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by Joanna Stalnaker
Today, when thinking about the divide between literature and science, we may tend to associate literature with the imagination and science with observation and description. The prehistory of this assumption can be traced back to the eighteenth century, when description first emerged as a contested category in urgent need of definition, beyond the traditional rhetorical notion of enargeia, the figure by which an absent object or person is made vividly present through words. As Lorraine Daston, John Bender, Michael Marrinan, Cynthia Sundberg Wall, and I have shown, the practice of description underwent significant transformations in the eighteenth century, as competing regimes of description emerged and were defined in opposition to each other. Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert’s famous Encyclopédie, published over two decades beginning at midcentury, offered three separate entries on description: one for geometry, one for natural history, and one for belles lettres. A later iteration of that work, the Encyclopédie méthodique, added yet another entry on the newly invented genre of descriptive poetry, which purportedly undermined classical poetics by failing to subsume description to narrative or didactic design. Yet the disciplinary landscape operative in these definitions—and in the descriptive practices surrounding them—cannot be easily mapped onto our familiar opposition between imaginative literature on the one hand and scientific description on the other.
In what follows, I will look at two writers from the French eighteenth century whose work illustrates the contingency of modern categories and definitions of description. The first is the famous naturalist and renowned stylist Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, whose multivolume Histoire naturelle spurred the vogue for natural history across Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century. The second is the once-celebrated but now obscure poet Jacques Delille, who took the Scottish poet James Thomson as his model and introduced the so-called genre of descriptive poetry in France in the last decades of the Old Regime. Taken together, these two writers exemplify what the great naturalist and zoologist Georges Cuvier called “the age of description.” This age has fallen out of view since Cuvier’s lifetime, lost to the modern fracture between literature and science. Yet I will argue that it holds special relevance for us today, at a time when short-story writers and political theorists alike share an impulse to ascribe agency to nonhuman things and to question the centrality of human perspectives. One of the biggest surprises to emerge from the unfamiliar landscape of the eighteenth-century age of description is its elaboration of a poetics of description grounded in dramatic shifts in scale and nonhuman perspectives on nature. Continue reading …
This article looks at two writers of the French eighteenth century, the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon and the poet Jacques Delille, whose innovative practices of description call into question our modern opposition between literature and science and raise the issue of how literature might be transformed through attention to nonhuman views of nature.
JOANNA STALNAKER teaches in the French Department at Columbia University. She is the author of The Unfinished Enlightenment: Description in the Age of the Encyclopedia (Cornell, 2010) and is currently working on a book about the last works of the French philosophes at the end of the Enlightenment. | <urn:uuid:db27ca59-8692-47e4-b523-7270dce404c6> | {
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Virtually anyone who works in industry or government can tell you what the reportable warning signs of insider threat are – sudden behavioral changes, unexplained affluence, odd working hours, etc. Yet every time an espionage incident, intellectual property theft, or mass shooting takes place, it seems as though indicators are either not reported, or somehow fail to reach those who need to know. So what exactly is going on here?
There are a variety of mechanisms responsible for the failure of insider threat detection; reporting mechanisms, inter-organizational communications, and the existence and enforcement of policy are just a few laid out in CERT’s Common Sense Guide to Mitigating Insider Threats (2012). While any valid insider threat program certainly should address the nineteen components presented within the guide – it must also examine how detection is communicated to employees.
In a discussion pertaining to evolutionary psychology and business ethics, Cosmides and Tooby (2004) delve into a crucial element of the human mind that gets overlooked when discussing threat detection and reporting – humans are unable to detect procedural rule violations that are not precautionary or social in nature. The hunter-gather mind that humans have developed is equipped with specific machinery to detect social contract violations – instances wherein one receives the benefit (Q) without paying the price (not P) or vice versa – but the majority of humans fail at detecting violations of non-social “if then” rules.
The reason for this selective reasoning specialization is simple; our minds are the product of millions of years of natural selection. In terms of scale, we have just recently emerged from hunter-gatherer societies, yet our minds largely remain within this realm. Our mental machinery has been tailored for a starkly different world from which we live in today. In the past, societies were smaller and people often lived with extended family and spent most of their time outdoors. The number of people that an individual might have encountered throughout his or her lifetime was far less than that of an individual in 2014. In a world where people spent most of their days simply trying to stay alive, being able to detect social contract cheaters, or free-riders, was an essential skill because every individual had the incentive to reap benefits without expending personal resources.
Within the context of natural selection, the fact that humans are adept at detecting violations of precautionary rules (e.g. if you’re going take risk A, then you must take precaution B) makes perfect sense. Possessing this skill provides palpable utility to an individual; and that utility is survival. However, the procedural rules of the workplace are another matter. They are not social or precautionary rules and they generally do not identify a benefit or risk to the individual. For example, most insider threat programs can be boiled down to “if you see something, say something.” While straightforward, it simply does not hit the same mental circuits that say, walking through a pit of snakes might. If there is no obvious risk to the individual, and no potential personal benefit – humans are less engaged.
What threats and benefits to an organization mean to an individual remains largely ambiguous. The human mind was developed in an environment in which social exchanges were face to face, in real time, and the results were often observable. The indirect relationship between benefits to the individual and the group were more readily observable (e.g. if I spend time crafting tools in order to allow the hunters more time to hunt, I will eat better). Reporting a coworker who fails to lock their computer may not activate the same mechanisms. The value to the individual through the group is not as apparent and the threat and benefit are obscured. Even within organizations that are serious about implementing security measures through negative reinforcement (counseling, performance review), individuals generally do not lose their jobs. With that said, a culture of enforcement and repercussions can be advantageous.
To put it in more everyday terms, this is one of the reasons why it’s so difficult to get the public out of traditional ways of doing things. For example, it is common knowledge that studies reflect a direct correlation between smoking tobacco and cancer; it’s usually just a matter of time. In most metropolitan areas of the United States today, the effects of smoking are not observed and documented as often as they should be. Going back a few decades, we all knew smoking led to cancer, but it took serious public campaigns and incentives to curb smoking – even though people could rationally understand that smoking might kill them, the lengthy process generally wasn’t rapidly observable enough to command the public’s attention.
If there isn’t a negative repercussion directly associated with an action, our minds fail to acknowledge the association. This is the substance of modern parenting. In order to curb dangerous behaviors, punishment must be swift, consistent and enforceable; otherwise the lesson is lost. This concept can be assimilated to ocean thermal delay – when actions and reactions are separated by timeframes that exceed the normal human attention span, we are less apt to acknowledge (and accept) the connection.
So how can an organization take steps to effectively address insider threat? Anchor the threat of observable impact to the employee. Simply providing training on the machinations of “if you see something, say something” does not go far enough; insider threat detection needs to be tied to livelihood. Consider the impact of the following two statements:
- All personnel must badge into facility X, never allow a person to “tailgate” into the building.
- Reviews of security incidents over the past two years have found tailgating to be the most common method for unauthorized personnel to gain access to intellectual property at facility X. As a result, several companies are now selling our product at a lower price. We will likely have to find ways to streamline budgets, to include no bonuses or pay increases, and the possibility of layoffs.
The first statement is valid, but it fails to emphasize the bottom line impact. Even the second statement is insufficient due to the fact that the damage has already occurred; therefore, the threat could be considered non-existent.
Another aspect to contemplate is the likelihood of a perceptual difference in security stance between management and the average employee. There are very good reasons for employees to nod in accordance with management when security edicts are discussed, but the underlying truth can be acutely different. Management may be oblivious simply because no one wants to tell the emperors they have no clothes.
In order to address this issue, organizations might consider a neutral third party assessment that compares attitudes and perceptions of security from the viewpoint of both employees and management on a scheduled basis. Industrial psychologists could also assist organizations through framing security training in a manner that elicits not only compliance, but active participation from employees as well.
The combination of impartial active listening, conveyance of threats to the individual employee, and the implementation of swift, observable repercussions can create a proactive culture of security awareness, but the organization must be willing to invest. Please contact us below if you would like to know more about this or our ESA methodology to help secure your enterprise.
About the Author
Gabriel Whalen has a Master’s in Forensic Psychology, a decade of experience in the U.S. National Security community, and a background in acting, biology, and ethical hacking. Gabriel represents TSC Advantage’s diversified talent portfolio as a social engineer, behavioral analyst, and insider threat expert.
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2004). Knowing thyself: The evolutionary psychology of moral reasoning and moral sentiments. In R. E. Freeman and P. Werhane (Eds.), Business, Science, and Ethics. The Ruffin Series No. 4. (pp. 91-127). Charlottesville, VA: Society for Business Ethics.
Silowash, G., Cappelli, Dawn., Moore, Andrew., Trzeciak, Randall., Shimeall, Timothy., & Flynn, Lori. (2012). Common Sense Guide to Mitigating Insider Threats, 4th Edition (CMU/SEI-2012-TR-012). Retrieved April 02, 2014, from the Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University website: http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?AssetID=34017 | <urn:uuid:4ad91a28-cf8a-40f0-82c6-4623495f91c0> | {
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Gordon Helm
A biological report released jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service confirms that wild Atlantic salmon are in danger of extinction despite considerable efforts to ensure their survival. The status of the salmon under the Endangered Species Act is now pending before the federal court in Washington D.C., and the United States will be making a court filing on the case next Friday, October 15. By that time, the federal agencies will make and announce decisions following on the report being released today.
"The State of Maine has worked hard to conserve Atlantic salmon indigenous to the Gulf of Maine through its conservation plan, and the plan will provide a solid foundation for future recovery efforts," said Jamie Rappaport Clark, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "We will continue working with the State of Maine and its partners to support implementation of the existing plan. Nevertheless, this population is facing increasing threats to its existence. These are the last remaining naturally reproducing wild Atlantic salmon known to exist in the United States. Our New England office will work closely with the State of Maine to replenish Atlantic salmon for future generations."
"Atlantic salmon are an important part of the heritage of Maine and we must do everything possible to ensure their survival and recovery," said Penny Dalton, director of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service. "It is critical now that we work together with the state, industry, and conservationists to redouble our efforts to protect wild salmon."
In the biological review, Status Review for Anadromous Atlantic Salmon in the United States, a team of federal biologists from the services documented changes in the status of isolated groups of wild Atlantic salmon. These salmon are found in several rivers and tributaries in the area of Maine that includes the Kennebec River basin and extends east to the St. Croix River near the U.S.-New Brunswick, Canada border.
The report concludes that fewer adult salmon are returning to spawn and young salmon in the rivers are surviving at a lower rate than expected. The prospects for the stocks in the downeast rivers is poor unless greater protection can be put in place. These include controls on water diversion to ensure flow in the rivers, restrictions on recreational fishing that catch wild salmon, and aquaculture safeguards. The services are working with the state to address these issues, but the process needs to be broadened and accelerated.
In December, 1997, the two services, which share the responsibility for making a recommendation on whether Atlantic salmon should be federally protected, withdrew a proposal to list the salmon in Maine as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The services determined that existing protection for the species, including the newly developed State of Maine's Atlantic Salmon Conservation Plan, was adequate and that listing the species under the ESA was not warranted at that time. Since then, some progress has been made to implement the conservation plan. However, some threats remain unresolved and need to be addressed.
For a copy of the biological status review, contact: Paul Nickerson, USFWS, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035 or Mary Colligan, NMFS Protected Resources Division, One Blackburn Drive, Gloucester, MA 01930.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The service manages the 93-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System comprised of more than 500 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands, and other special management areas. It also operates 66 national fish hatcheries, 64 fish and wildlife management assistance offices and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the federal aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies.
The National Marine Fisheries Service is
the principal steward of the nation's living marine resources,
regulating the nation's commercial and recreational fisheries
and managing species under the Magnuson-Stevens
Fishery Conservation and Management Act throughout federal
waters which extend 200 miles from the coastline. An agency of
the Commerce Department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
NOAA Fisheries also protects marine and anadromous species under
the Endangered Species Act and the Marine
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With national news bringing attention to historical markers, there's been renewed local interest in Settlers Park, the land that includes Boulder's iconic Red Rocks formation. Turns out, Settlers Park is the name of the trail head and parking lot, but not the actual park. Boulder city officials, starting last year, have been in the process of considering new names for the park.
Nevertheless, to reach the park, located across a bridge over Boulder Creek at the west end of Eben G. Fine Park (101 Arapahoe Ave.), a person must walk through a tunnel inscribed "Settlers Park" and pass an interpretive sign, labeled "Settlers Park," about gold seekers. A kiosk at the east entrance to the park states, "Welcome to Settlers Park."
Early photographs by Joseph "Rocky Mountain Joe" Sturtevant note the place name as Red Rocks.
It's unclear when the land started being referred to as Settlers Park, but In the late 1930s, the Arapahoe Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a plaque at the entrance to Boulder Canyon, commemorating the first white settlers to the Boulder area. That plaque was vandalized and later removed, according to local historian Silvia Pettem.
Daily Camera newspaper stories from the 1960s indicate that six acres of land "between Pearl Street and Sunshine Canyon" were granted to the city by an Act of Congress in 1899. Later, two adjacent acres were acquired from the federal government and a small additional piece was purchased from a private owner to prevent mining of the rock formations. By then, the area was referred to in Mountain Parks' promotional materials and in the newspaper as Red Rocks Park.
Last summer, just as the final draft of the Indigenous Peoples Day resolution (Resolution 1190) was to go before Boulder city council members, they were informed that Settlers Park was never officially named. The council unanimously passed the resolution on Aug. 2, 2016. To educate residents and visitors to the Red Rocks area about the history of Boulder's Native American past, Section 5 of the resolution states: "In recognition of a Memorandum of Understanding that the city entered into with Indigenous tribes concerning open space lands, the city requests input from representatives of those tribes and other interested parties regarding a name that commemorates the Indigenous presence on the park land known as Settlers Park and second, the city manager considers any application submitted to rename the park land based on the input of the Indigenous tribes and interested parties."
Currently, the city's website under Settlers Park Trailhead explains, "Settlers' Park got its name because it was thought to be the location of the first permanent camp of American settlers in the Boulder area ..."
In terms of historical markers, plaques and monuments, we are not always telling our history in full. An interpretive sign near Boulder's Red Rocks dedicated to Chief Niwot (known as Left Hand) states, "The Arapaho Indians watched helplessly as their territory was swiftly appropriated by the white man. Although Niwot worked tirelessly for peace, he was mortally wounded at the Sand Creek Massacre."
Like the two sculptures in honor of Chief Left Hand, one on the Boulder County Courthouse square and another on the Boulder Creek Path near Ninth Street, the interpretive texts omit key pieces of the violent history against Native Americans, such as the violation of treaties and the role Boulder citizens played in the Sand Creek Massacre.
The naming of the park informally known as Red Rocks Park or Settlers Park is a significant piece of the Resolution yet to be completed. Suggestions have included Chief Left Hand Park and Arapaho Park. The Indigenous Peoples Day working group will be meeting with city and park officials to move forward on this proposal. Learn more about this year's Indigenous Peoples Day, which includes a link to the Resolution, at bouldercolorado.gov/community-relations/indigenous-peoples-day.
Carol Taylor and Silvia Pettem write about history for the Daily Camera. Email Carol at [email protected], Silvia at [email protected] or write to the Daily Camera, 2500 55th St., Suite 210, Boulder, 80301. | <urn:uuid:fb86fe4b-fbc5-490c-b495-e2dd34e854af> | {
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Nationalism and the National Question
We regard the nation as a historical community of people that emerged in the era of modern times — the rapid development of capitalist relations, the industrial revolution, scientific and technological progress and the formation of a modern type of state. Classical examples of nations were formed as a result of the transition from absolute monarchy to republic. The central place in the political organization of nations is occupied by an advanced state apparatus as an instrument for the incarnation and maintenance of a new order — a class compromise led by the bourgeoisie. In some cases, the role and functions of the political domination of the bourgeoisie were fulfilled by other groups — for example, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union.
Classic examples of the emergence of nations can be seen protesting the unification of a mass of social groups with the aim of eliminating the economic and political restrictions imposed by feudalism (the wars for independence in the South and North America, the Great French Revolution). Such political statements have transformed the class society of passive participation in a society of mass conscious and active political participation. Its ideology was firstly, civilian nationalism, as an excuse for a compromise between the classes of an emerging or already formed bourgeois society and the establishment of social and political emancipation to the level of bourgeois democracy, secondly, socio-economic development within the capitalist mode of production and lastly, the organization of society within the state with a professional bureaucratic apparatus. Thus, the civil nation can be described as an interclass alliance under the leadership of the bourgeoisie and exclusively in the conditions of capitalist relations, as a form of their socio-political existence.
It should be noted that ethnocultural and even just linguistic unity in the formation of the nation plays an important part, but it is, by no means, paramount. Examples being of a Swiss nation made up of several compactly residing ethnic groups, or the antagonism of the nations of the former Yugoslavia, which sometimes has a purely confessional and political background, with actual cultural and linguistic homogeneity, is clearly demonstrated. A nation is a product of the development of capitalist production relations in a particular territory and the basic structural unit of the world capitalist economy. On the subjective plane, this is a product of socio-political action, that is, created (in many cases artificially, virtually from scratch, then to be used by the state, as in the case of Ukrainian and Russian nationalisms) at a certain historical moment, a community that relies on developing economic relations. National identity can not be measured and defined in any way, but ideological. In other words, a nation exists as long as its representatives coexist in a homogeneous socio-economic space, believe in a common goal, and support the actions that lead to it.
Along with similar civil nationalism, there is ethnic nationalism, which is based on imaginary blood-soil or genetic affiliation. It consists of affirming the supreme value of the nation and its traditions, and, optionally, of the superiority of one ethnic group over others or the need to create a mono-ethnic society. Ethnicity, in spite of its pseudo scientific justification, in fact operates with fictitious categories and is a product of ideological efforts no less than civilian nationalism.
Until now, there has been discrimination on the ethnic principle in the world, which has sometimes taken the form of outright mass violence. Often based on racist prejudices, the ideology of ethnic nationalism justifies this state of affairs. At a certain stage, racism in many ways justified the actions of the colonialists in Africa and Asia, it served as an instrument to justify the inhuman exploitation of the colonies, which guaranteed profits to the ruling class. It should be noted that at the same time, the European colonizers, implanting theories of racial superiority, built «civilized and progressive» civil nations at home, which, nevertheless, discriminated against ethnic minorities in the city before and continue to do so today.
According to ideologues, ethnic nationalism and racism are primarily beneficial for representatives of that ethnic group or «race» that dominates. However, in fact, all the benefits go to the ruling class, which, thanks to aggressive nationalist or racist policies, strengthens its domination and eliminates political and economic competitors, while the working classes that make up the majority receive only the beautifully decorated chains of the new cult.
We believe that ethno-cultural self-identification is our own business, and no one has the right to impose or prohibit it. To consider ourselves part of any tribe and people or not (as the case may be), to have appropriate cultural preferences or again not, in our opinion, is the inalienable right of every person. We certainly support this right and resolutely oppose any manifestations of national oppression. However, the successful overcoming of national oppression is possible only in the class area, with the overcoming of class oppression across the globe. Both on a local and global scale, the bourgeoisie is responsible for the oppression, and victory over it in one country is fraught with the intervention of the bourgeoisie from its neighbors. For this reason, the global solidarity of the exploited, free from both nationalism and mutual national oppression, is necessary.
Thanks to such components as the class compromise, the state’s self-worth as a political form of society and the supreme arbiter, civil nationalism restrains the growth of class contradictions and directs public discontent in a direction beneficial to the bourgeoisie. That is, in fact the ideology of the bourgeoisie struggling to establish and strengthen its domination. In certain periods, the tasks of the bourgeoisie can coincide with the tasks of the proletariat, when they are compelled to confront more archaic classes. In the case of Ukraine, it was possible to talk about the opposition of the bourgeoisie to the ruling corrupt bureaucratic apparatus, which acquired particularly acute forms during Maidan. Such an approach makes it possible to call Maydan a likeness of the bourgeois revolution, with which a splash of low-level civilian nationalism was naturally associated.
At the moment Ukraine is at the intersection of two nationalisms: Russian imperial and Ukrainian. Acting through an undeclared war — sending its military cadres, as well as supporting the reactionary forces in the east of Ukraine with money and weapons — the Russian leadership is trying to drag Ukraine into the zone of its exclusive political and economic interests. The elimination of Russian military aggression and the liberation of territories occupied by the military junta of the DPR-LPR is, first of all, in the interest of the Ukrainian bourgeoisie.
Fanning the flames of war in the east of Ukraine, the Russian leadership first of all decides its own internal political tasks, demonstrating visually to its population what a massive anti-government protest can turn out. Almost literally reproducing the creation of the Holy Alliance in 1815, the Russian government is making efforts to create an international bloc aimed at preventing revolutions around the world. The Eurasian Union has similar goals, and the cooperation of the Russian leadership with the European ultra-right is directed to similar aims.
Our goal is the formation of the proletariat as a revolutionary class, which is a prerequisite for an anarchist revolution both in Ukraine and in the world. The victory of Russian imperialism would destroy all the gains of the rights and freedoms of the Ukrainian workers, discard the class agenda and make any independent policy impossible.This is already happening today under the DPR-LNR regimes. The protracted conflict naturally leads to the militarization of society and, again, the creeping curtailment of these rights and freedoms in the territory controlled by the Ukrainian government. That is why Ukrainian revolutionary organizations should also be interested in the speedy cessation of Russia’s military aggression and its political influence. However, this does not mean that there is a need to support the Ukrainian bourgeoisie and its nationalist ideology. Uniting with the Ukrainian nationalists against the Russians, we would strengthen the weaker enemy in the fight against the stronger.
Opposition to Ukraine’s civil nationalism is inevitable as the class struggle develops, because nationalism postulates the unity of the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. At the same time, opposition to ethnic nationalism and racism is a necessity for everyone, no matter their class, because they threaten not only the rights and freedoms of national minorities, but also the rights and freedoms of the majority, because such oppression always affects the position of the majority. At the moment in Ukraine, such nationalistic and racist forces have a low level of public sympathy (lower than that of the CPU to Maidan), but do not underestimate them.
The same is true of Russian nationalism, which helps to impose a police dictatorship and obscurantism on both sides of the front.
Against nationalism — the false unity of working people and exploiters!
Against ethnicism and racism!
Against imperial expansion!
For the international solidarity of the working people and the social revolution!
- skrill.com: [email protected]
- Bitcoin: 1D7dnTh5v7FzToVTjb9nyF4c4s41FoHcsz
- Etherium: 0xacC5418d564CF3A5E8793A445B281B5e3476c3f0
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- Litecoin: LNZickqsM27JJkk7LNvr2HPMdpmd1noFxS | <urn:uuid:b4922bfd-f961-4e25-a621-3e129286e83e> | {
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How do atoms make colours?
Coloured objects, red ones, blue ones, whatever. For this purpose, one assumes that light is waveforms as opposed to particles of energy. Traditional theories state that a green object appears green because it reflects green light and absorbs other frequencies: red, likewise. What property does the substance have to cause it to reflect certain wavelengths and to absorb others? Is this related to luminescence and fluorescence?
The biggest effect is actually what colour something absorbs. Different colours of light have different energies. The bluer the light, and light comes in blobs called photons, the more energy the photon has. The electrons inside atoms can only have certain energies so they have what are called energy levels. Maybe they can absorb a certain amount of energy or twice that amount or two and a half times that amount, changing in discrete amounts. They move up and down energy 'shells', between orbitals and energy levels. A substance can only absorb light if the difference between one energy level and the next is equal to the energy of the photon. It will gain the right amount of energy to absorb that photon of light. This is also is why substances have that characteristic spectral fingerprint, an absorption pattern of certain frequencies of light that they absorb and certain lights that they reflect. Fluorescence is a related effect. This happens when you get high energy photons, for example ultraviolet light, which hit an atom. The atom will absorb that energy and then instead of releasing it all in one big lump it releases it in two or three smaller lumps which will be a different colour to the UV, a lower frequencies that you can see. Something can absorb ultraviolet light then emit blue light or green light and it looks like it's glowing. Another thing a lot of people don't often realise is that most of the different colours in nature are flowers. And these colours are actually created by the same molecule, a molecule called anthocyanine. What the flower does is to make the petal more acidic or alkaline. What this does is to add or remove hydrogen from the molecule and this changes the way the electrons whizz around in the molecule. This changes the light wavelengths that they can soak up. The petals may be basically different colours but it's all down to the same chemical, anthocyanine! | <urn:uuid:2cde3674-6285-4b03-8858-edb135d537aa> | {
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- 0.1 Lack of District Heating infrastructure
- 0.2 Poor ROCs enforcement
- 0.3 Lack of Community Engagement
- 0.4 Late introduction of Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)
- 0.5 Lack of Ambition on Nuclear Reprocessing
- 0.6 Pulling the plug on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
- 0.7 Investment in wrong technology
- 0.8 Final Word
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The UK is one of the top economies of the world and as of 2016 stands fifth in the list of the countries with the highest GBP . When it comes to renewable energy capacity though, the UK stands at 8th position. This level is seemingly modest and some people would argue that it is healthy. However, when one looks at the countries that have far greater share of renewables in their energy mix, with far little resources, than the current position becomes questionable.
It is not just the monetary resources that UK has in abundance but also the Renewable resources. It has been ascertained by many independent studies that the UK is one of the best location in the world for using renewable energy. It has the best wind resource and wave/tidal potential in Europe. And yet when it comes to exploiting the renewable energy resources, the Kingdom lacks the drive.
North Sea Oil discovery in 1969 instilled a habit that is hard to break. From the 60’s onward, Western Europe started looking into efficiency measures to make their fuel supplies last longer. The UK on the other hand lumbered on with their existing inefficient infrastructure. The complacency stemmed from the Oil boom (from 1980 to 1990s), when production peaked at 4 million barrels a day.
To this day, the UK has one leg firmly rooted in the North Sea oil venture. Progress towards renewables therefore has become a step to far. With the current supplies from the North Sea less than a quarter from its peak years, and with the closure of old coal fired/ Nuclear power plant on the horizon, the UK is staring into the abyss of an Energy Gap.
This article looks at some of the policy mistakes that have hindered renewable energy progress and hurt emission targets.
Lack of District Heating infrastructure
Coal has been the fuel of choice for the UK particularly with its rich mining heritage and the scepticism over nuclear power. The use of coal has also been heavy in several western European countries. However with district heating infrastructure in place, coal can be used with double and even triple the efficiency. Britain unlike their neighbours across the channel has not developed district heating infrastructure.
It is known that electricity produced by a simple Rankine cycle amounts to only 33% percent of the energy in fuel (mostly coal). The remaining 67% is given off as heat. If this heat energy is utilized than the overall process efficiency (utilizable energy/ energy in fuel) can reach over 98%. Such systems exists and are called CHP or Combined Heat and Power systems. In Holland and Norway for example, power plants supply both electricity and heat to their local communities. Most western European power-plants are a lot smaller compared to large centralized power stations in England. Having several small power plants as opposed to few large ones also creates a more robust and reliable overall system.
In the UK, old coal fired power plants barely reach process efficiencies over 35%. The remaining 65% energy in the form of heat is wasted by dumping it in nearby rivers/sea. Lack of district heating network does not allow the heat generated by the process to be shared even with the local communities.
Poor ROCs enforcement
Renewable Obligation Certificates or ROC was a scheme designed to encourage energy suppliers to source a greater portion of their energy from renewables. The scheme was introduced in April 2002 and the initial target was set at 3%. Meaning suppliers were required to have at least 3% of their energy driven from renewables in the year 2002.
The idea was to gradually increase the target (adding 1% every year) till in 2015/2106 it reaches the value of 15%. The mechanism had the right principal at its core but its implementation had a lot more to be desired. There were two weaknesses in the system. Firstly the energy suppliers resisted the idea and put pressure on the government consistently to lower renewable obligation target. Any counter measure to avert this resistance was not implemented. As a result, the UK as a whole in 2015 had only 8.3% energy from renewables instead of 15% that was initially planned. Secondly the financial penalty that the supplier had to bear for the shortfall was passed on to the customers. Again there was no mechanism in place to stop this activity.
One of the biggest problems confronting the UK is that only 6 suppliers have the majority share (95%) of the household electricity and gas market. Known as the big six these energy suppliers often act collectively to further their interest. While any collusion among these corporations cannot be said with certainty, but they are united in vehement opposition of the ROC scheme. The penalty that resulted because of their lack of progress was unfairly passed on to the end user instead of being absorbed by themselves.
Lack of Community Engagement
The introduction of Renewable Energy was met with resistance by several communities. There was a wide range of concerns. People employed by the fossil fuel power sector or working in the oil industry saw renewables as a threat to their livelihoods. Some people viewed wind turbines as towering monstrosities that would impact tourism negatively. Their concerns were amplified by influential people and right wing politicians including the likes of Donald Trump.
Programs that would educate the local community on the benefits of renewables were far and few between. In Scandinavia and particularly in Denmark, the attitudes towards renewables are extremely positive. The community ownership schemes for wind farms were introduced early and the monetary benefits of green energy generation were shared. The opposite was true in the UK where the penalty of not meeting renewable target was shared with the consumers. Despite a recent study that shows that wind turbines do not impact tourism, the negativity still surrounds renewables among many communities in the UK. This unrest within communities lead David Cameron to make the comment “Enough is Enough” in reference to onshore Wind Turbines.
Late introduction of Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)
While Feed In Tariffs for renewable electricity were introduced as early as 2008, similar incentive for renewable heat were introduced much later. After much deliberation, the UK government finally announced RHI on 9th April 2014 for the domestic sector. Even the non-domestic RHI was introduced in 2011 despite their foundation laid in the Energy Act 2008 . Although the scheme covered a wide range of technologies but the incentives were almost entirely paid on Bio-mass boilers. Innovation in renewable thermal technologies that would have been spurred had RHI been introduced earlier is almost non existent today in Britain.
Lack of Ambition on Nuclear Reprocessing
It is widely known fact that nuclear fuel rods are discarded even when they still have 95% of fissile nuclear material left in them. This fissile material in the waste fuel rods is either reprocessed for weapons or stored securely till it degrades. In the UK, the storage of waste nuclear fuel is carried out in Sellafield. There is also a third option which allows the reprocessing of nuclear waste as Mixed Oxide Fuel or MOX. This fuels can be used in thermal reactors but is more efficiently utilized in Fast reactor.
A Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plan THORP is already operation in Sellafield. The plant is reclaiming fuel from nuclear waste but is due to close in 2018 after fulfilling its contracts. Experts have suggested that funding cuts in 1998 to nuclear reprocessing research have impacted negatively on this industry. As a result, knowledge and capacity of nuclear reprocessing in UK is extremely limited. The waste stocks in Sellafield have surpassed 292000 cubic meters and are increasing. These also include foreign nuclear waste. Storing the waste fuel away for hundreds of years is obviously not an option. Robust plan must be chalked out to resolve this issue and research funding for reprocessing should be a top priority.
Pulling the plug on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Carbon Sequestration is an ideal solution for curtailing emissions (by 90%) particularly for countries with access to depleted oil fields. The idea is to capture CO2 emanating from the chimney of a fossil fuel power plant (coal in particular) by means of a chemical process. The gas is than separated and pumped into a gas/oilfield to be stored underground. Notable portion of energy is used up in the process of reclaiming and shipping CO2.
In the UK, CSS system was tested in Longannet Scotland, ahead of many other countries. The scheme was abandoned however in October 2011 due to lack of government support. This was an unfortunate decision as three years later (in October 2014) SaskPower’s Boundary Dam Power Station in Saskatchewan, Canada, became the world’s first commercial-scale CCUS power plant. Several other power plants in US have followed suit.
The current cost of storage per tonne of CO2 stands at £50 – £ 75 (€60 -€ 90) but is likely to drop at least 2 folds in the 2020s. Had the funding continued, UK would not only been sequestering carbon from its huge coal fired power plants but would also have been selling CCS expertise to a wide range of countries.
Investment in wrong technology
When travelling across the UK on a railway, one finds Darrieus (vertical axis) turbines on the roof top of every Network Rail car park building. These turbines are seen static almost all the time even when their horizontal axis counterparts are rotating at top speed. The Darius turbines are not self starting and require external force to get them going.
The UK did not vet renewable technologies before investing in some of them. In the case of network rail, commercially proven technology was overlooked in favour of aesthetics. Similarly grants were made available for micro wind turbines, even when it was known that the technology does not work at small scale.
Any investment on a certain renewable technology that does not pay-off reflects badly on the overall sector. Renewables got more than its fair share of bad press because of these faulty investment decisions.
The UK government’s skepticism on Renewables is in sharp contrast to Germany’s Energiewende policy which is now bearing fruit. Germany has already achieved 27% reduction in the baseline (1990) emission levels and produces 30% of its energy through renewables. The renewable sector in Germany has also created over a million jobs. The reduction in Feed In Tariffs has also hit the Renewable industry hard.
In addition, Wave power technology that was pioneered in UK (Edinburgh University, 1974) was at the verge of commercialization when its funding was slashed. The country never viewed renewable energy technology as a wealth generation / job creation opportunity. The net result is that the Kyoto target of 50% reduction in the year 2050 is becoming extremely hard to achieve. Furthermore, the UK and in particular England is is more reliant on imported electricity today than it ever was.
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On This Day - 9 June 1916
Theatre definitions: Western Front comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. Eastern Front comprises the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. Southern Front comprises the Austro-Italian and Balkan (including Bulgaro-Romanian) fronts, and Dardanelles. Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres comprises Egypt, Tripoli, the Sudan, Asia Minor (including Transcaucasia), Arabia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, China, India, etc. Naval and Overseas Operations comprises operations on the seas (except where carried out in combination with troops on land) and in Colonial and Overseas theatres, America, etc. Political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including Notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. Source: Chronology of the War (1914-18, London; copyright expired)
Battle of Verdun: German attacks on Hill 304 repulsed.
Russians capture bridgehead at Rojishche (north of Lutsk) and cross the Strypa; 500 prisoners reported.
Italian counter-offensive in Trentino begins; some progress made.
Naval and Overseas Operations
British capture Ukerewe Island (Vict. Nyanza); fighting at Kondoa Irangi (German East Africa).
Allied War Council meets in London. | <urn:uuid:21f0ac0d-e691-4324-b571-87c26facff72> | {
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“GORZKIE ŻALE” (Bitter or Lenten Lamentations) is traditional Polish devotion during the Lent. It originates in early 18th century in the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw, Poland. Primarily it was a collection of popular songs and melodies used by people in villages around Warsaw to reflect on Passion of Christ. In 1707 Fr. Lawrence Benik CM published in print a booklet titled in Polish “Snopek Myrry z Ogroda Gethsemańskiego albo żałosne Gorzkiey Męki Syna Bożego [...] rospamiętywanie” (A bunch of Myrrh from Garden of Gethsemane or sorrowful crying over Bitter Passion of Son of God). Myrrh was one of the gifts the Three Wise Men brought to newborn Jesus as he announcement of the passion and the redemptive death of Christ. This publishing is considered as beginning of Gorzkie Zale devotion. For years this baroque multi-word phrase was used as title of the devotion. Then, with passing time, a title derived from first words of the initial song (Gorzkie Żale przybywajcie, serca nasze przenikajcie) was used more and more frequent. However the original old-Polish language is preserved until now.
