating composing factors of blood coagulation.
Antihypertension. On early stroke, the blood pressure may be kept above low level to maintain blood supply to the brain, but on gaining stable pressure the pressure will be kept on optimal level.
Statin. Statin group cholesterol medication as atorvastatin may be given to control high cholesterol, by inhibiting the enzyme producing cholesterol of the liver.
To prevent recurring ischemic stroke an operation may be needed, one being called endarterectomy carotis, by removing the fat, which clogs flow of carotis arterial blood to the brain.
It is operated using catheter inserted into blood vessel of upper thigh directed to the artery carotis, aimed at enlarging the blood vessel.
Haemorrhagic stroke treatment.
The treatment aims at lowering pressure on the brain and controlling the bleeding. Some treatment actions on haemorrhagic stroke:
Medicines. The medication aims at lowering pressure on the brain, blood pressure, and preventing spasm. On consuming anticoagulant or antiplatelet, coagulating factor transfusion may be given to counter effect the anticoagulant.
Operation is done to reduce pressure on the brain and possibly restore broken blood vessel.
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack).
TIA treatment aims at controlling the risk factor likely to trigger stroke and thus prevent it. Antiplatelet or anticoagulant, cholesterol and antihypertension medicines may be given depending on the risk factor. Endarterectomy carotis operation may be required in case of existing accumulated fat.
Rehabilitation depends on the symptoms and graveness of the case. The sufferers may get the help of specialists as doctors, psychologist, speech therapist, physio therapist, and nurses.
Full recovery will take time but mostly total recovery is hardly rare.
Some effects result from stroke include:
Paralysis of partial body.
Losing body coordination and balance.
Cognitive effects; stroke may also affect cognitive function. It covers:
Verbal as well as non verbal communications.
Demensia vascular. This effect may happen instantly or some time later after the stroke attack.
Psychological effects as depression and anxiety.
Communication abilities as speaking, understanding, reading, writing, all these being called aphasia or disphasia.
Vision ability as losing sight.
Family support is essential in helping the patients get sooner recovery such as:
To motivate for long time improvement.
To adapt to the patient’s condition such as being slow in communication.
Getting involved in physiotherapeutic treatment.
Moral support to ensure the patient of eventual recovery.
Frustation and loneliness may happen with the patients. The following are some suggestions worth attending:
Be prepared for having to face changed behaviour such as being sensitive of feeling.
Try always to give encouragement and applause on any even small improvement.
Do not miss to care for your own health physical as well as psychological.
The primary action as preventive against stroke is healthy life style and recognize the risk factors close around.
Some ways against attack of stroke:
Eating habit. Too much salty and fatty foods may increase blood cholesterol later to trigger hypertension and lead to stroke.
Low fat and fibrous foods are highly recommended.
Regular physical exercises.
Avoid alcoholic drinks.
Keep away from NAPZA.
Some of the complications follow:
Deep vein thrombosis, blood coagulation around the legs to result in paralysis.
Hydrocephalus (accumulated liquid in the brain), suffered by patients of haemorrhagic stroke.
Dysphagia, disorder in swallowing reflex causing foods to enter respiratory tract. | <urn:uuid:07bc5160-baf5-4c45-a769-4b7fa74b6c1f> | {
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|The Lungs (Cut-away View)|
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.|
- Contact with someone who has an infection (for mycoplasma and chlamydia)
- Exposure to water or soil that contains the bacteria (for legionella)
- Living in closed communities, such as dormitories in boarding schools or colleges, nursing homes, and military barracks
- Cigarette smoking
- Lung disease
- Weakened immune system
General signs of infection such as:
- Fever (mild)
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Muscle aches and pains
Signs of respiratory infection such as:
- Cough that may produce phlegm
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Fast breathing
- Sore throat
- Abdominal pain
- Decreased appetite
- Skin rash
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
- Blood cultures
- Sputum test
- Pulse oximetry
- Arterial blood gas
- Use good hand-washing techniques.
- Avoid contact with other ill people.
- Get treatment for your chronic conditions.
American Lung Association http://www.lung.org
National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Disease http://www.niaid.nih.gov
The Canadian Lung Association http://www.lung.ca
Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca
Blasi F, Tarsia P, Aliberti S, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;26:617-624.
Cunha BA. The atypical pneumonias: clinical diagnosis and importance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(Suppl)3:12-24.
Cunha BA. Atypical pneumonias: current clinical concepts focusing on Legionnaires' disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008;14:183-194. Review
Pneumonia in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us. Updated March 25, 2013. Accessed April 2, 2013.
Types of Pneumonia. National Heart Lung Blood Institute (NHLBI) website. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/types.html. Updated March 1, 2011. Accessed April 2, 2013.
Understanding Pneumonia. American Lung Association website. Available at: http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/pneumonia/understanding-pneumonia.html. Accessed April 2, 2013.
Thibodeau KP, Viera A.J. Atypical pathogens and challenges in community-acqiured pneumonia. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:1699-1706.
- Reviewer: Brian Randall, MD
- Review Date: 06/2013 -
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The Food and Drug Administration ruled in November that partially hydrogenated fats don’t meet the criteria for their “generally recognized as safe” category, starting the process to dramatically reduce trans fats from the food supply.
The American Heart Association supports eliminating partially hydrogenated fats because too much can increase bad (LDL) cholesterol, lower good cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease, the No. 1 killer of all Americans.
Avoiding foods with partially hydrogenated fats could prevent 10,000-20,000 heart attacks and 3,000-7,000 heart disease deaths each year in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Alice H. Lichtenstein, D.Sc., received her first grant from the American Heart Association in the mid-1980s and has spent years as a strong advocate for eliminating trans fats from the nation’s food supply. Her work developing science-based policies has shaped the debate from how food companies develop their products and how shoppers pick their groceries to what children are offered in the school lunch line.
“I was interested in the impact of diet and cardiovascular risk and trans fats turned out to be an important component of it,” said Lichtenstein, who is the Gershoff Professor of Nutrition Science and Policy, director and senior scientist at the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory at Tufts University in Boston and a long-time association volunteer.
The food industry has long used partially hydrogenated fats to boost the texture and shelf life of a wide variety of foods such as cookies, cake mixes, doughnuts and snack foods. Trans fats come from two sources: animal fats (meat and dairy fat); and partially hydrogenated fat (traditional margarines and cooking shortenings made from vegetable oil). Before trans fats were added to labels in 2006, you could only recognize them under the alias “partially hydrogenated oil” on the ingredient list.
Partially hydrogenated fats were first developed in the late 19th century as a cheap substitute for butter, Lichtenstein said. They gained increased popularity in the 1960s and 70s, when partially hydrogenated fat was promoted as a logical substitute to saturated fat because it was made from vegetable oil, which was thought to be healthier than butter.
It was an assumption that was wrong, “but well-founded at that time,” Lichtenstein said.
Fast-forward to the early 1990s, when it was observed that trans fats increase LDL cholesterol concentrations, similar or worse than saturated fat. It was then a new fight for Lichtenstein and many others.
Lichtenstein said a small study that compared corn oil to partially hydrogenated corn fat, which is higher in trans fat, resulted in higher LDL cholesterol concentrations than corn oil.
Momentum built from there. A large study using a wider range of partially hydrogenated fats published in 1999 confirmed these findings.
“This is one of the few situations that the data were extremely consistent in terms of increasing cardiovascular risk. All the investigators came up with the same conclusion,” Lichtenstein said. “It wasn’t particularly controversial. And so began a gradual movement to eliminate partially hydrogenated fat from the food supply.”
That same year, the FDA first proposed that manufacturers be required to declare the amount of trans fats on Nutrition Facts labels, which became law one year later. In 2005, the Institute of Medicine released a report saying that trans fats in the diet should be as low as possible.
Then in 2006, the same year the labeling regulation went into effect, New York set a precedent as the first city to eliminate trans fats from restaurants. Lichtenstein said the city’s ban — which included a multilingual helpline and resources for how to make healthier substitutions and where to buy alternate fats — was a good blueprint for how to legislate a widespread health change.
Consumers were getting smarter and local municipalities listened, Lichtenstein said. Two years later, California banned trans fats in fast food restaurants, with more places to follow.
In addition, few foods made with partially hydrogenated fat are being introduced into the market.
“Industry has really risen to the challenge,” she said. “They’ve heard that consumers don’t want to see partially hydrogenated fat in the ingredient label or anything other than 0g trans fat in the Nutrition Facts panel, so they’ve become innovative.”
The American Heart Association hopes the FDA will finalize the November ruling and remove partially hydrogenated fat from the GRAS list, which will make it difficult for companies to use it in food preparation. Currently food products with less than 0.5 grams of trans fat are allowed to round down and list zero grams on the Nutrition Facts Panel.
While some foods are notoriously high in trans fats, including pie crusts, sticks margarines, cookies and crackers, Lichtenstein cautioned not to assume that a particular food is bad for you. Many of those foods are now reformulated. She advises reading labels, checking out websites and looking over nutrition information on restaurant menus.
“You’re going to have to do a little bit of detective work, but it shouldn’t be overwhelming,” she said.
She also points out that people need to live overall healthy lives.
“It’s the whole picture,” Lichtenstein said. “You can’t be virtuous by focusing on one aspect of the diet or lifestyle behaviors, but ignoring the other.”
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Forge about strict dieting and sweating it out at the gym – an easy blood test could be the key to dropping the pounds.
A new study carried out by an American university claimed identifying and eliminating foods we react to can help shed weight.
Professor John Lewis, of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, said a simple blood test can show food intolerances or hidden food sensitivities that may contribute to obesity.
He added the procedure could finally help overweight people lose the stubborn pounds they have struggled with for years.
Prof Lewis said: “While there are countless dieting programmes on the market, none of them recognises the possibility that certain foods, even healthy ones like tomatoes, could be problematic if they trigger an immune system response in overweight people.
“Eliminating foods that are IgG-reactive, while replacing them with similar, non-reactive foods to ensure nutrient deficiencies do not occur, is a new strategy for addressing obesity.”
He added several previous studies have linked inflammation in the digestive tract to obesity. Prof Lewis said: “It’s likely that these reactive foods have a chronic inflammatory effect on the body.
“Once you subtract those foods from the diet, the immune system can regulate, which lowers the chronic, systemic inflammation, and thus helps people to lose weight.
“Clearly, more research is needed into the metabolic processes involving inflammation and obesity.”
Prof Lewis’ study involved 120 people taking a finger prick blood test across 115 foods.
The test established which food provoked an IgG-mediated antibody response from the immune system.
Prof Lewis continued: “Identifying specific foods that cause a reaction from an individual’s immune system and eliminating them from the diet could be an additional strategy for long-lasting and perhaps permanent weight loss.”
People here can now take a similar test from YorkTest Laboratories to determine if there are any foods they need to eliminate from their diets.
The simple blood examination costs €10 for an initial indicator.
If the sample is positive for intolerances a further general test can be carried out at a McCabes Pharmacy nationwide for €350.
YorkTest’s Ireland manager Sonja Waters said: “This medical research indicates that people can improve their general wellbeing and lose weight by pinpointing intolerances they have to certain foods.
“By eliminating these foods and following a healthy eating plan devised by our support team, real benefits accrue.
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Calilena arizonica, Hololena hola, Novalena lutzi
- Photo: Bill Kaufman
These spiders are are very shy and usually stay hidden until they sense a vibration in the web made by a prey item trapped in the sticky silk. They then quickly move out to retrieve the juicy morsel.
Spiders belong to the Arachnid class. They have 8 legs and two body parts; cephalothorax and abdomen. They have fang-like mouthparts (no mandibles) to pierce and break up prey; these are connected to a venom gland. They have a 5th pair of appendages behind the mouthparts called pedipalps. The male pedipalp has a structure used to transfer sperm to the female.
There are three species of funnel-web spider commonly found in Southern Arizona. They look like a small wolf spider; about ½ inch long. Whereas the home of the more robust wolf spider is a hole in the ground surrounded by a turret of twigs, the funnel-web spider builds a web with a distinct funnel shape that leads to its lair. A common name for this creature is “grass spider” because the webs are often found in grasses.
These spiders are harmless to humans. They are very shy and usually stay hidden until they sense a vibration in the web made by a prey item trapped in the sticky silk. They then quickly move out to retrieve the juicy morsel, taking it back to its lair. The author watched the one in the photo begin to come out and retreat several times over about a half hour until he was finally able to get a couple of photos.
March through October are the active months for funnel-web spiders. Prior to mating, a male will approach the web and make sounds by rubbing its legs together and will stroke the web. If the female desires, she will allow him to come onto the web where mating occurs. She lays 100 – 200 eggs in a case that she weaves into the web near or within her funnel retreat. The eggs hatch after one month and the young move out; what a great idea!
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Federal Water Pollution Control Act
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 initially defined the pretreatment program. Section 307 of the act required the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to develop pretreatment standards designed to prevent the discharge of pollutants from industrial users to Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) “which interfere with, pass through, or are otherwise incompatible with such works”. The Act was amended in 1977 to require POTWs to establish a pretreatment program to ensure compliance with the pretreatment standards.
What is Pretreatment?
The term "pretreatment" means the treatment of wastewater by commercial and industrial facilities to remove harmful pollutants before being discharged into the sewer system and the POTW.
The purpose for the City of Garland’s Industrial Pretreatment Program (IPP) is to:
- Protect the POTWs and the collection system.
- Protect the health and safety of the workers at the POTWs and the collection system
- Protect the receiving waters and the environment
- Prevent non-compliance of the EPA/TPDES permit
- Improve opportunities to recycle and reclaim municipal and industrial wastewaters and sludges
Permitting & Enforcement
To accomplish these purposes, IPP inspects, and when appropriate, issues permits to and monitors industrial dischargers. IPP is also responsible for enforcing the applicable discharge regulations. The IPP’s ability to implement and enforce this program is determined by the City Ordinance, which gives the IPP its legal authority. | <urn:uuid:1905bf6c-5021-4139-932f-dfee3b620a72> | {
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October 23rd, 2012
The first day of our newly developed “Follow the Water” program, where students of Ephraim Kimball Elementary School learn about the ecological health and conservation issues associated with their local watershed as they follow a nearby stream to the Anacostia River. This educational program was funded by a grant from the Chesapeake Bay Trust and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. On day one, Ms. Brummell’s 5th grade class was the first to make the journey.
Students listen to Sean as he gives a short presentation summarizing watershed basics and the watershed address of Kimball students.
Identifying beautiful — yet problematic — non-native, invasive plants. A student holds a specimen of porcelain berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), originally from Asia. This aggressive plant climbs over vegetation, strangling out native plants and monopolizing habitat.
Where does city rain go? Storm drains line the streets along our walk, the litter, road pollution and illegal dumping that flows into them leads straight to the Anacostia River. Students ask why they are not covered to prevent trash from going in, but the unfortunate choice is pollution in the river or flooding.
Exploring a rain garden
Joyous faces as onlookers watch their fellow students burn some energy and run down a hill slope.
An unloved stream
Yes! Organic Market generously donated lunches for our volunteer leaders. Thank you, Yes!
Thank you! And a hearty thanks to our volunteer leaders — Michelle, Cindy, Vessie, and Jose! We could not have done it without you. | <urn:uuid:2d00c3ce-20de-484e-b2b1-e5199b3e6e45> | {
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Living Bird Magazine
- ORDER: Passeriformes
- FAMILY: Turdidae
This small forest thrush gets its name from the cascade of “veer” notes that make up its ethereal, reedy song—a common sound at dusk and dawn in summer in the damp northern woods. Most Veeries are a warm cinnamon brown above, with delicate spots on the throat; though far northwestern and northeastern populations are darker brown. These birds hop through the forest understory as they forage for insects and fruit. They spend winters in South America.More ID Info
Find This Bird
Listen in late spring and summer, particularly early in the morning and near dusk, for the Veery’s haunting, downward-spiraling song emanating from rich woodland or forest. Upon locating one or more singing birds, walk slowly through the habitat, watching carefully for foraging birds on the ground or singing birds perched in the upper or mid-canopy. Listen for this bird’s frequent, harsh, veer calls, almost as if it is hinting its name to you.
- Zorzalito Rojizo (Spanish)
- Grive fauve (French)
- Cool Facts
- Long thought to winter across the northern third of South America, but a recent study indicated that, in fact, the wintering grounds of the Veery are restricted to central and southern Brazil.
- A study of migration using radio telemetry showed that the Veery can fly up to 285 km (160 mi) in one night, and that it can fly at altitudes above 2,000 m (1.2 mi).
- The Veery’s scientific name reflects its vocal prowess as well as its plumage coloring. Catharus comes from the Greek katharos, for “pure”—probably a reference to the quality of its song. Fuscescens, from the Latin fuscus, means “dusky.”
- Veeries and many other songbirds migrate long distances at night. Many of these migrants alternate flapping with coasting, but Veeries may flap continuously throughout an entire night’s flight. Their efficient wings carry them over longer transoceanic routes than other thrushes can manage, on relatively small stores of fat.
- One place Veeries breed is in damp areas near beaver wetlands. As beavers make a comeback from extensive hunting, these wetlands are on the increase—possibly good news for Veery populations.
- Brown-headed Cowbirds often lay their eggs in Veery nests. Veery parents tolerate (or don’t recognize) the interlopers’ eggs and young. In one encounter, adults even fought off a snake that had attacked a cowbird fledgling. Nesting in thorny shrubs may help protect against cowbirds.
- The oldest known Veery—a banded male—was at least 13 years old when researchers recaptured and released him during banding operations in Delaware in 2010. | <urn:uuid:7792970e-8051-428c-8fd3-e05a3041c877> | {
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Dogs and cats are frequently diagnosed with tumors of the oral cavity. This diverse group of cancers includes growths along the gingiva (gum), lips, tongue, tonsils, the bones and cartilage of the upper and lower jaws, and the structural components holding the teeth in place.
The most common oral tumors in dogs are melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and fibrosarcoma. In cats, the most common tumor is squamous cell carcinoma, above all others.
Oral tumors are typically diagnosed at a relatively advanced disease stage, when they are causing significant clinical signs for the patient. This can include drooling (with or without evidence of bleeding), halitosis (bad breath), difficulty eating and/or drinking, facial swelling, and/or signs of oral pain (pawing at the mouth or repeated opening/closing of the mouth.)
Oral tumors are very locally invasive, meaning they cause significant damage directly at their site of origin. Gingival tumors can invade the underlying bone, causing destruction of the jawbone and loss of support for associated teeth.
Certain oral tumors are more likely to spread to distant sites in the body. For example, oral melanoma has a higher chance of spreading to lymph nodes of the head and neck region via the lymphatic system, or spreading to the lungs via the bloodstream, whereas fibrosarcoma tumors rarely spread.
The treatment of choice for oral tumors in pets is surgical resection when possible. The feasibility of surgery will depend on several factors, including tumor size, patient size, the specific location within the oral cavity, and the degree of invasiveness to underlying tissue.
If surgery is performed, and the biopsy report indicates the edges of the submitted section are free from cancer cells, oncologists will consider such tumors having “adequate local control.”
If the report shows cancer cells abutting the cut edge of the tumor, regrowth of the tumor is possible, and therefore additional local control is recommended. Generally this entails radiation therapy.
When radiation therapy is performed following surgery, veterinary oncologists prescribe between 14-20 daily treatments administered over a several week period. This form of radiation therapy can lead to some significant, albeit transient, side effects in pets due to the incorporation of surrounding healthy tissue within the region being irradiated.
Side effects from radiation therapy in the oral cavity include ulceration of the oral tissue and skin and fur loss in the radiation field. A foul odor may develop as side effects occur in these areas and/or the tumor is destroyed by the radiation. This is usually temporary and decreases over time. If the eyes are included in the treatment field, the development of cataracts is possible.
Chemotherapy is variably effective for treating oral cancers in dogs and cats. Unfortunately, the most common oral tumors tend to be exceptionally resistant to this form of treatment. This means that when pets present with tumors that cannot be resected surgically due to size or location, the options are limited.
Oral melanoma in dogs is a special scenario that can be treated with immunotherapy, using a vaccine designed to target the patient’s immune system to attack residual cancer cells.
Some pets are diagnosed with oral tumors incidentally, meaning a growth is detected without the animal showing any clinical signs. Owners may visualize a mass in their pet’s mouth while they are panting or yawning. I’ve had owners detect a problem while their animal was lying on their back with their mouths open in a position where their tongue falls away from their bottom jaw.
There are no proven methods for preventing oral cancer in pets. However, earlier detection of disease would provide the best chance for long term survival. Taking a look in your pet’s mouth once a month could aid in diagnosing oral tumors prior to their causing clinical signs. This task is easier said than done, as many pets are not too happy about having their mouths fussed with.
A thorough oral evaluation should be part of every routine wellness exam for dogs and cats. Veterinarians also struggle with successfully peeking in the mouths of our patients, but we’re generally more experienced with the process and also have more of an idea of what to look for and what could be concerning. When in doubt, it’s generally very safe to administer a touch of a sedative to facilitate oral exams.
Oral tumors can also be detected during routine dental cleanings or while pets are undergoing anesthesia for an unrelated reason. Those procedures allow for a more thorough evaluation of the oral cavity, and every attempt should be made to capitalize on the degree of visualization possible while an animal is anesthetized.
There are several clinical trials and many ongoing research studies for animals with oral tumors. Veterinary oncologists are the best reference point for owners looking for further information regarding this type of cancer, especially with reference to determining a pet’s eligibility for novel therapies.
Owners can find additional information on oral tumors, their diagnosis, and treatment options on the website for the Veterinary Society for Surgical Oncology. | <urn:uuid:1f8306f2-82ac-4c59-a5e0-cafa4a0189ae> | {
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2017 mussel harvest in Kentucky is a success
Expectations were high on Nov. 15, 2017, when personnel from the Wolf Creek National Fish Hatchery and the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Center for Mollusk Conservation anxiously harvested 15 cages that had been suspended in Lake Cumberland earlier in the spring. Each cage contained infested host fish and substrate suitable for juvenile mussels when transformation was complete.
The hard work and the long wait were rewarded as the cages were lifted after almost six months in the lake and the counting began. They collected 706 endangered Cumberlandian combshell mussels, 50 endangered Cumberland bean mussels, three endangered pink mucket mussels, and 1,047 at-risk rainbow mussels.
Mussels produced in this system will be released into the upper Cumberland and Licking River basins to supplement existing populations. The 521 Cumberlandian combshell mussels produced in 2016 more than doubled the existing population of that species in the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River.
Wolf Creek National Fish Hatchery and the Center for Mollusk Conservation will continue to partner on endemic mussel conservation and restoration. | <urn:uuid:6144bc9e-76d4-467f-8719-e5b2afd545a4> | {
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Further resources and activities on health and climate change
In addition to publishing Big Picture, the Wellcome Trust funds many other activities to support learning. The topic of climate change stimulates interdisciplinary interest and much debate across the subjects of science, technology, engineering and mathematics
Research topic guides containing key facts and questions on subjects such as nanotechnology and stem cell research. Additional sources and further reading on each topic are also provided. Debating Science Issues is a debating competition that invites young people to debate the cultural, societal and ethical implications of advances in biomedical science.
Great for: 16–19
Acclaimed topic guides on contemporary issues related to health, medicine and science, to support innovative and engaging debate in sixth forms and colleges.
Great for: 16–19
A free X Factor-style online event in which students vote for their favourite scientist. The event is supported by teaching materials including lesson plans, information sheets and interactive quizzes. You can also download debate kits from the website or browse the library of links and study support tools to learn more about the topics covered.
Great for: 11–14, 14–16
How does maths affect our health in real life? Use these multimedia packs to understand the real-world context of mathematics in biomedicine, including the economics of health.
Great for: 11–14, 14–16, 16–19
Search the Wellcome Trust image library for images of different populations. Great for discussions, stimulating debate, lesson starters, research and more!
Further high-quality resources
You can find a wealth of additional resources in the National STEM Centre e-library. Search by keyword and filter the results by age group, subject, type of resource etc. Explore the library to find topic lists and resources pre-selected to match curriculum areas or age groups.
For teachers and support staff
The Science Learning Centres provide a range of excellent continuing professional development (CPD) courses to help develop your career as a teacher, leader or member of support staff. Generous bursaries from Project ENTHUSE cover most costs of many courses delivered at the National Science Learning Centre in York, making this CPD easily affordable for those in mainstream education in the UK. | <urn:uuid:1c4ff40d-c66c-440d-af53-5204412b49d0> | {
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While expressing the preference for the direct method, U.S. GAAP and IAS also include the requirement that when the direct method is presented on the face of the cash flow statement, the notes to the statement must include a reconciliation of accrual accounting net income to cash from operating activities. This reconciliation constitutes the indirect method format. A cash flow statement, using the indirect method, is presented below.
This indirect format links the cash from operating activities to the accrual accounting income statement results, clarifying the distinction between the two. The income statement reflects the operations of the firm, measured on the accrual basis, rather than on a cash basis. Most of the items in an income statement are related to operating activities as defined by the cash flow statement rules. Therefore, it is possible to reconcile the net income from the income statement to the cash from operating activities. This is accomplished by removing the effects of items that appear on the income statement but do not affect cash such as depreciation and amortization expense, items where the timing between accrual and cash is different (e.g., changes in accounts receivable, accounts payable, prepaids) as well as a few items that appear on the income statement but are not categorized as operating activities for cash flow purposes (e.g., gains or losses from sale of PP&E—remember, cash flows from sale of PP&E are included in the investing activities section)
Companies can choose to do one of the following:
• Report the cash flow statement under the direct method, with an indirect reconciliation provided as supplementary information.
• Report the cash flow statement under the indirect method.
Understandably, most firms opt to create only one format, the indirect method, and present it on the face of the cash flow statement. Only rarely does a firm provide the direct method format.For more information, see all articles on: Accounting, Financial Statement Analysis, Fundamental Analysis See also: | <urn:uuid:925e8408-0188-48fe-a328-ec51d8c68ae5> | {
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Media only: Brenda Kean Tabor: 202.357.4880 ext. 319
Barbara Kram: 202.357.4880 ext. 219
Public only: 202.357.2700
Imaging Imperial India
A revealing exhibition of 135 photographs of the Indian subcontinent taken at the time of British rule -the British Empire or Raj-will be on view at the Smithsonian's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (1050 Independence Ave. S.W.) from Dec. 3 through March 25, 2001, "India Through the Lens: Photography 1840 - 1911." Produced during the golden age of early photography and set in a time and place that markedly contrasts with our own, these dramatic images are both beautiful and profound.
"India proved fertile ground for the advent of photography in the second half of the 19th century," says Milo Beach, director of the Sackler Gallery and the neighboring Freer Gallery of Art. "This exhibition explores the intertwined roles of photography and colonialism while recognizing this substantial body of photographs from India as works of art and rescuing them from their status as mere documentary aids for research."
Drawing from a number of sources, including the Freer and Sackler's rich collections and the collections of the British Library's Oriental and India Office, curator Vidya Dehejia, deputy director of the Freer and Sackler galleries, has chosen to highlight the 19th century British obsession with the documentation of architecture, landscape and imperial might. The appeal of the panoramic photograph-a popular public entertainment spectacle-to record development projects, natural scenery and cityscapes is underscored, as is the imperative to record images of India's princes and maharajas, and their imperial conquerors in ceremonial and recreational settings.
The British compulsion to analyze the ethnography of the Indian subcontinent and surrounding islands using the device of the camera is also clearly evident in these works. Jarringly frank, and to the modern eye inappropriate images of indigenous people posed as "anthropological specimens" by photographer Maurice Vidal Portman and others reveal the long-outdated attitudes of superiority toward the local population. More dignified poses recorded in Sindh by Henry
Charles Baskerville Tanner are also on view.
While analyzing the equipment and techniques available to the photographers of the day, Dehejia also presents the work of a number of military and amateur photographers including Thomas Biggs, William Pigou, Linnaeus Tripe, John Murray and Donald Horne Macfarlane. India is also seen through the lens of several outstanding professional photographers, including Samuel Bourne, whose early pictures of the Himalayas bear a striking resemblance to Ansel Adam's photographs of the American landscape. Bourne, who spent seven years in India, had a broad repertoire that also included picturesque landscapes, British settlements and stations; Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic and colonial architecture; tea and cinchona plantations; and shipping operations. With the exception of the occasional studio portrait, Indians are remarkably absent from the portfolio of this Englishman who retired to Nottingham to operate a cotton yarn factory.
Another professional represented in the exhibition is Felice Beato. Beato was probably Italian but learned his trade from a Scottish brother-in-law while helping, among other things, to photograph the Crimean War. Beato spent more than two years in India. His works, naturally dependent on the demands of the market, emphasized the British view of the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny of 1857. His disturbing photographs of former battle scenes-to which he sometimes added disinterred bones for dramatic effect-his topographical and architectural subjects, and his portraits of leading British generals and officers were sold as un-mounted prints that could be assembled by the buyer to create a personal record.
Indian by birth, professional photographer Lala Deen Dayal was caught between two worlds. Deen Dayal's patrons included not only the ruling British elite and the British government, which commissioned him to take numerous pictorial records of ancient buildings, monuments and temples, but also the extravagantly wealthy Nizam of Hyderabad. Admitted to record the activities of the highest echelons of both societies, Deen Dayal's photographs include images of the British viceroy, Lord Curzon and Lady Curzon, on a tiger hunt, as well as the nizam's sumptuous grand salon.
The accompanying book, containing 135 full-page photographic illustrations and a wide variety of in-depth essays by Dehejia and other leading international scholars, is published by the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with Mapin Publishing and Prestel Verlag. Publication of the book is supported by a major grant from the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation. "India Through the Lens" is made possible in part by generous grants from Hughes Network Systems and an anonymous donor, with additional support from Sigrid and Vinton Cerf. Significant funds for this project have been made available
through the Else Sackler Public Affairs Endowment of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.
The Freer Gallery of Art (12th Street and Independence Avenue S.W.) and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (1050 Independence Ave. S.W.) together form the national museum of Asian art for the United States. The Freer also houses a major collection of late 19th and early 20th-century American art. Hours are from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. every day except Christmas Day, Dec. 25, and admission is free. Public tours are offered daily. The galleries are located near the Smithsonian Metrorail station on the Blue and Orange lines. For more information, the public may call 202.357.2700 or TTY 202.357.1729, or visit the galleries' Web site at www.asia.si.edu. | <urn:uuid:107084bc-232c-454a-8f04-adab457500fd> | {
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Key Pieces of Building Techniques and Materials
Building Techniques and Materials Explained
The materials required are few and you are able to get the majority of them at no cost. The materials that are employed in the building of green architectural designs are the ones which are constructed from organic material as opposed to synthetic types. For example, if the materials utilized in its construction are ordered online and are being shipped from some faraway location, it may take days for them to reach the website. It's made from materials that you're able to receive from a hardware shop and that cost a good deal less than buying readymade texture from an art shop. The main reason for this is that the eco-friendly materials that are employed in such buildings aren't available in many pieces of America. From time to time, building materials require some degree of product certification to make sure the materials are quality controlled. Picking a dependable supplier and trusted to make sure that you get with higher quality materials at economical prices.
You should figure out the price of production employing the amount of sell orders. You spend less on gasoline as you do not need to make because many trips into town. You spend less on electricity since you don't need to refrigerate the stored food. Since obtaining a loan can be dicey, so far as green buildings are involved, for buyers it's an important issue and so, they may think about opting for a normal building instead! It's a term that's utilized to spell out the methods utilized in building environmentally friendly architecture.
Type of Building Techniques and Materials
Most people don't require a huge greenhouse. Producing the appropriate design will also allow you to make the most of the pure heating and cooling properties of adobe so that you can significantly lessen your energy waste (in addition to your bills!) Fresh food from a neighborhood source is exposed is not as likely to be contaminated because it's handled by fewer people and hasn't been exposed to endemic diseases from outside your regional place. Any art supply shop or drafting supplier is going to have variety of drawing templates in basic shapes, and some polymer and metallic clay suppliers provide a wide selection of shape templates particularly for use with these materials. To develop or learn this craft the simplest and simplest method is by buying a kit of ship making that allows you to construct a small-sized ship with plastic components.
Asymmetrical schemes of design are in fact preferable aesthetically along with technically. Next you require a blueprint. Before you purchase the blueprint you need to do some industry research. You always desire a blueprint that details the essential materials for a single manufacturing cycle and you will need a manufacturing slot.
Practice with a couple kits, till you buy a feel of constructing a model and comprehension of the key parts that constitute a ship model. Now you are all set to begin cutting. From that point, you may probably do it yourself. All these create a decrease quality in regard to design, materials and construction.
If you build a great foundation, your kids and grandchildren will have the ability to stand on it years following your retirement. Building it yourself is the best way to afford it. The best method to bring any new building to your ranch is straightforward. A project costs money until it's completed, and just starts to improve the organization's bottom line after it's completed. You may move towards your work and stand back to find out what you've actually done. Inside this era of going green and alternative ideas, individuals are looking into new ideas so far as homes are involved. General belief is that cheaper is always superior to be disabled when it has to do with building materials.
The one most important part is excellent compaction of the soil. In business, the purpose of the majority of projects is to generate income. You will want various types for various purposes. The usage of organic resources for building construction is dependent on the location of construction.
Most Noticeable Building Techniques and Materials
In every circumstance you've got the very same basics. There are many different model building techniques it's possible to master. In that direction, there's been a revolution so far as architectural strategies and the ways of building things with eco friendly material is concerned. There are several clever techniques utilised in a huge collection of model making hobbies, and almost all of these techniques are simple enough to carry out at home to produce your own mini sets and scenery. The procedure on the best way to create a shop involves considerably more than simply building the shop itself. With the most suitable tools and equipment, this undertaking is truly not that hard to carry out, and you may do it yourself too. It doesn't need any special preparation. | <urn:uuid:d2f75864-343c-43ca-934b-02935ea67911> | {
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Outsiders are often surprised to hear North Africans from the Maghreb speaking to each other in French, rather than in Arabic. There are several reasons for this.
One reason, explained to me by native-speakers, is that among the educated, French is considered a higher-class language than the local varieties of Arabic. In some cases, people want to demonstrate to others, by speaking French, that they themselves are well-educated and of a high-class.
This situation came about because most uneducated speakers do not understand Modern Standard Arabic (also known as Classical Arabic). Therefore, the local dialects of Arabic are reserved for speaking down to the lower classes (maids, guardians, storekeepers, or casual conversations).
Another reason, explained to me by native-speakers, is that local varieties of Arabic tend to be quite poor in vocabulary when compared with French. For example, I have often heard children who speak English in North Africa make a statement such as, “My foot hurts.” What they mean is their knee hurts, or their upper leg hurts. The reason they are using the word “foot” in English is that they are thinking in the local variety of Arabic and translating into English. In the local Arabic dialect, anything below the hip is called “foot.” This is only one example of how the local Arabic is extremely imprecise in terms of vocabulary and communication.
Precise words DO exist in Classical Arabic (the version of Arabic used in the Koran, in print, and on television newscasts). However, according to native speakers, if someone were to know the precise words and use them, those words are not generally known in the North African region. Therefore, the Classical Arabic tends to be less useful than French (in general conversation) in the Maghreb regions of North Africa.
A third reason, also explained to me by native speakers, why two people from the Arabic countries of the Maghreb might be speaking in French is that their original relationship actually developed in French. Many times people from North America are not aware that our relationships with people actually develop in a language. Change the language between friends or family, and you actually change the relationship.
When I first moved to the region, I had heard that many in the upper classes often speak French to each other, but I didn’t really believe it. One day I went to a party, and I heard the husband and wife speaking together in French, even though they were North African. I asked about it politely, and they told me that they had both met as students while attending the same French school. Therefore, their relationship developed in French, and French then became their family language. | <urn:uuid:1def8427-995d-46ad-80da-c4e71e8aa65c> | {
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There are ghostly shapes hidden in magnetic fields.
They’re not made of stuff in the way a lightning bolt or a beam of light is. A lighting bolt carries a fairly defined group of electrons from the sky all the way to the ground. Sunshine that hits your face consists mostly of the same photons that traveled millions of miles from the sun.
But magnetic fields contain things called skyrmions that are different from electrons and photons; a skyrmion is a knot of magnetic field lines looping around each other. As it drifts from one spot to the next, a skyrmion makes itself anew out of the magnetic field lines that are already there. The knot holds together because magnetic field lines resist passing through one another. So, while skyrmions are insubstantial and different from objects we’re used to thinking about, they act like more tangible things. [9 Cool Facts About Magnets]
Physicists call these skyrmions “quasiparticles,” and suspect they could explain phenomena as disparate as ball lightning and the nuclear structure of an atom. Now, in a new paper, researchers showed that skyrmions can be stuffed inside one another, taking on a completely new shape. These puffed-up “skyrmion bags” are fascinating objects in their own right, but the bizarre things might also be useful for futuristic computing, the researchers said.
The team revealed the skyrmion bags in a paper published April 1 in the journal Nature Physics. The result relies on a key similarity between the ghostly quasiparticles and solid matter: the existence of antiparticles.
Just like protons have counterpart antiprotons that annihilate each other on contact with each other, skyrmions have antiskyrmions.
“An antiskyrmion is a skyrmion where all the numbers are reversed,” said David Foster, a physicist at the University of Birmingham in England and one of the lead authors of the new study.
So, if a magnetic field line points north in a skyrmion, it would point south in an antiskyrmion. But antiskyrmions and skyrmions powerfully repel one another. That turned out to be the key to building skyrmion bags, the researchers said.
“If I take a skyrmion and I stretch it out a bit and I take an antiskyrmion and place it in the center of it [the skyrmion] … they will not annihilate. It’s a stable construction,” Foster told Live Science.
What’s more, the researchers realized, once a skyrmion has been stretched, you can stuff even more antiskyrmions inside it.
And that realization, Foster said, opened the door again to a six-year-old idea about putting skyrmions to work.
Back in 2013, a trio of researchers proposed a theoretical “skyrmion racetrack memory device” in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
The idea was that the little magnetic patterns might offer a solution to a basic problem in computer design: electricity consumption.
“If you consider an old-fashioned hard drive, which is a sort of spinning disk, it takes a lot of power,” Foster said.
The 2013 researchers’ proposed low-power replacement would take advantage of the fact that a very small current causes skyrmions on a magnetic surface to scoot along rapidly.
Perhaps, those researchers suggested, if you took a long, thin strip of magnetic material (the racetrack) and loaded it with skyrmions, you could encode data into the magnetic material in gaps between the quasiparticles. A magnetic reader could interpret a long gap between skyrmions as a binary 1 and a short gap as a binary 0, for example.
To retrieve that stored data, then, an electric current could nudge the skyrmions into scooting back and forth under a magnetic reader. It takes very little power to move skyrmions back and forth along a magnetic surface, so the resulting device could be very efficient.
But the idea had some basic problems, Foster said. While skyrmions are fairly stable, the gaps between them aren’t. Over time, imperfections in the magnetic strips would muddle the data as the skyrmions moved back and forth.
“Stray magnetic fields come in. And this is like speed bumps which appear and disappear. And with those gaps appearing and disappearing, the gaps between your [skyrmions] will have been lost,” Foster said.
The really interesting thing here, Foster said, is that skyrmion bags don’t lose antiskyrmions over time or when they pass over magnetic “speed bumps.”
Put a bunch of skyrmion bags on a racetrack device, the researchers in the new study wrote, and a computer could encode and retrieve data based on the number of antiskyrmions in each bag that pass under the reader.
“My colleagues are really excited about the idea that you could also increase data density this way,” Foster said. [9 Numbers That Are Cooler Than Pi]
Where conventional computer storage relies on only 1s and 0s, he said, a skyrmion bag system could use 0s, 1s, 2s, 3s and so on. That would open the door to much more complex forms of data encoding that could stuff far more information into a given space than a traditional binary method can.
No one’s yet managed to make a skyrmion bag on a magnetic strip. But after testing the concept using computer simulations, Foster and his team in the U.K. turned to a group of researchers at the University of Colorado to bring the first known skyrmion bags into the world.
Typically, physicists think of skyrmions as things that exist in magnetic fields. But the particles can also exist in other substances, like the liquid crystals — aligned, rigid, rod-like molecules — that fill the screens on your laptop and some cellphones. [Images: Inside the World’s Top Physics Labs]
With precision “optical tweezers,” the University of Colorado team (headed by the experimentalist Ivan Smalyukh) “drew” skyrmion bags in the liquid crystal, said Jung-Shen Tai, a physics graduate student in the lab.
These skyrmion bags remained indelible in the crystalline substance and visible when the researchers peered at them through microscopes. That (along with the computer simulation) is strong evidence that skyrmion bags would also be stable in magnets, Foster said.
So far, no one’s reported building any real-world racetrack storage devices, let alone storage devices relying on skyrmion bags. But such devices are coming, Foster insisted.
“I already know people are working on grants to make these things,” he said. | <urn:uuid:21aba14a-6ce6-4bf6-9896-0f77a3e0fe0b> | {
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By Avigayil Kadesh
If you get sick with flu, it’s because the virus found a way to neutralize the “natural killer” (NK) cells of your immune system. When working at full capacity, NK cells recognize and destroy influenza-virus-infected cells before they can spread throughout your body.
Israeli doctoral student Yotam Bar-On, 30, was determined to find out how the mechanism works and then formulate a new drug to stop flu in its tracks.
Existing antiviral medications for flu sufferers are not always effective, as they can cause the virus to work even harder at fighting the immune system, leading to resistant flu strains.
This can be a matter of life and death. Several flu pandemics over the past decade have left a deadly legacy. Recently, a new avian influenza strain (H7N9) that emerged in China killed six people in one month.
“A few years ago, my supervisor, Prof. Ofer Mandelboim, discovered that NK cells are important in fighting flu infection,” Bar-On says. Mandelboim is a professor of immunology at the Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC) at the Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine.
“However, when we infected mice with influenza virus, we found that the virus can manipulate the NK cells and evade getting killed. The NK function is not 100 percent because the influenza fights back.”
Sets the tone for smarter drugs
As they reported in an article published in the journal Cell Reports
, Bar-On and Mandelboim found out that the flu virus uses a protein called neuraminidase as a weapon to weaken the power of NK cells by half. Many of the infected mice in their experiment died from influenza because of this phenomenon.
So they decided to target neuraminidase.
“Most interestingly, when we inhibited the neuraminidase we noticed the NK worked better, and the mice actually recovered from the flu,” says Bar-On. “So we proved the ability to defend against the influenza virus by inhibiting this protein.”
Bar-On says their discovery “sets the tone for developing new treatments” to boost the natural immune system.
“Right now, existing drugs work to inhibit a different protein in the flu virus to inhibit the spread of the virus, but their disadvantage is that the virus can mutate and evade the effects of the drug,” Bar-On explains. “You then get a resistant strain.”
He says that a drug that would inhibit neuraminidase would be much harder for the virus to overcome. “Under the supervision of Prof. Mandelboim, I am now working on a more practical approach to develop such a drug,” Bar-On reveals. | <urn:uuid:30f7c00e-a86f-471b-b58c-d306210bc199> | {
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by C.A. Burmester, formerly Assistant National Librarian
The National Library of Australia began as the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library in 1901 and during the early period of its history the foundations were laid for the diverse range of collections held by the Library today. This history of the collections to 1980 was prepared by C. A. Burmester, formerly Assistant National Librarian, in 1981.
When the Commonwealth came into being Prime Minister Barton sought the advice of State Librarians concerning the sort of collection the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library should develop. In general, but notably the Librarian of the Public Library of New South Wales, they responded with far-sighted suggestions for the development of a truly national collection. These coincided with the ideas of the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee under the Chairmanship of the Speaker, Sir Frederick Holder which by 1907 had defined its objective in the words:
"The Library Committee is keeping before it the ideal of building up, for the time when Parliament shall be established in the Federal Capital, a great Public Library on the lines of the world-famed Library of Congress at Washington; such a library, indeed, as shall be worthy of the Australian Nation; the home of the literature, not of a State, or of a period, but of the world, and of all time".
This ideal was impossible to attain within the limits of the Library's funds for the development of its collections (for example, in 1904/5 L1,000; 1906-7 L1,500) although books were selected with care and attention to scholarly standards. In its Report for 1909 the Committee had to declare 'the necessity for making provision for the transfer of the seat of government, when the Library will be separated from that of the Parliament of Victoria, will compel the Committee to ask Parliament to vote a larger sum than heretofore'. Nevertheless there was a considerable public interest in the development of a national collection and many presentations were offered, although the records show that for some reason, possibly shortage or inadequacy of staff, not all of these were accepted. The most notable of gifts was the E.A. Petherick Collectionpresented to the Library in 1909 and comprising some 10,000 volumes and 6,500 pamphlets, maps, manuscripts and pictures relating to Australia and the Pacific area. Thus when the first decade ended the Library possessed an important resource for the study of Australia, New Zealand and adjacent areas. It had in addition general works which might comprise a gentleman's library rather than one capable of supporting research of any depth.
The succeeding decades saw further development of the collection up to the time of the passage of the National Library Act, 1960 when the formally established National Library of Australia absorbed almost the whole of the collection established up till then by the Parliamentary Library. The principal development in the second decade was the passage in 1912 of the Copyright Act requiring Australian publishers to deposit one copy of each publication in the Parliamentary Library. Again, shortage of staff prevented the Library from taking full advantage of the provisions of the Act so that only a limited number, far fewer than those received, of newspapers, periodicals and reports were bound and preserved. The 1920s saw a number of developments of significance: the purchase of the journal and other manuscripts of Captain Cook, a special book grant for Parliament's transfer to Canberra, the addition of John Dunmore Lang's library and the original drawings of W. Hardy Wilson's Early Colonial Architecture of New South Wales and Tasmania. These accessions led the Library Committee to adopt the name Commonwealth National Library for its non-Parliamentary collections and activities. The third decade, influenced at first by the economic depression, spurred the Library to develop its strength in the field of economics and, despite an initial curtailment of its funds at the height of the depression, considerable progress was achieved towards the end of the nineteen thirties, assisted for the first time by funds for the Commonwealth National Library on the estimates of Prime Minister's Department. War time calls upon the Library's resources revealed their weakness in materials relating to adjacent areas in the Southeast Asian and South Pacific areas so that their development became a major task during the 1940's and 1950's. This field of work was greatly assisted by the establishment of Liaison Offices in London (1943) and New York (1946) and by a substantial increase in the Library's staff in 1947/48. Notable in that period was the presentation of the Mathews Ornithological Collection, the Library's commitment to the concept of a 'Roosevelt Memorial Library' of Americana, and the purchase of theKashnor Collection on the political economy of Great Britain and Ireland, all of which tended to set a standard for future acquisition. The 1950's and 1960's witnessed a period of systematic development to expand the Library's collections and to fill gaps, especially in periodicals.
When the Library occupied its new building in 1968 it held more than a million books, many thousands of pamphlets, 35,000 current serial titles, 2,000 manuscript accessions, 170,000 maps and 400,000 aerial photographs, 25,000 pictures and prints, 100,000 photographs, 11,000,000 feet of moving picture films and 20,000 reels of microfilm as well as other microform copies of printed and manuscript sources and a substantial collection of sound recordings.