Fr. Bartholomew Tarlo CM, pastor of Holy Cross Parish and first Visitor of Province of Poland acknowledged importance of this devotional melodies on Passion of Christ. He ordered to rearrange the songs into structured liturgical order. The confreres used the structure of baroque Liturgy of Hours as pattern. They based the devotion on morning hour of Breviary prayers, then called Matutinum (nowadays it might be similar to Office of Readings) and Laudes prayer (present Lauds). Fr. Benik looked at old gregorian chorales to arrange music, but he kept original folklore character of melodies. Specialists can find similarities to gregorian hymnals and chorales.
Author, Fr. Lawrence Benik CM described how the devotion should be celebrated. Since the beginning it took place on Sundays of the Lent after either High Mass or Vespers. In late 18th century some liturgical elements were added making the structure very much like the present one: presentation of the Holy Sacrament at the beginning; next, three parts of the hymnals and songs were sang; following was occasional sermon called Passion Sermon. Next, there was procession with candles around the church. Finally the celebrant blessed worshippers with the Holy Sacrament.
The devotion of Gorzkie Zale spread around territory of Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania very fast. Wherever Vincentian missioners went and preached recollections and popular missions they brought Gorzkie Zale with them and planted the devotion in all these places. Soon, Gorzkie Zale became the central and most traditional Lenten celebration in Polish churches.
During three centuries of its history some changes in the melody line were introduced. There were also some attempts to translate the text into other languages, e.g. English. But after 300 years Gorzkie Zale remained typical, traditional Polish Lenten devotion piously celebrated in Poland and in most Polish communities abroad. In 2007 there were numerous events in Vincentian locations in Poland, especially in Holy Cross Church in Warsaw, commemorating 300 years of this Lenten devotion.
Modern Gorzkie Zale is not as rich in structure as the original version. It starts with Presentation of the Holy Sacrament. Wake-up (Pobudka) song follows. Next, one part (three melodies like psalms in the Lauds) is performed (the same part in every third Sunday of Lent). Passion sermon is preached next. The celebration is concludes with the blessing with Holy Sacrament. In some parishes, all three parts of Gorzkie Zale are sang as one celebration on Good Friday.
ENCYKLOPEDIA WINCENTYŃSKA contains complete text of Gorzkie Zale in Polish: PART ONE, PART TWO, PART THREE. We are preparing English text for you to let you know the devotion better if you are not speaking Polish. A choir performance will be available very soon here.
Na temat historii i struktury nabożeństwa Gorzkich Żalów po polsku zachęcamy do odwiedzenia ENCYKLOPEDII WINCENTYŃSKIEJ. Tam także znajdziecie tekst wszystkich części nabożeństwa. W przygotowaniu jest przykładowe chóralne wykonanie mabożeństwa. | <urn:uuid:68ddcccd-7c58-4da8-bc2d-4d65d5e34811> | {
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A team of researchers have conducted a five-year-long study on a wide range of Facebook users in a quest to find out how misinformation blossoms online. In their paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they note that it may be due to the nature of so-called “echo chambers,” spaces that allow people to amplify their own belief systems without obstruction.
In this sense, echo chambers describe certain areas of the media, particularly the Internet, wherein information or beliefs are reinforced by repetitive transmission inside an enclosed virtual space. These spaces, which also serve to keep contrasting views at bay, may explain why there are so many groups of people online – particularly on Facebook – that steadfastly believe information that is demonstrably nonsensical.
In order to investigate how effective these echo chambers were, 67 public Facebook pages – 32 regarding conspiracy theories and 35 related to science news – were comprehensively analyzed each and every time a post appeared, including how the followers interacted with it, from 2010 to 2014. Conspiracy theory sites include those that reject the overwhelming consensus on contemporary climate change, and those that believe that Jade Helm 15 – a series of military training exercises that occurred across the U.S. last year – were actually interpreted as signs of an impending civil war.
A third group consisting of two trolling pages, those that intentionally disseminate sarcastic, false information for potentially humorous effect, was also taken into account. These trolling websites acted as the experiment’s control group.
The researchers found that the way posts are initially distributed are the same for the science and conspiracy theory posts. Within the first two hours, and again after 20 hours of being posted, a post is shared most frequently, regardless of topic or validity – mostly with those that agree with their views.
However, a difference is noted in the long term. Science news is spread relatively quickly across the web, before sharing and discussion of the post drops off. Conversely, conspiracy theories build momentum more slowly before being shared and discussed increasingly for a longer period of time. This also means that conspiracy theories that gradually gain traction can eventually persist online, regardless of their limited factual basis.
Most significantly, however, is that the long-term online behavior of any type of group user both constructs and strengthens their own echo chambers. Individual people, publications or news organizations whose posts you click on or comment on more frequently will appear in your News Feed more often as a result; those you ignore will fade into near-complete obscurity.
This in itself is an echo chamber, one where the information fed back to you is reinforced by your online interactions. Eventually, therefore, a user’s Facebook space may exclusively include information that they believe in, and people that only agree with them.
A claim, whether it is substantiated or not, is given credence in the mind of an individual if the surrounding society deems it acceptable. This is known as confirmation bias, and this study shows that the phenomenon is just as prevalent in online communities as it is in physical ones. In the case of misinformation, this is incredibly dangerous – so much so that the World Economic Forum has declared its online spread, a form of “digital wildfire,” one of the main threats to global society.
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Many delicious foods grow in the wild, such as huckleberries and chanterelle mushrooms. Many measures have been taken to develop ways of cultivating these wild types of food so that they can be grown in large numbers and sold at food vendors like the grocery store. However, for some reason, efforts to find consistent cultivation methods fail. Still, gardeners can try to grow crops like the chanterelle mushrooms and might have success if the conditions for the mushroom are just right.
Find a tree such as birch, beech or spruce that the chanterelle mushrooms can grow near. This tree should be one that lacks a mycorrhizae fungi that will compete with the chanterelle mushroom. Chanterelle mushrooms and trees often form symbiotic relationships. Choose an area with well-drained soil that has a low nitrogen content.
Test the pH of the soil where the chanterelle mushrooms will be harvested. These mushrooms prefer soil with a pH between 4 and 5.5. Add sodium chloride to lower the pH or add lime to raise the pH.
Wait until July to start chanterelle mushrooms.
Loosen the soil on which the chanterelle mushrooms will be grown with a rake. Be careful when walking over the area where the chanterelle mushrooms grow, since they do not survive well in compacted soil. Undisturbed chanterelle mushroom habitats can keep regrowing every year.
Take an old chanterelle mushroom and break it apart, spreading it around the area where you would like the chanterelle mushrooms to grow. Chanterelle mushrooms produce a lower level of spores than most mushrooms, so they are difficult to reproduce.
Harvest chanterelle mushrooms by pulling and twisting them. Do not cut the chanterelle mushrooms since cut chanterelle mushrooms will become infected and endanger all of the mushrooms. Do not harvest the chanterelle mushrooms more than every three weeks, since frequent passage through the chanterelle mushroom’s area can make the soil too compacted. | <urn:uuid:0e410f8c-1cf5-4470-9799-78ef50b0d263> | {
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“The Eve of St. Agnes”: A Reworking of the Spenserian Sonnet
As the values of the 18th century shifted from formal perfection to experimentation, so did the poetry. The writings of the 19th century romantic poets explored new forms and variations of the sonnet; they moved away from the heroic couplet, which was dominant during the preceding century by writers like Pope. John Keats utilized this romantic method habitually throughout his works. In his 1819 poem “The Eve of St. Agnes”, Keats refashioned the traditional Spenserian allegory to explore sinful qualities, and personal virtues such as lust, whereas Edmund Spencer’s customary sonnet form usually expressed chivalric and Christian values. This recasting is significant because Spenser would have seen Keats’ virtues as immoral and corrupt, and Keats resents this through the poem, contrasting sins and reality with a religious dream state.
The portrayal of these acts is best represented in stanzas 28 to 30 through the character of Porphyro, who commits several of the Cardinal Sins. Stanza 28 uses mostly punctuation, (caesuras and end stops) to reflect the relationship between form and content. In the first two lines, Porphyro lusts while he watches Madeline undress: “ Stól’n tó this páradíse, and só entránced, /Pórphyró gázed upón her émpty dréss,” The first line containing 11 syllables, and Keats’ use of the comma after the word “entranced”, forces the reader to remain on the line absorbing the situation laid out. The end stop enclosing the second line serves a similar purpose, pausing for the reader to actually gaze. This occurs again in the sixth line of stanza 28, when Keats uses a caesura after the word “himself: ” and, the reader breathes with Porphyro, because one naturally does so when punctuation occurs. Keats’ frequent use of punctuation slowly progresses the reader through Porphyro’s intentions and actions. In this stanza there is an end stop and or caesura in every line. This illustrates the fact that Porhpyro is making several different movements, but they are all very quickly and quietly executed, while still hiding in the closet.
As the latter stanza transitions into stanza 29, Porphyro begins to implement his plan to seduce Madeline, while she continues to dream. He first places a table out to set food upon: “A táble, ánd, half ánguish’d, thréw thereón/ A clóth of wóven crímson, góld, and jét:— (Keats 255-256) Keats’ color choice of the cloth for the table is interesting, because not one of the colors has solely positive symbolism. Crimson along with gold are colors of nobility and riches; crimson also representing sin in the Bible. (Patch) This association helps to portray Porphyro’s acts, as what Spenser would have seen as unchristian, because nobility and riches indicate gluttony, again representing the breaking of a Cardinal Sin.
Black (jet) is often associated with death, and in the beginning of “The Eve of St. Agnes” it also symbolizes cold, and reality: “The... | <urn:uuid:2bce518c-efff-48e2-a32f-aede0a775b9d> | {
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The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) is alarmed by the erosion in funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and for research which has the potential to yield important scientific discoveries. The President’s FY 2008 budget request for NIH will exacerbate the stress on funding for biomedical research.
Fiscal support for NIH has steadily eroded since 2003 as appropriations have flattened or even decreased. In the last four years, the NIH budget has not kept pace with biomedical research and development inflation and the agency has lost about 10 percent of its purchasing power when adjusted for biomedical inflation. This situation, combined with the accelerating pace of promising research advances that cannot be explored, is harmful to young scientists as well as established investigators who are experiencing difficulty continuing their research activities. The future of the research enterprise and our country’s competitiveness in science and technology are now at risk.
The federal government funds one-third of all biomedical research in the United States and the NIH is the largest federal supporter of research and development at US colleges and universities. NIH funding has a significant impact on research and educational activities at academic institutions across the country. Failure to provide increased funding for the NIH and its grant recipients ultimately will decrease future US productivity in the sciences, with unfortunate consequences to public health, education and economic well being.
Federal funding is essential for continued advancement of basic and applied research and the development of new preventions, therapies and cures for chronic and infectious diseases. The discovery of new knowledge depends on robust federal support for research. NIH funding provides the basis for training a highly skilled workforce that is needed for biotechnology and other technology driven industries. If the NIH budget continues to decline below biomedical research inflation, the nation will be at risk for losing its competitive edge in biomedical research globally. The trend of diminishing support for scientific research must be reversed, even during this time of constrained resources.
The Success of NIH Research and the Need to Increase Research Support
RNA interference (RNAi): The award of the 2006 Nobel prize in medicine to US scientists for basic research describing the mechanism by which cells regulate natural genes or suppress genes carried by invading viruses reminds us that investments in research are vital to the development of applications that improve human health and well being and impact the nation’s economy. Scientific success stories like that of the Nobel winning RNAi work demonstrate the importance of investigator-initiated basic research and the need for continued federal investment in long-term, basic research. Understanding the mechanism of RNA interference has suggested ways to create superior new therapies against such disorders as macular degeneration and respiratory syncytial virus (a common childhood infection). Start-up biotechnology firms and major pharmaceutical companies have quickly invested billions of dollars into RNAi research projects, making this new research specialty one of the leading areas in commercial drug development. The first drug candidates already are entering early human clinical trials, and the federal government has just awarded a $23 million contract to a private company to develop RNAi based drugs as a defense against bioterrorism.
Pandemic influenza and seasonal influenza: NIH supported research is strengthening public health efforts to address the potentially devastating health threats from pandemic influenza. Research being conducted and supported by the NIH is improving preparations to protect against potential human-to-human transmission of the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Basic research is increasing our understanding of how influenza viruses replicate, interact with their hosts, stimulate immune response and evolve into new strains. These basic research findings form the basis for the design of new antiviral drugs, diagnostics and pre-pandemic vaccines. In December of 2006, NIH began the first human trial of a DNA vaccine designed to prevent H5N1 avian influenza infection. NIH research is also improving our ability to respond to seasonal influenza epidemics which cause about 36,000 deaths in the United States and 200,000 hospitalizations.
HIV/AIDS: A recent study highlights the contributions of basic and applied research on HIV/AIDS, which has led to HIV therapies that have provided nearly 3 million years of extended life to people with AIDS in the US since 1989 and prevented 2,900 infant infections from infected mothers. Since the early 1980s, NIH has invested $30 billion in HIV/AIDS research, contributing to the fact that a person initiating HIV therapy in 2003 could expect to live an estimated 13 years longer than if he or she had been diagnosed in 1988.
Emerging infectious diseases: Recent evidence indicates that some diseases such as ulcers, certain cancers, and heart disease that were previously believed to be caused by genetic or environmental factors can be caused by microbes. The completion of the DNA sequence of bacterial pathogens is providing valuable insights into how microbial pathogens evolve and the extent of gene transfer between pathogens. These research advances are revealing new ways to confront infection, including the identification of novel targets for antimicrobials and new approaches to vaccine development
Cancer: Recent data show that the risk for dying from cancer continues to drop. Advances in cancer prevention, early detection and effective treatments contributed to the decrease in deaths from 2003 to 2004, the most recent mortality data available. Death rates dropped for four major cancer sites in men and women, including lung, breast, prostate and colorectal. This marked the second consecutive year of decline in actual numbers of cancer deaths in the United States. NIH supports cancer research with detection and treatment potential and newly published results give hope for future successes against cancer. For example, a new gene therapy alters the body’s own immune cells to shrink advanced melanoma, the first time gene therapy has been used successfully to treat cancer. Other cutting-edge research, begun in 2005 as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pilot Project at NIH, is beginning to identify genetic changes underlying the most important and common forms of major cancers, beginning with genomic maps of breast and colorectal cancers that reveal many mutated genes not previously known to play a role in cancer. The multi-institution TCGA program ultimately will study changes in a patient’s genetic sequence over time and then use that information to design highly targeted, individually based interventions.
NIH research programs require long-term financial support to maintain high quality, productive efforts with real world results.
ASM Recommends a 7 Percent Increase for NIH for FY 2008
Progress in biomedical research will move forward at a slower pace despite the critically important need to explore new research opportunities that have been created by investments in research. NIH funding has been projected to fall below estimated R&D inflation in the Administration’s budget until FY 2012, while inflation and rising costs of research will further exacerbate budget declines. Budget short falls for the NIH will seriously undercut the world class science traditionally supported by the agency, currently the largest federal investor in both basic and applied research in the United States.
The ASM urges policy makers to recognize that NIH supported research is a principal foundation of public health and US innovation and leadership in the life sciences. Congress has authorized $32.8 billion for the NIH in FY 2008. The FY 2007 Joint Funding Resolution currently before Congress includes an addition of $620 million to the NIH’s FY 2007 budget. The ASM urges Congress to further increase the NIH budget and provide at least a 7 percent increase in appropriations for the NIH in FY 2008. This increase will help NIH to start to recapture ground lost to inflation since 2003 and to allow it to take advantage of many new and exciting research opportunities to improve human health and well being. | <urn:uuid:54e23fc5-c921-4fde-aad4-7bf7a887c06a> | {
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Diatomaceous earth is a dust made of the fossilized remains of one-celled plants called diatoms. Although contact with the dust poses no risk to people, it is deadly to animals with exoskeletons. The microscopic fossils have razor-sharp edges that scratch the outer shell of insects, causing insects to dehydrate and die. Food-grade diatomaceous earth does not contain toxins or chemicals, but it is an effective pesticide against a wide variety of garden pests including aphids, beetle grubs, ants and squash bugs. Diatomaceous earth can even be used as a pesticide in Certified Organic vegetable production, according to the Colorado State University Extension.
Fill a shaker container with diatomaceous earth. Avoid creating dust by using a spoon to transfer the powder to the container. Although diatomaceous earth is non-toxic, you should not breathe the fine dust. Consider wearing a disposable face mask if you will be working with large quantities of the powder or if you have respiratory issues.
Shake the powder onto the vegetable plants. The best time to do this is in early morning or late evening, when the plants are wet with dew. The moisture helps the dust to adhere to the plant. Diatomaceous earth won’t harm insects when it is wet, but it will be effective once it dries. Shake the powder on the vegetables as well as the leaves; the powder can be easily washed off the vegetables prior to consumption.
Apply the powder to the garden bed and to the area surrounding the garden. This will keep many crawling insects from even reaching the vegetable plants.
Pour a thick ring of diatomaceous earth around the base of plants to deter snails, slugs and squash bugs.
Spray the vegetable plants with a garden hose if it is not the time of year for morning or evening dew. Wait until the excess water drips from the plants, and then shake the powder on the damp plants.
Pour 4 tablespoons of diatomaceous earth into a 1-gallon jug of water. Seal the jug and shake to dissolve the powder.
Fill a spray bottle with the mixture.
Spray the plants until they are wet but not dripping. Spray the undersides of leaves, as well. This method works well for treating all parts of the plants with diatomaceous earth.
Allow the plants to dry. The water “glues” the powder to the plants. Once the plants dry, they will have a thin, even coating of powder. This spray method also works well in windy conditions, when it would be difficult to use the shaker to dust the plants.
Things You Will Need
- Food-grade diatomaceous earth
- Shaker container
- Disposable face mask
- Garden hose
- 1-gallon jug of water
- Spray bottle
- Use a parmesan cheese container as a shaker container. Parmesan cheese containers have the right size holes and are re-sealable. You must remove the cheese label and mark the container as containing diatomaceous earth to avoid others mistakenly grabbing the container and thinking it's filled with cheese.
- The powder works as long as it is visible. Reapply the powder if rain rinses it off the plants or if wind blows it away.
- Use only food-grade diatomaceous earth, not filter grade. Filter-grade diatomaceous earth may contain high levels of silica and is dangerous to inhale.
- Diatomaceous earth that is marketed as a pesticide may also contain chemical pesticides. If you want to keep your garden pesticide-free, avoid these types of products and use only food-grade diatomaceous earth.
- Do not use a heavy layer of diatomaceous earth on the leaves of vegetable plants. This can block sunlight from reaching the leaves and interfere with photosynthesis. A thin, even layer is all that is needed.
- University of Vermont Extension: Repelling Slugs and Other July Gardening Tips
- The Organic Gardener’s Handbook of Natural Insect and Disease Control; Barbara W. Ellis, Fern Marshall Bradley
- Colorado State University Extension: Squash Bug: Management in Home Gardens
- Earthworks Health: Diatomaceous Earth FAQ
- Arizona Cooperative Extension: Pest Press
- The Dirt Doctor: Diatomaceous Earth
- Martin Poole/Digital Vision/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:fdf076a5-7f69-449a-ac67-3a493b8b9772> | {
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History of Whitetail Deer in Oklahoma
1900 Market/subsistence hunting and unregulated harvest eliminate nearly all deer from the state.
1917 Total statewide deer population estimated at 500 animals. Legislature bans deer harvest.
1917 to 1922 – From western Oklahoma moving east, counties previously open to deer hunting are systematically closed to deer hunting.
1922 – All deer hunting in Oklahoma is prohibited.
regulated deer season (five days) is held. Hunt is restricted to
six southeast counties and Major County in western Oklahoma,
resulting in the harvest of 235 bucks. Also, this year marks the
beginning of safety regulations for wearing a red upper outer
garment (later to become “hunter” orange).
History of a Heritage (Oklahoma's First Deer Season)
Photo courtesy of The Oklahoman
1934 – No deer season authorized.
1935 – 37 Area is
expanded to seven southeast counties only. Harvest total is 331
in 1935; 375 in 1936; and 347 in 1937.
1938 – No deer season authorized.
1939-40 – Harvest totals: 384 in 1939 and 318 in 1940.
1941-43 – All deer hunting is closed. Many OGF personnel are called to active military service.
1943 Deer restoration program started with the trap and transplant of 22 deer.
1944 – 379 deer harvested.
1945 – A total of 469 deer are harvested. Restoration efforts continue, with most deer trapped from either the Wichita Mountains NWR or Ft. Sill, but includes 50 captured from Aransas Pass NWR on the Texas Gulf coast.
1946 – Participation in the deer gun season jumps to more than 7,000 (certainly due to returning World War II Vets looking for recreation). First archery season (one day) is held. No deer harvested. A total of 35 deer are transplanted from the Wichita Mountains NWR to the U.S. Naval Ammunition Depot near McAlester (in less than a decade the military installation, now known as the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant, would serve as a source herd for trapping activities).
1946 Oklahoma had its first archery season (1
day) November 11, 1946 in seven southeast counties. No deer
Evolution of Bowhunting in Oklahoma - Outdoor Oklahoma
1949 Special Archery season (five days) is designated only at Camp Gruber, resulting in the first buck taken by bow and arrow during a regulated season (taken by Roland Barber; the state’s first archery buck was a fallow deer that was part of Gruber’s small herd that had been established on the area during the late 1930s). The Daily Oklahoma November 13, 1948 story.
Photo Caption: Roland Barber harvests the first deer taken with a bow and arrow in Oklahoma. The 120 pound fallow buck was harvested November 2, 1949 at Camp Gruber.
1951 – First whitetail deer taken by bow and arrow during a regulated season since the days that Native Americans hunted deer for subsistence is harvested by Larry Embry, Jr.,13. The deer was harvested at Camp Gruber. The Daily Oklahoma November 13, 1951 story.
Photo caption: Larry Embry Jr harvested the first whitetail at Camp Gruber November 11, 1951 with a bow.
1954 First statewide gun deer season (5 days) results in harvest of 1,487 bucks.
1969 First primitive firearms season (three days) is held, resulting in two deer harvested. Hunt is restricted to part of LeFlore County.
1970 Statewide 16-day deer gun season. Total harvest of 6,882 bucks.
1972 Nine-day deer gun season with all open counties and special two-day antlerless season. Total harvest 7,670 deer.
1975 – Cy Curtis Awards Program initiated by the Department to recognize trophy deer (harvested during the 1972 season and thereafter). For eligibility, whitetail deer must have a minimum typical score of 135, or a non-typical minimum of 150 using the Boone & Crockett scoring system. In the first year, only seven deer are entered. The program is named in honor of the man most responsible for the restoration of whitetail deer in Oklahoma.
Photo Caption: Cy Curtis organized the Department's deer trap and transport efforts in the 1940s and 50s.
1976 Department begins broadscale antlerless harvest in 19 counties by issuing antlerless permits by special drawing. Total harvest 11,548 26 percent does.
1982 Antlerless permit system deemed unpopular due to perceived inequities, and replaced by antlerless days available to all hunters. Total harvest 19, 255 23 percent does.
1986 –The Department ceases any further trap and transplant efforts with sufficient populations of deer available to repopulate all suitable habitats statewide.
1990 Statewide deer population estimated at 250,000 deer. Total harvest 44,070 deer 24 percent does.
1992 – Total harvest tops 50,000. Much to the surprise of many, a new state record buck is taken by an archer in Oklahoma County (Chris Foutz took the buck, which measured 179 6/8 typical score), proving that quality deer can come from just about anywhere in Oklahoma; even the state’s most urbanized county. Potential Record Deer Story New Record Deer Story
Photo Caption: Chris Foutz with 179 6/8 scored deer harvested with a bow in Oklahoma County on December 23, 1992.
1999 Statewide deer population estimated at 425,000 deer. Total harvest yields 82,500 deer 36 percent does.
2000 Deer population levels
spawn a multitude of stakeholder desires and
management possibilities. For the first time deer harvest
numbers tops 100,000.
2001 - First Special Antlerless season is held in December and expanded deer archery season in January.
2003 - First statewide youth antlerless deer gun season is held in October and yields 2,285 deer.
2004 - Statewide deer population estimated at 475,000 deer. Bowhunters set new harvest record with 14,639 deer taken. Statewide harvest is 94,689 - 40% does.
2005 - Statewide harvest is 101,111 including 40% does. The number of counties that recorded more than 1,000 deer harvested increased to 43.
2006- Hunting regulations remain unchanged from 2005.
2007 – Not one, but two tremendous whitetail bucks are harvested from Pushmataha County during the deer gun season; one by John Ehmer that scored an impressive 194 typical, and one by Jason Boyett that scored 192 5/8 typical. Boyett takes his buck Nov. 18, surpassing the previous state record that had held the top spot for an entire decade (see Larry Luman photo below). Then just 10 days later, on Nov. 28, Ehmer takes his outstanding buck from the same county. By now, a total of 4,500 deer (including 19 mule deer entries) have been entered into the Cy Curtis Program.
191 4/8 - Gun
194 0/8 - Gun
185 6/8 - Archery | <urn:uuid:4e07ef07-bb9a-4b72-8264-e24dfda69b91> | {
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The Harvard International Law Journal has a fascinating exchange on Nineteenth-Century International Law. In “Universal International Law: Nineteenth-Century Histories of Imposition and Appropriation,” Arnulf Becker Lorca challenges the notion that international law became universal through a unilateral process of European expansion. Rather, he argues, international law became universal during the nineteenth century as semi-peripheral jurists appropriated and reinterpreted international law to include non-Western sovereigns.
According to Becker Lorca, “a generation of non-Western international lawyers studied European international law with not only the purpose of learning how to play by the new rules of international law that Western powers sought to impose on them, but also with the aim of changing the content of those rules” (482). As Becker Lorca shows, non-Western jurists successfully reshaped some of the central elements of the European law of nations, namely, positivism, the standard of civilization, and absolute sovereignty “to advocate for a change in extant rules of international law and to justify the extension of the privileges of formal equality to their own states in their interactions with Western powers (482-483).”
Becker Lorca's article points up the enduring question of the tension between imposition and appropriation of Western legal norms in the nineteenth century. While his argument focuses on the development of nineteenth century international law, its central issues are relevant, more broadly, to legal historians working to understand the movement of laws and legal norms between Western and non-Western legal experts either under conditions of formal colonial rule, unequal treaty relations, or informal imperial rule in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
You can download the complete exchange, including a response from Gustavo Gozzi, “The Particularistic Universalism of International-Law in the Nineteenth Century,” at the website of the Harvard International Law Journal. | <urn:uuid:5145558f-5c5d-421a-b62e-651e02ae2309> | {
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Federal Register Documents
“Communication is the most important skill in life.” Stephen R. Covey
The Federal Register system is composed of two major publications - the daily Federal Register and the annual Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Daily publication of the Federal Register is a method of informing the public of the regulations that affect them. This is where proposed rules and notices of availability of documents, such as permit applications, are published to provide the public an opportunity to comment. Other notices of scheduled public hearings and other matters of interest to the public are also published in the Federal Register, as well as the final version of regulations once public comments have been considered. The Code of Federal Regulations is an annual compilation of all final regulations.
Notice of Receipt of Applications: Notice of receipt of an application is published for proposed activities generally under the ESA and MMPA, and for approval of cooperative breeding programs under the WBCA. To find the notice of receipt of an application, use the Service Documents search by applicant name.
Current Federal Register Documents Related to Permits:
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora)
Information collection for permit application forms
Links To Search Databases
February 26, 2010 | <urn:uuid:2e0b10bf-9b92-4682-8113-e4a424f89d1f> | {
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Garry Davis, one of the founders of the "One World" movement, passed away on July 24th. He was 91 years old.
After serving in World War II, Davis dedicated his life to trying to establish a world government to bring an end to war.
"He was a bomber pilot," says friend and colleague David Gallup. "And as any soldier is required to do, he had to drop bombs and kill. He was very disillusioned with the whole war system. He was part of World War II and now wanted to be part of World Peace One."
Davis achieved world fame in 1948 when he renounced his US citizenship at the American embassy in Paris, then stepped into a United Nations meeting in Paris to demand world government.
Davis claimed to have become the first "citizen of the world."
His organization, the World Service Authority, has since issued almost 750,000 passports and travel documents to other "world citizens" — including many refugees, and people like Edward Snowden and Julian Assange.
Garry Davis was 91 years old. | <urn:uuid:a1b989dd-ffc7-417a-b046-5ae9c0174af6> | {
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Every year the Environmental Working Group (EWG) comes out with a list of fruits and vegetables that are sprayed heavily with pesticides. I find it sad that these are allowed to be sprayed onto our foods that we ingest. When and if at all possible choose organic foods. By doing so we are telling the food corporations that we want real foods without pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. What do you think about farmers being allowed to use these types of chemicals on our foods? I would love to know your opinion.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for
- Preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.
- Use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.
- Use as a nitrogen stabilizer
First, you need to know pesticides can enter the human body through breathing it in, eating it on our foods, or penetration through the skin. Pesticides lead to blurred vision, vomiting, suppression of the immune system, headaches, abdominal pain, lead to blood and liver diseases, depression, asthma, and nerve damage. These are horrible side effects we shouldn’t be exposed to from our foods.
These effects do not appear right away, so tracing symptoms back to a pesticide can be next to impossible. Often these symptoms can be mistaken for the flu and therefore not properly treated. Even the deadly inactive ingredients which include chloroform can cause serious risks to the liver and nervous system.
Animals can also be effected by these pesticides when they live around areas that use them. Pesticides tend to accumulate in ground water which in turn animals drink. The pesticide biomagnifies or increases to an even higher concentration and is then consumed by either another animal or humans. (EPA) | <urn:uuid:cdde0d65-e5b4-4c52-8b44-59790000b9de> | {
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ALEX SCHIER'S ZEBRAFISH OFFER VIEW INTO DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR
December 13th, 2005
Pet stores recommend zebrafish as a child’s first fish because they’re hardy (but for their aversion to chlorinated tap water). Similarly, a pet store recommended these tiny, striped fish to George Streisinger, often considered the founding father of zebrafish research, who, in the late 1970s, was trawling for a pliable but robust model organism for studying development and behavior in vertebrates.
"Zebrafish are great," Schier says. In 48 hours, they go from fertilization to the end of embryogenesis. "They’re transparent as embryos, so you can see every cell and inside every cell. You can combine embryology with genetics to find mutations that affect development. You can observe at the subcellular level what a gene is doing."
Schier had no inkling that fish would catapult his career from his native Basel, Switzerland, to Harvard University. True, he had a painting of a fish over his bed as a child, but that reflected more on his long-standing artistic and cultural interests.
Schier undertook doctoral studies with the renowned Walter Gehring in Basel, Switzerland. "He was one of the first to combine genetics with molecular biology in order to understand developmental biology. It was a very exciting time," Schier recalls. "His research group found some of the first genes that control development." They were the homeobox genes, a cassette of genes that researchers now realize are remarkably conserved from simple invertebrates to humans.
That research, though, focused on the fruit fly Drosophila, an invertebrate. For his postdoctoral work, Schier wanted to study the genetics of vertebrate development, and that led him to work on zebrafish at Massachusetts General Hospital, a Harvard-affiliated hospital.
"We performed a big screen for mutant genes that affect zebrafish development," Schier says, which had never been done in vertebrates. "Two years later, we had hundreds of mutant fish for various aspects of animal development. A whole new world opened up," and the work filled an entire issue of the journal Development in 1996. The different phenotypes of the fish provided entry points into many different processes in development and beyond, from how the brain, heart, and blood develop to behavior, such as how embryos swim away when touched. Ten years later, research groups around the globe still focus on this collection of mutant fish. In 1996, Schier accepted the invitation to join the brand new Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, founded to boost basic research at New York University’s School of Medicine. "We had an entire floor for developmental genetics," he remarks.
There, Schier focused on what genes give rise to the different mutant phenotypes, and then he cloned the genes to study their molecular defects. Suppose one mutant zebrafish is missing a part of its brain. Discovering the missing or defective gene pinpoints a key gene required for building the brain. One of Schier’s favorite discoveries was the one-eyed pinhead mutant. This cyclopic fish turned out to have a gene whose function was not yet known. He found it fit into the nodal signaling pathway, which plays important roles in development and also in the generation of tumors and birth defects.
"This was an important proof of principle that we could use these screens to identify a gene not previously defined," he comments. "It also gave us the tools to study the mechanism for how these molecules interact and how the signaling pathways regulate gene expression, cell movement, and so on. That’s the power of the approach."
For the past 10 years, Schier has used this method to study "one of the most fascinating problems in biology," how a fertilized egg transforms into an embryo. At one of the earliest stages, called gastulation, the unstructured sheet of embryonic cells becomes layered into the ectoderm (which will eventually become organs like the skin), mesoderm (heart, kidney, blood), and endoderm (gut, pancreas, liver).
Molecular signals in the nodal pathway control this sudden increase in complexity as the embryonic cells commit to becoming different tissues and migrate to the proper places. Schier has described how a signal that is produced locally can influence cells at a distance. As the signal’s concentration changes, so too does its effect on a cell’s decision to become a specific type of tissue. "This was an old concept," he explains, "but had not been clearly shown in vertebrates."
|Alex Schier Wins Two Awards
McKnight Neuroscience of Brain Disorders Award
H.W. Mossman Developmental Biologist Award
Alex Schier was awarded the 2006 Harland Winfield Mossman Developmental Biologist Award of the American Association of Anatomists. He will present an award lecture entitled "The Molecular Genetics of Zebrafish Embryogenesis: From Nodal Signals to Micro RNAs," at the American Association of Anatomists’ (AAA) annual meeting. The H.W. Mossman Award is presented annually "to recognize young investigators who have made important contributions to the field of developmental biology and have demonstrated remarkable promise of future accomplishments."
AAA Press Release [doc file]
Going deeper, Schier also looks at how a signal travels from the cell where it is made to the cells that respond, and how a cell receives the signal and then transmits it to the genes that will respond with varying activities. "With the zebrafish embryo, we can observe these processes in a living animal because it’s transparent. We can use high resolution imaging and look at the molecules and cells," says Schier.
In the past few years, Schier has also been researching neurobiology by studying how sensory neurons for heat and other stimuli develop—and function to keep animals away from danger. His group is analyzing how neurons group together to form a nerve center and how nerve cells innervate the skin.
In the September 2005 issue of Neuron, Schier showed that chemokine signals, which are known to attract immune cells, also attract neurons that are born in separate places to come together to form a nerve center. "It’s a parallel story to the nodal signals," he comments. "Nodal signals influence cells to affect their fates. The chemokines act to affect cell movement."
To avoid harmful stimuli, a zebrafish depends on its senses of touch and temperature, which tell it when to swim away. For this, it needs neuron coverage over the entire area of its skin. How do the touch neurons manage to innervate the entire area without overlap or leaving blind spots? The answer, Schier has found, lies in repulsive signals among the axons. "They grow where no one else is," he says, "and when they meet someone else, they are repelled and stop growing in that direction."
Ever inquiring, Schier now wants to know how these touch neurons connect to the rest of the nervous system, and how they elicit behavior. "What is the connection from a touch on the skin to contracting the muscles to swimming away?" he asks.
Schier has also begun tinkering with another age-old mystery—why animals sleep and what cellular signals tell them to do so—by studying the genes and neural circuits of zebrafish that sleep more or less than the usual 10-hour downtime in the tank.
Since joining the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard in September, Schier has been setting up his lab with the six postdoctoral researchers and five graduate students who accompanied him from New York. His teaching responsibilities will include developmental biology and lab courses.