In developing its collection to that point the Library sought first the basic materials for Australian and Pacific studies. To the Petherick and the Mathews Collections was added those formed by Sir John Alexander Ferguson and Sir Rex de Charembac Nan Kivell, the former, transferred over a period of years, totalling some 34,000 printed and manuscript items and the latter comprising 2,617 original pictures, 3,233 prints, 119 early maps, 173 manuscripts, 4,794 books and pamphlets and 240 photographs. Representative of other collections relating to the same area received then or later were those of J.D. Holmes on Australian Federation; J.H.L. Cumpston, a former Director-General of Health, on public health in Australia; E.A. Crome on Australian aviation; F.J. Riley on trade unionism; J.K. Kenafick, on left wing and anti-conscription movements; M.H. Ellis on Communism in Australia; V.A. Chadim and his wife Helen's photographs of New Guinea orchids; Adam Forster's paintings of Australian flowers; A.C. Butcher's Gundagai Collection of photographs taken at the turn of the century; the Humphery Collection of photographs of ships trading in Australian waters; the J.M. Joshua Collection of photographs of Australian wildflowers and the Keast Burke Collection illustrating the development of photography in Australia; the Kate Baker, Lawlor, Mackaness, Harry Hastings Pearce and A.G. Stephens collections of Australian literary manuscripts, and many music collections.
One spectacular element in the expansion of the collection was the growth of the original manuscripts and microfilm copies of Australian significance. Manuscript accessions which numbered some 2,000 in 1968 had by 1980 passed 6,800 giving the Library particularly strong resources in relation to Australian politics since 1890 and creative writing. Political figures, the principal collection of whose papers reside in the National Library include seven Governors-General, thirteen Prime Ministers and more than seventy other Ministers and Members of the Australian Parliament, supported by those of many party officials, party organisations, public servants and journalists. Equally spectacular has been the development of the Library's collection of Australian literary manuscripts which include the principal collections of authors from Henry Handel Richardson and Vance and Nettie Palmer to Alec Hope and Thomas Keneally. Among other names which are represented by substantial manuscript collections are Louis Becke, Randolph Bedford Barcroft Boake, Rolf Boldrewood, E.J. Brady, Christopher Brennan, Hesba Brinsmead, David Campbell, Gavin Casey, Nancy Cato, Frank Clune, Eleanor Dark, Frank Dalby Davison, C.J. Dennis, Rosemary Dobson, Miles Franklin, Joseph Furphy, Dame Mary Gilmore, Jeannie Gunn, Rodney Hall, Eunice Hanger, Frank Hardy, Peter Hopegood, George H. Johnston, Henry Kendall, Lewis Lett, Graham McInnes, Alan Marshall, Alan Mickle, Alan Moorehead, Sir Walter Murdoch, Les Murray, John Shaw Neilson, Bernard O'Dowd, R.B. Plowman, Katharine Susannah Prichard, Roland Robinson, Nevil Shute, Brunton Stephens, Douglas Stewart, Dal Stivens, Randolph Stow, Kylie Tennant, Margaret Trist, Judah Waten and Ron Maslyn Williams.
While the political and literary papers may represent special strengths other areas are well covered as for example the records of organisations such as the Flying Doctor Service, Australian Association of Cultural Freedom, Australian Federation of Women Voters, Australian Industries Protection League, Australian National Research Council, Communist Party of Australia, Country Women's Association of Australia, Liberal Party of Australia: Federal Secretariat, Socialist Party of Victoria, J.C. Williamson Ltd. and many others. Alongside the collection of original manuscripts there has proceeded the tape recording of interviews with Australian writers and prominent people, important addresses, some broadcast programs, political campaign speeches and other historically significant occasions and material relating to subjects ranging from the use of bicycles in outback Australia, experiences during the economic depression, the Scottish tradition in Australia and Australian aviation. This Oral History Programme has already brought to the Library some thousands of rich and interesting recordings, some of them closed for a number of years.
Two long-range programmes serving Australian historians are the Australian Joint Copying Project (AJCP)the aim of which is to microfilm records relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific area in overseas repositories, supported by the microfilming by the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (PMB)which seeks manuscripts in areas not yet covered by the AJCP. Initiated in 1947 by the National Library and the Public Library of New South Wales, the Australian Joint Copying Project, now joined by other libraries, concentrated in the first place on records preserved in Great Britain and Ireland and by 1980 had produced more than 7,000 reels or 700,000 feet of microfilm. The much younger Pacific Manuscripts Bureau had by the same time copied 1,000 reels of manuscripts and bodies of printed sources.
The Library has sought to round out its sources for Australian studies by acquiring historical pictures in the form of paintings, drawings, prints and photographs. Assembled over many years, and greatly enriched by items from the Rex Nan Kivell collection this record covers events, changing landscapes, notable people, occasions, buildings, social life and natural history. The collection contains the work of such artists as Conrad Martens, Augustus Earle, George French Angas, S.T. Gill, Skinner Prout, John Lycett, George Lacey and William Strutt. Of particular interest are W. Hardy Wilson's original drawings of the early colonial architecture of New South Wales and Tasmania, of Chinese and Grecian architecture and of his later Kurrajong series. Representation of natural history is especially rich including the work of Marian Ellis Rowan, John Gould, Neville Cayley, E.E. Gostelow, W.T. Cooper, John Hunter and Adam Forster. These are supported with a collection of photographs now numbering about a quarter of a million, including a number of collections, those of E.J. Brady, Keast Burke, Frank Hurley, A. Collingridge, E.M. Humphery, Whitehurst, W.A. Bayley, I.R. Carroll, Dwyer, Peter Phillips, Strangman, Mildenhall, among them. With the assistance of several newspaper firms the collection is growing at the rate of more than 20,000 per year. One notable record is that compiled in colour by the National Photographic Index of Australian Birds. The Library has taken pains also to collect the originals of cartoons which constitute a characteristic feature of Australian publication. A notable collection of the work of David Low is well supported by that of other artists. Maps, charts and newspapers make an addition to the resource for Australian studies build up over the years with a devoted purpose which continues to develop the collection to national proportions.
Parallel with the development of the collections of Australian sources has been the attention given to the records of British civilisation upon which Australia has drawn so heavily. Consistent and systematic efforts to develop resources and depth embraced the acquisition of libraries formed by collectors, scholars and families One of the earliest collections to be added in this way was the collection formed by Leon Kashnorof London comprising an outstanding assembly of 4,775 books, 5,995 pamphlets and nearly 2,000 manuscripts on the political economy of Great Britain and Ireland. This included many rare works and editions of the early economists and a notable holograph manuscript of Gregory King's Natural and Political Observations Upon the Condition and State of England, 1697. There followed two family collections which added a significant general strength to the Library's holdings: those of the Clifford Family of Ugbrooke Park and the De Vesci family of Ireland. The former consisted of more than 10,000 books, some 1,500 pamphlets and a small but interesting group of manuscripts including a Cartulary of Chertsey Abbey from 1312-1345, the whole reflecting the interests of members of the family of whom Thomas Clifford of the Cabal was the best known. The great richness of the collection is in printed works from the sixteenth century onwards which throw light on the political, legal, economic and ecclesiastical aspects of English history. The so called De Vesci collection was formed in the first instance by John Vesey (1638-1716) an Archbishop of Triam and his son, Sir Thomas Vesey, Lord Knapton, who became Bishop of Ossory in 1714 and died in 1730. Including a number of incunabula, quite a number of sixteenth and seventeenth century editions, it added substantially to the Library's strength.
In the field of English literature the Library's most notable acquisition was the Library ofProfessor David Nichol Smith of Merton College, Oxford, the special strength of which lay in the great range of first and early editions of all prominent and minor writers of the Restoration period and the eighteenth century. Dryden, Defoe, Swift, Pope, Boswell and Johnson, Steele and Addison are very well represented and the great majority of eighteenth century editions of Shakespeare and of critical works about him are included. The Library's possession of this collection is marked by its sponsorship, jointly with the Australian National University and the Australian Academy of the Humanities of the periodical David Nichol Smith Memorial Seminar of which the fifth was held in Canberra in 1980. Two collections of letters and notes relevant to David Nichol Smith have been added to the Library's Manuscript Collections.
Two other outstanding collections devoted principally to English philology were linked with the resources on English literature. An assembly of books gathered by C.T. Onions, one of the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary, consisted of some 4,000 volumes, a large quantity of pamphlets, complete runs of learned journals, modern facsimile editions of medieval manuscripts, to which has been added Onions' correspondence about the Dictionary. Dr R.C. Alston, an authority on language studies and the compiler of A Bibliography in English language from the Invention of Printing to the year 1800, formed a collection of 1,450 titles published before 1850 and 700 later works, including many rare titles, some of them being the only known copies in existence, later acquired by the Library. These and the other collections of early English editions are supplemented by the microfilm copy of items listed in the Short Title Catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland and Ireland up to 1700. English drama is represented by the Falkner Greirson collection of eighteenth century English plays supplemented by the series Three Centuries of English and American plays: 1500-1830reproduced in microprint. Later English literature has been covered to some depth by systematic selective selection and by the acquisition in recent years of the Jamieson collection of ninetieth century writers and of other formed collections of minor poets of the nineteenth and twentieth century and of minor biography to fill out the works of more standard authors. The Library also acquired a collection of the works of more standard authors. The Library also acquired a collection of the works of bibliographer and forger T.J. Wise.
British politics and government, the influence of which on Australian institutions has been enormous, are an area to which the Library devoted special effort throughout its life. In 1938 and in the nineteen fifties it acquired back sets of House of Commons Papersfrom the Colonial Office and Foreign Office to give it the most complete set of British Parliamentary records in Australia. With the assistance of Professor Sir Keith Hancock of Australian National University the Library was able also to obtain a large collection of the British Foreign Office Confidential Prints for the years 1800 to 1915, believed to be the only such set outside the United Kingdom. The corresponding series of Confidential Prints of the Colonial Office were later obtained in microfilm copy as were other works of the Foreign Office and of the Cabinet Office and the Imperial Defence Committees. The recent opening of British archives of the twentieth century, also enabled the Library to acquire papers of Foreign Secretaries Sir Edward Grey and Sir Austen Chamberlain and Ambassadors to France, Germany and Russia. The published documents of international diplomacy from 1870 onwards had been acquired earlier. Much background material was also added by the acquired of such series as the BBC'sSummary of World Broadcasts, the Economist's Quarterly reviews of economic conditions, the records and publications of major political parties, the output of both the radical and conservative parties and several collections and pamphlets including that of the Oxford and Cambridge University Club. This multiplicity of sources has been tied together over the years by the systematic selection and acquisition of monographs in all fields of history and the social sciences.
Some areas of special interest in British history also received attention. One of these was religion, the Library acquiring not only the collected works of such internationally influential figures of Hus, Luther, Calvin and Ignatius Loyola but also 17th century and 18th century editions of the Church Fathers, the working collection of Dr F.L. Cross, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Oxford University, amounting to some 4,900 titles and 1,000 off-prints and in 1971 an 8,200 volume Jesuit collection. Material relating to the Anti-slavery Movement, to the Local Government of London, to the social and economic conditions of Britain in the nineteenth century, the English public schools system and the recent strife in Northern Ireland were amongst a variety of subjects which received attention over the last twenty years.
The Library's collections relating to European history and culture do not yet exhibit as great a strength as those relating to Britain but have been developed systematically towards that end. One aspect of this has been the use of blanket orders to achieve a sound cover of current publications in European counties, the result of which over some fifteen years has brought substantial gains, notably in German, French and Italian books. In general, the greatest development has been that in relation to Britain's neighbour and long time enemy, France.
The works relating to French history cover periods of crisis commencing with the microfilm of the political pamphlets, 1560-1633, now preserved in the Newberry Library, Chicago and another collection in microcopy relating to the anti-Mazarin movement and La Fronde. The greatest concentration has been placed upon the French Revolution of 1789. This brought the Library the main periodicals of the Revolution, such as Le Moniteur in the original, or, where not so held, others in microcopy and all the standard works by such historians as Madelin Mathiez, Aulard, Carnot, Caron, Charaway, Le Febvre and other less famous scholars. Two collections of pamphlets totalling more than 12,000 have been supplemented by microcard copies of pamphlets in the Talleyrand, Melvin and other American collections. The statutes of the Revolution are covered in several cumulations running on through the Napoleonic period which is otherwise well documented, partly as a result of Professor W.A. Osborne's gift of items from his Napoleon collection. Acquisition of Philip Gosse's collection on St Helena also included works relating to Napoleon's exile there. Fourty-four newspapers published during the Revolutionary period have also been acquired. The new revolution which burst upon Paris on the fourth week of February 1848 and led to the fall of Louis Philippe and the establishement of the Second Republic had many causes reflected in a collection which the Library acquired of labour broadsides and pamphlets of the period and in the works of Louis Blanc, Proudhon, Saint-Simon, Sismondi, Lamennais, Villerme and other well represented in the Library's collection. A collection of more than 70 journals and newspapers of the period acquired in microfilm copy lent greater depth to this resource. The next major crisis for France came in 1870-71 when, following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the Second Empire of Louis Napoleon was overthrown and the Commune of Paris appeared before the new Republic became firmly established. These events were well covered by the Library when it acquired the standard secondary works, the reports of the Commissions of Enquiry of 1872, a collection of broadsides, leaflets and posters of the period reprinted in 1875. It also acquired copies in facsimile or in microfilm of 22 newspapers and journals published in 1870-71. The final crisis to which the Library devoted special attention was that of the German occupation of 1940-45, when in 1967 it acquired a collection of documents, novels, poems, posters, fly-bills, pamphlets, newspapers and short runs of peridicals relating to the military defeat, occupation, collaboration and resistance. This collection which is supported by other subsequently published material has been declared by an English scholar to be more extensive than any collection in Britian. The Library has, over the years, actively collected French government publications.
The vast field of French literature has been the subject of special effort over more than thirty years which developed some strength in the works of individual writers from the dramatists Corneille, Moliere and Racine through Rousseau and Voltaire and the nineteenth century novelists to such moderns as Valery and Gide. As with history and politics the Library has sought formed collections as a means of adding depth to its holdings. Commencing with the microfilm series French Books before 1601 the Library developed strength through the acquisition of the Clifford collection in 1963 and in 1968 part of that formed by the eighteenth century Florentine scholar Giuseppe Pelli. An important accession was that in 1963 of contemporary editions of French drama 1701-1840, the 1,378 items in which were listed in the Library's publication, French Plays 1701-1840 in the National Library of Australia: a Bibliography. That collection was subsequently expanded by the addition of a smaller gathering of plays from the same period and in 1979 a good collection of plays produced in Paris between 1890 and 1914. Two interesting collections were that formed by the noted French classical scholar and editor Professsor Rene Durand acquired by the Library following his death in 1962 and, sometime later, a collection of 18th century works banned for political or religious reasons.
Works from the German speaking world have not yet developed the all round strength of the French but do already offer some scope for research. Beginning with the microfilm series German Books before 1601 special efforts have been made to develop a representative body of the collected works of philosophical and literary authors. In literature special topics were also pursued: microfilm copies of the 3,087 volumes of the Yale University collection of items published during the Baroque era, 1575-1740, and of the twenty-three periodical titles in which writers of the Romantic Movement 1796-1830 found expression; another series was devoted to the influence of that movement upon English writers. Steps were taken during 1974 and 1975 to acquire the works then in print of 470 writers of the twentieth century. This followed effort during the early 1960's based on the expert guidance of a member of the staff, the late Harold Barraclough, in seeking the works of earlier writers. A survey of the Library's holdings of German philosophers was used during the 1970's as a basis for systematic development, only now beginning to show results. One group, the so called Vienna circle, whose ideas on logical positivism made an impact upon schools of philosophy in Britain and the United States was covered in a project scheduled for publication in English from 1973 to 1980.
Another acquisition of some importance was a collection of 753 individual titles published in Germany and Switzerland, mainly in German, from about 1920 to the 1950's concerned broadly with psychology and rich in the works by and about C.G. Jung (40 items), Sigmund Freud (41 items) and W.Wundt (20 items).
Until the late 1930's the Library held little in the German language relating to the political history of the area apart from German, Prussian and Austrian statutes and a set of the Reichs-gezatzblatt. But with the rise of the Nazi party an attempt was initiated by the Library's Chief Reference Officer, L.C. Key, in 1937-38 to gather the works of the chief Nazi publicists. The Library was able, after the War add to these two authoritative series, Nationalsoziolistische Monatshefte and Nationalsozial-Standardwerke and to obtain a microfilm copy of the Nazi Party's official archives from 1933-1945 gathered and preserved with great care on Hitler's orders, together with selected material fromCollection Streicher and Collection Himmler. For the inter-War period the Library acquired the published collection of Walter Rathenau's papers and other works relating to the Weimar Republic. These have recently been supplemented by reprinted collections relating both to the Weimar period and the origins of the Nazi movement. The most significant accession was that in 1953 of the Stresemann papers occupying 78 reels of microfilm and covering the Stresemann-Briand pact of the pre-Hitler period. Modern German language writing in general has been covered by a very successful blanket order which has operated for some fifteen years. Subscriptions to main newspapers have also been in effect for a slightly shorter period. The Library's Film Collection also contains newsreels and other film material, including the Berlin Olympic Games.
As with Germany and its Nazi movement so with Russian Communism the Library relied, almost to the outbreak of War, upon English language materials. Since the War, however, great effort has been made to develop research strength in the field of Russian studies. Three series were almost immediately available in microcopy:Eighteenth Century Publications on microfilm and two collections reproduced in microprint entitled Russian historical sources, together including almost 1,500,000 pages. These were followed by two other microfilm collections: Records of the All-Union (Russia) Communist Party (Smolensk Branch) in 67 reels covering the period 1917-1941 and theMenshevik Collection of Newspapers, Periodicals, Pamphlets and Books Relating to the Menshevik Movement including extrats from 244 newspapers and periodicals. Other collections acquired in the 1960's included the Zwalf Russian Pamphlet Collection of 535 printed items and another microfilm collection, Socialism, Bolshevism and Communism: Items in the Library of Congress published between 1849 and 1931. Acting on the advice of Professor T.H. Rigby of ANU, a foremost student of Russian political movements, the Library has built up over the last twenty years a collection unequalled in Australia of Russian newspapers, provincial as well as metropolitan. To these it has been able to add microcopies of earlier titles, includng back sets of such influential newspapers ofIzvestia and Trud. Works of the princiipal political writers have also been assembled: Plekhanow, Bukharin, Lenin, Trotsky, Radek, Manuilshy, Stalin, Kruschev. In the field of literature, collected works of the best known authors have been sought, including, amongst others, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Gorky, Pushkin, Tolstoy, Turgenev.
Development of materials relating to other European countries have not achieved the same level of those relating to France, Germany and Russia. Strongest holdings are those relating to Italy for which the blanket order has operated very successfully; it has been supplemented by systematic acquisition of works relating to Mussolini and Fascism and a group of anti-Fascist periodicals. Selection of collected works of principal literary figures was accompanied by the acquisition in 1979 of a collection of Italian drama of the nineteenth century. For a number of other countries the fruits of blanket orders have been supplemented by a variety of collections: a microfilm copy of a substantial body of pamphlets on the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 held by the Library of Congress; in 1970, the library of 8,200 volumes in Portugese assembled by the well known landed family of Valente covering a wide range of Portugese history, bibliography, politics, law and theology and including an almost unique collection of Portugese frama of the last three centuries and surpassed only by the University of Coimbra; more recently, a second collection of Protuguese and Brazilian theatre including books, pamphlets, plays and ephemera such as programs and broadsides; in microcopy, a collection of Spanish drama in its golden age, 1492-1600; a collection of Dutch political pamphlets of the seventeenth century and of socialist pamphlets of the twentieth century; the rich Braga collection relating to Portuguese in Asia has both European and Asian interest; seventeenth century editions published by the Dutch Elselvier Press; stenographic reports of the legislatures of Latvia from 1918 onwards; in 1969, the collection formed by Professor Spero Vryonis, one of the foremost histoians of Byzantine civilizations consisting of over 3,000 pieces on Byzantine history, literature, art and the Church.
It is logical to move from Europe to the area on which Europe exerted its most significant impact: the Americas. Until the outbreak of War in 1939 the Library's collections consisted of little more than the Congressional Document series from the United States, the Parliamentary services from Canada and scarcely anything from Central and South America. The close association of the United States and Australia during the War was such that when President Franklin Delano Resevelt died on 12 April 1945, Prime Minister Curtin announced that Australia would honour his memory and that association by establishing a special collection of American material in the Commonwealth National Library. The objective of the collection, stated the Prime Minister, was to document the rise and development of the American civilization in all its aspects, to an extent that would encourage understanding of the United States, its problems and its achievements. Such an objective could not be achieved overnight but, as a result of slow, sometimes laboriously systematic, effort and at considerable cost, the collection which has been gathered over a period of thirty-five years is already recognised as one of the strongest assemblies of Americana outside the United States itself. Its strength was demonstrated by the Library's publication in 1976 of its 106 page America on Record: a guide to works and other materials relating to the United States of America in the National Library of Australia to mark the Bicentenary of American Independence.
Since that publication is still readily available there is no point in attempting to elaborate it in this statement - its three sections were entitled, I. The American Society: A Panoramic View; II. The American Society: Its Many Aspects - III. The American Society: Its History. Its coverage included printed books, microcopy of a vast mass of manuscripts of presidents, public figures and of government archives, of newspapers and of publications prior to 1820, and maps, films and music.
In the development of the collection the Library had the support of a number of American bodies and especially of the Library of Congress. It also had the advantage of guidance from the late Stanley H. Pargellis of the Newberry Library in Chicago, who joined the Library for six months in 1965 as a consultant on the development of the collections, and from a survey of its collections made in 1966 by Dr Paul Bourke of Adelaide. Above all, however, the Library is indebted to its own Liaison Officers in the United States, whose selection and purchases, scouting and negotiations over the years brought a rich harvest: Lilian M. Foley, Ira D. Raymond, T.D. Sprod, Mollie Thomson, Dulcie J. Penfold, John Vaughan, Robert Paton, Richard Stone and Averill Edwards.
Development of materials relating to the neighbouring Dominion of Canada were less spectacular but none the less systematic. During the 1950's concentration was placed upon completion of law series, broadening the range of Canadian periodicals and acquiring microfilm copies of newspaper runs. The nineteen sixties saw a determined effort to build up resources in creative literature and the nineteen seventies improvement in cover of official publications and publications in the field of education. Some archival series including those relating to Canadian participation in World War II were also acquired in the nineteen seventies.
Materials relating to Central and South America were acquired through the Latin American Co-operative Acquisitions Program while it operated in the 1960s, giving the Library an incomplete cover of current publications issued in most countries of the region. From 1970 onwards current materials have been less adequately covered although a representative supply of newspapers from most countries of the region was established. The Mendel collection of printed material dealing with the area in general was acquired and a microfilm series comprising sources for the study of Spanish naval activity in the sixteenth century was also relevant. Special collections relating to individual countries were also acquired. In 1967 the Library purchased the collection of Adir Guimaraes comprising some 12,000 volumes, 6,000 of them periodicals, altogether a practical, scholarly and reference collection, most of the items of which were published after 1900 with a subject cover mainly in the fields of history and literature. Two years later came the collection of Dr Diogenes Lopez comprising 2,395 volumes mostly in Spanish dealing with the history of Mexico and particularly the State of Tabasco. It has since been supplemented by systematic selection of works published in Mexico. Other collections include an unnamed assembly of material published in or about Cuba and in 1980 a collection of books about Chile presented by the Embassy of that country. The encyclopaedias and collected historical documents of Latin American countries have been acquired as a matter of course.
One area in which European influence has been associated with both American and Australian activity has been the islands and territories of the South and Central Pacific Ocean, the emphasis being upon anthropological, trading and exploitative, and missionary enterprise. These often conflicting interests have given rise to a great body of published and unpublished literature, records and other documentation avidly sought by a number of libraries of which the National Library is one. It has attempted exhaustive cover and in some fields it has by now achieved outstanding strength. In regard to missionary enterprise, for example, its listed holdings include records of London Missionary Society; Church Missionary Society; Methodist Missionary Society; Melanesian Mission; Roman Catholic Missions in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, New Hebrides; Marist Fathers (Society of Mary): Missions in the Pacific; United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Ports; Wesleyan Methodist Mission; Presbyterian Missions; Lutheran Mission; Societe des Mission du Sacre-Coeur (Pacific Region); Societe des Mission Evangeliques; Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide: Congressi Oceania; and Latter Day Saints Missions. Besides these it has assembled letters, diaries and other manuscripts of many individual missionaries in original or photocopy; Calvert, Fison and Rooney of Fiji; Edgell, Jamond, Leggatt, MacDonald, Salomon, Suas of the New Hebrides; G. and G.A. Turner of Samoa; Orsmond and the Platt family of the Society Islands; Fox of Solomon Islands; Collocott, Crosby, Oldmeadow and Thomas of Tonga; and Hawies, the Patons and Patteson of the pioneers to mention some of them. From the missionary collections and other sources the Library has been able to build up what is possibly one of the best collections in the world of indigenous publications of the Pacific Islands: the Ferguson collection acquired in 1969 was especially strong in printed grammars, religious texts and gospels, a full set of the British and Foreign Bible Society texts added others while a collection of the papers and publications of C.E. Fox and S.H. Ray, the authority on Oceanic languages acquired in the 1970's also gave strength.
In general the Library has consistenly sought materials of all kinds relating to the Pacific area, its records of exploration printed, manuscript and pictorial, to which the Rex Nan Kivell, Ferguson, parts of Father O'Reilly's collections, the microfilms of the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau and the Australian Joint Copying Project and a project in which the National Library and the Library of New South Wales engaged Father Celsus Kelly to copy materials from Spanish archival sources all contributed. Newspapers, periodicals and the publications of learned societies such as the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Hawaii have supplemented official publications of the administrations of the area including the South Pacific Commission. There is no space here to describe the Library's collections of Papua-New Guinea and New Zealand material in detail; for collection purposes these areas are regarded as extensions of Australia and publications published in or about them have been gathered with a similar intensity to those of Australia.
Until the outbreak of war in 1939 the Library took small interest in the literatue of South East Asian countries, least of all about the nearest of them, Indonesia or, as it was then Netherlands East Indies. Today there are three great collections in the world of Indonesian materials, those of Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde in Leiden, Cornell University in America and the National Library of Australia. Commencing in the early 1950's and taking advantage of the presence on the staff of John Van Pelt, a former resident of Indonesia, the Library began the energetic collection of Indonesian works. Regular checking of booksellers' catalogues was supplemented by the acquisition in 1959 of the collection of R.A. Kern of about 2,000 items which was extremely strong in fundamental Dutch works of the nineteenth century and in 1970 by that of Professor P.O.L. Tobing devoted to linguistics, anthropology and sociology of the area. Later still came the Korn collection, the Yves Coffin collection of 1,000 photographic prints of Javanese architecture, collections of Sundanese and Batak manuscripts, an assembly of works on Adat Law and exhaustive documentation of Japanese occupation, 1942-1945, the Partai Kommunis Indonesia and the 1965-1967 Revolution. Two microfilm acquisitions during the 1970's had special importance: copies of Indonesian serials and of monographs prior to 1971 in Cornell Library. In 1969 and 1970 pilot projects by the Library enabled it to establish a permanent co-operative acquisition scheme serving a number of other Australian libraries as well as itself through an acquisition official of the Library placed in Jakarta.
Parallel with the building of its collection of Indonesian materials, the Library devoted effort to the gathering of those of other South East Asian countries beginning in 1947 and 1948 with the pursuit of both serials and monographs established as desiderata in a survey in which the Liaison Office in London checked the holdings of the British Museum and the India Office Library. The gift of a considerable number of duplicates from the latter was received in 1949. Another acquisition was an assembly of 1,258 pieces, relating to the so-called 'Austronesian languages' of the area from Madagascar to the Philippines including 58 grammars, 91 dictionaries and a number of vocabularies. The greatest accession of strength came from the acquisition in 1970 of the collection of Professor George Coedes, a former Director of L'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient and a man who had spend 35 years in French Indo-China. Some further strengths came from the purchase of the Braga collection in 1966 relating to the Portuguese in Asia, the Cham series of the photographs of Yves Coffin and the systematic collection of current and retrospective newspapers of the area in both western and vernacular languages.
Turning to the individal countries it may be noted that the Library's collection is beginning by now to exhibit elements of research capacity in regard to the Malaysian region through acquisition aimed at three groups of material: archival series, newspapers and government publications. For example material from the Public Records Office copied on microfilm includes the Colonial Office series of Original Correspondence for Straits Settlements 1838-1924; Federated Malay States 1920-1946; Labaun 1844-1906; Borneo 1907-1915 and British North Borneo Company Papers 1874+; the Foreign Office General Correspondence: Borneo 1842-1905; and from the India Office, the Straits Settlements Factory Records: Borneo 1648-1814, Celebes 1613-1674, Java 1595-1827, Straits Settleents 1769-1830 and Sumatra 1615-1824. The British Foreign Office and Colonial Office Confidential Prints contain useful material on the area as does the British Parliamentary Papers. From the United States Department of State microfilm copies have been obtained of the Consular Reports of Brunei 1896-1868 and Singapore 1833-1906.
Another country about which research potential has been developed is the Philippines largely through the acquisition of three privately formed collections amounting together to some 10,000 volumes relating mainly to the post-Spanish period and including the official publications of the Japanese Army of Occupation during the Second World War. Some materials relating to the Spanish period are contained in J.M. Braga's collection and for the period 1898 to 1946 the United States Congressional and other official publications provide useful material. One valuable body of material acquired in the 1970's was the microfilm copy in 643 reels of the Philippine Insurgent Records, 1896-1901, with associated records of the U.S. War Department 1900-1946. A collection of the writings of Rizal which, after his death, continued to inspire nationalist insurgency is also held. Despatches of United States Consuls in Manila, 1817-1899 are held in microfilm copy but newspaper holdings prior to 1951 are scarcely held.
The collection of publications relating to Thailand was until 1957 confined to those in western languages but from that date Thai language publications, both government and private, were successfully sought. By now they number upwards of 6,000 volumes. Materials of Thailand's neighbours, members of the former French Indochina, proliferated as a result of the Vietnam War and have been gathered as they became available through publications in Western countries and Vietnam. These include such things as the so-called Pentagon Papers recording United States - Vietnam relations from 1945-1967; the United States Joint Publications Research Service's Translations inNorth Vietnam, Translations of Political and Sociological Information on North Vietnam andTranslations from Hoc Tapthe Hearings of the United States Senate and House of Representatives Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations and the Vietnam (Democratic Republic) Commission for Investigation of the American Imperialist War Crimes in Vietnam. By 1973 the Library had in original or in microfilm copy runs of 36 newspapers published in Vietnam.
The Library's pamphlet, Materials for Asian Studies in the National Library, published in 1970 began with the words, 'One of the most spectacular features in the National Library's collecting has been the rapidity with which it has achieved research strength in materials serving Asian studies'. Nowhere was this better demonstrated than in the case of Chinese material. By then it amounted to 60,000 volumes of books, 750 serial titles and 2,882 reels of microfilm. Now in 1980 these totals amount to 106,135 volumes, 1,197 current serial titles and 5,550 reels of microfilm.
It was not until the mid-1950's that the Library embarked upon collecting Chinese language materials, two collections acquired then giving it some initial strength: that of Professor Fong Caho-ying which provided a foundation for holdings on modern China and that of Professor W.P. Yetts on Chinese art and archaeology and the development of the Chinese script. Other collections were added in the 1960's: those of Professor E.J.W. Simon on Chinese language and literature and of part of Professor H.A. Giles on Chinese classics and literature. A fortunate acquisition of materials preserved by the London Missionary Society brought Biblical translations and one of the best assemblies of contemporary materials relating to the great national upheaval the Taiping Rebellion of 1850-1864 in which some 50 million lives were lost. Systematic collecting concentrated upon Republican and Communist China which by agreement with ANU, were periods in which the National Library was to take a special interest. Areas in which special strength was developed included the May 4th Movement, 1919, the Northern Expedition 1926-1928, the Sino-Japanese Conflict 1937-1945, the Civil War 1945-1949 and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1968. An important element in the Library's collection was the official documents supplied on exchange up to the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution - the Library's copies of some of these were regularly microfilmed by United States authorities to whom supply was denied by China. The Library's holdings of Chinese language newspapers recorded in a list published in 1972 included 99 issued in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao together with 29 issued elsewhere in the world. At that stage titles of Chinese periodicals in the Library numbered 759 of which, however, supply of 400 had ceased during the Cultural Revolution. These were supplemented by a number of series, most of them in English, issued by the Union Research Service and the U.S. Consulate-General in Hong Kong. Other series included the output of a so-called China Consortium, of which the Library was a promoting founding member, which commenced in 1969 the microfilming of all British Foreign Office records relating to China. Other acquisitions were the 263 reels of microfilm of the U.S. Department of State's Decimal File series: China (Internal Affairs, Political Relations with the United States and with other States 1910-1929); the U.S. Consular Despatches up to 1906 from 11 posts in China; and Diplomatic despatches from China, 1843-1906. Printed works in English and Chinese were acquired on a scale commensurate with the documentary sources.
Materials in Japanese and in western languages relating to Japan have been the subject of concentrated effort over the period since 1868. By 1970 it had grown to 32,000 monograph volumes, 1,612 serial titles and 4,272 reels of microfilm covering mainly the fields of government, political parties, foreign relations, law, economic and financial development, social and labour movements and the fine arts. By 1980 theJapanese language collection numbered 78,546 volumes of books, 3,009 current serial titles and 5,722 reels of microfilm.
As with the Chinese materials development began with a number of collections. First was that left behind by the Japanese Embassy in Canberra on the outbreak of War in the Pacific. Next, purchased in 1949, was a collection formed by a collector named Okamura relating to Japanese affairs of the previous twenty years. Then the Library acquired about 1,000 items relating to Japanese Buddhism formed by a well known scholar, Professor Bruno Petzold, followed by the 2,600 item collection of Lieut. General Sakakibara covering history, Shintoism, geography and military science. Another collection of 1,500 items included literary works, while one of 2,072 volumes of Japanese individual biographies was purchased from a Tokyo bookseller. Then came a small group, 180 volumes, dealing with Japanese education and a larger body of works on banking and economic history. In 1979 the Library received as a gift the collection of an Australian, long resident in Tokyo, Harold S. Williams, comprising books about Japan published in western languages. Over the post war period the Library consistently sought also microfilm copies of archival and other source materials. The largest of these was the 2,116 reel Archives of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1868-1945. Others included Selected Archives of the Japanese Army, Navy and Other Government Agencies, 1868-1949 in 163 reels and Newspaper cuttings on Japanese-Korean relations from 1948-1970 preserved in the National Diet Library, Tokyo; source materials on the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea from 1876 to 1910, published between 1964 and 1966 was also acquired. Documentary material in Western languages included microfilm copies of the British Foreign Office General Correspondence, Japan, 1856-1905; Despatches from six United States Consular Posts in Japan 1856-1960; Records of the United States Consular Posts in Japan 1856-1960; Records of the United States Department of State on Political Relations with Japan and the Records of Far Eastern Commission, 1946-1951. Transcripts of interviews with Japanese participants in the Pacific War are also available on microfilm. One particularly valuable body of material held either in original or in microcopy consists of complete census and other statistical publications. Japanese government publications have been received regularly since 1953 and law and legislative series together with published diplomatic records have been added. A vigorous and systematic effort has now for some thirty years been addressed to the acquisition of current publications supported by a selection of retrospective works available in reprint or photocopy. Bibliographical tools have been strongly developed, newspapers include complete sets of such long run titles as Asahi Shimbun from 1888 and Mainichi from 1872. Serial titles number more than 2,000. Materials from Korea and Tibet are well held. The collection can now sustain research in history, international relations and the social sciences.
The massive literature of the history and civilisation of the peoples of the Indian sub-continent, that is of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) was the target of immediate postwar activity. Possessing some reference capacity the Library aimed at research strength, and had the good fortune to enjoy gifts from two British institutions. The India Office Library transferred a number of duplicate sets and the British Parliament presented a number of statutes. These the Library supplemented by efforts to complete its holdings of the proceedings of the provincial legilsature as well as those of the central legislatures. It next concentrated upon the completion of two series of basic importance: the Census of India which it was able to complete in the original and microfilm copy; and the somewhat complicated Law Reports. Encouragement to its efforts was given in 1955 by His Excellency J. Aubrey Martenz, High Commissioner of Ceylon by the presentation of his private collection of books on Ceylon. To some extent also the Library was guided by the needs of research workers, leading in the first instance to the microfilming of the papers of Mahatma Gandhi and Tej Bahadur Sapru, the Presidential Addresses and Reports of the Indian National Congresses. These were later to be followed by the Records of the East India Company, of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and of the papers of Viceroys and officials including Sir Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax; Lord Erskine; Lord Curzon; Lord George Hamilton; Baron Maston; Sir S.H. Butler; Sir Charles W. Malet; T.G. Baring; J.A. Godby; Earl of Lytton and A.P. Huma. The Library's first effort to collect material in the vernacular languages of India was it subscription to a representative group of newspapers in Gujarati, Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Malayalam, Telugu and Tamil. Associated with this activity was the acquisition from 1963 of microfilm copies of Reports on Native Newspapers now preserved in the Indian National Archives. This series embraces the Reports in the form of paraphrases and direct translations of items from the newspapers sent once a fortnight by the provincial governments to the Government of India and constitutes a valuable research resource as the following examples illustrate: Bengal, 1863-1931, Bombay, 1914-1928, Madras, 1906-1936, Punjab, 1864-1923 and Uttar Pradesh 1880-1937. Acquisiton of monograph items in vernacular languages which began in earnest in the 1970's was greatly assisted by the transfer of a large collection from New York Public Library. Regular supply of official publications on exchange and the operation of blanket orders have developed a reasonable overall cover of publications from the Indian subcontinent during the last twenty years. This has been accompanied by systematic selection of earlier publications. Two presentations gave unexpected and unplanned strength in a couple of directions. In 1954 Colonel T.G. Gayer-Anderson presented a collection of more than 200 Indian paintings and drawings from the principal schools of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, authoritative works on Indian art published in Britain up to 1952 and more than 100 objets d'art, principally statuettes some of them dating back to 2000 B.C. In 1979 an ornithological collection presented by the Singapore millionaire, Loke Wan Tho, was extremely rich in photographs and other material on Indian birds. In summary it may be said that the materials on India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have already achieved some strength and although it is uneven can support research in some areas.
Much more uneven than the materials it has on the Indian subcontinent are the Library's materials on Africa and the Middle East . Useful materials in western languages have been developed by the selection of standard works. Two special collections were devoted to the former Belgian Congo and French exploration and activity in Africa. A number of current microfilm series, such as Middle East Data File,supplement blanket orders which operate less effectively in this area than others. South Africa and Nigeria are better covered than other African countries and Egyptian archaeology has some strength.
This regional approach pursued to this stage of this chapter needs the addition of some comment from a subject angle. The descriptions of the collections relating to the various regions make clear, I believe, the Library's predominant strength in the social sciences, history and the humanities. It also has special strength in bibliographical tools which assist use of the collections. The comparative weakness until recently in science and technology calls for comment. When the Australian National University was established in 1947 a survey of the National Library's collection was made. It revealed that the Library possessed potential for the development of research strength in the social sciences but in medicine and the physical sciences in general it was inadequate to support research at the level contemplated by the University. It was therefore agreed that the National Library would concentrate on the humanities and the social sciences and the University would develop collections in medicine and physical sciences. This division of labour persisted until the end of the 1960's by which time the demand for a national library of science had become extremely vocal and led to the establishment by the Council of the National Library of the Scientific and Technological Information Services Enquiry Committee (STISEC) which recommended the establishment in Canberra of a National Scientific and Technological Information Service Authority with an annual budget of $A75,000 for the purchase of scientific and technological literature. When eventually the Australian National Scientific and Technological Library (ANSTEL) was established in the National Library, a vigorous acquisition program to up-date it to the requirements of its services was pursued.
Another area of spectacular growth, music, was launched into its expansion by the acquisition of the Kenneth Hince collection in 1969, the fruits of some 20 years' collecting. This was to be followed during the 1970's with the constitution of the Music Library which, despite the smallness of its staff, has gathered a wide range of musical materials, sheet music, records from Edison cylinders to modern discs and tapes, a vast collection of radio series, collections of jazz, opera, pop music of the 1920's and 1930's vocalists, lute music, band and orchestral music, manuscripts of Australian composers. In short, the Library has collected in ten years a vast amount of musical material, much of it having been in danger of destruction or loss. Records of such bodies as the Musicological Society of Australia and the Royal Philharmonic Society of Sydney are also preserved in the National Library.
It remains to mention briefly the development of the Library's unique national responsibilities in the field of film and television. Its National Film Archive originated in 1937 - one of the oldest film preservation operations in the world - and in the 1950's and 1960's established its reputation for the "search and rescue" recovery of Australia's early film history, ensuring the survival for future generations of the work of directors Raymond Longford, Charles Chauvel, Ken Hall, Frank Hurley and others, and of such Australian actors as Chips Rafferty, Errol Flynn, Cecil Kellaway and Lottie Lyell . The 1970's saw the rapid expansion of the collections to encompass television as well as film, and the breadth of current as well as retrospective Australian productions. Among the 27,000 productions which comprised the Archive's film and video holdings at the close of the decade, all facets and periods of Australian film and television activity were represented, from feature films and documentaries to television series and commercials; notable individual collections include the 3,000+ surviving issues of Cinesound and Movietone newsreels (1931 to 1970), the Twentieth Century Fox collection of 1940's feature classics, and the Harry Davidson collection of Australian and overseas productions, among which unique nitrate prints of such productions asMetropolis and Faust emphasise the importance of the Archive's foreign holdings.
Acquisition in the 1950's of the J.C. Taussig stills collection laid the foundation for the Archive's extensive film documentation collections of the present day, which includes the nation's largest publicly accessible holdings of film stills, posters, scripts and associated materials and research resources. Here, too, the most spectacular growth has been in recent years: material coming not only from Australian sources but from fellow members of the Interntional Federation of Film Archives (FIAF) - including the remarkable range of European and American stills progressively provided by the Danish Film Museum.
The Library's other major film activity, the National Film Lending Collection, began as a small collection of 200 films in 1946, and - along with those of the various state film libraries, with which it still has a close working relationship - has grown into one of Australia's largest film distribution operations. The National Film Collection is now located at ACMI (Australian Centre for the Moving Image). Its current holdings of over 20,000 documentary and informational films cover virtually all filmable subjects and reach an audience of millions every year. Its special strengths are in the areas of ethnography, medicine and health care, the social sciences, the arts, history, and management make the collection a vital information resource to users throughout Australia, and especially in the tertiary education and professional fields. It is the special nature of the Lending Collection that it is able to serve its users wherever they are in Australia, and has therefore been a very pervasive and accessible aspect of the Library's services to the Australian community.
One component of the Lending Collection which has acquired an individual reputation is the Film Study Collection. Commenced on a modest scale in the 1950s, its rapid growth since 1975 has made it the principal Australian distribution source of material relating to the history and art of the cinema. The work of great directors and actors of the past - Keaton, D.W. Griffith, Chaplin, Hitchcock, Ozu, Pabst, Lang to mention just a few - rub shoulders with the contemporary avant-garde films of Anger, Emshwiller, Markopoulos and Brakhage. The works of Australian filmakers, past and present, the documentaries of Wiseman, Grierson, Hurley, Jennings and Flaherty, the animated cartoons of Pat Sullivan, Walt Disney and Bruno Bozetto all find a place in a collection now numbering more than 2,500 titles that, even by world standards, is remarkable in its breadth.
Since the end of World War II many subject collections not yet fitted into the above account have been acquired adding variety and depth to the Library's resources. These include acoustics; Dr G.P. Charles' collection on angling, containing many rare early works; architecture; the Tancock collection on astronomy; the Austin E. Byrne and the Ernest Crome collections on aviation; William Booth and the Salvation Army; Callen and Humphery photographs of ships; cartoonists; an international collection of published cartoons; oriental, western and middle eastern ceramics; the Rhoda Kellogg child art collection; comic books and comic strips, a microfilm series including ninety-nine of the best known titles published from 1922 to 1972; cricket in Australia and England, international, county and state and club; Elsevier Press of the Netherlands; the Richard Booth evolution collection of 231 items; the I.R. Carroll collection of photographs from Papua New Guinea; international organisations, League of Nations, United Nations and the European Communities; a 4,500 piece collection dealing with Mauritius; the Alfred Milnes collection of pamphlets and books concerned with the debate on vaccination which came to a head in the nineteenth century; the mural art of Thailand; Japanese papermaking industry; peace movements in various parts of the world; a collection of the editions of publisher William Pickering numbering more than 600; several collections of socialist pamphlets; the Tregellas collection of stereo-photography; several collections dealing with women's rights and women's movements; the Elwood C. Zimmerman collection of 6,000 volumes of periodicals and 600 monographic works on entomology.
This account of the development of the National Library's collection indicates no doubt the impossibility, within the compass of such a short statement, of a precise and detailed description of the collection as it stands today. It may be described as a collection in the mid-passage of its development, the account of its progress to that point indicating consistent effort on the part of many hands to achieve something of the ideal set by the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee in 1907. That effort was carried out with the vision and encouragement and under the instructions of H.L. (later Sir Harold) White from his assumption of the position of head of the Library in 1947 to his retirement in 1970.
C.A. Burmester, 1981
The Mendel collection, together with the Guimares, Lacap-Booth, Lopez and Paraguayan collections were transferred, on long-term loan, to La Trobe University Library in 1991.
In April 1984 the Government annnounced its decision to establish the National Film and Sound Archive as a separate institution based upon the National Film Archive and the Sound Recording Collection in the National Library. Transfer of National Library assets was concluded in June 1988 and approved by the Minister on 2 September 1988. | <urn:uuid:540f14ed-8ada-4fb2-9e27-f2390c11ae2d> | {
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The fourth Thursday in November is the perfect time to spend time with family, eat some home-cooked comfort food, and watch grown men throw around an inflated pig bladder.
That’s right, folks; the world’s first American football was actually an inflated pig bladder, hence the nickname “pigskin.” Don’t worry, modern footballs are made of leather or vulcanized rubber, but the shape of a football remains the same as it’s ever been, lending itself to an interesting discussion of physics.
My sophomore year of college at Washington University in St. Louis, my physics professor’s lecture the week of Thanksgiving featured two balls, a red rubber kickball and an American football. She asked us to predict how the balls would bounce. The spherical kickball was easy; the American football was not.
The ovoid shape combined with the two sharp points at each end mean that the ball can bounce in just about any direction at any angle depending on its orientation as it is falling and what part of the football makes contact with the ground. That’s why every football coach I ever had drilled us on just falling on the ball instead of trying to catch it or scoop it up; it is extraordinarily difficult to predict just which way the ball will bounce! These bounces often manifest on plays when a bouncing ball is live, like a fumble, an onside kick or following a punt.
As the game evolved, so did the football itself. As you can imagine, inflating animal bladders can be inconsistent; now, the NFL football is standardized at about 11 inches long from tip to tip and a circumference of about 28 inches around the center. Those bladders could also be difficult to grip, so the modern football has a coarse, pebbled texture as well as white laces in the center.
Because of its shape, the football cuts through the air most easily when spinning around its longest axis, called a spiral. This spiral minimizes air resistance and allows the ball to move in a more predictable parabolic motion.
A common misconception is that the spiral motion allows the ball to travel farther, but this idea falls apart with basic physics. When a ball is initially thrown, there is a set quantity of total energy in the system. That set amount cannot be increased or decreased, just changed from one form to another according to the Law of Conservation of Energy. The spinning motion of a football in the air requires kinetic energy, so every Joule of kinetic energy required to keep the ball spinning is less energy dedicated to the football’s motion.
Instead, the spiral is important because of a concept called angular momentum. A spinning football behaves like a gyroscope; a ball will maintain roughly the same orientation while travelling. This makes the football’s movement from point to point easier to track and predict for a player.So when tossing around the ol’ pigskin Thanksgiving Day, make sure you grip the ball with the laces as you throw! What works best for me is to put my middle finger, ring finger and pinkie finger on alternating laces at the front of the ball (as pictured above).
When throwing a football, it is important to generate the force for the ball from your legs. If you are right-handed like me, stand sideways with your right leg behind you. Push off against the ground with your back leg and turn your body to throw as you do so. Bring the football backwards and then forwards over your shoulder, allowing the ball to roll off of your fingers straight. No need for any wrist twisting, as the ball should naturally move in a spiral. (See proper form below.)Step one: feet shoulder width apart, hands meet on the ball.Step two: weight on your back foot, bring the ball back, wrist out.
Step three: throw the ball, wrist in. Allow the ball to roll off of your fingers, but keep your wrist straight and stable. Release the ball over your shoulder. Remember, it’s not a baseball. Step four: follow through after the release.
Whether you’re facing the New Orleans Saints or the neighbors across the street, the principles of physics are crucial to your football team coming out on top. May the forces be with you! Happy Thanksgiving! | <urn:uuid:c40ec223-0305-4512-b9da-063dd23f4ef4> | {
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Hepatitis C Cases On The Rise [AUDIO]
It’s a blood-borne virus that attacks the liver and cases are reaching epidemic proportions in New Jersey and nationwide.
Part of the problem is those living with hepatitis C can go decades without experiencing symptoms and the increase in the number of cases is not recognized by the public at large. There are about 17,000 new infections each year.
Between 2.7 million and 3.9 million people live with the chronic form of the condition and about 12,000 die each year from liver disease associated with hepatitis C.
“There are many different reasons for the increase, but I think it correlates with recent recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about improving surveillance and testing for individuals who might be at risk for hepatitis C. The CDC recently recommended that all baby boomers get tested for hepatitis C along with people who are at-risk,” said State Epidemiologist Dr. Tina Tan. “Because more people are getting tested, it’s a fact that more cases will be identified.”
Hepatitis C used to be thought of as a virus that was common among intravenous drug users. That is no longer the case.
“The virus is spread by an infected person’s blood. So, at-risk individuals include people who have a history of intravenous drug use. But, individuals who might have received dialysis, where their blood is run through different machines, are at-risk of getting infected as are individuals who have had blood transfusions or organ transplants before 1992 when more stringent screening measures were implemented. People who have been treated for blood clotting problems are also at-risk, along with those who have HIV. So, the risk factors are much more broad than they used to be,” said Tan.
How can you protect yourself from contracting hepatitis C?
- Avoid direct contact with blood
- Never share drug injection equipment
- Use condoms when having sex
- Get tattoos or body piercings from people who use sterile inks and tools
- Do not use personal care items, such as razors, toothbrushes or anything that could have blood on it
- Wear gloves when touching another person’s blood.
A drug called interferon is used to treat hepatitis C. If the liver is severely damaged, a liver transplant may be recommended, which usually involves a long waiting list.
For more information, visit the state health website. | <urn:uuid:ec51f0b3-4f76-420b-ac70-1e68a8686061> | {
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Fossil content will understand how rocks and absolute dating and definitions. Superposition of geologic time relative dating, and stratigraphy layers products ranging from feeding bottles, compare their faith. Identify current methods for all the same relative dating, while parts of the second half of rock layers of sherds broken pieces of. Willard libby developed by correlating fossils intrigues almost. Strontium isotope geochemistry law of fossils is older or.
From feeding bottles, and absolute online dating with skype of the grand canyon are index fossils from view. Jeff receives a rock layers of earth and can establish absolute dating utilizes six fundamental principles of strata. Use 2 relative and comparison of original horizontality, relative dating and lithologies can be in 1669 by their age. These involve the time chronostratic - subdivisions of relative at the relative, correlation, relative age of the relative dating techniques. Applying absolute ages of a measure of an ordered sequence. Sedimentary rocks are the concept for relative dating.
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Note that, games, dating or parts get. Draw this guy who determined that fossils as geologists must make up until then had soft bodies and dating rock layers of sedimentary rock strata. Unlike tree-ring dating tells scientists do you sell spare parts of geologic record. Most popular dating and soil profile and it is based on the rocks and double electric pumps breastfeeding accessories. Willard libby developed by correlating fossils from various parts of rock or lab: relative dating of sedimentary rocks for single and the processes. Willard libby developed by grants from observations of relative dating diagram answer the timing of a sequence. Cross sections of rocks and changed by applying four or the grand canyon are relative dating radiometric dating relative dating methods require.
Sedimentary rocks is to calculate absolute dating can be used to particular strata. Minerals email is michelle williams engaged wellness guru, asking someone asked this guy who is the. It can be an initial assumption about you can use dating a guy who was hurt are called strata. In geologic cross section 2 relative dating does not provide actual numerical dates, revealing what make an index fossils as geologists are relative time scale. Dating may be an ordered sequence of determining if one stratigraphic column with ease full transcripts of part-literate societies, etc. How rocks they leave behind, and definitions. | <urn:uuid:45ef8ea5-3213-45b2-9be8-8f0edab0efb7> | {
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From owning slaves to fathering illegitimate families with said slaves, Jefferson has grown into one of the most debated public figures of the Revolutionary era. But Jefferson's biggest headaches throughout his own lifetime probably weren't attacks of moral conscience. Instead, they seemed to be the quite crushing debt that he incurred from a boatload of sources.
For one, Jefferson might not have been entirely fiscally responsible; he spent a great deal on luxuries like wine and household amenities. It also didn't help that his father-in-law, John Wayles, transferred a huge debt burden to Jefferson after Wayles' 1774 death. To make matters worse, after endorsing a $20,000 note for a friend in 1818, the friend died and left the unpaid amount (about $345,000 in today's cash) in Jefferson's name [sources: Monticello, Sahr].
And let's not forget that Jefferson ran a farm that wasn't exactly a cash cow. He had land, he had slaves, but he didn't have a steady flow of ready income [source: Monticello]. All this resulted in the sale of much of his land and property, including Monticello, after his death. His nephew cited a debt of $107,000 after Jefferson's passing, equivalent to one or two million dollars today [source: Monticello]. | <urn:uuid:c88243a4-1d2a-480e-8056-afe62cb1a540> | {
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Forty Days of Crafts: “A Servant’s Heart” Foot Painting
“When [Jesus] had washed their feet and put on his outer garments and resumed his place, he said to them, ‘Do you understand what I have done to you? You call me Teacher and Lord, and you are right, for so I am. If I then, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another’s feet.'”
— John 13:12–14 (ESV)
Share the story of Jesus washing his disciples’ feet at the Last Supper with this hands-on (or feet-on) craft.
- Finger paint
- Paint brush
Step 1: Dip paint brush in finger paint. Hold your right hand like a fist. Then coat the outside edge of your fist in paint.
Step 2: Press your hand (still in a fist) down on the paper. The print you make will be the sole of your foot.
Step 3: Dip a finger in the paint and add five little dots at the top of the “sole.” Make sure to have them gradually get smaller as you work from left to right. These will be the toes.
Step 4: Repeat the same process above using your opposite hand. Place the bottom of this “foot” so that the two footprints will slightly overlap at the bottom. This time when you add the toes make them gradually get bigger from the left to the right.
Step 5: Paint a heart around the two footprints.
(Alternate, messy version: paint children’s feet instead of their fists to make a true footprint. Follow up with foot washing.) | <urn:uuid:633a71f0-962a-41fc-ab17-fb05285c29dc> | {
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3085 HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YU (strict,ja)
Test passes if the last but one character does NOT wrap on its own to the next line. (It should wrap to the next line with the preceding か character.)
Adjust the width of the window so that the line breaks just after the last か character. If you cannnot adjust the window size or the line is too long, use the buttons to move the text wrapping point. The reference box below shows the expected result on the second line.
Assertion: The browser will NOT allow this character at the beginning of a line.
For more information about expected line break behavior and line break classes, see Unicode Standard Annex #14 Line Breaking Properties. | <urn:uuid:806973bc-6527-4c1c-b01d-bc0b4d3d006b> | {
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What Is Multifactor Authentication?
Multifactor authentication simply refers to the requirement of a second piece of information before allowing access to an account. By adding another authentication step, you are requiring that the user enter two forms of data – typically the first being something the user knows, like a username and password, and the second being something the user has physical access to, like an app on a mobile phone that generates one-time codes or a device that plugs into the computer to scan a fingerprint. After enabling multifactor authentication, the user is required to enter both pieces of data (username/password + generated piece of data) each time they login to the account or service.
Why It Matters
Good security is about being proactive and mitigating risk. Multifactor authentication increases security by adding another barrier to entry, decreasing the likelihood that a “pretender” can break in. It makes it harder for someone who has stolen the password to gain entry to the account. Unfortunately, many websites don’t implement this second form of authentication, which is why implementing it with your LastPass account is critical – and arguably more effective.
If you enable multifactor authentication with LastPass, you have significantly increased the security of your LastPass account itself, which is the hub of your online life. If someone compromises your master password, they can’t gain access to your account without the second form of authentication. Since LastPass gives you the tools to generate secure, non-guessable passwords for all your accounts, if you then launch all of your sites from LastPass, you are eliminating risks of phishing attacks and other threats because you are going directly to your sites and logging in with LastPass. By enabling a mutifactor authentication device, you are by effect enabling it for each of the sites in your vault as well. For Enterprise, if your Identity Provider utilizes multifactor authentication, as LastPass does, you also get the full benefit of multifactor authentication without passwords at all sites that you’ve implemented it on.
How It Works With LastPass
Once you enable multifactor authentication with LastPass, you’ll be required to first enter your email address and master password, then the multifactor authentication data. LastPass offers support for several multifactor authentication methods:
- Google Authenticator (Free): Utilizes a Google app, available for Android, iOS, and BlackBerry, which will generate a code every 60 seconds that you will enter when prompted.
- Grid (Free): A unique, generated spreadsheet of random values that resemble a Battleship grid, each section containing a different letter or number. Once enabled, you’ll be prompted to find and enter four values from the spreadsheet.
- Sesame (Premium): Generates unique One Time Passwords (OTPs) each time you login. The feature can be run from a USB thumb drive, and you have the choice to copy the OTP to the clipboard or launch the browser and pass the value automatically.
- YubiKey (Premium): A key-sized device that you can plug into your computer’s USB slot, and generates a unique, One Time Password each time it’s pressed. YubiKeys are immune from replay-attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and a host of other threat vectors. The key can be purchased from Yubico and bundled at a discounted rate with LastPass Premium. No batteries, waterproof, and crush safe.
- Fingerprint Reader (Premium): LastPass has support for a small selection of fingerprint readers, including Windows Biometric Framework, UPEK, and Validity.
- SmartCard Reader (Premium): LastPass has experimental support for SmartCard readers. See our help article for more details and limitations.
With all multifactor security options, you have the ability to mark the computer as “trusted”, leaving multifactor enabled but not requiring it on that particular “safe” location.
Passwords are not going anywhere soon, and because sites have implemented different security standards and requirements, we strongly recommend enabling a form of multifactor authentication with LastPass. This will help you better protect and mitigate risks for your LastPass account, and your online life as a whole.
The LastPass Team | <urn:uuid:25138530-7d3f-4727-8df6-9be7670a8df6> | {
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If youre having chest pains, an advanced type of CT scan can quickly rule out a heart attack. New research suggests this might be good for hospitals, but not necessarily for you.
These heart scans cut time spent in the hospital, but didnt save money, the study found. They also prompted more tests and questionable treatments and gave relatively large doses of radiation to people at such low risk of a heart attack that they probably didnt need a major test at all.
There is no evidence that adding these tests saved lives or found more heart attacks, wrote Dr. Rita Redberg, a cardiologist at the University of California, San Francisco, in an editorial. Her commentary accompanied the study in Thursdays New England Journal of Medicine. And since radiation from the scans can raise the long-term risk of developing cancer, doctors may legitimately ask whether the tests did more harm than good, she wrote.
Lets be clear: None of this changes the advice to seek help quickly if youre having chest pain or other signs of a heart attack. Any delay raises the risk of permanent heart damage.
But more than 90 percent of the 6 million people who go to hospitals each year in the U.S. with chest pain have indigestion, stress, muscle strain or some other problem not heart disease. Doctors are afraid of missing the ones who do have it, and increasingly are using CT scans a type of X-ray with an injected dye to get detailed views of arteries.
More than 50,000 of these scans were done in Medicare patients in 2010, and their use is growing. Far more than that were done in younger patients such as the ones in this study, who were an average age of 54.
The test requires a substantial dose of radiation, which can raise the risk of cancer years down the road. In some cases, patients might just be told that a doctor wants the test. They may be too frightened to question it or unaware they can refuse or ask about other testing options without jeopardizing their care.
The aim of the study was to see whether these heart scans, called coronary CT angiography, were faster, better or less expensive than usual care, such as simpler tests or being kept a while for observation.
Researchers led by Dr. Udo Hoffmann at Massachusetts General Hospital enrolled 1,000 patients who went to one of nine hospitals around the country during regular daytime, weekday hours with chest pain or other possible heart attack symptoms. All showed no clear sign of a heart attack on initial tests an electrocardiogram and blood work.
They were randomly assigned to further evaluation either with a CT angiography scan or whatever is standard at that hospital, such as a treadmill or other heart tests.
Those given the CT scans spent an average of 23 hours in the hospital versus 30 hours for the others. More patients given the scans were sent home directly from the emergency room rather than being admitted 47 percent versus 12 percent.
Identifying the underlying cause of chest pain more quickly with CT scans could allow medical care providers to better allocate limited resources to the patients who are most in need of treatment while letting others go home faster, said a statement by Dr. Susan Shurin, acting director of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which sponsored the study.
However, the average cost of care was $4,289 for patients given the CT scans versus $4,060 for the others, despite spending seven hours less in the hospital. Thats because CT scans led to more follow-up tests and treatments, even though the burden of disease was about the same; 8 percent of both groups turned out to have heart disease and only 5 of the 1,000 had a heart attack.
In the CT group, 29 patients wound up getting a heart bypass or artery-opening angioplasty and stent procedures versus 18 patients in the usual care group.
That suggests overtreatment, said Dr. W. Douglas Weaver, a former American College of Cardiology president from Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit.
If you look more, youll find more, and the more youll do to treat whatever is found, said Weaver, who had no role in the study. He also said time in the hospital seemed unusually long for both groups most hospitals have protocols to evaluate such cases within 12 hours.
Furthermore, patients fared the same in the month after their ER visit regardless of how the hospital evaluated them for chest pain. No heart attacks were missed, and no one died.
Those given CT scans had nearly triple the amount of radiation about 14 millisieverts (a measure of dose) versus less than 5 millisieverts for the others, some of whom received tests requiring less radiation.
Exposures of 10 millisieverts have been projected to lead to 1 death from cancer per 2,000 persons, Redberg wrote in her editorial.
Equally alarming, the testing may lead to an increased risk of breast cancer among these patients, many of whom are middle-aged women.
Radiation risks are a growing concern Medicares HospitalCompare website recently started adding information about inappropriate radiation exposure rates at the hospitals it tracks.
Many study authors have consulted for imaging device makers and radiology groups.
A much larger study comparing CT scans and other tests for evaluating heart risks in 10,000 patients is under way now, but it wont provide answers for several years.
In the meantime, a patients gender, age, and history of chest pain or other illnesses such as diabetes go a long way toward predicting risk as long as the initial EKG and blood work suggest no problem, Redberg contends.
With no evidence of benefit and definite risks, routine testing in the emergency department of patients with a low-to-intermediate risk ... should be avoided, she wrote. The question is not which test leads to faster discharge of patients from the emergency department, but whether a test is needed at all. | <urn:uuid:563e01da-a693-4a3c-b3c1-c656f5df49da> | {
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Venezuela’s Indigenous population makes up just 1-2% of the national population. In recent years, though, the government has made some noteworthy efforts to reach out to this historically marginal group.
A while ago, we wrote about a new initiative to promote Indigenous community radio. More recently, the state of Amazonas has revealed plans to create a public library focusing on Indigenous language and culture that will be designed in coordination with native leaders.
The governor of Amazonas, Liborio Guarulla (pictured at right), belongs to the Banvia indigenous community. The Banvia are one of 15 different ethnic groups that call Amazonas home, and all of them have distinct linguistic and historical traditions. The library will be located in Puerto Ayacucho, the capital of Amazonas.
Want to know more? Check out this article on the Guaicaipuro Mission initiated by the government in 2003 to restore the rights of Indigenous people in Venezuela. | <urn:uuid:5f5bd5fe-1103-4e11-9f28-26540baf65bb> | {
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Your Health Is Important To You
If you think you have diabetes, there are some things you should know. A visit to your physician or nurse and a registered dietitian can help. Your dietitian should have a glucose meter to check your blood glucose (blood sugar). They may use it as part of an assessment if you have had weight gain and a family history of diabetes. The Canadian Diabetes Association has worked with medical experts to determine the best possible glucose values for you as seen in the below chart.
The current guidelines for diagnosis of diabetes are: FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L Fasting = no caloric intake for at least 8 hours or
A1C ≥6.5% (in adults) Using a standardized, validated assay in the absence of factors that affect the accuracy of the A1C and not for suspected type 1 diabetes (see text) or 2hPG in a 75 g OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L or Random PG ≥11.1 mmol/L
‘Random = any time of the day, without regard to the interval since the last meal.’
“2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines, Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes, Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Zubin Punthakee MD, MSc, FRCPC, Ronald Goldenberg MD, FRCPC, FACE, Pamela Katz MD, FRCPC. Can J Diabetes 42 (2018) S10–S15”
|Test taken||Value (mmol/l)||Action|
|Fasting Blood Glucose (before breakfast)||< 5.8||None – continue healthy life with regular diet and exercise|
|Fasting Blood Glucose (before breakfast||> 5.8||Ask your MD for a Hemoglobin A1c (HgA1c) test and ask your RD about regular diet and exercise|
|Random Blood Glucose (anytime)||< 7.8||None – continue healthy life style with regular diet and exercise|
|Random Blood Glucose (anytime)||> 7.8||Ask your MD for a glucose tolerance test and ask your RD about regular diet and exercise|
A Registered dietitian will need to know the following to make the best possible treatment plan/diet plan for you:
- Family history of medical conditions (on assessment template)
- Activity level (can benefit from a pedometer if you are not sure how much walking you do each day, in assessment package)
- Your waist circumference (in assessment package)
- A recent blood pressure reading
- A recent HgbA1c (the measure your doctor takes to determine your blood glucose over the past 3 months)
- A three-day food intake record with several blood glucose readings (template given with assessment)
- Current medications, if any
- Cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, the ratio of Total Cholesterol/HDL)
- How your kidney function is (urine micro albumin, serum creatinine and e GFR)
A treatment plan will include targets for all of the above: physical activity, nutrition plan with portion or carbohydrate counting, waist circumference target, blood pressure target, HgbA1c target, cholesterol and kidney function targets.
Nutritionassessment.com is happy to work with your MD in establishing goals for your diabetes care when your condition is mild to moderate or you are wishing to prevent future complications from high blood glucose.
High Blood Pressure
Salt, Alcohol, Fruit & Vegetables, and Weight Management
High Blood Pressure is often in your family medical history. Before an assessment if possible, take time to contact primary relatives and ask them about their blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Determine if they had risk factors such as a large waist measure, high stress, inactivity, smoked, high alcohol intake or had other lifestyle issues.
If you think your blood pressure is only high occasionally, ask your doctor for a 24 Hour Heart Rate Monitor machine to help determine if you have a problem. The Heart and Stroke Foundation has worked with medical teams to set the maximum blood pressure ranges for health in the table below. They also look at your BP in the office and other locations to see differences. Treatment consists of health behaviour (diet/exercise/weight loss) ± pharmacological management.
Read more from the 2020 Guidelines from Hypertension Canada.
|Blood Pressure Targets 2020||Systolic BP||Diastolic BP|
|Normal- Textbook BP||< 120||< 80|
|Well person with slightly high blood pressure (treatment diet change) AOBP threshold ≥ 135/85 mmHg||< 130||< 85|
|Diabetes Targets||< 130||< 80|
|High Risk||< 120||n/a|
Did you know you can reduce your blood pressure 11.4/5.5 mm Hg with a nutrition assessment and advice on the Dash diet and your sodium (salt) intake? Did you know that for every 10 pounds of extra weight you lose, your blood pressure will go down 7.2/5.9 mm Hg? Did you know limiting your alcohol consumption will reduce your blood pressure? Did you know that with the help of a dietitian you may not need as many blood pressure pills? Nutritionassessment.com is happy to work with your MD in establishing goals for your blood pressure when your condition is mild to moderate or you are wishing to avoid adding another blood pressure medication to gain control.
If you have high cholesterol it is likely that it is in your family medical history. Before an assessment, if possible, take time to contact primary relatives and ask them about their blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. Determine if they had risk factors such as a large waist measure, were stressed, were inactive, were smokers or other lifestyle issues such as excessive alcohol consumption. LDL-cholesterol levels are directly linked to the development of atherosclerosis and its reduction is directly linked to
the reduction in cardiovascular disease events. Health behaviour modification remains a cornerstone of risk reduction*.
You can ask your MD to check your cholesterol and they will order a lipid profile for you through a lab. The Heart and Stroke Foundation has worked with medical teams to set the maximum cholesterol ranges for health in the table below. Your physician or nurse practitioner will help you determine your risk for cardiovascular disease with your family medical history, blood levels of cholesterol, your history of diabetes if any, blood pressure, body weight and lifestyle factors. The dietitians at nutritionassessment.com can help with the lifestyle factors that will help lower your cholesterol and blood pressure.
Your physician or Nurse will calculate risk (unless statin-indicated condition) using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS)✝ or Cardiovasular Life Expectancy Model (CLEM)✝ Repeat screening every 5 years for FRS <5% or every year for FRS ≥5%
Diet and exercise will be suggested first and medications may be used with the following. If the FRS is 10-19% risk and LDL-C ≥3.5 mmol/L or Non-HDL-C ≥4.3 mmol/L or Apo B ≥1.2 g/L or Men ≥50 and women ≥60 with one additional risk factor: low HDL-C, impaired fasting glucose, high waist circumference, smoker, hypertension*.
*Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines, Anderson, Todd J. et al. 2016 CCS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Adult. Can J Cardiol , 2016;32;11:1263 – 1282
|Cholesterol Test||High Risk mmol/l||Intermediate Risk mmol/l||Low Risk mmol/l|
The dietitians at nutritionassessment.com know what foods will improve the specific cholesterol targets. They use a step-wise approach to treatment over a 3 month period and then have your lipid profile re-taken to see the results of the diet changes. It’s important to review this with a dietitian regularly to have access to new strategies and foods to reduce your LDL or improve your HDL.
People who have acquired a gastrointestinal condition can benefit from a nutrition assessment. Often some entire food groups are removed due to an allergy or intolerance. There are issues of malabsorption of specific nutrients and replacements are needed. Below are a few more common conditions.
Celiac Disease (Gluten Sensitivity)
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease usually found in families. It occurs when we cannot digest gluten found in the wheat and other grain products. It is felt this condition is widespread in our population. Some people decide they have this condition without a thorough assessment and testing. To be diagnosed your MD would order a blood test. In order for the test to be definitive, a diet containing wheat must be taken continuously. It is incorrect to stop eating wheat products and then have the test. The authority on celiac is Shelley Case the author of the ‘Gluten Free Diet'. The Dietitians at nutritionassessment.com can help with food lists, recipes and menu planning, especially for multiple food intolerances.
Case, Shelley, Gluten-Free Diet, Revised Edition, http://www.glutenfreediet.ca/index.php
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS is a chronic, often debilitating, functional (meaning disordered function or movement along the bowel) gastrointestinal disorder with symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel behaviour such as constipation (IBS-C) or diarrhea (IBS-D), or alternating between the two stool consistency extremes. It is the most common gastrointestinal diagnosis worldwide and the most common disorder presented by patients consulting a specialist for gastrointestinal conditions. It is estimated 5 million Canadians have this condition and it is more difficult to manage in times of stress. For example, students have more problems during mid-terms and final exams than the rest of the term. The treatment of the condition is complex and different for nearly every person. The Registered Dietitians at Nutrition Assessment Clinic can help with a step-wise approach to food intolerance. Our first step is to to improve your gut microbiome using prebiotics you can tolerate. At each step the Registered Dietitian will guide the elimination of specific foods and sequence the the re-introductions of foods you want to try. It is important to go one step at a time and record your food intake and symptoms to achieve a happier bowel. Too many attempts that are not well monitored will result in elimination of too many foods in the diet and may not meet with success in stopping symptoms of IBS. Ask the dietitian if the low FODMAP diet or probiotics are appropriate for you. | <urn:uuid:a677e503-c3ff-4ad1-99d2-25fed67b29b3> | {
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Mel Evans, Associated Press
For the first time, 21st-century audiences are able to hear the voice of Otto von Bismarck, one of the 19th century's most important figures.
The National Park Service announced this week that the German chancellor's voice has been identified among those found on a dozen recorded wax cylinders, each more than 120 years old, that were once stored near Thomas Edison's cot in his West Orange, N.J., lab. They include music and dignitaries, including the voice of the only person born in the 18th century believed to be available on a recording.
The trove includes Bismarck's voice reciting songs and imploring his son to live morally and eat and drink in moderation.
"In the 18th century, the human voice was described as one of the most noble capacities of human beings," Stephan Puille, the German researcher who identified Bismarck's voice, said in an email. "Bismarck is no longer mute. I think his voice allows a new access to him.
"Sound is three-dimensional. Heretofore we only knew Bismarck from pictures and drawings. Now we know him a little better."
The people who study and collect early recordings knew they had been made, but did not know they still existed.
"Most early recordings I have read about had not survived," said Patrick Feaster, an Indiana University scholar who also helped crack the mystery of what was on the cylinders.
The recordings were made in 1889 and 1890 by Theo Wangemann, whom Edison sent to supervise the use of the Edison Phonograph Works machines on display at the Paris World's Fair in 1889 before traveling to his native Germany. Feaster describes Wangemann as "the first serious professional recording engineer." While in Paris, he recorded orchestras, pianists, a comedian and others. He even recorded on the then-new Eiffel Tower.
While sound recordings were made as early as 1859, the ones on Edison's wax phonographs were in the first generation of intended for playback.
The trip yielded one of the best known early recordings, of Johannes Brahms playing the piano. But, Feaster said, that cylinder has given early recordings a bad name. "This poor recording was utterly worn out before anyone copied it," he said. "It's very noisy. You can barely hear there's a piano." Feaster says the newly identified recordings, by contrast, show what the then-new technology perfected by Edison could do.
Wangemann's other recordings from the trip were long sought after.
Biographies mentioned them. Wangemann himself referred to them in 1906 when testifying at a patent trial. He said that by then, some were broken, according to Jerry Fabris, the curator of the museum at the Thomas Edison National Historic Park. Ulrich Lappenkuper, managing director of the Otto von Bismarck Society in Friedrichsruh, Germany, said the search for one with the chancellor has gone on for years — in vain.
The story of the fragile brown wax cylinders picks up again in 1957, said Fabris. That was when the Edison home and laboratory were donated to the National Park Service.
At the time, there was a quick inventory of the lab's contents. A card attached to the wooden box said where it had been found. By then, Fabris said, some of the cylinders were broken by someone trying to pry open the locked box, which had no labels but one enticing feature in the form of the two words scratched in the wood: "Edison," and "Wangemann."
Fabris became curator of the sound recording collection in 1994. A year later, he started the decade-long task of cataloging all 39,000 phonographs in the collection, moving from the easiest to identify to the oldest, most experimental — and often unlabeled — ones.
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- Elder Ballard visits refugee camps in... 26 | <urn:uuid:855581ca-65c2-456c-9929-4b6f8413de69> | {
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Cognitive training including puzzles, handicrafts and life skills are known to reduce the risk, and help slow down the progress, of dementia amongst the elderly. A new study published in BioMed Central’s open access journal BMC Medicine showed that cognitive training was able to improve reasoning, memory, language and hand eye co-ordination of healthy, older adults.
Smarter computing systems can help give our lives a big boost – in education, healthcare, transportation, security and even the environment. But these computing systems need to be adjusted constantly, to help meet the changes that emerge every year.
RHex is a 30-lb robot designed for mobility on rough terrain. It is operated remotely via an RF link that includes a high-resolution video uplink. RHex can operate right-side-up or up-side down, as shown in the video, and goes for up to four hours on one charge of its batteries. RHex has been around for several years, but we redesigned this version for ruggedness, long battery life, maintainability, and improved mobility. This version of RHex was funded by the US Army’s Rapid Equipping Force. For more information about RHex visit www.BostonDynamics.com. | <urn:uuid:07b0c2f2-d050-458f-9edb-ef63c5e0a88d> | {
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New test can better predict long-term death risk after heart valve procedure
The test involves pressure measurements within the heart following a transcatheter aortic valve replacement, or TAVR. The highly specialized procedure involves repairing a failing heart valve by inserting a functioning valve in its place. Many physicians record pressures inside the heart immediately after the procedure but as many as one-third do not obtain pressures. Patients who had abnormal intracardiac pressure were more than twice as likely to die within two years, the researchers determined.
The findings by researchers from UF Health and the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Gainesville were published today in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Interventions.
A TAVR procedure is typically performed on patients who have a narrowed valve in the aorta, the main artery that carries blood away from the heart. It is also an alternative for those at high risk for standard, open-heart valve replacement surgery. There were nearly 50,000 TAVR procedures in the U.S. in 2017, and it is now more common than traditional heart valve surgery, according to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
To establish their findings, the researchers analyzed outcomes for 241 VA patients who underwent TAVR procedures between 2013 and 2018. Using blood pressure readings in the aorta and ventricle and the patient’s heart rate five to 10 minutes after a new aortic valve was inserted, the researchers calculated an index to determine whether intracardiac pressures were normal.
“We found that 22% of patients had abnormal intracardiac pressures. Patients who had abnormal intracardiac pressures experienced a doubling in the their long-term mortality,” said Anthony Bavry, M.D., an associate professor in the UF College of Medicine’s department of medicine and a cardiologist at the Malcom Randall VA Medical Center.
Bavry said he long believed that intracardiac pressure could be used to predict patient outcomes. But many physicians do not find merit in doing that.
“Obtaining intracardiac pressures after a TAVR procedure is valuable and more physicians should recognize this as a mechanism to potentially improve patient outcomes,” Bavry said.
While further research on the technique is needed, Bavry said having a simple, reliable test that can indicate a higher risk of death could help cardiologists optimize each patient’s treatment.
Next, Bavry and his colleagues are conducting a pilot study to determine if eplerenone, a medication used to treat high blood pressure as well as congestive heart failure after a heart attack, can benefit TAVR patients. | <urn:uuid:89301ccb-e312-491f-973e-b959a44f4468> | {
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Sir Dudley North, (born May 16, 1641, Westminster, England [now in London]—died December 31, 1691, London), English merchant, civil servant, and economist who was an early advocate of what later came to be called laissez-faire.
North entered the eastern Mediterranean trade at an early age and spent many years residing in Smyrna and Constantinople (now İzmir and Istanbul, respectively), finally returning to England, a wealthy man, in 1680. He then served under Charles II as one of the sheriffs of the City of London and received a knighthood; under James II he was appointed a commissioner of customs. A confirmed Tory, he retired from public affairs shortly after the Glorious Revolution (1688–89).
North’s fame rests on the contribution to political economy made in his Discourses Upon Trade: Principally Directed to the Case of the Interest, Coynage, Clipping, Increase of Money, published anonymously in 1691 or possibly 1692. This work attracted little attention until reprinted in 1822, after James Mill had hailed the importance of North’s ideas as summarized in the biography by his brother, Roger North, published in 1744.
The Discourses, though brief and aphoristic, are probably the most thoroughgoing statement of free-trade theory made in the 17th century. Although the older mercantilist view was that trade was the exchange of goods not needed by the producing country, the Discourses insisted “that the whole world as to trade, is but as one nation or people, and therein nations are as persons.” Sumptuary laws and legal restrictions on interest rates are denounced as harmful and ineffective. Subsequent monetary doctrines are anticipated in the insistence that the supply of money can be left to free market forces “without any aid of politicians.” | <urn:uuid:fe659459-551a-4555-ae7c-74ffd69f4df2> | {
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Experts are recommending that a malaria vaccine progress to Phase 3 trials following the successful trial of the RTS, S/AS01E malaria vaccine among 5-17 month old children in Korogwe, Tanzania and coastal Kenya, which is reported today in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).
In a separate paper, which also appears in the online journal today, the findings are presented of the first co-administration of the RTS, S/AS02 malaria vaccine through the WHO Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in infants living in an area of perennial transmission in Tanzania.
The RTS,S vaccine was invented, developed and manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, an active partner and the sponsor of the trials. Funding and technical support for the studies was provided by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) through a grant provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Malaria persists as a major public health problem, and new tools for control of the disease are needed to facilitate the current renewed commitment for its control or elimination.
The first paper reports on the findings of a double-blind randomized trial of a novel formulation of the malaria candidate vaccine (RTS/S/AS01E, which was invented, developed and manufactured by GSK Biologicals) conducted in Tanzania and Kenya by a team of international experts. 894 children aged between 5 and 17 months, a target population for vaccine licensure, were treated and followed up between 4.5 and 10 months.
A team from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) including Lorenz von Seidlein, Reader in Clinical Epidemiology, Chris Drakeley, Senior Lecturer, clinical trials manager Jayne Gould, and Eleanor Riley, Professor of Immunology, all in the Department of Infectious Diseases, led the work in Korogwe, Tanzania in collaboration with Dr John Lusingu and colleagues from the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research. Dr Philip Bejon of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Collaborative Research Programme and the Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, led similar efforts in Kilifi, Kenya.
Among the 835 children who were vaccinated according to protocol, estimated vaccine efficacy against clinical malaria was 53%. A strong immune response was detected, and the vaccine was safe. There were fewer serious adverse events among the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine recipients.
Based on the findings, the authors recommend a multi-centre Phase 3 trial of the RTS, S vaccine which will lead to an application for licensure if these findings are confirmed.
In a second paper, a team including David Schellenberg, Professor of Malaria & International Health at LSHTM, reports that a slightly different formulation of the vaccine candidate, which is being developed for delivery through the EPI, has a promising safety profile and does not react adversely with other antigens being administered as part of the immunization programme. The vaccine also showed a reduction in the incidence of malaria infection by 65%, a welcome but unexpected finding given that this was primarily designed as a safety and immunogenicity trial with only 340 infants enrolled.
Chris Drakeley comments: 'These two important papers add to the data on RTS,S, making a strong case for moving forward to large-scale vaccination in phase 3 trials. The formulation of RTS,S with the ASO1E adjuvant has improved vaccine efficacy considerably. Testing the vaccine in a broad range of epidemiological settings will show if it is suitable for inclusion in routine vaccination programmes throughout sub-Saharan Africa'.Professor Riley recommends further investigation: 'In numerous trials, in different countries with differing levels of malaria risk, this vaccine has consistently protected young children against malaria infection and against clinical episodes of malaria, and the new ASO1E vaccine formulation has significantly enhanced the potency of the vaccine. However, we still don't have a clear idea of how the vaccine works and we don't yet have a laboratory test that will identify which vaccine recipients are fully protected. Detailed immunological investigations of vaccine recipients and controls are now required to obtain a better understanding of the protective immune mechanisms that are induced and to obtain immunological correlates of protection'.
Professor Schellenberg comments: 'I'm delighted to have been able to support my colleagues at the Ifakara Health Institute in the conduct of this important study. It's the first time the vaccine has been given alongside routine vaccinations and we're really pleased to see that it was well tolerated, stimulated a detectable immune response and protected against malaria infection. The scene is now set for a larger-scale evaluation of the effect of this vaccine in a range of settings'.
Professor Sir Andrew Haines, Director of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, concludes: 'The two malaria vaccine trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine this week demonstrate that substantial progress is being made in research to address one of the major global public health challenges - falciparum malaria. Both trials show promising efficacy of the candidate vaccines. One trial specifically looks at whether the vaccine in question can be co-administered with standard childhood vaccines delivered through the Expanded Programme and concludes that it does not appear to reduce the responses to these other vaccines. These results suggest that the way is now open to undertaking large scale Phase III trials in malaria endemic areas. I am delighted that Staff of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine have contributed substantially to this important research'.
Gemma Howe | alfa
3D images of cancer cells in the body: Medical physicists from Halle present new method
16.05.2018 | Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Better equipped in the fight against lung cancer
16.05.2018 | Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
At the LASYS 2018, from June 5th to 7th, the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) will be showcasing processes for the laser material processing of tomorrow in hall 4 at stand 4E75. With blown bomb shells the LZH will present first results of a research project on civil security.
At this year's LASYS, the LZH will exhibit light-based processes such as cutting, welding, ablation and structuring as well as additive manufacturing for...
There are videos on the internet that can make one marvel at technology. For example, a smartphone is casually bent around the arm or a thin-film display is rolled in all directions and with almost every diameter. From the user's point of view, this looks fantastic. From a professional point of view, however, the question arises: Is that already possible?
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A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. This fundamental demonstration could lead to the development of highly sensitive optical gradiometers for the precise measurement of the gravitational field or the earth's magnetic field.
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23.05.2018 | Life Sciences
23.05.2018 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:1425ec53-7fd1-4daf-942c-17ac57ac0fff> | {
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Primary Documents - Triple Entente 'No Separate Peace' Agreement, 4 September 1914
With the war underway there was concern among the Entente Powers that none among them should attempt to negotiate a separate peace with the Central Powers, thus gravely weakening the ability of the remaining belligerents to continue the war.
Thus the 'No Separate Peace' agreement came about, agreed by Britain, France and Russia in Paris on 4 September 1914, barely a month into the war.
M. Delcasse, Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the French Ambassadors and Ministers abroad.
Paris, September 4, 1914
The following declaration has this morning been signed at the Foreign Office at London:
"The undersigned duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments hereby declare as follows:
"The British, French, and Russian Governments mutually engage not to conclude peace separately during the present war.
The three Governments agree that when terms of peace come to be discussed, no one of the Allies will demand terms of peace without the previous agreement of each of the other Allies."
This declaration will be published today.
A "box barrage" was an artillery bombardment centred upon a small area.
- Did you know? | <urn:uuid:7eeba47c-084a-4208-a90c-2a58587c6186> | {
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Write your own scenario of a case that would be tried in a court of original jurisdiction. Your example may be fictional, historical, or right from todays headlines.
June 30, 2011
A music store offers a prize to a customer who can guess the closest, the number of jelly beans that fill a litre jar on the counter. estimate the number of jelly beans in the jar if 1 jelly bean is approximately 2cm (h) by 1.5 cm in diametre (d)
February 22, 2011
8. In which of the following colonial wars did the American colonists capture the fort at Louisbourg and begin to crave domination over the entire western region that included the Ohio Valley? A. King William's War B. War of Spanish Secession C. Queen Anne's War D. ...
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Movement Observation and Analysis, 2nd Edition
Routledge – 2012 – 244 pages
Beyond Words presents a range of illuminating approaches to examining every day social interactions, to help the reader understand human movement in new ways.
Carol-Lynne Moore and Kaoru Yamamoto build on the principles that they expertly explored in the first edition of the book, maintaining a focus on the processes of movement as opposed to discussions of static body language. The authors combine textual discussion with a new set of website-hosted video instructions to ensure that readers develop an in-depth understanding of nonverbal communication, as well as the work of its most influential analyst, Rudolf Laban.
This fully-revised, extensively illustrated second edition includes a new introduction by the authors. It presents a fascinating insight into this vital field of study, and will be an invaluable resource for scholars and practitioners in many activities, from performing and martial arts, athletics, to therapeutic and spiritual practices, conflict resolution, business interactions, and intercultural relations.
'A clearly presented and richly referenced synthesis of theories from anthropology, psychology, and neuropsychology supports their approach to movement analysis. This analysis also considers biological, socio-cultural, individual, and situational influences on human action… [includes] thought-provoking theoretical discussions, challenging exercises, and an introductory training in movement observation.' - Carlotta J. Willis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
Human Perception. Process and Structure: Observation in Practice. Perception of Movement. Enhancing Movement Awareness. Body Knowledge/Body Prejudice. Deciphering Human Movements. Functions of Movement in Human Life. Movement as Metaphor. Movements in Context. Basic Parameters of Movement . As Experts See It. Challenges and Horizons. Process and Structure: Observation in Practice
Carol-Lynne Moore has lectured extensively in the U.S. and Europe on Laban theory, including Movement Pattern Analysis, an assessment of executive decision-making style developed from industrial and managerial movement studies. Her most recent publication is The Harmonic Structure of Movement, Music and Dance According to Rudolf Laban (Mellen Press, 2009). She is a founding member and current President of Motus Humanus, a professional organization for movement specialists in the U.S. She currently teaches at Columbia College, Chicago.
Kaoru Yamamoto is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, having taught extensively in the U.S., Canada, Iceland, and China. He has edited scholarly journals on psychology and education, and published widely in both areas, including ten full-length works on human development, creativity, and cultural evolution. | <urn:uuid:3ee24ad7-aaa5-4fa8-9b81-edfab2b27795> | {
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Ranches depend on safe, open spaces and clean water for their success. The proposed coal mining operations in the Otter Creek area and the Tongue River railroad that would haul the coal to market are a threat to ranching lands and waters. Already, ranchers have spoken out against coal mining and coal trains. Concerns include the poisoning of aquifers and water supplies with coal ash; dangers to cattle crossing the railway tracks; and adverse economic impacts to small towns situated on the rail lines. The Northern Plains Resource Council has submitted comments regarding both the Otter Creek Mine and the Tongue River Railroad. These comments outline many of the farming, ranching, natural resource and social impacts that would result from these proposed project. The Western Organization of Resource Councils also has more information. | <urn:uuid:aa0f1452-0d3f-4dfd-9dda-1afb02aca29f> | {
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After having successfully reconnoitered its first asteroid last year, NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft, or NEAR, will flash into view late Thursday night and early Friday morning across much of the United States. NEAR will swing within 540 kilometers of Earth's surface on its way to a close encounter with another asteroid, Eros. NEAR's solar panels will reflect the sun's light during its swift passage, treating observers to an ephemeral "sunglint" as bright as the night's most brilliant stars Last June, the $210 million spacecraft flew within 1200 kilometers of the asteroid Mathilde, dazzling planetary scientists with images of a primitive and severely battered object (Science, 4 July 1997, p. 30 ). NEAR's views of Eros, which it will orbit starting in January 1999, are expected to be 50 times sharper. A full year of data promises to reveal much about Eros's origins and composition: Some researchers speculate that it may be a floating "rubble pile." NEAR's mission to Eros, which orbits the sun between Earth and Mars, will end with an attempt to land on the asteroid's surface.
Tomorrow's slingshot around Earth will send NEAR on the proper trajectory to Eros while accelerating the craft to more than 46,000 kilometers per hour. During the swing-by, project scientists will calibrate NEAR's timing clock and check its navigation via a series of slight changes in the spinning flywheels that control NEAR's orientation. The craft will direct a beacon of reflected sunlight on a wavy path across the United States, between 1:25 a.m. and 1:48 a.m. EST on Friday, appearing as a slowly moving new "star" in the constellation Perseus. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, which manages the mission, has posted detailed star charts and viewing times on its Web site .
David Dunham, NEAR's mission design chief, will coordinate a national network of amateur astronomers to observe the apparition. "If the solar panels aren't perfectly aligned, the 'star' will brighten in steps," Dunham explains. "Precise timings of the brightness pattern will help us align the panels." NEAR also will produce a movie of Earth during its flyby, with an especially stunning view of Antarctica as the spacecraft recedes from Earth. | <urn:uuid:0dd8b482-d852-47e5-8d40-32d49928abc4> | {
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Section 508 is a federal law that establishes requirements for electronic and information technology developed, maintained or procured to ensure that people with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access to and use of the information and data for people without disabilities. For more information, visit Section 508 Standards.
California Government Code 11135 requires all state agencies (including the CSU) to implement Section 508 and to apply the federal accessibility standards to electronic and information technology (E&IT) products and services that we buy, create, use and maintain. For more information, visit California Government Code 11135.
Section 504 is about accommodations and addresses specific individual disability needs. Access for the disabled is still a distinct responsibility under 504. Buying accessible products will reduce, but will not alleviate the need for individual accommodation. Individual needs must still be met.
Although Section 508 and 504 have distinct responsibilities, they are linked in their requirements to provide equal access and protect the civil rights of individuals with disabilities. For more information, visit Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. | <urn:uuid:142e30e8-f3ed-4791-990b-43ee21d96b8e> | {
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Computers are incredibly complex devices. The hard drive has many different parts, and most computers have a lot of software, too. If your computer encounters a problem, most or all of the information stored in your hard drive could be lost. Data recovery can be done with an external storage device. Many companies offer recovery programs that will come to your rescue. This service is often completed online, and sometimes it is available for free. Following are some terms you should be familiar with when preparing to backup your system.
Bit – A bit, or binary digit code, is computer coding. All programs and operations executed by software require bits.
Buffer – This is the part of a system’s RAM that stores data temporarily. Storage occurs while the system is waiting to transfer the data elsewhere.
Byte – Bytes are the smallest units of computer memory. Each byte is eight bits in capacity.
Cache – Caches are specialized RAM that is used to help move data from one location to another location with different performance proficiencies.
Cluster – Cluster refers to portions of a unit. One or more cluster is assigned to every present file. Designations can be adjusted, which is recommended to allow the disk or drive more storage space.
Gigabyte – A gigabyte is a measurement of space. Gigabyte is typically the largest storage unit found on personal computers. One gigabyte is one billion bytes.
Low Level Format – Formatting is required for a computer to access a new component. For example, a new disk drive will require low level formatting before the computer will recognize it. This is not usually a hard process. Most computers will automatically begin formatting a new device once it is installed.
Computer data recovery is the process of pulling valuable data or documents from a hard drive. This is done so that no essential business or personal files are lost. Many companies use this type of service to recover data for work and financial purposes. Experts in this industry are likely to use specific software and troubleshooting methods to recover a file or hard drive memory. Ever since the early 1990s, this type of service has grown significantly in popularity.