"Alex has been one of the leading researchers to use the genetics of a simple model system to understand how our own tissues form and are shaped, and he will complement MCB’s existing strengths in developmental and cellular biology," says Professor Andrew McMahon, MCB’s Frank B. Baird, Jr., Professor of Science. "This research will synergize with MCB’s systems neuroscience as well as the FAS-wide initiative in Brain Sciences.
"The interactions with MCB faculty have already changed my way of thinking about problems," says Schier, thanks in part to the joint meetings with other labs. "I like the opportunity to approach a problem from many different angles. We can ask someone in systems biology or engineering for new ways to tackle basic questions in biology."
For now, Schier is sticking with zebrafish. But down the road, he says, "We might want to find out what the equivalent of a zebrafish gene is doing in mammals. Or, for systems biology questions, we might move to a simpler model, like the fruit fly, and see how our favorite genes fit into complex networks." | <urn:uuid:8f7046d5-26b6-45ee-b2b4-4e7e5e609f14> | {
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After looking at the physical benefits of the Alexander Technique, we're continuing the ergonomics theme, paying particular attention to the mechanical principles of the lower body and foot.
It is recommended that you wear sensible footwear for the remainder of this article.
Physical technique and movement
When talking about foot techniques in drumming, we generally refer to 'heel up' and 'heel down' techniques, which relate to the anatomical position and movement of the foot when playing strokes on the bass drum or hi-hat pedals.
Some drummers play exclusively heel-up or heel-down, while others prefer to use a combination of both techniques - we'll be looking at all variations.
However, to ease you in gently, it's important to examine some natural movements of the feet, beginning with a few simple exercises. Are you sitting comfortably? (preferably on your drum stool). Then let's begin.
With the feet flat on the floor, simply raise the feet upwards, from the ankle, keeping the heels on the floor. In physiological terms this is known as dorsiflexion and can be seen in the image above.
Now, push the feet back down to the floor - this is known as plantar flexion - and rest. Try moving the feet continuously upwards and downwards, slowly at first, through means of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, focusing your attention on the ankle joints, and keeping the heels on the floor. To make this exercise even more exciting, place your hands on your shins, and you'll feel the muscles of the shins contracting naturally.
Also, try placing your hands on your thighs, and then knees. Are the thigh muscles contracting? Do the knees feel tight and locked? If so, you are too tense. So relax…
Next, and again starting with the feet flat on the floor, raise the heels upwards, off the floor, from the ankle, keeping the balls of the feet, and the toes, on the floor. The above image shows an exaggeration of this position, and could begin by maintaining more contact with the balls of the feet on the floor. The main consideration is that the heels are raised.
In physiological terms, this requires flexion of the hip, and plantar flexion of the foot. Now drop the heels back on to the floor. Repeat this movement continuously, and if you can contain your euphoria, place your hands on your calves to feel the muscles of the calves contracting naturally.
"If executed with physical efficiency, you will feel tension-free in all the joints and in the thigh and abductor muscle"
Again, try placing your hands on your thighs, then knees, to feel if there is any tension there. There shouldn't be. Next, try this exercise.
Starting with the feet flat on the floor, press your fingers (not too firmly) into the muscle at the very top of your thigh, close to the hip joint, and lift the foot on that leg completely off the floor. You will feel that muscle (known as an abductor muscle) contract, as a result of the hip flexion, which basically lifts up the leg. Relax. Now, keeping your hand in this position, try the basic heel up exercise again.
How does this feel? Is the abductor muscle contracting too much? Does it feel uncomfortable? If so, then you are too tense and you need to concentrate on pushing up from the floor, using the ankles, with knees and hips unlocked.
If executed with physical efficiency, you will feel tension-free in all the joints and in the thigh and abductor muscle. This will be a very important physical consideration, particularly in relation to the various heel-up techniques that are used in drumming.
These exercises are very important, not least to show you the latest in designer drumming footwear (imported from Denmark, details on request) but, more specifically, to demonstrate a range of typical physical movements used in 'heel-down' and 'heel up' foot techniques on the drumset.
You should always allow the body to move in the most natural way possible, without physical restriction. It's important, therefore, to generate an awareness and understanding of the natural, efficient, tension-free movements of the feet, incorporating ankles, knees, and hips (particularly in heel up actions).
Also, when doing these exercises, you should avoid 'curling' or 'crunching' of the toes, which is surprisingly common. So, remember to keep your toes straight – after all, playing drums should not be a toe-curling experience.
Finally, imagine yourself as a tap dancer, using all those wonderful, natural, free flowing movements of the feet. Better still, sign up for some tap dancing lessons! Don't knock it 'till you've tried it – it didn't do Buddy Rich or Steve Gadd any harm.
Pedal positions and mechanical considerations
The position of the foot, together with an understanding of the basic mechanics of the pedals, is a key ergonomic consideration. Basically, regardless of the techniques used the foot should be positioned, and should move, in a way that allows the pedal to function most efficiently – without physical or mechanical restrictions.
As a general mechanical rule, we should be aware that there will be a natural pivot point on the footplate of the pedals, which is sometimes referred to as the 'sweet spot'. The sweet spot is similar, in principle, to the fulcrum position on the drum stick.
The above and below images show a typical 'pivot point' or sweet spot on the bass drum and hi-hat pedals, respectively, with the ball of the foot in a resting position, placed approximately two thirds of the way up the pedal footplate.
Placing the foot in this position will generally (subject to good physical technique) allow the mechanisms of the pedal to function freely. On the other hand, placing the foot too much further up, or further down, the footplate, from the 'pivot point' can prove to be physically and mechanically restrictive, in that the weight distribution of the foot may counteract the 'depression' and 'release' principles of the pedals.
The above and below images show the foot in a resting position, placed further up the footplate…
…while the two images below show the foot in a resting position, placed further down along the pedal footplate.
Of course, it's difficult to lay down any hard and fast rules on this, as there are many physical, mechanical and musical variables to consider. Different drummers will use different foot techniques – perhaps not the most ergonomic techniques – and still achieve the desired results.
Nevertheless, it pays to have an awareness and understanding of key ergonomic principles – after all, is it not best to go Au Naturel?
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The Narragansett Pacer was the first horse breed developed in the United States, but is now extinct. It was developed in the United States during the 18th century and associated closely with the state of Rhode Island, and it had become extinct by the late 19th century. The Pacer was developed from a mix of English and Spanish breeds, although the exact cross is unknown, and they were known to and owned by many famous personages of the day, including George Washington. Sales to the Caribbean and cross-breeding diminished the breed to the point of extinction, and the last known Pacer died around 1880.
The Narragansett was possibly an ambling horse, rather than a true pacing breed. It was known as a sure-footed, dependable breed, although not flashy or always good-looking. Pacers were used for racing and general riding. They were frequently crossed with other breeds, and provided the foundation for several other American breeds, including the American Saddlebred, Standardbred and Tennessee Walking Horse.
Highly valued by plantation owners of the 19th century, the Narragansett Pacer had a major influence on many American gaited breeds. The breed was especially associated with the state of Rhode Island in the early 18th century, but had become extinct by the late 19th century. It was known as the first breed of horse developed in America. The exact origins of the breed are unknown, but it was probably developed from a cross between English "ambling" horses and Spanish breeds. These Spanish breeds often included bloodlines that included lateral gaits. The horses developed from this cross were known for their smoothness and sure-footedness over poor terrain. The English horses which contributed to the Narragansett Pacer may have been members of the Irish Hobby breed; another possible ancestor is the Galloway pony. In the early 18th century, William Robinson, the Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island, began the serious development of the breed with a stallion named "Old Snip"—speculated to be either an Irish Hobby or an Andalusian, and considered the father of the breed.
In 1768, George Washington owned and raced a Narragansett Pacer, while in 1772, Edmund Burke asked an American friend for a pair. Paul Revere possibly rode a Pacer during his 1775 ride to warn the Americans of a British march. The extinction was due mainly to the breed being sold in such large numbers to sugarcane planters in the West Indies that breeding stock was severely diminished in the United States. The few horses that were left were crossbred to create and improve other breeds and the pure strain of the Narragansett soon became extinct. North Carolina was also a noted to have breeders of the Narragansett, with breeding stock having been brought to the area as early as 1790 by early pioneers. The last known Pacer, a mare, died around 1880.
The Narragansett Pacer was not exclusively a pacing horse, as strong evidence indicates it exhibited an ambling gait, which is a four-beat, intermediate-speed gait, while the pace is a two-beat, intermediate-speed gait. The amble is more comfortable to ride than the pace, and Narragansett Pacers were known for their qualities as both riding and driving horses. They averaged around 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm) tall, and were generally chestnut in color. James Fenimore Cooper described them as: "They have handsome foreheads, the head clean, the neck long, the arms and legs thin and tapered."; however, another source stated, "The hindquarters are narrow and the hocks a little crooked...", but also said, "They are very spirited and carry both the head and tail high. But what is more remarkable is that they amble with more speed than most horses trot, so that it is difficult to put some of them upon a gallop." Other viewers of the breed rarely called them stylish or good-looking, although they considered them dependable, easy to work with and sure-footed.
The breed was used for "pacing races" in Rhode Island, where the Baptist population allowed races when the greater part of Puritan New England did not. Pacers reportedly covered the one-mile tracks in a little more than two minutes.
The Narragansett Pacer played a significant role in the creation of the American Saddlebred, the Standardbred and the Tennessee Walking Horse. The breed was also combined with French pacers to create the Canadian Pacer, a breed especially suited to racing over ice and which also contributed substantially to the creation of the Standardbred. In the early 19th century, Pacer mares were bred to stallions of the fledgling Morgan breed. However, the Morgan breed was selected for a trot as an intermediate gait, and thus ambling horses were frowned upon, so most Narragansett/Morgan crosses were sold to Canada, the Caribbean, and South America, so the bloodlines did not remain within the Morgan breed. Other breeds indirectly influenced by the Narragansett Pacer include the Rocky Mountain Horse, a gaited breed started in Kentucky, and the Tiger Horse, a gaited breed with Appaloosa patterning.
- Edwards, pp. 358-359
- "Colonial Horses". International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
- "Frequently Asked Questions". The American Morgan Horse Association. Archived from the original on 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- Dutson, p. 18
- "Breed History 500s-1700s". American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- Beranger, Jeanette (August 25, 2009). "Northeastern Exposure, Part I". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- Edwards, pp. 232-233
- Lynghaug, p. 250
- Dutson, p. 246
- Dutson, p. 68
- "About Saddlebreds - 10 essential facts". American Saddlebred Association of Great Britain. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
- Dutson, pp. 238-239
- Dutson, p. 86
- Curtis, Joanne. "Gaited Morgans". Foundation Morgan Horse Society. Retrieved 2010-10-14.[dead link]
- Dutson, p. 254
- Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
- Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. ISBN 1-58017-613-5.
- Lynghaug, Fran (2009). The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All North American Equine Breed Associations. Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-3499-4.
- Facsimile edition of Dodge, T. A. (1892). "The Horse in America". North American Review, vol. CLV, pp. 667-683.
- Facsimile edition of Earle, A. M. (1890). "Narragansett Pacers". New England Magazine, vol. II March-August, pp. 39-42.
- Facsimile edition of Updike, W. (1847). "History of the Church in Narragansett". United States Magazine, and Democratic Review, vol. XXI, pp. 347-353. | <urn:uuid:a93ee938-6d81-4d0a-9534-f1be6f6182e8> | {
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We have talked recently about how high levels of air pollution can impact our brains. The results of a Chinese study found that air pollution affects our intelligence. In particular, verbal skills and math ability decline over time, if we are exposed to dirty air.
In another study, this time from the University of London, the way air pollution affects our brain was further examined. The team looked at how the risk of developing dementia could be increased the more we are exposed to air pollution.
They found that exposure to pollution increases the dementia risk by 1.7%, similar to the way hypertension (high blood pressure) increases risk. There are still many unanswered questions on how air pollution affects our overall health. Is there a safe level of exposure to pollution? How long can we be exposed to pollution before it becomes dangerous? Can we recover from the effects of air pollution if we move to an area with cleaner air? There is still more work to do, more to understand. One thing we do know, the effects of air pollution on our health are dramatic. Our brains, our respiratory systems, all our major organs are affected by the quality of air we breathe.
Click here if you’d like to read the full study. | <urn:uuid:b75c6ce4-a47f-414a-8b4f-089e4f6e9224> | {
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This Week's Parsha | Previous issues | Welcome
- Please Read!
You shall teach them to your children… (11:19; second paragraph of Keriyat Shema).
In many ways the second paragraph of the Shema: Vehaya im Shamoa, is similar to the first paragraph, Shema Yisrael (6:4), towards the end of the previous Parasha. Both focus on the obligations of loving and serving G-d every day, and on the following other Mitzvot: teaching Torah to one's children, Tephillin, and Mezuzza.
There are, of course, many differences. The first paragraph focuses on kabbalat ol malchut shamayim - the daily renewed acceptance of G-d's Authority on ourselves as individuals (Talmud: Berachot 13a). The second includes sechar ve-onesh - Divine Reward and Punishment. This is detailed to promote kabbalat ol mitzvot - our obligation to serve Him by carrying out His Commandments.
The Mitzva of teaching Torah to one's children is mentioned twice, but expressed differently on each occasion. The first paragraph states ve-shinantam; whereas the second paragraph uses ve-limadetem. What can be learnt from those two different expressions, which appear to express the same thought?
A clue may be found in looking at the two paragraphs in their respective contexts.
The first paragraph is brought after Moses recounts the Ten Commandments, which, according to Saadia Gaon contain the entire 613 Mitzvot in microcosm (quoted by Rashi to Shemot 24:12). When the Israelites received the Torah, and when Moses repeated the Torah to them before his death, they were close to the Torah. The Revelation at Mount Sinai was an experience the older generation actually remembered. However in life, even the most powerful experiences become only of maximum use if we learn from them, we recall them frequently, and we discuss them with others. Thus the use of the word veshinantam - as Rashi explains, means that the Torah must be communicated in such a way that it is 'sharp'. The Torah experience is passed down intact to the next generation with such accuracy and enthusiasm that it becomes a de facto living experience even for those who did not personally witness Matan Torah.
This is only fully practicable for those who lived historically close to the Revelation. As generations succeeded one another, the impact of Matan Torah began to fade. Indeed, earlier in this Parasha the context is different: the Torah warns us the consequences of what will happen if you forget the L-rd your G-d (8:19-20). For, over time, the Torah experience was not 'sharp' in the mind and consciousness of the average Israelite, or later, the typical Jew. Just repeating and talking about holy writ was not sufficient by itself recreate the Torah Experience. It required a new process… ve-limadetem - 'and you shall teach them'. Teaching is not just instruction, but education; involving in depth study, questions, probing texts for the Shivim Panim La-Torah, and - the most difficult task of all - recreating the Torah Experience as if it happened today (Sifri 58). (Indeed Rashi on 11:18 specifies that this section of the Shema applies even following G-d's expulsion of the Israelites from Eretz Yisrael to the Golah).
The distinction thus made between ve-shinantam and ve-limadetem may be seen to have the following consequences in Torah Education, by the standards and realities of the present generation. Both have their applications, as suggested below.
Some children - especially in Israel - grow up in an all-embracing Torah environment. Their actuality is such that their entire experience is Torah. Their lives virtually never encounter a non-Torah thought - from the moment they get up until the last beracha before falling asleep at night. Their Cheder education, and the circumscribed society in which they mix are designed - as Matan Torah - not to allow a single non-Torah related expression or activity. Teaching such children is indeed in the context of the Torah being a fresh, intensely-lived daily experience. It is something that already has meaning by itself, given their background, and needs to be learnt, repeated, expanded and repeated again. The key word and approach is ve-shinantam.
It goes without saying that today, others grow up and experience Torah in a very different context. This includes mixing in a much wider society even as small children, and non-Torah influences exemplified by those viewed on television make up part of their existence. Such people need a deeper, more probing, and questioning approach for the Torah to have maximum impact. They will have the experience to question Torah teachings in a manner unthinkable to the secluded individuals discussed above. So teaching such children is not in a context of the Torah being lived in all its purity every waking moment, as Matan Torah. Rather, the emphasis is on ve-limadetem - having to teach and re-create the Torah experience to such an extent that they will be committed to Torah values so that ve-shinantam will follow.
As King Solomon writes in Mishlei: Educate a young man according to his way so that when he ages it will not depart from him (Mishlei 22:6).
Written by Jacob Solomon. Tel 02 673 7998. E-mail: [email protected] for any points you wish to raise and/or to join those that receive this Parasha sheet every week.
Parashiot from the First, Second, and Third Series may be viewed on the Shema Yisrael web-site: http://www.shemayisrael.co.il/parsha/solomon/archives/archives.htm
Also by Jacob Solomon:
This article is provided as part of Shema Yisrael Torah Network
For information on subscriptions, archives, and | <urn:uuid:00f8d046-69fc-42bc-ba3d-64313536585f> | {
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Bolton | Conisbrough | Helmsley | Knaresborough | Middleham | Pickering | Pontefract | Richmond | Ripley | Sandal | Scarborough | Skipton | Spofforth | York
Bolton Castle may not have the most fascinating history of any Yorkshire castle, but it is certainly one of the best preserved, giving a perfect picture of life in a medieval castle. Bolton Castle is a courtyard castle - a castle whose central point is not a keep or gatehouse, but rather a courtyard.
The castle has a simple design, being almost square. At each corner stood a five-storey donjonesque tower, similar to the traditional Tower Keep tower.
Between each tower lay a three-storey range of apartments and rooms, with a central courtyard 26 metres long by 15 metres wide. This area is almost always in the shadows caused by the massive towers and ranges, and was used to house livestock especially during times of siege.
From the courtyard are five identical doorways, designed to confuse attackers by not revealing what is behind each door. Two doors are by the two towers on the North range, two doors next to the two towers on the South range, with an additional door halfway along the East range near the entrance. Each door was protected by a portcullis and thick wooden barred door, with machicolations above the corner tower entrance ways from which oil and stones could be dropped onto attackers.
The ranges are between 8-11 metres wide with 2-metre-thick outside walls. The longer North and South ranges had smaller turrets riding up halfway between the corner towers offering extra protection. Three of the corner towers have survived, the northeast tower having collapsed after damage caused during the Civil War. Each tower had four corner turrets rising above it. The northeast tower was originally longer along its north-south axis, whilst the other towers have their long axis running east-west.
Other than the thickness of the walls and height of its towers, the castle had nothing else to defend it. It had no moat nor outer curtain, and many have considered Bolton Castle to be a large fortified house rather than a castle.
The East Range
Entrance to the castle was originally through a passageway through the East range of the castle next to the Southeast tower. This was protected by two heavy portcullises, one on the outside and one on the inside of the passageway. The portcullises were operated from a room in the first floor above, which also contained murder holes from which anything from boiling oil to stones could be dropped onto those below. There was also a set of heavy wooden doors on the outside of the passage.
On the first floor lay guards' accommodation chambers next to the main entrance's portcullis winches. This ensured that even when the guards were sleeping they would be able to respond to any danger quickly. On the second floor lay more accommodation chambers.
The Southeast Tower
Next to the entrance way, accessible through the Porter's Lodge in the south range, at the base of the Southeast Tower, was the castle's guardroom. Like the Porter's Lodge, it originally contained a fireplace. After the Civil War siege, the tower was slighted, and the guardroom is now open to the sky. Above the guardroom was the Guard's Mess Hall, accessible up a spiral staircase in the south range. Above this lay accommodation chambers.
The South Range
Just south on the inside of the entrance way, in the south range, lay the porter's lodge. From this small room lay a perfect view of those approaching the castle. It also was placed next to the guardroom in the Southeast tower ensuring it would remain well-protected.
The Ground Floor
With the exception of the Porter's Lodge, the South Range's ground floor was dedicated to providing food for the castle's garrison. Adjacent to the porter's lodge lay the Kneading, Proving and Kitchen Preparation room, which served both the Bakehouse and the Mess Kitchen. Along the south range lay the Meal house where flour and meal were stored. Next to this lay the bakehouse where the castle's bread was baked throughout the day.
By the bakehouse, we'd find the brew house, where the castle's beer was brewed. Fresh water was considered to be unhealthy during the medieval period and so beer was seen to be almost as essential as bread.
The First Floor
On the first floor, above the Porter's Lodge and Kneading Room, lay the Mess Kitchen. Here, in the two stone fireplaces, food for the guards was cooked, to be served in the Mess Hall in the Southeast tower next door. Although this is now ruined, it is believed that the hall would have had a trapdoor to allow heavy carcasses to be winched up to it so they would not have to traverse the narrow spiral staircase.
At the west end of the south range lay the Malting House and Granary, where malt, an essential ingredient in both bread and beer, was made. Grain was soaked and turned, and when prepared, would be sent down a chute to the bakehouse and brewhouse below.
The Second Floor
On the second floor, above the Mess Kitchen, lay the Auditor's Chambers. The Auditor was one of the most important members of the castle's household as he controlled the castle's finances. The Auditor's Chamber contains a hidden safe strongroom accessible only from a trapdoor in the Auditor's Chambers where the castle's gold was stored.
The other half of the South Range, on its west end, was the castle's chapel. This, though now open to the sky, was dedicated to St Anne. The chapel was begun in 1378 but not finished until 1395. The chapel was accessed by a stairway in the Southwest tower and also accessible from the tower's Solar. The chapel's piscina - Holy Water font - has survived, as has the remains of the Lord's private pew. From the chapel lay three priest cells, each equipped with fireplace, lavatory and bed, where the priests would have lived. Sir Richard Scrope in 1399 granted money to Easby Abbey, Richmond, to allow six priests to stay at Bolton Abbey.
Also from the chapel lay a small chamber from which the Chapel Bell, housed in the Southwest Tower, could be rung to call the castle's garrison to worship.
The Southwest Tower
Of the castle's four towers, only the Southwest tower remains fully intact. It was undamaged when the rest of the castle was slighted. It had been damaged by the fire in 1536, but this damage had been repaired in the 16th Century.
The largest room in the tower's ground floor, next to the bakehouse, was the threshing floor and horse mill. Here grain was threshed by hand and ground by the horse mill in order to be baked into bread next door.
The first floor of the tower now contains the castle's giftshop, and was probably used as private chambers. The staircase in the tower, unlike most in medieval castles, spirals anti-clockwise. This meant that anyone ascending the stairs would have the advantage of being able to freely wield their sword without being hampered by the staircase's centre. The reason for this is unknown. However, the staircase does have 'trip steps', steps that are different sizes to the others which were designed to trip anyone running up the staircase who did not know they were there.
The second floor of the tower is taken up by the Solar - one of the principal private apartments of the Lords of Bolton Castle, the Scrope family. This was one of the warmest rooms in the castle as it was best placed to catch the sun and was used as the Scrope's private sitting room, complete with garderobe. When Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned at Bolton Castle this was one of the main rooms she stayed in.
The tower's third floor was the Lady Scrope's private bed-chamber, which had a fireplace and en-suite garderobe. Above, on the fourth floor, was the Lord Scrope's bed-chamber which was similar to the Lady's bed-chamber below. It was in this room that Mary, Queen of Scots, is believed to have slept during her stay between 1568-1569.
Up the spiral staircase above the bedchamber is the tower's battlements, from which a fine view over Wensleydale can be seen, including on a clear day Middleham Castle to the southeast.
The West Range
The ground floor of the West Range of the castle was mainly taken up by the stables, which housed up to ten horses. Next to the stables is the Provender Room, where wooden feed bins would have stored the oats used to feed the horses. Also on the bottom floor was the Forge and Armourer's workshop, where the castle's metalwork from weaponry to horseshoes would have been made. The forge also contained a privy.
The first floor of the west range was the Guest Hall, now used as a tea-room. This was the main reception room for visitors.
On the second floor, on the south side next to the Solar was the nursery. This room contains the only original roof in the castle, most of which was replaced after the fire in 1536. Next to this was the Great Chamber which was a fairly bare room where the Scrope family would have eaten meals.
The Northwest Tower
The Northwest Tower, now an empty shell, was originally used as guest chambers. The chambers on the first and second floor were used by visitors and were only accessible through the North Range's Great Hall. Those on the third and the fourth floors were accessible from the Great Chamber in the East Range.
The North Range
The North Range's ground floor was dominated by store rooms, a wine cellar, and the well chamber. This was built before the castle and served the manor house which was on the site of the castle before it.
Also in the North Range, in the supporting central buttress tower, lay an underground dungeon or oubliette, four metres long by three wide. Although no records survive to tell who was imprisoned here the remains of a human arm still chained to the wall have been found.
On the first floor lay the two-storey Great Hall. This was served by butteries at the east end of the range which were next to the Great Kitchen in the Northeast tower. The butteries were also used as stores. Over the butteries lay a minstrel gallery.
The Northeast Tower
The Northeast tower collapsed in 1761 and very little remains of it. However it used to house the castle's Great Kitchen which served the Great Hall in the North Range.
In comparison with other Yorkshire castles Bolton Castle has had a short history.
Sir Richard Scrope
In 1378 Sir Richard, first Baron Scrope, who had been MP for York, became Lord Chancellor of England - a position of considerable wealth and influence. To celebrate he ordered mason John Lewyn to begin the southern range of the castle in September 1378, when it was believed that work on the North and West ranges had already begun but no evidence to suggest when remains. In July 1370, he received his licence to crenellate from the boy king Richard II. By 1399, at a cost of £12,000 the castle was completed.
In 1393, Sir Richard's oldest son, Sir William Scrope, bought the kingdom of the Isle of Man and was also made Earl of Wiltshire. In 1398 Sir William was appointed Treasurer of England under Richard II, yet in 1399 Richard II was deposed and murdered by his cousin Henry IV who also ordered the execution of William Scrope in Bristol. His father, Richard Scrope, died in 1403 aged 76 with his second son, Sir Roger, 2nd Lord Scrope, inheriting the castle. Yet Roger only lived seven months after his father's death and his son, also called Richard, the 3rd Lord Scrope, inherited.
The Scropes And The Nevilles
Sir Richard Scrope also had a successful career, fighting at Agincourt and marrying very well to Margaret Neville of the powerful Neville family.1 In 1420 on Sir Richard's death his son, Sir Henry, fourth Baron Scrope, inherited. He supported his brother-in-law Richard, Duke of York, against Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, in the Wars of the Roses. On his death in 1459 his son Sir John Scrope continued supporting the Yorkist cause. Under Richard III, King of England 1483-14852, he was made Captain and Governor of the fleet. After Richard III's death in 1485 he continued to support the Yorkist cause.
In 1487 he supported Lambert Simnel's rebellion against Henry VII. Lambert Simnel claimed to be Edward Neville, son of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.3 This rebellion was defeated at the Battle of Stoke, with Simnel sentenced to serving in the King's kitchen, turning the spit, until his death in 1534. Sir John Scrope was pardoned for his involvement on the condition that he lived within 22 miles of London, where Henry VII could monitor his actions.
The Pilgrimage Of Grace
The first major event to take place at Bolton Castle itself took place during the lordship of Sir John Scrope, 8th Baron Scrope. In 1536 Sir John Scrope not only supported the rebellion but allowed Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx, sanctuary in the castle. As a punishment in 1538 Henry VIII ordered the castle to be torched, and the destruction in the Southwest tower was extensive. Despite this the damage was repaired by the end of the decade, and Sir John was allowed to serve Parliament until 1552.
Mary Queen Of Scots
The most famous event to have taken place in the castle's history was the stay by Mary, Queen of Scots. After her defeat in Scotland at the Battle of Langside in 1537 she abdicated and fled to England.
This was of great inconvenience to Queen Elizabeth as many English Catholics felt that the Catholic Mary was the legitimate ruler of England, not the Protestant Elizabeth. Although Mary was initially held in Carlisle under the watch of Henry the 9th Lord Scrope, Warden of the Western Marshes and Elizabeth's cousin Sir Francis Knollys, Carlisle proved unsuitable. In July 1568 Mary was moved to Henry Scrope's home, Bolton Castle. Mary was given Henry Scrope's own apartments in the Southwest tower. Of her retinue of 51 knights, servants and ladies-in-waiting only 30 of her men and six ladies-in-waiting were able to stay in the castle, the rest taking lodgings nearby. Her retinue included cooks, grooms, hairdresser, embroiderer, apothecary, physician and surgeon.
Bolton Castle was not initially suitable for housing a Queen, and tapestries, rugs and furniture were borrowed from local houses and nearby Barnard Castle in County Durham. Queen Elizabeth herself loaned some pewter vessels as well as a copper kettle. Mary was allowed to wander the surrounding lands and often went hunting. Her prime occupation while at the castle was having her hair done. But Sir Francis Knollys, whom Mary nicknamed 'Schoolmaster', taught her English, as she only spoke French and Latin. She even met with local Catholics, something for which Knollys and Scrope were severely reprimanded.
In September 1568, Lord Scrope's wife, Lady Scrope, was ordered not to stay at Bolton Castle and lived two miles away as her brother the Duke of Norfolk was believed to be one of those seeking to put Mary on the throne. In January 1569 Mary left Bolton Castle for the last time, being taken to Tutbury in Staffordshire where she spent 18 years before her execution in 1587.
The Civil War
In 1630 the last Baron Scrope, Sir Emmanuel Scrope, 11th Baron and 1st Earl of Sunderland and Lord President of the King's Council in the North, died without any legitimate heirs. Bolton Castle was inherited by his illegitimate son John who, like much of Yorkshire, declared for the King during the English Civil War.
From Autumn 1644 until November 1645 Bolton Castle was besieged by Parliamentary forces, with the Northwest tower suffering the brunt of their bombardment. Sir John surrendering only after the last of the horses and all other animals are eaten, with the garrison inside starving.
As punishment the castle was ordered to be slighted with much of it pulled down, and John Scrope fined £7,000. This was never paid in his lifetime as, after being weakened by the siege, John Scrope died of the plague in 1646 aged only 23.
After The Civil War
Bolton Castle was then inherited by John's sister Mary, whose second husband Charles Powlett, the 6th Marquis of Winchester, became the first Duke Bolton. Seeing the state of the old castle, Charles ordered the construction of a new home for the family, Bolton Hall, and in 1675 the family moved out of Bolton Castle, which was left to decay. In 1761 the Northeast Tower collapsed after not being repaired since the damage during the Civil War.
In 1794 the 6th Duke of Bolton died. Jean Mary Powlett, illegitimate daughter of Charles Powlett, the 5th Duke, inherited. She married Thomas Orde who adopted the Powlett name, becoming the first Lord Bolton in 1797. His son, William Orde-Powlett inherited the castle in 1807. The castle is now owned by his descendant, the Honourable Harry Orde-Powlett. | <urn:uuid:ca5e3366-480e-46b7-81e8-f7d8e4ae12b6> | {
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The Limbourg Brothers
Considering that artists were still generally anonymous, we know remarkably a lot about the artists we know as the Limbourg brothers. While in a number of respects their biographies are fairly typical of artists of the period, the documents make it clear that they were clearly exceptional artists. Before considering their actual work, it is worth while to review the documentation associated with their relatively short but very productive careers.
Although they made their reputations working for the French princes Philip the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, and Jean de Berry, their origins are in Nijmegen in what is now modern Netherlands. We have our first reference to "Johannes de Lymborgh" in 1366 when he is listed as a citizen of Nijmegen. Johannes was the father of Arnold de Lymborch, born between 1355 and 1360. Arnold married around 1385 Mechteld or Metta, the daughter of Willem Maelwael, who along with his brother Herman Maelwael served as an heraldic painter at the court of Duke William I of Guelders. As conventional during this period, the family name regularly indicated place of origin or the family's occupation. In the case of the Maelwaels it is the latter since the name in Middle Dutch can be translated as "to paint" (malen) "well" (wel) or one who paints well. The presence in Nijmegen of the court of Duke William I of Guelders meant that there was a ready supply of commissions. With courts emphasizing their magnificence, there was a continual need for heraldic painting on objects like pennants, banners, and suits of armor. While panel painting will become a dominant media in the fifteenth century, still in the latter part of the fourteenth century painters based their careers around heraldic painting and other projects like polychroming statues. The importance of heraldic painting is reflected in the etymology of the Dutch word for 'painting' (schilderen) is derived from the word for "shield" (schild).
Archival sources have demonstrated that the Lymborchs and Maelwaels lived on the same street, Burchstraat, in Nijmegen. It was typical in late medieval cities to have members of specific or related crafts to live in the same area. Their houses and workshops were almost within a stone's throw of Duke William's castle, Het Valkhof. [See Google Earth Map] This certainly facilitated access to their principal patron. Torn down in the eighteenth century, Valkhof castle dominated the city of Nijmegen as evident in Jan van Goyen's 1641 landscape of the town and castle. The relationship between the castle and the town is strikingly similar to the calendar scenes in the Très riches heures. Being born in the shadows of the castle of the family's principal patron, the Limbourgs would have known from birth how their social and economic status in fact their identity depended on their relationship with their lord.
Review of the accounts of Duke William I gives us a glimpse into the Maelwael's activities. For example Willem was paid in 1387 for "ten lances with gilded leaves." Later that year he completed "two golden trumpet pennants." During the same period his brother Herman was paid for amongst other "sundry items" "two pennants of fine gold" and "two banners of fine gold." In 1390 Herman was paid for "seventeen gilt message pouches with my Lord's arms," along with "three gilt message pouches with the arms of Holland" for Duchess Catherine of Bavaria-Holland. The entries regular references to the objects being made of gold or their gilding is a reflection of the emphasis in court culture on material display. The quality of the materials used were as much a factor in commissions as the quality of craftsmanship.
It is likely through the family connection with the Maelwaels that Arnold de Lymborch entered into the service of the Duke of Guelders as a woodcarver. He apparently died between 1395 and 1399. Arnold and Metta had at least six children. The oldest was Herman who was born about 1385. He was followed by Paul born around 1386 and 1387 and then Johan or Jean, born possibly in 1388. These three were followed by Rutger (c. 1390), Arnold (1392-1395), and the only girl, Greta. Like many craftsmen of the period, the Limbourg brothers were brought up in the household industry. Considering the extended household with the Maelwael family they would have been introduced into the techniques associated with a number of crafts including sculpture from their father, embroidery, and painting through the Maelwaels. They did not begin their careers as painters, but apparently after the death of their father, Herman and Jean were sent by their mother to Paris to enter into an apprenticeship with a goldsmith named Alebret de Bolure. The brothers probably gained this position through their uncle Johan Maelwael (Jean Malouel), who was working for the Queen, Isabeau de Bavière. A document dated to May 2, 1400 records that the brothers left Paris "pour cause de mortalite estant nagaires a Paris" (because of an outbreak of disease). On their return home, they were seized in Brussels and held for a ransom as part of a dispute between Brabant and their native Guelders. Their uncle Johan Maelwael intervened and was able to obtain the ransom from his patron, Philip the Bold.