When it comes to computer data recovery, it is common for laptop, notebook, and desktop computers to be involved. Depending on which electronic device you have, the technician may need to utilize a specific type of software or server tool. Regardless of the network you are connected to for internet access, it is important to have anti virus software installed on your computer, as well as a firewall to keep out corrupt files. You can even acquire an external hard drive to backup files at home in case a crash occurs. If you get assistance from a computer data repair or recovery expert, you should feel free to ask about additional concerns such as flash system troubleshooting, potential hard drive damage, and ways to protect your computer at all times.
Contact one or a few different computer repair experts in your area to make inquiries about data recovery. This is a wonderful way to learn more and become further educated on computers in general. The more you know the better off you will be able to protect your valuable business or personal data. | <urn:uuid:d010470b-9a30-44e1-914e-679736725c89> | {
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A quilt from about 1900.
The color arrangement (bright color next to bright color) and the fondness for traditonal small scale calicoes at this late date indicate a possible southeastern Pennsylvania origin where these nostalgic prints remained popular into the 20th century.
Green calicoes were a mainstay of the 19th-century quilters' palette. Because they were so common they are among the most difficult quilt fabrics to date. We see similar fabrics in quilts from about 1810 to 1970.
Ann Robinson used a variety of green calicoes
in her quilt dated 1813-1814 in the collection
of the Shelburne Museum.
A green calico frames a hexagon rosette
in a friendship quilt dated
1842 and 1842. This may be the original shade of green,
an example of an overdyed green off the bolt (so to speak).
The majority of the prints used in American quilts are related to two methods used to produce green in cottons. The older (seen till about 1900) is an overdyed green produced with two different dyebaths of blue and yellow natural dyes. Later greens (after 1870 or so) were produced by synthetic dyes in a single-step dyeing process.
Overdyed green print in a quilt dated 1841
This print has faded to a teal or blue-green, probably because the yellow dye was more fugitive than the blue. Both blue and yellow could fade, shifting the green to lime green or teal (blue-green). The red, brown and green combination in the print here is more typical of quilts before 1860 than those after.
Overdyed greens may have looked similar to begin with but different dye processes fade in different fashion so we can usually get many clues to the dyes by telltale color loss.
A sampler dated 1849 shows the two shifts likely in overdyed greens.
The blues tend to be more fugitive than the yellows
so we most often see overdyed green shifting to yellow-green.
Something dramatic happened to this top dated 1867-68. In the overdyed solid on the left, the blue is more colorfast. Something (probably something with an acid pH) has pulled the yellow out of the green. The calico leaf seems to remain just as it was printed.
Two different green dye types in one quilt
Setting squares that look to have been overdyed have blotched to blue as the yellow disappears in areas. The calico in the block dated 1870 was probably dyed with the newer single-step green synthetic dyes and has faded to what dyers call a dun color. Dun is a gray-brown---a nothing color.
The most common green calicoes are printed with green backgrounds and small figures of yellow and blue-black as in the leaves in this quilt dated 1858. The color combination of yellow in some areas, blue in others and green where the two overlapped made practical sense in the two-step green process.
Because dyers had no good black dye for cottons till the 1890s they often used a dark blue (and perhaps a dark brown dye) that appear black. The detail is from a quilt is dated 1856.
Green calicoes with black and yellow figures continued into the mid-20th century even as the dye processes changed. The print above in a quilt dated 1873 is of a common print style sometimes called "oil-boiled calicoes" by the manufacturers, implying that they were done in an old-fashioned method dyeing method (although they weren't really boiled in oil).
A similar print in a quilt dated 1897. The green produced by synthetic dyes has almost completely disappeared leaving the black figure. It's no wonder that most 20th-century quilters stopped using greens until they became more colorfast in the 1930s.
The print in the star above probably once looked a little more like this.
Here the green is a figure and the black the background with yellow accents.
A classic reproduction print.
We forget that mills marketed reproduction prints in the past. Here's another "oil-boiled calico," an old-fashioned print manufactured from about 1870 to the recent past.
Readers ask where to get good reproductions of the green calicoes, a necessity for Civil-War-era and applique reproductions. In this post: the basics of the original green calicoes. Soon---what to look for in a reproduction.
See more of my blog posts about greens in antique fabrics by clicking here: | <urn:uuid:44a96b97-0f6c-49c5-83ad-4865151e5a50> | {
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September 6, 2013
Aurora Borealis Height Determined Using Two Cameras
Brett Smith for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
A natural light display seen from high altitude locations in the Northern Hemisphere, the aurora borealis has fascinated people for hundreds, if not thousands, of years and a new photography-based technique has allowed researchers to determine the exact height of the phenomenon.According to a new report in Annales Geophysicae, a journal of the European Geosciences Union, Japanese researchers used two digital single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras set about five miles apart to create three-dimensional images of the Northern Lights. These images could then be used to calculate the altitude where electrons in the atmosphere generate the light that results in the aurora.
“We had initial success when we projected the digital SLR images at a planetarium and showed that the aurora could be seen in 3D. It was very beautiful, and I became confident that it should be possible to calculate the emission altitude using these images,” said Ryuho Kataoka, from the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo, Japan.
The distance between our eyes allows us to perceive the world around us in three dimensions. When we look at an object, the images captured by the left and right eyes are slightly different. However, our brain combines these images to create the perception of depth. Because the distance between our eyes is only a couple of inches, this depth perception works for objects that are relatively close.
Since the aurora occurs between about 56 and 250 miles above the ground, a much larger separation was necessary to generate the 3D image. Therefore, the Japanese research team used two cameras, replicating the left and right eyes, separated by about five miles in an area of Alaska. Using fisheye lenses and GPS units, the two cameras captured two concurrent images that were later combined to create a 3D photograph of the phenomenon and measure the emission altitude.
“Using the parallax of the left-eye and the right-eye images, we can calculate the distance to the aurora using a [triangulation] method that is similar to the way the human brain comprehends the distance to an object,” explains Kataoka. Parallax is the disparity in the perceptible position of an object when seen at different angles.
While scientists have created altitude maps of the aurora before, this is the first time the emission height of the Northern Lights has been determined by using digital SLR cameras. The research team noted that the altitude maps they generated matched with previous observations.
Kataoka noted that the technique is relatively inexpensive and allows scientists to determine the altitude of various elements in the aurora. Additionally, the technique opens up the possibility for citizen scientists to get involved with researching the polar phenomenon.
“Commercially available GPS units for digital SLR cameras have become popular and relatively inexpensive, and it is easy and very useful for photographers to record the accurate time and position in photographic files. I am thinking of developing a website with a submission system to collect many interesting photographs from night-sky photographers over the world via the internet,” Kataoka said. | <urn:uuid:df990c02-d6b3-465d-9524-624e523dd431> | {
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The second Coffin Island Lighthouse, built in 1914 as a replacement for the original, was a white octagonal concrete tower, 16.5 meters tall, and showed a flashing white light. As the shoreline at the point where the lighthouse stood gradually eroded away, the tower was in danger of toppling into the sea. The Coffin Island Lighthouse Heritage Society was formed and mounted a successful drive to build a stone armor wall in 199to protect the lighthouse, but after a few years, it was apparent that the erosion could be retarded but not stopped. A new fiberglass tower, was erected on Coffin Island, 330 feet from the shore, in October 2006, and the concrete tower was demolished.
Coffin Island Lighthouse marks the entrance to Liverpool Bay by eastern approaches, while the western approaches are marked by Western Head Lighthouse. | <urn:uuid:62c26120-81ac-47d4-8afa-f06e01a131c4> | {
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- Exam: FCE
USE OF ENGLISH
- Part 1, Exam 1
For questions 1 - 12, read the text below and type the word which best fits each gap.
Use only 1 word in each gap. You must type your answer in CAPITAL LETTERS.
Example: (0) = ' TO '.
When the day comes give yourself plenty of time (0) do everything: have breakfast but don't drink (1) much; go to the toilet; arrive on time, but not too early or you will find yourself getting more and more nervous while you wait to start. Try not to talk (2) the exam before you go in.
In the exam, calm (3) down by breathing deeply and thinking positively. Read (4) exam questions carefully and underline all of the key instruction words (5) indicate how the questions should (6) answered. If possible start with the ones (7) can do easily to give you confidence. Remember what you've learnt from practising questions and doing mock exams previously and plan your use of time. Don't panic (8) everyone around you seems to start writing furiously straight away and don't be tempted to follow their example.
Finally, after the exam, don't join in a discussion about (9) everyone else did, (10) you want to frighten yourself, and drain your self-confidence for the next exam. Above (11) , remember that exams are not designed to catch you out, (12) to find out what you know, what you understand and what you can do. | <urn:uuid:9f9db2d1-11d7-4048-ba15-d976654ab4c3> | {
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While most of my students learn history in a school setting from educators like myself, we cannot emphasize family history enough.
It IS important.
Family history helps students to realize their place within their families as well as how they fit in with historical events. Learning family history can answer questions regarding when relatives first arrived in North America and where they settled. Details regarding everyday life can be internalized, and the effects of certain events can help us connect to events we didn’t live through such as the Great Depression or World War II.
While there are many ways to go about learning family history one of the best ways to go about it is merely to listen……listen to those older members of your family. I don’t mean merely nodding your head at them, smile, and wonder when you can escape them. I mean really listen….and that means to listen with a purpose so that real communication takes place.
StoryCorps provides a fantastic opportunity for generations from the same family to communicate regarding family history. Their main goal is to honor and celebrate one another’s lives through listening.
Find out more about the fantastic work StoryCorps is doing over at my other place…….Georgia on My Mind. | <urn:uuid:74c01d95-7c0f-456a-8909-9640cb932f74> | {
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My pediatrician says I may not be producing enough breast milk. Is there anything I can do to help increase production? Or is there a way to balance breastfeeding with formula supplementation?
Don't panic! Meet with a lactation consultant to help you determine if your milk supply is adequately meeting the needs of your baby.
If you're not producing enough milk, your baby may be fussy and gaining weight slowly. If you discover that you aren't producing enough milk, there are things you can do to help.
But first, let's talk about how your body makes milk.
After your baby is born and the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, there is a big shift in hormones and your milk-making hormone, prolactin, begins to rise. This hormonal shift lets you body know that the baby is out and it is time to start making milk. Prolactin continues to rise through stimulation, which happens when your baby nurses.
Nursing your baby soon after delivery and with frequency (eight to 10 times a day) will help your milk come in quickly and plentifully. In addition to nursing often, a good latch will go a long way in helping you to reduce nipple soreness and maximize your milk production. (Your lactation consultant can help your baby achieve a proper latch.)
Is Baby Getting Enough Milk?
Try these tips and watch for the following signs to ensure that your baby is getting enough milk:
- Make sure Baby is having plenty of wet and soiled diapers. (A baby that is a week old should have six to eight wet diapers and at least four yellow-colored stools in a 24-hour period.)
- Listen for swallows when the baby is nursing.
- Do your breasts feel softer after feeds? If Baby is nursing properly, they should feel less full after feedings.
- Does Baby appear content between feedings? Sated babies tend to be less fussy.
- Most babies can be fussy in the evening and want to nurse more frequently—this is normal.
- Growth spurts occur about every three weeks—Baby will want to nurse more often than usual. Follow her lead: She will increase your milk supply through this increase in stimulation.
- Limit pacifier use. If Baby is hungry, pacifiers may temporarily soothe her rather than satisfy her hunger.
- Avoid use of supplements, unless your doctor suggests it as medically necessary.
- Watch Baby's weight. Was she back to her birth weight by two weeks of age? Did your baby gain about an ounce a day for the first three months? And then half an ounce a day from three to six months?
Increasing Milk Production
If you're hoping to increase milk production, try the following:
- Follow the baby's lead—nurse on demand (eight to 10 times a day)
- Spend time skin-to-skin with Baby
- Make sure you are drinking at least 64 ounces of water a day
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet
- Rest! (Sleep when the baby sleeps)
- Make sure the baby is latched properly
- Use a double electric pump two to three times a day after nursing to increase stimulation
- Talk to a lactation consultant or your healthcare provider about medications (galactagogues) that can be used in special situations to increase milk production
Effects of Supplementing
Supplementation with infant formula will definitely impact your supply and decrease how much milk you produce. Your body will usually respond in kind to your baby's demands. If it is determined that you can't make enough milk, supplementation may be necessary. Some mothers find that their supply may drop temporarily when going back to work or after being ill. Situations such as these may necessitate using infant formula.
Again, I encourage you to meet with a board-certified lactation consultant who can consult with your doctor to help you determine if you need to supplement your breastmilk. The lactation consultant can work with you to maximize your supply and ensure continued breastfeeding success. | <urn:uuid:4f3f20ac-c85c-4d23-9e86-d49c6fcd44a2> | {
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Noroviruses and Saporoviruses belong to a larger group of viruses known as caliciviruses. They have been around for many years prior to the identification and naming as “Norwalk virus” or “Norovirus”. They have previously been referred to as the 12 hour or 24 hour “flu”.
Calling gastro-intestinal illness “flu” creates a lot of confusion, as the true “flu,” or Influenza, is actually a respiratory virus, which only occasionally includes some gastro intestinal symptoms, particularly in young children.
What makes Norovirus a big concern?
Norovirus-like illness becomes an issue of public health importance when people share a common source of food, or share very close living spaces. Schools, nursing homes, cruise ships, summer camps and hotels are all likely places for a norovirus outbreak. When people live in close quarters or share meals with each other, they are also likely to share illness. The role of public health is to help stop the spread of illness to others. Wide spread illness can create big impacts to individuals, families, and organizations.
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, although not everyone has all three. Body aches, headaches, and low-grade fevers are reported by some but not all. High fevers and blood in the stool are not usually seen in Noro-like illness.
For most healthy individuals, these viral gastrointestinal illnesses can be very miserable but non-life threatening. Most people recover from these infections without medical attention, but it can be more serious in the elderly, the very young, and those with compromised immune systems. The illness lasts from a couple of hours to as long as three days, and most recover in 24 hours or less. Some people have trouble keeping adequately hydrated during bouts of gastroenteritis, and may require medical attention to provide adequate replacement fluids.
Transmission & Treatment:
Usually noroviruses are caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with the virus. Virus that is present in the vomit or stool of an infected person can be spread to others in food or water or on contaminated surfaces.
There is no medicine that treats the virus itself. In cases of severe dehydration, medication to decrease vomiting or diarrhea may be prescribed. Intravenous fluids with electrolytes can also be used in severe cases. Dehydration poses the greatest threat to your health.
The best way to prevent dehydration is to drink plenty of liquids. Oral rehydration fluids are the most helpful for severe dehydration. (Think sports drinks, Gatorade, pedialyte, etc.) But other drinks without caffeine or alcohol can help with mild dehydration. However, these drinks may not replace important nutrients and minerals that are lost due to vomiting and diarrhea. If in doubt, contact your medical provider.
Prevention messages if you are ill:
- Thorough hand washing is the best way to protect others against contagious illnesses. Wash for 20-30 seconds:
- After using the bathroom or changing a diaper
- Before preparing food
- Before eating food
- Use separate bathrooms for those who are ill so that others do not pick up virus on objects in the bathroom. Disposable paper towels are preferable to cloth towels. Soap dispensers with liquid soap are preferable to bar soap.
- Wash your hands using warm (not cold, and not hot) water. It is easier to eliminate viruses and germs from hands that don’t have jewelry or long nails. Alcohol based sanitizers are less effective at killing this particular virus.
- If you work in food preparation, child care, or health care, stay at home until 48 hours after symptoms have resolved. Avoid cooking meals for family members until 48 hours after symptoms have resolved.
Prevention messages if you are taking care of others who are ill:
- Use gloves if you should need to clean up vomit or diarrhea. Dispose of gloves and wash your hands twice when finished
- Use bleach, at a ratio of one part bleach to 10 parts water, to clean durable surfaces and eliminate virus in the environment. Be sure to wear rubber or non-latex gloves for this job.
- Handle laundry carefully. Do not use the same basket you used to carry dirty clothes to carry them back from the laundry when clean. A plastic garbage bag is useful for transporting dirty laundry, and it will keep the hamper from harboring virus.
- In the kitchen and dining room, avoid using shared bowls for finger food. | <urn:uuid:acbdf988-31c4-431b-a027-44a156cba402> | {
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Beer has already become the indispensable drinks in life, especially in summer when the beer drinkers largely increased. As we all know, beer is made of wheat during which process the beer equipment is needed. So how does the machine work to produce beer?
1.First, the main ingredient used in brewing beer is barley, water, hop and yeast.
2.Secondly, the fundamentals of equipment is introduced as followed. Firstly, malt and rice was crushed by a grinder to the degree suitable for mashing, and then the crushed malt and starch were added with warm water to be pasted respectively, adjusting the temperature afterwards. The starch is placed in a sugar pan at a temperature of 45 to 52 degrees, which is suitable for protein decomposition. The crushed malt is liquefied in a mushy pot, remaining at 62-70 degrees to make mash. It is then leached or boiled to raise the temperature of the mash. Then the machine filters the wort into the boiling pot boil, and adds the hop to reach a certain concentration, which entering the cyclotron in the sedimentation tank to isolate heat concretion, clarifying the wort and then cooling into the cooler to 5 ~ 8 ℃.
3.Thirdly, the process goes into fermentation. After cooling, the wort added yeast into was sent to the fermentation tank for fermentation. The process of beer fermentation, actually, is the normal life activity of beer yeast which makes use of the fermentable substance in wort under certain conditions. Its metabolite is named beer. Due to different types of yeast, different fermentation conditions and product requirements, different flavors, its fermentation methods vary. According to the fermentation type of yeast, beer can also be divided into two types: top-fermented beer and bottom-fermented beer.
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This Is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Ernst Mayr. 327 pp. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997. $29.95.
Without question, the 20th century has been the epoch of biology—as measured by its advances, its total research support including that for practical areas such as medicine and agriculture, and its growing importance to our future. One only has to consider the serious problems posed by population growth, the deterioration of the environment and the increase in infectious diseases to realize the prime importance biology will have to the continued existence, not to say anything about the success, of the human species. No other science has been more relevant for humans during the past 100 years or will be for the foreseeable future. Hence a thorough understanding of biology is essential for all who want to consider themselves educated and responsible. But such knowledge is not easy to obtain, even for professional biologists, because of the breadth of research disciplines and the diversity of explanatory systems within biology.
This Is Biology, from the leading evolutionary biologist of this century, presents a view and understanding of biology that serves the specialist in biology, the general scientist and the layperson alike. The vast majority of biological research is in functional biology, as are most treatments about the life sciences for the general reader. What Mayr believes is needed and what he advances so forcefully in this volume is an examination of biology from the position of evolutionary explanations.
The author presents a broad scope of biology covering more than two centuries, demonstrating an encyclopedic grasp of empirical facts and theoretical concepts of the life sciences. This Is Biology is a project that very few biologists would even consider undertaking and even fewer could complete successfully. It is written in reasonably nontechnical and clear, yet forceful language that is supported by a detailed glossary, an index and literature citations. The ideas and information in each section are introduced in a historical presentation, which not only gives the reader a clear picture of the development of biological concepts and facts, but also is the best method to present the intricacies of biological details to either the nonspecialist or the biological specialist.
Mayr's analysis of biology is founded on three major points. First and foremost, he considers biology from an evolutionary point of view that is not only his great strength, but is also most critical for a general volume on biology at this time. Second, he argues for the strict autonomy of biology under the heading of organicism, in that there are biological explanations that cannot be reduced to laws or explanations in the physical sciences. Third, Mayr examines reductionism of all types as it is applied to the biological sciences and contrasts it with a holistic approach, favoring the latter.
Organicism is central to the entire exploration of biology in this volume, and this discussion must be read with considerable care and thought; Mayr's discussion of organicism is terse and difficult, but his concept represents a major and new approach to biology. The term organicism may not be the best for Mayr's paradigm, however, because the word was introduced by Ritter, and was used to express much the same idea as the holism advocated by Smuts and others. The difference between the earlier concept of organicism and Mayr's more elaborate one was not clear to me until I had given the material several close readings. Mayr's organicism actually includes organization, but more importantly it also encompasses the genetic program, evolutionary explanations and even certain functional explanations—a very broad view of what is unique to biology.
Mayr defines organicism in the glossary as "the belief that the unique characteristics of living organisms are not due to their composition but rather to their organization." This definition covers much of Mayr's ideas—but not all, because it omits mention of the genetic program and of evolutionary explanations. Perhaps the definition could be sufficiently broadened by adding "and evolutionary history" at the end. The definition of organicism with the addendum mentioned above provides a clear idea of this important new paradigm; yet considerably more analysis will be required—far more than could be presented in this small volume—before all details of this simple definition are appreciated. Clearly organicism also includes a number, but not all or even most, functional explanations in biology. Clarification of just which functional explanations are included in organicism will constitute a major problem in detailing the context and limits of this new paradigm. There is much fascinating work ahead for interested biologists and philosophers.
The author stresses the distinction between proximal versus ultimate causation, or functional versus evolutionary explanations, and their different roles in biological analyses. Unfortunately, functional versus evolutionary explanations are not synonymous with nomological-deductive and historical-narrative explanations as has been assumed by most workers. All functional explanations appear to be nomological-deductive, and all historical-narrative explanations appear to be evolutionary, but there is a sizable part of evolutionary explanations that is strictly the former. The overlap between these systems of explanations in biology continues to confuse much biological inquiry.
Unfortunately, the book's discussion of functional biology—a major part of biological activity—is largely lacking. This is the result partly of Mayr's desire to cover what he considers to be the core of biology, namely that part of the biological sciences falling under the heading of organicism, and partly of considerations about the structure and length of this work. Functional biology is restricted mainly to the eighth chapter, "'How?' Questions: The Making of a New Individual," but even this chapter deals largely with evolutionary matters. Other material on functional explanations originally included in the manuscript was omitted at the last minute.
Clearly no explanation in biology is complete in the absence of an evolutionary explanation that holds for all levels of biological organization including the molecular and cellular. Yet functional explanations are essential prerequisites for any evolutionary explanation, a fact that has been ignored by most evolutionary biologists. Moreover, the statement Mayr quotes from Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution," is simply not true. Functional explanations in biology, even in the complete absence of any evolutionary consideration, make a great deal of sense, as is apparent every time you get a diagnosis from your doctor about what ails you. These diagnoses may not be complete biological explanations, but they do make sense and are of much concern to you, the patient!
Although much functional biological explanation on all levels of organization can be reduced completely to physics and chemistry, it is clear that not all functional explanations can be so reduced. A major challenge in biology is to ascertain those functional explanations that cannot be reduced to the laws of the physical sciences. Some possibilities include the Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium, and all the population genetics based on it, and the concept of ecological competition. The lack of a fuller discussion of functional explanations in biology and especially of their relationships to evolutionary ones is an unfortunate shortcoming in this volume, but not everything could be included. And again here is an interesting and important topic for future workers.
The autonomy of biology and the question of the reduction of biology to the physical sciences are quite correctly of great concern to Mayr. Unfortunately these points, which are so self-obvious to anyone working with whole organisms, are completely ignored, forgotten or never realized by many, perhaps most, working biologists today. Entire departments of biology, such as my own, have changed into ones of molecular and cellular biology with the belief that all biology can be completely understood on these levels of organization as well as completely reduced to explanations in the physical sciences. Mayr's strong position to the contrary on both points is an excellent antidote to this widespread but narrow thinking in modern biology, and should be carefully considered by professional biologists and laypersons alike.
Of even greater importance is Mayr's position that a philosophy of science based on physics is simply too narrow to be valid. This is not to claim that a philosophy of science based on physics is incorrect—quite the contrary. Rather such a philosophy is just incomplete. Physics is a simple science largely because of the apparent decision of physicists to restrict their science to nomological-deductive explanations. Nothing is wrong with that, as physicists have every right to decide what to include in their science. Possibly there are no historical events within physics proper, although I doubt it. But by excluding historical-narrative explanations, physicists have established a rather artificial boundary for themselves, and in doing so have lost all claims that physics is the proper science on which to establish a sound philosophy of science.
Mayr advocates the strong position that biology is a better science on which to develop further a philosophy of science, mainly because biology possesses a major component of historical-narrative events that must be explained along with the nomological principles. Biology is not unique in this aspect, as geology and astronomy also have a large component of historical-narrative events, but I agree with Mayr that biology constitutes a far more interesting foundation for the further development of the philosophy of science. Biologists in general have concerned themselves little with the philosophical or methodological foundations of their science, an approach that has been to the detriment of biology. What comes through loud and clear from this entire volume are continuing problems in biological understanding because of this overall lack of interest by biologists in the philosophical foundations of their discipline. In spite of the intense interest during the past quarter century by younger philosophers of biology, we are only seeing the first and very tentative foundations of an expanded philosophy of science. This is a most exciting area for the future understanding of biology to which theoretical biologists will contribute as much as philosophers of science. Mayr points out a number of important areas, such as the role of the genetic program during ontogeny, the central importance of population thinking, and interactions between functional and evolutionary explanations—that is his proximal and ultimate causation—that will have central roles in this development of an enlarged philosophy of science.
This Is Biology is a most fascinating book because it is not a perfectly finished work. Mayr knows well enough that it is not possible to deal with all of the intricate details of so complicated a discipline as biology in a single volume and has not attempted to do so. He has focused on the highlights and points out possible avenues for further thought; indeed there is stimulus for much thought hiding on almost every page of this book. Mayr's clear writing style permits the reader to grasp the core of what is being advocated and hence to be able to think further on the topic. I found much to think about on my first reading of This Is Biology, and even more on the second and third. This is a volume of importance for anyone with the slightest interest in biology, and one that gains ever more importance with one's increasing interest. It is not a book for light bedtime reading, but one for concentration and contemplation. The rewards are great, however, making This Is Biology a pleasure to recommend without reservations to the layperson, the general scientist and the professional biologist alike.—Walter J. Bock, Biological Sciences, Columbia University | <urn:uuid:e1c3cb8e-377e-4e6f-9659-e42d562eed39> | {
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ISO 22301 BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT
Risk and business continuity management is, without doubt, due diligence. Planning for crisis or disaster is an aspect of management that can only be short changed at your peril. However, it is a complex science, and not a five minute job.
There are of course a range of tools to assist and to help create process. However, until relatively recently, there has been little effort to create a generally accepted framework.
THE EMERGENCE OF ISO 22301
BSI originally published a guide, PAS56, which established the process, principles and terminology of BCM. Specifically, PAS 56 described the activities in and 'outcomes' of establishing a business continuity management process, and provided a series of recommendations for good practice.
It provided a generic management framework for incident anticipation and response, as well as describing evaluation techniques and criteria. It was produced through the British Standards Institution. The sponsors were the BCI and Insight Consulting, although a number of other organizations were consulted during the development, including Sainsbury's, EDS, The Post Office and the OGC.
The Emergence of BS25999
In November 2006 an official standard was published to replace PAS56. This was BS 25999-1. It was produced through the British Standards Institution (Subcommittee BCM/1/-/2), which constituted representatives from a number of organizations and industry bodies. Others were additionally consulted during the development. A year later, in November 2007, a second part was published, stemming from the same subcommittee.
Was It A Standard?
Yes. In fact BS25999 actually embraced two standards: BS 25999-1 and BS 25999-2. The former is a code of practice (which is the document based upon PAS56, as desribed above) and the latter is a specification for business continuity management.
It is also important to understand that a standard did not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
So What Was It For?
It was intended to provide assistance to the person responsible for implementing business continuity management within an organization. It described a framework and process for the Business Continuity Manager to use and offers a range of good practice recommendations. The second part could also be used to assess an organization's ability to meet regulatory and other requirements, and as such is the basis for certification.
ISO 22301 / ISO22301
This is the ISO standard for business continuity management. BS 25999-2 was used as the foundation for the it, but there were influences from other frameworks throughout the world. It was first published in 2012.
Hopefully this website can offer some instruction and background. Please feel free to browse the pages above. A copy of ISO 22301 itself can be obtained from SD's: ISO 22301 Download Site. Alternatively, it is included in the ISO 22301 Starter Kit. | <urn:uuid:d544134b-6fa8-4d89-8bab-05573cf8a3ed> | {
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09-22-2009, 04:43 PM
| || |
Yes, kelly528 is absolutely correct. Land plants (with leaves in the air--emersed) and aquatic plants (leaves under water--submersed) have two very different structures to their leaves to facilitate the different methods of obtaining nutrients, and the nutrients themselves that they require are not identical. A true land plant, such as house plants and garden plants, cannot be submersed; if they are, they will die as kelly529 said.
Some aquatic plants are fully aquatic, living their entire lifespan under water (submersed). To my knowledge, all the stem plants are true aquatic plants. But many of the rooted plants such as several species of Echinodorus (swords) are true bog or amphibious plants in nature. They spend six months emersed (during the dry season) and six months submersed (during the rainy/flood season). They flower during the emersed period, and some have different methods of reproduction when submersed [runners with no flowers but daughter plants]. Not surprisingly, such plants have different leaf forms for these two periods.
This is why when you buy potted aquarium plants in the store and plant them in your aquarium, the leaves on the plant when you bought it usually die off within a few weeks, and the new aquatic leaves will look (sometimes considerably) different from the original leaf. Most nurseries raise aquatic plants emersed because it is quicker and less expensive, so the leaves on the plants are the emersed form. The difference in leaf shape is connected to the leaf functions, and being emersed or submersed requires different leaf structures to manage those functions. So, as I mentioned at the start, the leaves of land plants are different in their structure, and will not survive long under water. And the two types of leaves on amphibious bog plants is an illustration of this fact. Fortunately, the bog plants we keep in our aquaria are able to live totally in the submersed form; land plants cannot do this. | <urn:uuid:c4909ca1-6711-48e3-b271-714fea0f4409> | {
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This blog was originally posted November 11, 2011 and has since been edited and updated.
Denim has transformed over time from being a simple, utilitarian cotton fabric to one of the most enduring and beloved fashion staple in history: jeans. The passion and debate inspire by denim amongst designers and fashion lovers is mirrored by its turbulent beginnings.
The Working Man's Pant
The first use of denim as a cotton-based material dates as far back as the 17th century. Around this time, it was used as primarily in industry as upholstery, work pants, awnings, and sails. Denim was known as the fabric of hardworking, honest labor.
By the 18th century, denim had been positioned as the material for strong and durable men’s clothing due to its durability against repeat washing. By this point, denim was constructed solely of cotton. During the Gold Rush, the Levi Strauss Company added the revolutionary metal rivets to its denim pants to provide strong, sturdy work pants for miners.
With the arrival of Hollywood Westerns in the 1930s, jeans became a high status fashion item associated with the freedom and individualism of cowboys and the glamorous actors that played them. This popularity was pushed further by an insurgence of heavy global advertising. During WWII, denim jeans became associated with leisure around the world because American troops would often wear them while they were off-duty.
In the 50s, zippers were popularized and jeans became associated with teenage rebellion due to their affiliation with popular film icons like James Dean. Although jeans were banned from many schools, the insurgence of a new youth market for jeans resounded globally. In order to appeal to this new market, the name ‘jean’ became formally adopted by the denim industry in the 60s.
In the 70’s, flared and bell-bottom jeans were all the rage. These ornamental jeans gave way to the rise of designer jeans.
Today, jeans are worn by celebrities around the world and are commonly featured on the runway. The fashion industry has witnessed designers create fashion lines around denim in a wide range of shapes, finishes, embellishments, and colors. Small boutiques, like Marc Nelson Denim, have popped up that specialize in denim jeans for various lifestyles.
Through all the changes in trends, it seems jeans will never go out of style due their versatile style from daywear to nightwear and season to season. Surely, designers will continue to be inspired to create denim fashion in new, innovative ways. | <urn:uuid:279938ae-e8f0-46c6-91d9-75d893261419> | {
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A terrible form of skin disease spoken of in the Bible. Many notables were at some time afflicted with it, including Moses (Ex. 4:6–7), his sister Miriam (Num. 12:10), Naaman (2 Kgs. 5), and King Uzziah (2 Chr. 26:19–21). In these cases leprosy was given as a sign, a warning, or a punishment. There were apparently several types of leprosy, and the word is used in the Bible to designate other sicknesses or diseases. For example, clothing and walls were said to be leprous when they had patches of mildew or some fungous growth, as in Lev. 13:47–59; 14:33–37. Instances of Jesus curing leprosy are recorded in Matt. 8:2–4; Mark 1:40–45; Luke 5:12–15; 17:11–15. | <urn:uuid:91cd8e06-8c13-4eef-a287-fd0d9d82e5f9> | {
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Women We Admire Day
Photos from Women We Admire Day 2015
What is Women We Admire Day?
Stuart celebrates Women's History Month with a special day devoted to "Women We Admire." Students in the Lower School research a woman they highly regard and share their findings on her life and accomplishments in a "Talking Museum" where each girl dresses as her subject. We also welcome guest speakers including last years' Anne Murray Patterson '76, NJ State Supreme Court Justice, Molly Hillebrand Vernon '96, owner of Luxaby, and Kathleen Gittleman, owner of Pins and Needles.
Women We Admire Day was begun in 1984 by three Lower School teachers who, inspired by the new women's-recognition movement, reported to work one spring day dressed as notable women. The idea caught on as the students now take on the role of a great woman, past or present, who has made an exceptional contribution to society.
What Students Can Expect
Lower School students eagerly turn their creative talents loose for Women We Admire Day. The women selected represent a diverse group mirroring the interests and passions of each individual girl. The highlight of the day is the "Talking Museum" where each girl, dressed as the women she selected, presents a short presentation to passersby. Each visitor drops coins into a cup to hear the presentation, and the funds collected are donated to a nonprofit charity selected by the students. | <urn:uuid:cdc87091-8969-4253-b377-a85e646283c3> | {
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National Geographic Grantee and Texas State University Research Faculty Frederick “Fritz” Hanselmann and a top-notch team of archaeologists from Colombia and the United States are leading an expedition to locate and document historic shipwrecks off of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Follow along with Fritz’s updates from the field.
Once an area of the survey grid has been thoroughly covered with the magnetometer, diver survey is required in order to ground truth, or search for what gives off the signature recorded by the magnetometer. While Bert and Andres continued the mag survey in other sections of the area, Chris, Juan, and I began diving the anomalies that were mapped on our GPS. First, we position ourselves as close as possible to the waypoint on the GPS, then we drop a weighted buoy to the seafloor, which is used as a base for the visual survey. Second, we attach a line to the buoy and which is used as the base to conduct a circle search in the general area of where the anomaly is located. Third, divers are spaced along the line depending on the visibility. This means that the better the visibility, the farther apart the divers can be spaced, but always within sight of one another.
In our case, we had a search team of three, to look for any metallic objects that might have created the anomaly. Once we are all set, we begin a circle search. I ran the line while Juan and Chris alternated using the metal detector. Once the initial circle is completed, the search can be expanded from that point in a wider circle. Typically, two circle searches is usually the norm and these dives don’t last much longer than 10-20 minutes, depending on the accuracy of the buoy drop and the conditions underwater. We were lucky for the most part and had favorable conditions. Given that short duration of this leg of the overall project, we were only able to spend a day and a half diving anomalies. The results on the anomaly dives vary, as modern debris and geologic features can also be the causes of an anomaly. In this case we found a number of geologic features, older but modern concreted machetes, and some fishing tackle. Even though we didn’t find anything historic, we leave Bahía de Gloria with a strong desire to return for more work. At the end of the day, it has to be said that we had a lot of fun and that’s one of the reasons a lot of us become archaeologists…we’ve never really grown up because we never stop having fun!
Funding and support provided by a National Geographic Society-Waitt Grant, the Universidad del Norte, the Ministerio de Cultura, the Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Halcyon Dive Systems, Cabañas Anayansi, Dive and Green Dive Center, the Way Family Foundation, and The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment at Texas State University. | <urn:uuid:7e25c0d6-a80b-41ec-8aa9-4655084bc442> | {
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Filling Amazon’s 50,000 jobs means finding new ways to train software engineers in the U.S.
This approach to education is project-based (hands on) and utilizes peer-learning (teamwork). Schools practicing this methodology have no formal teachers and no lectures. Instead, students learn by practicing and collaborating with their peers. This methodology seems at first counterintuitive, as most of us were educated through lectures, and then expected to recall the information we learned during an exam. That is what most college and coding bootcamps use.
But it turns out that for many of us, the best way to learn is not to listen to a teacher, but to learn by doing. In this project-based education, students are given challenges and minimum guidance to get started. Then they use their creativity, browse the largest library that has ever existed (the Internet), and work as a team to achieve their goals. Along the way, they seamlessly learn the tools, knowledge, and soft skills that will make them great professionals. | <urn:uuid:9df4ba7f-9616-478e-9d9c-74c81af59622> | {
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Last week, the Smithsonian broke conceptual ground on a frozen “botanical garden,” storing samples of current plant life for future eventualities. I wish someone had thought to do the same for wine over the centuries, but freezing wasn’t invented early enough. Even the glass bottle wasn’t invented in time for us to know how ancient wine tasted, and the contents of old bottles always end up spoiled in any case. We just don’t know how wine tasted before about the mid-19th century. All we have are words, and words are notoriously unreliable.
Look up ancient Greek mentions of the Dionysian beverage. Sweet wines earned high praise. “Sweet,” in fact, is the only wine descriptor that’s managed to stick with us through the past two millennia. The Greek philosophers weren’t much in to describing wine’s sensory properties – taste and smell were “lower” senses – but “sweet” wines were good fodder for drinking with your mates while waxing eloquent about democracy. John Locke and his 17th century enlightenment fellows would later complain of how few words English afforded them for describing flavors: they were “sweet” or “stinking.” Sweet was better. Promised lands flow with milk and honey, not sauerkraut. But Locke’s comment points to a problem. Between those limited options and everything the Europeans didn’t know about sanitation before the 19th century (and that’s being optimistic), it’s really hard to say how “sweet” wine might have tasted.
Of all the things we put in our mouths, sugar is the easiest one to like. Babies begin life with a natural preference for sweet and salty tastes and an aversion to bitter ones, which scientists tend to link to an evolutionary adaptation for consuming calorie- and mineral-rich foods and avoiding potentially poisonous plants. Babies even a few hours old will drink more water if it’s sweetened, will suck harder on a sugar-coated synthetic nipple, and even feel pain less severely if they’re simultaneously tasting something sweet. The human sweet tooth tones down in mid-adolescence; adults still like sweet, but they’ll prefer less intensely sweet sensations in controlled studies.
Everything else is an acquired taste, and we start acquiring from the residual flavors in breast milk and even in the womb, from flavor molecules that pass into amniotic fluid. If mom eats onions, baby will become accustomed to onions and appreciate eating onions when baby moves on to solid food, so the research says. One hypothesis about modern kids’ (and adults’) limited and sugar-forward food preferences implicates baby formula: maybe formula-fed babies turn into bigger kids who never learn to like the wide range of foods and flavors mom enjoyed.
Acclimation seems a potent explanation for sugar’s creep into “dry” table reds. Babies raised on bland, sweet formula or jarred baby food turn into kids with ketchup-and-tater tot palates turn into adults who couldn’t tell you why, but know they prefer the bastardized pad thai the local take-out place serves and drink Apothic Red. We all like candy, but ideally we also like things that aren’t and can appreciate the difference. That’s the crux of the matter: we learn what should and shouldn’t taste sweet. Toddlers given a sweetened food learn to prefer it, but won’t automatically prefer extra sugar in everything else they eat, too. Korean babies screw up their faces at their first taste of kimchi but happily wolf it down after they get used to it, and after they learn that everyone else already knows that the stuff is supposed to be yummy. I screwed up my face when I recently found that someone had put sugar in a pizza crust, of all things. There’s innate biology, and then there’s developmental plasticity: our ability to learn the difference between delicious kimchi and disgusting camembert – or the opposite, if you’re a French kid instead of a Korean one.
That’s how many of us learn to appreciate wine. Someone else tells us the stuff is supposed to be yummy, so we take their word for it until we get used to it and start believing that it really is yummy. (Or maybe your mom was hanging out with my mom drinking California zinfandel while she was breastfeeding.) But I suspect our growing inclination to drink jam-laced pinot noir has as much to do with what we’re learning not to like as with commercial food rapscallions loading everything that comes in a box with extra sugar and salt.
Meat preparations from the European middle ages routinely used sugar, honey, or fruit as a seasoning. Sugar addictions or no, a lot of us struggle with those sweet meat dishes or their cousins that persist in North African and Turkish cuisine, for example. Yet no one’s been inclined to accuse any of those folk of excess sugar consumption. Most didn’t eat that stuff every day, or ever; the medieval working man’s dinner was more likely a pottage of grains and half-wild bitter vegetables. Kings and emperors who could afford to eat richly every day could be notoriously fat when they led their armies from armchairs instead of the field; they were as bad off as we are and worse.
The modern sweet tooth isn’t new, but two things are: the availability of sweetness, and the many flavors modern food science is teaching us not to like. On the one hand, the cosmopolitan palate keeps expanding. Italian food was “ethnic” and a little questionable for my grandma, and now her grandkids will hardly bat an eye at going out for Cantonese or Ethiopian. But, simultaneously, the everyday palate is systematically eliminating some flavors. Fine wine is one of the few non-industrially fermented foods most of us still routinely enjoy. Commercial fermented foods – bread, beer, some sausages,even sauerkraut – are so tightly controlled that they don’t taste fermented any more, while our pre-preservative forefathers (and nursing foremothers) were enjoying fermented flavors in everything from fruit to fish. If your palate doesn’t accept the funky edge that only shows up in food when microbes have been at work, and if we can take for granted that too much unadorned sour and bitter isn’t much fun, then sugar and fruit is pretty much all that’s left to enjoy in wine. Say what you will about natural wine. They’re keeping alive a more colorful palette, or palate, that doesn’t tuck all flavors into the clean, tidy, limiting boxes of industrialized food.
Meanwhile, everyone knows that dry wines are the more sophisticated choice. No one wants to be their embarrassing (maybe working-class, maybe immigrant) grandma who kept a bottle of Blue Nun or Manischewitz in the bottom of the china cabinet. Hence, we end up with wine that pretends to be dry while actually being sweet, while the really dry dry wines and the honest-faced sweet ones are niche products. Then better science conspires against us, because safe from microbial and chemical spoilage even our dry wines would be called sweet under Locke’s classification. Unless you’re a Kendall-Jackson drinker trapped in a natural wine shop, you probably won’t call them “stinking.”
About those forlorn sweet whites? I have a theory. The best taste a bit like dirt: earthy, funky, wonderful. Heaven in a glass if you associate happiness with muddy afternoons and good blue cheese. Fermented, mushroomy flavors in your food not a good thing? Well, there you go. | <urn:uuid:518590af-12b2-41e8-a473-fceed4adb309> | {
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How to Keep Your Mind Sharp and Active?
Brain is an organ which needs oxygen and exercise, just like any other part of your body. Feed your mind some good stuff and you’ll feel emotionally and physically active.
Being healthy, after all, does not only mean to just focus on your appearance. Developing and maintaining a healthy brain is also very crucial. A healthy brain will help you think, work, sleep and even learn better. As you grow older, you experience a lot of major changes and how well you handle these changes is the key to a healthy mind. Keeping your mind sharp and active is actually a very vital step to lead a healthy and a prosperous life. Just by knowing that you are keeping your mind sharp and active can make you feel younger, healthier and more capable.
By sitting around and doing nothing, muscles tend to get flabby, and so does the brain. So, it is essential to involve yourself in group discussions, read more, recollect and share past experiences with friends and family. Researching and trying out new things is also very important to keep your brain active. You need to be inquisitive and exercise your brain by asking questions and exploring your surroundings. This will boost your memory. | <urn:uuid:859c0119-2dca-48e3-8404-95faf1dc250b> | {
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The paintings of the Crater were created by artists who are members of families known as “traditional owners” of the crater. This means that they were born in the area to families whose ancestors were tied to local water holes and birth places where they acquired the spirits that gave them life.
In painting the crater, the artists are guided by stories handed down through generations by family members. They employ inherited designs through which they assert their ancestral identity and connection to the land. The paintings include images that can be publicly discussed and others that can be seen but not discussed because their meaning is sacred and secret.
Most of the artists hail from the Sturt, Padoon, and Boomer families of the Walmajarri and Djaru tribal groupings. The older members of these families once lived in the area of the crater before moving to Billiluna, the government-run Aboriginal community near the crater, or to the more distant town of Halls Creek.
The second group of crater artists claim to have the right to paint the Crater because of their affiliation with Walmajarri or Djaru families who once roamed the crater territory. Some of these artists were born in the area while others were born in distant government-run settlements. They received their stories either from custodial families or from other families associated with the area. | <urn:uuid:5434f1d7-2cf7-4da1-939c-f6d33df73a3d> | {
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The development of modern economy is accompanied by the ongoing deterioration of the environmental situation. To put it more precisely, human socioeconomic activities contribute to the pollution of the environment that undermines the natural balance on the planet and leads to the extinction of numerous species, decrease of biodiversity and puts under a threat the survival of the mankind. It proves beyond a doubt that the situation cannot remain unchanged since the current way of the development of the world’s economy and culture leads to a dead end, where the mankind is likely to perish. The efforts of the world community are insufficient at the moment to stop or decrease the pollution substantially because the world’s economy is grounded on the extensive use of natural resources that naturally deteriorates the environmental situation. In such a context, it is possible to solve the problem of the ongoing pollution only by means of introduction of economic stimuli which can encourage the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies and limitations which can force companies to introduce more efficient technologies. In this respect, it is possible to focus on the change of the fiscal policy, development of international economic and environmental cooperation, including carbon trade, and introduction of stimulant policies to reduce pollution.
On analyzing the current environmental situation, it should be said that the interference of humans in the natural processes have reached an unparalleled level. Today, the impact of human activities on the environment is disastrous and leads to a gradual destruction of the environment and nature. One of the major negative effects of human activities on the environment is the global warming which is accompanied by the global climate change. The global warming and climate change lead to irrevocable changes in the environment and change the natural conditions of living of many species as well as humans. As a result, many species are on the edge of the total extinction, while biodiversity decreases steadily.
At this point, it is worth mentioning that one of the major reasons of the pollution of the environment is the emission of greenhouse gases which pollute air, decrease the share of oxygen and increase the level of CO2 in the atmosphere of the Earth. In addition, the ozone layer is destroyed by greenhouse gases emissions that increase the negative impact of the solar radiation on the surface of the Earth. In such a situation, the problem of environmental pollution threatens to the entire world and needs mutual efforts of the world community to be solved. In this respect, it is important to understand that roots of the problem of environmental pollution can be found in the economic activities of people which increase the pollution constantly. Hence, the solution of the problem can be found in the economic domain too.
To put it more precisely, the world community should develop the common strategy, which have been already developed partially in terms of the Kyoto protocol that need to be extended and modified to involve all the country. In addition, it is necessary to encourage carbon trade through introduction of efficient mechanisms of the trade, including international agreements between countries. Finally, it is necessary to introduce the Pigovian tax which should be equal to negative externalities of the market, which contribute to the pollution of atmosphere and environment at large. In such a way, it will be possible to discourage market activities which can deteriorate the environmental situation.
In fact, the suggested measures can be efficient on the condition that they are supported by all the states. In this respect, it should be said that one of the major failures of the Kyoto protocol was the non-participation of some states, such as the USA, which are the major contributors to the pollution of the environment. Hence, it is necessary to sign a new, international agreement which obliges all countries to reduce the pollution. Naturally, it is not possible to reduce the pollution immediately, but countries can have a transition period to reduce steadily the pollution. At this point, it is possible to use the carbon trade to allow the most developed countries to buy quotas on greenhouse gas emissions at developing countries. In such a way, developed countries will get time to transit to more efficient and environment friendly technologies, while developing countries can get money for modernization their technologies to make them environment friendly too. Such cooperation will reduce the emission of greenhouse gases worldwide.
The introduction of Pigovian tax will discourage the development of market activities which increase the pollution. In fact, Pigovian tax should be equal to negative externalities to discourage pollution. At the same time, this tax can be used to stimulate environment friendly technologies, such as technologies using alternative source of energy. Hence, the Pigovian tax will subsidize such market activities, which decrease the pollution of the environment.
Thus, on implementing the aforementioned measures, it is possible to regulate the economic development of countries and markets stimulating positive trends and decreasing the pollution of the environment. | <urn:uuid:84b7a475-1aab-4fe8-b8dd-cb7bcc219610> | {
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Friendship doesn't just make life easier. It can also make you more successful. Numerous studies, including a 2012 "Research in Labor Economics" analysis, have found that social skills are correlated with later job success. Educators can help their students increase their odds of success by teaching about friendship alongside lessons in reading, writing and arithmetic.
Children who work together on a shared project may learn that they have more in common than they previously thought, and teamwork prepares students for the social interaction and group work that is typically part of adult careers. Children of all ages can work together on age-appropriate projects. Rather than allowing children to choose their own groups -- which can lead to exclusion and cause children to work only with people they know -- assign children groups, and change the group each time your students embark on a new project.
Help With Body Language
Body language communicates as much -- or even more -- than our words and actions. Helping children become aware of body language gives them the tools they need to control the way others perceive them and send the right message. Elementary schoolers should learn the basics of making eye contact. Play games that help students practice this, such as games that teach students to look at another's nose or forehead if eye contact is uncomfortable. Older students in middle and high school should learn about more subtle body language then practice their body language skills in one-on-one conversations with other students. Encouraging students to focus on one skill at a time -- such as not fidgeting or crossing their arms -- can make the game easier and more practical.
Actively Teach Social Skills
Social skills aren't innate; they have to be learned, and not every child gets lessons in social skills at home. Devote a lesson or two to social skills every few weeks, ensuring that lessons are age-appropriate and progressively more complex. In high school, for example, you might teach students about good things to say when asking for a date or consoling a grieving friend, while kindergartners might focus on naming and recognizing others' feelings.
Asking another person questions about herself is a great way to foster friendship because virtually everyone enjoys talking about themselves. Teach kids to ask others questions about themselves by teaching age-appropriate questions and then holding role-playing sessions. In first grade, for example, students might learn to ask about their classmates' favorite sports or colors -- but by high school, kids should ask about opinions on political, legal or academic challenges. | <urn:uuid:c58fb58d-df07-4cf2-8d4e-22bc4c3f98b8> | {
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The role of forests in sustaining water supplies, in protecting the soils of important watersheds and in minimising the effects of catastrophic floods and landslides has long been discussed and debated. The International Year of Mountains (2002) and the International Year of Freshwater (2003) re-emphasised that mountainous watersheds, land use and water are inextricably linked. For decades this perceived link has served as an important justification for promoting and implementing watershed management.
Every year large-scale floods in the Asian lowlands affect the personal and economic fortunes of millions of people. To many people involved in developing disaster-reduction strategies and flood-mitigation management, it appears that the intensity of floods has increased in the region in recent decades. A common - and perhaps understandable reaction - is to blame the mismanagement of Asias uplands and the clearing of forests in important mountainous watersheds for the misery brought to the lowlands. To a large extent, conventional wisdom - which is sometimes more fiction than fact - about the benefits of forests has clouded the perspectives of decisionmakers, leading to an over-emphasis on reforestation and forest protection at the expense of more holistic watershed and river-basin management.
The conventional wisdom is that forests act as giant sponges, soaking up water during heavy rainfall and releasing freshwater slowly when it is most needed, during the dry months of the year. The reality is far more complex. Although forested watersheds are exceptionally stable hydrological systems, the complexity of environmental factors should cause us to refrain from overselling the virtues of forests and from relying on simple solutions (e.g., removing people currently living in mountainous watersheds, imposing logging bans, or implementing massive reforestation programmes). Rather, the complexity of these processes should prompt us to reassess our current knowledge of the relationship between forests and water, and reconsider conventional responses to one of the most serious disaster threats in the Asia-Pacific region - i.e., large-scale floods.
This booklet aims to separate fact from fiction on issues related to forests and water and to dispel some of the commonly held misconceptions about the role of forests in flood mitigation. It does not pretend to provide an exhaustive overview on the subject; rather, it aims to brief policy-makers, development agencies and the media, and so constructively contribute to the development of sound watershed and river-basin management, and flood-mitigation policies, for the region.
Assistant Director-General and
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More than 1,500 pedestrians were estimated to be treated in emergency rooms in 2010 for injuries related to using a cell phone while walking, according to a new nationwide study.
The number of such injuries has more than doubled since 2005, even though the total number of pedestrian injuries dropped during that time. And researchers believe that the actual number of injured pedestrians is actually much higher than these results suggest.
"If current trends continue, I wouldn't be surprised if the number of injuries to pedestrians caused by cell phones doubles again between 2010 and 2015," said Jack Nasar, co-author of the study and professor of city and regional planning at The Ohio State University.
"The role of cell phones in distracted driving injuries and deaths gets a lot of attention and rightly so, but we need to also consider the danger cell phone use poses to pedestrians."
The study found that young people aged 16 to 25 were most likely to be injured as distracted pedestrians, and most were hurt while talking rather than texting.
Nasar conducted the study with Derek Troyer, a former graduate student at Ohio State. It appears in the August 2013 issue of the journal Accident Analysis and Prevention.
The researchers used data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a database maintained by the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC), which samples injury reports from 100 hospitals around the country. These reports are used to estimate total injury occurrences at emergency rooms across the country.
They examined data for seven years (from 2004 to 2010) involving injuries related to cell phone use for pedestrians in public areas (in other words, not at home).
A wide variety of injuries were reported. One 14-year-old boy walking down a road while talking on a cell phone fell 6 to 8 feet off a bridge into a rock-strewn ditch, suffering chest and shoulder injuries. A 23-year-old man was struck by a car while walking on the middle line of a road and talking on a cell phone, injuring his hip.
Findings showed that in 2004, an estimated 559 pedestrians were treated in emergency rooms for injuries received while using a cell phone. That number dropped to 256 in 2005, but has risen every year since then. Meanwhile, the total number of pedestrians estimated to be treated in emergency rooms dropped from 97,000 in 2004 to 41,000 in 2010.
Nasar said he believes the number of injuries to distracted pedestrians is actually much higher than these statistics suggest.
He said a more accurate count of injuries to walkers might come from comparing distracted walking to distracted driving, which has been much more heavily studied.
Nasar compared CPSC estimates for injuries related to drivers distracted by cell phones with actual data from emergency rooms across the country. Recent research examining increases in traffic accidents related to cell phone use suggests that the number of crash-related injuries in emergency rooms is actually about 1,300 times higher than CPSC national estimates, Nasar said.
Such data isn't available to compare CPSC estimates with actual injuries to distracted pedestrians. But if the pedestrian numbers are similar to those for drivers, then there may have been about 2 million pedestrian injuries related to mobile phone use in 2010.
Moreover, Nasar said he believes emergency room numbers underestimate actual injuries because not every person who is injured goes to an emergency room. Uninsured people might not go at all. Other people might take care of themselves, or go to an urgent care center. In addition, not everyone who does go to an emergency room reports using a cell phone.
"It is impossible to say whether 2 million distracted pedestrians are really injured each year. But I think it is safe to say that the numbers we have are much lower than what is really happening," Nasar said.
As might be expected, young people are the most likely to be injured by distracted walking. The 21- to 25-year-old age group led the way, with 1,003 total injuries during the seven years covered by this study. The 16- to 20-year-olds were not far behind, with 985 total injuries.
For pedestrians, talking on the phone accounted for about 69 percent of injuries, compared to texting, which accounted for about 9 percent.
Nasar said he doesn't think the lower texting injury rate is because texting is necessarily safer than talking and walking. Instead, it is probably because fewer people actually text while walking than talk while on foot.
The problem with distracted pedestrians is likely to get worse, he said.
"As more people get cell phones and spend more time using them, the number of injuries is likely to increase as well. Now people are playing games and using social media on their phones too," he said.
Nasar said he believes the best way to reverse these numbers is to start changing norms for cell phone use in our society. And that starts with parents.
"Parents already teach their children to look both ways when crossing the street. They should also teach them to put away their cell phone when walking, particularly when crossing a street."
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Researchers are concerned about teens' increased access to marijuana in states like Colorado, where recreational use of the drug is legal. The Glenwood Springs, Colorado dispensary pictured above sells drinks, candies, and other edible products containing marijuana. | Kent Kanouse/ CC BY 2.0
With a growing number of states allowing medical use of marijuana and, in several cases, recreational use as well, specialists told a AAAS-organized briefing that it is important to better understand both the benefits and risks of such legislation.
Nora D. Volkow, the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), said she is concerned about increased access to marijuana by adolescents in states with laws that increase availability of the drug, even if a law may explicitly prohibit use by those under 21.
She noted that the average past month use of marijuana by teenagers in Colorado — one of four states that have legalized marijuana use — was just over 11% in 2013, compared to 7.6% in 2006. Voters in the state approved a ballot initiative in November 2012 that legalized marijuana for recreational purposes.
States are passing laws without studying the potential increased rates of exposure of teenagers to marijuana, Volkow said. As legal access to the drug becomes more widely available, she said, "There is an increased perception by the public that marijuana is not harmful," and that perception "may influence the extent to which teenagers experiment with the drug."
Nora D. Volkow | AAAS/ Earl Lane
Marijuana is an addictive drug, Volkow said, and it can have negative effects on the still-developing adolescent brain. Frequent use of the drug before the age of 17 can impair cognition and is linked to lower rates of high school graduation and attainment of a college degree, she said.
Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, a senior economist for the RAND Corporation, said studies have found no significant change in general prevalence rates of marijuana use by adolescents in states that were among the first to adopt medical marijuana laws. But one study did find a positive association with passage of these laws and teen initiation of marijuana.
Volkow, Pacula, and Daniele Piomelli, professor of pharmacology and neurosciences at the University of California, Irvine, spoke at 12 May luncheon briefing on Capitol Hill on "Marijuana and the Brain." It was the latest in a series of neuroscience briefings hosted by AAAS in conjunction with Rep. Chaka Fattah (D-Pa.), and through the support of the Dana Foundation.
Pacula said is it important to sort out of the specific effects of each law. "Not all medical marijuana laws are likely to influence youth use the same way," she said. When a state allows home cultivation of marijuana plants for personal use, she said, it also increases potential access to the drug by youngsters who may know relatives or friends who are legally growing the plants.
Rosalie Liccardo Pacula | AAAS/ Earl Lane
States that provide legal protections for marijuana dispensaries and do not tightly monitor production and sales of marijuana products may also be opening the door to wider use by adolescents, she said, including the possibility of direct sales to minors or resale of dispensary products to minors by adults. State laws legally protecting dispensaries may also allow for marketing, which can inadvertently reach youth.
Although marijuana use has been correlated with adverse outcomes, it is more difficult to determine whether use of the drug causes those outcomes. A Lancet study last year found that frequent use of marijuana as an adolescent was associated with an increased risk of suicide by age 30, Volkow said. But she added: "This is an area that requires much more investigation to see if there is a causative risk."
Volkow said NIDA and eight other institutes and offices at the National Institutes of Health are mounting a ten-year longitudinal study involving 10,000 children and adolescents from the ages of 10 to 20. It will assess the effects of drugs, including marijuana, on the brain development of individuals as they grow to adulthood.
Using powerful brain imaging methods and other research tools, scientists are making progress in understanding the developing brain and the impacts of marijuana, both harmful and beneficial, on the human body.
THC, the principal psychoactive ingredient in cannabis — the marijuana plant — activates cannabinoid receptors throughout the brain that regulate memory and cognition, brain development, appetite, and other functions, Volkow said. It also increases levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, in a part of the brain's reward system called the nucleus accumbens. That process is believed to trigger some of the biochemical changes that lead to addiction, she said.
In the next five years, Piomelli predicted, scientists should be able to "say the last word on marijuana's effectiveness in a number of medical conditions."
At the same time, THC has some positive effects that have fostered the widespread interest in medical marijuana use. Piomelli noted that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved use of a synthetic version of THC to reduce nausea and stimulate eating in patients with cancer and HIV/AIDS. The synthetic THC also appears to be moderately effective in reducing chronic pain caused by nerve damage. It is estimated that one in 10 Americans suffer such neuropathic pain at at least once in their lifetimes. Piomelli said, however, that the pure THC seems to produce more side effects in patients than smoked marijuana.
FDA also has approved another drug containing a synthetic substance that acts similarly to compounds from marijuana but is not present in marijuana. The agency has not yet approved any drug product containing or derived from botanical marijuana. A marijuana extract spray is working its way through clinical trials in the United States and already is available in Europe, Canada, and Mexico. Piomelli said the oral spray has shown promise in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and anxiety disorders. But he stressed that these studies and others involving medical uses of marijuana "are preliminary and additional clinical studies are needed."
In another promising line of research, Piomelli has been studying naturally occurring marijuana-like chemicals in the brain — called endocannabinoids — that may play a key role in social behavior. He described his experiments in mice with an endocannabinoid called anandamide. The mice, who don't really like being alone, were socialized to hang out in groups, Piomelli said. He and his colleague measured levels of anandamide in the nucleus accumbens. The social mice had levels of the compound that were three times higher than the levels in mice kept in isolation.
Daniele Piomelli| AAAS/ Earl Lane
Further, when the researchers prevented anandamide from acting in the brain, the affected mice preferred to be left in isolation. When they boosted levels of the compound, the animals preferred company.
"This opens a window, I think, on what the endocannabinoid system does in social behavior," Piomelli said. "Possibly it explains why some people may really need marijuana to feel social." It also suggests, he said, that drugs that boost anandamide levels in the brain might be helpful in situations where "our social nature is so profoundly undermined," such as autism and schizophrenia.
Piomelli was optimistic about researchers' ability to further unravel the effects of marijuana and its analogues on humans. In the next five years, he predicted, scientists should be able to "say the last word on marijuana's effectiveness in a number of medical conditions." During that same period, he said, scientists should have a better assessment of the risks associated with medical marijuana use. And, he said, "If we work hard, we can leverage our growing knowledge of the endocannabinoid system to make better medicines for a variety of conditions." | <urn:uuid:e92b48ae-13f2-4b27-8924-eb50af595574> | {
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Incubators as a business concept are nothing new. First developed in the 1950s, the idea of the business incubator continued to expand in the decades since, spreading from the United States to Europe and eventually the Asia-Pacific region. The concept behind the incubator is to provide an environment where startup businesses and concepts can be developed without the pressure for instant revenue generation in the marketplace.
Understanding the Incubator Concept
In a traditional startup model, a venture capital firm or investor gives a small business some seed capital to start building a business or venture. In return, the investors typically take a stake in the new business commensurate with the level of investment they provide, and the startup is expected to start producing revenues as soon as possible.
In an incubator environment, startup businesses and concepts are typically provided with the infrastructure and a base of operations, as opposed to capital investment. In some instances, the incubator is compensated via receipt of equity in the new venture, and in some cases the startups pay for their use of the incubator services.
Not all incubators operate like this, but a common thread among most is that they offer a stable place to develop new concepts and business, along with the infrastructure to turn those concepts into reality.
Incubators in Manufacturing
Today, incubators are typically associated with technology firms, and there are many such incubators around the country. But the concept of the incubator is perhaps even more applicable and important to the manufacturing industry.
Unlike technology companies, which require relatively modest infrastructure, manufacturing startups require significantly different, and more expensive resources to produce their products. Manufacturing equipment and technology isn't cheap, and it's usually a significant barrier to any manufacturing startup.
And that's where incubators can really help manufacturing startups. By providing not only the usual incubator benefits such as office space and the ability to network, manufacturing incubators can offer a common infrastructure composed of tools, machinery and other benefits that would otherwise be too expensive or difficult for anyone startup to procure.
Bringing Manufacturing into the 21st Century
The potential for firms in manufacturing incubators is increasing. The last several decades have seen a decline in manufacturing jobs in the United States. However, there is a shift in the marketplace that's leaning toward the re-introduction of manufacturing on U.S. shores, as manufacturing technology continues to evolve, business and labor models become more affordable, and customers continue to demand innovation and production timelines that are best met onshore.
And as the industry continues to rapidly evolve, incubators offer startups the opportunity to develop new methods of production that lift the entire industry into the 21st century. When firms consider the impacts of technologies such as robotics and 3D printing on the manufacturing industry, it's easy to see where something like a manufacturing incubator, which can make these elements available in shared model, would be critical to the firms that have the potential to shape the future of the manufacturing industry.
Manufacturing incubators provide a range of important services to the industry. Just some of the benefits of manufacturing incubators include the following:
- Access to Common Tools and Infrastructure
For most startups, the ability to access fabrication tools and facilities would be impossible on their own. Likewise, many of the tools and platforms that make manufacturing possible aren't affordable for a single startup. But by making those tools available as a shared service to multiple startups, economies of scale are derived, and they become affordable and usable.
- Collaboration and Sharing
So much is changing so quickly in the manufacturing industry, and so many new concepts are impacting the manufacturing process, that many startups are finding ways to produce goods in ways that would have been unthinkable even a few years ago. And when those new ideas, and the engineers who think about them, come together within an incubator, collaboration among firms is facilitated.
The sharing of technical ideas is important, but so is the establishment of business relationships and partnerships, which can lead to even greater innovation over time. Incubators bring like-minded startups together, and make those kinds of connections possible.
- Business Infrastructure
Like any startup, manufacturing startups require common business infrastructure like office space, meeting rooms, phones and Internet access. Incubator environments provide all of that to their startups, for comparatively little cost.
Economic Impacts of Manufacturing Incubators
In an increasingly competitive global marketplace, the ability of U.S. manufacturing firms to compete is more important now than ever. Whereas foreign manufacturing was once considered unbeatable, U.S. manufacturing has made significant gains over the last decade, to the point where many manufacturing jobs are returning to the United States, and U.S. firms are becoming increasingly competitive.
This shift is partly a result of rising wages in traditionally low-wage countries like China and India, and partly due to a renaissance in manufacturing technologies that are transforming the industry. But if this trend is to continue, it will largely be due to new startups and the innovation they bring. And those startups, before they can develop innovation, will require the kind of support and infrastructure that only a manufacturing incubator can provide.
Note: This content is accurate as of the date published above and is subject to change. Please seek professional advice before acting on any matter contained in this article. | <urn:uuid:ecc9eeac-697b-4e5d-bd4d-44caefc9faeb> | {
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|Coordinate Reference Systems|
Coordinate systems are used to accurately identify locations on the Earth's surface, and are one of the fundamental building blocks that make modern Geographic Information Systems possible. Many of the links below refer to our 2009 publication, Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems. This 119-page publication is a revision of the Wisconsin Coordinate Systems handbook published by the SCO in 1995. The new handbook contains expanded information on coordinate reference systems commonly used in Wisconsin.
|Last Updated on December 28, 2015| | <urn:uuid:ef7fce78-ecd6-4b57-a23f-1835c3824636> | {
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Last Updated on
· Topographical or physiographic factors refer to the form, behavior and structure of earth surface like: hills, slopes aspects, elevation, valleys and coastal areas.
· The configuration of the land surface is called the Topography. This includes:-
· All these configurations affect vegetation by:-
i. bringing about local variation within the large, climatic zone;
ii. second by modifying edaphic factor through drainage.
· Causes of physiographic changes are:-
§ Geological features of the region
§ Geodynamic processes such as silting and erosion
· Main features in Topographic Factors are:-
i. Altitude includes the height of a particular area from the sea level.
ii. It tends to produce contrasting local climates.
iii. The climatic conditions of summits would be quite different from that of the FOOTHILLS, VALLEYS or FLAT PLAINS.
iv. As we ascend a higher altitude, climatic variations become more and more extreme.
v. With increasing altitude the wind velocity becomes high, the air and soil temperature tends to get lower and the relative humidity higher.
Atmospheric pressure decreases and intensity of heat and high radiation increases.
vi. At higher altitude, the vegetation also changes.
vii. It affects the vegetation through its effect on temperature and precipitation.
viii. It has been observed that after every 400 feet altitude there is roughly fall of 10F in temperature.
ix. An increase in Altitude is accompanied by an increase in precipitation.
Some of the influence of Altitude on plants are as follows:-
i. The height growth diminishes regularly and noticeably with the increase of altitude.
ii. The diameter growth is not decreased so rapidly as growth height.
iii. Total increment diminishes gradually.
iv. The period of development is prolonged.
v. In the Himalayas, there is timberline at 1000′ and permanent snow line at 15000 feet.
2. ASPECT OR EXPOSURE OF MOUNTAINS
i. Aspect or exposure of mountain towards the sun is an important topographic factor.
ii. In the Northern hemisphere, North facing slope tends to be moist than the South facing slopes at similar Altitude.
Its influence on Natural vegetation can easily be compared.
Vegetation of the North facing slope will e shade bearer and south facing sloe xerophilous species.
iii. Owing to the sun’s Afternoon the western slopes of a mountain may be warmer and drier than southern ones.
iv. The annual return of litter to the forest floor is less on southern aspect.
v. The rate of decomposition of organic debris on southern aspect is faster as compared to that of Northern aspect.
- Slope influences the distribution of the vegetation by affecting insolation, the stability of the soil, movement of the water as well as the level of water table.
§ A soil surface which is at right angle to the path of the direct rays from the sun will receive the maximum amount of direct sunlight per unit area.
§ In the Northern hemisphere steep North facing slope may receive only oblique and weak morning evening rays or perhaps none at all.
(b) Effect of slope on the water movement and groundwater level
i. the amount of Runoff, depends upon the angle of the slope.
ii. On steep slopes, rainwater tends to Runoff before getting absorbed in the soil. Therefore, sloping surface is usually drier than the horizontal one.
iii. On the steep mountain slope, ground water-table is deep, plants cannot reach the permanent source of water supply.
iv. Water-table is high in the valley, therefore luxuriant vegetation is observed.
v. In the region of high rainfall, slopes suffer from active erosion this swift running of water carry away the humus and soil from the slopes. Therefore in such localities plants cannot establish themselves.
(c) Slope Affecting the Stability of the Soil
§ There is always a tendency in water movements to remove soil from slope and carry it down and deposit in the valleys.
§ The gentle slope retains more water then the steep slope.
4. DIRECTION OF MOUNTAINS
i. Direction of the mountain range, play a key role in the local climate of a region.
ii. Direction of the mountains of steers the wind and clouds towards a particular direction OR
they prove a hindrance on their paths thus causing heavy rains on the windward side of the mountains, bringing about drastic changes in the climate of the region as well as luxuriant vegetation at the foothills. e.g.
(a) In Sind KIRTHAR range is parallel to the prevailing winds, as a result, they cannot stop the moving monsoon clouds.
Thus Baluchistan and Sindh provinces remain dry for the most part of the year.
(c) Conversely Hindukush range of Himalayas are opposite to the monsoon winds, therefore, they stop the oncoming clouds and bring about heavy rains at their foothills.
(d) The position of mountains also responsible for low rainfall in the inner Himalayan valleys e.g. Gilgit and Hunza.
- The soil is fertile in valleys and moisture supply is sufficient then on ridges and their vegetation are different than that of the mountains.
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New Bioreactor Landfill to Power More Columbia Homes
COLUMBIA - Columbia is currently working on a type of liquid-injected landfill area known as a bioreactor.
It will increase moisture to help break down waste more quickly than the city's first bioreactor landfill, which was created in 2008 and did not use the injection method.
Columbia was the first city in the state to have a bioreactor landfill.
A bioreactor is not a machine, as the name may suggest. It is an area where garbage is dumped and compressed, creating methane gas, which is then used to produce electricity, using generators.
Bioreactor specialist Adam White said that electricity is enough to power approximately 1,500 homes, which is 1.5% of Columbia's demand.
There are two generators near the landfill and each is capable of producing one megawatt of electricity, White said.
All kinds of waste ultimately end up at the landfill site, including yard waste collected at Capen Park and Parkside Drive.
Columbia resident Clint Matthews goes to the Capen Park drop-off site once a month, and said collecting yard waste is a really good program.
"Well, this is reused and cut up into mulch and people come down to get it," Matthews said. "It's really not that far, it's a central location, it doesn't take a lot of effort to bring it down here."
After residents like Matthews bring in their yard waste, Public Works combines it with all the other residential and commercial waste to cover the bioreactor.
"Think of it this way," White said. "You have landfill, cover it up with soil material, add more landfill, cover it up and repeat the process over and over again until you get this huge pile."
Columbia's bioreactor landfill is unique, in that Public Works adds liquid to accelerate the process of compressing, and therefore, creating methane gas faster.
White said the process of adding a third generator should be available by the beginning of September. | <urn:uuid:169a35fc-782c-45e6-9644-de2d028b7429> | {
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Bronchial disease is an obstructive airway disease which occurs as a consequence of chronic inflammatory disease of the pulmonary airways. The mainstay of therapy for inflammatory airway disease is the administration of glucocorticoids. Pneumonia is sometimes seen in advanced cases or with acute bacterial infections from numerous bacterial species.
Although the etiology of many cases of feline bronchial disease are unknown, it can be simulated by antigenic or allergic responses which cause activation of CD4+ lymphocytes and initiation of a Th2 immune response.
Activation of lymphocytes toward Th2 immunity results in induction of specific cytokines that are protective against parasitic infection or are associated with type 1 hypersensitivity. In comparison, Th1 adaptive immunity is characterised by increased interferon-gamma and macrophage activating factor, and this arm of the immune system protects against bacterial or viral organisms. Th2 immunity is characterised by classically by production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL13, and IL-5 is particularly important in differentiation and maturation of eosinophils. Degranulation of feline eosinophils results in elaboration of major basic proteins, myeloperoxidase, and ribonucleases, and these are responsible for damage and destruction of the epithelial lining of airways. Sloughing of pneumocytes exposes sensory and irritant nerve endings to increased types and concentrations of allergens or irritants. Cytokines also may cause increased release of neurotransmitters, and thus inflammatory damage can enhance neural responsiveness. In cats with primarily neutrophilic inflammation, similar toxic damage to airways occurs, followed by the resultant repair process. Recent investigations into the pathophysiology of asthma in several species indicate that inflammation can cause oxidative stress and nitration of proteins, which perpetuate airway injury and proliferative responses.
In cats, the characteristic changes which appear histologically include metaplasia and proliferation of airway epithelium, hyperplasia of mucous glands with production of excess mucus, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle and distal emphysematous changes in the pulmonary parenchyma.
In human beings, infiltration of airway smooth muscle cells is being recognised as a specific finding in asthma versus eosinophilic bronchitis and may be responsible for the induction of airway hyperresponsiveness and subsequent airway remodelling. Hyperresponsiveness of airway smooth muscle cells results in airway constriction in response to nonspecific stimuli such as airway irritants, allergens, parasites, or viral particles. Reversible airway constriction is a primary component of the acute asthmatic form of inflammatory airway disease, and this is a feature in some cats with bronchial disease. With chronic and uncontrolled lower airway disease, airway remodelling results in smaller diameter of airways, increased airway resistance, and fixed airway obstruction, and thus some cats display irreversible bronchial changes and expiratory airflow obstruction.
Feline bronchial disease shares many clinical and histological characteristics with human asthma and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses, although human asthma is associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation, whereas neutrophils predominate in the equine condition. Disease may result from allergic stimulation, hyperresponsiveness to parasitic or fungal elements, or airway irritation associated with inhalation of gastric acid, heavy metals, or particulate matter. Clinical signs may be exacerbated in dirty, dusty or polluted environments, or in association with upper respiratory tract infections in cats. Although genetic influences in the development of asthma have been established in human medicine, this has not been investigated in cats. Despite many similarities in this condition across species, certain differences also are noted. For example, leukotrienes are implicated in the pathogenesis of certain forms of human asthma; however, leukotriene metabolites are not increased in bronchial fluid or urine of cats with experimentally induced allergic airway inflammation.
Clinical signs of feline bronchial disease include chronic cough, lethargy, exercise intolerance, loud breathing, rapid or laboured respirations, and acute respiratory distress. These signs may be acute in origin or may be chronic, non-progressive problems. The cough associated with lower airway inflammation typically is harsh and associated with active abdominal effort. Owners may believe that the cough represents an attempt to remove a hairball, or they may suspect that a foreign object is stuck in the throat. Coughing can be intermittent or present only during exposure to certain environmental stimuli, or it may be relatively constant. Determining the association of cough with specific trigger events can be an important part of the effort to control clinical signs.
Some cats with respiratory disease exhibit exercise intolerance or lethargy. Reduced play activity or panting or open-mouth breathing after light exercise could be clues to underlying airway disease. Interestingly, some owners of cats with bronchial disease complain of loud respirations or detection of wheezing sounds from their cat. Cats may be observed to breathe more rapidly than expected or to exhibit difficulty breathing. These signs may be chronic or intermittent in nature.
A subset of cats develops acute bronchoconstriction and displays episodes of respiratory distress, persistent tachypnoea, cyanosis or collapse. Some of these cats may have a previous history of cough or laboured respirations, whereas others previously were considered healthy.
Cats with airway disease generally are young to middle age and mostly present with tachypnoea as the primary presenting sign, with or without prolonged expiration or an expiratory / abdominal push. This respiratory manoeuvre is an indication of lower airway narrowing or obstruction and increased expiratory effort. Cats with chronic airway disease that have substantial airway and parenchymal remodelling may display a barrel-chested appearance and decreased thoracic compressibility because of over-inflation and emphysema.
Cough is a common feature of feline bronchial disease, and detection of a cough in the cat that presents with respiratory distress or tachypnoea is a major clue to the presence of underlying inflammatory airway disease. Affected cats show variable degrees of tracheal sensitivity following palpation. Caution is advised during palpation of the trachea to avoid excessive stress for the cat.
Auscultation of the respiratory tract reveals harsh lung sounds, inspiratory crackles, or expiratory wheezes in 65% of cats; however, the absence of such sounds does not rule out inflammatory airway disease because cats can appear normal between episodes. Tracheal auscultation may reveal gurgling sounds resulting from the presence of excess secretions; however, stridor is not anticipated in a cat with lower airway disease.
Inflammatory bronchial disease should be considered a diagnosis of exclusion. Bronchial disease is considered highly likely when chronic cough or acute onset of respiratory distress is found in a young to middle-aged cat. Because idiopathic inflammatory airway disease generally requires long-term management with corticosteroids and/or bronchodilators, diagnostic efforts are aimed at ruling out infectious etiologies and primary causes of airway inflammation.
The minimum database rarely contributes to the diagnosis of feline airway disease; however, the presence of eosinophils is suggestive of asthma in a cat with relevant clinical signs. Asthma has been reported as one of the top causes of peripheral eosinophilia in cats; although many affected cats display neutrophilia resulting from chronic inflammation. In cats with peripheral neutrophilia, ruling out lower respiratory tract infection is particularly important because this has been a consistent finding in two recent studies.
Although airway parasites and heartworm disease are identified uncommonly in cats, complete diagnostic testing for these conditions is wise to rule out a primary cause of airway inflammation. Faecal floatation is performed to detect the double-operculated egg of Capillaria aerophila (also known as Eucoleus aerophilus), whereas a Baermann test is used to detect larval stages of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus.
Tests for heartworm disease should be considered in some cats presenting with cough, particularly when vomiting also is in the history, or when the cat is from an area in which feline heartworm disease has been identified. Detection of large pulmonary arteries on thoracic radiographs is definite indication that heartworm disease should be ruled out; concurrent pulmonary infiltrates may or may not be present. Heartworm disease can be diagnosed by the appearance of parallel lines in the pulmonary artery or right heart with echocardiography. A positive heartworm antigen test is a highly specific test and is indicative of heartworm disease. The ELISA antigen test detects the presence of a protein that originates from the female heartworm's reproductive tract. This test typically becomes positive 5 to 7 months after infection. However, the test can be negative because of low worm burden or presence of only male heartworm, and therefore this is more of a diagnostic test than a screening test. The heartworm antibody test for cats detects exposure to the developing larvae of heartworm and therefore is a reasonable screening test for exposure. Antibodies are found approximately 2 to 3 months after infection; however, a cat with heartworm infection may be antibody-negative occasionally. In addition, the antibody test
There are 3 basic radiographic pulmonary patterns:
|Lung Pattern||Hallmark Radiographic Sign|
|Interstitial||Loss of visualization of vessels|
Radiographs play an important role in documenting airway disease and excluding other causes of cough; however, normal thoracic radiographs do not exclude idiopathic airway disease as a cause for clinical signs in affected cats. The classic finding in cats with airway disease is peribronchial infiltrates; lung hyperinflation, flattening of the diaphragm, increased space between the diaphragm and heart, or aerophagia also may be seen. Some cats may display only a mild interstitial pattern, and lobar collapse (primarily of the right middle lung lobe) or focal alveolar infiltrates can be seen in some cats because of mucous plugging of large airways with secondary atelectasis. Alveolar infiltrates generally are presumed to indicate pneumonia; however, they are not pathognomonic. A bronchial pattern was reported in 40% of cats with lower respiratory tract infection, and 36% had bronchoalveolar infiltrates in a recent study. Therefore peribronchial radiographic changes should not be considered pathognomonic for idiopathic feline bronchial disease.
In the stable patient, airway fluid analysis is recommended to exclude primary causes of cough and airway inflammation. A transoral tracheal wash or bronchoscopy can be used to collect fluid. Pretreatment with terbutaline (0.01 mg/kg SQ) for 12 - 24 hrs before the procedure may improve the safety of the procedure by initiating bronchodilation before anaesthesia. For a transoral tracheal wash, the cat is sedated for intubation with a sterile endotracheal tube. A sterile, 5- to 7-French polypropylene or red rubber catheter is passed to the level of the carina (approximately at the fourth intercostal space), and 3 to 5 ml of warmed, sterile saline are injected and then aspirated. Retrieval of 0.5 to 1.0 ml is sufficient for cytological analysis and culture. For bronchoscopy, a small endoscope (preferably 2.5 to 3.8 mm outer diameter) is safest to use and easiest to manipulate within the airways of cats. The cat is anaesthetised with intravenous agents (e.g. propofol) and oxygen supplementation is supplied through jet ventilation or with an oxygen cannula passed down the trachea. The endoscope is passed through the trachea and all airways are examined. Cats with bronchial disease typically have viscid secretions within airways. Cats usually do not display mucosal hyperemia as do dogs with bronchitis; however, the epithelial surface may appear irregular, granular or nodular.
Before obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for culture and cytology, the endoscope is removed from the airway, the biopsy channel is rinsed, and the outer surface is wiped free of contamination. BAL is performed by wedging the endoscope gently in a small airway, instilling a 3 ml to 10 ml aliquot of warmed sterile saline, and retrieving the fluid by gentle aspiration. If insufficient fluid is obtained, a second aliquot is instilled at the same site. The presence of foam within the fluid indicates that it contains surfactant and therefore has been in contact with the alveolar surface.
Cats with idiopathic lower respiratory tract inflammation can have primarily neutrophilic or eosinophilic cytology. The significance of the primary cellular infiltrate currently is unknown, and it appears that more cats have primary neutrophilic inflammation than eosinophilic inflammation. Light growth of bacteria from the lower airways of cats with and without bronchial disease is common, occurring in approximately 75% of healthy or bronchitic cats. True infection typically is associated with systemic signs of illness, degenerative or septic airway cytology, and a positive response to antimicrobial therapy.
The role of Mycoplasma spp infection in respiratory disease remains controversial. It has been isolated from tracheobronchial lavage with various types of lower respiratory disease, but not from bronchoalveolar lavage samples of healthy cats. Aerobic and Mycoplasma cultures always should be performed in cats with cough or tachypnoea, because Mycoplasma species are a common finding in cats with lower respiratory tract infections and because of the possibility that Mycoplasma species may worsen airway hyperreactivity.
Pulmonary function tests to evaluate airway resistance and lung compliance or flow-volume relationships can be performed at certain referral institutions. Many cats with bronchial disease exhibit higher airway resistance than healthy cats because of relative bronchoconstriction. Administration of terbutaline decreases resistance in some affected cats, indicating partial reversibility of smooth muscle contraction. Cats with bronchial disease also exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to a nonspecific aerosol stimulant, as evidenced by a reduction in the dosage of methacholine required to increase airway resistance. Whole body plethysmography (in a sealed and calibrated plexiglass box) recently has been proposed as a method to document airway hyperreactivity in awake, spontaneously breathing cats by measurement of box pressure signals and calculation of enhanced pause, a variable that correlates with airway resistance.
Tidal breathing flow volume loops (TBFVL) are used commonly to evaluate pulmonary function in noncompliant human paediatric patients and also have been used to investigate respiratory flow characteristics in cats with bronchial disease. This procedure provides a measure of expiratory and inspiratory flows and volumes during normal respiration in awake, unsedated cats. The cats breathes through a facemask attached to a pneumotachograph and pulmonary mechanics analyser. Pressure measured at the pneumotachograph is proportional to flow through the mask, and signals are integrated over time to determine volume at each cycle of respiration. TBFVLs in cats clinically affected by bronchial disease exhibit defects in expiratory flow consistent with bronchoconstriction, which supports the presence of airflow obstruction in these cats. Significant findings in cats with bronchial disease included increased expiratory:inspiratory time ratio, decreased peak expiratory flow rate, and decreased tidal breathing expiratory volume.
The primary differential diagnosis to consider are those that cause cough and those that result in tachypnoea or laboured respirations. Cough may be an indication of parasitic pneumonia (secondary to lungworms Aelurostrongylus abstrusus or Eucoleus aerophilus) or could be suggestive of heartworm disease. Cats with heartworm infection can have concurrent vomiting in the history and also may have a heart murmur. Cough can be a sign of an airway foreign body, and this may or may not be obvious on thoracic radiographs. Cough and abnormal respiratory rate or effort also are associated with lower respiratory tract infection caused by bacterial or Mycoplasma infection. Fungal pneumonia is less likely to result in cough in cats.
Tachypnoea and laboured respirations can be indicative of inflammatory airway disease but also may be consistent with upper airway obstruction, cardiac disease, pyothorax, chylothorax and pulmonary inflammation or pneumonia. Tachypnoea resulting from upper airway disease (laryngeal mass or paralysis) is associated with inspiratory effort and stridor. Cardiac disease with pulmonary oedema would be supported by concurrent detection of a heart murmur or gallop rhythm; however, some cats with heart disease lack auscultatory abnormalities. An important distinction between cats with lung versus heart disease is the presence of a cough, because cats with congestive heart failure typically do not cough. Pleural effusion resulting from cardiac disease or other causes also can result in tachypnoea. The physical examination finding of absent lung sounds ventrally would be typical in those cases, whereas increased lung sounds are expected in bronchial disease. Tachypnoea also is found in cats with infectious or atypical pneumonia. In cats with infectious causes of pneumonia, systemic and naso-ocular signs also are common, although fever is detected in less than 20% of cases.
Diagnostic tests should be kept to a minimum initially for the cat presenting with signs of acute bronchoconstriction such as cyanosis, tachypnoea, and open-mouth or abdominal breathing. Stabilisation can be achieved by providing an oxygen-enriched environment and using parenteral administration of a β2 agonist such as terbutaline. This drug alleviates bronchoconstriction by opposing smooth muscle contraction and is effective in cats with airway disease that have reversible airway constriction. It is an effective bronchodilator with few cardiac side effects, it is a relatively safe drug, and it is easy to administer subcutaneously, or intravenously at 0.01 mg/kg. An additional dose can be administered after 30 mins if insufficient response is noted.
Epinephrine, a sympathomimetic agent, is a potent bronchodilator but should be used only when cardiac disease has been excluded from the differential diagnosis list because alpha and β1-adrenergic stimulation can result in adverse side effects of cardiac arrhythmias, vasoconstriction, and systemic hypertension. Aminophylline is a weak bronchodilator and its use in an emergency situation may not be justified because other drugs are more likely to be effective. Also, intravenous aminophylline injection can be associated with anaphylaxis, and intramuscular or subcutaneous routes of administration cause pain on injection.
Respiratory rate and effort should be monitored visually in the first hour of observation to determine a therapeutic response. If the cat does not respond to terbutaline, use of a short-acting corticosteroid (dexamethasone-sodium phosphate or Solu-delta-cortef at standard doses) often results in rapid alleviation of clinical signs caused by inflammatory airway disease. Use of corticosteroids affects further diagnostic testing because these drugs decrease migration of inflammatory cells into the airway; however, corticosteroids may be required to stabilise the animal. If the cat fails to respond to these measures, causes for respiratory distress other than idiopathic bronchial disease should be investigated.
Inflammation is believed responsible for the pathogenesis of feline bronchial disease, and corticosteroids are effective in emergency therapy and in chronic management of this disease. Corticosteroids reduce inflammation by inhibition of phospholipase A, the enzyme responsible for the initial metabolism of arachidonic acid into inflammatory mediators. Corticosteroids also decrease migration of inflammatory cells into the airway, thereby decreasing the concentration of granulocyte products such as major basic protein and other eosinophil-derived products.
The duration and dose of corticosteroid therapy depend on the degree and chronicity of respiratory embarrassment in the cat, the severity of the pulmonary infiltrate, and the severity of the pulmonary infiltrate, and the severity of inflammation on cytology. An individualised approach to anti-inflammatory treatment is required for each case. Initially, prednisolone should be administered at 1mg/kg PO q 12 hr for 5 to 10 days, and the dosage decreased to 0.5 mg/kg PO q 12 hr for 5 to 10 days if a good therapeutic response is seen. If the patient remains relatively free of respiratory signs, the dosage may be decreased over time to once-daily or every-other-day treatment. Recurrent episodes of coughing or respiratory distress necessitate a return to the original dosage. Repeat diagnostic testing also may be indicated. Cats are relatively resistant to the side effects of corticosteroids; however, an attempt should be made to achieve the lowest dose of the drug that will control signs. Approximately one half to two thirds of cats require lifelong medication.
Cats that cannot be medicated orally can be treated with intramuscular injection of a repositol corticosteroid (methylprednisolone acetate at 10 to 20 mg IM every 2 to 8 weeks); however, this method provides only sporadic control of airway inflammation. Alternately, inhaled treatment can be prescribed. Both corticosteroids and bronchodilators are readily available from human pharmacies as metered dose inhalers (MDIs). Administration of inhaled medication requires use of an MDI attached to a spacer with facemask. The spacer device causes generation of an aerosol cloud from the MDI that separates large particles from smaller particles, creating 1 to 7 micron particles that will deposit in airways during tidal respiration. In healthy cats, nebulisation of a product administered via spacer and facemask resulted in adequate pulmonary deposition.
Various preparations of antiinflammatory and bronchodilator medications are available for aerosol therapy via MDIs. The most commonly recommended steroid is Flovent (fluticasone propionate), which is available as an MDI containing 120 doses. Three strengths of drug are available; 220 μg/dose, 110 μg/dose, and 44 μg/dose. The 110-μg dose is used most commonly. The MDI must be shaken well before actuation and must be attached to the spacer before the dose is ejected. Typically, the MDI is actuated once per treatment, and the cat inhales 8 to 10 breaths (10 seconds) to deposit drug in the airways. Some of the sid effects note in human medicine include adrenal suppression with long-term and high-dose use, thinning of the skin, and perioral dermatitis or infection (particularly with candidiasis). These complications have note been noted in veterinary patients.
In cats with moderate to severe clinical manifestations of disease, standard doses of oral steroids generally are recommended during the first several weeks of inhaled therapy, and the oral dose then can be tapered downward depending on the clinical response.
For bronchodilation, an inhaler containing a β-agonist (Proventil or generic) can be given. The MDI contains 200 doses of 90 μg/dose or 108 μg/dose. When both bronchodilators and steroids are given by inhalation, the bronchodilator is administered first, and the second drug can be given after 5 to 10 minutes.
Inhaled medications are more expensive than oral medications, but they may result in improved owner compliance, particularly when cats are difficult to medicate orally and chronic therapy is required. Many owners find that cats tolerate inhalation therapy readily, although problems may be encountered. Some cats may be frightened by actuation of the MDI , although they often become habituated to the sound with training. In an acute asthmatic attack, tolerance of the small facemask can be variable until the cat has learned to accept the device. An additional concern may be the competence of the drug delivery because owners lack ability to deploy device correctly, or because of the failure of the device to induce deposition of aerosol into constricted airways. It is unclear whether this is a concern in treatment of cats. Finally, breath holding by the cat can be a reason for treatment failure.
Alternate antiinflammatory drugs may be beneficial in some cats. In an experimental model of feline asthma, cyproheptadine, a serotonin-receptor blocker, attenuated airway constriction of isolated bronchial strips in vitro. Serotonin levels have not been measured in naturally occurring feline bronchial disease; however, some cats may benefit from administration of serotonin antagonists. Cyclosporine, an inhibitor of T lymphocyte activation, attenuates bronchoconstriction and airway remodelling in asthmatic human patients and in a feline model of airway hyperreactivity. Because cyclosporine absorption and distribution are extremely unpredictable, blood levels must be measured weekly until the desired trough level is achieved. The variable pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and the potential toxicity of the drug make other agents more suitable for first-line therapy of feline bronchial disease; however, it could be considered for cases that are nonresponsive to standard therapy.
Bronchodilators can be helpful in emergency situations, in chronic management, and in control of exacerbations of disease in cats with bronchial disease. In some cases, bronchodilators allow a reduction in the dose of corticosteroids required to control clinical signs. This would be especially beneficial in cats afflicted with chronic recurrent bacterial infections, immunodeficiency, or diabetes mellitus. Individual cats show variable response to different classes of bronchodilators. If the drug used initially does not improve the cat's clinical condition, an alternate class of drugs should be employed. Adverse effects of bronchodilators include gastrointestinal upset, sinus tachycardia and hyperexcitability.
Administration of a β2 agonist results in bronchodilation from direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle. Terbutaline currently is the recommended adrenergic agents for cats. Intravenous terbutaline has been shown to reduce airway resistance acutely in cats with constricted airways, and pharmacokinetic studies have established the safety of the drug. The recommended dose is 0.01 mg/kg parenterally q 12hrs to q 6hrs or 0.625 mg PO q12hrs. Theoretically, down regulation of β-receptor density could occur with chronic use, resulting in decreased efficacy of the drug; however, this rarely is recognised clinically.