The relationships established at court provided artists entry to other courts. This is likely the case for Johan Maelwael, the son of Willem and the sister of Metta the mother of the Limbourg Brothers. It is likely that he used the family's connection to the Duke of Guelders as a means of gaining the patronage of the Queen of France. Catharine of Bavaria-Holland (1358-1400), the Duchess of Guelders, was the great aunt of Isabella (Isabeau) of Bavaria who became the Queen of France when she married Charles VI. In 1396, the Queen commissioned "Hennequin de Mallvieil" to create 34 designs for gold draperies on velvet in a variety of colors. Then Maelwael established himself at the court of Duke Philip the Bold. After the death of Jean de Beaumetz, the Duke's court painter, in the fall of 1396, Johan Maelwael was hired to replace him. He was put in charge of the painting projects at the Charterhouse of Champmol, a Carthusian monastery founded by Philip in 1385 near the Duke's capital in Dijon. Burgundian accounts in 1398 record "Jehan Maluel paintre et varlet de chambre de Monseigneur." This entry makes reference to five altarpiece Maelwael made for the Charterhouse. In 1402 and 1403, Jehan participated in the polychroming of the famous Well of Moses, a Calvary group sculpted by Klaus Sluter. The payments associated with the commission were to cover materials. For example in December of 1402 six ounces of azurite were acquired to paint the deep blue on the figures. Maewael also did heraldic painting for the duke. A painting of the Pietá which has the arms of the Duke of Burgundy on its back is frequently attributed to Malouel:
The manner of payment for Johan Maelwael reflects his status as a court artist, "paintre et varlet de chambre de Monseigneur." Instead of being paid by the piece like an urban craftsman would, Maelwael received a daily salary from the Duke. For 315 days of work between December of 1397 and October of 1398, he received what amounted to 210 francs. In 1398 the Duke provided a maid and a manservant for Maelwael. There were also payments to Maelwael for "bons et agréables services" to the Duke. These reflect the privileged status of Maelwael at the Burgundian court.
As noted above, Maelwael used his influence with Philip the Bold to gain the release of his nephews from their captivity in Brussels. Maelwael also helped the Limbourg brothers to gain positions at the Ducal court. In February of 1402, Philip the Bold commissioned Jean and Paul de Limbourg "pour faire les ystoires d'une très belles et très notable Bible qu'il avait depuis peu fait commencer" [for making the miniature in a very beautiful and very notable Bible that he had had begun]. The commission expects the Limbourg Brothers to work on the Bible for four years. Scholars still disagree whether this Bible can be identified with a Bible Moralisée in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris (fr. 166). The miniatures in this manuscript are clearly in a style that we can identify as that of the Limbourg Brothers.
Jean and Paul were to receive the relatively high daily salary of ten sous each. The contract also stipulates that the brothers were to work exclusively for the Duke. Such a financial agreement clearly distinguishes the brothers as court painters in contrast to urban craftsman who were paid by the piece rather than by time. In 1403 as a testament to the high esteem of their work, Philip the Bold granted them a clothing allowance of ten gold ecus. On January 17 of the following year, "Paulequin Maluel et Jehannequin, paintres et historieurs" were paid an additional sum of 600 francs. This was to cover their household costs and their work on the Bible.
In April of 1404, Philip the Bold died. A position at court was a personal one between the individual and the patron. So the death of their patron Philip the Bold meant for the Limbourgs and Jehan Maelwael that they could not be certain that the economic and social status that they had attained under Philip would be maintained under his successor, John the Fearless. After the death of Philip, there is nearly a two year gap in the references to Maelwael in the Burgundian records. It is assumed that he quit the court and returned to Nijmegen. We know that he married his second wife, Heylwig van Redinchaven, in Nijmegen before the fall of 1406. By April of 1406 he had returned to Dijon. At this point Jehan Maelwael was appointed paintre et valet de chambre to John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur). For a patron like John of Berry the death of his brother gave him the opportunity to bring into his household the Limbourg Brothers whose work he probably had admired. Our first reference to the Limbourgs becoming members of the court of the Duke of Berry is a note written around 1405 that was added to the 1401 Berry inventory. The entry accounts for gold coins (monnoie d'or) that "De dictis peciis Dominus dedit novem Paulo et IIbus fratribus suis, illuminatoribus, ut apparet per compotum dicti Robineti. Item, plus XII pecias." Paul and his two brothers are specifically identified as "illuminators."
It is generally believed that the Duke commissioned the brothers to begin work on the Belles Heures in 1405, but there is no direct account record for the manuscript. In fact, Robinet d'Estampes entry for the Belles Heures does not identify the makers of the manuscript by name:
|Item, unes belles Heures, très bien et richement hist -
oriees; et au commancement est le kalendrier, bien
richement escript et historié; et après est historiée
la Vie et Passion de Saincte Katherine; et ensuivant
sont escriptes les quatre Euvangiles et deux oroisons
de Nostre Dame; et après commancent les Heures de
Nostre Dame, et s'ensuivent pluseurs autres heures
et oroisons; et au commancement du second fueillet
desdictes Heures de Nostre Dame, a escript : audieritis ;
couvertes de veluiau vermeil, à deux fermouers d'or ,
esquielx sont les armes de Monseigneur de haulte taille ;
et par dessus les dictes Heures a une chemise de veluiau
vermeil, doublk de s a t i n rouge; lesquelles Heures Monseigneur
a fait f a i r e par ses ouvriers.
The detailed description makes the identification of this entry with the book in The Cloisters certain, but the makers of the manuscript are identified simply as "ses ouvriers."
From 1408 until their deaths in 1416, the Limbourgs appear regularly in the records of the Duke of Berry. The most frequent type of entry was to record a gift exchange. This is a clear indication of the special relationship the Limbourgs had with the Duke. Many of these gift exchanges were a part of the celebration of étrennes, the New Years Day feast when social and political alliances were renewed. This is the subject of the January page from the Très riches heures. On January 1, 1408, Paul de Limbourg was given a gold ring with an emerald in the shape of a bear that had been given to the Duke by a Florentine merchant, Baude de Guy. The familiarity between the Duke and the Limbourgs is suggested by a New Years gift given by the Limbourgs to the Duke. In 1411, "Pol de Limbourc et ses deux freres" gave to the Duke "un livre contrefait d'une pièce de bois paincte en semblance d'un livre, où il n'a nuls fueillets ne riens escript; couvert de valuiau blanc, à deux fermouers d'argent dorez, esmaillez aux armes de Monseigneur [a simulated book made of painted wood in the form of a book, having no leaves or script, covered in white velvet, with two silver gilt clasps with the arms of the Duke]." One can imagine the surprise of the Duke to receive a new book by his special craftsmen only to find out it was a joke. The Limbourgs received gifts at other times of the year as well. For example, on November 9, 1413, "Pol de Lumbourc, varlet de chambre de monseigneur, pour don a luy fait par monseigneur pour consideracion des bons et agreables services quil luy a faiz, fait chascun jour et espere que fasce ou temps a venir, et pour soy vestir et estre plus honnestment en son service, non obstant autres dons a luy faits par ledit seigneur par mandement donné le 9e jour de novembre lan 1413, cy rendu avec quictance dudit Pol faicte cedit jour et oudit en 100 escuz, vallent 112 livres 10 sol. t. [ to Paul de Limbourg, valet de chambre of my lord, for a gift to him made by my lord in consideration for the good and agreeable services that he [Pol] does for him [the Duke], each day and for the hope he will continue to render in the future, and also to clothe himself and be more honorably in the Duke's service, notwithstanding any other gifts to him by the said lord....]."
Documents from 1408 and 1409, further testify to the special relationship between the Duke and the Limbourgs. The Duke was holding in his chateau at Etampes, an eight year old girl from Bourges by the name of Gillette la Mercière against her mother's wishes. The Duke wanted the young girl to marry his "peintre alemant [German painter]." The King Charles VI would intervene to gain the release of the young girl. But we know from later documents that Paul de Limbourg did in fact marry Gillette la Mercière.
A further indication of their special relationship to the Duke can be found in a document of 1434 pertaining to a property in Bourges. The document lists as an earlier owner the duke's painter, "Pol, natif du païs d'Alemaigne [Paul, native of the land of Germany]" From other documents we know that the property had been acquired by the Duke in 1401, who gave it originally to his treasurer. After the dismissal of the treasurer, the Duke gave the house to Paul de Limbourg. The property is described in the 1434 document as "une des plus grans et plus spacieuse et notable do nostre dite ville de Bourges [one of the most grand and most spacious in the city of Bourges]." The house is characterized as being appropriate for "un des seigneurs de nostre sang et lignage [for one of the lords of our blood and lineage]."
The picture that emerges from the documents is dramatically different from that of the traditional craftsman of the period. The regular salary, the clothing allowance, and the noble house received by the Limbourgs put them in a social and economic position well beyond that of their colleagues in the book industry. Craftsmen tended to congregate within particular neighborhoods. Typical craftsmen being paid by the piece needed to have a regular flow of projects to support themselves. Their careers also depended on their ability to work collaboratively. Originality and individuality were not assets for the craftsman. For example, the work of a manuscript decorator was not intended to stand out, but it was expected to conform to the decorative plan of the book as a whole.
Even among the court artists of the period, the Limbourgs stand out as exceptional. It is interesting to compare the Limbourgs to their highly successful uncle, Jehan Maelwael. A Burgundian account record dated to April 1, 1415, two weeks after the death of Maelwael, characterizes him as "l'ung des bons ouvriers de son mestiers [one of the book workers of his trade]." Attention is drawn to the "plusieurs ymages, tableaux, paintures et autres choses excellantes au plaisir et ordonnance de feu Monseigneur le Duc Phelippe [several images, panels, paintings and other excellent things [made] for the pleasure and order of the late Lord the Duke Philip] Maewael painted in the Charterhouse of Champmol. The documents make clear that as paintre et varlet de chambre de Monseigneur Maelwael was not allowed to specialize in panel painting, but he was expected to carry out a variety of tasks for the Dukes of Burgundy. Beyond the paintings he worked on the polychroming of the Sluter sculptures and he continued the family tradition of heraldic painting. Maelwael was understood to be on call to meet whatever painting needs the Duke had. In contrast, the records of the Duke of Berry are silent about any other tasks beyond manuscript painting for the Limbourg brothers. We cannot be certain that they did not perform these other tasks, but the absence of any other documentation leaves the intriguing possibility that the Duke freed them from these other tasks so that they could focus their talents on manuscript illumination. This sense of the special talents of the Limbourg is reflected in recent assessments of their work. Patricia Stirnemann has written: "They were like comets, hurtling through a private universe that belonged only to them, and their inventive minds, unencumbered by the constraints of the marketplace, were free to create what had never even been imagined before."
Documents pertaining to the Limbourg Brothers
1402 February 9-May 8:
A Polequin Manuel et Jehanequin Manuel, enlumineurs, lesquelz mon dit seigneur par ses lettres donnees a Paris le IXe jour de fevrier mil CCCC et ung collacionnees par l'un de ses secretaires le derrenier jour d'avril ensivant, si comme il appert par la copie d'icelle cy rendue, eust retenuz pour parfaire les histoires d'une tres belle et notable Bible que avoit nagaires fait encommencier ledit seigneur, que pur l'accomplissement d'icelles et des ystoires qui y devront estre faictes, iceulx Polequin et Jehannequin ne se povoient louer a autre que a mon dit seigneur mais entendre et besongner seulement en l'ouvraige d'icelle, icellui seigneur desirant acertes ledit ouvraige estre fait et parfait le mieulx et si brief que se pourroit, ordena et tauxa que aus dessus diz Polequin et Jehannequin tant pour leur peine et vivre comme pour avoir leurs autres necessitéz, la somme de XX s.p. pour chascun jour ouvrable et non ouvrable jusques a quatre ans prouchains [-venans] ensivant IIIIc et cinq. C'est assavoir pour chascun d'iceulx Polequin et Jehannequin X s.p. pour chascun jour durans lesdiz quatre ans, si comme tout ce puet plus a plain apparoir par la dicte copie, pour laquelle Bible faire et historier a esté paié, baillié et delivré par ledit commis du commandement et ordonnance de mon dit seigneur a maistre Jehan Durant, son phisicien la somme de VIc frans pour iceulz emploier es escriptures et perfection d'icelle Bible et aussi es gaiges desdiz Polequin et Jehannequin desdiz XX s.p. par jour, par vertu d'un mandement de mon dit seigneur donné a Paris le VIe jour de mars l'an mil IIIIc et I, laquelle somme mon dit seigneur veult qu'elle soit allouee es comptes d'icellui commis. Pour ce, par vertu d'icellui mandement avec quittance dudit maistre Jehan Durant, escripte le VIIIe jour de May mil IIIIc et deux, tout rendu a court VIc frans | <urn:uuid:cb1a8fcc-9db2-4816-8d3b-08105617322a> | {
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All residential rental are required by law to be tested for radon by March 2014.
Radon is estimated to cause thousands of lung cancer deaths in the U.S. each year.
* Radon is estimated to cause about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year, according to EPA’s 2003 Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003). The numbers of deaths from other causes are taken from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 1999-2001 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Report and 2002 National Safety Council Reports.
Radon is a cancer-causing, radioactive gas.
You can’t see radon. And you can’t smell it or taste it. But it may be a problem in your home.
Radon is estimated to cause many thousands of deaths each year. That’s because when you breathe air containing radon, you can get lung cancer. In fact, the Surgeon General has warned that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. Only smoking causes more lung cancer deaths. If you smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung cancer is especially high.
Radon can be found all over the U.S.
Radon comes from the natural (radioactive) breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water and gets into the air you breathe. Radon can be found all over the U.S. It can get into any type of building – homes, offices, and schools – and result in a high indoor radon level. But you and your family are most likely to get your greatest exposure at home, where you spend most of your time.
You should test for radon.
Testing is the only way to know if you and your family are at risk from radon. EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below the third floor for radon. EPA also recommends testing in schools.
Frequently asked questions about the new Radon Testing Law in Rentals.
The State of Maine Radon webpage offers information for Landlords and Property Managers. | <urn:uuid:eec96277-1183-45e7-83ea-80f07a833bfa> | {
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I is for Imagine. That is the book Imagine: How Creativity Works by Jonah Lehrer.
It’s pretty interesting, filled with lots of stories and anecdotes. The stories come from all over, from business, science and art.
Basically it says, anyone can learn how to use their imagination and be creative. It says the normal beliefs about creativity and the imagination (beliefs all involve the muse) but that instead it’s really different thought processes. Anyone can be imaginative; you just need to know how to think.
It talks about insight and hard work. Apparently all you need is a moment of insight, followed by tons of hard work. It reminds me of Thomas Edison quote: Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. It emphasizes how much work people do after they get their idea. Getting an idea to work isn’t easy or fast.
Insight is basically an idea about something. An idea how to solve a problem, an idea about what the problem is to begin with, a new piece of art.
He talks about insight and the brain. Apparently the brain uses different areas when it’s in the middle of an insight. When you are creating something new (musicians improvising is the example he uses) the area of the brain associated with self-expression lights up and changes happen in the impulse control section of the brain, too. The language and speech production parts of the brain become more active, too. (He compares music notes to words; music patterns need to memorized like nouns and verbs and so on.)
So it seems to me that no self-control plus self-expression plus bone-deep knowledge of basics equals creativity.
No impulse control means you don’t dismiss an odd or dangerous idea the moment it occurs to you. It is easier to be brave, I think. Or maybe that’s foolish. LOL It is easier when you are relaxed. I mean, how many eureka moments do you have when you are tense and thinking too hard? Sometimes you need to do something else and let go.
The bone-deep-knowledge-of-basics thing is more important than it sounds like. You have to be bit of an outsider to the problem. Being an outsider makes it easier to think outside the box. Easier to see the issues sometimes. The outsider bit is why most new ideas come from blending different fields. Different cultures, different ways of thinking.
He says that’s why group creativity is important. People are more creative in groups than by themselves. Apparently group work has been studied - Broadway musical, Pixar, traders. The most successful musicals were the ones with a mix of artists, some new, some who know each other. Pixar forced its people to go to the same bathroom so people from different departments talk to each other. The traders who talked the most with other people were the most successful. (It sounds oddly like networking to me.)
Cities are most creative of all! LOL Despite the internet and how it connects people, nothing can replace the city! It’s how you meet lots of different people, from different places. It makes you more aware of stuff that is different elsewhere. Travel does this, too. That awareness and random conversations with people sparks the imagination, too. | <urn:uuid:3f339013-ad80-41cc-a50e-ba30d37a9812> | {
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- Kissing reduces anxiety and stops the ‘noise’ in your mind. It increases the levels of oxytocin, an extremely calming hormone that produces a feeling of peace.
- The endorphins produced by kissing are 200 times more powerful than morphine
- Kissing is good for the heart, as it creates an adrenaline which causes your heart to pump more blood around your body. Frequent kissing has scientifically been proven to stabilize cardiovascular activity, decrease blood pressure and cholesterol.
- Kissing is great for self-esteem. It helps to make you feel appreciated and helps your state of mind.
- More Research here (okay it’s on kissing other people, but you know what, kisses for me, from me, are better than no kisses at all in my books)http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/features/kissing-benefits | <urn:uuid:edd18a9f-9583-4496-9d6f-f94fe70184fb> | {
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BUKHARA. CENTRAL'S ASIA HOLIEST CITY
In its earliest day, Bukhara was a major
city of Sogdiana, a region of ancient
Central Asia populated by Eastern Iranian
fi re worshipers. Its fall to the Arabs in the
8th century entailed the Islamification
of the town, as the roots of a new religion
took hold. The essence of the city
was transformed and, today, Bukhara is a
showcase of fascinating Islamic architecture
and old ways of life.
Bukhara is the fifth largest city in
Uzbekistan, which is one of the fi ve former
Asian republics of the USSR (the
other four being Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Turkmenistan). Th e country
lies along the second leg of the Silk
Road, following the Middle East section.
Bukhara marked the halfway point, offering
horses, camels and great markets
for caravans to meet and exchange goods.
While porcelain, paper, tea, spices and medicinal
herbs headed west, other goods like gold, silver, wool,
horses, cucumbers and grapes found their way to
In 1220, Genghis Khan killed almost all the inhabitants
of Bukhara, sparing only the youngest children.
The city was torched and razed to the ground.
Years later, his grandson, Hulagu, arrived at the walls of the barely-revived Bukhara. The city sent
out its envoys: a young boy, a camel and a goat. "If
you want someone larger, then talk to the camel. If
you want someone with a beard, then talk to the
goat. If you desire reason, then talk to me," said the
boy. The message was received – the Genghisid
withdrew his army and Bukhara was saved from
The Ismail Samani Mausoleum was built in the 10th century to
house the tombs of Ismail Samani, founder of the Samanid Dynasty,
as well as his father and grandson.
There are no glazed tile ornaments here – everything depends on the
elaborate handling of baked terracotta bricks and over 20 different
types of brick-laying techniques!
The walls are so thick and made-to-measure that the mausoleum
has never needed repair in its life of 1,100 years. Th e family
tomb was literally buried, either deliberately or inadvertently, until
Russian archaeologist Shishkin excavated it in 1934.
The 48-metre tall Kalon minaret has dominated Bukhara's skyline for about
nine centuries. Th e original minaret built
in 919 was destroyed by the elements in
1068 and the subsequent one in wood
collapsed within a matter of years. In 1127, a ruler of Bukhara ordered the construction
of yet another one, but one that would last forever. Th is time, the job was
not rushed: a foundation 13 metres deep and a base nine metres in diameter were
factored in, as well as a special kind of mortar mixed from camel's milk, egg yolk
and bull's blood.
The Kalon minaret was the tallest freestanding
structure in the world at the time, and raised the status of Bukhara
to the pinnacle of the Islamic world. It is
believed to have inspired awe in Genghis
Khan, who bowed to it and ordered it
spared from the destruction of the city
Text and photo Julia Sherstyuk | <urn:uuid:6e92ec1d-ff58-4d32-a662-9b1a97b53cde> | {
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Published on February 16, 2014
Sources of Contemporary Australian Law Common Law
British Origins of Common Law The common-law system first developed in England, and is there fore often referred to as „English common law‟ Other countries using this system include: Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the USA
Common law is a collection of legal principles and rules derived from the decisions of judges in higher courts Basically – it is law developed by judges, not law imposed by parliament
Judges are required to obey statute law (law made in parliament. If no statute law exists, judges use common law principles to resolve the dispute. A judge can use common law to interpret statute law. If both common law and statute law exist, the statute law must be followed.
Development of Common Law From the 6th to the 11th century, law was enforced locally Crimes were treated as wrongs for which the offender had to compensate the victim Both parties would have to “swear an oath” If there were witnesses, the accused may be required to undertake a trial by ordeal.
Common law developed after the Norman invasion of England in the 11th century. William the Conqueror sent judges around the country to consolidate his position: Administer a uniform set of laws Report any threats to the throne to the King Assess the wealth of the country to determine what taxes can be afforded By the end of the 12th century, it was common to send judges “on circuits” around the country to ensure decisions were similar – which led to the notion of precedent. In 1258 the Provisions of Oxford were written – this required cases to fit into precedent before they would be heard.
Equity By the 15th century, people were going to the King, claiming that Common Law Courts had made the wrong decision – he asked his Chancellor to deal with these petitions. The Chancellor was a priest as well as a judge, so his decisions were often influenced by Christianity. This branch of law, which aimed to deal with injustices, was called Equity.
Court of Chancery looked at the features of each case to decide what was just or fair It used moral principles – the rules of equity
Main principles of equity To modify a remedy in common law that is deficient, or to create a new remedy To develop remedies for wrongs that the common law doesn‟t recognise
Equity and common law co-existed for several hundred years, though not always peacefully. In 1873, the two legal systems were combined, creating the Supreme Court of Judicature. Courts were instructed to consider equity when considering common law.
Common Law Equity A complete legal system A series of isolated principals Common law rights are extended to all people Rights of equity are valid only to those people specified by court Common law remedies are enforceable at any time (within limitation) Equitable remedies must be applied for promptly Common law is nondiscretionary and must follow precedent Equity is discretionary
62 ECG bpm Thank You! The British Origins of Law First developed in England and is often referred to as 'English common law' Equity Bristish Origins of ...
... English law has been described as a common law ... England exported English Common law and English Statute law to most parts of the British ...
Das Common Law ist ein in vielen englischsprachigen Ländern vorherrschender Rechtskreis, der sich nicht nur auf Gesetze, sondern auf maßgebliche ...
W100_3_2.1. Participants. General ... many factors of a general historical nature contributed to the development of the common law and it might be more ...
A common law legal system is characterized by ... of the British Mandate of Palestine and thus resemble those of British and American law, ...
This unit considers the way that judges make law, how the common law system works and the advantages and disadvantages of a system like the British one ...
English Law (Application) © Government of Gibraltar (w ww.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi) ... 2.(1 ) The common law and the rules of equity from time to time in force
2 The UK's legal relationship with the EU. 9. ... Section 2(1) applies to EU law now and ... "In the present state of its maturity the common law has ... | <urn:uuid:c9d83d80-c0ef-497c-8d96-7bc61132220d> | {
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Parents’ vaccine views shifting after year of outbreaks
Although a series of childhood vaccinations are recommended to prevent outbreaks and protect children from disease, a number of parents have been opting out of vaccines for their children due to concerns about side effects. But highly-publicized outbreaks of measles and whooping cough – illnesses which can be prevented by vaccinations – have put a spotlight on parents’ attitudes about vaccination.
In our latest NPCH Report, we asked parents to tell us how they feel about the safety and benefits of vaccines compared to how they felt a year ago. More than a third of parents said they think vaccines have more benefit compared with what they thought a year ago. One-quarter of parents said they think vaccines are safer compared with what they thought a year ago.
Additionally, 35% of parents said they have more support for school and daycare vaccine requirements than they did a year ago. Read the full report - Safer, with more benefits: Parents’ vaccines views shifting.
Learn more about the results of this NPCH Report in this short video with NPCH Director and pediatrician Dr. Matt Davis: | <urn:uuid:4f800333-6e21-40c5-9e5b-54aa87c1bfe2> | {
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A new report by utility and finance experts contains positive news for the environment, our air and our (and our utilities’) pocketbooks — the economics of electric power resources have made zero-emissions energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies the most financially attractive options to meet the nation’s future energy demands.
The report by the nonprofit organization Ceres, entitled “Practicing Risk-Aware Electricity Regulation: 2014 Update,” says energy efficiency, distributed (onsite) energy, and renewable energy (whose costs, in some cases, have come down dramatically since 2012) are enticing investments for utilities because they bring lower risks and will cost less than traditional energy sources used to generate electricity.
And almost without exception, the report says the investments that could cause the most financial harm for utilities, ratepayers, and investors are large base-load fossil fuel and nuclear plants, which are riskier and more expensive.
“The report’s risk profiles make clear that energy efficiency is the cheapest, safest investment by far, followed by wind and solar energy technologies whose costs have dropped dramatically the past two years,” says Ceres President Mindy Lubber.
We already knew that energy efficiency — aka smarter use of energy — is the cheapest, most abundant investment out there, as I noted recently in discussing the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Efficiency Market Report 2014 that demonstrated the global savings from energy efficiency are greater than the output from any other single fuel source — including coal, oil, nuclear, and gas. Meanwhile, the first national limits on power plant carbon pollution will increase energy efficiency, which will reduce the cost of compliance.
But as Ronald Binz, one of the authors of the new Ceres report, says, “the dramatic decline in the costs of renewable energy, especially utility-scale solar,” represents a major development that could have far-reaching consequences.
The changing economic landscape combined with the pending EPA power plant standards to reduce carbon pollution, does not mean change will come overnight or that there will be any let-up by the supporters of coal and nuclear power. But the trend line is positive and strongly suggests that the old ways of doing business for utilities and state regulators are no longer as viable as they once were, and in fact carry significant financial risk.
The latest findings by Ceres, a nonprofit organization that seeks to mobilize business an investor leaders on climate change, reaffirms the conclusions and recommendations in its 2012 report, “Practicing Risk-Aware Electricity Regulation: What Every State Regulator Needs to Know,” that discussed the aging power plant fleets, evolving technologies and regulations for climate change, and the changing nature of the risks that these challenges present for utilities, customers and shareholders.
The Latest Findings
In examining the conditions facing today’s electric power industry, the new report cites a number of salient facts and reached some important conclusions that should be heeded by the utility industry as its plans how to address the nation’s energy needs, including:
- There is a clear and durable imperative for clean energy in the United States, driven by advancing technology, federal air quality rules, and the lower cost and risk profile of renewable and demand-side energy resources. Renewable energy technology costs have fallen sharply, closing the cost gap between renewable resources and traditional fossil fuel resources. Solar photovoltaic energy costs, in particular, have declined precipitously in recent years while wind and solar costs are expected to continue to fall through at least 2020, a characteristic not shared by other generation technologies.
- Utility business models conversations are shifting from a simple “cost of service” approach to consideration of one that expands utility service offerings and capabilities in light of carbon reduction goals, grid resilience needs, and customer engagement imperatives. This transformation is already happening to a degree that seemed unthinkable just a few years ago.
- Distributed energy resources — that is smaller power sources like demand response (when customers alter their electricity use at certain times of the day), storage, and distributed generation, that can be aggregated to provide energy necessary to meet regular demand — will play an increasingly important role in the 21st century electricity system. As states grapple with this reality, they must begin to plan for a much more complicated system that includes new technologies and varied sources of energy.
The bottom line, as the report clearly suggests, is that the trend toward low-carbon energy resources, including energy efficiency and renewable energy, is unmistakable. When we don’t need to generate as much electricity and/or use zero-emissions resources, we reduce the amount of climate-altering pollution belching into our air and harming our health. In short, as the report notes, “There is a clear and durable imperative for clean energy in the U.S.” that is being driven by new technologies, more favorable economics, stricter federal air quality rules, and consumer demand.
This article was originally published on NRDC and was republished with permission.
My approach to environmentalism was formed in large part by my practical MidWest upbringing. Growing up in Outstate Minnesota, I was taught to be fiscally conservative: to plan for the long-term, to invest in things that will last, and to save for the future. I was also taught to be socially open and aware: to be respectful of other people, places and nature. (You never knew when you were going to need help getting your car out of a snowdrift and you will definitely want to go swimming in that lake again someday.)
I grew up in a hunting and fishing family and community. We went camping practically every weekend in the summer, and played outdoors all winter. My love and respect for nature grew into a passion when I went to school in Colorado and got hooked on the mountains.
Advocating for energy efficiency and clean energy allows me to combine my passion with my practicality. In my mind, it is the most fiscally conservative and socially aware investment that we as a society can make. It saves money, makes people more comfortable, cleans the air, creates jobs, and it lasts! | <urn:uuid:1888dfed-409a-4b78-9bfb-6b893bc8477d> | {
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The golden state, once again, is in the news for leading the way with clear air rules. In an editorial piece this week in the New York Times, California received recognition for the state’s mighty Air Resources Board, which recently issued new rules to cut pollutants.
When the rules are approved, the states’ inhabitants will be exposed to fewer pollutants that affect air quality, and that cause the infamous brown layer most people are familiar with. Along with cutting pollutants that contribute to smog, the state’s new rules will also allow fewer greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change.
The impact California’s new rules will have on the automotive industry is big as well. Since California is such a huge market for automobile sales, rules that limit pollutants will encourage car makers to produce significantly greater numbers of lower-emission or no-emission vehicles—such as all-electric, hybrid, or hydrogen-powered—to meet demand.
The New York Times’ editorial piece explains that historically, California has been able to put in place its own clean air rules by obtaining a waiver from the federal government. In the 1970s, California led the nation to adopt catalytic converters. California also enacted a law in 2002 that established mandatory reductions of carbon-dioxide emissions from cars. That law paved the way for tough fuel efficiency standards that President Obama approved, the Times explains.
So what are the new air quality rules California hopes to have in place soon? One rule states that by the year 2025, new vehicles will produce 75 percent fewer smog-forming emissions. The other rule says that by the year 2025 also, one out of every seven new vehicles in the state, which could number 1.4 million vehicles, have to produce no emissions. California hopes that by the middle of this century—the year 2050—four out of five cars will rely on batteries or hydrogen power. The state wants to reduce its output of greenhouse gases by 80 percent.
Historically, as the Times’ editorial piece notes, car manufacturers battled with California every time the state pushed for a new air quality rule. This time around, car manufacturers—perhaps owing to their recent troubles and bailout—are more willing to produce automobiles that comply with the stricter air quality rules. Marketplace demand for cars that use less gasoline, as well as their own investment in green technology, means car manufacturers will probably be on board with the adoption of California’s new air quality rules. It’s up to the Environmental Protection Agency to give California a waiver so that it can put the new rules in place.
Tackling its own major air pollution issues, California has produced rules that benefit people in a much broader area than solely the inhabitants within its borders. One could argue that any reduction in air pollutants, emissions, and greenhouse gases that California is able to create has benefits for the planet as well, since greenhouse emissions are a global problem not confined to the airspace over the golden state.
If you are in an accident, you need support. AA-Accident Attorneys provides their clients the expert legal help to win results. You can feel confident that the Los Angeles car accident lawyer who represents you knows your concerns, and the issues you face with crowded roads, freeways, and highways that can lead to automobile accidents, motorcycle accidents, bus accidents, and truck accidents. The car accident lawyer knows these issues from the inside and out—as a legal professional and as a citizen who shares the road and lives in the communities.
AA-Accident Attorneys serves clients in many locations across the United States, and has a car accident lawyer to represent you in San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Orange County, San Fernando Valley, Ontario, Newport Beach, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Jose, San Francisco, Sacramento, and Las Vegas. | <urn:uuid:3551d677-1f2d-4a23-82ee-6bfdb90af7a7> | {
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A group of divers recently filmed astonishing footage of a great white shark, as the predator charged at their cage, sinking its teeth into the protective metal bars. Videographer Oliver Bray was diving in an area of Gansbaai, South Africa, known as shark alley when he managed to capture the awe-inspiring footage. Currently working to establish a program to monitor the region’s white shark population, the 35-year-old and his peers baited the predators to lure them near the cage.
“I was in the cage trying to find out more about how we will do the research and develop the program,” Bray noted. “The great white shark and many other shark species are under threat, so research into their breeding habits can help come up with scientific solutions to the problems surrounding their possible extinction.”
Several white sharks approached the cage, and the second one appeared to steer toward the divers out of the murky sea. Lured by the bait, the shark struck the cage hard, catching its jaws on the thick steel bars.
Cage diving has become a controversial practice in white shark habitats like South Africa. Last year, a stunning image of a great white captured from a cage went viral, sparking controversy. Many observers questioned whether the cages could harm white sharks. Though bait handlers actively attempt to keep the sharks from striking cages, accidents do happen as the animals attempt to feed. Some researchers have pointed out, however, that a greater danger lies in teaching the sharks to associate human beings with food.
Bray also expressed his belief that public perception of white sharks has been unduly shaped by negative media coverage. He believes one of the keys to white shark conservation is proper education.
“Most people have grown up thinking sharks are dangerous and scary, and we have Steven Spielberg’s Jaws to thank for that,” he asserted. “Sharks can be aggressive no doubt, but they also have a very important place in the ecosystem. Education needs to be delivered and a greater understanding of what threats great white sharks face.”
Pointing out that he has received many positive comments on the footage, Bray called it some of the best video of a great white shark that his team has yet recorded. Click here to watch the video | <urn:uuid:5b341639-ef16-4b5e-87a9-59e3e28e5b01> | {
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- Say means approximately or for example.
An example of say used as an adverb is to make a statement using the word "say" before the actual estimate such as, "That ice cream cone has, say, 700 calories," which means the ice cream cone has about 700 calories.
- The definition of a say is the right to speak or choose.
An example of a say is the right to vote in a school election.
- Say is defined as to speak or express in words.
An example of to say is to greet a friend "Hello."
- to utter, pronounce, or speak
- to express in words; state; declare; tell
- to state positively, with assurance, or as an opinion: who can say what will be?
- to indicate or show: the clock says ten
- to recite; repeat: to say one's prayers
- to estimate; assume; hypothesize: he is, I'd say, forty
- to allege; report: people say he's angry
- to communicate (an idea, feeling, etc.): a painting that says nothing
Origin of sayMiddle English seien ( from origin, originally 3d person; personal (grammar) singular , present tense indicative ), seggen from Old English secgan, akin to sagu, a saying, tale (ON saga), German sagen, to say from Indo-European base an unverified form sekw-, to note, see, show, say (from source see, Classical Latin inseque (imper.), tell!), origin, originally , to follow from source Classical Latin sequi
- a chance to speak: to have one's say
- power or authority, as to make or help make a final decision: often with the
- Archaic what a person says; dictum
- for example: any fish, say perch
- about; nearly: costing, say, 10 dollars
go without saying
not to say
that is to say
to say the least
you can say that again!
verbsaid, say·ing, says,
- To utter aloud; pronounce: The children said, “Good morning.”
- To express in words: Say what's on your mind.
- a. To state as an opinion or judgment; declare: I say let's eat out.b. To state as a determination of fact: It's hard to say who is right in this matter.c. To report or maintain; allege: It is said he is a fraud.
- To repeat or recite: said grace.
- a. To indicate; show: The clock says half past two.b. To give nonverbal expression to; signify or embody: It was an act that said “devotion.”
- To suppose; assume: Let's say that you're right.
- A turn or chance to speak: Having had my say, I sat down.
- The right or power to influence or make a decision: Citizens have a say in the councils of government. All I want is some say in the matter.
- Archaic Something said; a statement.
- Approximately: There were, say, 500 people present.
- For instance: a woodwind, say an oboe.
Origin of sayMiddle English seien from Old English secgan ; see sekw-3 in Indo-European roots.
(third-person singular simple present says, present participle saying, simple past and past participle said)
- To pronounce.
- Please say your name slowly and clearly.
- To recite.
- Martha, will you say the Pledge of Allegiance?
- To communicate, either verbally or in writing.
- He said he would be here tomorrow.
- To indicate in a written form.
- The sign says it's 50 kilometres to Paris.
- (impersonal) To have a common expression; used in singular passive voice or plural active voice to indicate a rumor or well-known fact.
- They say "when in Rome, do as the Romans do", which means "behave as those around you do."
- (informal, imperative) Let's say; used to mark an example, supposition or hypothesis.
- A holiday somewhere warm - Florida, say - would be nice.
- Say he refuses. What do we do then?
- (intransitive) To speak; to express an opinion; to make answer; to reply.
From Middle English seyen, seien, seggen, &c., from Old English secÄ¡an (“to say, speak"), from Proto-Germanic *sagjanÄ… (“to say"), from Proto-Indo-European *sekÊ·-, *sekÊ·e-, *skÊ·Ä“- (“to tell, talk"). Cognate with West Frisian sizze (“to say"), Dutch zeggen (“to say"), German sagen (“to say"), Swedish säga (“to say").
- (colloquial) Used to gain one's attention before making an inquiry or suggestion
- Say, what did you think about the movie?
- For example; let us assume.
- Pick a color you think they'd like, say, peach.
- He was driving pretty fast, say, fifty miles per hour.
- (informal) Used to introduce a hypothetical
- Say your family is starving and you don't have any money, is it ok to steal some food?
Grammaticalization of the verb. In the case of the conjunction, it could be considered an elision of "Let's say that" and for the "for example" sense of "Let's say"
(third-person singular simple present says, present participle saying, simple past and past participle sayed)
Aphetic form of assay. | <urn:uuid:df832087-4487-4d16-8f9e-8bcb0555ac7d> | {
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According to a report published in The Guardian (7 April), the world’s richest 1% are on course to control as much as two-thirds of the world’s wealth by 2030.
An alarming projection produced by the UK House of Commons library suggests that if trends seen since the 2008 financial crash were to continue, then the top 1% will hold 64% of the world’s wealth by 2030. Even taking the financial crash into account, and measuring their assets over a longer period, they would still hold more than half of all wealth.
As the report points out, since 2008 the wealth of the richest 1% has been growing at an average of 6% a year – much faster than the 3% growth in wealth of the remaining 99% of the world’s population. Should that continue, the top 1% would hold wealth equating to $305tn (£216.5tn) – up from $140tn today. | <urn:uuid:07bde6a4-0483-4f51-9460-f9b38a6ca5fd> | {
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This exhibition is a first look at a major project to digitize, and make available online, more than 1,000 historical images of Hartford. Made on glass-plate negatives, these images are held in the collections of the Library’s Hartford History Center.
Taken primarily by unidentified photographers, the pictures show a now-vanished Hartford era – one with horse-drawn carriages, trolleys, and Model T automobiles. Some of the businesses and buildings shown in these photographs are gone, but history never really goes away, not when we have records like these.
These negatives came to the Hartford Public Library during the second half of the 20th century, and were taken by city employees. And because the mission of the History Center is to tell the story of Hartford in all its many forms and over time, these carefully archived glass plates are being transformed into images we can see, appreciate and learn from today.
Work for this project was made possible, in part, through funding from the Greater Hartford Art Council’s Heritage Advancement Award, and the Society of the Descendants of the Founders of Hartford. The exhibition is on view in the Hartford History Center and in the 3rd floor gallery space Dec. 7 through Feb. 8, 2013. | <urn:uuid:3fdf2219-b686-46d3-8092-b1e39fdcad82> | {
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This is a quick tutorial/demonstration on HOW-TO setup a linux server at home. At the end of tutorial, you should expect to have a linux server running apache2, which can be accessed anywhere in the world by type in “http://myfreedomain.redirectme.net” in a web browser.
Keywords: Router, Priviate IP, Dynamic IP, Static IP, Ubuntu Server, Apache Server, Np-IP, Free Home Server
Here is a list of concepts you need to know before reading the rest of this tutorial.
What are private and public IP addresses?
A computer on the Internet is identified by its IP address. In order to avoid address conflicts, IP addresses are publicly registered with the Network Information Centre (NIC). Computers on private TCP/IP LANs however do not need public addresses, since they do not need to be accessed by the public. For this reason, the NIC has reserved certain addresses that will never be registered publicly. These are known as private IP addresses, and are found in the following ranges:
From 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
From 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
From 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Its basic job is to turn a user-friendly domain name like “coursemate.ca” into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like 184.108.40.206 that computers use to identify each other on the network. It’s like your computer’s GPS for the Internet.
Router Virtual Server:
Ok, let’s get a rough idea how this looks like in a big picture.
So, in this model, you have your local ISP provider, such as Rogers, Bell, or Teksavvy, provides you the internet access with a dynamic public IP (assuming that you are not paying extra to get a static ip, if you are not sure if you have a static ip, just assume that you don’t have one for now). So now, say 220.127.116.11 is your public IP, which can be accessed anywhere in the world to locate your physical. An important note here is that, all the sub-computers under your router have the same Public IP(@18.104.22.168), however, router will assign an unique Private IP to each computer individually (as the 192.168.* shown under each computer)
Also, in this model, you have your PC1(@192.168.0.101), and your Ubuntu Server 10.04 (@192.168.0.100) connect to your router (@192.168.0.1). Your router should have a GUI interface that looks like this:
So now, if someone type in your public IP (@22.214.171.124), the DNS will take them to your router. In such case, they will most likely see the “404 Not Found” page. That’s because for security reasons, your router doesn’t like public access unless you specifically tell it that public accesses are acceptable.
However, that’s not the end of the world, most router today support a feature called “virtual server”, sometimes its also called “port forwarding”. What it does is that it creates a mapping between the router and the computers that connect to it. For example, if you create a virtual server as it’s shown in figure2:
IP Address is the target computer, which is your Ubuntu [email protected] (with Apache2 running)
Public Port is the port that people around the world will use to access your server. In our example, it’s 80.
Private Port is the port that your Ubuntu [email protected] uses for Apache2, by default, it should be 80 as well.
So in general, if someone type in http://126.96.36.199:80/ on a browser’s URL, the DNS will take it to your router, and your router will map the 80 port to @192.168.0.110 at port 80, which is the Apache2 Server on your Ubuntu [email protected]
In short, the setting above will do this for you:
http://public_ip:public_port/ => http://private_ip:private_port/
Congratulations! Now you have a server that anyone in the world can access to. So, what’s next?
If you want to have more convenience access to your Ubuntu Server without type in the tedious IP, instead of a easy-to-remember domain, the following is for you.
All of the issue here is that we don’t have a static public IP. So what can we do about this:
- Contact your ISP see if a static IP is available for you. Usually, this will cost money, but it will save you a lot of troubles.
- Setup a background service that checks your IP periodically, and updates it to a DNS.
And in this tutorial, we will go for the second option, which is to setup this background service.
No-IP is all that we need:
- It checks your Public IP every 5 minutes, and updates it to No-IP’s DNS.
- It provides sub domains to map your Public IP, such as *.redirectme.net subdomains. (I registered turtleland.redirectme.net, and No-IP maps it to my dynamic Public IP, so people can just visit my Apache2 server by turtleland.redirectme.net)
- It’s free. (Well, you could pay to get more features, but the basic feature is more than enough for our task)
Setting this up is very easy. There are instructions available here: http://www.no-ip.com/downloads.php, and I will not repeat them here.
here are some more tips:
- You can buy a domain name like www.yourdomain.com, and redirect www.yourdomain.com to whateverdomainfromNO-IP.redirectme.net. So people can just visit your Apache2 server by www.yourdomain.com
- You can create more virtual servers on your Ubuntu Server, such as mapping port 21(FTP), 22(SSH), and some other application ports you will need.
- You can create a file server on your Ubuntu Server, and serve as a online backup solution for your laptops/mobile device
- You can get a very cheap and dedicated server machine from “IBM Certified Used PC” (Make sure you enter IBMEPP as the promotion code to get the employee discount) http://www-304.ibm.com/shop/americas/content/home/store_IBMPublicCanada/en_CA/icpepcs.html
There are some useful tools to manage your Ubuntu Server. I have the following tools installed:
- webmin: Webmin is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any modern web browser, you can setup user accounts, Apache, DNS, file sharing and much more. Webmin removes the need to manually edit Unix configuration files like /etc/passwd, and lets you manage a system from the console or remotely
- Transmission: It’s a torrent client. It has a web interface, so everyone in my house can use it to torrent files. We normally use it to torrent TV shows, Movies, and Music. And the files will be stored in the Ubuntu Server, and everyone in the network can share them. So that we don’t have to download the same TV show multiple times in the same house.
- XBMC. XBMC is a open-source media centre. Since I have a TV connects to my Ubuntu Server, so I can watch movies, TV shows, and even youtube on my TV without paying the TV cable (yes, I am cheap). Setting XBMC on Ubuntu is very straight forward, the instructions are available on its official website, and/or on its community bulletin board.
- Mercurial Server. (Ignore this if you don’t know what it is) | <urn:uuid:648d5abc-3e88-4aff-8e1d-5378bd5b0888> | {
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Iron and zinc are essential minerals in your diet. Iron is a component of healthy red blood cells, and zinc is necessary for a strong immune system. Eating a variety of foods can help you meet your daily requirements for both minerals. The daily value for iron is 18 milligrams, and the daily value for zinc is 15 milligrams.
Beef and pork are sources of iron and zinc. A 3-ounce portion of lean beef tenderloin provides 2.6 milligrams of iron and 3.2 milligrams of zinc, and a 3-ounce portion of pork tenderloin supplies 3.1 milligrams of iron and 4 milligrams of zinc. Meat and other animal-derived food products contain heme iron, which is highly absorbable. Choose lean meats and trim away visible fat to limit your intake of saturated fat, which raises your unhealthy low-density lipoprotein, or "bad" cholesterol, levels and increases your risk for heart disease.
Soy Products and Beans
Soy products, such as tofu and roasted soybeans, and beans, such as navy, black, pinto, garbanzo, kidney and white beans, provide iron and zinc. A half-cup of cooked navy beans has 2.2 milligrams of iron and 1.9 milligrams of zinc. The iron in beans is in its nonheme form, which is more difficult for your body to absorb than heme iron. Increase absorption by consuming a source of vitamin C, such as bell peppers, tomatoes or oranges, at the same time that you consume nonheme iron, such as from beans, spinach and raisins.
Shellfish are among the top sources of zinc, according to the Linus Pauling Institute, and they also provide heme iron. A 3-ounce portion of oysters supplies 7.8 milligrams of iron and 28.3 milligrams of zinc. Seafood is a source of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids, which can lower your risk for heart disease and reduce your blood pressure, according to the University of Michigan. Try scallops tossed with spinach and whole-wheat pasta for a high-iron, high-zinc dinner.
Whole grains contain the bran, germ and endosperm components of the entire grain kernel, making them higher than refined grains in natural nutrients such as iron. A cup of cooked barley provides 2.1 milligrams of iron and 1.3 milligrams of zinc, and a cup of cooked whole-wheat spaghetti supplies 1.5 milligrams of iron and 1.1 milligrams of zinc. The zinc in whole grains is less absorbable than the zinc in meat and other animal-based foods due to the high content of a plant compound called phytate. Enriched grains contain extra iron. | <urn:uuid:744843b9-f11a-418d-a5c1-115b6b3f00c8> | {
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Is coffee really that bad for you?
Are you confused about the health effects of coffee, too? There have been so many articles lately both discussing the benefits and the hazards of coffee. Much of the information is highly prejudiced, too, which makes it difficult for us to figure out what’s right.
As a holistic nutrition consultant, I was taught to condemn coffee and caffeine in general. It is, after all, a drug, no different than cocaine or sugar. However, I love coffee.
Whether you can’t live without out it or you’re not a fan, coffee is a controversial food these days. So, what’s the story?
First, let’s discuss what’s wrong with coffee. Coffee can interfere with your health in a few ways. Coffee reduces how much iron is absorbed into the body and it can push important minerals like calcium, magnesium and zinc out in the urine. Coffee, when drank on an empty stomach, can promote excess acid production, which leads to exhausted gastric glands and ultimately low stomach acid; this, in turn, can cause major digestive problems like heartburn, leaky gut, gas, constipation and bloating.
There is some evidence that high consumption of coffee can increase cholesterol, and increase your risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. Coffee has been shown to worsen acne; however, acne could also be related to a food sensitivity or allergy associated with the drink or its contents (i.e. dairy).
Coffee is an acid-forming food, which can lead to inflammation and a higher risk of disease.
Coffee is not good for people under stress because caffeine promotes the release of cortisol from the adrenals. More cortisol leads to more stress responses, which lead to unbalanced hormones, liver toxicity, nervous system problems, and an increased risk in a bunch of diseases. And, if you drink coffee while eating, this spike in cortisol essentially shuts down digestion.
The worst thing about coffee is that non-organic coffee crops are one of the most pesticide heavy ones out there; that and potentially carcinogenic substances resulting from the roasting process makes certain coffee very harmful to your health.
But, coffee isn’t all bad. Coffee may help reduce your risk of developing some diseases like Parkinson’s, gallstones, kidney stones and liver disease if consumed in moderation. Regular consumption may also reduce your risk of developing Type II diabetes down the road too.
Caffeine can help protect you from Alzheimer’s as it helps improve brain function, including memory, cognition and mood. Coffee helps you focus and concentrate, too, so you can get your work done. High-quality coffee is full of a lot of antioxidants, which we all know are important to help prevent cancer.
Caffeine is a great way to get a bit more energy before a workout so that you can give it your all and burn more calories!
If you’re a coffee lover like me, there are some things you can do to counteract the bad and enjoy the good.
- Stick to lighter roasts because they are not processed as much and have fewer carcinogens
- Choose organic to avoid nasty chemicals
- Eat lots of fruits and vegetables to alkalinize your body
- Eat calcium-containing foods away from coffee or other caffeine-heavy foods
- Minimize or eliminate any unhealthy additions to your coffee, like cream, milk, sugar, or artificial sweeteners – black is best for antioxidants
- If you find coffee bitter, try adding a tsp of cinnamon to your grounds before brewing, or stick a cinnamon stick into your cup
- Avoid coffee on an empty stomach and with meals – eat your breakfast first, wait an hour or so, and then enjoy your morning cup of joe
- Have something nutrient-dense for breakfast to help you wake up – I like a good green smoothie, or oatmeal with flaxseed and berries
What about decaf? Well, because decaf coffee is so highly processed, it is the worst coffee to drink. Even if it’s organic, the processing involves a lot of chemicals that you do not want to be ingesting. Instead of decaf, pour a bit of regular light roast into your cup and top it up with water. Or, try coffee alternatives like barley or dandelion coffee (found in local health food stores). | <urn:uuid:9f8cd495-0c16-4378-8336-6635cfa43bd5> | {
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Himalayan glaciers melting more rapidly
Glaciers in the Himalayas are melting more rapidly than previously thought
JOHANNESBURG, 20 July 2012 (IRIN) - The Himalayan glaciers that feed major south Asian rivers like the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Ganges are melting more rapidly, reveals a major new study
which says that soaring global temperatures are not the only reason.
The study, led by Yao Tandong, director of the Institute of Tibetan Research at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, and eminent glaciologist and paleo-climatologist Lonnie Thompson of Ohio State University, is the most comprehensive examination so far of the region’s glaciers.
"The status of the glaciers had been a bone of contention," reported the weekly science journal, Nature, whose sister publication, the peer-reviewed journal, Nature Climate Change, published the study. "Earlier this year, an analysis of 7 years' worth of measurements, taken by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, suggested that high-altitude Asian glaciers on the whole are losing ice only one-tenth as fast as previously estimated, and that glaciers on the Tibetan plateau are actually growing."
The GRACE mission is a joint partnership between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany.
"Since a number of papers... have been published, based on a seven-year GRACE data set, it was important to look at the longer-term retreat story, as climate is generally considered a 30-year average of the weather," Thompson said in an email to IRIN.
|For the glaciers studied, approximately nine percent of the area of ice that was present in the early 1970s had disappeared by the early 2000s
The scientists studied 30 years of data from the field, and satellite and weather records to examine the retreat of 82 glaciers, the area reduction of 7,090 glaciers, and mass-balance change - the difference between the accumulation and loss of ice of 15 glaciers in the seven larger regions of the Himalayas, the Tibetan Plateau and the Pamir Mountains. Glaciers in this region give birth to major rivers across Southeast Asia and the Far East, from the Ganges to the Mekong, the Yellow and the Yangtze, which provide water to 20 percent of the world's population.
"For the glaciers studied, approximately nine percent of the area of ice that was present in the early 1970s had disappeared by the early 2000s. Where we had decadal information, we could show that the rate of retreat had accelerated," Thompson said.
"Potential consequences of glacier changes would be unsustainable water supplies from major rivers, and geohazards (glacier-lake expansion, glacier-lake outbursts and flooding), which might threaten the livelihoods and wellbeing of those in the downstream regions," the study warned.
A sustained glacier retreat would increase the volume of water in rivers and also sediments, which could choke water supply, affecting agriculture.
When glaciers retreat, lakes commonly form behind the newly exposed debris - soil and rock called a moraine - which is carried along by the leading edge of the ice wall. Rapid accumulation of water in these lakes could lead to a sudden breach of the moraine dam, causing a possibly catastrophic glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF).
In the recent past, Nepal alone has been affected by 21 GLOF events, and 200 potentially dangerous glacial lakes have been documented across the Himalayan region.
Thompson, the leading authority on high-altitude glaciers in the tropics and near tropics, pointed out that the Naimona'nyi glacier, which feeds the Indus River, had shrunk by 155m within the 30 years from 1976 to 2006, at a rate of about five metres per year.
He and his colleagues drilled ice cores from deep within the glacier in 2006. An ice core provides detailed climate records that can extend over hundreds of thousands of years. Wind-blown dust, ash, bubbles of atmospheric gas, and radioactive substances trapped in the layers of ice in each core have provided valuable information on volcanic activity, ocean volumes and the historic impact of climate change.
"We were surprised to find that at 6,050 metres [the height at which the glacier is located] there had been no net accumulation [of ice] since the late 1940s," he told IRIN. "Also in 2006, we observed cyoconite holes in the glacier all the way to the summit. The holes form when dust accumulates on the surface and absorbs solar radiation, causing melting. The dust actually collects in depressions on the glacier surface and then melts into the glacier. Some of these holes are two metres deep and filled with water, indicating that melting is occurring at the highest elevations of this glacier," Thompson said.
"It means that the glaciers are wasting much faster than just the loss of area, but they are also wasting from the top down, which means they are losing ice volume rapidly. Thus, we expect to see the area of ice loss to accelerate in the near future if these conditions hold, so it is very hard to predict when the glacier will actually disappear. In this case, the past behaviour of the glacier is not likely a good indicator of the future."
He noted that "This is significant for water resources in the Indus River, as it is believed that 40 percent of the water discharge in that basin in the dry season comes from melting glaciers. The impact on the other rivers systems is a function of the many glaciers that feed the headwaters of the rivers."
The study found that the Himalayan glaciers, which are fed by the Indian monsoons, were shrinking more rapidly than those in Pamir Mountains, which were influenced by the westerlies, the prevailing winds. These glaciers gain from winter snow and are less affected by warming, while in the Himalayas it snows during the monsoon season, in summer, and temperature increases can have a dramatic effect.
Rainfall records from the region indicate that the Indian monsoon is getting weaker while the westerlies are strengthening. "Under the present warming conditions, glacier shrinkage might further accelerate in the Himalayas, whereas glaciers might advance in the eastern Pamir regions," said the study.
Obtaining accurate data is the biggest hurdle in researching the impact of climate change on the region. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which has come under fire for citing "grey literature"
- a report that has not been peer-reviewed - in a projection of glacier melt in the Himalayas, has highlighted the need for robust evidence.
A number of studies between 1999 and 2001 have backed the link between climate change and glacier melting. A joint study by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), a Nepal-based research centre supported by eight governments in the region and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), said, "The Himalayan glaciers have retreated by approximately a kilometre since the Little Ice Age [from 1350 to 1900]." | <urn:uuid:c22b1d31-b41e-4974-958f-d7e34dcd0704> | {
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REMEMBER YOUR LAST DATE at the movies? Your memory of that night is a web of associations: The popcorn smell of the theater. Your giddiness. The blue sweater worn by your date. The aftertaste of the work you were doing earlier — a client meeting, an email from your boss. Memory is that web: the moods, sensations, and thoughts of a moment in time. All these coincident details are bound together by the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped brain region under your temple. Later, the hippocampus plays back the memories to the cortex, stitching place, mood, images, and goals together into a pattern. Professor Ken Norman, head of Princeton’s Computational Memory Lab, explains that this is how free association happens: Remembering one strand of that web (say, the blue sweater) leads to another (the movie, or the taste of the popcorn). When you remember a moment, your brain replays a pattern from the past. Norman’s lab, using algorithms to recognize your brain at a moment in time, is fishing for those neural echoes of experience.
This is one snapshot of the growing field of computational neuroscience. Matrices of neural activity flickering across your cortex encode your every thought, mood, and memory. Scientists are aiming to crack the brain’s code. What hacking the mind may one day mean is a world in which your car would know when you’re sleepy, your dreams could appear on a screen, and should you find yourself in a coma, your brain could make your thoughts known. Today, this is science fiction — but in principle, when the brain’s code is decrypted, all would be possible.
Some researchers at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute are using mathematical models to simulate neural processes like learning and attention, allowing them to test hypotheses that can’t be studied in a live human brain. Others apply the algorithms of machine learning to brain patterns, to predict mental states like memories and mental images. Understanding the brain’s code could help scientists develop therapies for conditions like autism, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression; means for amputees to operate robotic prostheses with their brains; and ways for all of us to remember, focus, and communicate better.
“The idea is to make something invisible visible by attaching something to it,” Norman says, explaining how his lab tracks memories in the brain. Snapshots of memories appear on brain scans, encoded in patterns of neural activity and recognized by algorithms tracking mental replay as subjects lie in a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine, or fMRI.
The trick is to track an image that is clear on brain scans. Faces and scenes, for example, are represented in specialized brain regions packed with cells sensitive to them, helping with social interaction and navigation. So thoughts of faces and scenes can be identified in fMRI scans by their characteristic brain activity. By showing you face photos, scientists tag your memory with a tracer they can see on brain scans. Just as movie scenes may link to the memory of your date, these tracers can be tracked, like the GPS on a car.
Why do people misremember? You think you heard about 9/11 on TV, when you really heard it on the radio; you think your love was at first sight, though the feelings really came later — why? In one recent experiment, Princeton researchers in Norman’s lab investigated why an event gets misattributed to a time or place. First, they showed subjects undergoing fMRI a series of images of objects, interspersed with pictures of scenes that served as the thought tags, or tracers. Later, the researchers showed the same people another series of pictures; this series showed only objects to be memorized, without scenes. Back in the fMRI machines later, the subjects were asked to recall which series each image came from. People were more likely to misremember images from the later series (objects only) as coming from the first series, in which the scenes — serving as tracers — were in their brains. The scientists found that brain-activity patterns could predict which items would be misremembered, based on when the tracer was in the brain. We experience that kind of misremembering in everyday life. For example, if you have been talking about a friend, and then you hear about a movie you’ve seen, you may recall — incorrectly — that you saw it with that friend.
The media sometimes call this kind of research mind-reading: reading out memories, mental images, even dream content from brain patterns, as a lab in Kyoto, Japan, recently did. Norman balks at the term. “The appeal of fMRI is its non-invasiveness,” he says, and the neural decoding he works on requires the subjects’ cooperation. Here, fMRI decoding is used not for eavesdropping, but to understand how the mind is encoded in the brain. Such knowledge has clear medical potential, to help people with troubled mood, concentration, or communication — to build tools for the psyche.
In another lab, down the hall in the PNI’s new home on the southern edge of the campus, assistant professor Yael Niv applies similar technology to explore a different aspect of brain function: learning. “Learning is overwriting an old thing,” Niv explains. “Memorizing is protecting the old thing from being overwritten. There’s a stream of experience coming by all the time, and you have to decide for each new event: Do I learn or do I memorize?”
The battle between learning and memory is the balance between expansion and consolidation, exploration and safety. Memory is a trace of the past maintained in the brain. Learning is change: updating those traces.
Our brains infer patterns easily, Niv explains. If you’re waiting to cross a street, you watch the color of the stoplight but ignore the color of cars. You learn what to filter. If you’re trying to hail a cab, you see the scene differently: Yellow cars pop out. In class, you speak differently to your professor than you do when you meet him at a party. Computers have trouble seeing these patterns; robots are awful at learning this kind of flexibility.
Imagine you’re meeting with your former college adviser for the first time in years. You have an image of what he is like: bearded, smiling, with a distinctive voice. Now you show up, and he’s clean-shaven. What happens to the professor in your head?
Abrupt change tends to create a new memory, while gradual, subtle change modifies the memory already in your head. Niv’s lab has come to this insight in a series of studies using computer simulations and human behavioral tests. The computer models learn by reinforcement, updating when their predictions about outcomes are wrong. In her experiments, Niv found, sudden change prompts people to cluster their memories into two separate blocks. But when the change is gradual, memories blur into one block.
In the case of the beard, you’ll overwrite: The professor updated to have no beard is not fundamentally changed, so it’s fine to overwrite, as if saving a file on a computer. But there are examples where the thing to do is to make a separate memory.
Remember Pavlov’s dogs? The bell, the food. In 1901, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov showed that if you pair something of value, like a meal, with an initially meaningless stimulus, like a bell or light, an animal associates the conditioned stimulus with pleasure or pain: Dogs salivate to bells; mice freeze to light once paired with a shock, as later studies showed. So do we. Niv’s computational work on reinforcement learning, as this process is known, is aimed at unlearning such traumatic associations.
Sam Gershman *13, a soon-to-be Harvard assistant professor of neuroscience, recently started translating Niv’s basic findings into practical areas, focusing his work on modeling memory and fear: How does a person overwrite a toxic mental trace and learn to move on without fear, when others get stuck in a negative loop? As many as 75 percent of American adults, by one estimate, are exposed to severe trauma in their lifetimes, yet only 7 percent show symptoms of PTSD. We all go through tragedy, but each year, only 6.7 percent of adults react with a depressive episode, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. What kinds of therapy might help people recover from traumatic memories?
People with phobias and PTSD often are treated with “exposure therapy.” If a person is afraid of spiders, for example, the therapist might coax him out of his fear by showing him pictures of spiders in a safe environment. After repeated exposures, the patient stops responding with fear.
But the effect of the therapy often doesn’t last — the fear memory remains intact, buried but raw, and often returns over time or in a new place. The reason, Niv believes, is the mismatch of context: Since the atmosphere of the psychologist’s office is so remote from the trauma itself, the brain forms a new memory, and leaves the toxic one intact.
Using computer models, Gershman is out to test this prediction. Collaborating with a rodent lab at the University of Texas, Austin, Gershman came to a conclusion that challenged the way we commonly think about learning and unlearning fear. First, the animals were taught that a tone was accompanied by a shock. When scientists suddenly stopped pairing the tone with the shock, the animals’ fearful reaction to the sound eased, but only temporarily. After a delay, in a new context, or when given a “reminder shock,” the fear of the tone returned. But when the shock was phased out gradually, the animals formed a sturdy safety memory: They no longer froze when they heard the tone. Gershman’s interpretation is that the gradual approach changes the old fear memory directly — updating it to include new “safety” information, rather than forming a distinct memory. A similar approach might be used in human therapy: a gradual withdrawal of fear.
Addiction is another space where this model is expected to apply. Abstaining from drugs, for an addict, is abrupt. “Until now you’ve had all these associations between the drugs, your mates, the cues, and the high state,” Niv says. “And now you abstain completely.” Since the context is new, the memory that’s formed when a person quits drugs cold turkey also is new — and “indeed, the great problem with addiction is the relapse rate” of 60 percent or more.
“We’re thinking that maybe gradual withdrawal from the drug is going to be more effective, because you’re going to take whatever you’ve learned before and modify it, rather than protect the old memory by changing things quickly,” she says.
The difference between madness and imagination may lie in how well we keep track of where we are: how much our attention is driven by the outer world versus our inner moods and memories — those equations written on the private window of our minds. “We live together,” Aldous Huxley once wrote, “but always, and in all circumstances, we are by ourselves.” His view captures the isolation of mental disorder: trapped inside a broken brain, untranslatable. The Princeton Neuroscience Institute’s goal is to crack the codes that hold those moods and memories — to map this secret world, like outer space or the ocean floor. If they succeed, those isolated minds won’t be so stranded anymore.
Taylor Beck ’07 is a writer in New York. | <urn:uuid:d8bfc7e5-129d-43a2-b5dc-cbc955abdfe3> | {
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A "compelling and unnerving" assessment of how the Constitution has been distorted to accomodate the drive to empire (The Washington Post)
Concerned about the dangers of unchecked executive power, the Founding Fathers deliberately assigned Congress the sole authority to make war. But the last time Congress did so was in 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor--since then, every president from Harry Truman to George W. Bush has used military force in pursuit of imperial objectives without congressional authorization. In vivid detail, War Powers recounts this story of subversion from above. Drawing on congressional hearings, Supreme Court opinions, media reports, and scholarly accounts, legal historian Peter Irons examines how the Constitution has been stretched, distorted, and violated as presidents usurped a shared, solemn power--eschewing congressional approval and often suspending civil liberties in the process.
An insightful and rousing history, War Powers takes us up to the recent preemptive invasion of Iraq, offering a necessary account of our most pressing contemporary constitutional crisis.
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Rent War Powers 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Peter Irons. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Holt Paperbacks.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:2558e7e5-825b-4c74-8f7e-fd1f7c085a63> | {
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What is Tolerance?
By Arthur Khachatryan
As the golden rule asserts, we need to treat everyone as we would like to be treated. We, therefore, need to be tolerant of others. But what is tolerance? A well-known dictionary defines tolerance as, “a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, nationality, etc., differ from one’s own.”
Two descriptive terms of the definition of tolerance that stand out are “objective” and “permissive.” These are the types of attitudes communicated in the description. The sentiment of tolerance in regards to how we approach people via our attitudes is important. We must approach everyone with fairness and respect. While a respectful attitude must be exhibited in our approach, we must never have to sacrifice the truth to do it. Tolerance must never replace reality. Our communication might be a little more tender and respectful, but the truth must always remain the bedrock of our existence.
A cold-blooded murderer almost certainly has less regard for human life than most others. If we intend to be tolerant of all people, all things, and all ideas, then this murderer’s opinions about life and his practices of murder would have to be justly considered before labeling or condemning this person. But our most intuitive feelings about this person’s opinions, ideas and practices are already well established. Should we as a society be tolerant of murderers? Should we try to be understanding of their views and their ways? Should we let them run loose? We can easily see that it is impossible and irrational to try to be tolerant of everyone, everything, and every idea. There are opinions, ideas, and practices that we should never tolerate.
As the truth becomes less prevalent and harder to uncover, we find ourselves embracing a watered-down reality, flooded with apathy for the acceptance of all ideas, regardless of facts…
FOLLOW THE LINK BELOW TO READ THE FULL ARTICLE >>> | <urn:uuid:3dedf7f1-a2cb-4387-8b9c-291cce6e59c4> | {
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Succeed on Your Finals with our Essay Tips: IRAC Your Way to an “A”
December 2, 2011
Think carefully about each exam question before you commit anything to paper. Craft an outline before you plunge into writing your actual answer. Writing without outlining does not allow for clear thinking and analysis, and is time consuming. First, look at the call of the question. This is the question telling you what the task is for that particular essay. For example, “What causes of actions are available between party A and party B?” Always read the call of the question before diving into the fact pattern as this will help guide you in identifying relevant facts for your argument.
Time management is crucial during finals, as you will likely have three hours or less to complete your exam. Devote between one quarter to one third of your available time to carefully reading the question, organizing your thoughts, and outlining your answers so you can focus your remaining time on writing a clear, well-organized, and thoughtful analysis.
The IRAC Method
Most law students are familiar with IRAC, as it is typically taught in legal writing classes, and is the same method used to create case briefs for class lectures. The IRAC method is just as useful when applied to writing great final exam answers. Most final exams are crafted in the “issue spotting” format, where the professor provides a detailed fact pattern containing a multitude of facts from which various causes of action arise. Let’s take a closer look at how to apply the IRAC model to ensure final exam success.
I is for Issue
What are the issues arising in the essay? Some issues will be easy to spot, while others might be more difficult to ascertain. Above all, don’t panic! A great way to determine what the issue is if you have no idea is to simply rephrase the call of the question. For example, if the call asks, “What, if any crimes has A committed?” then your issue statement would read: “The issue here is whether or not A has committed _______.”
R is for Rule
Immediately after articulating your issue statement (“The issue here is whether A was negligent by doing X.”) you will lay out the applicable rule. By now, you are very familiar with rules of law, but just to clarify, a rule is the black letter law that you will be applying to the facts of the case. Rules are derived either from case law or from a statute. Some professors will try to be sneaky and create fictitious rules to see if you can apply them correctly to the facts at hand. In this case, do not be tempted to apply what you know to be the actual law of the land, but stick to the rule as laid out by your professor and analyze the facts accordingly.
Once you have identified the applicable rule, you must articulate it as precisely as possible. Precision is important because this is what you will be using to frame your analysis. If your rule is not clearly articulated, your analysis will be unclear as well.
Let’s return to the previous example of a criminal law question. Let’s assume that the facts suggest that the crime here is a robbery. Here is an example of a well-articulated rule statement: “A robbery is the taking and carrying away of tangible personal property of another, from the person or presence of the victim, either with force or intimidation.”
A is for Application of the Law to the Facts (AKA, Analysis)
Analysis for the purpose of a law school essay exam is simply the application of the relevant rule to the facts presented in the question. Returning to the robbery example, your analysis section should include specific examples to either support a case for robbery or to determine that no robbery was, in fact, committed. You will need to carefully read the fact pattern for facts that demonstrate that all the elements of the crime of robbery either are, or are not, satisfied.
So, you can phrase your answer thus: “In this case, there was a robbery because A took B’s casebook from him while B was studying in the law library by threatening to hit B with a baseball bat if he did not give up the book.”
This type of analysis is critical, but it is not enough to garner the maximum number of possible points. To really impress your professor and get a high mark, you need to present a counterpoint to the position you have just taken. The secret to law school exams is that most professors craft questions to include relevant facts to support both sides of an argument. After all, when you are a full-fledged attorney, you will have to be able to argue both sides of a case, and this is exactly what your professor is testing you on in your final exam.
In presenting your counterpoint, your task is to lay out the facts that go against your position—in this example, that there was indeed a robbery—and to not only acknowledge them, but to explain why your argument can withstand these “negative” facts. For example, say there is a question as to whether or not the casebook actually belonged to A in the first place. Your task is then to either show that the book definitely belonged to A, or that for the purpose of a robbery analysis, the true ownership of the book is not important and does not change the outcome.
The key point to take away from this is that when it comes to law school exams, every fact is relevant and must be taken into account when crafting your analysis section.
C is for Conclusion
The conclusion is, by far, the simplest part of your exam answer. All you have to do in this section is to resolve the issue previously laid out in the question. So, returning to our robbery example, the issue was whether there was a robbery, so your conclusion would simply state that, based upon the facts of the case, a robbery did or did not occur.
Here, your conclusion might state: “Based upon the facts of the case, B committed a robbery.”