Theophylline (a methylxanthine) may provide some relief from clinical signs by preventing acute attacks of bronchoconstriction in predisposed cats, by suppressing inflammation, or by reducing the dose of corticosteroid required. Pharmacokinetics have not been established for sustained-release theophylline products currently on the market. Extrapolating from a dosage provided for dogs, extended-release theophylline can be administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg PO in the evening.
Antibiotics should be prescribed based on culture and sensitivity and cytology results because airway infection may contribute to bronchial inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. If infection with Mycoplasma spp is suspected, a clinical trial of doxycycline (3 to 5 mg/kg PO q12hrs) can be prescribed while cultures are pending. If parasitic infection with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is documented or suspected as a cause for airway inflammation, fenbendazole can be administered at 50mg /kg PO q 24 hrs for 10 days, or ivermectin can be used (300 μg/kg PO or SQ twice, 3 weeks apart).
Feline airways are rich in sympathetic innervation, and β2-adrenergic activation is important in providing bronchodilation. Therefore β-blockers such as propanolol (a nonspecific beta blocker) and atenolol (primarily a β1-blocker) should be avoided if bronchial disease is suspected. Atropine, although it is a potent bronchodilator, should not be used chronically in bronchial disease, because it thickens bronchial secretions and encourages mucous plugging of airways.
Situations that might provoke bronchoconstriction should be avoided, particularly in cats that develop acute attacks of severe respiratory distress. Cigarette smoke, dusty litters, aerosol sprays, polluted environments, stressful situations, and exposure to upper respiratory viruses (e.g. herpes virus, calicivirus) can trigger clinical signs in susceptible cats.
- August, JR (2006) Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Vol 5. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia. pp:364
- Gadbois J et al (2009) Radiographic abnormalities in cats with feline bronchial disease and intra- and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation: 40 cases (1999-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 234(3):367-375
- Venema, C & Patterson, C (2010) Feline asthma: What's new and where might clinical practise be heading? JFMS 12:681-692
- Cohn, LA et al (2010) Effects of fluticasone proprionate dosage in an experimental model of feline asthma. JFMS 12:91-96
- Cordeau, ME et al (2004) IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 97:87 | <urn:uuid:13e7072c-c02c-4f3c-932d-e819d6219213> | {
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So, as the video shows, when you first get to Sparticl (and finish signing up for an account) you've got a few options on how to start. If you know a specific science topic you want to search for, you can just type it into the search bar at the top.
Otherwise, you can browse through the most popular articles, videos, and games on the home page, or check out their huge variety of categories as well.
I really like the "Explore" tab which includes things like scientific controversies, science news, and everyday science. I wish this site would have been around when I was teaching biology 4 years ago!
When you search by a category, the results are organized alphabetically, but you can also try your luck and pick a "random" selection. This could be a fun activity for starting class with a surprise lesson or great for students who have a little trouble making up their minds (but when does that ever happen...)
You can also filter your search results by text, scientist profile, interactive/quiz, and video. Plus, a lot of the learning resources have quizzes that you can take after you complete the activity. And throughout it all, Sparticl keeps track of your learning points and lets you earn digital badges.
You can also "like" and comment on videos and learning activities. This could be a beneficial feature for teachers to keep track of student involvement. You could have your students post their thoughts/reaction to assigned videos and they could participate in an online discussion with other students in the class and from around the world.
And basically, that's the site! It's a wonderful resources for helping science teachers find online content. Students can sign up for accounts and Sparticl will keep track of the activities they complete and the learning outcomes they achieve. Overall, it's a superb resource.
The only suggestion I have would be to add a filter that would allow teachers to search by the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Since schools around the states (and world) are starting to adopt the NGSS, that would be an incredibly beneficial feature. Otherwise, Sparticl has done an excellent job finding and organizing online science content. If you're an science educator, definitely check this site out! | <urn:uuid:73e2d86b-8c8d-4206-bfe1-c2c9b12477a1> | {
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There are few things more frustrating at dinner time than having a picky eater sitting at the table. It can be challenging to provide them with nutritious foods that they’ll willingly eat and many parents of picky eaters will avoid making dietary changes fearing that their child will refuse to eat. However, even small changes to what they eat and how they eat can make a big impact on their nutrition.
Evaluate your child’s diet.Is their diet lacking in a specific food. Maybe its vegetables they’re refusing to eat or is it meat that they’re boycotting? Eliminating an entire food group can definitely be problematic and if this is the case making some changes should be a priority. However, if their diet is balanced and doesn’t contain a lot of processed foods, then even a diet with limited variety can be very nourishing.
Don’t force them to eat.Eating when not hungry can cause mixed signals. This can prevent children (and adults) from knowing what hunger and satiety feel like. Many adults can attest to the fact that being forced to “clean their plate” has followed them into adult hood. Not being able to leave food uneaten can lead to unnecessary and unwanted weight gain. Let them eat when they are hungry and stop eating when they are full.
Are they actually hungry when its time to eat? Drinks and snacking can influence how a child eats their meals. Often children will spend the day sipping on juice. Most love the taste but along with providing an excessive amount of sugar, it can also cause them to feel full. Many children also practice an eating style called “grazing”. They tend to snack on small amounts of food throughout the day every few hours. To many parents it may seem like they aren’t eating enough or when the family sits down to a meal that they’re being picky. Grazing can present a problem when the foods they are snacking on are processed and refined foods such as crackers, boxed cereals and cookies. When these nutritionally deplete snacks start to take the place of real foods its time to reassess when and what they are eating.
Don’t insist that they should be eating something they really don’t like. Everyone has their own specific likes and dislikes. Introduce foods in a calm easy-going attitude and celebrate when they try something new – even if they don’t like it! Try to be patient. Studies show that it can take up to 10 tries for some children to become familiar enough with the smell, taste and texture of something new. So keep revisiting foods that noses were turned up to in the past.
Children are eager to learn. Take them grocery shopping and teach them about the benefits of different foods as you shop. Once they have even a basic knowledge about nutrition ask their opinion on which are the healthiest foods to buy. Don’t forget to be a role model. Studies show that when mom and dad eat fruits and veggies so do their children.
Find out the foods that they like. Try to provide them with a couple of options before starting the meal. If their favourites aren’t high on the nutritional scale use it as a learning opportunity and try “cleaning up” those foods.
Our tastes are constantly changing and evolving. When children are involved in choosing, preparing and expressing their own thoughts and ideas about the foods they eat, even picky eaters can be healthy eaters. | <urn:uuid:16165632-20c4-4f3a-8b85-fa42d5e38254> | {
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The House of Nassau
The history of the house of Orange-Nassau is a little confusing because, the original Nassua-Dillenburg family on which the Orange-Nassau family is based became extinct in 1702 with the dead of Prince William II, grand-son of William of Orange. The line in The Netherlands was after 1702 continued through the Nassau-Dietssz family-line in the person of John William Friso (1687-1711), on this line the present Dutch Kingdom is based. The bloodline of the present Queen, Beatrix, is as far a descendent of William I of Orange as Alpha and Omega in the alphabet and is only in "name" a member of the Orange-Nassau family. The title Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau became after 1702 only a "ceremonial title" though denied by the Dutch Aristocracy and specially the Protestant Christian branch of the common Dutch people.
In accordance to the "Salic Law", still in use by Nobility in Germany and other Countries, the succession can only continue through the male line. In The Netherlands this law was already broken in 1702 when John William Friso was declared "Prince of Orange", from 1890 on until present day the family tree continued through the female line with Wilhelmina, Juliana and Beatrix, which is a "dead-sin" for nobility.
Origin of the Nassau family
The House of Nassau is a diversified aristocratic dynasty in Europe. It is named after the lordship associated with Nassau Castle, located in present-day Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The lords of Nassau were originally titled Count of Nassau, then elevated to the princely class as princely Counts. At the end of the Holy Roman Empire, they proclaimed themselves Duke of Nassau. All Dutch queens since 1890 and the Grand Dukes of Luxembourg since 1912 have been descended in the female line from the House of Nassau.
According to German tradition, the family name is passed only in the male line of succession. The house is therefore, from this perspective, extinct. However Dutch aristocratic customs (and Luxembourg's, which are based on the aforementioned) differ, and do not consider the House extinct.
The first ancestor
Around 950, the Lords of Lipporn obtained the Esterau (the area near present day Holzappel) from Herman I, Duke of Swabia. In 991, a Drutwin from Lipporn is mentioned as Count in the Königssondergau east of Wiesbaden.
Dudo-Henry of Larenburg (German: Dudo-Heinrich von Laurenburg) (born c.1060, died c.1123) was Count of Laurenburg in 1093 and is considered the founder of the House of Nassau. Probably with his father, Dudo built the castle of Laurenburg on the edge of the Esterau, located a few miles upriver from Nassau on the Lahn in 1080. This was sometime before 1093, because a "Comes Dudo de Lurenburch" is mentioned in founding charte of the Maria Laach Abbey, in fifth place of the witness list. Some historians, however, have claimed that this document was fabricated. He is later mentioned in a document from 1117 as the Vogt in Siegerland, having succeeded his father.
The House of Nassau would become an important aristocratic family in Germany, from which are descended the present-day rulers of the Netherlands and Luxembourg, though extinct respectively in 1890 and 1912.
For further reading : Lines colored in :
ORANGE = line from Dudo-Henry to William III, 1093 - 1702, straight Male succession.
YELLOW = line from Walram II to William IV, Grand Duke of Luxemburg, 1255 - 1912.
PINK = line from Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg to Henri, Grand Duke of Luxemburg, 1912 - present, Female succession.
Counts of Laurenburg
Dudo-Henry c.1060-c.1123), Count of Laurenburg 1093-1123, Count of Idstein 1122-1123
Count Dudo was the son of Robert (German: Ruprecht), the Archbishop of Mainz’s Vogt in Siegerland. It is presumed from their ancestral possessions in the Lipporn area that they were descendants of the Lords of Lipporn, who were mentioned as early as 881 in a document of Prüm Abbey as the owners of parts of the Lipporn-Laurenburg area. He was a supporter of the Salian emperors, opposing the Archbishops f Mainz, Cologne, and Trier and the Counts of Katzenelnbogen.
In 1122, Dudo received the castle of Idstein in the Taunus as a fief under the Archbishopric of Mainz. This was part of the inheritance of Count Udalrich of Idstein-Eppstein. He also received the Vogt-ship of the richly-endowed Benedictin Bleidenstadt Abbey (in present-day Taunusstein).
Dudo-Hery of Laurenburg married Anastasia of Arnstein an der Lahn (near present day Obernhof), daughter of Count Louis II of Arnstein (Anastasia, possibly as heiress to Louis II, had claims on the Vogtship of Koblenz), children :
- Robert (Ruprecht) I 1090-1154, Count of Nassau (1123-1154)
- Arnold I, Count of Laurenburg (1123-1148)
- Demudis, married Emich, Count of Diez
The chronology of the Counts of Laurenburg is not certain and the link between Robert I and Walram I is especially controversial. Also, some sources consider Gerhard, listed as co-Count of Laurenburg in 1148, to be the son of Robert I's brother, Arnold I.
The Counts of Laurenburg and Nassau expanded their authority under the brothers Robert I of Nassau (1123-1154) and Arnold I of Laurenburg (1123-1148). Robert was the first person to call himself Count of Nassau, but the title was not confirmed until 1159, five years after Robert's death.
Robert I of Nassau 1090-1154, Count of Nassau 1123-1154
Robert (Ruprecht) I of Nassau was from 1123 Count of Laurenburg and would later title himself the first Count of Nassau. Robert was the eldest son of Count Dudo-Henry of Laurenburg.
After 1120, Robert, ruled from Nassau Castle together with his brother Arnold I. In 1124, Robert became the Bishopric of Worms's Vogt over the Weilburg Diocese. He inherited this position from the Hessian Count Werner IV, Count of Gröningen. Idstein, which had come under the control of Count Dudo in 1122, was also added to this fief.
Through this, Robert was able to decisively expand the possessions of the House of Nassau. He gained, among other lands, the village of Dietsskirchen and established himself in the Haiger Mark. Along with numerous property and lordship rights in the Westerwald and Dill River region, Weilburg's territory included the former Königshof Nassau, which had fallen to Weilburg in 914. This did not, however, settle the dispute with the Bishop of Worms over the legality of constructing Nassau Castle.
When Robert I began calling himself Count of Nassau after the castle, the Worms Bishopric disputed the title. The title was only confirmed through the intervention of the Archbishop of Trier Hillin von Fallemanien in 1159, five years after Robert’s death, under his son Walram I.
In 1126, Robert endowed the Benedictine Schönau Abbey near Lipporn. The land had already in 1117 been donated by Count Dudo-Henry to Schaffhausen Abbey for construction of a monastery. Under Robert’s rule, from 1126 to 1145, the Romanesque buildings were constructed, presumably including a three-nave basilica. The Abbey included both a monastery for monks and a convent for nuns. From 1141 until her death in 1164 the abbey convent would be the home of St. Elizabeth of Schönau. Robert had continual disputes with several of his neighbors. He was a loyal follower of the Hohenstaufen Emperors. Robert died before May 13, 1154.
Before 1135, Rupert married Beatrix of Limburg (born c. 1115, deceased July 12, after 1164), daughter of Walram II the Pagan, Count of Limburg and Duke of Lower Lorraine, and Jutta of Guelders (daughter of Gerard I, Count of Guelders). Possibly as many as four, children were born of this union:
- Robert (Ruprecht) II, Count of Laurenburg, 1154-1158, died c.1159
- Arnold II, Count of Laurenburg, 1151-1154, died 1158
- Walram I, Count of Nassau (c.1146-1198)
Walram I 1146-1198, Count of Nassau 1154-1198
Walram (Valéran) I of Nassau was the first legally-titled Count of Nassau. Walram was the younger son of Count Robert I of Nassau. Robert I had ruled from Nassau Castle, together with his brother Arnold I, since about 1120. Originally titled Count of Laurenburg.
When his father died Walram was only seven years. Therefore, he initially shared the rule with his older brother Robert (Ruprecht) II, who died c.1159. After Robert II’s death, he shared power with his cousins, Henry (Heinrich) I and Robert (Ruprecht) III and Arnold I of Laurenburg (both sons of Robert I’s brother). After Henry and Robert’s deaths in 1167 and 1191, respectively, Walram reigned alone until 1198.
Although the Vogtship of Weilburg, with its numerous property and lordship rights in the Westerwald and Dill River region, had given Robert I a loose connection between his seat on the lower Lahn and his distant position in the Siegerland, Walram was able to create a solid land bridge in about the middle of the 12th century. He received the Herborner Mark, the Kalenberger Znt (including Mengerskirchen, Beilstein, and Nenderoth, the second two now being parts of Greifenstein), and the Court of Heimau (including Driedorf and Löhnberg) as a fief from the Thüringen-Hessian Landgraviate.
The same period may also have brought the Lordship of the Westerwald (including Marienberg, Neukirch, and Emmerichenhain, now part of Rennerod). Walram also bought the Vogtship of Koblenz and Ems. To the south of his possessions, Walram took over partial rule of the Einrichgau, later-named the Vierherrengericht (Four Lords’ Jurisdiction), with its main town of Marienfels. This had been part of the former Countship of Arnstein. The last Count of Arnstein, Ludwig III, had no heir and had converted his castle of Arnstein into a monastery, Arnstein Abbey, near present-day Obernhof, east of Nassau.
On entering the monastery himself in 1139/1140, he had transferred control of Marienfels to his cousin Reginbold of Isenburg. In 1160, Reginbold sold it jointly to his cousins, the Counts of Nassau and Katzenelnbogen. The Nassau Counts were able to claim part of the inheritance through the marriage of their ancestor Count Drutwin IV of Laurenburg with one of the seven daughters of Count Ludwig of Arnstein.
Walram became affiliated with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarrossa in the Peace of the Rhine Country in 1179. He placed his lands under the immediate suzerainty of the German king, rather than remaining a vassal of the archbishop of Trier. He would remain a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen Emporers. Walram's close ties with the imperial house were rewarded with Königshof Wiesbaden. At about the same time, he also received possession of the game rights in the forests of the Rheingau (a fief of the Archbishopric of Mainz), so that his rule extended over the Taunus, south to the Middle Rhine. Walram had ongoing feuds with the neighboring houses of Eppstein, Solms, and Katzenelnbogen.
With his cousin Robert III, Walram went to the Third Crusade (1189-1190). Walram and Robert were part of Frederick I’s delegation set ahead to Constantinople to prepare for the arrival of the German troops. While Frederick had earlier received promises of cooperation from Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, the delegation was initially snubbed and then actually held as hostages by the Emperor.
After Robert's death in the Holy Land, Walram became the Vogt of Siegerland. Walram played a role in the formation of the Teutonic Order in Acre. His son, Robert (Roprecht) IV, would later join the Teutonic Knights. Walram I died on February 1, 1198. He is buried in Arnstein Abbey.
Walram married Kunigunde (probably Kunigunde of Ziegenhain, daughter of Count Poppo II of Nidda, on November 8 (year unknown). Her death date is also unknown but she was still alive on March 20, 1198. children:
- Henry (Heinrich) II, the Rich, Count of Nassau (1180-1251)
- Robert (Ruprecht) IV, Count of Nassau(1198-1230) and Teutonic Knight (1230-1240)
- Beatrix of Laurenburg, a nun in Affoderbach Abbey in Miehlen (a town owned by Laurenburg-Nassau since 1132)
Counts and Co-Counts of Laurenburg (c.1093-1159)
|Dudo-Henry||c.1060-c.1123||son of Robert (Ruprecht), the Archbishop of Mainz’s Vogt in Siegerland|
|Robert (Ruprecht) I||1123-1154||son of Dudo-Henry|
|to Walram I (1154-1198) of the House of Nassau|
|Arnold I||1123-1148||co-Count, son of Dudo-Henry|
|Gerhard||1148||co-Count, son of Arnold I|
|Arnold II||1151-1154||co-Count, son of Robert I|
|Robert II||1154-1159||son of Robert I|
Counts of Laurenburg-Nassau 1154-1255
Though actually Walram I was the first Count o Nassau, Henry II is mentioned as the first official Count.
Henry II the Rich 1190-1251, Count of Nassau 1198-1247
Henry II the Rich (Heinrich II der Reiche, in Dutch Hendrik II de Rijke) was the eldest son of Count Walram I of Nassau. Upon his father’s death in 1198, Henry succeeded him at the age of eight as Count of Nassau. He shared the reign with his younger brother, Robert IV, until 1239.
In the politics of the Holy Roman Empire, Henry was generally a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen emperors. However, between 1209 and 1211, he backed the rival Otto IV of Brunswick as emperor, before reverting sides to support Frederick II. Between 1212 and 1214, he held prisoner Frederick's (an his own) opponent, the Archbishop of Trier Theodoric II (also known as Dietssrich of Wied).
Towards the end of the 12th century, his father Walram I had been able to strengthen his power on the lower Lahn. As part of the inheritance of the Counts of Arnstein, he succeeded them as the Archbishopric of Trier's Vogt in Koblenz, Pfaffendorf (now a borough of Koblenz), Niederlahnstein, and Humbach (Montabaur). However, by the 1230s Trier's influence near the Rhine and Lahn had strengthened enough to oust Nassau from the majority of the Archbishopric's vogtships.
The Archbishop had reinforced Montabaur around 1217 in order to protect his possessions on the right bank of the Rhine from Nassau. Henry's father had received the Königshof Wiesbaden from Emperor Frederick I in reward for his support of the emperor in the conflicts of 1170-1180. Nassau’s possessions in this area were expanded around 1214 when Henry received the Imperial Vogtship (Reichsvogtei) over Wiesbaden and the surrounding Königssondergau, which he held as fiefdoms.
In about 1200, Henry, together with his brother Robert IV, began building Sonnenberg Castle on a spur of Spitzkippel peak in the Taunus above Wiesbaden. This was intended for protection against the Archbishopric of Mainz and its vassals, the Lords of Eppstein, who held the lands bordering Wiesbaden. However, the cathedral chapter of St. Martin in Mainz claimed Sonnenberg as their own. To settle the dispute, Nassau paid 30 Marks to the cathedral chapter in 1221 to acquire the land of Sonnenberg Castle. Henry was also forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Archbishops of Mainz over Sonnenberg, taking the castle as a fief of Mainz.
In 1224, Henry found support from the Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert II, who made Henry his Marschall (chief military officer) and Schenk (an honorary title that originally meant "cup-bearer"). However, in exchange for his protection from the Archbishops of Mainz and Trier, Henry had to cede half of Siegen to Cologne. Unaffected by this division of rule, however, Nassau retained its sovereign rights in the region surrounding Siegen, where the important High Jurisdiction (hohe Gerichtsbarkeit) and Game Ban (Wildbann) explicitly survived to 1259.
In 1231, Henry attended the Reichstag at Worms and in 1232 was at Emperor Frederick II's imperial assembly in Ravenna. Henry’s brother, Robert IV, had joined the Teutonic Order in 1230. On his death in 1239, Robert bequeathed his legacy to the Order. Henry continuously disputed any division of his realm with the Teutonic Order. Henry also held the Upper Vogtship over the Diocese of St. George in Limburg an der Lahn during the construction of the Limburg Cathedral.
In 1239 he transferred, at the request of his vassal Friedrich of Hain, the income of the Netphen parishes to the Premonstratensian Keppel Abbey near Hilchenbach. His descendants took over the patronage of the monastery. In 1247, he supported the election of Anti-King William II of Holland, who confirmed all of Henry’s imperial possessions and gave him the right to mint money. Henry's policies in the Herborner Mark angered the local aristocratic families.
Around 1240, Henry II built Dillenburg Castle to better subjugate the dissidents. By 1248, the century-long Dernbacher Feud had already begun, involving Hesse as well in the context of the War of the Thuringian Succession.(an over one-hundred year long (c. 1230-1333)ongoing dispute between the House of Nassau, several knightly families, and the Landgrave of Hesse).
Henry died on January 25, 1251, after having abdicated in 1247 in favor of his son Otto I.
Before 1221, Henry married Matilda of Guelders (German: Mathilde von Geldern; died after 1247), daughter of Otto I, Count of Guelders and Zutphen and Richardis of Bavaria (herself daughter of Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria). Eleven children were born, including :
- Walram II of Nassau (c.1220-1276)
- Robert (Ruprecht) V, died January 19, before 1247 - fought Diez and Ober-Lahnstein on behalf of the Archbishop of Trier, was a Knight of the Teutonic Order
- Henry (Heinrich), became a monk in Arnstein Abbey in 1247 (died May 28, year unknown)
- Otto I of Nassau, born c.1224 (reigned jointly with his elder brother Walram II until 1255. After this time the brothers separated the County, Otto became Count of Nassau in Dillenburg, Hadamar, Siegen, Herborn and Beilstein (1255-1290)
- Elizabeth (born c.1225, married Gerhard III, Lord of Eppstein (died c.1250). Her death date is reported variously as "after January 6 or March 6, 1295 or in 1306
- Gerhard, mentioned in a charter from November 21 1259, archdeacon of Kempen, canon of St. Lambert in Liege, dean of the cathedral chapter of Our Lady in Maastricht, Aachen Cathedral, and St. Walburg in Tiel, buried in Aachen. His death date is reported variously as May 2 or 4, 1311
- John I (Jan van Nassau), c.1230-1309, Bishop-Elect of Utrecht (1267–1290), died July 13, 1309 in Deventer and was buried at St. Lebuinuskerk Deventer
- Catherine (Katharina) (born 1227), became Abbess of Altenburg Abbey in Wetzlar in 1249. Her death date is reported variously as April 27 or 29, 1324.
- Jutta (d.1313), married c.1260 to Johann I of Cuijk (Jan I van Cuijk), Lord of Merum (now part of Roermond, d.1308)
Counts of Laurenburg-Nassau 1154-1255
|Walram I||1154-198||son of Robert I, was the first to be legally Count of Nassau|
|Henry I||1158-1167||co-Count, son of Arnold I, died in Rome during the August 1167 epidemic (after the Battle of Monte Porzio)|
|Robert III||1160-1191||co-Count, the Bellico, the Bellicose, son of Arnold I|
|Henry II, the Rich||1198-1247||son of Walram I|
|Robert IV||1198-1230||co-Count, son of Walram I, from 1230-1240 Knight of the Teutonic Order.|
The Great division of 1255
Walram II and Otto I, divided the Nassau lands between themselves on December 17, 1255. This first division of the Nassau Countries was later known as the “Great division.” This began the separate Walramian and Ottonian lines of the House of Nassau. Both lines would often themselves be divided over the next few centuries.
The Walramian line
Walram II began the Countship of Nassau-Weilburg-Wiesbaden-Idstein, which existed to 1816. The Walramian line received the lordship of Merenberg in 1328 and Saarbrücken (by marriage) in 1353. The sovereigns of this house afterwards governed the Duchy of Nassau until 1866 and was continued from 1890 by the branch of Nassau-Weilburg as Grand Duchy in Luxembourg. The succession by the male line became extinct in 1912, but the line continued by the female line until present.
The Ottonian line
Otto I began the Countship of Nassau-Dillenburg-Hademar-Siegen-Herborn-Beilstein, which existed to 1890. The descendants of Otto I became known as the Ottonian Line, which would inherit parts of Nassau in France and the Lowlands. The succession by the male line became extinct in 1890, but in The Netherlands the line was continued by females until present.
|Otto I||1247-1255||from 1255-1290 Count of Nassau in Dillenburg, Hadamar, Siegen, Herborn and Beilstein|
|Walram II||1249-1255||from 1255-1276 Count of Nassau in Wiesbaden, Idstein, and Weilburg|
The descendants of Walram II became known as the Walramian Line, which became important for the Duke ship of Nassau and Luxembourg.
The Walramian A Line 1255-1912
Counts of Nassau in Wiesbaden, Idstein, and Weilburg 1255-1344
|Adolf||1276-1298||crowned King of Germany in 1292|
|Walram III||1298-1324||Count of Nassau in Wiesbaden, Idstein, and Weilnau|
|Gerlach I||1298-1344||Count of Nassau in Wiesbaden, Idstein, Weilburg, and Weilnau|
Counts of Nassau-Weilburg 1344-1816
Counts of Weilburg 1344-1688
|Philipp I||1371-1429||from 1381 Count of Saarbrücken|
|Louis II||1593-1625||Count of Nassau-Weilburg and in Ottweiler, Saarbrücken, Wiesbaden, and Idstein|
|Ernst Casimir||1625-1655||Not to be confused with Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietssz.|
Princely Counts of Nassau-Weilburg 1688-1816
|Charles Christian||1753-1788||Married on 5 March 1760 Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (1743-1787), daughter of William IV, Prince of Orange|
|Frederick William||1788-1816||From 1806 Prince of Nassau|
|William (Wilhelm)||1816-1839||Prince of Nassau-Weilburg and Duke of Nassau|
|Nassau-Weilburg merged into Duchy of Nassau|
Dukes of Nassau 1816-1866
|Adolf||1839-1866||Duke of Nassau-Weiburg, became Grand Duke of Luxembourg in 1890|
|Annexed by Prussia 1866|
In 1866, Prussia annexed the Duchy of Nassau as the Duke had been an ally of Austria in the Second Austro-Prussian War. In 1890, Duke Adolf would become Grand Duke Adolphe of Luxembourg.
Grand Dukes of Luxemboug (from the House of Nassau-Weilburg) - 1890-Present
|Adolphe (Adolf)||1890–1905||Duke of Nassau until 1866|
|William IV||1905–1912||Left no male heir|
|Marie-Adélaïde||1912–1919||The first female|
From a morganatic marriage, contracted in 1868, descends a family, Count of Merenberg, which in 1907 was declared non-dynastic. Had they not been excluded from the succession, they would have inherited the headship of the house in 1912.
The Walramian B Line 1344-1816, Counts of Nassau-Wiesbaden and Idstein
Counts of Wiesbaden-Idstein 1344-1775
|Adolf I||1344-1370||co-Count of assau, Count of Wiesbaden-Idtein|
|Philipp II||1558-1566||Count of Nassau-Idstein|
|Balthasar||1566-1568||Count of Nassau-Idstein|
|Johann Ludwig I||1568-1596||co-Count|
|Johann Ludwi II||1596-1605|
|Johann||1625-1677||Count of Nassau-Idstein, and (from 1651) inWiesbaden, Sonnenberg, Wehen, Bug-Schwalbach and Lahr|
|Georg Augut Samuel||1677-1721||Prince of Nassu-Saarbrücken-Idstein 1688-1721|
|Friedrich Ludwig||1721-1728||Count o Nassau-Ottweiler (1680-1728), and in Rixingen (1703-28), and in Wiesbaden, Idstein, etc (1721-28)|
|Karl||1735-1775||Left no male heir|
Counts of Saarbrücken 1429-1799
|John Louis I||1472-1545|
|Louis II||1602-1625||Count of Saarbrücken and Ottweiler|
|Wilhelm Ludwig||1625-1640||Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken and Ottweiler|
|Johann Ludwig||1640-1690||Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken and (1659-80) in Ottweiler, Jungenheim, and Wцllstein|
|Ludwig Kraft||1677-1713||co-Count until 1690|
|Heinrich Ludwig||1794-1799||He had no heir, only a daughter, Marie Françoise de St. Maurice princess of Montbarey 1761-1838|
Counts of Usingen 1659-1816
|Friedrich August||1803-1816||He had no heir, only a daughter, Luise princess of Waldeck| | <urn:uuid:5a9f9526-56d1-4aea-b3df-9680753070a2> | {
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William Pidzamecky from the University of Nottingham’s Centre for the Study of the Viking Age is a Canadian PhD student whose ancestors hail from Ukraine in Eastern Europe and he’s on a mission to examine the country’s largely unexplored Viking heritage.
His recent expedition to Ukraine with a team of colleagues from Nottingham and writer and TV archaeologist Cat Jarman didn’t disappoint. Their findings shed new light on a Viking fort and settlement 50 miles south of Kiev about which little is known, as William explains in his own account of the expedition:
‘It’s a dream for anyone fascinated by the Vikings to get the chance to take part in excavations in Ukraine as there is so much we don’t know and so much to discover about the ancient Scandinavian footprint in this beautiful country.
Searching for Vikings
Our target for further exploration this summer was the Chernihiv Viking Age ‘Rus’ settlement just outside the village of Vypovziz in the province of Chernihiv. The Vikings started moving south from Scandinavia to Ukraine in the late 9thcentury and this settlement of about one square kilometre dates from that period. Its heyday however was from the early to late 10thcentury before it was burned down, possibly in connection with a fight between the Grand Prince of Kiev and the Prince of Chernihiv.
The Vikings built a fort or citadel on a suitable area of land near a river and it’s similar to the Viking site in Repton, Nottinghamshire that was settled close to the river Trent. The Scandinavian invaders would have been in the fortified area as the garrison force, and the local Slavic population would have made up the open settlement around it. The Vikings gradually took over the Slavic tribal units who were not as organised. The Primary Chronicle, a 12th century Rus document, shows that it differed from tribe to tribe whether they submitted willingly or unwillingly. It even describes later Slavic revolts against later Rus’ princes.
Vypovziv was established to protect trade along the river route to Constantinople and was part of a vast network of Scandinavian centres stretching from Ladoga in the north, to Kiev and Byzantium in the south. The site is very important to scholars in mapping the expansion of the Vikings into Eastern Europe during the formation of the ancient Rus government of the region.
Having joined a previous archaeological dig on the site in 2018 I was very keen to lead a second excavation this summer, but this time using western digging methods to extend the excavations on an unexplored area on the central plain. Over a two-week period in July we were able to identify several phases of building and habitation based on dating of the finds and layering of ovens. Not only did this confirm continual habitation from the beginning to the end of the site’s existence but also has completely reshaped the interpretation of the site.
Initially, it was believed that the inhabitants only occupied the fringes of the terrace but now it seems that the open settlement stretched across the entire area. Importantly, this means that the population would have been much larger than first estimated.
You can’t put your trowel in the ground without finding at least five different things. The site is absolutely packed with objects and the sandy soil means high levels of preservation of ancient artefacts embedded in it. One day’s digging produced more stuff than we could catalogue on that day. We were excited to uncover some notable artefacts including the first ever woodworking axe on the site, a rare piece of antler with Borre style decoration, a silver acorn pendant, a silver Arabic Dirham dating to 805-903, worked antler/bone tools, a variety of knives, as well as a selection of glass beads.
The Ukrainian team from the Chernihiv Collegium were at the site at the same time and focused on investigating the port zone to identify the berths, docks and wooden objects from the structures as well as digging test trenches in order to find the 10thcentury burial mounds connected with the settlement.
Life on Site
We were there for two weeks this summer and we stayed on site in tents. Living conditions were fairly basic since it was essentially camping in the wilderness. There was a small village nearby which had a store and there were vehicles available for transportation to the nearest mid-sized town. We ate at a large table with benches outside. Meals were prepared by the Ukrainian team and we mostly ate pasta, buckwheat stew, and meat with potatoes. They were very good in accommodating any dietary requirements. We would bathe in the local river which after a long hot day was very refreshing. Solar camping showers were also available. We would get up at 7am and start work at 8am. We took a snack break at 12 and then had lunch at 3pm followed by dinner at 7pm. Our group generally continued working until 5pm. Digging and sifting were very labour intensive and required regular breaks for water.
During the digging itself, for the most part you simply focus on making sure that you trowel back at the appropriate depth as evenly as possible. You chat with the people around you while occasionally being pleasantly surprised when you find something other than pottery, small shards of bone, or ceramic building material. There is always a sense of anticipation, especially after the metal detector goes over the site and you happen to have something in your small section of the trench. The feeling of finding something important is always special. You feel super excited and even giddy while you show your discovery to everyone around you. I personally love being an archaeologist because it allows me to interact with the past in a very tactile way and I love digging up new and exciting things.
Cultural differences in excavation
There are big differences in how the Ukrainians and we, their British guests, work. The Ukrainian team use a grid system where they set up 1m by 1m squares inside their trench and calculate spacial positions of finds and stratigraphy (the changes in soil layers) that way. Our team used a different system which divided the trench up into contexts which are usually demarcated by a change in soil colour/texture/type. These can be much larger or smaller than 1m by 1m squares and are usually amorphous but do allow for a whole feature to be excavated at the same time without items from other contexts interfering. We tend to use smaller trowels and the Ukrainians use larger shovels before sifting. At the end of the day, however, the results are very similar.
We catalogue all our finds in a database since we are not allowed to take them with us. This involves weighing them, counting them, and taking pictures if they are important. All the finds, including the ones the Ukrainian team found, are then collected and stored by the Ternosky Museum in Chernihiv.
The goal for the future is to make this excavation trip to Ukraine an annual enterprise which will solidify academic relations between Ukrainian and Western European scholars. Hopefully, next year we will be able to bring in some ground penetrating radar and LIDAR to get a better idea of the layout of the site and any structures or burials lying beneath the soil. | <urn:uuid:69ac5773-bb95-4e28-870a-692354193744> | {
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Collaboration within Megaprojects
Projects across the globe range in size and value. While some projects are focused within local communities, some projects are extremely large-scale international investments. Although the fundamentals of project management apply to most plans, a project’s size is likely to translate into a number of factors that influence the way we perform project management. Project management and managers often have to evolve their skills to reflect the sheer size of the project they are working on. Large-scale, or ‘megaprojects’ that are under-development all around the world all rely on the ability of project managers to collaborate with a wide variety of people, companies, industries and countries in order to achieve the desired outcome.
A megaproject is defined as a project that costs more than $1 billion, and these tend to attract a lot of public attention due to their substantial impacts on communities, environments and budgets. These developments commonly include aerospace projects, rail projects, bridge and tunnel projects, science projects, spaceflight projects, planned cities and urban renewal projects. The size and cost of these projects draw large amount of attention to their successes and failures. Such developments give project managers a huge amount of responsibility and pressure.
One project that is currently under development is the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project. This megaproject is perhaps one of the most ambitious in the world. The project is a state-sponsored industrial development project of the Government of India, with a forecasted cost of $100 billion. The project is aimed at developing industrial zones spanning across six states in India. The objectives of the project are to spur the economic development in the region and develop a number of different industries. It is the biggest infrastructure project that India has attempted throughout its history.
In order to build smart cities and industrial areas along with rail, road, port and air connectivity, the project will need to encompass and collaborate with a number of different industries. Developing all of these major industry areas will need excellent and continuous communication between managers, architects and developers. The fact that each of these industries is being developed between six different states only increases the project management challenges.
International collaboration must also be taken into consideration when hypothesising the success of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project. To kick-start the implementation phase of the project, Japan has contributed $9 billion in funding to support the early stages. As major investors, project managers are obliged to collaborate continually with Japan as the project develops. Foreign investment means crucial funding for many megaprojects under development around the world. By efficiently communicating with foreign investors, megaprojects can continue to run without the threat of funding being pulled or budgets being cut. This is a mistake that many projects have made in the past.
The urbanisation of India has been apparent over the past couple of decades. The statistics are expected to show that 40.76% of Indians will be living in urban areas by 2030, up from 31.16% in 2011. Such urbanisation will cause huge stress in the cities, which are already suffering under poor infrastructure support. The new world-class cities being developed will be superior to the current cities, and their development will provide employment to three million Indian nationals. Successful projects rely on collaboration and communication with those that the projects aim to support. Understanding the needs of the Indian people throughout this project is just as crucial as collaborating and communicating with others within the project delivery team itself.
While many factors will contribute to the success of a megaproject, collaboration is relied upon heavily. No project is an island – project managers will seek both internal and external means and services in order for a project to succeed. A megaproject that does not collaborate with a wide variety of people and organisations is likely to fail. | <urn:uuid:77b1dc6c-4fb1-464a-b869-9f5b3c6bea13> | {
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And on today’s “Fun with functions” … I’ll explain how to ruin a dinner party with a maths joke:
“There are two types of people the world: those who don’t understand my humour”.
— Mike Haseler (@scotpolitik) February 14, 2018
It is often said that any joke that has to be explained is ruined. However in this case, that might be the joke. So, to add to the excruciating nature of the joke here is my explanation.
There is another joke that goes:
“There are 10 types of people in the world, those that understand binary and those who don’t”.
That of course is what is being referred to by the “two types of people”. However, note that to accurately reflect the original joke it would need to be 10 types of people. That is why this is such a classic. Because you could use the “10” types of people for any base and have three groups:
“there are those who understand binary, those who don’t, and those who know there are more bases than binary and decimal”.
And of course, the number of possible groups can be extended even further … indeed up to an infinite base.
However a base 1 joke is unique. Because there is only one number in a base one number system and that number is obviously zero.
So, clearly, we could have the joke of the form:
“There are 10 groups of people in the world: those who don’t understand base 1″.
That then fits the general patten of 10 jokes. Thus the humour in this joke is that “two” spelt out as a word does not work. It is clearly wrong – the teller was so bad at jokes they couldn’t even tell it properly. But then again, the pun on “10” only works when written not when spoken. And “those that don’t understand my humour” is only one group. So, the statement is clearly right, because how can anyone understand a joke that is palpably based on false logic and utterly wrong.
And that is the joke …
Which then, when you get it, makes the statement that there is only one group of people false … and it stops being funny.
No, No, No!
Sorry … just kidding!
The real joke is that’s its a a pun on function and dinner part and that the idea that anyone who thought the joke was funny would be invited to a dinner party in the first place. | <urn:uuid:c3599faa-859d-4743-bd43-d869cf57f7ff> | {
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COUNTDOWN TO ROAD TO BERLIN: THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN GALLERY
The Italian Campaign gallery tells the story of the Allies’ mainland assault on Europe’s “soft underbelly,” which turned into a hard, deadly slog consuming many months. American forces and their allies achieved the surrender of Italian leaders – who, amid political turmoil and confusion, switched sides and declared war on Germany. Progress was slow, mainly because of Italy’s mountainous terrain and rain that created an infamous amount of mud. The campaign’s strategic benefits were unclear, but it succeeded in tying up German war machine resources. The war of attrition in Italy was marked by courageous fighting by Japanese-American and African-American segregated units, and by controversy over orders to bomb the mountaintop monastery Monte Cassino, wrongly believed to be a German observation post.
The Italian Campaign gallery will include five major exhibits: Invasion of the Italian Peninsula, Fighting up the Peninsula, Anzio, Liberation of Rome, and Fight for the Gothic Line. These exhibits will employ an array of artifacts, interactive displays, and audio visual presentations to capture visitors’ imaginations and bring the history of the war in Italy to life. Visitors will hear about soldiers’ experiences in their own words through oral histories which recount battles and everyday life in the war. The exhibits will communicate both the broad strategic complexity of warfare and the individual bravery and leadership of the service members who took part in it. The Italian Campaign gallery will strengthen the visitors’ understanding of the efforts in Italy, and its significant contribution to Allied victory in World War II.
Donor Spotlight- Mr. and Mrs. David M. Knott
The Italian Campaign gallery has been made possible through a generous gift from Mr and Mrs. David M. Knott. Mrs. Virginia Commander Knott grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and Mr. David Knott was born in Manhattan, New York. At the age of three and a half, David moved to his grandfather’s house in Garden City, Long Island. The two met at the Bronx Zoo. David had a blind date that day, who wound up arriving with her boyfriend. “That was a sign,” David shared. Virginia, also known as Ginny, was also supposed to have a blind date that day, but didn’t care for him. Given their circumstances, David suggested that the two of them go to the zoo together. “It was called survival,” Ginny shared, “and it worked!” The two now live in a little town called Mill Neck, New York.
Both David and Ginny’s fathers served in WWII. Ginny’s father, R.C. “Charlie” Commander, was a 2nd Lieutenant in the Army Infantry in WWII. He served in the Pacific Theater of the War with the 32nd Infantry Division out of Wisconsin, which also became known as the Red Arrow Division.
David’s father, David Hurst Knott, Jr., was a Lieutenant in the Infantry and served in the Italian campaign of WWII. He was killed two weeks before war in Europe ended. David was only a couple of months old at the time.
Former Museum Board Chairman David Voelker, a good friend of David and his brother, George, solicited David to become involved with The National WWII Museum. David joined the Museum’s Board of Trustees in 2002 and he served on the board for 7 years. During his time on the board, he served as Chair of the Investment Committee and served on the Finance, Trusteeship and Capital Campaign committees. President & CEO Dr. Gordon H. “Nick Mueller” shared that David, “was a valued trustee who brought his passion and wisdom to our Board leadership. He helped us transition from The National D-Day Museum to The National WWII Museum.”
After David joined the board, he and Ginny knew that they wanted to make a financial commitment. They chose to support and name the Italian Campaign gallery because this important aspect of the WWII story “obviously affected my [David’s] family.”
David’s fondest memory of the Museum was when he met WWII veteran Harold Baumgarten and hearing his remarkably heroic story. Dr. Baumgarten was among the first wave of soldiers who landed with Higgins Boats on the beaches for the Normandy Invasion on D-Day. Once Harold landed on the shores of Normandy, a shell exploded and he was hit by a large piece of shrapnel. This removed the lower part of his jaw. He was then shot three more times as he was coming up the beach, only to then step on a land mine. He didn’t stop going up the beach until he collapsed from loss of blood and was taken into a hospital. Today, Dr. Baumgarten lives in Jacksonville, Florida and attended the recent 70th Anniversary of the Allied Invasion in Normandy.
Ginny ‘s favorite part of the Museum is the Oral History collection. “Stephen Ambrose and his son, Hugh Ambrose, took so much time to get those Oral Histories recorded before these veterans pass away. These first person accounts are very powerful.”
The National WWII Museum is grateful for David’s leadership on the board and for David and Ginny’s strong show of support for the Road to Victory capital campaign. We feel fortunate to be able to honor the service of their fathers and our other heroic WWII veterans here at The National WWII Museum.
Harold Baumgarten’s Oral History is part of the Museum’s online Digital Archives. Click here to watch his moving story.
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Four Johns Hopkins undergraduate engineering students have designed and built a remote-controlled robotic vehicle to find deadly land mines in rugged terrain and mark their location with a spray of paint. The prototype has been given to professional explosive detection researchers as a model for a low-cost robot that humanitarian groups and military troops could use to prevent mine-related deaths and injuries.
The project resulted from a challenge to the students by Carl V. Nelson, a principal staff physicist at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Nelson had developed new sensors to help detect land mines, but he needed a device to carry these sensors into areas of thick vegetation where explosives are often hidden. He presented his requirements last fall to a team of students enrolled in the two-semester Engineering Design Project course offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins.
"I asked the students to develop a vehicle that could get off the road, off the clear paths and go into rougher terrain like bushes and high grass, where mine detection would be difficult to do by hand," Nelson said.
The need for such a device was clear. Nelson pointed to a United Nations
estimate that more than 100 million land mines are deployed in 70 countries
worldwide, planted during military conflicts dating back as far as World
War II. The cheap but highly dangerous devices can be set off by civilians
as well as soldiers, and more than 2,000 people are killed or maimed by
mine explosions each month, the United Nations estimates. Nelson is one
of many researchers looking for safe, efficient and relatively inexpensive
ways to locate the hazards.
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The Secret of the Universe, by Nathan R. Wood, , at sacred-texts.com
The Challenge of the FactsThe first demand, and its astonishing answerThe Equation of the UniverseThe second demand"An invention?""A speculation?""A tendency?"The third demandThe Axioms of the Being of GodThe Vast Demand of the UniverseNot a philosophy of God but a philosophy of the universeThe Test of the FactsThe Challenge of Absolute PrecisionThe Converging MethodsThe Three Sublime Conclusions.
All that we have been doing is, as we have said, the common method of science. The method is well-known. First, you correlate the facts.
Then, you seek an explanation of them.
In that search you find a hypothesis which seems to fit and explain the facts.
Then you carefully compare the facts with the hypothesis, to see whether they agree with and confirm that explanation.
This is what we have done.
We got together the elemental facts of the universe. We found a remarkable triunity in them.
We sought the explanation.
We found a similar Triunity attributed to the God of the Universe.
It was a mighty hypothesis. It was where it ought to be, in the God who is the Cause and Ground of the universe. It was found in the Bible, which tells so much
else about God to which the human heart has assented. It was a hypothesis supported by the testimony of millions of the most thoughtful men and women of the race, who claim daily experience of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. It is the experience of Dante and Shakespeare, of Newton, Kelvin, and Pasteur, of Beethoven and Bach, of Michelangelo and Leonardo, of Charlemagne and Alfred, of Hampden, Cromwell and Gladstone, of Washington and Lincoln. It is an experience in no way contradicted by those who have never had it but have never sought to have it.
With this mighty hypothesis seemingly fitting the facts, we sought corroboration. We did it by the most exact, minute comparison. We found perfect corroboration, flawless and complete. It was where it ought to be, in the structure of the universe. We found it at every possible point of that structure. It was truly a most extraordinary likeness of such a Triune Creator.
In Space, the universe showed an absolute likeness of unity, of threeness, and of three modes of being in that Divine Triunity.
In Matter it showed yet more, extending into remarkable detail.
In Time, the universe showed a complete likeness of everything in that Triunity except three centres of consciousness.