Using these tips, you will be able to tackle any exam with confidence! | <urn:uuid:9c42aeaf-1c99-46b3-8e09-b92a13f9ef27> | {
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Velcroman1 writes "On October 26, 2,000 Norwegians watched the sun set. The next time they'll see it rise? Sometime in February. Extended nighttime is an annual occurrence for the residents of Longyearbyen, Norway — Earth's northernmost town. Located at 78 degrees north latitude in the Arctic circle, Longyearbyen experiences a phenomenon called Polar Night, in which the town remains in perpetual darkness for four months each winter. To lighten up the seemingly endless night, Philips has started an experiment called 'Wake Up the Town.' And anyone who's complained about the brief daylight hours in winter will want to know how it works." | <urn:uuid:9baedb60-15d6-401d-9702-954cf1fc2d52> | {
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CRS Work in Sierra Leone
The programs implemented by Catholic Relief Services and our partners in Sierra Leone are working to rebuild the country from the inside out. In a country as fragile as Sierra Leone, peacebuilding is crucial. This is a major focus for CRS. As infrastructure is rebuilt after the war, community health programs ensure the well-being of the people of Sierra Leone. CRS is investing in nutrition and health education for students. In a country where less than 10 percent of the land is available for cultivation, every acre counts. That's why CRS is working with women farmers in several districts to improve agricultural techniques.
Two-thirds of Sierra Leoneans are farmers, but many do not have the advantage of modern farming techniques. CRS Sierra Leone's agriculture projects empower communities, some of which are in hard-to- access areas, to improve the availability of food. CRS works with farming families to broaden their farming knowledge and business management skills, especially market analysis. Families then apply that knowledge to selling crops such as such as rice, cassava, vegetables, oil palm, coffee and cocoa. By helping people find markets for their goods and identifying ways for young people to earn a living, communities can stabilize and youth may choose to stay in towns instead of leaving for the cities.
While Sierra Leone's medical facilities are improving, the situation is still dire. For many Sierra Leoneans, health services are too expensive, forcing families to turn to traditional medicine and poorly trained health workers. CRS helps poor and vulnerable people access health care services, and encourages them to take greater responsibility for these services. In one CRS health program, the staff organizes immunizations for children under 5 years old and counsels mothers about feeding and caring for newborns. Through a local partner, CRS Sierra Leone teaches students to make positive choices in life, ranging from how to treat elders to avoiding conflicts.
CRS Sierra Leone supports a project of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding that trains select community members to identify early warning signs of conflict, and to respond appropriately. In addition, CRS Sierra Leone supports the Diocese of Makeni’s Justice, Peace and Human Rights Commission in its efforts to help communities gain access to legal advice. The commission also trains local authorities responsible for dispensing justice. | <urn:uuid:7681705d-10f0-486a-b973-1a42e787a4a0> | {
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1. A person from Romani descent. An ethnic race with origins from India. They are an often persecuted and hated people among outsiders or gadji (Romani term for non-Romani) due to the immense prejudice and derogatory stereo-types believed by most people.
2. A person whom chooses to travel, and does not possess permanent residence or stability. This term is often referred to anyone practicing such a lifestyle regardless of ethnicity or background.
3. Something that is in character, ownership, or pertaining to the Romani. (ie: This is a gypsy dance; my gypsy friend is funny; you have a gypsy sense of style)
"I am a Gypsy trying to educate the ignorant about our race."
"A Gypsy bleeds the same blood as you do. We are all human when it comes to the reality of things."
"No, Borat. The gypsy does not want to eat your 'KHRUM'." | <urn:uuid:cc8d10af-084f-407e-b209-3f74272624ed> | {
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- The purple protein coils act the measuring stick, the process stops when the polymer grows to the same length. The process is akin to measuring fabric.
- © Jim Naismith, St Andrews
When humans or animals are invaded by bacteria, the body does its best to go on the counter attack and provide a natural immune response that will make us well again. If this doesn’t work, we turn to the medical profession for drugs.
Combating infection and disease is a tricky business, as the invaders invariably have a host of tricks up their sleeve to thwart us. One of these tricks involves using these sugar polymers to protect themselves against us.
Prof Naismith continues, “This project involved scientists from St Andrews, along with collaborators from Germany, Canada and Diamond Light Source. We used a combination of experimental techniques at Diamond, and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Germany, to piece together the structure of this molecular ruler, and crucially to prove that it is possible to change the length of it and, in doing so, change the length of the polymer. This opens up a new avenue of research whereby we can look to design drugs that interfere with the ruler. The work gives chemists something to aim for, the elegant solution to controlling polymerisation: a problem in many industrial processes.”
Dr Rohanah Hussain, Senior Beamline Scientist on Diamond’s Circular Dichroism beamline adds, “This project demonstrates how important it is for scientists to draw on a variety of techniques. In this case, the team carried out structural studies with crystallography and X-ray scattering, before turning to the capabilities of intense ultraviolet light to confirm that the ruler manipulation was occuring in the manner they predicted; a crucial test of the idea.”
Scientists are in a race against antimicrobial resistance, which currently threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi, including HIV, infections caused by E. coli, tuberculosis, influenza and malaria.
Professor Naismith concludes, “The work is part of my long term link with Chris Whitfield’s lab in Canada; the real credit belongs to Drs Gregor Hageluken, Brad Clarke and Hexian Huang, the lead scientists in our labs, who did the vast bulk of the experiments. It is their skilful experimental work alongside our collaborators from Germany and Diamond that made this insight possible. I want to thank the Wellcome Trust who funded this work as well as Diamond and EMBL at DESY, Hamburg for access to their facilities”
Insights into nature’s molecular ruler and how it can be engineered and modified to help in the fight against disease opens up a new avenue of research for scientists with exciting potential for novel drug design development in the future.
The work was funded by a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (to Naismith) and Naismith is a Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award Holder. Naismith is also a non-Executive director of Diamond Light Source Ltd. | <urn:uuid:0a756ec0-5352-4080-abd1-15d09a8efde6> | {
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The third session of NSA Michigan’s Michigan Speakers Academy, held April 13, focused on the art and importance of storytelling. Session leader Mary Jane Mapes pointed out that people are hard-wired to learn by way of stories, much more than by listening to facts or logical arguments. Stories are an important and useful way to gain audience engagement.
Before Mary Jane talked about the art of storytelling, she asked everyone in the room for their thoughts on audience engagement—what had worked for them. Ryan, talking to engineers, had discovered that by intentionally putting errors into his slides, he was able to get and keep the attention of the engineers in his audience. Someone else in the group mentioned having people in the audience talk to their neighbor about a question. I have all my students walk in a circle drumming before I begin a shamanic healing workshop. Drumming and moving together helps people to separate themselves from the issues of their lives and become fully present at the workshop.
Among all the ways of creating audience engagement, telling a story—especially one based on personal experience—is one of the best. Storytelling has many elements: presence, voice inflection, body language, imagination, personal experience, and comic relief. Yet another element is where the speaker stands on the platform.
Mary Jane added that it is important to BE the story, keep the story in the present, use dialogue, use private thoughts, exaggerate, help the audience feel the emotion involved, and keep it moving to a climax, while still including comic relief to give an outlet to emotional tension build-up.
Mary Jane explained that the best stories follow the prototype of Joseph Campbell’s The Hero’s Journey. The Hero’s Journey includes a particular structure, which includes: setting the scene and context, introducing the characters, beginning the journey, encountering and overcoming the obstacle, coming to resolution, and, finally, pointing out the lesson learned.
At the end of the day, storytelling is a way not only to engage the audience, but also to use the authenticity that a personal story lends you to build a bridge to your audience. The goal is to have the audience identify sufficiently with the speaker’s story that they become emotionally involved in it. The emotional involvement of the audience makes the speaker’s talk more memorable and leads the participants to take some action.
Finally, Mary Jane talked about her formula for getting across to an audience the points she wants to make in her talk in a way that the audience will remember. Her formula is PREP, which stands for (1) making a Point, (2) giving a Rationale for the point, (3) giving a story or Example which illustrates the point, and (4) reiterating the Point.
About the Author
Marjorie Farnsworth, MBA, MHt, PhD, is a hypnotherapist and shamanic practitioner with an office in Ann Arbor. Currently she is converting her nearly 25 years of past Fortune 500 work experience into a new program to help others transition out of the corporate world; the new program will include books, workshops, coaching and public speaking. | <urn:uuid:1023d93b-ed84-4706-a81c-c2393b6e9bc7> | {
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Thirty-eight years ago today, the dam holding back a massive coal-slurry impoundment (government-speak for a big pit filled with sludge) located in the middle of Buffalo Creek gave way, spilling 131 million gallons of black wastewater down the steep hills of West Virginia. The black waters eventually crested at 30 feet, washing away people, their houses, and their possessions. By the end of the catastrophe, 125 people were dead, 1,121 were injured, and more than 4,000 were left homeless.
Interviewed years later, Jack Spadaro, an engineer teaching at West Virginia’s School of Mines when the dam broke, told the West Virginia Gazette: “The thing that disgusted me was that people in the valley had been saying for years there was a problem there. They’d been evacuated many times before because of the fear of a dam failure.” Spadaro added, “I went through stacks and stacks of documents that went back into the ‘50s, and I think that, if somewhere along the way, there had been somebody within government willing to say, ‘Something really has to happen here,’ then those people would be alive and their families would be whole.”
When EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson took office in the first wave of Obama appointments, she decided to become that official. Correctly identifying the problem of negligent disposal of 140 million tons of coal ash, a type of mining waste even more toxic than the slurry that assaulted the West Virginians, as a first-order environmental justice issue—people living within a mile of a coal ash dump site are 30 percent more likely to be poor and minority than the mainstream population-- Jackson accelerated a 30-year effort to cope with the problem by EPA career staff. We think she produced a proposed rule that would designate the ash a hazardous waste if it is dumped in pits and exempting it if it is recycled safely by, for example, incorporating it into the concrete used to build roads. We can’t be sure, though, because before the rule was even published in the Federal Register for comment, it vanished into the bowels of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs at OMB, the traditional killing ground for such efforts. We have no idea when it might emerge or what it will say when it does.
As we have reported before in this space, OIRA has held 33 meetings with outside stakeholders on the rule, 28 of which were repetitive audiences with industry stakeholders, in essence duplicating the rulemaking process Jackson wanted to start. But OIRA’s vetting of the rule is both hostile and secretive, boding ill for the hope that the good people of Buffalo Creek did not suffer such awe-inspiring destruction in vain. Under Executive Order 12,866 governing the regulatory process (see page 51742, which gives OIRA 90 days, a period that may be extended only once by no more than 30 calendar days), OIRA ran out of time to mangle the rule 14 days ago. But OIRA has asserted that its SWAT team of economists can take as long as they like chewing over the alternatives presented by the coal industry and its allies.
As day turns to night and night turns to day, we can be uncomfortably confident that these dumpsites will wreak havoc again and again. In December 2007, a huge coal ash impoundment run by TVA burst onto the town of Kingston, Tennessee, spilling 1.1 billion gallons of sludge across 300 acres of neighboring land to a depth of six feet. Cleanup will cost $1.2 billion. Mercifully, no one was killed. Engineering studies of similar facilities conducted by EPA in the wake of that fiasco found that:
Apart from the risk of catastrophic failure, a report issued this week by Earthjustice and the Environmental Integrity Project documents the widespread pollution of drinking water and destruction of natural resource produced by such sites.
I’ve been an environmentalist for long enough to know that economic downturns are not the best time to launch new initiatives. But at some point, problems have grown so old, and the threats they pose to people are so great, that the government’s failure to cope with them is immoral, not just knuckle-headed.
I was talking to a friend of mine who works on Capitol Hill the other day, and he offered the conventional wisdom on Jackson’s initiative: “If I had been advising her, I would have told her to steer clear of coal. Doesn’t she know that the President and his chief of staff are from Illinois [a coal-producing state]?” I take his point, of course. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, electric utilities awarded members of Congress $132.8 million during election cycles from 1990-2010. Senator Barack Obama was the fourth highest recipient of such largesse, receiving $903,000 (the top two recipients, Joe Barton (R-TX), ranking member of the House Energy & Commerce Committee, and John Dingell (D-MI), the “dean” of the House, received $1.3 and $1.2 million, respectively).
In any event, my friend’s cynical but undoubtedly accurate calculation is just the kind of thing that has ignited a firestorm of fury at Washington and threatens to upend Democratic control of Congress in the mid-term elections even though Republican rule on issues like coal ash is likely to be even worse. Rather than assuming that the people in coal mining states want their jobs regardless of the costs to their health, we hope Lisa Jackson both sticks to her guns and prevails. To paraphrase mining engineer Spadaro, something has to happen here. | <urn:uuid:936678e4-4d3a-4be5-841f-fa736b4dd952> | {
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Preventive dental care is important throughout your life, no matter your age. By practicing good oral hygiene at home and scheduling regular checkups with your dentist, you can help keep your smile bright and healthy for many years to come. Here are a few simple ways that you can prevent the build-up of plaque and development of cavities:
- Brushing your teeth at four times a day is ideal, due to Biofilm repopulating every six hours. Make sure you brush with a soft-bristled toothbrush in a circular motion, no scrubbing. Use toothpaste that contains Xylitol to remove food particles and plaque from the tooth surfaces. This will help prevent cavities!. Also be sure to brush the top surface of your tongue; this will remove any extra plaque-causing food particles, and help keep your breath fresh!
- Clean between your teeth by water-picking at least once a day. The highest quality water-pick is hydrofloss. Additionally, Waterpik is another alternative.
- You should be using a mouthwash of essential oils to help kill bacteria and freshen your breath. Decay-causing bacteria can linger between teeth where toothbrush bristles can't reach. Floss and mouthwash will help remove plaque and food particles from between the teeth and under the gum line.
- Oil Pulling can be used as an alternative as well:
Use coconut oil. While you can get the same bacteria-fighting benefits with sesame or sunflower oil, coconut oil has the added benefit of lauric acid, which is well-known for its anti-microbial agents, making it more effective. Also, a recent study found that coconut oil may help prevent tooth decay. Five easy steps :
1. Make sure to oil pull first thing when waking, before eating or drinking anything.
2. Swish about 1-2 Tbl of Coconut Oil for about 10-20 minutes
3. Spit out oil and rinse. For an extra clean mouth, try rinsing with salt water.
4. Brush your teeth as normal
5. Repeat 3-4 times per week for best results
- Eat a balanced diet, and try to avoid extra-sugary treats. Nutritious foods such as raw vegetables, plain yogurt, cheese, or fruit can help keep your smile healthy.
- Remember to schedule regular checkups with your dentist every six months for a professional teeth cleaning.
- Ask your dentist about dental sealants, protective plastic coatings that can be applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth where decay often starts.
- If you play sports, be sure to ask your dentist about special mouthguards designed to protect your smile.
If it's been six months since your last dental checkup, then it's time to contact our practice and schedule your next appointment!
- Brushing Instructions
Brushing: Step 1
Place your toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to your gum.
Brushing: Step 2
Brush gently in a circular motion.
Brushing: Step 3
Brush the outer, inner, and chewing surfaces of each tooth.
Brushing: Step 4
Use the tip of your brush for the inner surface of your front teeth.
- Flossing Instructions
Flossing: Step 1
Wind about 18 inches of floss around your fingers as shown. Most of it should be wrapped around one finger, and the other finger takes it up as the floss is used.
Flossing: Step 2
Use your thumbs and forefingers to guide about one inch of floss between your teeth.
Flossing: Step 3
Holding the floss tightly, gently saw it between your teeth. Then curve the floss into a C-shape against one tooth and gently slide it beneath your gums.
Flossing: Step 4
Slide the floss up and down, repeating for each tooth.
- To learn more about Water-picking, click here: | <urn:uuid:726421bb-da79-4193-a26b-cf3b748ff025> | {
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Benzodiazepines is a term that describes a category of psychoactive substances that act as central nervous system depressants and which are often prescribed to treat symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and insomnia. Benzodiazepines, which are often referred to as benzos, are also used to alleviate muscle pain and prevent seizures. The World Health Organization recommends benzodiazepines as a front-line medication to combat withdrawal symptoms, such as discomfort, seizures, and delirium, in patients who are undergoing medically supervised alcohol detox. Commonly prescribed medications that contain benzodiazepines include Valium, Klonopin, Ativan, and Xanax.
Benzos create a sense of sedation and relaxation by enhancing the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, which controls the excitability of neurons within the central nervous system. While these effects can be of significant value in medical settings, they also make benzos an enticing choice for individuals who intend to abuse them for purposes of self-medication or to achieve a recreational high. Among recreational substance abusers, benzos are often used to counterbalance the negative side effects of stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine.
Regardless of the reasons that a person begins to misuse benzodiazepines, the results can be dangerous and even deadly. Dependence upon benzos is a risk even for people who are using these substances under the supervision of a qualified medical professional, and severe withdrawal symptoms can make it difficult for a person to stop abusing benzos without professional help. Thankfully, benzo dependence can be effectively treated, and individuals who were once trapped in a downward spiral of benzo abuse and addiction can live drug-free lives.
More than 50 million prescriptions for benzodiazepine medications are written every year in the United States, and about one of every 20 adults in the U.S. has used a benzodiazepine in the past month.
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NS-DUH), 2.3 percent of high school students between the ages of 14 and 17 have abused a benzo at least once in their lives, and just below 1.5 percent have done so in the past 12 months. Past-year benzo abuse decreased from 1.9 percent to 1.4 percent between 2011 and 2013, while lifetime use remained at a consistent 2.3 percent over the same period of time.
The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reports that more than one-third of all drug-related visits to emergency rooms and urgent care facilities are related to benzo abuse. In many cases, benzo abuse increases the damage that is caused by another abused substance. For example, between 1996 and 2006, more than 50 percent of people who died from opioid overdose also had traces of benzos in their system at their time of death. From 1994 to 2004, annual benzo-related admissions to addiction treatment more than doubled, increasing from 3,257 to 7,827.
Causes and Risk Factors for Benzodiazepine Abuse
As is the case with other forms of substance abuse and addiction, the likelihood that a person will abuse and become dependent upon benzodiazepines can be influenced by a number of genetic and environmental factors.
Genetic: Having a parent or sibling who developed a substance use disorder increases the likelihood that a person will also have a drug problem. Also, people whose parents and/or siblings suffer from mental illness have a similarly increased risk for addiction. Because benzos are used to treat mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders, people who are genetically predisposed to these conditions will also be at increased risk for abusing these medications.
Environmental: Substance abuse and mental illness within a family can also be environmental influences on the development of a substance use disorder. Children who grow up in households where the misuse of benzo-based medications is common are more likely to engage in similar behaviors than are people who were raised in drug-free environments. Also, individuals who live in communities where substance abuse occurs frequently, or who work in high-stress jobs, may be more likely to seek relief via substance abuse.
- Being female
- Aging (benzo abuse risk factors increase with age)
- Family history of substance use disorders and/or mental illness
- Personal history of prior substance abuse and/or mental illness
- Poor coping skills
- Associating with individuals who abuse drugs
Signs and Symptoms of Benzodiazepine Abuse
People who have been abusing benzodiazepines or other prescription medications may show a range of symptoms depending upon the specific benzo they are abusing, the amount of time they have been engaging in this behavior, and their personal history. The following are among the signs that may indicate that a person has been abusing a benzodiazepine:
- Visiting a variety doctors in an attempt to get multiple prescriptions
- Asking to borrow medications that have been prescribed to someone else
- Stealing medication that has been prescribed to someone else
- Using larger-than-directed amounts of a prescribed medications
- Using medications to deal with stress
- Withdrawing from family and friends
- Lying or being otherwise deceptive about medication use
- Coordination problems
- Impaired motor skills
- Blurry vision
- Slurred speech
- Shallow or irregular breathing
- Respiratory infections
- Twitches and tremors
- Poor judgment
- Retrograde amnesia
- Delayed reaction time
- Lowered inhibitions
- Mood swings
- Irritability and hostility
Effects of Benzodiazepine Abuse
Benzodiazepine abuse is associated with several unpleasant health effects, including the following:
- Confusion and disorientation
- Memory problems
- Family conflict
- Strained interpersonal relationships
- Declining performance at work or in school
- Social withdrawal and isolation
- Suicidal ideation and self-harm
- Muscle weakness and/or spasms
The following disorders may also be present in people who have developed a substance use disorder related to benzodiazepine abuse:
- Anxiety disorders
- Depressive disorders
- Bipolar disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Other substance use disorders
Effects of Withdrawal and Overdose
Effects of benzodiazepine withdrawal: When a person attempts to stop using benzos after a period of prolonged abuse, he or she will likely experience a number of painful withdrawal symptoms. The following are among the common symptoms that are associated with benzo withdrawal:
- Strong cravings for benzos
- Increased heart rate
- Increased sensitivity to touch, sound, and/or light
- Hot and cold flashes
- Ringing in the ears
- Double vision
- Suicidal ideation
Effects of benzodiazepine overdose: People who abuse benzos, especially those who do so in combination with other drugs, are at increased risk for overdosing. Benzo overdose, which may be indicated by the following symptoms, can be fatal:
- Memory failure
- Difficulty breathing
- Irregular or dangerously slow heart rate
- Cardiac arrest
- Low body temperature
- Hallucinations and delirium
- Loss of consciousness | <urn:uuid:a24346a0-503b-43c6-904f-1a5acc0c3567> | {
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Column: "Too cold to snow" a flawed weather concept
When I was a grade-school kid and living in Alabama, we learned that when the weather turned really cold, it was "too cold to snow." I have heard that same misnomer since I've lived here in the North, too.
I have noticed that the cutoff for weather "too cold to snow" appears to have a lower standard here in the North. Although it is true that cold air tends to also be dry air, there remains a fundamental flaw in the concept of "too cold to snow."
Snowflakes are formed up in the clouds, not in the air we experience near the ground. And, frequently, especially in times of cold weather, the air down here is colder than the air up in the clouds.
It is not unusual for the air a few thousand feet up to be both warmer and laden with moisture, creating significant snow even when the surface temperatures seem "too cold to snow."
Have a weather question you'd like answered? E-mail [email protected], or write to WDAY Stormtracker, WDAY-TV, Box 2466, Fargo, ND 58108 | <urn:uuid:0a571460-438b-4717-8e0b-9e45a726b3b2> | {
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Methods Used in Air Pollution Prevention
Air pollution is a major fear, particularly in very inhabited places around the world. The more traffic and people there is in some country the more air pollution that is registered. A little air pollution sums quite fast and with a crowded environment that has in mind in little time at all.
The consequences of air pollution can be really damaging to people and animals. It is really abusive to children and those with respiratory problems. Experiencing clean air is fundamental for a good quality of life and that is wherefore there is a major concentrate on air pollution prevention.
Air Pollution Threats
Transportation is the most evidential sphere that adds to air pollution. The air pollution induced by vehicles, airplanes, trains and other fashions of transportation is the biggest amount. Of course, air pollution can come from other sources.
Air pollution can be from chemicals, waste material, oil production, nuclear weapons and another toxic substances. On a smaller level air pollution is as well caused by house appliances and cigaret smoking. An important point about air pollution is that even tiny amounts of pollution sum up when there is a heavily inhabited domain.
The Clean Air Act is a superb representation of the government’s role in air pollution prevention. This act aids to influence and enforce laws that attempt to eliminate or dilute the causes of air pollution. The administration sets the standards and serve up to get everyone engaged for cleaner air.
The Environmental Protection Agency as well runs a significant role in air pollution prevention. The EPA is working hard to shape the discharges of vehicles. Standards are rigorously updated to ensure that the coming vehicles are to a greater extent environmentally friendly then those of the past times.
In the engagement for air pollution prevention the newest efforts have involved brand-new applied science and educational activity. Technologies like hybrid cars have been one of the greatest break throughs for the prevention of air pollution.
Vehicles contribute greatly to air pollution and through the use of hybrids that pollution level is greatly minimized. This is likewise being supplemented with ideas for innovative energy forms that can even allow a car to operate with no pollution being emitted.
Education of the public about air pollution and how to prevent it is evenly being found of the essence. The more people know about the damages of air pollution and what induces it, the better fit they are to do their portion. Air pollution prevention in truth is about everyone working together. Thus, everyone has to understand the situation and be armed with the necessary info so they can practice their part to prevent air pollution.
Eco Friendly Posts:
- Air Pollution Prevention Information Brings Importance of Issue to Light
- Freshwater Pollution Prevention: Clean Drinking Water For Everyone
- The Link Between Al Gore and Pollution Prevention
- Air Pollution Control Measures
- Learning About the Air Quality Index | <urn:uuid:2ae9944b-05e3-49ee-9df7-f14966795223> | {
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Dānu, a Hindu primordial goddess, is mentioned in the Rigveda, mother of the Danavas. The word Danu described the primeval waters which this deity perhaps embodied. In the Rigveda (I.32.9), she is identified as the mother of Vrtra, the demonic serpent slain by Indra. In later Hinduism, she becomes the daughter of Daksha and the consort of Kasyapa.
As a word for "rain" or "liquid", dānu is compared to Avestan dānu "river", and further to river names like Don, Danube, Dneiper, Dniestr, etc. There is also a Danu river in Nepal. The "liquid" word is mostly neuter, but appears as feminine in RV 1.54.
In Balinese cosmology, the Goddess Dewi Danu resides at and rules the lake on the second-highest peak in Bali, Mount Batur. She rules over several hundred subaks (irrigation system), or associations of farmers who share water from a single source, who make pilgrimages to her temple called Pura Ulun Danu, or the Temple of the Lake. There are four lakes in Bali and every lake has their own Pura Ulun Danu.
- Danu (Irish goddess), an Irish water goddess with many similar characteristics
- Rigvedic rivers
- Old European hydronymy
|This Hindu mythology-related article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.|
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In three short paragraphs, Stephen Corry, Director of Survival International illustrates the dangers of REDD to Indigenous Peoples. His letter, published today in the Boston Globe was in response to an article by Mark Dowie adapted from his book “Conservation Refugees: The Hundred Year Conflict Between Global Conservation and Native People.”
Dowie’s conclusion is clear:
As cultural ecologist Gene Anderson observed, many of the world’s traditional societies long ago came to “some kind of terms with their environment, or they would not have lasted long enough to become ‘traditional.’ ” They are, in the language of ecology, living sustainably. And it seems self-evident now that the only way global conservation is going to succeed in its mission of preserving wild places and biodiversity is to end the counterproductive practice of evicting these proven land stewards from their homelands, and instead work together with them in developing sustainable ways of living.
We reproduce Corry’s letter in full:
TRIBAL PEOPLES’ land has often been stolen for game reserves and national parks, creating so-called conservation refugees, as Mark Dowie’s “No natives allowed” highlights. But while conservation organizations may be slowly waking up to the need to recognize tribal peoples’ rights to their land, the global scramble to act on climate change is leading other, more powerful, institutions to stake their own claims over tribal peoples’ forests.
Governments, together with the UN, are currently hammering out schemes to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation, or REDD. Under the REDD system, countries with rain forests will be paid by other countries to keep trees standing. But these forests are often home to tribal peoples, who have no say in the debate.
The best way to protect the rain forest is to protect the rights of the people who live in it and from it. More than 400 million acres of Amazon rain forest have been recognized as indigenous territories, and are secured against deforestation. Unless the world’s governments accept that tribal peoples have rights over their territories, and must be at the center of decisions about them, they risk creating a new generation of climate change refugees, forsaking the very people most at risk from global warming. | <urn:uuid:332707aa-650b-46dd-9fa7-518b75f999e6> | {
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It most certainly exist outside secret labs :) Like Gerben wrote, the fields are called molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum chemistry which, as computers grow faster, will be essential tools of nanotechnology and medicine.
Molecular Dynamics is currently implemented by making certain approximations in that electron motion is not explicitely modelled. In practice, empirical forcefields are matched to experimental data and molecules are essentially modelled by summing the forces on each atom and using $F=ma$, then integrating the acceleration over time.
It's far from perfect - you usually can't match all measurable physical properties of a medium like water at the same time with the same forcefields. You can't normally model shifts of covalent bonds either since that involves changing the molecular composition which breaks the forcefield definitions. On the other hand, the methods are relatively quick and you can easily simulate systems of hundreds of thousands of atoms over a timescale of at least nanoseconds (microseconds if you have access to a supercomputer :). To interpret results you need some understanding of the deficiencies of the algorithms though.
Some interesting large simulations to date was of the protein factory, the ribosome, probably the evolutionary oldest complex part of life, and of a complete virus, the Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Below is a snapshot of a simulation I did of ion-channels in a cell membrane, you see a drug molecule bound in white in the center:
I would think that the most used (free) simulators are GROMACS and NAMD, with somewhat differing strengths but both are probably OK to start with. Usually paired with decent graphical tools to visualize what happens like PyMOL or VMD.
It's not particularly difficult to learn about this by writing your own simple simulator as well, if you're so inclined. In either case, simulating a 2x2x2 nm box of argon atoms or water-molecules for example illustrates many of the concepts.
Quantum Chemistry involves getting one step lower into the motion and shifts of the electrons. Thus you can simulate the breaking and bonding of covalent bonds and you don't have to rely on empirical forcefields for every molecule/atom you need in your simulation. However it's a lot slower computationally obviously (a factor of 100 at least? I'm not sure). You might use this to model in detail the mechanism of an active site in an enzyme for example.
The reason these are important fields for nanotech and medicine is that the simulations are the equivalents of the act of compiling and testing a program in computer software design, when it comes to designing new drugs and nano-scale machinery or materials. Essentially you want methods to test your ideas without manufacturing them first, and computer simulations take advantage of Moore's law which says that computing power doubles every 18 months... | <urn:uuid:31740f3d-0f78-49c3-9e6a-9e579adbbbc2> | {
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Unformatted text preview: homework 09 KIM, JI Due: Mar 23 2008, 4:00 am 1 Question 1, chap 31, sect 2. part 1 of 1 10 points A square loop of wire of resistance R and side a is oriented with its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field vector B , as shown in the figure. B B a I What must be the rate of change of the magnetic field in order to produce a current I in the loop? 1. dB dt = I a 2 R 2. dB dt = Ra I 3. dB dt = I Ra 4. dB dt = I R a 2 correct 5. dB dt = I a R Explanation: The emf produced is given by E = d dt = a 2 dB dt . Using Ohms law we can solve for B I R = a 2 dB dt dB dt = I R a 2 . Question 2, chap 31, sect 2. part 1 of 1 10 points A toroid having a rectangular cross section ( a = 2 . 62 cm by b = 4 . 11 cm) and inner ra- dius 2 . 34 cm consists of N = 210 turns of wire that carries a current I = I sin t , with I = 31 . 6 A and a frequency f = 42 . 9 Hz. A loop that consists of N = 29 turns of wire links the toroid, as in the figure. b a N R N l Determine the maximum E induced in the loop by the changing current I . Correct answer: 0 . 275601 V (tolerance 1 %). Explanation: Basic Concept: Faradays Law E = d B dt . Magnetic field in a toroid B = N I 2 r . Solution: In a toroid, all the flux is confined to the inside of the toroid B = N I 2 r . So, the flux through the loop of wire is B 1 = integraldisplay B dA = N I 2 sin( t ) integraldisplay b + R R adr r = N I 2 a sin( t ) ln parenleftbigg b + R R parenrightbigg . Applying Faradays law, the induced emf can be calculated as follows E = N d B 1 dt = N N I 2 a ln parenleftbigg b + R R parenrightbigg cos( t ) = E cos( t ) homework 09 KIM, JI Due: Mar 23 2008, 4:00 am 2 where = 2 f was used. The maximum magnitude of the induced emf , E , is the coefficient in front of cos( t ). E = N d B 1 dt = N N I 2 a ln bracketleftbigg b + R R bracketrightbigg = (29 turns) (210 turns) (31 . 6 A) (42 . 9 Hz) (2 . 62 cm) ln bracketleftbigg (4 . 11 cm) + (2 . 34 cm) (2 . 34 cm) bracketrightbigg = . 275601 V |E| = 0 . 275601 V . Question 3, chap 31, sect 1. part 1 of 2 10 points In the arrangement shown in the figure, the resistor is 2 and a 2 T magnetic field is directed out of the paper. The separation between the rails is 4 m . Neglect the mass of the bar. An applied force moves the bar to the left at a constant speed of 4 m / s . Assume the bar and rails have negligible resistance and friction. m 1g 4 m / s 2 2 T 2 T I 4m Calculate the applied force required to move the bar to the left at a constant speed of 4 m / s. Correct answer: 128 N (tolerance 1 %)....
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Supplement to Actualism
An Account of Abstract Possible Worlds
As an example of actualistically acceptable abstract worlds, we draw chiefly upon Plantinga's account. In this account, we replace the possibilist idea of merely possible worlds with that of a certain type of state of affairs (alternatively, a certain type of proposition) which exists but fails to obtain (alternatively, fails to be true). Where propositions are said to be true or false, states of affairs are said to obtain or not. Say that one state of affairs s includes another s′ if and only if it is not possible that s obtain without s′ obtaining. Importantly, note that a state of affairs can exist without obtaining, just as a proposition can exist without being true. States of affairs, like propositions, are taken to be necessary beings on this account.
We can now define several critical notions:
- A state of affairs w is a world just in case it is possible that w includes all and only states of affairs that obtain.
- For any state of affairs s and world w, s obtains at w just in case w includes s.
- A world w is actual just in case w obtains.
- An individual x exists in world w just in case the state of affairs x's existing obtains at w.
This theory is then to be applied as follows. The everyday claim ‘it is possible that there are Aliens’ can then be analyzed as: the state of affairs There are Aliens obtains at some world (i.e., there is some world, in the above sense of ‘world’, which implies that there are Aliens). If there are no Aliens, then no such world obtains. Similarly, an ordinary claim of the form ‘it is necessary that p’ can be analyzed as: p obtains at every possible world. Thus, in this first stage of the actualist treatment of modality, ordinary possibility claims are analyzed in terms of actually existing states of affairs. This step is, therefore, consistent with Thesis (A). So far, no possible-but-nonactual objects have been introduced for the analysis of modal claims.
In putting forward this theory, the actualist takes herself to be replacing an obscure distinction between two modes of being — possible existence and actual existence — with an intelligible distinction. This distinction is replaced by an allegedly clear distinction between two kinds of existing states of affairs — those that obtain and those that don't). That the latter distinction is more intelligible than the former ones is often just assumed by the actualist without argument. This invites the question whether there are cogent arguments for this assumption. However, again, we will not pursue this question here.
Furthermore, in putting forward this theory, the actualist has not invoked any objects which have such modal properties as being a possible million carat diamond, being a possible talking donkey, being a possible Alien, etc. The ‘worlds’ of the actualist do in fact have modal properties and the fact that they do is essential for them to do the work they have to do in the theory. A possible world is a state of affairs that could be such that it includes all and only states of affairs that obtain. Postulating objects with modal properties such as this seems less objectionable to the actualist than postulating objects with the modal properties described at the beginning of this paragraph. This of course invites a certain question, namely, just why is it less objectionable to have objects with the latter modal properties than the former one. But, again, we will not pursue this question here.
This latter point about the actualist theory of worlds brings us to the second step of their treatment of modality, namely, how to analyze ordinary modal claims that seem to require such possible individuals as possible million carat diamonds, possible talking donkeys, possible Aliens, etc. For the remainder of this essay, then, we assume that some actualist theory of worlds is viable and therefore concentrate our energies solely on the problems that arise in connection possible individuals rather than possible worlds. | <urn:uuid:1093f0f8-6a14-496d-bfda-a4415ba89961> | {
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Frequently Asked Questions
15. What lifestyle changes can help with kidney disease?
Following a healthy lifestyle is good for people with kidney disease, especially if you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or both. Talk with your dietitian, diabetes educator, or other health care professional about which actions are most important for you to take. As you will see, many of these actions are related.
- Keep your blood pressure at the target set by your health care provider. For most people, the blood pressure target is less than 140/90 mm Hg. Eating less sodium may help you control your blood pressure. Aim for less than 2300 milligrams (mg) of sodium each day.
- If you have diabetes, control your blood glucose level. Good blood glucose control may help prevent or delay diabetes complications, including kidney disease.
- Keep your blood cholesterol in your target range. Diet, being active, maintaining a healthy weight, and medicines can all help control your blood cholesterol level.
- Take medicines the way your provider tells you to.
- If you smoke, take steps to quit. Cigarette smoking can make kidney damage worse. Call a smoking quit line to get help.
- Become more active. Physical activity is good for your blood pressure, as well as your blood glucose and blood cholesterol levels. See exercises and physical activities for older adults.
- Lose weight if you are overweight. Being overweight makes your kidneys work harder. Losing weight helps your kidneys last longer. See how to tell if you are overweight.
(Watch the video to learn more about lifestyle and diet changes to make if you have kidney disease. To enlarge the video, click the brackets in the lower right-hand corner. To reduce the video, press the Escape (Esc) button on your keyboard.) | <urn:uuid:6fb0b269-c7b5-4d77-9bcc-a513da8a6d9b> | {
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A Call for Action to Save Forests through Cooperation -- An ENN Commentary
Nobody can get through the day without using a product that comes from a forest. To a greater extent than most people realize, the paper we write on, the water that comes out of our taps, the medicine that heals us, the wood that builds our houses and furniture, all originate from forests. With approximately 1.5 billion of the world's rural poor directly depending on forests for subsistence, a huge proportion of the world's population depends on forests for basic needs like food and fuel-wood. Forests play a role in providing the fresh air we breathe and the habitat for endangered species. They also provide us with recreational opportunities, increasingly important in our complex world.
Yet, deforestation continues. We are losing 14.6 million hectares (56,000 square miles) of forests every year, almost four times the area of Switzerland. Irresponsible forest management, enhanced by poor governmental regulation and enforcement, and markets that reward illegal logging, are conspiring to quickly denude the world's most valuable and threatened forests. Once forests start to disappear, a host of environmental, social and economic ills usually follow. These ill effects touch us all in some way.
Indonesia's Sumatra Island is a good example. Pulp and paper companies are driving rampant and illegal clearance of the forests which contain the richest diversity of plants in the world. It's likely that plants not yet discovered will disappear along the way, as well as such endangered species as the Sumatran rhino and elephant, and the orang-utan.
When forests disappear, entire communities of people formerly living among the forests of Sumatra will also find themselves with no proper place to live and no decent way to make a living. Also, the distortion to global markets caused by trading in illegal, cheaply produced products results in disadvantages for responsible corporate citizens. Developing countries are losing US$15 billion in tax revenues annually due to illegal logging. To make matters worse, the demand for wood for reconstruction following last year’s tsunami is placing untenable demands on Sumatra's forests.
Similar threats to forests are evident in the Amazon and Congo Basins. Information released by the government of Brazil shows that deforestation of the irreplaceable forests of the Amazon due to factors such as agricultural conversion caused deforestation of 2.6 million hectares (roughly 10,000 square miles) in the past year, bringing the total deforested area of the Amazon to 17%. The recent UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) showed us that forests in critical regions are in serious decline due to mismanagement and will continue to disappear unless serious measures are taken.
But the battle against deforestation is not lost. Diverse organizations, environmentalists and corporations concerned with the state of world's forests are joining forces to reverse deforestation and poor forest management.
WWF, the global conservation organization, and the World Bank, for example, have helped Brazil’s government kick-start an initiative that established over 17 million hectares (69,000 square miles) of new forest protected areas, including national parks. The WWF/World Bank alliance also motivated partners to establish an important trust fund to effectively manage these protected areas in perpetuity.
Similarly, a summit among the leaders of the Congo Basin countries resulted in extraordinary cross-border cooperation on forest conservation and responsible management. This in turn led to the US State Department's US$53 million initiative to promote Congo forest conservation, which has already seen 3.5 million hectares (more than 13,000 square miles) of new protected areas established in the Congo Basin since the leaders first met in 1999.
In the wake of last December’s Asian tsunami, the weight of evidence provided by the MEA, as well as deforestation statistics from key forest regions, WWF and the World Bank recently pledged to unite in an effort to assist in reducing the rate of global deforestation by 10% by 2010, and to work with other public and private sector institutions to pursue ambitious targets on forest conservation
WWF studies show that if we want to save the world’s forests and continue to provide the world’s needs for forest products, we need a mix of forest protected areas and production forests that are properly managed through environmentally, commercially and socially viable certified management schemes.
Business leaders, governments and civil society organizations must play their part in realizing this vision.
Dr. Claude Martin is Director General of WWF International, based in Gland, Switzerland. Ian Johnson is Vice President of Sustainable Development at the World Bank based in Washington, DC, U.S.
Source: An ENN Commentary | <urn:uuid:4b5ebb81-9adf-4111-96e4-7c5f6f39e3b1> | {
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A green thumb and a great deal of patience is needed to take on the hobby of organic horticulture. It’s an enjoyable hobby where you can grow your own healthy food. However, organic horticulture obviously isn’t as easy as it might sound. Continue on for some helpful advice that will have you gardening like a pro.
Make sure to pre-soak seeds, preferably in a dark location. You then want to place a small amount of seeds in a container that’s smaller and then fill it up with water to the top. When you do this, you hydrate your seeds and they can start growing. The seeds will be better able to survive and grow up.
Consider growing wheat grass or cat grass near the plants your cat enjoys eating. Try putting mothballs or citrus on your soil to wards pets away.
When you decide to add vegetables into your garden space, be aware that they must be placed where they will receive direct sunlight for a minimum of six hours daily. Many veggies require this amount to properly grow at a faster pace. This is also true for some flowers.
A set of knee pads is a great investment if your garden has a lot of low-growing plants. Kneeling on the ground as you garden will eventually cause serious discomfort for your knees. Having a good pair of knee pads will cushion your knees in comfort.
If you want to effectively weed out young plants, you can try “boiling” away the weeds. A pot of boiling hot water can be one of the most safe weed destroyers. Douse the weeds with this pot, just avoid the nearby plants. Boiling water is not good for the weed roots and will stunt further growth.
Your plants need to be kept dry, but sill receiving a good amount of air. If your plants are moist, this can attract disease and parasites. Fungi are parasites that are common in the plant world. There are many effective fungicide products that will prevent fungi growth and clear up any existing problems as well.
In the hottest time of the day, most vegetables are less firm; even the act of harvesting the veggies may cause bruising. Cut them with a tool rather than pulling or twisting, otherwise you could damage the plant itself.
Try mixing various plants that have different heights to create an interesting garden setup. If you only use uniform plants, your bed will look boring and flat.
If you are interested in sustainable organic horticulture, consider keeping part of your property undeveloped so that wildlife can flourish there. This can be a good area for the types of insects that pollinate plants. It can also be a sanctuary for birds, which will help some plants thrive. This can greatly improve the production of your organic garden.
The ideal temperature to set your thermostat for indoor plants is between 65-75 degrees Fahrenheit during the daylight hours. Plants need to be in an environment that is neither too warm nor too cool for them to grow. If you wish to keep your house cooler than that, you may want to use a heat lamp just for the plants.
After seeds have sprouted, they require less warmth than they did prior to sprouting. As your plants grow, you will want to put a little distance between them and heat. Remove plastic films on containers to prevent warmth and humidity from penetrating them. Watch the seeds so you can know when you do this.
Cover your flower beds with two or three inches of compost or organic mulch. Mulching is the perfect way to lock in moisture, nourish soil, and to keep away weeds. This will also make your flowers appear beautiful and finished all year long.
Organic horticulture allows you to work hard and enjoy the fruits of your labor. A hobby that results in growing something delicious to eat. If you want to make the most of your clean, green, organic garden, you should put your new skills to the test. | <urn:uuid:445f5338-977c-4ef6-a65d-53786c0791a6> | {
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Keep your eyes open for coffin flies when visiting any Mausoleum. The coffin fly may be mistaken for a fruit fly, you are aware of fruit flies but keep in mind that there is no reason that fruit flies would be in a mausoleum. The flies you see there are known as coffin flies because when they are in larval stage of development they feed on decomposing bodies. After feeding in the coffin they form a cocoon in the casket and then emerges as an adult. A female generally lay about 500 eggs in a lifetime.
As an adult fly they find the way out of the casket and can spread sickness when they land. Often they are looking for water and will fly into the eyes, nose and mouth of any human visitor. They may be carrying diseases and they are very unsanitary. Many mausoleums may be infected with these flies and management may do little to nothing to control the problem. There are many ways to control the problem even an electronic machine they can use to neutralize smells and also manage the coffin flies.
If you visit a mausoleum and see coffin flies please contact the manager and complain. They might tell you that the flies are there because of fresh flowers being left inside the mausoleum. Don’t let them send you away with this answer. Contact the Funeral Consumers Alliance and your local Health Department. If nothing gets done take your complaint to the Attorney General’s office. Don’t let this go, many people visiting or working inside the mausoleum will not know what danger they have to their health. | <urn:uuid:a2f0b912-ab87-4378-8cc3-f92bd3099215> | {
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- a leaflike organ bearing microsporangia.
Origin of microsporophyll
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
- a leaf on which the microspores are formed: corresponds to the stamen of a flowering plantCompare megasporophyll
Word Origin for microsporophyll
C19: from micro- + sporophyll
- A leaflike structure that bears microsporangia, such as those of in the strobili of lycophytes or in the male cones of conifers. The stamens of flowering plants are highly modified microsporophylls.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0cb52e9e-dbde-4b7c-b8e3-675dd9d46dbd> | {
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Once in a great while, NASA's Opportunity rover will catch a glimpse of itself in a photograph of the Martian surface, but the photo featured up top — just released by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory — offers an even rarer view of the Martian landscape, one that the Agency calls "the next best thing to being there."
What you see here is a small portion of a vast panorama — a composite image that combines a total of 817 photographs, taken between Dec. 21, 2011 and May 8, 2012, that features the rover and its surroundings during the most recent Martian winter. Taken together, they provide us with one of the most detailed views of Mars' ancient Endeavour Crater ever recorded. Click here for the full image in very, very high-resolution.
According to NASA:
This scene recorded from the mast-mounted color camera includes the rover's own solar arrays and deck in the foreground, providing a sense of sitting on top of the rover and taking in the view. Its release this week coincides with two milestones: Opportunity completing its 3,000th Martian day on July 2, and NASA continuing past 15 years of robotic presence at Mars. Mars Pathfinder landed July 4, 1997. NASA's Mars Global Surveyor orbiter reached the planet while Pathfinder was still active, and Global Surveyor overlapped the active missions of the Mars Odyssey orbiter and Opportunity, both still in service.
Did you catch that? Opportunity has been on Mars for over 3,000 days — not bad at all for a little rover whose original mission called for a mere 90 days of exploration. [NASA | JPL] | <urn:uuid:705d8e09-c00a-4b95-9c9b-3b62257f29b1> | {
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Cooling towers bring a cold and dry air mass in counter-flow to hot water that comes from an industrial or air conditioning process. Part of this water evaporates, cooling the rest. The necessary heat for this is approx.597 Kcal/liter. The cold water produced is returned into the process to re-initiate the cycle. The equipment with this evaporative refrigeration principle are very important for energy efficiency in industrial processes.
The difference between the required cold water temperature and the wet bulb temperature (called cooling limit distance), is significant to determine the size of the tower. The smaller the cooling distance is, the bigger the interchanging surface is needed. The limit distance must be of at least 3-4º C.
In open cooling towers there is a close contact water-air, which is bigger thanks to the fill packings, that provide a big surface of exchange, improving performance and evaporation. There are different kinds of fill packing for different water quality. | <urn:uuid:076d067d-9ca5-4d99-8242-a813a725a770> | {
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The Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment
by Zoë Hoyle
The South consistently has the highest number of wildfires per year. Population growth is pushing housing developments further into natural and forested areas where most of these wildfires occur. —Fire in the South 2
The South is one of the fastest growing regions in the Nation, with an estimated population growth of 1.5 million people per year. With more than 88 million acres classified as wildland-urban interface, the South consistently has the highest number of wildfires per year. Across the region, more than 5 million acres are at high risk for fire, and 118,083 communities at risk of wildfire damage. Of these, more than 50,000 communities are at high to very high risk. It doesn’t help that the South has a year-round fire season, unlike other areas such as the West where wildfires are mostly seasonal.
The above are a few of the key findings reported in Fire in the South 2, published in December 2008 by the Southern Group of State Foresters (SGSF), a nonprofit organization consisting of State Foresters from each of the 13 Southern states.
Authored by Annie Hermansen- Báez, technology transfer coordinator for the SRS Integrating Human and Natural Systems unit and Anne Andreu, former University of Florida research associate, the publication reports the main findings of the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment (SWRA), a comprehensive and uniform wildfire risk assessment for the Southern states sponsored by SGSF in collaboration with the Forest Service and four other Federal agencies. When it was started in 2003, the main objectives of the SWRA were to identify areas most likely to have wildfires and those most susceptible to wildfire damage, prioritize fuel reduction treatment efforts, and help agencies work together to improve emergency response.
The SWRA team set out by analyzing key components of wildfire risk in the South, and in 2005 published Fire in the South 1, a comprehensive review describing cultural uses of fire in the region, landscape characteristics, and the impacts of fire on the forest economy. The report established a baseline for the larger SWRA project. The 2008 Fire in the South 2 explains the objectives of the risk assessment, presents key findings, and demonstrates through case studies its practical applications.
A Powerful New Tool
The SWRA is the first comprehensive regionwide fire risk assessment of its kind in the Nation. The Southern states and Federal agencies including the Forest Service pooled their resources in a huge data collection effort that, for the first time, mapped surface fuels consistently for each of the 13 Southern states. SGSF contracted with Sanborn, a company which offers Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping services, to develop a software framework for viewing, modeling, and creating wildfire risk assessment maps.
The SWRA consists of a series of GIS layers that can be used separately or in combination to produce graphic images of wildfire risk and occurrence. Data layers include fuels, wildfire history, and initial fire dispatch locations, as well as weather, topography, soils, land ownership, land use, and transportation infrastructure. The SWRA also enables managers to identify areas where fuels may need to be reduced through thinning, mowing, herbicide, or prescribed burning.
“Unlike other risk assessments that simply combine GIS layers, the risk assessment applies published fire science along with GIS modeling techniques and assigns numerical values to data inputs,” says David Frederick, SGSF fire representative. “Because outputs are based on numerical calculations, users can change inputs and rerun calculations to determine their impact on overall wildfire risk.”
Fuel models can be changed, for example, to look at how planned fuel treatments will affect wildfire risk in a specific area. Structures such as new developments can be added to maps, as well as additional firefighting resources. The risk assessment can then be run again to show the effect such changes will have on overall wildfire risk.
Planners and managers at various levels—state, Federal, and local—are using the SWRA to support both planning and protection efforts. The system gives fire prevention specialists access to maps that show communities at risk, historical fire occurrence, and fire potential, allowing them to target at-risk communities with mitigation strategies. When a fire actually breaks out, incident commanders can generate maps to help decide where to deploy firefighting resources first, the best way to reach the location of a fire, and the optimal locations to deploy ground- and air-based equipment.
The assessment can also be used to raise public awareness about fire and fire management issues in the South, to increase support for wildfire protection planning, and to help prioritize areas in need of community wildfire protection plans, which help communities to identify strategic sites and methods to reduce risk for wildfire damage, and get funding for fuel treatments from the National Fire Plan.
“Wildfire risk is not simply the risk of an area burning, but also includes potential damage to roads, homes, and other assets of value,” says Hermansen-Báez. “Because the risk assessment process considered so many factors—from historical weather data to the current location of fire response dispatches—it can be readily used for planning wildfire protection.”
For more information:
Annie Hermansen-Báez at 352–376– 3271 or [email protected]
David Frederick at 334–590–6711 or [email protected]
The Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment project was funded by the National Fire Plan. Major Federal partners include the Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Department of Defense. Southern Group of State Foresters: www.southernforests.org
Andreu, A.; Hermansen-Báez, L.A. 2008. Fire in the South 2: the southern wildfire risk assessment. Atlanta: Southern Group of State Foresters. 32 p. Available online at: www.southernwildfirerisk.com/ reports/FireInTheSouth.html.
Frederick, D. 2008. High-tech risk assessment assists fire managers in the South. The Southern Perspective. November 12: 1–5. Available online at: www. southernforests.org/publications.htm. | <urn:uuid:3bf009d8-66e4-4761-b848-981cc4a71e1d> | {
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|Media > Recent and Archival
February 17, 2012
The Forgetting Pill Erases Painful Memories Forever
By: Jonah Lehrer
Neuroscience is shedding a new light on the way that memories are formed and remembered in the human brain. New research is showing that the very act of remembering changes the memory itself—that the context in which a specific event is remembered can dramatically influence that memory. When it comes to traumatic memories, then, drugs that positively alter the emotional context in which they are recalled—such as MDMA—could make it easier for people to confront their most painful memories.
The following is an excerpt. Read the rest at Wired.com.
Once you start questioning the reality of memory, things fall apart pretty quickly. So many of our assumptions about the human mind—what it is, why it breaks, and how it can be healed—are rooted in a mistaken belief about how experience is stored in the brain. (According to a recent survey, 63 percent of Americans believe that human memory “works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review and inspect them later.”) We want the past to persist, because the past gives us permanence. It tells us who we are and where we belong. But what if your most cherished recollections are also the most ephemeral thing in your head?
Consider the study of flashbulb memories, extremely vivid, detailed recollections. Shortly after the September 11 attacks, a team of psychologists led by William Hirst and Elizabeth Phelps surveyed several hundred subjects about their memories of that awful day. The scientists then repeated the surveys, tracking how the stories steadily decayed. At one year out, 37 percent of the details had changed. By 2004 that number was approaching 50 percent. Some changes were innocuous—the stories got tighter and the narratives more coherent—but other adjustments involved a wholesale retrofit. Some people even altered where they were when the towers fell. Over and over, the act of repeating the narrative seemed to corrupt its content. The scientists aren’t sure about this mechanism, and they have yet to analyze the data from the entire 10-year survey. But Phelps expects it to reveal that many details will be make-believe. “What’s most troubling, of course, is that these people have no idea their memories have changed this much,” she says. “The strength of the emotion makes them convinced it’s all true, even when it’s clearly not.”
Reconsolidation provides a mechanistic explanation for these errors. It’s why eyewitness testimony shouldn’t be trusted (even though it’s central to our justice system), why every memoir should be classified as fiction, and why it’s so disturbingly easy to implant false recollections. (The psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has repeatedly demonstrated that nearly a third of subjects can be tricked into claiming a made-up memory as their own. It takes only a single exposure to a new fiction for it to be reconsolidated as fact.)
And this returns us to critical incident stress debriefing. When we experience a traumatic event, it gets remembered in two separate ways. The first memory is the event itself, that cinematic scene we can replay at will. The second memory, however, consists entirely of the emotion, the negative feelings triggered by what happened. Every memory is actually kept in many different parts of the brain. Memories of negative emotions, for instance, are stored in the amygdala, an almond-shaped area in the center of the brain. (Patients who have suffered damage to the amygdala are incapable of remembering fear.) By contrast, all the relevant details that comprise the scene are kept in various sensory areas—visual elements in the visual cortex, auditory elements in the auditory cortex, and so on. That filing system means that different aspects can be influenced independently by reconsolidation.
The larger lesson is that because our memories are formed by the act of remembering them, controlling the conditions under which they are recalled can actually change their content. The problem with CISD is that the worst time to recall a traumatic event is when people are flush with terror and grief. They’ll still have all the bodily symptoms of fear—racing pulse, clammy hands, tremors—so the intense emotional memory is reinforced. It’s the opposite of catharsis. But when people wait a few weeks before discussing an event—as Mitchell, the inventor of CISD, did himself—they give their negative feelings a chance to fade. The volume of trauma is dialed down; the body returns to baseline. As a result, the emotion is no longer reconsolidated in such a stressed state. Subjects will still remember the terrible event, but the feelings of pain associated with it will be rewritten in light of what they feel now.
LeDoux insists that these same principles have been used by good therapists for decades. “When therapy heals, when it helps reduce the impact of negative memories, it’s really because of reconsolidation,” he says. “Therapy allows people to rewrite their own memories while in a safe space, guided by trained professionals. The difference is that we finally understand the neural mechanism.”
But competent talk therapy is not the only way to get at those mechanisms. One intriguing approach to treating PTSD that emerged recently involves administering certain drugs and then asking patients to recall their bad memories. In one 2010 clinical trial, subjects suffering from PTSD were given MDMA (street name: ecstasy) while undergoing talk therapy. Because the drug triggers a rush of positive emotion, the patients recalled their trauma without feeling overwhelmed. As a result, the remembered event was associated with the positive feelings triggered by the pill. According to the researchers, 83 percent of their patients showed a dramatic decrease in symptoms within two months. That makes ecstasy one of the most effective PTSD treatments ever devised.
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This category includes thousands of rich collections of published resources that can add depth to your family history. Published family histories may link to your family lines and can include the names, birth, marriage, and death dates, relationships, as well as stories about that family. Although published family histories can contain errors, the clues they contain can lead you and greatly help your research process.
The biographical sketches and oral histories of other people may give insights into what life was like for your ancestor. You’ll also find a record of events that had a profound impact locally, but don’t merit a mention in other history books. If your ancestor had any interaction with the subject of a biography, you may even find a mention of him in the publication.
In addition to actual family histories in biographies, there are several indexes to genealogical and biographical materials, among which is the Biography & Genealogy Master Index (BGMI). This index can alert you to the existence of published biographical and genealogical materials that may not be available online.
Social and place histories will typically contain descriptions of geographic features, transportation routes, and the economy of the area. They can also include historical information on seats of government, public institutions (e.g., prisons, schools, etc.), churches, and charitable institutions. Migration patterns are often mentioned, particularly in relation to the settlement of the area.
Military histories can give you a unique look into your ancestor’s military service. While they may not mention your ancestor by name, they can include details about military battles and engagements, the daily routine, and conditions (e.g., weather, illness, food, supplies, etc.).
If your ancestor had noble or royal lineage, you may find a published genealogy within this category, as well as heraldry and coats of arms. Some publications include images of armorial bearings as well as descriptions and family history information.
The names and dates you find in records create the framework for your family history, and putting what you know into the context of history can help you get to know more about your ancestors.
Even in cases where your ancestor isn't mentioned specifically, learning about local events, social conditions, and the lives of their contemporaries can fill in some of the blanks, give you a more well-rounded view and add interest to your family story. | <urn:uuid:676aeb99-6c2c-44b5-8d5c-7d62b630e23e> | {
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The Department of Technology is unique in the area of technical education. Our goal is to develop applied engineering and technical management skills in our students so that they excel in industry after graduation. This is accomplished with a mix of fundamental applied engineering knowledge, understanding of the applications and the tools needed in today’s industry, and an understanding of basic and advanced theory.
As the name technology implies, our students learn the latest industry applications and equipment. Technology involves the application of science, mathematics, computers, and management skills to the solution of real world problems. | <urn:uuid:6db1f84d-4297-496a-a1f1-080d94135896> | {
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Sphere of influence, or sometimes zone of influence or sphere of interest, is a diplomatic term denoting an area in which a foreign power or powers exerts significant military, cultural, or economic influence.
This concept became recognized in international law during the “scramble for Africa” in the 1880s, when the great powers carved up the continent for commercial exploitation. Later it was applied to the Far East, notably in China.
The Open Door policy, while appearing on the surface to be anticolonial, tended to support the existence of spheres of influence.
Sometimes, a sphere of influence can be incorporated into a treaty, such as the control exercised by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe between the end of World War II and the fall of communism in 1989. Eastern European countries belonged to the formal Warsaw Pact, which gave the Soviets their excuses for "helping" socialist brothers in Hungary and Poland in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1967.
At other times, the dominant power can declare a sphere of influence without obtaining the consent of the smaller countries. The Monroe Doctrine was a unilateral declaration by the United States.
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
"For there is but one problem the problem of human relations. We forget that there is no hope or joy except in human relations."-- Antoine de Saint. He was so true. Human relations played an important role from the Stone Age era. Even at that time when humans had to survive for their livelihood they had to help each other. They formed clans to protect each other. Whenever they needed food they went in groups so that they can hunt down animals easily. And they were successful because they were well co-ordinated. This is possible because they were well planned. Each individual was assigned a job. Everyone was supposed to be taking care of each other survival. Similarly in an organisation to achieve goals each employee has to work in co-ordination with other employees. Each individual is supposed to take care of organisation's progress. This is a part of human relations. This is what we call Employee relations. It fosters belongingness among the employees. When the employees don't have the feeling of the need to co-operate, they work in different directions trying to achieve different goals. Human relation is the stepping stone to develop employee relations. Employee relations basically focus on the relationship between employer and employee. It involves the bond shared by the employee with the organisation and also with his colleagues. Employee relations can be seen primarily as a skill-set or a philosophy, rather than as a management function or well-defined area of activity. It has majorly to do with the psychology of employer and employee. If employers and employees don't share a good relation then reaching a fair decision becomes unachievable. Good relations between employers and employees are only possible if both feel that they can discuss major problems and anticipated changes, if there can be discussion and consultation about key issues and if they genuinely want to work together to find a solution. If we try to understand how this term employee relation was coined, we will see that it was basically a replacement for industrial relations. This is because industrial relations refer to the relationship between employers and employees collectively. Industrial relations is a broader concept. It defines relationship between employer and employer, between employer and employees and now the times have changed in the sense that today we don't have such a set of employment relationships except for some sectors and that too in a modified form. In retrospect employee relations gives a personal feel of each employer and employee relation. It focuses on individual employees. Employee relations are a subset of Industrial Relations. It involves welfare for employees, terms and contracts with employees, employee development, and employee productivity and so on. Industrial Relation includes all, but the focus is more on Union. Employee relations play a very crucial role in achieving performance benefits. It is the skill set of an employee that helps in achieving these performance benefits. For organisations to use these skill sets optimally to their benefit it is essential for them to recognise the capabilities in their employees. After employees have been involved in a consultative process they are usually more likely to accept a negotiated outcome.
Every organization has something to boast about. It could be their retention rate, for some, it could be their training programmes or the company mascot or its working environment. They also take pride in their policies because they know that these policies are reason why most of their employees are still sticking around. These policies are developed with the help of HR department. These policies do not last long and need to revised. These policies help the organisation to develop within the changing environments. A policy is considered to be success when its benefits can be reaped by both organisation and the employees. An organisation should not view their employees as resources or materials to gain profit. They need to understand that employees are those resources which can't be thrown after use. They are those resources who can analyse when they are being exploited and consequently know how to resist that. Such resistance is dangerous to organisations credibility. It spoils the working environment for everyone. It may create an unnecessary competition. Every person in the company is diverted from their original goal. It should be understood that every employee comes with certain amount of expectations from company as well. They expect that they will be given jobs as per their capabilities; they will be given good amount of salary, benefits and facilities. They expect that working in this organisation will help them increase their standard of living. The HRD department takes the role of being a mediator between the employees and the organisation.
An employee needs to be emotionally secure right from the day he is recruited. He needs to be assured of a proper salary, good facilities, good working environment, a well-coordinated work group. An organisation goes through many phases. It undergoes many changes. . Changes in technology, government regulations, competitive forces etc., compel organizations to shift gears and change direction quite often. At times there could be too many changes in too little time, leading to shocks and surprises in the market place. All firms are impacted by political, legal, economic, technological and social systems and trends. In such a scenario organisations have to make sure that their employees are able to adjust to those changes. They are comfortable in those changes. Their performance is not affected by those changes. For instance during organisation restructuring employees are paranoid about their job profile. They doubt if the organisations will do justice to them. If these needs are not taken care of it may lead to insecurities and grievances. Such problems if not identified on time and not addressed properly may affect workers, managers and the organisations as a whole. It may lead to lower quality and quantity of production, increase in the cost of production per unit. The employees under such pressure may not feel like working and do not attend office. This increases the rate of absenteeism and turnover. This in turn reduces the level of commitment, sincerity and punctuality. When employees are not working adequately the pressure is passed on to higher levels. The higher authorities are compelled to become stricter. They have to increase the degree of supervision, control and follow up. Such inadequacies affect the overall performance of the company and lead to decrease in profit. Thus employee dissatisfaction not only affects the employees and managers. Together these elements comprise the macro- environment of business firms. Because these forces are so dynamic their constant change presents myriad opportunities and threats or constraints to strategic managers. It affects the organisation as a whole. The management has to address these problems promptly. The management may try to know the opinion of employees and their feelings towards the company's policies and practices. The employee in this way gets the chance to ventilate his feeling. He feels that his opinion matters to the organisation and makes him feel an integral part of the organisation. Their problems and the changes they suggest should be understood and should be accordingly implemented. Certain policies designed by the organisation help reap benefits but some do no good. Sometimes the benefit incurred is short term. Organisations develop attrition and retention tools for employees. These include Employee Reward Program, Career Development Program, Performance Based Bonus, Employee Referral Plan, Loyalty Bonus, ESOP's etc. The problem faced is that these tools might not last long. These tools are favourable to a company at times. However not all the times. For instance bonuses are one of the innovations devised but have to be paid back if the employee quits within a stipulated time and thus it acts as a retention tool. However, the perception is that sign-on bonus is an instant solution but they don't buy loyalty. Many times they cause an additional turn-over within the industry and can cause resentment amongst employees at various levels. And in any which ways it has to be understood that in today's buoyant times, professionals today are highly discerning need more than the mere 'lure of the lucre' to attract them to an organization or to be retained by one. HR practitioners are getting convinced that a general purpose benefits strategy does not give the required solution as organizations need a bouquet of retention benefits programs and recognize that every employee's need varies with time with specific situations and they need to take into account their problems and personal priorities.
It should be understood that when we speak of employee relations we are not just speaking of the role that the organisation has towards its employees but also vice-versa. Besides a strong knowledge base, the global industry needs dedicated and persevered individuals with integrity for whom management is an outlook. Amid modern approaches and infrastructure industry experts find certain fundamentals like right perspective, professionalism and commitment missing. This happens because people hanker after jobs instead of excellence. One's attitude tells on performance. If we are aspiring to be a superpower we need to bring about big changes. The employees should understand that organisation's profit and benefit should be the ultimate goal for them. Every employee should understand the work that he is given and should give his 100% to finish it efficiently. One should set high standards of excellence and meet them. If the employee fails to understand the job he is handed, he should get it clarified from his superiors or colleagues. This strengthens the bond of employee not only with the superiors but also between colleagues. Employees should understand the efficient use of available resources in the organisation. These resources should be utilised optimally because it is this optimisation that will help increase profit of the company. Employees should have good participation skills. Active participation strengthens the team spirit and coordination. This will facilitate in employees learning new skills and reaching organisational goals with more effectiveness. India is a superpower. Indian companies are dealing with many global companies. It is important that the behaviour Indian professionals exhibit displays the attitude of the company and the nation. However on a closer analysis it is seen that Indian professionals have acquired an infamy for evading commitments. This happens because many professionals who accept the job offer but just don't show up at the date of joining. It is popularly known as `no-show' behaviour. This not only jeopardizes operations but also leads to delays in delivery schedules. Based on the candidate's acceptance of an offer, companies plan project schedules, inform clients and set client expectations. When candidates do not turn up on an agreed date without informing, it obviously spells disasters. It also means dwindling of company resources in terms of time and money invested for hiring these candidates. It is fine if the candidate collects the offer and reverts with his/her decision to not join. But a silent 'no-show' hits the companies when they're completely unprepared." When clients frequently notice these phenomena they hesitate in investing in these companies and the company loses out on its prospective clients. Thus the damage that such a practice could cause is not merely internal. This phenomenon is hurting the global Indian talents' loyalty image.
At the end the conclusion that can be drawn is when an organization has to make a mark or wants to stand out in this global market it is highly dependent on its employees. Such is also the case of employees. It is a give and take relationship. While companies continue to hold on tight to their high fliers by filling their pockets and massaging their egos, as and when they get offers from competition, it is a shame that they are yet to realize the brutal mistake they are making in the process. The mistake of making others in the organization realizes that this is a great tool to make a fast buck. It is not rocket science, its common sense! Reward your people timely and make sure people get what they deserve and you won't have to beg them to stay with you! | <urn:uuid:7509e6c3-8289-44a3-89bf-01130253620f> | {
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The Renaissance: Foundation of Modernity or Pinnacle of the Ancient?
What defines the dawn of a new age and the waning of an old one? The answer to this question would probably differ from time to time; after all, periods of history have only too many characteristics to analyze. It is said that in the case of the European renaissance, the Middle Ages is separated from the Modern Age by the abrupt change in humanist views, but when one thinks of the renaissance, one must remember that the humanists were not sacrilegious liberalists they are often said to be; the Hellenistic theories were not left unstudied during the Middle Ages; and, most importantly, the c…
- Reformation success, due to the Renaissance popes, or the church and a politically, socially and economically changing Europe?
- The Renaissance: Foundation of Modernity or Pinnacle of the Ancient?
- The Weapons and Armor of the Renaissance
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu: | <urn:uuid:a447b330-5c5c-4176-8839-95e497ebab5d> | {
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Just plug in the values into the given equation to solve:
V = a + bx
a = 17.8 V and b = -3.40 V/m
For part A:
first part, at x = 0 you would have
V = 17.8 V + -3.40(0) = 17.8 V
similarly the next part plug in x = 3m.
V = 17.8 V + -3.40(3) = 7.6 V
and then x = 6m
V = 17.8 V + -3.40(6) = -2.6 V
For part B:
the formula for electric field is:
E = - dV / dx (which means its the negative of the slope of the equation for the potential difference.
V = 17.8 V + -3.40x
So the electric field would just have magnitude of 3.4 V/m, which is the slope.
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs. People with asthma have airways that are hyperresponsive, meaning that the airways react to asthma triggers such as colds, cigarette smoke and exercise faster and more intensely than people whose airways are normal.
Signs and symptoms of asthma vary from person to person. They may also vary for a person depending on which trigger they have been exposed to.
A person may have some or all of these symptoms at any time. If you are experiencing these symptoms and are unable to breathe, please consult your health care provider immediately.
A trigger is any object, act, or event that causes asthma symptoms. The muscles in the airways react to triggers and causes them to tighten and narrow, making it harder to breathe. | <urn:uuid:cee1893f-0b6c-48b7-a4dd-0f737d6a4b32> | {
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Stretchable mesh: The square silicon photodetectors, connected by thin ribbons of metal and polymer, are mounted on a hemisphere-shaped rubber surface. The entire device is able to conform to any curvilinear shape due to the flexibility of the ribbons that connect the silicon islands.
“This technology heralds the advent of a new class of imaging devices with wide-angle fields of view, low distortion, and compact size,” says Takao Someya, a professor of engineering at the University of Tokyo, who was not involved in the research. “I believe this work is a real breakthrough in the field of stretchable electronics.”