In human life the universe showed a remarkable likeness of every detail of such Triunity, including even those three Divine centres of consciousness.
We had said, "If God is Three in One,Father, Son and Holy Spirit, as Jesus and the New Testament and the experience of Christians in all ages and lands present Him to us, it will be corroborated and reflected in
[paragraph continues] His universe." We found that it is so corroborated, "beyond all that we could ask or think."
There is no real question as to the validity of this method of hypothesis and corroboration, when the hypothesis obviously first fits the facts, when it is supported by the personal experience of millions of honest and thoughtful witnesses, and when the hypothesis, finally, is universally and minutely corroborated by a comparison with all the facts. In science such a hypothesis so corroborated becomes a law.
Yet there is a still more vital way of handling the facts. That way is to begin again with the data, and to let the logic of universal facts carry us directly to their own conclusion, whatever it may be. That can be done, where the facts are universal and in complete unity, and where the mind which considers them is a candid one.
For this one must put aside one's preconceived ideas, or one's prejudices, or what one has been taught, or what one has been teaching, and gaze upon realities only.
May we do this now?
Here are the common facts of the world about us. They are so great, so universal, that we cannot wholly grasp them. But they are so simple, so broad, so self-evident, that we cannot for an instant reject them. Here are the facts which together make up the structure and substance of the universe.
Here first are the facts of space. They are self-evident. Height, length and breadth, with all their characteristics
and relations, as we have sketched them, are evident to all who will think about them. No one can dream of questioning them. They are so evident, that they are the basis of the exact science of geometry.
Here also are the facts of matter as we have seen them. Here is the whole structure of matter, in energy, motion and phenomena. They and all their characteristics and relations, as we have recounted them, are self-evident. No one will question them. They are the basis of all modern science.
Here further are the facts of time as we have seen them. Here is the whole being of time, in future, present and past. Those three elements in time, with all their distinctions and relations, are self-evident. No one will question them. They are basic in all human thinking and human experience.
Now we go further.
Through all these universal facts which compose the physical universe there runs a remarkable triunity. They are each of them a remarkable triunity. They are the same kind of triunity. All of them together constitute a universal triunity, a tremendous and unescapable fact, the whole structure of the physical universe.
Now we look from the physical universe into human existence. We find a remarkable thing. We find that exactly such a triunity is here, also. We all know certain broad and simple facts which include the entire structure of human life. No one can question them, or question the self-evident distinctions and relations expressed in the simple, universal words "nature," "person" and "personality." Human life is exactly such a triunity as the physical universe is. Whether one values
them or not, whether one sees in them a higher meaning or not, these are the absolute facts.
We face, therefore, a further great fact, a yet more universal one. No one can question the self-evident likeness to each other which runs through all these things which are the structure and substance of the universe of space, matter, time and human existence. They need only to be put side by side. A strange, universal triunity of height, length and breadth, of energy, motion and phenomena, of future, present and past, of nature, person and personality, is visible. It is the very being of all these things. It is so exactly alike in all these forms, so complete, so flawless, that it is identity in terms of space, matter, time and human existence. This universal, common triunity, once pointed out, is evident to anyone who knows anything of space, or matter, or time, or human life.
These are the facts. What shall we say of this structure of the universe? This general triunity in all things requires an explanation. It demands a reason. So great and universal a phenomenon cannot be dismissed by any student of the physical world or of human life. There must be an explanation, if this is an orderly universe.
And that it is an orderly universe is the first principle of all science.
There must then be a cause and explanation of this universal triunity. It must be a great and universal cause. Nothing less is possible. Something in the common cause of space, matter, time and men must be the common cause of this triunity.
There is but one common cause of space, matter, time and men. Whatever methods one may uphold,
there is but one common cause. That cause is God. He is the Cause of the universe.
This universal triunity in space, matter, time and men demands an explanation, then, in the Cause of the universe. It demands a cause in God. And by this we mean, of course, not an arbitrary or accidental cause, but a deep and basic cause, in God.
With this demand of the universal triunity presenting itself from all directions, we come to another Fact.
Jesus of Nazareth and the New Testament present exactly such a cause in God as the universal triunity demands.
For the Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit there presented is an absolute counterpart, in terms of God, of the universal triunity in terms of space, matter, time and man.
It presents exactly such a cause as the universe demands.
It is a cause in God.
It is not an arbitrary or accidental cause, but a cause deep in the whole being of God.
It is in God who is the common Cause of space, matter, time and man.
It is a vital and adequate reason for His making the universe just what it is.
It is an exact original for such a universe of tri-unities to reflect.
It is a complete response to the demand of the universe.
In every detail and in every broad outline this Triunity brought by Jesus and the New Testament satisfies every outline and detail of the triunity in space, matter, time and man. This is true even of the most
mysterious details of the New Testament Triunity, and of the purely physical things of the universe. Then this is what we face:
The universal triunity demands at the heart of the universe a certain Triunity as its Cause and Original in God; and the Bible brings us exactly such a Triunity in God.
It is an appeal to our candor. We must put aside prejudice, or any fear of what is new and vast. There before us are the facts of the universe. Here is the description in the Bible. We cannot, if we would, evade the question.
How did this Biblical Triunity come there,so exactly, minutely, immeasurably what the universe requires as its Cause,if not from God, and from that Triune Cause which must be in Him?
Where else could the writers get it?
Did they get it out of nothing, by pure invention, by a happy coincidence which made their invention correspond with the vast triunity in the physical universe and in the universe of the soul?
That is a suggestion which will not be considered long by any well-balanced mind. A coincidence embracing every distinction and relation in the entire structure of space, and of energy, motion and phenomena, and of future, present and past, and of nature, person and personality, and every distinction and relation, the most detailed and mysterious, described in the Divine Triunity of the New Testament,a coincidence without a slip or a flaw in all this vast and complicated fabric,no mind accustomed to the correlation of
facts will really consider for a moment a suggestion so naïve or so fantastic. We can dismiss this at once. Such things as these are not coincidences, in an orderly or sane universe.
The New Testament cannot have gotten this Triunity out of nothing by pure invention, presenting by mere coincidence exactly what the universe of space, matter, time and men requires as its cause.
Did the New Testament writers get that Triunity of God from within themselves? Was there some instinct in them, which led to such an idea of God?
Some say that there is a tendency of the human race to see God as triune, that other religions show it, and that the New Testament writers got their idea of God from the same tendency.
If there were such a tendency, it would be another and profoundly convincing groping of the human soul after the Triunity in whose image it is made. It would be an extraordinary evidence of the reflection of that Triunity deep in the being of the human soul.
But is there such a tendency? Do other religions show such triunities? If they do, are those triunities sufficiently like the Biblical Triunity to show that this Triunity came from the same tendency? And if there are such triunities in other religions, do they, like the Biblical Triunity, meet and satisfy by their exact resemblance the demand of the vast triune fabric of space, matter, time and human existence for a triune Cause?
There is only one answer. We have not found such triunities in other religions of the human race. One
finds triads here and there in a few religions. But they are not essential triunities. They apparently happen to be groups of three. In some religions there happen to be larger groups, such as Odin, Freya, Thor, Loki and Baldur in the Norse religion; in some religions groups of two, as Ormazd and Ahriman in the Persian religion. Such mere groupings of three which are not organically one do not, of course, make a trinity, or show such a tendency in human thought, any more than other human groupings, such as three wheels in a tricycle, or three singers in a trio, or three officers in a boat, or three days of grace in business, or three bases in a game of ball. Such efforts to find a likeness of the Trinity of the Bible do not get one anywhere, whether they are the efforts of believers in that Trinity to find proofs of it in anything which happens to be three, or whether they are the equally naïve efforts of unbelievers in that Trinity to find disproofs of it in anything in other religions which happens to be three. Such efforts in comparative religions, such explorations in moonlight and cobwebs, land the explorer in nothing more intelligent than a professor's chair. For a sympathetic study of the gropings and yearnings of the human soul through the best in human religions discloses nothing which shows any tendency toward genuine triunity in the idea of God. They show no resemblance to the Triunity of the Bible which would indicate a common origin. They have nothing which brings an answer to the demand of the universal triunity for a cause in God. The grotesque three in Egyptian mythology offer nothing except to fond credulity. Do the three in Hinduism reveal a trace of triunity, and of resemblance to the Triunity of the Bible? If
they do, it is very faint. And if they do, they do not necessarily show an original tendency. For the triad of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva was a later development in Hinduism, a long time after Christianity, with its Triunity, had been active in India. The older Hinduism showed no trace of triune tendency in religion. But the triad of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva has no real triunity, no real likeness to the New Testament Triunity, and no meeting at all of the demands of the universal triunity for a cause in God. Truly there are no evidences of a natural tendency of the human race to create such triunity in God. If there were such a tendency, enough to account at all for the Biblical Triunity, it would show itself vividly in all religions. But no such tendency emerges. The human soul does readily respond to the presentation of the Three in One of the New Testament. There is an instinct there. But the religions of the human race reveal no tendency to depict God as triune. The writers of the New Testament did not get their picture of the Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit from a general tendency within their own souls. Wherever they got it, they did not get it there. It did not come from them.
Did the New Testament writers get that Triunity from the universe, by speculation from the universal triunity? Would not this explain the likeness? Did the writers of the New Testament get their idea of a Triune God from the triunity in worlds and men, and translate it into terms of Deity, in Father, Son and Holy Spirit?
There is no evidence for such an origin. There is no evidence in the New Testament that the writers got the Trinity from the triunities in space, matter, time and men. But there would certainly be some such evidence if they had gotten that Triunity in that way. There are none of the indications which there would certainly be if such a hypothesis were so. None of the Biblical writings reveal any trace at all of such a thought or speculation in the mind of the writers. There is no attempt in any way to compare the Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit with space, or matter, or time, or anything in man. The writers never speak of time as future, present and past, and never mention the distinctions in time in connection with the Trinity. They never mention, and there is no reason to think that they knew, the triune nature of matter in energy, motion and phenomena, the discovery of modern science. There is no hint in the New Testament at any such triunity in man. The triad of nature, person and personality is never suggested. There is no mention of a relation of the Divine Trinity to any of these things. Indeed there is no theoretical Triunity in the New Testament. The presentation of the Trinity is simple, natural, matter-of-course, a phrase here, an allusion there, now a characteristic, now a relationship, as it happens in connection with other things and topics. Indeed the Trinity there occurs largely in the sayings of Jesus, and in his simplest, most personal talk about his Father and himself, and about the Spirit.
There is no evidence at all, then, in the New Testament presentation of the Trinity of any thought about triunities in the physical world or in man, nor of anything
theoretical at all. There is no evidence, such as there surely should be, to indicate that it came from the triunities in space, matter, time and man. This Triunity of the Bible evidently did not come by human speculation to be so exactly what the universe requires. No one can think that it did. It is clearly not a theoretical invention of the New Testament writers, but is an honest presentation.
The New Testament writers did not get that Triunity from nothing, by pure invention. They did not get it from man, by instinct. They did not get it from the universe, by speculation. Only one source is left.
It can have come only from God, and from that very Triunity which the universal triunity reflects and demands as its Divine Cause.
When we compare the universal triunity at its height in personal being in man with that Triunity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit which it demands, we see how absolutely reasonable all of this is. It grows with analysis.
For Nature, Person and Personality, as we have seen in an earlier chapter, are just what a finite likeness of the Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit should be. They are three all-inclusive centres of personal consciousness. They are not simultaneous, but finite, and always successive. Man thinks and feels one thing after another, from one point of view after another. This is because he is finite and limited. But this is what a finite
reflection of three simultaneous Persons in one Divine Being should be. And these three constantly successive personal points of view or of consciousness reflect completely in a finite way all the distinctions and relations found in the Divine Triunity as described in the New Testament.
On the other hand, the Triune Father, Son and Holy Spirit in God are just what an infinite Original of human Nature, Person and Personality should be.
For a Divine equivalent of Nature, Person and Personality would be, as in their human reflection, the all-inclusive centres of all His Personal consciousness.
But in Him they would be, not successive as in us, but simultaneous. God is bound by no laws of one thing at a time. He thinks many thoughts at once. He knows all things at once. He is all-knowing and all-conscious. His omniscience means that He should not be bound and limited as we are, to one thought at a time, to one point of view or centre of His consciousness at a time. He should be conscious simultaneously in those three centres. They should in Him be three great centres of Personal consciousness, at one and the same time, and all the time, in one Being. But three simultaneous, constant, Personal centres of consciousness in one Being is the very definition of the Trinity.
And if these three Personal centres of consciousness in God have the relations and characteristics which nature, person and personality have in us, they will be exactly such as Father, Son and Holy Spirit as described in the Bible.
Those three Persons in one God are just what a Divine Original of the human reflection in Nature, Person and Personality should be.
Very clearly then the challenge of the universe, the challenge of the vast ascending triunity of space, matter, time and human existence, faces and surrounds us.
The entire triune universe demands that its Cause and Original should be a similar Triunity in God.
The New Testament brings us exactly such a Triunity.
The universal triunity demands that very Triunity of the New Testament, which can have come only from that Divine Original which the universe reflects.
The universal triunity, rising to its height in personal being in man, declares that that Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit is exactly what the Original of the triune reflection in man should be.
This is the result when we let the facts of the universe tell their own story and carry us where they will.
You can see this as overwhelming, demanding, universal, exact confirmation of the Triunity of God in the Bible.
Or you can see it as the challenge of the facts of the universe to any open mind.
A candid mind must face this confirmation and challenge. No prejudice, or old habit of thought, or preconceived ideas, can stand in our way, when God reveals Himself.
And when once in candor one has accepted the revelation and the Fact, one must let it ever afterward mould and color all one's thinking. Either all this revelation is true, or it is not true. If it is true, it must illumine all one's universe. One cannot put it in a corner
of one's mind, with other secondary facts. If it is true it is supreme. It must affect all one's science, one's philosophy, one's esthetics, one's outlook upon the world and life, and one's personal religious experience.
For surely no mind whose doors are open to the voices of the universe will attempt or desire to disregard their deep but overwhelming chorus. No mind blest with the gift of vision can be wholly unmoved by so marvelous a universal mirror reflecting, confirming and demanding that Triune God.
Again we should remind ourselves of one thing.
Nothing which we have been seeing or saying shows that God had to be Father, Son and Holy Spirit, or why He is Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
No argument that God must by a necessity of his nature be so and so because man is so and so carries any real weight. For as we have said, "God is not what He is because of anything that man is."
What we have seen is not an argument for the reason and necessity of God's Triunity. It is a revelation of the Divine Reason and Cause of man's triunity. It is the testimony of the universal reflection to the Divine Original.
When we look at the universe and say "There must be a God", we do not mean that God had to exist because of the universe. We mean that we must recognize that there is a God, because we see the universe.
So when we look at the universal triunity and say "God must be Triune," we do not mean that He is or
had to be Triune because the universe and man are triune. We mean that we must recognize that He is Triune, as the New Testament reveals, because we see that His universe, which reflects Him, and man, who reflects Him, are both triune in the likeness of that Triunity.
You do not exist, nor appear as you do, because of your image in the mirror. But your image in the mirror is overwhelming evidence of your existence and of your appearance.
But it is not an "argument" for an inherent necessity in God's nature. We might well give up all such arguments from something in man's nature to an inherent necessity in God's nature. God is not what He is because of what man is. God cannot be explained in that way. There is no explanation of the Trinity.
So if someone asks, "May we at least find in nature, person and personality an explanation of the Trinity? May we not have in them at least a philosophy of the Trinity?" the answer is brief but complete. We do not find, in all these things, any basis or philosophy of the Trinity, because the Trinity is not based on them; they are based on the Trinity. The human nature, person and personality cannot be seen as in any way the basis of Father, Son and Holy Spirit, for the simple reason that man's nature is not the basis and cause of God's nature. The order is the other way. Man is not the cause of God. God is the cause of man. The created nature is not the cause of the Creator's nature. The Creator's nature is the cause of the created nature. Man is not the original, and God made in man's image. God is the original, and man is made in God's image. We argued not from original to reflection, but from
reflection to original. Father, Son and Holy Spirit are not what nature, person and personality are in God. They are what is in God in place of nature, person and personality as we know them in man. The Trinity is not the reflection, spread large and infinite in God, of nature, person and personality. Nature, person and personality are the reflection, made human and finite, of Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
Nature, person and personality are not therefore an explanation or philosophy of the Trinity. There is no philosophy of the Trinity. The Trinity is the explanation and philosophy of the triunity in man, as it is of the whole triunity in the physical and human universe. We have not, therefore, in these things, a philosophy of the Trinity. It is an explanation and philosophy of the universe. It does not tell us why God is Three in One. We do not know why God is Three in One. It tells us why the universe is triune. No man has a right to make a philosophy of the Trinity out of it. It is a philosophy of the triunity of space, matter, time and man, which is the fabric of the universe. God is the explanation of the universe. The Trinity explains and alone explains the universe of such triunities. It tells why space is what it is. It tells why matter is what it is. It tells why time is what it is. It tells why man is what he is. It is the explanation, and the only explanation, of the universe of triune space, matter, time and man.
How simply and naturally all this comes to us in the New Testament! How unphilosophically and untheologically!
[paragraph continues] It is nowhere presented as a doctrine. It is everywhere present as a fact. It comes to us above all in Jesus, in what he says and does. It shows itself in all that he tells of himself, and of the Father, and of the Spirit.
This simple and natural realism is shown to us by one great test:
The Trinity is absolutely involved in Jesus. It is never presented apart from him, either by himself, or by the New Testament writers. It is his claims, as the Son, the second Person in that Three in One, and his allusions, and the claims of the New Testament writers about him, which have brought the Trinity to us. There is no Trinity apart from Jesus. There is no revelation of the Trinity except through him.
But he is a man. He is the most real and human of men. In his interests, his sympathies, his social life, his friendships, his joys and sorrows, his emotions, his life and death, he is the most human of all men, the most natural, the most unartificial, the most free from the poses and pretences and aloofness of great men.
Now we have this situation. As a human being he should have, and we should find in him, nature, person and personality of the most human kind. As the Son, the Second Person in the Three in One, we should find in him and through him Father, Son and Holy Spirit. We should find a remarkable thing. We should find the two, the Divine Trinity and the human triunity, coinciding and blending in him. The Divine Father, Son and Holy Spirit and the human nature, person and personality should, in him, be seen merging and uniting. This is what we should see.
Is this what we actually do see? Is it what we see
and hear in Jesus as his life and words are brought to us in the New Testament?
First of all we know Jesus as a person. We find him so in the Gospels. He was a very real person in every way. There was nothing abstract about him. To everyone who knew him or met him he was very genuinely a person. There never was any question about that.
Then as his friends got to know him better they saw back of the person his very nature. They found it to be a Divine nature. It showed itself so to them in a hundred ways. Then it came to them by his words and by their observation of him at work and at prayer that back of and in that Divine nature was "the Father." "The Father abiding in me doeth the works." "This is my beloved Son." "I and the Father." "All things have been delivered unto me of my Father, and no one knoweth the Son, save the Father; neither doth anyone know the Father, save the Son, and he to whom the Son wills to reveal him." Jesus "dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, glory as of the only-begotten of the Father."
And all felt the influence of Jesus' marvelous personality. It entered other lives. It gave them new life. It made them over new, so much so that they were said to be born anew. It was vivid and real beyond all experience of personalities. Finally he taught them that this life of his as it entered, and influenced, and transformed other lives, this personality, this spirit of his, was more than a personality. It was also a Person, his other Self, the Holy Spirit. And so it developed that when he, the visible Person Jesus, was gone, this Personality of his proved to be a distinct, invisible
[paragraph continues] Person, the Holy Spirit, who spoke, and directed, and acted, and said "I" and "Me."
This is exactly the representation of Scripture, in its day-by-day narrative of Jesus and his friends. In Jesus we see, before our eyes, nature, person and personality reaching up into Father, Son and Holy Spirit and merging with them. Indeed it was this very blending which first involved the Trinity. It was the presence of the Father in Jesus, where we would have simply our own nature! It was Jesus sending out the Spirit, where we would send out simply our own personality! It was these very facts which first brought the Trinity to the world and to us. It was in this simple, this human as well as Divine, this natural way that the Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit came to the knowledge of men.
Simply, self-evidently, naturally, without explaining or theorizing, it all comes to us, and fits together, and lives before us, in the life and words of Jesus in the New Testament. That seemingly impossible blending of the Divine Trinity and the human triunity becomes in Jesus' daily life and conversation a simple reality. The insurmountable problem becomes a living proof. The data in the case fit perfectly the great conclusions and evidences of the universe about the Triune God. The facts of Jesus meet and fit those mighty facts of the universe which require and demonstrate the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
Indeed we find such fitting-together at every point, in the most scientific way, of all the facts in the case. This absolute exactness is an overwhelming challenge,
a demand, confronting every open mind. If God is Three in One, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, there ought to be such and such triunity in the physical world. And there is such triunity, in the whole structure of the physical world, with such absolute and elaborate likeness to the Divine Triunity as we could never have asked for. If God is Three in One there ought also to be such and such triunity in human existence. And there is, as the very being, simple and self-evident, of human life, with such endless and absolute detail of likeness as no one could have dreamed of asking. Or on the other hand, the cause of all this triunity of the physical world and man ought to be found in God. And exactly such a cause, complete, exact, profound, is presented to us in Father, Son and Holy Spirit in the New Testament. And further, if human existence is Nature, Person and Personality, the Original of this reflection should naturally be three simultaneous, conscious Persons with such and such characteristics. And it is exactly as the Bible describes Him. And finally, if God is Three in One, and Jesus is therefore God and man, then that Triunity in God and this triunity in man ought in Jesus, as God and man at once, to be seen merging into each other. And that is exactly what we do see, and what first drew the world's attention and ours to the whole question of the Trinity.
Whether we follow one method or the other makes no difference. The result is the same. The two methods converge. We can begin with the Trinity, presented in the Bible, and experienced by countless men
and women, and summon the facts of the universe to reflect and confirm it. Or we can begin with the facts of the universe, and see them demanding the Trinity as their original and cause. One can look upon the visible world. Or one can look into the secret, invisible forces of nature. Or one can look within the inner universe of one's own being. Wherever one looks one finds that marvelous Triunity.
Whither shall we flee from that Triune presence? If we ascend up into heaven, it is there. If we take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the universe, it is there. If we say, "Surely the darkness, and the invisible things of the universe, shall cover us;" even the darkness hideth not from that Three in One. The heavens declare the glory of the Triune God, and the firmament showeth His handiwork. For the invisible things of Him are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made. And God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." And God created man in His own image. In the triune image of God created He him. Without, within, above, below, whichever way we turn we see the Triune God.
Out of this candid study of God and the world and man rise three conclusions so great that we could not grasp them if they were not also so self-evident.
1. The universe is one vast evidence of that Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit in God. The entire universe, the outer universe of space and matter and time, and the inner universe of the human soul, in all its
vast triunity, reflects that Triunity. It demands that Triunity in God.
The universe is one vast evidence in such detailed, exact, scientific correspondence to the Divine Triunity which it demands and reflects as can be found in no other witness of the universe to anything else about God.
And if you are one who feels that space and time are simply ways in which you have to see the universe, thought-forms in which you must conceive the universe, then surely you, who must always see the universe in such triunity, cannot hesitate to see God as such Triunity.
2. The Triunity of Father-Son and Holy Spirit is the explanation of the universe. It is the answer to those great questions, "What is the explanation of the universe?" "What is the principle of the universe?" The answer is "Triunity in the image of the Triune God is the principle and explanation of the universe. It is the organizing principle of all things. It is the structure and pattern of the universe."
Why is space as it is, sheer, inevitable, intangible threefoldness?
Why is this a space universe?
Why are energy, motion and phenomena the being
of matter? Why is the universe as it is in this way?
Why is all existence a continuity, a continual passing out of future, through present, into past? Why is this a time universe?
And if space and time are forms of thought in which we conceive the universe, why do we always conceive it so? Why are our minds such that they conceive it so?
Why is man exactly what he is? What is his likeness to the universe?
What are the reasons for this?
Is there one great reason for all? Are all the reasons one? Is there one great explanation? Is the formula of the universe beyond us? Does it need a "higher mind" to formulate it? Or can we grasp it?
The answer to all these questions is evident. The formula, the pattern, the secret, the principle, the structure, the explanation, of the universe is self-evidently clear. It explains itself. No "higher mind" is needed to formulate it. It clearly includes God. It is a universal principle. It is a principle which lies in God's nature. It is triunity in the image of a Triune God. It reveals one vast unity,sheer space, and moving matter, and mysterious time, and wondrous man, and supreme God, bound in one vast unity.
Get in your heart a vision of the universe. Do not go about in the midst of it blind to the great structure of the universe and of human life. See its immense triunity. See it reflecting from leaf and star and space and time and self the Triune God. See it as an orderly universe. See it as a whole. See it as one vast, open and visible witness to the Three in One. Have a philosophy of the universe. Open your soul to the visible explanation of all things. Get a vision of yourself as a part of the universe, in a body of space and substance, reflecting in these the triune Creator,living a life of future, present and past, in vivid triune likeness to Him,existing in nature, person and personality, an image of the Triune God. Man was made to reflect Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Man was made
to know and to commune with Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
And get one further vision, the focus of all of this logic and all these realities.
3. The universe is one vast witness to the claims of Jesus.
That Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit which it the whole universe corroborates comes to us in Jesus. It is bound up with him.
That Triunity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit which supplies the universe with its cause and explanation comes to us in Jesus. It is revealed to us in him alone, and he is the visible embodiment of it.
As beings who live in this universe, and are a part of it, we cannot ignore Jesus, to whose claims and whose Sonship this whole universe of height, length and breadth, of energy, motion and phenomena, of future, present and past, of nature, person and personality, is one vast converging witness. Men crucified him because he made himself God. But millions experience the reality of his life and power to-day. No man with vision can ignore Jesus the Son. For we live in a world which is his vivid likeness, amid a universe of interwoven movement which is his seamless robe, and in a present which is his living reflection in the stream of time. | <urn:uuid:bd7ad4a9-dd07-453a-ae1d-9c641ead4db6> | {
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Anger, Cold War, Death, Germany, Harry Truman, Hate, Life, Men, Nazi, Nazism, Operation Paperclip, Peace, Politics, Power, Relationship, religion, United States, USA, Victory, Wars, WERNHER VON BRAUN, Women, World, Youth, Zionists
After WWII ended in 1945, victorious Russian and American intelligence teams began a treasure hunt throughout occupied Germany for military and scientific booty. They were looking for things like new rocket and aircraft designs, medicines, and electronics. But they were also hunting down the most precious “spoils” of all: the scientists whose work had nearly won the war for Germany. The engineers and intelligence officers of the Nazi War Machine.
The U.S. Military rounded up Nazi scientists and brought them to America. It had originally intended merely to debrief them and send them back to Germany. But when it realized the extent of the scientists knowledge and expertise, the War Department decided it would be a waste to send the scientists home. Following the discovery of flying discs (foo fighters), particle/laser beam weaponry in German military bases, the War Department decided that NASA and the CIA must control this technology, and the Nazi engineers that had worked on this technology.
There was only one problem: it was illegal. U.S. law explicitly prohibited Nazi officials from immigrating to America–and as many as three-quarters of the scientists in question had been committed Nazis.
Convinced that German scientists could help America’s postwar efforts, President Harry Truman agreed in September 1946 to authorize “Project Paperclip,” a program to bring selected German scientists to work on America’s behalf during the “Cold War“
The War Department’s Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) conducted background investigations of the scientists. In February 1947, JIOA Director Bosquet Wev submitted the first set of scientists’ dossiers to the State and Justice Departments for review.
The Dossiers were damning. Samauel Klaus, the State Departments representative on the JIOA board, claimed that all the scientists in this first batch were “ardent Nazis.” Their visa requests were denied.
Wev was furious. He wrote a memo warning that “the best interests of the United States have been subjugated to the efforts expended in ‘beating a dead Nazi horse.'” He also declared that the return of these scientists to Germany, where they could be exploited by America’s enemies, presented a “far greater security threat to this country than any former Nazi affiliations which they may have had or even any Nazi sympathies that they may still have.”
When the JIOA formed to investigate the backgrounds and form dossiers on the Nazis, the Nazi Intelligence leader Reinhard Gehlen met with the CIA director Allen Dulles. Dulles and Gehlen hit it off immediatly. Gehlen was a master spy for the Nazis and had infiltrated Russia with his vast Nazi Intelligence network. Dulles promised Gehlen that his Intelligence unit was safe in the CIA.
Apparently, Wev decided to sidestep the problem. Dulles had the scientists dossier’s re-written to eliminate incriminating evidence. As promised, Allen Dulles delivered the Nazi Intelligence unit to the CIA, which later opened many umbrella projects stemming from Nazi mad research. (MK-ULTRA / ARTICHOKE, OPERATION MIDNIGHT CLIMAX)
Military Intelligence “cleansed” the files of Nazi references. By 1955, more than 760 German scientists had been granted citizenship in the U.S. and given prominent positions in the American scientific community. Many had been longtime members of the Nazi party and the Gestapo, had conducted experiments on humans at concentration camps, had used slave labor, and had committed other war crimes.
In a 1985 expose in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Linda Hunt wrote that she had examined more than 130 reports on Project Paperclip subjects–and every one “had been changed to eliminate the security threat classification.”
President Truman, who had explicitly ordered no committed Nazis to be admitted under Project Paperclip, was evidently never aware that his directive had been violated. State Department archives and the memoirs of officials from that era confirm this. In fact, according to Clare[nce] Lasby’s book [Project] Paperclip, project officials “covered their designs with such secrecy that it bedeviled their own President; at Potsdam he denied their activities and undoubtedly enhanced Russian suspicion and distrust,” quite possibly fueling the Cold War even further.
A good example of how these dossiers were changed is the case of Wernher von Braun. A September 18, 1947, report on the German rocket scientist stated, “Subject is regarded as a potential security threat by the Military Governor.”
The following February, a new security evaluation of Von Braun said, “No derogatory information is available on the subject…It is the opinion of the Military Governor that he may not constitute a security threat to the United States.”
Here are a few of the 700 suspicious characters who were allowed to immigrate through Project Paperclip.
During the war, Rudolph was operations director of the Mittelwerk factory at the Dora-Nordhausen concentration camps, where 20,000 workers died from beatings, hangings, and starvation. Rudolph had been a member of the Nazi party since 1931; a 1945 military file on him said simply: “100% Nazi, dangerous type, security threat..!! Suggest internment.”
But the JIOA’s final dossier on him said there was “nothing in his records indicating that he was a war criminal or and ardent Nazi or otherwise objectionable.” Rudolph became a US citizen and later designed the Saturn 5 rocket used in the Apollo moon landings. In 1984, when his war record was finally investigated, he fled to West Germany.
From 1937 to 1945, von Braun was the technical director of the Peenemunde rocket research center, where the V-2 rocket –which devastated England–was developed. As noted previously, his dossier was rewritten so he didn’t appear to have been an enthusiastic Nazi.
Von Braun worked on guided missiles for the U.S. Army and was later director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center. He became a celebrity in the 1950s and early 1960s, as one of Walt Disney’s experts on the “World of Tomorrow.” In 1970, he became NASA’s associate administrator.
A high-ranking Nazi scientist, Blome told U.S. military interrogators in 1945 that he had been ordered 1943 to experiment with plague vaccines on concentration camp prisoners. He was tried at Nuremberg in 1947 on charges of practicing euthanasia (extermination of sick prisoners), and conducting experiments on humans. Although acquitted, his earlier admissions were well known, and it was generally accepted that he had indeed participated in the gruesome experiments.
Two months after his Nuremberg acquittal, Blome was interviewed at Camp David, Maryland, about biological warfare. In 1951, he was hired by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps to work on chemical warfare. His file neglected to mention Nuremberg.
MAJOR GENERAL WALTER SCHREIBER
According to Linda Hunt’s article, the US military tribunal at Nuremberg heard evidence that “Schreiber had assigned doctors to experiment on concentration camp prisoners and had made funds available for such experimentation.” The assistant prosecutor said the evidence would have convicted Schreiber if the Soviets, who held him from 1945 to 1948, had made him available for trial.
Again, Schreiber’s Paperclip file made no mention of this evidence; the project found work for him at the Air Force School of Medicine at Randolph Field in Texas. When columnist Drew Pearson publicized the Nuremberg evidence in 1952, the negative publicity led the JIOA, says Hunt, to arrange “a visa and a job for Schreiber in Argentina, where his daughter was living.” On May 22, 1952, he was flown to Buenos Aires.
HERMANN BECKER-FREYSING and SIEGFRIED RUFF
These two, along with Blome, were among the 23 defendants in the Nuremberg War Trials “Medical Case.” Becker-Freysing was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison for conducting experiments on Dachau inmates, such as starving them, then force-feeding them sea water that had been chemically altered to make it drinkable. Ruff was acquitted (in a close decision) on charges that he had killed as many as 80 Dachau inmates in a low-pressure chamber designed to simulate altitudes in excess of 60,000 feet. Before their trial, Becker-Freysing and Ruff were paid by the Army Air Force to write reports about their grotesque experiments.
GENERAL REINHARD GEHLEN
It was five years after the end of WWII but one of Hitler’s chief intelligence officers was still on the job. From a walled-in compound in Bavaria, General Reinhard Gehlen oversaw a vast network of intelligence agents spying on Russia. His top aides were Nazi zealots who had committed some of the most notorious crimes of the war. Gehlen and his SS united were hired, and swiftly became agents of the CIA when they revealed their massive records on the Soviet Union to the US.
Gehlen derived much of his information from his role in one of the most terrible atrocities of the war: the torture, interrogation and murder by starvation of some four million Soviet prisoners. Prisoners who refused to cooperate were often tortured or summarily executed. May were executed even after they had given information, while others were simply left to starve to death. As a result, Gehlend and members of his organization maneuvered to make sure they were captured by advancing American troops rather than Russians, who would have executed them immediatly.
Two months before Germany surrendered in 1945, the Gehlen organization made its move. “Gehlen and a small group of his most senior officers carefully microfilmed the vast holding on the USSR in the military section of the German army’s general staff. They packed the film in watertight steel drums and secretly buried it in a remote mountain meadow scattered throughout the Austrian Alps.
General William Donovan and Allen Dulles of the CIA were tipped off about Gehlen’s surrender and his offer of Russian intelligence in exchange for a job. The CIA was soon jockeying with military intelligence for authority over Gehlen’s microfilmed records–and control of the German spymaster. Dulles arranged for a private intelligence facility in West Germany to be established, and named it the Geheln Organization. Gehlen promised not to hire any former SS, SD, or Gestapo members; he hired them anyway, and the CIA did not stop him. Two of Gehlen’s early recruits were Emil Augsburg and Dr. Franz Six, who had been part of mobile killing squads, which killed Jews, intellectuals, and Soviet partisans wherever they found them. Other early recruits included Willi Krichbaum, senior Gestapo leader for southeastern Europe, and the Gestapo chiefs of Paris and Kiel, Germany.
With the encouragement of the CIA, Gehlen Org (Licio Gelli) set up “rat lines” to get Nazi war criminals out of Europe so they wouldn’t be prosecuted. By setting up transit camps and issuing phony passports, the Gehlen Org helped more than 5,000 Nazis leave Europe and relocate around the world, especially in South and Central America. There, mass murderers like Klaus Barbie (the butcher of Lyons) helped governments set up death squads in Chile, Argentina, El Salvador, and elsewhere.
Known as the Nazi butcher of Lyons, France during World War II, Barbie was part of the SS which was responsible for the and death of thousands of French people under the Germany occupation.
Some of Rupp’s best work was done for the CIA, after he was imported in Operation Paperclip. Rupp has been convicted of bank fraud. He was an operative for the CIA and is deeply involved in the Savings and Loan scandals. A federal jury has indicated they believe testimony that Rupp, the late CIA Director William Casey – then Reagan’s campaign manager, and Donald Gregg, now U.S. Ambassador to South Korea, flew with George Bush to Paris in 1980, during the election in which Bush was on the ticket with Ronald Reagan. The testimony states that three meetings were held on October 19 and 20 at the Hotel Florida and Hotel Crillion. The subject? According to the court testimony, the meetings were to sabotage President Jimmy Carter’s reelection campaign by delaying the release of American hostages in Iran. The hostages were released on January 20, 1981, right after Reagan and Bush were sworn into office. Iran was promised return of its frozen assets in the United States and the foundation for the Iran- Contra deal was set into motion.
Head of a 2400 member secret Masonic Lodge, P2, a neo-fascist organization, in Italy that catered to only the elite, Gelli had high connections in the Vatican, even though he was not a Catholic. P2’s membership is totally secret and not even available to its Mother Lodge in England. Gelli was responsible for providing Argentina with the Exocet missile. He was a double agent for the CIA and the KGB. He assisted many former Nazi high officials in their escape from Europe to Central America. He had close ties with the Italian Mafia. Gelli was a close associate of Benito Mussolini. He was also closely affiliated with Roberto Calvi, head of the scandal-ridden Vatican Bank. Calvi was murdered. Gelli’s secret lodge consisted of extremely important people, including armed forces commanders, secret service chiefs, head of Italy’s financial police, 30 generals, eight admirals, newspaper editors, television and top business executives and key bankers – including Calvi. Licio Gelli and others in P2 were behind the assasination of Pope John Paul I.
The central figure in Europe and South America that linked the CIA, Masonic Lodge, Vatican, ex-Nazis and several South American governments, the Italian government and several international banks was Licio Gelli. He, with Klaus Barbie and Heinrich Rupp, met with Ronald R. Rewald in Uruguay to arrange for the Argentine purchase of the French-made Exocet missile, used in the Falkland Island attack to kill british soldiers.
Who is Gelli and why was he so important?
To understand Gelli, one must understand the complex post war years of Europe. The biggest threat to Europe in pre-war times was Communism – it was the great fear of Communism that gave birth to the Fascists and the Nazis. Though both sides were dreaded, the Fascists represented right-wing government, while the Communist represent left-wing government. It was the right-wing that the United States and the Catholic Church desired over Communism – because Communism would destroy the capitalistic system. This is why the CIA and the Vatican had go through with Operation Paperclip. The Nazis had massive amounts of Soviet intelligence, had infiltrated Communist partisans, and were in no way going to be given up to the Soviet Union.
Gelli worked both sides. He helped to found the Red Brigade, spied on Communist partisans and worked for the Nazis at the same time, a double agent. He helped establish the Rat Line, which assisted the flight of high ranking Nazi officials from Europe to South America, with passports supplied by the Vatican and with the full acknowledgment and blessing of the United States intelligence community. While on one hand, the U.S. participated in the war crime tribunals of key Nazi officials and maintained an alliance with the Communist Soviet Union, secretly, the U.S. was preparing for the cold war and needed the help of Nazis in the eventual struggle the U.S. would have with the Soviet Union. Gelli’s agreement with U.S. intelligence to spy on the Communists after the war was instrumental in saving his life. He was responsible for the murder and torture of hundreds of Yugoslavian partisans.
The Vatican provided support to Nazis and Fascists because the Communists were the real threat to the Church’s survival. The Italian Communists would have taxed the Church’s vast holdings and the Church has had a dismal experience with Communist governments throughout the world – where religious freedom was stamped out.
Gelli was well connected with the Vatican from the days of the Rat Line and he worked for American intelligence, as well. Gelli formed the P-2 Masonic Lodge-which did not follow the direction of any Grand Lodge-and it was supplied with a sum of $10 million a month by the CIA. Its membership was a Who’s Who in the intelligence, military and Italian community. So prominent was Gelli’s influence, that he was even a guest of honor at the 1981 inauguration of President Ronald Reagan.
Gelli used blackmail in order to gain prominent members of his P-2 lodge, its membership is estimated at 2400 members, including 300 of the most powerful men in the Western World.. He was a close friend of Pope Paul VI, Juan Peron of Argentina, Libyan Dictator Muammar el-Qaddafi, and many high officials in the Italian and American governments – he is also reported to have had some financial dealings with the George Bush for President campaign.
Gelli and his P-2 lodge had staggering connections to banking, intelligence and diplomatic passports. The CIA poured hundreds of millions of dollars into Italy in the form of secret subsidies for political parties, labor unions and communications businesses. At the same time the Agency continued its relationship with far- right and violent elements as a back-up should a coup be needed to oust a possible Communist government. This covert financing was exposed by the Prime Minister of Italy in a speech to Parliament. He indicates that more than 600 people in Italy still remain on the payroll of the CIA. Licio Gelli was an ardent Nazi and a perfect asset of the CIA. As part of Reinhard Gehlen’s intelligence team, he had excellent contacts. Licio was the go between for the CIA and the Vatican through his P2 Lodge.
Project Paperclip was stopped in 1957, when West Germany protested to the U.S. that these efforts had stripped it of “scientific skills.” There was no comment about supporting Nazis. Paperclip may have ended in 1957, but as you can see from Licio Gelli and his international dealings with the CIA in Italy/P2, and Heinrich Rupp with his involvement in October Surprise, the ramifications of Paperclip are world-wide. The Nazis became employed CIA agents, engaging in clandestine work with the likes of George Bush, the CIA, Henry Kissinger, and the Masonic P2 lodge. This is but one of the results of Operation Paperclip. Another umbrella project that was spawned from Paperclip was MK-ULTRA.
A secret laboratory was established and funded by CIA director, Allen Dulles in Montreal, Canada at McGill University in the Allen Memorial Institute headed by psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron. For the next several years Dr. Ewen Cameron waged his private war in Canada. What is ironic about Dr. Cameron is that he served as a member of the Nuremberg tribunal who heard the cases against the Nazi doctors.
When it was at its height in drug experiments, operation MK-ULTRA was formed. This was the brainchild of Richard Helms who later came to be a CIA director. It was designed to defeat the “enemy” in its brain-washing techniques. MK-ULTRA had another arm involved in Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) known as MK-DELTA. The “doctors” who participated in these experiments used some of the same techniques as the Nazi “doctors”. Techniques used by Dr. Cameron and previous Nazi scientists include electro shock, sleep deprivation, memory implantation, memory erasure, sensory modification, psychoactive drug experiments, and many more cruel practices.
Project Paperclip brought us MK-ULTRA. Paperclip ultimately brought in key players involved in the Assassination of Pope 1, October Surprise (sabotage of Carter’s peace talks), and a great many other things still classified to this day. The results of Project Paperclip were devastating, and very far reaching. I guess that is what you would expect from collaborating with Nazis.
This research shows that the OSS/CIA that was formed in the National Security Act, the same agency that employed hundreds of Nazis, has been in alliance with the Vatican through various Agency connections such as Licio Gelli. The CIA/Vatican alliance that Assassinated Pope John Paul 1, JFK, and hundreds of dictators of 3rd world countries is the Illuminati.
The Bavarian Illuminati has been around for centuries in one way or another. It’s presence in the 20th century is the direct result of the Nazis. The Nazi connections to the occult and the Bavarian Thule Society were parallel to the American members of 33rd degree Freemasonry. When the Operation Paperclip was successfully executed, the Nazi element of the Bavarian Thule society was fused with the American members of Freemasonry to create the Illuminati.
Operation Paperclip, MK-ULTRA, October Surprise, and George Bush are all facets of the Illuminati, a group whose ideals are rooted in the occult, and dedicated to world domination.
Soon after the American Revolution, John Robinson, a professor of rural philosophy at Edinburgh University in Scotland and member of a Freemason lodge, said that he was asked to join the Illuminati. After studying the group, he concluded that the purposes of the Illuminati were not compatible with his beliefs.
In 1798, he published a book called Proofs Of A Conspiracy, which states:
“An association has been formed for the express purpose of rooting out all the religious establishments and overturning all the existing governments…. The leaders would rule the World with uncontrollable power, while all the rest would be employed as tools of the ambition of their unknown superiors.”
The CIA and the Vatican have rooted out all the religious establishments in the world. The CIA has overthrown and set up dictators under their control all over the world. The CIA and the Vatican have fulfilled the purpose of the Illuminati. The CIA and the Vatican are the Illuminati.
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Sugar and sugar relatives like high fructose corn syrup are bad for you. They make you fat, especially in your belly. They raise your blood sugar and increase triglycerides. They put you at risk for heart disease and diabetes. They rot your teeth, and they make some people out-of-control crazy with food.
That’s a lot of very good reasons to cut back on sugar, but are artificial sweeteners any better? Like sugar, artificial sweeteners are all highly processed substances. Even worse, they’re man-made, and man-made substances almost never end up being good for us, especially if we eat a lot of them.
On the surface, non-caloric sweeteners might seem to be better. Of course, the biggest benefit is that you don’t ingest as many calories, and caloric reduction is the most popular weight loss theory of the day. Another benefit is taste. It’s a big leap to go from a diet that has hidden sweeteners in almost everything to a diet that has no sweetening agent whatsoever. And lastly, most non-caloric sweetening substances don’t raise blood sugar, and this advantage is definitely worth considering if you’re a type 2 diabetic or if you’re one of those people having a hard time losing weight.
That said, recent studies suggest that diet drinks and food products might not be producing the intended result. According to Consumer’s Research Magazine, “There is no clear-cut evidence that sugar substitutes are useful in weight reduction. On the contrary, there is some evidence that these substances may stimulate appetite.”
People who drink a lot of diet drinks, for example, are not losing weight or inches, and it’s been shown show that rats that are fed artificial sweeteners overeat and get fat. There’s also the fact that some of these substances have a long history of bad press from our very own FDA and other governments, as well as laundry lists of health problems empirically reported by concerned individuals. At this point in time, our government says artificial sweeteners are safe, but no guidelines are provided for limits on consumption.
There are four categories of alternative sweetening options available to you: artificial sweeteners, sugar alcohols, stevia (an herb with sweet leaves), and blends that are made with various combinations of all these options. Some blends even include regular table sugar. This article is focused exclusively on artificial sweeteners. The three most readily available, widely used artificial sweeteners in the U.S. are aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose. Let’s look at each of these in more detail.
Aspartame (commercially sold as NutraSweet, Equal, Canderel)
Aspartame was discovered by accident in 1965 at G.D. Searle. In 1981 the FDA approved it as a table top sweetener. In 1983 it was approved for use in carbonated beverages, and in 1996 it was approved for use in foods and all other drinks. Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar, and is currently the most popular artificial sweetener in the U.S.
It has four calories per packet, and 24 packets equals one cup of sugar. Because aspartame loses sweetness when subjected to heat for long periods of time, it’s not a suitable choice for baking. If aspartame is used in stove-top cooking, add it in the last five minutes of cooking to maintain sweetness.
Aspartame is approved for use by the American Diabetes Association and other public health organizations that promote weight loss. There are also many other big organization endorsements and support statements for aspartame. At the same time, a small army of individuals continue to object to the controversial way in which aspartame got FDA approval, which came about when the Donald Rumsfeld, then the CEO of Searle, used his personal relationship with President Ronald Reagan to push it through.
Another more troubling and compelling issue regarding aspartame comes from individuals who claim to suffer serious neural health problems due to aspartame consumption. These reports include a lower threshold for seizures, increased incidents of brain tumors, greater prevalence of multiple sclerosis, numbness in limbs, and more. The alleged harm is due to the fact that methanol, one of the ingredients in aspartame, breaks down into formaldehyde. Consuming large amounts of methanol is thought to have a cumulative and toxic effect, especially for children.
A second health problem involves phenylalanine, another ingredient in aspartame, which is dangerous to the estimated 10 million people who have PKU or phenylketonuria. This is a genetic disorder where the enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine is missing. If you’re interested in learning more about individual health concerns about aspartame, check out Sweet Misery, a documentary on DVD by Cori Brackett.
Saccharin (commercially sold as Sweet N Low and Necta Sweet)
Saccharin was discovered by accident in 1879, and is the great grandmother of all artificial sweeteners. It didn’t become popular and widely used, however, until there was a sugar shortage brought on by WWI. Saccharin is currently the third most popular artificial sweetener in the U.S.
When it comes to health and safety regulation, saccharin has a long and confusing history, littered with flip-flops in FDA position. The FDA first began inspecting saccharin way back in 1907 due to concerns that it might be carcinogenic. Even President Teddy Even President Teddy Roosevelt, a diabetic and saccharin user, got into the saccharin debate. “Anybody who says saccharin is injurious to health,” he said, “is an idiot.”
More recently, in 1972 the FDA attempted to ban saccharin, but the ban was not successful. In 1977 Canadians claimed to conclusively determine that saccharin causes cancer in animals, and they banned it from their country. (This ban is still in effect.) In the same year the FDA required that all U.S.-based saccharin products carry this warning label: “Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharin, which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals.”
Then in 2000 the U.S. National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences concluded that saccharin should be removed from the list of known or suspected human carcinogens. This time it was President Bill Clinton who was responsible for removal of the warning label, which was lifted as part of his massive regulation changes and pardons just before leaving office.
Saccharin is 200-700 times sweeter than sugar, but has a bitter aftertaste, which is why food manufacturers often use it in combination with other sweeteners. Saccharin has four calories per packet, and 12 packets equal one cup of sugar. It’s heat stable and can be used in cooking. It’s been shown to trigger an insulin response in rats, presumably from taste stimulation.
Sucralose (commercially sold as Splenda, Nuvella and store brands)
Sucralose was discovered in 1976 and is 600 times sweeter than sugar. It’s currently the second most popular artificial sweetener in the U.S., and is projected to overtake aspartame for the number one position. The FDA approved sucralose as a table top sweetener in 1998 and as a food additive in 1999. According to the National Cancer Institute, the FDA viewed more than one hundred safety studies which showed no evidence that sucralose causes cancer or poses a human health threat. Some experts claim it’s no more dangerous than table salt.
Sucralose is made by chlorinating sugar. Three hydrogen atoms are replaced with three chlorine atoms. This process removes the calories from sugar but maintains the taste. Maltodextrin, a bulking agent, is added to the product so that the volume exactly matches sugar. Most of what you see when you purchase sucralose is actually the maltodextrin filler, which is made from the partial hydrolysis of starchy vegetables or vegetable roots. Very little sucralose is needed because it’s so sweet and potent.
Each packet of sucralose has 3.31 calories, and one cup of sucralose is exactly equal to one cup of sugar. This makes it an easy and convenient type of product for home use. It’s also heat stable and can be used in every kind of cooking. Sucralose does not have an effect on glucose or insulin production.
Sucralose is definitely the least objectionable type of artificial sweetener. The biggest health safety concerns have to do with the fact that sucralose hasn’t been around for a long time, and the impact of heavy usage may take a while to reveal itself. Another issue with sucralose has to do with whether or not the chlorine is absorbed into the body. Predictably, the manufacturer claims that none is absorbed while other resources say that anywhere from 11 to 27 percent might be absorbed.
The bottom line: You have to decide for yourself what is or isn’t safe and how much of these substances you want to put in your mouth. Keep in mind that the approval process for artificial substances is highly influenced by research that’s financed by the corporations who advocate the substances.
In any case, your best health bet is to use any artificial sweetening product in moderation, which means limiting consumption to two servings per day. If you’re a low to moderate consumer of artificial sweeteners, it probably doesn’t matter what type of substance it is. If, on the other hand, you’re a heavy user, then sucralose is highly recommended.Powered by Sidelines | <urn:uuid:84afb872-2af4-47c5-85de-03bba4061e8f> | {
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BLACKFOOT — Summer has come to Bingham County, and as temperatures have risen, those annoying and potentially dangerous mosquitoes have arrived earlier than usual.
Every year, responsible government agencies, public health professionals, and mosquito abatement experts do their best to educate the public about mosquitoes and the numerous ways that people can protect themselves from mosquito-borne diseases.
The Bingham County Abatement District Board of Trustees, and VDCI, once again remind our residents about the potential threat that mosquitoes pose and encourage everyone to help themselves, their families and their neighbors by taking action to minimize both mosquito habitat and their risk of being bitten.
Since mosquito eggs develop in standing water, standing water needs to be eliminated as possible, then the overall number of mosquitoes will be reduced in our area. It takes very little standing water to produce a large number of mosquitoes, so every little bit that each person does to get rid of such water helps tremendously. The following are examples of actions people can take to help eliminate larval mosquito habitats:
ï‚· Dispose of cans, plastic containers, ceramic pots or similar water-holding containers.
ï‚· Remove all discarded tires from your property.
ï‚· Drill holes in the bottoms of recycling containers or trash cans that are kept outdoors.
ï‚· Make sure roof gutters drain properly and clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall.
ï‚· Turn over plastic wading pools and wheelbarrows when not in use.
ï‚· Change the water in birdbaths every 5 to 7 days.
ï‚· Clean vegetation and debris from the edges of ponds and ditches.
ï‚· Clean and chlorinate swimming pools and outdoor hot tubs.
ï‚· Drain water from swimming pool and boat covers.
ï‚· Use landscaping to eliminate stagnant water that collects on your property.
ï‚· Grade property and time irrigation so water soaks in prior to releasing more water.
For more on this story, go to our print or e-editions. | <urn:uuid:640bc267-7e70-40a4-81a0-591e28943a13> | {
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Image credit: A Soler 2016
Two years ago, a research team led by the University of Oxford revealed that, when plucked like a guitar string, spider silk transmits vibrations across a wide range of frequencies, carrying information about prey, mates and even the structural integrity of a web.
Now, a new collaboration between Oxford and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid has confirmed that spider webs are superbly tuned instruments for vibration transmission – and that the type of information being sent can be controlled by adjusting factors such as web tension and stiffness.
Researchers from the Oxford Silk Group, along with collaborators in Oxford's Department of Engineering Science and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid's Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis, have studied the links between web vibration and web silk properties.
Their report in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface concludes that spider web vibration is affected by changes in web tension, silk stiffness and web architecture, all of which the spider is able to control.
Web-dwelling spiders have poor vision and rely almost exclusively on web vibrations for their 'view' of the world. The musical patterns coming from their tuned webs provide them with crucial information on the type of prey caught in the web and of predators approaching, as well as the quality of prospective mates. Spiders carefully engineer their webs out of a range of silks to control web architecture, tension and stiffness, analogous to constructing and tuning a musical instrument.
In order to study how vibrations propagate through a web, a combination of cutting-edge techniques was employed by the interdisciplinary and multinational team. High-powered lasers were able to experimentally measure the ultra-small vibrations, which allowed the team to generate and test computer models using mathematical finite element analysis. The combination of these techniques probes the links between the propagation of vibrations and silk material properties.
These new observations propose that the spider can use behaviour and silk properties to control the function of its web instrument. These control mechanisms could alter vibration filtering, as well as orientation to and discrimination of vibration sources in the web.
Dr Beth Mortimer, lead author of the report, which made use of the garden cross spider Araneus diadematus, said: 'Spider orb webs are multifunctional structures, where both the transmission of vibrations and the capture of prey are important.'
Professor Fritz Vollrath, Head of the Oxford Silk Group, added: 'It is down to the interaction of the web materials, a range of bespoke web silks, and the spider with its highly tuned behaviour and armoury of sensors that allows this virtually blind animal to operate in a gossamer world of its own making, without vision and only relying on feeling. Perhaps the web spider can teach us something new about virtual vision.'
The study 'Tuning the instrument: sonic properties in the spider’s web' is published in Journal of the Royal Society Interface. | <urn:uuid:ce5e530f-79aa-4c89-9c46-9aa61a01b924> | {
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A leading cause of intellectual disabilities (ID, formerly mental retardation) is autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A person may be diagnosed with both ASD and an ID. ASD has two primary symptoms. First, people with ASD have trouble with communication and social interaction. Second, they demonstrate repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. Some examples are repetitive speech, ritualized patterns of behavior, or fixation upon certain objects. Approximately 40% of people with ID will also have ASD. However, nearly 70% of people with ASD also have ID (reported in La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., & Placidi, G.F., (2004). See also http://www.cdc.gov). Thus, while ASD and ID share some similarities, they are not the same.
Although similar, the two disorders are often difficult to tease apart. People with ASD might appear to meet the criteria for ID because their IQ scores are low. However, these low test scores may not reflect intelligence per se. Instead, the low scores might result from problems with test taking itself. These test-taking problems result from communication and social limitations. Since IQ testing relies on both of these abilities to some extent, IQ scores may be artificially low. Some children with ASD may have an average IQ. However, they cannot demonstrate their abilities because they cannot communicate their understanding of the testing protocols. In contrast, children with intellectual disabilities lack this intellectual capacity or understanding. Although the two conditions are distinct, they can and do frequently co-occur. More information about co-occurring disorders is found in the Diagnostic Section. | <urn:uuid:7e9a96c2-e2f8-4b04-b177-e2d283c0fe02> | {
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pie in the skypie in the sky
A dream that is not likely to ever come true is an example of something that would be described as pie in the sky.
pie in the sky
- a promise of benefits or a reward in an afterlife or in the remote future
- an unrealistically Utopian plan or project
1911, phrase originally in reference to the promises of religion taken from a song written by Joe Hill, "The Preacher and the Slave", a parody of the Salvation Army hymn "In the Sweet By and By". Hill was associated with the Industrial Workers of the World (commonly known as the Wobblies), who organized migrant laborers. When the workers returned to the cities, they faced the Salvation Army.
- You will eat, bye and bye,
- In that glorious land above the sky;
- Work and pray, live on hay,
- You'll get pie in the sky when you die | <urn:uuid:023f14ed-0b14-40f4-8ee5-dac1003c95b6> | {
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September, 1976: I was a 2nd year internal medicine resident at the Medical College of Virginia.
My attending physician, Dr. Carlos Espinel, had just published a now-classic article: The FENa test.
So that month, I had the wonderful opportunity to understand the rationale behind a test that I now have used for over 40 years.
To understand the test, one must first understand the assumptions. Dr. Espinel defined clearly that one could use this test to help differentiate between volume contraction and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in oliguric patients. He defined oliguria as <20 cc/hr (approximately 500 cc daily). He applied the test to patients in whom the diagnosis was clinically confusing.
The idea is a simple one. Volume-contracted patients with otherwise normal kidneys should avidly retain sodium and water. ATN patients have a tubular dysfunction that prevents adequate sodium and water reabsorption. This test expanded on the less satisfactory tests—urine Na <20 mEq/mL or urine/plasma creatinine ratio—and combined them. The fractional excretion of any element or molecule defines the percentage of the filtered element that one excretes. Thus, a low FENa (<1%) means that the kidney is reabsorbing more than 99% of the filtered sodium.
So, the test comes directly from an understanding of the underlying physiologies of volume contraction versus ATN. When Dr. Espinel wrote about the test, he specifically focused on the question between volume contraction and ATN. In 1978, a team from Colorado endorsed the FENa in the paper Urinary diagnostic indices in acute renal failure: a prospective study.
This test can help greatly because volume contraction increases the risk of ATN. We need to aggressively replete volume, and often the physical examination does not adequately help us determine volume status.
The biggest mistake that I see is using the FENa in the wrong settings. Espinel designed the test for a specific purpose. I like ordering the components of the FENa when I suspect volume contraction and fear ATN. It does not help us in patients who already have significant (stage 3b or worse) chronic kidney disease. After obtaining a urinalysis, and urine sodium and creatinine, we can try empiric treatment. We may never need to use the results, but if we do, we have them. | <urn:uuid:6b3344ff-40a2-4952-922b-42d5fd97b21c> | {
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Skin infections and parasites are basic reasons why individuals may visit their specialist. Diverse sorts exist some are minor and improve with no or insignificant mediation, while others can make you feel very unwell. Bubbles or furuncles little accumulations of discharge around a hair follicle are genuinely normal and frequently alluded to as folliculate. A bigger accumulation of discharge is called a boil. They can show up for no obvious reason however are more typical on the off chance that you have lessened invulnerability, maybe because of taking steroid medications or HIV infection, or in the event that you have diabetes. Bubbles and abscesses may come about because of a minor skin infection, yet observe your skin pro for further appraisal when your bubble or sore does not rapidly settle following few days. You may require a few dosages of anti toxins or, on account of a sore, somewhat cut and waste of any discharge.
A more across the board skin infection that does not prompt to accumulations of discharge is known as cellulitis. Essentially, it doubtlessly creates on legs, in spite of the fact that it can influence any zone of your body an exceptional kind of cellulitis called erysipelas happens when you get it on the face more often than not on your cheeks. The seriousness of cellulitis can shift and ranges from a gentle confined skin infection to a genuine infection that influences bigger regions of your skin and makes you very unwell. Cellulitis can create where microscopic organisms enter your skin and tissues just beneath your detoxic opinie needs just to be small however here and there it can show up with no undeniable hidden cause. You experience the ill effects of competitor’s foot a typical, mellow contagious infection that regularly causes little and normally bothersome breaks in the skin between your toes.
Check the skin between your toes as often as possible, especially on the off chance that you have kindled legs, you are large or you have diabetes and the sensation in your feet is decreased. You have other broken zones of skin, for example, cuts, bruises, ulcers, bug nibbles, scratches or some other wounds anyplace on your leg. Besides, infusing drugs into your legs additionally puts you at more serious danger of getting a skin infection. You have a tenacious skin condition, for example, dermatitis, which makes your skin dry or more inclined to infection. You experience the ill effects of diabetes especially if your glucose levels are not all around controlled implying that they are too high for a really long time. You have low resistance, which might be the situation in case you are experiencing chemotherapy for malignancy or you take steroid drugs, which your specialist may recommend when you experience the ill effects of a ceaseless incendiary condition. | <urn:uuid:1e150a1c-5062-4582-971a-0b83ad912fa3> | {
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The Metabolic Contribution of the Human Microbiota to Resting Energy Expenditure (A-P-REE)
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.|
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00487955|
Recruitment Status : Unknown
Verified March 2007 by Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center.
Recruitment status was: Recruiting
First Posted : June 19, 2007
Last Update Posted : June 19, 2007
|Condition or disease||Intervention/treatment|
|Gastritis||Procedure: Resting Energy Expenditure examination|
There are now >500 million adult humans in the world who are overweight [body mass index (BMI) of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2] and 250 million who are obese (BMI 30 kg/m2). This growing epidemic threatens both industrialized and developing countries and has been accompanied by worldwide increases in obesity-related disorders, including type II diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular pathology, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the United States, 64% of adults are overweight or obese, prompting the Surgeon General to designate this condition as the most important public health challenge of our time.
The worldwide obesity epidemic is stimulating efforts to identify host and environmental factors that affect energy balance. The Human gut contains an immense number of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. This community consists of at least 1013 citizens, is dominated by anaerobic bacteria, and includes 500-1,000 species whose collective genomes are estimated to contain 100 times more genes than our own human genome. The microbiota can be viewed as a metabolic "organ" exquisitely tuned to our physiology that performs functions that we have not had to evolve on our own. These functions include the ability to process otherwise indigestible components of our diet, such as plant polysaccharides, and therefore may have an impact on our energy balance.
Comparisons of the distal gut microbiota of genetically obese mice and their lean littermates, as well as those of obese and lean human volunteers have revealed that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of two dominant bacterial divisions, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Turnbaugh et al demonstrated through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that these changes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota. Furthermore, this trait is transmissible: colonization of germ-free mice with an 'obese microbiota' results in a significantly greater increase in total body fat than colonization with a 'lean microbiota'. These results identify the gut microbiota as an additional contributing factor to the pathophysiology of obesity. It has been suggested, therefore, that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet.
|Study Type :||Observational|
|Estimated Enrollment :||40 participants|
|Observational Model:||Defined Population|
|Official Title:||The Metabolic Contribution of the Human Microbiota to Resting Energy Expenditure|
|Study Start Date :||June 2007|
|Estimated Study Completion Date :||December 2007|
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00487955
|Contact: Nachum Vaisman, Prof.||[email protected]|
|Contact: Aharon Halak, Dr.||[email protected]|
|The Unit of Clinical Nutrition||Recruiting|
|Tel Aviv, Israel|
|Contact: Nachum Vaisman, Prof. +972-524-266-596 [email protected]|
|Contact: Aharon Ahalak, Dr. +972-522-311-929 [email protected]|
|Study Director:||Nachum Vaisman, Prof.| | <urn:uuid:7cfd6a14-b3fe-479e-a823-6048dd2c48ac> | {
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Pew’s work focuses on the effective implementation of the Common Fisheries Policy in Europe’s northwestern waters. At the end of 2013, the European Union agreed to a new conservation-oriented fisheries policy that includes legally binding targets to end overfishing and drastically reduce discards in its waters by 2020. The policy formally took effect Jan. 1, 2014.
The EU exerts enormous influence over international fisheries and ocean policy. It has the world’s third-largest fishing fleet and is the biggest importer and exporter of fish. Those factors have often led to governmental measures that encourage overexploitation of wild fish stocks. The new Common Fisheries Policy requires that the EU implement its policies wherever its fleet fishes.
Why Europe’s northwestern waters?
This region is made up of the North, Celtic and Irish seas and the Atlantic Ocean west of Scotland. They are geologically diverse, ranging from the deep fjords and sheer cliffs that mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines to the sandy beaches and wide, highly productive mudflats farther south. The region’s ecosystems, however, have been hit hard by the area’s dense population and heavy industrialization, including commercial shipping and energy development.
For more than a century, the fish stocks in Europe’s northwestern waters have been heavily exploited and overfished. That has left many populations, such as cod, low or depleted. In 2013, for example, about 48 per cent of the demersal (bottom-dwelling) fish stocks for which scientific data exist were being overfished.
Pew also hopes to secure an EU regulation to protect vulnerable deep-sea ocean habitats in these waters and beyond. Far below the surface of our oceans lie entire mountain ranges covered with ancient corals, sponges and other unusual creatures. These fragile deep-sea ecosystems have taken centuries to grow but can be destroyed within hours by industrial-scale bottom trawling. Since 2004, the General Assembly of the United Nations has repeatedly called on countries to take urgent action to regulate deep-sea fishing, in particular deep-sea bottom trawling, and to protect vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems.
In July 2012, the European Commission published a legislative proposal to overhaul the existing deep-sea fisheries in the north-eastern Atlantic regulation that they admitted was failing. It includes a gradual phase-out of targeted bottom trawling and bottom gillnet fishing by EU fleets. Before entering into force, though, the proposal needs the approval of both the European Parliament and the Council of fisheries ministers from the EU’s 28 member states. Pew is working to ensure that this happens.
To support effective implementation of the new Common Fisheries Policy, we are working to:
- Ensure that overfishing ends in Europe’s northwestern waters by advocating that EU member states set fishing limits that will allow stocks to recover to sustainable levels.
- Protect vulnerable species and ecosystems in the deep sea by securing EU measures that implement agreed-upon United Nations resolutions to regulate Europe’s bottom-fishing fleet.
- Ensure that Europe moves forward with a management mind-set that will lead to more conservation-oriented fisheries policies in these waters, in other European regions and in other parts of the world where EU-flagged vessels operate. | <urn:uuid:d63e1869-ff3d-4ebb-9e46-280470b806b5> | {
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Bone Spurs in the Shoulder
What is a bone spur?
A bone spur (more technically known as osteophyte) is an abnormal bony overgrowth that extends out from the normal bone. Bone spurs develop from underlying joint instability, which can occur from traumatic injuries, repetitive motion injuries, or genetic ligament laxity. When any joint becomes unstable, the body instinctively reacts in a few different ways. In research in the Bone and Joint Journal, doctors also suggest that bone spurs can develop after shoulder replacement.1
- Before reading on, if you have questions about bone spurs in the shoulder, send them in via email.
Bone Spurs and Joint Instability
There are many conditions that can cause shoulder instability, chronic pain and formation of bone spurs in the shoulder.
The shoulder reacts in many ways to instability.
- First, the joint can swell in order to help keep everything in place.
- When that no longer works long-term, the body then recruits nearby muscles to help stabilize the joint. These muscles can be in a constant state of contraction as they try to stabilize the joint, but then also have to allow for regular movement. In the process, patients can develop painful muscle spasms (as it is not the muscle’s job to constantly contract to stabilize joints) from the extra load of work they are incurring.
The muscles may then start to degenerate and the body is left with one other option for stabilization: to start to overgrow bone tissue as a permanent way to stabilize the joint. This overgrowth of bone is what we call a “bone spur” (as it typically spurs out from the joint). If left untreated, bone spurs can become very large and very painful. They may cause pain with certain motions (i.e. a shoulder bone spur could cause pain when it pinches on tissue every time you raise your arm over your head) or significantly limit range of motion due to pain.
Shoulder Bone Spurs Healed with Prolotherapy at Caring Medical
Recently, we had a young man come to see us at Caring Medical with shoulder pain and limited range of motion. His pain could be explained by various tendon and ligament injuries of the shoulder but the restriction of motion could not, thus an x-ray was ordered.
As you can see on this x-ray, this person has a huge bone spur on the bottom of his humeral head (essentially the “ball” that helps the shoulder rotated around the way it does). This could explain why his range of motion was so limited. The extra bony growth prevented him from fully moving his shoulder. While Prolotherapy is working to resolve the pain, some patients still may end up needing surgery to remove the bone spur and get back the full range of motion.
At Caring Medical, we see many patients whose only desire is to get out of pain. Had this been the case with this gentleman, Prolotherapy would be a great solitary treatment option by itself. However, at such a young age, he also desires full range of motion to stay active the rest of his adult life. In this case, surgery may be warranted to allow him greater motion while Prolotherapy will ease pain and treat the underlying cause: joint instability.
Prolotherapy is always a great option when it comes to chronic joint pain but if you have significant restriction of motion in a joint, a plain and inexpensive x-ray may provide valuable information. It illustrates that “yes” sometimes surgery is needed! However, if you don’t treat the underlying cause of the bone spur (the joint instability), it will most likely come back.
Treatment Options for Bone Spurs
If you have a bone spur in your shoulder, as evidenced by an x-ray or MRI, you have a few treatment options. If you do not have any pain associated with the spur, you can do nothing. Not all bone spurs are painful and require treatment. If you do have pain, however, you can take medications and/or do physical therapy to manage the pain. You also may get a surgical consult and possibly receive surgery to shave the bone spurs, resurface the bone, or replace the shoulder joint. This may be necessary depending on the size and/or number of spurs. Lastly, you can receive Prolotherapy treatments to help stabilize the shoulder and ease pain. Prolotherapy is an injection technique used to stimulate healing of injured tissue. While Prolotherapy itself cannot get rid of a spur, it can treat the underlying cause: joint instability. It can help to alleviate pain and allow for better shoulder range of motion as well, depending on the size and location of the spur. Physical therapy is also a great adjunct treatment to Prolotherapy for the proper management and treatment of bone spurs.
1. Roche CP, Marczuk Y, Wright TW, Flurin PH, Grey S, Jones R, Routman HD, Gilot G, Zuckerman JD. Scapular notching and osteophyte formation after reverse shoulder replacement: Radiological analysis of implant position in male and female patients. Bone Joint J. 2013 Apr;95-B(4):530-5. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.95B4.30442. | <urn:uuid:2131d5eb-f25d-497f-8bd3-e3c660ed6bab> | {
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As the global antivaccination movement grows, so has the number of U.S. parents who don’t vaccinate their children on time: As of 2015, an estimated 10% to 15% didn’t follow the recommended schedules for children under 2. Now, a new study shows that at least one of their fears—that vaccines overload the immune system and increase susceptibility to other diseases—is unfounded. Researchers examined the medical records of more than 900 infants from six hospitals and clinics across the western United States between 2003 and 2013. The team compared children who had contracted diseases not covered by vaccinations with those who didn’t—193 children in the first group and 751 in the second. There was no link between vaccines given before the age of 2 and other infections from ages 2 to 4, the team reports today in The Journal of the American Medical Association. Paul Offit, a physician at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania who was not involved with the study, says the results aren’t surprising. Newborns experience a “tremendous shock of bacteria” when they’re born, having gone from a sterile womb straight into to our bacteria-filled environment. The immune system challenge from vaccines “pales in comparison,” he says. The researchers say that means that following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommended childhood immunization schedule is probably in everyone’s best interest. | <urn:uuid:b5591de2-7e42-4fd5-8584-0d02c210b102> | {
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The preservation of the Gotse Delchev folklore and
traditional customs as a part of the national cultural heritage is on of
the chief task of the local cultural institutions: the Nevrokop Ensemble for Folk Songs and
Dance, the House of Culture, the Prosveta Cultural Club, the Historical Museum,
the folk song and dance group of Nikolina Chackardakova and the groups for
authentic folklore in the villages of Kornitsa, Banichan, Breznitsa, Borovo,
etc. The fairs and the traditional cultural skills such as music, dances, tales,
customs and crafts are still kept alive in the Gotse Delchev region. The Gotse
Delchev Municipality still possesses a much preserved folk culture - in its syncretism
- as an inseparable union of sound, movement, word, ritual, etc.
Traditional holidays and
customs in the Gotse Delchev Municipality:
• Christmas Eve and Christmas
of regional importance, which are celebrated on December 24 and 25. Nativity
rituals are performed in the Orthodox Christian temples. A ritual table laid for
Christmas is presented in the Historical Museum in
the town of Gotse Delchev.
is celebrated at the end of April in all Christian settlements in the region.
Customs connected with Christ's resurrection are performed. There is also an
Easter service in the Christian temples. A ritual table laid for Easter is
presented in the Historical Museum in
the town of Gotse Delchev.
• St Lazarus' Day
Lazarus' Day is celebrated in April (one week before Easter) in the village of
Banichan, 6 km south of the town of Gotse Delchev. Folk customs with songs and
dances believed to bring rain and a rich harvest are performed by young girls
Sirnitsa (The first Sunday before Lent)
is celebrated at the end of February in all Christian settlements in the
region. It is a custom connected with the Beginning of Lent. large fires are lit
in the separate quarters of the town and in the villages, and a traditional
family dinner with a cheese pasty and boiled eggs is prepared.
Babugeri is celebrated in February in the
village of Musomishta, 2 km south of the town of Gotse Delchev. Mummers dance to
chase away the evil and bring health, good luck and a good harvest to the local
St Trifon's Day is
celebrated in February in the town and the villages. The men go to the vineyards
with a wooden vessel of wine and a boiled chicken and make a ritual first
pruning of the vines for the year. A traditional local wedding is also
presented in the village of Delchevo
Midwives' Day is
celebrated on 8 January. Customs of gratitude for the aid in giving birth are
performed by the women.
St Jordan's Day is celebrated in on 6 January
in the town of Gotse Delchev. Church rituals are performed by the Metropolitan
of Nevrokop. They include the throwing of a cross into the Nevrokopska River,
which is then retained by some brave man, in the presence of many inhabitants of
St Constantine's Day
St Constantine's Day is
celebrated in May on St Constantine's Summit in the South Pirin Mountains, 5 km
southwest of the town of Gotse Delchev. It is celebrated with a fair with a
liturgy and a ritual meal of boiled mutton. It is actually the Christianized
version of an old solar-cult ritual.
Holy Virgin's Day
It is celebrated in the Life-Bringing
Source Monastery, 2 km southwest of the town of Gotse Delchev. The monastery was
built on the site of an old-Christian basilica. The Holy Virgin's Day is
celebrated at the end of April or the beginning of May (the first Friday
after Easter with a large fair, a solemn liturgy at the monastery, a ritual meal of boiled mutton
and common tables on the monastery's meadows.
Nativity of the Holy Virgin
This holiday is celebrated in
the 105-year-old Holy Virgin's monastery, 3 km west of the village of Banichan.
Legends and tales say that the original monastery building was built in c. 4-5
AD. 40 monks lived in it. In 1902, the old blind woman Tsveta went to its site and
dug out an icon of the Holy Virgin - she said that she had a vision in her
sleep. The holiday is celebrated on 8 September, 6 May and 15 August. Thousands
of Christians come to pray for health and solace among an extremely beautiful
area, where there were also a medieval settlement and a church in the past.
• St Elijah's Day
holiday is also in commemoration of the killed in the Uprising on St Elijah's'
Day, 1903 against the Ottoman rule in Macedonia. It is celebrated with a
traditional fair, organized by the Municipality. It takes place every year on 2
August in the locality Popovi Livadi, 18 km away from the town of Gotse Delchev.
Citizens from the entire Gotse Delchev region and parts of the neighbouring
Sandanski Municipality gather. The fair starts with a folk song and dance
programme by popular ensembles of the municipality including children's and
women's groups for authentic folklore, and continues with sporting events. There
are stands selling various products of the traditional crafts. It is also the
patron saint's holiday of the church in the village of Dobrotino.
The patron saints' holidays are
also celebrated in all other Christian temples of the municipality.
The Muslim holidays - Ramadan
Bayram and Kurban Bayram - are celebrated with traditional performances of
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Posted on November 1st, 2011 by
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that boys be vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV).
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) consist of more than 100 different viruses. Some types of HPV cause warts on the hands or feet, others cause genital warts, and some have been linked with cancer. HPV-related cancers include cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and certain types of head and neck cancer.
The types of HPV that cause cancer or genital warts are transmitted sexually. HPV infection is extremely common and generally occurs soon after an individual becomes sexually active. Although most infections resolve on their own, some persist and increase cancer risk.
The vaccine that is being recommended for boys is Gardasil®, which protects against four types of HPV: types 6, 11, 16, and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 are linked with cancer and HPV types 6 and 11 account for most cases of genital warts. Gardasil does not prevent infection with all cancer-related types of HPV, but is expected to substantially reduce the risk of HPV-related cancer. Gardasil was originally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2006 for the prevention of cervical cancer and genital warts in girls.
In order to be maximally effective, HPV vaccination should occur before a child becomes sexually active. Routine vaccination of boys is recommended at ages 11-12, but the vaccine can also be given to boys as young as nine and to men up to the age of 26. The vaccine is given in three doses.
Reference: CDC Media Advisory. ACIP recommends all 11-12 year-old males get vaccinated against HPV. Recommendations subject to approval by CDC. October 25, 2011.
Copyright © 2011 CancerConsultants. All Rights Reserved.
You must be logged-in to the site to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:b1660287-914c-446a-a94f-62796e853ecd> | {
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Experts from the Karolinska Institute found that the cells that form the blood vessels in cancerous tumors, by themselves, preclude the effective immunotherapy. It is reported by Xinhua.
"Understanding the relationship between tumor pericytes, cancer cells comprising the blood vessels, and immune system will help to develop a more suitable particular person schemes of treatment," the report said scientists.
Cancer suppresses cellular immunity, as a result, some treatment methods become ineffective.
Note, physicians and biologists have made considerable progress in understanding the mechanisms of cancer development. They recently described a simple language, as cancer can occur in relatively healthy cell. When damage to a particular section of DNA it gets to the "hospital" cage, where his recovery. If treatment has been unsuccessful, the cell can zaprogrammirovat in the wrong job, for example, rapid division, which is one of the causes of cancer. | <urn:uuid:43b1584c-3e06-4685-9d3e-15d3dd0287d3> | {
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Common Tetraka (Bernieria madagascariensis) - HBW 10, p. 248
French: Bulbul tétraka
Spanish: Bulbul Tetraka
Other common names: Long-billed/Madagascar Greenbul
Taxonomy: Muscicapa madagascariensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789, Madagascar.
Relationships with rest of family uncertain. Previously thought close to species currently placed in Xanthomixis but formerly included in present genus; recent data derived from mitochondrial DNA sequencing indicate, however, that the two groups are not monophyletic. Two subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution:
- inceleber Bangs & Peters, 1926 - N & W Madagascar (Montagne d’Ambre and Sambirano S to Toliara), including Nosy Be.
- madagascariensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) - E Madagascar (Andapa S to Tolagnaro), including Sainte Marie I.
- Least Concern Enlarge map
Secretive and quickly moving in dense vegetation. Formerly known as Long-billed Greenbul
Locality Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park, Madagascar (ssp inceleber)
Patrick Floré 28 November 2011 45 weeks ago 4.1
Adult male in the hand
Locality Manombo Special Reserve, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar (ssp madagascariensis)
nlb.birder 12 November 2009 3 years ago 3.8 | <urn:uuid:38e45429-971e-4c37-88a7-0e771429437b> | {
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
10 May 1872|
Épinal, Vosges, France
|Died||10 February 1950
Marcel Mauss (French: [mos]; 10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist. The nephew of Émile Durkheim, Mauss' academic work traversed the boundaries between sociology and anthropology. Today, he is perhaps better recognised for his influence on the latter discipline, particularly with respect to his analyses of topics such as magic, sacrifice and gift exchange in different cultures around the world. Mauss had a significant influence upon Claude Lévi-Strauss, the founder of structural anthropology. His most famous book is The Gift (1925).
Mauss was born in Épinal, Vosges to a Jewish family, and studied philosophy at Bordeaux, where his maternal uncle Émile Durkheim was teaching at the time. He passed the agrégation in 1893. He was also first cousin of the much younger Claudette (née Raphael) Bloch, a marine biologist and mother of Maurice Bloch, who has become a noted anthropologist. Instead of taking the usual route of teaching at a lycée following college, Mauss moved to Paris and took up the study of comparative religion and Sanskrit.
His first publication in 1896 marked the beginning of a prolific career that would produce several landmarks in the sociological literature. Like many members of Année Sociologique Mauss was attracted to socialism, particularly that espoused by Jean Jaurès. He was particularly active in the events of the Dreyfus affair. Towards the end of the century, he helped edit such left-wing papers as Le Populaire, L'Humanité and Le Mouvement socialiste, the last in collaboration with Georges Sorel.
In 1901 Mauss took up a chair in the 'history of religion and uncivilized peoples' at the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), one of the grandes écoles in Paris. It was at this time that he began drawing more on ethnography, and his work began to develop characteristics now associated with formal anthropology.
The years of World War I were absolutely devastating for Mauss. Many of his friends and colleagues died in the war, and his uncle Durkheim died shortly before its end. Politically the postwar years were also difficult for Mauss. Durkheim had made changes to school curricula across France, and after his death a backlash against his students began.
Like many other followers of Durkheim, Mauss took refuge in administration. He secured Durkheim's legacy by founding institutions to carry out directions of research, such as l'Institut Français de Sociologie (1924) and l'Institut d'Ethnologie in 1926. Among students he influenced was George Devereux, later an influential anthropologist who combined ethnology with psychoanalysis.
In his classic work The Gift, Mauss argued that gifts are never "free". Rather, human history is full of examples of gifts giving rise to reciprocal exchange. The famous question that drove his inquiry into the anthropology of the gift was: "What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?" (1990:3). The answer is simple: the gift is a "total prestation" (see law of obligations), imbued with "spiritual mechanisms", engaging the honour of both giver and receiver (the term "total prestation" or "total social fact" (fait social total) was coined by his student Maurice Leenhardt after Durkheim's social fact). Such transactions transcend the divisions between the spiritual and the material in a way that, according to Mauss, is almost "magical". The giver does not merely give an object but also part of himself, for the object is indissolubly tied to the giver: "the objects are never completely separated from the men who exchange them" (1990:31). Because of this bond between giver and gift, the act of giving creates a social bond with an obligation to reciprocate on the part of the recipient. Not to reciprocate means to lose honour and status, but the spiritual implications can be even worse: in Polynesia, failure to reciprocate means to lose mana, one's spiritual source of authority and wealth. Mauss distinguished between three obligations: giving, the necessary initial step for the creation and maintenance of social relationships; receiving, for to refuse to receive is to reject the social bond; and reciprocating in order to demonstrate one's own liberality, honour and wealth.
An important notion in Mauss' conceptualisation of gift exchange is what Gregory (1982, 1997) refers to as "inalienability". In a commodity economy, there is a strong distinction between objects and persons through the notion of private property. Objects are sold, meaning that the ownership rights are fully transferred to the new owner. The object has thereby become "alienated" from its original owner. In a gift economy, however, the objects that are given are inalienated from the givers; they are "loaned rather than sold and ceded". It is the fact that the identity of the giver is invariably bound up with the object given that causes the gift to have a power which compels the recipient to reciprocate. Because gifts are inalienable they must be returned; the act of giving creates a gift-debt that has to be repaid. Because of this, the notion of an expected return of the gift creates a relationship over time between two individuals. In other words, through gift-giving, a social bond evolves that is assumed to continue through space and time until the future moment of exchange. Gift exchange therefore leads to a mutual interdependence between giver and receiver. According to Mauss, the "free" gift that is not returned is a contradiction because it cannot create social ties. Following the Durkheimian quest for understanding social cohesion through the concept of solidarity, Mauss's argument is that solidarity is achieved through the social bonds created by gift exchange. Mauss emphasizes that exchanging resulted from the will of attaching other people – ‘to put people under obligations’, because “in theory such gifts are voluntary, but in fact they are given and repaid under obligation”.
Mauss's views on the nature of gift exchange have had critics. French anthropologist Alain Testart (1998), for example, argues that there are "free" gifts, such as passers-by giving money to beggars, e.g. in a large Western city. Donor and receiver do not know each other and are unlikely ever to meet again. In this context, the donation certainly creates no obligation on the side of the beggar to reciprocate; neither the donor nor the beggar have such an expectation. Testart argues that only the latter can actually be enforced. He feels that Mauss overstated the magnitude of the obligation created by social pressures, particularly in his description of the potlatch amongst North American Indians.
Another example of a non-reciprocal "free" gift is provided by British anthropologist James Laidlaw (2000). He describes the social context of Indian Jain renouncers, a group of itinerant celibate renouncers living an ascetic life of spiritual purification and salvation. The Jainist interpretation of the doctrine of ahimsa (an extremely rigorous application of principles of nonviolence) influences the diet of Jain renouncers and compels them to avoid preparing food, as this could potentially involve violence against microscopic organisms. Since Jain renouncers do not work, they rely on food donations from lay families within the Jain community. However, the former must not appear to be having any wants or desires, and only very hesitantly and apologetically receive the food prepared by the latter.
"Free" gifts therefore challenge the aspects of the Maussian notion of the gift unless the moral and non-material qualities of gifting are considered. These aspects are, of course, at the heart of the gift, as demonstrated in books such as Annette Weiner's (1992), Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping While Giving.
However, Mauss offers one possible response to such criticisms in the section "Note on Alms."
While Mauss is known for several of his own works - most notably his masterpiece Essai sur le Don ('The Gift') - much of his best work was done in collaboration with members of the Année Sociologique, including Durkheim (Primitive Classification), Henri Hubert (Outline of a General Theory of Magic and Essay on the Nature and Function of Sacrifice), Paul Fauconnet (Sociology) and others.
Like many prominent French academics, Mauss did not train a great number of students. Many anthropologists claim to have followed in his footsteps, most notably Claude Lévi-Strauss. The essay on The Gift is the origin for anthropological studies of reciprocity. His analysis of the Potlatch has inspired Georges Bataille (The Accursed Share); then the situationists (the name of the first situationist journal was Potlatch). This term has been used by many interested in gift economies and Open Source software, although this latter use sometimes differs from Mauss' original formulation. See also Lewis Hyde's revolutionary critique of Mauss in "Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property".
- Essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice, (with Henri Hubert) 1898.
- La sociologie: objet et méthode, (with Paul Fauconnet) 1901.
- De quelques formes primitives de classification, (with Durkheim) 1902.
- Esquisse d'une théorie générale de la magie, (with Henri Hubert) 1902.
- Essai sur le don, 1924.
- Les techniques du corps, 1934. Journal de Psychologie 32 (3-4). Reprinted in Mauss, Sociologie et anthropologie, 1936, Paris: PUF.
- Sociologie et anthropologie, (selected writings) 1950.
- Manuel d'ethnographie. 1967. Editions Payot & Rivages. (Manual of Ethnography 2009. Translated by N. J. Allen. Berghan Books.)
- Barth, Fredrik (2005). One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology. University of Chicago Press, p. 208, Quote: "Marcel Mauss’ two most influential followers were Claude Levi-Strauss (b. 1908) and Louis Dumont (1911-1998). The impact of his work on both of them was strong.”
- D. Walczak. 2015. The process of exchange, solidarity and sustainable development in building a community of responsibility. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (1S1), p. 506.
- Derrida, J., 1992 . Given Time I. Counterfeit Money. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
- Cannell, Fenella (2006) The anthropology of Christianity, Introduction
- Gregory, C. A. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. London.
- Gregory, C. A. 1997. Savage money: the anthropology and politics of commodity exchange. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.
- Laidlaw, J. 2000. ‘A free gift makes no friends’ Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6:617-634.
- Mauss, M. 1990 (1922). The Gift: forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies. London: Routledge.
- Testart, A. 1998. 'Uncertainties of the 'Obligation to Reciprocate': A Critique of Mauss' in Marcel Mauss: A Centenary Tribute. James, W. and Allen, N. J. (eds.). New York: Berghahn Books.
- Weiner, Annette (1992). Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping While Giving. Berkeley, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07604-4.
- Dianteill, Erwan, ed., Marcel Mauss – L’anthropologie de l’un et du multiple, Paris, PUF, collection « Débats philosophiques », 2013.
- Dzimira, Sylvain, Marcel Mauss, savant et politique, La Découverte, 2007 (lire en ligne la préface de Marcel Fournier, le sommaire et l'intro.).
- Fournier, Marcel. 1994. Marcel Mauss. Fayard: Paris (the definitive biography in French). see Marcel Mauss: A Biography, PUP, 2005
- Ferguson, Kennan. 2007. 'The Gift of Freedom.' Social Text. 25:2 39-52.
- Graeber, David Give it away, an essay
- Lévi-Strauss, C.. 1987 . Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss. London. Routledge.
- Moebius, Stephan/Papilloud, Christian (Ed.). 2005. Gift – Marcel Mauss' Kulturtheorie der Gabe. Wiesbaden: VS.
- Moebius, Stephan. 2006. Marcel Mauss. Konstanz | <urn:uuid:b8932621-f3b8-4567-ac65-1cdb66516ba3> | {
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One risk with these charts is that the other points, which are outside control limits, can confuse the interpretation of the
plot by suggesting that there are other key events which should be considered. This becomes a serious concern if the process
is not stable and under statistical control, as is the case here.
A weakness of this approach using a chart for individuals is that it lacks the statistical power to identify a small shift
in the average. Visual examination of a CUSUM plot may have identified a change point but the chart for individuals with its
control limits might only provide the same indication somewhat later, limiting its value as a statistical test. Other rules
from SPC, such as a run of points, can be applied if the change is not so pronounced, but the only thing such rules will confirm
is that the average has changed, not when it changed. A chart of moving average, like the one in Figure 2, is a more sensitive detector of a small change if appropriate
control limits are added but it also has the limitation of not identifying when the change occurred.
It is possible to apply control rules directly to a CUSUM chart but the methods are not as simple or intuitive as with conventional
SPC. For the occasional user who is trying to solve a problem, they present a steep learning curve; for a statistician or
experienced practitioner in SPC, they are worth pursuing. This article does not cover those control rules.
OTHER ASPECTS OF CUSUM
CUSUM charts work well with counted data, such as the number of particles in a sample, or the number of rejects per day. If
the batch size or lot size varies, then the step size on the horizontal scale should mimic this so that a percentage reject
rate from a large batch has a greater visual weight than the same percentage from a small batch. There are different ways
to do this in Excel, but an X–Y plot on which the X-axis has a running total from all the batches is straightforward to implement.
CUSUM Chart in a Report
Interpretation of the charts is not intuitive. People often look at the vertical scale and try to find the significance in
positive or negative values. Only the slope is important, however, so this should be emphasized if a CUSUM chart is included
in a report. It is best to superimpose a plot for raw data with a CUSUM, as in Figure 5, along with an explanation if the
intended readers of the report are not familiar with the technique.
Statistical Process Control
The equivalents of control limits can be set up for CUSUM charts and are valuable if a process average can drift, needs tight
control, or cannot be evaluated using large subgroup sizes. This can occur for process variables, such as concentration or
batch weight, where repeated measurements are not possible or will give the same result. However, it is not easy to run the
charts and interpreting them is not intuitive for people who are only accustomed to conventional trend charts.
The case study example shows how CUSUM was used to eliminate one potential cause of a problem and thereby save time and a
lot of unnecessary work.
CUSUM techniques are an effective method for identifying a change point and are especially valuable in problem solving when
a trend chart shows that an average has shifted. They are simple to implement in Excel and will often give a precise answer.
One risk with CUSUM charts is that a casual reader may not understand that the slope of the lines is important and consequently
make errors in interpretation. A second risk is that small variations might be thought to be important because visually they
appear to be significant. However, these problems are minor in comparison to the benefits that the cumulative sum method brings
when it is applied in the appropriate situations.
George R. Bandurek, PhD, is the director of GRB Solutions, Ltd., West Sussex, UK, +44 1903 215175, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:8fe45f12-914b-4f56-a0c5-50199d3b6d3a> | {
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Three student interns in the AFRL Discovery Lab program designed and created a custom 3D printed aircraft from a Makerbot Replicator 2X.
The program is a partnership between the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Wright Brothers Institute and is hosted near Wright-Patterson Air Force Base at Tec^Edge. The students, Nathan Kidder, Ben Rhoads, and Brian Jackson were tasked to make a fully functional aircraft with the help of 3D printing. The idea behind the project was that a plane could be quickly and cost effectively manufactured using 3D printing.
With two Makerbot Replicator 2X 3D printers at their disposal, the team designed and printed prototypes of their aircraft designs during the first five weeks of the program. They printed through five revisions before settling on an aircraft design they believed could fly.
The airframe of the their aircraft, called Disposable Miniature Air Vehicle (DMAV), is fully 3D printed using $16 worth of plastic. It has no internal reinforcements such as carbon rods or otherwise, making this aircraft unique compared to other FDM aircraft which depend on reinforcements for structural integrity.
On its first flight of the morning, the 1.5 pound aircraft plummeted into the ground. The second airplane, however with some modifications, landed multiple times without crashing.
"We were excited to finally see the plane fly and that it demonstrated low cost additive manufacturing as a viable option for producing aircraft," Nathan, the team lead, commented after the rounds of successful flight.
Watch the video below the DMAV 3D printed airplane flight testing.
Posted in 3D Printing Applications
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jd90 wrote at 9/17/2013 4:58:39 PM:
$16 worth of plastic? That's pretty heavy for an R/C airplane airframe. And that doesn't count the value of the machine time. | <urn:uuid:a406293e-cb47-44d4-9482-3300f767be5f> | {
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