Rogers isn’t the first to use the concept of a stretchable electronic mesh, but this work distinguishes itself in that it is not constrained to stretching in limited directions, like other stretchable electronic meshes. And importantly, his is the first stretchable mesh to be implemented in an artificial eye camera.
The camera’s resolution is 256 pixels. At the moment, it’s difficult to improve resolution due to the limitations of the fabrication facilities at the University of Illinois, says Rogers. “At some level, it’s a little frustrating because you have this neat electronic eye and everything’s pixelated,” he says. But his team has sidestepped the problem by taking another cue from biology. The human eye dithers from side to side, constantly capturing snippets of images; the brain pieces the snippets together to form a complete picture. In the same way, Rogers’s team runs a computer program that makes the images crisper by interpolating multiple images taken from different angles.
The most immediate application for these eyeball cameras, says Rogers, is most likely with the military. The simple, compact design could be used in imaging technology in the field, he suggests. And while the concept of an electronic eye conjures up images of eye implants, Rogers says that at this time he is not collaborating with other researchers to make these devices biocompatible. However, he’s not ruling out the possibility in the future. | <urn:uuid:4d0fba4d-e24f-441b-bf50-ca77375e04ce> | {
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The steady increase in U.S. obesity rates over the past 20 years seems to be leveling off, according to a new study from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In 2010, obesity rates were about 36 percent in men and women, with no change compared with the rates between 2003 and 2008, the study found.
Researchers analyzed new data gathered during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2009 and 2010, and defined obesity having as a body mass index of 30 or greater.
"The good news is that the [obesity] rate hasn't grown much," said Michael Zemel, a professor of nutrition science at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved with the work.
"But we still have an awful prevalence of obesity and overweight," Zemel said.
The study appears today (Jan. 17) in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
More awareness about obesity
Obesity increases the risk factor of heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer.
Although more people are consuming more calories than ever before, Zemel said there's a greater awareness now, compared with a couple of decades ago.
"Twenty years ago, the general public and the medical community had little awareness about obesity," he said. "Doctors weren't discussing obesity with their patients like they do now."
Reasons why rates may have leveled off are unknown. But Zemel said he hopes that public awareness and small lifestyle changes have had an impact.
"There's more low-calorie food choices and knowledge about portion sizes and calorie labeling in restaurants," he said. "With greater awareness, comes the opportunity of change. I'm cautiously optimistic."
Slight increase in obesity for men
The NHANES data included heights and weights, as measured by researchers, for about 6,000 men and women in 2009 and 2010, and 22,800 men and women between 1999 and 2008.
While the overall rates remained constant, certain groups did see some small increases in their obesity rates. A slight increase, about 4 percent, was found in men, between 1999 and 2010.
The obesity rate was 36 percent among white men, and 39 percent among black men, in 2010.
For women, the rate was 32 percent among white women, compared with 59 percent among black women. From 1999 through 2010, there was no increase among women overall, but small increases, about 3 percent, were seen in the obesity rates of black and Mexican American women.
Even smaller decreases in other groups offset these increases, leading to a relatively steady rate overall, according to the report.
"People should know that there's been no sign of a decrease, but there hasn't been much of an increase since 2003 either," said lead author Katherine Flegal, an epidemiologist at the CDC. "So it's pretty stable."
Childhood obesity rates remain unchanged
A related NHANES report also published today found the obesity rate in children remained the same from 2007 to 2010. Nearly 17 percent of children and teenagers ages 2 through 19 were either overweight or obese, according to the analysis of about 4,100 children.
About 10 percent of infants and toddlers weighed too much for their height in 2010, that report also showed.
Although there was overall no difference in obesity rates between male and female children in 2010, there was a slight increase in obesity rates of male children ages 2 through 19 between 1999 and 2010.
Obesity continues to be higher among black and Hispanic children compared with white children, according to the report.
Although study authors noted that many efforts at the national, state and local levels have focused on reducing obesity, they point out "results from the survey still show that childhood obesity remains unchanged."
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SOURCES: Jeffrey Brosco, M.D., Ph.D., associate director, Mailman Center for Child Development, University of Miami; Stephanie Wagner, Ph.D., clinical assistant professor, child and adolescent psychiatry, NYU Langone Child Study Center, New York City; Feb. 22, 2016, JAMA Pediatrics, online
TUESDAY, Feb. 23, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have risen globally, and adults' unreasonable expectations of young children could be one reason why, researchers suggest.
Reporting in the Feb. 22 issue of JAMA Pediatrics, researchers from the University of Miami point to evidence that the rise in ADHD diagnoses coincided with ever-growing demands on young children's attention and focus.
Since the 1970s, the researchers said, elementary school children have been getting more and more homework, while preschoolers have spent more time in full-day programs -- and getting coached in reading and numbers by mom and dad.
During those same years, the prevalence of ADHD doubled in the United States.
Of course, many other things have also changed since the 1970s, and it's not possible to pin the rise of ADHD on any one trend, said lead researcher Dr. Jeffrey Brosco, associate director of the university's Mailman Center for Child Development. His research letter only points to an association and not cause-and-effect.
But, Brosco said, it makes sense that greater academic pressure would set the stage for more ADHD diagnoses.
"You may have a young child who has difficulty paying attention to boring things," Brosco said. "That's only a problem if you're trying to force that child to pay attention to boring things."
"In the U.S.," he added, "we've decided that increasing children's academic demands is a good thing. But we haven't really considered the potential negative effects."
A child psychologist not involved in the study agreed there's a "plausible" connection between academic expectations and ADHD diagnoses.
It's not that homework is causing ADHD, said Stephanie Wagner, an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at NYU Langone's Child Study Center in New York City.
ADHD is a "neurobiological" disorder, Wagner said, which means it's brain-based, and not caused by environmental factors.
"But we do know that the environment can exacerbate symptoms," she added.
So the more time that children with ADHD have to sit, do homework and have no freedom for play, Wagner said, the more difficulty they'll have -- and the more apparent that will be to adults.
According to Wagner, children with ADHD typically do best in environments where there are clear rules, plenty of hands-on lessons, and less "down time."
In the United States, about 11 percent of children ages 4 to 17 have ever been diagnosed with ADHD, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental health experts believe genetics might play a role in its development, as well as lifestyle behaviors like smoking or drinking during pregnancy.
Critics have long charged that some children diagnosed with ADHD are wrongly labeled as having a "disease" and given drugs they don't need.
Recent decades have seen a number of trends that could feed the rise in ADHD diagnoses, Brosco said. Those include changes in how the disorder is diagnosed and aggressive marketing of ADHD drugs, Also, kids with ADHD are sometimes eligible for special education services that were not available in the 1970s, Wagner said. "So there likely are families who seek a diagnosis for their child, in order to help him or her receive appropriate services in school," she said.
But, Brosco said, there has also been a shift in academic demands. Looking at government statistics and previous research, Brosco's team found that between 1981 and 1997, U.S. children dedicated more and more hours per week to studying.
The biggest change was seen among 6- to 8-year-olds. By 1997, they were spending over two hours a week on homework, versus less than one hour in 1981.
Even preschoolers were feeling the pressure. By 2005, 77 percent of parents said they "frequently" taught their 3- to 5-year-olds letters, words and numbers. That was up from 58 percent in 1993.
It's not that parents shouldn't engage their preschoolers' minds, Brosco stressed. But it should be done through play and connection, rather than lessons, he said.
"Parents should read to their children," Brosco said. "That's social interaction and storytelling." The problem, he added, arises when parents use flashcards and other ways of pushing young children to "get it right."
Another change, the study found, is that many more preschoolers are in full-day programs now -- 58 percent in the mid-2000s, compared with just 17 percent in 1970.
Brosco said there's nothing wrong with full-day preschool, if children are playing and learning things that are developmentally appropriate -- like how to get along with other kids. But some programs get into academics, he noted.
"At that age," Brosco said, "what's most important is free play, social interactions, using your imagination. We need to be careful that our demands aren't making children feel like they're getting it 'wrong.' We want them to love learning."
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more on ADHD. | <urn:uuid:648fab95-d14e-4269-b104-26a9e26f20ba> | {
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Horticultural Society of New York
Int'l Conf. on Plant Breeding and Hybridization (1902)
CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PLANT IN FORM, COLOR, SIZE AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS.
S. A. Beach, Horticulturist,
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.
Work in plant breeding, when considered from the standpoint of the worker, falls into two general classes. In one class the effort is to originate an improved strain or variety; in the other the object is to learn the philosophy of plant breeding, to discover the scientific principles involved and to illustrate the application of these principles. Immediate practical results are sought in one case; in the other a knowledge of the laws of plant breeding, by means of which continued progress may be made. The former, if successful, gives only something transient. The improved variety or strain which is produced will doubtless be superseded in time by something better, as the evolution of cultivated plants progresses. Such is the verdict of horticultural history. We look to the other kind of effort for the more permanent and eventually more rapid progress in breeding plants. It is the purpose of this essay to call attention to a question, the investigation of which may yield results of general importance and permanent value, namely, the extent to which correlation between different parts of the plant in form, color, size and other characteristics may be regarded as a significant factor in plant breeding. Nurserymen, seedsmen, fruit growers and gardeners know many instances of such correlation, and often take practical advantage of it when making selections for propagation, albeit perhaps unconsciously, and without formulating in words a definite expression of their judgment on this point. Scientific investigators have also occasionally recognized instances where correlation is of significance as a means of selection in breeding or propagating plants, but it appears that this subject has not been investigated as systematically and thoroughly as it should be.
In plant breeding the chances for originating an improved variety are in some degree proportionate to the number of seedlings produced. Other things being equal, the more numerous the seedlings subject to selection, the greater the probabilities of finding the improvement sought. But the more seedlings one undertakes to grow the greater the necessity of getting rid of the undesirable ones at as young a stage of growth as possible, and thus avoid the labor and expense of growing a great number of useless plants; therefore, a skillful breeder does not defer the process of selection till the seedlings appear, but exercises rigid choice, perhaps with the seed which is to be planted, and surely with the parents, or stock plants, from which he expects to take the seed, cions, buds or cuttings for propagation. Correlation of parts or characteristics in plants may be of use not only in selecting seedlings, but also in choosing the parents, and even in choosing the seeds which are to be used in breeding. Notice a few illustrations.
|1Geschwind, L., Rev. Gen. Chim. AppI., 3 (1900). No. 12. Cited in Exp. Sta. Rec. XIII: 526.|
Geschwind1 finds correlation between the structure and the sugar content of the beet-root. He states that, as a rule, high sugar content is associated with a small amount of woody tissue, and recommends that beets be selected for breeding which have but small amount of woody tissue, as shown by cross-section of the top.
LX (1901); 228.
CybeRose note: This fact was discovered by
Anderson-Henry (1861), who worked with McNab at the Edinburgh garden.
Henslow2 states that McNab finds that in breeding rhododendrons the best dwarf varieties are obtained by using pollen taken from the smaller stamens.
|3Swingle, W. T., Discussion on Plant Breeding at the New Haven meeting of A.A.A.C.E.S., Nov., 1900.|
Swingle3 states that in Europe certain plant breeders who had long been engaged in breeding grain for the increase of the percentage of protein found recently that a high nitrogen content of the grain is correlated with blue stemmed plants, and since making this discovery have been enabled to make more progress in three years in increasing the nitrogen content of the grain by plant breeding than they had in many previous years' effort toward the same object.
G., Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc. XXIV: 85.
Henslow4 says that very dark crimson zonal geraniums are so nearly self sterile as to make seed raising difficult, the sterility being in proportion to the depth of color, which is correlated with proterandry. Paler varieties are more nearly homogamous and are very self-fertile.
Dr. G. L., in personal
communication to the writer, 1902.
Tinker5 states that male vines of Vitis bicolor, Mx. at all ages, have leaves more lobed or divided than pistillate vines of the same species, and that this distinction is discernible in seedlings when they have put forth the sixth leaf. In his work in breeding grapes he finds it practicable to discard male bicolor seedlings when the sixth leaf is formed.
C., cited in Exp. Sta. Rec. XIII (1901): 241.
7De Vries, Hugo, Die Mutationstheorie. Erster Band (1901): 77.
Debroyker6 has shown that correlation in length exists between the culm and the head and the upper internode and the head of the rye plant. He did not find, however, that heredity had any apparent influence on these features. Many instances exist of correlation between different parts of a plant in size, but not enough observations have been made to permit of general statements as to the full significance of this character in any particular class of plants. De Vries7 finds that there is a relation between the vigor of the plant in Oenothera Lamarckiana and the size, i.e., length and thickness, of the fruit. The larger and more vigorous the plant, the longer and thicker the fruit; the shorter the fruit, the weaker and more slender the plant.
In the vineyard of E. C. Gillett, Penn Yan, N. Y., is a vine of the Concord grape, from one side of which has appeared a sport, bearing much larger fruit and much larger seed than is grown on the normal portion of the same vine. Seedlings which I have grown from seeds produced by the sport are larger and more vigorous in type than those produced from seed produced by the normal canes. None of these seedlings has yet fruited. The fruit of Hercules grape, a labrusca-vinifera hybrid, has very large fruit and correspondingly large leaves. The same is true of Columbian Imperial, Pierce and other varieties which might be named. Delaware has small fruit and correspondingly small leaves; so also have Golden Gem, Golden Drop, Rebecca and others. In breeding grapes I have found among some very excellent varieties others that were exceedingly dwarfed in leaf and habit of growth. When such dwarf vines have been allowed to mature and bear fruit they have produced either small fruit, or small clusters, or both. Many hundreds of grape seedlings of known parentage which have been produced during the progress of my work in breeding grapes show that size and color of foliage, vine and fruit tend to be transmitted to the offspring with considerable uniformity—so much so, that the entire lot of seedlings of any particular parentage, whether pure bred or cross bred, when viewed as a whole, is usually of a characteristic type and distinct from the seedlings of other, albeit nearly related parentage. Similar results have followed the work with gooseberries.
It should be remarked that in making observations on correlation of parts as to size it is important to give due consideration to the species or group features, if the individuals compared represent different groups. For example, some varieties of Vitis aestivalis Mx. may have larger foliage, but smaller fruit, than certain varieties of Vitis labrusca, yet within the limits of the species the larger types of leaf may be found associated with the larger types of fruit, and the smaller types of foliage with the smaller types of fruit.
With the peach it is easy to find many illustrations of a correspondence in size between the foliage and the fruit. Compare, for example, the type of foliage found on Elberta, Crawford and other large fruited varieties, with the smaller, narrower leaves found on smaller peaches, like Golden Prolific and Hill's Chili, and especially on the seedlings commonly called "natural fruit," which bear exceedingly small fruits.
Finally, on the question of the correspondence in size of different parts of the plant the evidence at hand, although not sufficient to support a general statement that it dos exist, gives enough indications that it may be found to make the subject worthy of investigation.
The question of correspondence in color between different parts of the plant will now be taken up. In 1894, and again in 1897, a large number of varieties of apples in one of the orchards of the Geneva (N. Y.) Experiment Station were examined with reference to the color of the blossoms and blossom buds. Space permits but a summary of results. Two hundred and ten varieties were under observation. There appeared to be no constant relation between the color of the bloom and the color of the fruit, except that a large majority of the very pale or very nearly white blossoms were either on crab apples or Russian apples. One crab apple, however, was recorded as having pure white blossoms, while its fruit is well described by the name of the variety, which is "Blood Red."
Raspberries, Rubus strigosus and R. Idaeus and R. occidentalis, which bear so-called white or yellow fruit, have correspondingly paler foliage and paler canes than the black or red fruited varieties. So, also, the purple raspberries (R. occidentalis-strigosus or occidentalis-Idaeus hybrids) have a distinct tinge on the foliage and canes corresponding to the purple color of the fruit. I have never known any exception to the above statements.
Some roses with white blossoms have noticeably paler foliage than that of dark red varieties. Similar correspondence in color of blossoms and foliage has been observed among pelargoniums, cannas, asters and other flowers. Apparent exceptions are seen among some of the cross-bred perennial phloxes.
Grapes with pale foliage, so far as I have observed, have so-called white fruit, or, at least, do not have dark colored fruit; but the converse is not always true, for some Concord seedlings which have the white fruit have foliage nearly or quite as dark as the parent. In observing this feature the fully matured leaves should be examined. Many instances are known of white fleshed peaches having correspondingly paler leaves and bark than have the yellow fleshed peaches. There is also often a noticeable difference between the foliage of varieties having pale yellow or lemon yellow flesh or skin and those having darker yellow flesh.
|1Emerson, R. A. Horticulturist,
University of Nebraska.
Emerson1 writes me that there is a noticeable correlation between the color of flowers and the seeds of beans. Races, such as Jones, Davis, Navy, etc., which have white seeds, always have white flowers. Races that have black seeds, if memory serves me correctly, always have flowers that are strongly colored, e.g., Challenger Black. Races that have spotted seeds or seeds tinted usually have flowers also tinted. One cannot always tell, however, by the tint of the flowers the exact degree of tinting of shading of the seeds. In the Blue Pod there is a correlation between the color of the flowers and foliage, as there is also with Scarlet Runner and White Dutch Runner. Seedlings of the last two are easily distinguished in one ease by the reddish color of the stems, in the other by their light green color. Races with spotted pods, like Horticultural, usually have spotted seeds.
|2Fraser, S. In personal communication to the writer.|
Fraser2 states that when the young stems or sprouts of the potato are either green or white, it is an indication that the blossom will be white. If the stems are colored the blossoms will likewise be colored. The statement is based on observations of about 280 varieties.
|3Dorner, H. B., Asst. Botanist,
Mr. C. W. Ward, Queens, N, Y., has called my attention to a correlation of color between the root and flower of the carnation, the white, yellow or red flower being associated with corresponding differences in the color of the root. Dorner writes me that he3 has noticed that carnation plants bearing white flowers have white roots; those with yellow flowers have yellowish roots; those having the various shades of pink and red have pinkish roots, and those with crimson and purple flowers have dark roots of a dull purplish red. Plants having variegated red and white flowers show roots varying between pink and white. Crimson and purple varieties often show a purplish tinge at the nodes.
The above observations are made only for varieties having solid colors, and exceptions may be found, but none have yet been noted.
In tulips the color of the flower may find a correspondence in the color of the bulb.
Grepr. Reprint in Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc. XXVI. (1901) :6.
Lastly, let me quote from Mendel's observations on Pisum, as stated in his list of characters selected for his famous Experiments in Plant Hybridization.1 Among other characteristic differences in the varieties chosen for the experiments he mentions those which relate:
"To the difference in the colour of the seed-coat. This is either white, with which character white flowers are constantly correlated; or it is grey, grey-brown, leather-brown, with or without violet spotting, in which case the colour of the standards is violet, that of the wings purple, and the stem in the axils of the leaves is of a reddish tint. The grey seed-coats become dark brown in boiling water.
"To the difference in the colour of the unripe pods. They are either light to dark green, or vividly yellow, in which colouring the stalks, leaf-veins and blossoms participate."
Finally, on the question of correspondence in color of different parts of the plant, as was the case concerning size, it may be said that the evidence at hand, although not sufficient to support a general statement that such correlation always exists, certainly gives strong enough indications that it may be found to make the subject worthy of investigation.
L. H. Bailey: Does the speaker find any correlation between the size of the leaves and the quality of the fruit? which after all is what we are after.
S. A. Beach: Not necessarily. I believe that we may find a correlation between the texture, and the texture of the fruit.
W. Bateson: In connection with this list of correlations which Mr. Beach has cited, there is a curious paradoxical case in the pea, Pisum sativum; the purple axil is correlated with a purple flower, while a white axil is correlated with a white flower. Curiously enough, in the sweet pea that is not necessarily the case. There are deep purple varieties of sweet pea which do not necessarily have a purple axil at all; but the contrary is not the ease; there is no very white sweet pea which has a purple axil. I mention that as a paradoxical case which does not follow the same rule.
N. E. Hansen: In the fall of 1898 I called on Mr. Gideon at his home in Excelsior, Minnesota. For the benefit of Eastern people I will say that he has raised more apple seedlings than any one else in the West. He said that it he had a seedling in which the leaves were small he threw it away always, while any seedling with large leaves he kept; he had found that the tendency was toward larger fruit.
H. H. Groff: I would like to reconcile the reasoning of Professor Beach that the experimental worker is likely to overtake his more strenuous brother for the reason that the latter's efforts will soon be overtaken by his later and greater activity, I understand that that is the reasoning which he advocated, thereby sweeping away the experience of Mr. Burbank, Mr. Hays, and, I would like to add, myself.
S. A. Beach: I had no idea of undervaluing the work of the practical plant breeders; I believe in it thoroughly, and my only point was that I wished their assistance in trying to secure all the information possible, so that we can get at all data possible, classify it and put the whole business of plant breeding upon as nearly scientific a basis as possible. When we have done that, I think we can make more rapid progress than without it. | <urn:uuid:b07c5d83-b9c2-4dee-9fe4-b8732a7a6ce8> | {
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| Grotte du Pape |
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|Description ||The "Dame de Brassempouy". |
A female head carved from ivory, found in the Grotte du Pape near to the village of Brassempouy in 1894.
The figure is only 3.6 cm big, and is thought to be the oldest representation of a human face, dating to almost 30,000 years ago.
The figure normally resides in the St Germain-en-Laye prehistory museum, but is seen here in an exhibition of Women in Art throughout history, which I saw at the Bougon Tumuli in 2005.
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Megalithic Portal eGallery, images of megaliths and prehistoric sites worldwide, free to view. | <urn:uuid:6553ac86-21d4-420c-a32f-ec017516f5d4> | {
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The term Nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS is used to describe devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS typically integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical actuators, pumps, or motors, and may thereby form physical, biological, and chemical sensors.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) (also written as micro-electro-mechanical, MicroElectroMechanical or microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems) is the technology of very small mechanical devices driven by electricity; it merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanotechnology.
MEMS are separate and distinct from the hypothetical vision of molecular nanotechnology or molecular electronics. MEMS are made up of components between 1 to 100 micrometres in size (i.e. 0.001 to 0.1 mm) and MEMS devices generally range in size from 20 micrometres (20 millionths of a metre) to a millimetre. They usually consist of a central unit that processes data, the microprocessor and several components that interact with the outside such as microsensors
Learn more about NEMS/MEMS from the many resources on this site, listed below. More information on NEMS/MEMS can be found here.
Nov 14 2013 | <urn:uuid:8aa1e643-a63f-4476-991a-62fa4a589104> | {
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On May 3rd, the Grade 10’s went on a field trip to the Buran Benjarong Benjarong Porcelain factory. It was a meaningful experience for both Thais and non-Thais as it was a chance for us to explore Thai culture and history in a unique art form.
A quick introduction to Benjarong before we get into what exactly CO’19 did. Benjarong is a type of design used on Thai porcelain. Its origins can be traced from the Ming Dynasty in China. However, Thai patterns (such as the flowers, the flames, depictions of festivals and celebrations) were adapted to the porcelains giving them the look that we now know of today. “Benjarong” in itself means “five colors”, representing the colors that are used on the designs. The designs are mostly geometric and symmetrical and were used for only the Royal Thai monarchs when it first came about. Today, however, the late King Rama IX permitted Benjarong styled porcelains to be accessible to everyone.
The unit this term for Grade 10 Thai Studies was the history and the design of the Benjarong. Students were required to research facts about the history of the Benjarong, and come up with their very own design, which they would apply during this field trip to Buran Benjarong. The day started off with a tour around the factory, in which students saw the process of how the Benjarong was painted and created. Later on, it was their turn to design their own plates, and with the help of those who worked at the factory, brought their designs to life.
Liquified gold pens were a luxury, and they represented what this field trip felt like: dazzling. Much knowledge was gained about Thai culture which was showcased through intricate patterns, and about Thai way of life showcased by artisan craftsmanship demonstrated by those who worked at the factory. It was quite the experience to see patterns come to life, and it was an honor to take part in preserving an integral part of Thai art. | <urn:uuid:3eaae38c-1437-424f-8784-ddb25f202e7d> | {
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Question: Has the government shutdown caused harm to the economy?
Answer: Standard & Poor’s estimates the economic cost of the shutdown to be about $24 billion and that the shutdown lowered economic growth 0.6 percent in the fourth quarter. I wondered how S&P came up with these estimates, so I got in contact with Beth Ann Bovino, who is their U.S. chief economist who put out this information.
When I asked her how she came up with these estimates, she said: “We looked at what happened in history during prior government shutdowns. In the 1995-96 shutdowns, losses were recouped as the shutdowns were back to back and separated by just a couple of days. Now, the debt ceiling weighs on businesses’ willingness to invest and consumer confidence. And we’ve seen the financial markets swing back and forth.”
I didn’t find this answer convincing. (Note: Bovino is incorrect about the time between the 1995-96 shutdowns, which was one month.)
The bottom line is that she has no idea what economic impact the government shutdown had or will have. And, her underlying assumption that the shutdown is “bad” for the economy also is highly questionable.
I called my friend Stu, who runs a $10 million import and export business. I thought to contact him because I recalled him mentioning to me during the shutdown that it was impacting his business, which depends upon government customs inspectors.
“During the shutdown, it was a bit slower going through customs, more on the import side, because the government workers were not allowed to do overtime work,” he said.
Now that the shutdown is over, I asked him what if any overall impact the shutdown has had or will have on his business. “The good news is that the shutdown had no direct financial impact,” he said.
I’m not suggesting that the shutdown hasn’t impacted some folks and some businesses. For example, restaurants that depend upon government employees for a portion of their business lost some revenue. As for some government employees themselves, yes, they didn’t get paid during the shutdown, but they now are recouping that temporary loss of pay.
During the shutdown, I found it astonishing to keep hearing the scare stories about how the U.S. government was on the verge of defaulting. Yet, the interest rates on longer-term government debt held steady and actually fell a little. If default really were likely or imminent, the interest rates on government debt would zoom higher, as investors would sell the bonds that they held.
Stocks declined modestly during the early days of the shutdown, but since stock prices were up greatly since early last winter, a small correction was hardly cause for concern. Now, stock prices are at new all-time highs, which would seemingly contradict S&P’s view that the shutdown caused notable economic damage in early October. When I asked Bovino about that, she seemed stumped and didn’t have a response.
A negotiation among parties with differing views is often a bit messy. If you have 535 people, which is the total number of representatives and senators in Congress, negotiations can get really complicated.
During President Barack Obama’s first two years in office, he had Democratic majorities in both the House and Senate. So he didn’t have to negotiate with Republicans. His signature piece of legislation, the Affordable Care Act, was passed with no Republican votes.
During the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans won back control of the House of Representatives. Since that time, the U.S. has had divided government, which is what the country has voted for during the vast majority of its existence. Divided government generally is a good thing because it forces both sides to work with each other. Also, divided government is more likely to prevent extreme and unnecessary government change from happening.
The reason we had the shutdown is because the Republicans and Democrats have disagreements over the makeup of government spending and the implementation of “Obamacare.”
Negotiating over these issues and government spending and debt levels is a good thing, not a bad thing, and is helping to reduce government spending and annual deficits.
Eric Tyson is author of “Investing for Dummies.” | <urn:uuid:7378ca7b-cc8a-4b57-b786-5e131b8e3ff1> | {
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An investigation involving adding and subtracting sets of consecutive numbers. Lots to find out, lots to explore.
Place the 16 different combinations of cup/saucer in this 4 by 4 arrangement so that no row or column contains more than one cup or saucer of the same colour.
EWWNP means Exploring Wild and Wonderful Number Patterns Created by Yourself! Investigate what happens if we create number patterns using some simple rules.
This is a view, from above, of my friend's garden. You see a black path and a square patch in the middle.
He wants to tile the square in the middle with tiles going straight across and down. He would also like to have the corner of a tile at each of the corners of the square.
Then it'll look like this;
So, we are off to help him. He has a good tile cutter to get the "part-tiles", so he'll be able to cut a tile into two or more pieces and use them all. But I said that we would fetch the tiles for him. How many do we need for the example above?
How many would we need for these two other garden square shapes that someone might like to have? How are you working it out? | <urn:uuid:f911a980-82f2-4859-858e-45717c94cab4> | {
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Deng Xiaoping's speech on June 9 referred to several principles to guide China's economic and political development, in sets of one, two, three and four.
The ''three-step development strategy'' refers to a plan that calls first for the doubling of the gross national product, which China says has been accomplished. The second step gives the Government 12 years to double the gross national product again. Once that is achieved, the Government hopes that the third step will see China reach the level of a ''moderately developed'' country, which the Government defines as a 2 percent annual growth rate within 50 years. Mr. Deng also referred to
''one center, two basic points.'' ''One center'' means a focus on economic construction. Of the two ''basic points,'' one calls for carrying out economic revamping and opening up its borders for cultural and commercial exchanges; the other calls for adherence to the ''four cardinal principles.''
Those principles are adherence to socialism; adherence to the ''people's democratic dictatorship''; leadership by the Chinese Communist Party, and adherence to Marxism, Leninism, and Maoist thought. | <urn:uuid:896b86a8-577c-4990-bce1-131a23b6d203> | {
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forum, market and meeting place in ancient Roman towns in Italy and later in the provinces, corresponding to the Greek agora. By extension the word forum often indicates the meeting itself in modern usage. The forum was usually square or rectangular in shape and had, among other buildings, a basilica with shops, the public treasury, the curia, and a prison; under Greek influence colonnades were introduced.
The old Roman Forum extended into a marshy valley from Capitoline Hill along the Palatine Hill. When, much later, the Basilica of Constantine was added it reached almost to the Colosseum. The valley between the hills was crossed by a small stream emptying into the Tiber, which drained the area and was canalized underground (probably in the 6th cent. B.C.) to become the great sewer, the Cloaca Maxima (a portion of which still exists). At the south end of the Forum was the house of the vestal virgins and nearby the temple of Vesta. West of the temple, as an entrance to the Forum proper, was the Arch of Augustus, having on one side the temple of deified Julius Caesar and on the other that of Castor and Pollux. Behind it was a building, now the Church of Santa Maria Antiqua, with fine 8th-century frescoes. Along the southwest side of the Forum was the Basilica Julia, and along its northeast side were the Basilica Aemilia and the curia, where the senate met. The Forum was closed to the northwest by the Arch of Septimius Severus and by the rostra (platforms adorned with beaks of captured vessels), from which tribunes, consuls, and orators made their speeches. Beyond them, toward Capitoline Hill, were temples, among them the Temple of Concord and the temple of Saturn, housing the treasury.
In imperial times the old Forum became inadequate; the emperors built new forums to the northeast, from the Basilica of Constantine to the valley between the Capitoline and Quirinal. On the southeast were the Forum of Vespasian with the Temple of Peace surrounded by a colonnade; next the Forum of Nerva; then that of Augustus with the temple of Mars. Southwest was the smaller Forum of Julius Caesar, a colonnade enclosing the temple of Venus. Beyond the Forum of Augustus was the Forum of Trajan, a vast colonnaded square; then the Basilica Ulpia; then the two libraries with, between them, the Column of Trajan, which is still standing. The temple of Trajan closed the Emperors' Forums to the northwest.
In the 4th cent., the decay of the old Forum began; earthquakes, fires, and the barbarian invasions completed its destruction. In the Middle Ages materials from the forums were used to build new monuments throughout the city. Only in the 19th and 20th cent. were systematic excavations made to bring to light what was left. The forums are now, with the Palatine and Colosseum, an imposing complex of ruins, testifying to the magnificence of ancient Rome.
See M. Grant, The Roman Forum (1970).
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February 21, 2002
“This measure will reduce one of the largest known uncontrolled sources of dioxin, the most carcinogenic air pollutant known to the state,” said ARB Chairman Dr. Alan Lloyd. “We are especially concerned with the chemical’s effect on infants and children. Damage to their developing immune systems can lower their defenses against other diseases.”
Today’s garbage is full of complex chemicals. They reside in plastics, laminates, metals, dyes, and bleached and colored papers. When burned these chemicals create and throw into the air poisons that can linger up to 15 years in our environment. This ban will also reduce emissions of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, PAHs, PCBs and particulate matter statewide. The burning of vegetation will still be allowed under this ban.
The U.S. EPA has determined that burning waste products at home is one of the largest uncontrolled sources of dioxins in the United States. Currently state officials estimate that 108,000 California households burn some or all of their waste. Presently in the 35 air districts in California, six allow all forms of burning, 21 permit limited household garbage burning and eight prohibit any burning other than natural vegetation. The ban will affect most of these households, although some exemptions are included for very rural areas with low population densities. In these low density areas, paper and cardboard will be exempted from the ban, with a provision to allow the exemption to be reviewed at a later date. For more information, click here.
“Residential waste burning, a vestige of rural California, is a means of disposing the accumulation of daily life. But, while burning our garbage may have been part of historic California, ARB has found that due to the chemical makeup of today's consumer products we can no longer burn indiscriminately,” Dr. Lloyd said.
The Air Resources Board is a department of the California Environmental Protection Agency. ARB’s mission is to promote and protect public health, welfare, and ecological resources through effective reduction of air pollutants while recognizing and considering effects on the economy. The ARB oversees all air pollution control efforts in California to attain and maintain health based air quality standards.
The energy challenge facing California is real. Every Californian needs to take immediate action to reduce energy consumption. For a list of simple ways you can reduce demand and cut your energy cost, see our website at http://www.arb.ca.gov.
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Aeronautical Communications Featured Article
Atlantic Virgin Airlines Offers Calls Mid-Flight
We’ve been told airplanes and cell phones don't mix for a long time. We all know the now route message asking you to please turn off cell phones, pagers and other electronic devices while in the air.
Earlier in this week, Atlantic Virgin airlines made an announcement that bucks traditional policy. They've announced in a limited number of their aircraft customers will be able to make cell phone calls, as well as to text message, on transatlantic flights.
The calls will only be available on about 20 of the flights initially, so odds are you will not have to deal with a lot of people using their cell phones on your flights right away, unless you fly on the most expensive flights.
Don't think for a second it will be cheap to call from 30,000 feet in the air either. The technology will only be usable by customers of O2 (News - Alert) and Vodafone. The phone networks of other carriers will need to be brought up to speed to do the job. How is this all being achieved? With the use of satellites and picocell. The Picocell (News - Alert) acts as a microscopic GPRS cell tower and allows the signal to be carried in the middle of the air, well outside of the range of normal signal towers.
Signals are only going to be very short range, and may be weak for now. The range on cell phone signals has to be short, or the technology will end up inadvertently messing with the sensitive equipment on the plane. Since most reasonable people would agree the pilot is more important than a static-free call, this makes sense.
Edited by Braden Becker | <urn:uuid:4ce8ae9a-db55-4506-9a78-8abb4a7ee54c> | {
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Published on August 19, 2017
slide 2: In java string is basically a dissent that addresses gathering of consume regards. An assortment of characters works same as java string. slide 3: The java string charAt method returns a char value at the given index number. The index number starts from 0. It returns StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if given index number is greater than this string or negative index number. slide 4: The java string compareTo method compares the given string with current string lexicographically. It returns positive number negative number or 0. It compares strings on the basis of Unicode value of each character in the strings. If first string is lexicographically greater than second string it returns positive number difference of character value. slide 5: The java string concat method combines specified string at the end of this string. It returns combined string. It is like appending another string. slide 6: The java string contains method searches the sequence of characters in this string. It returns true if sequence of char values are found in this string otherwise returns false. slide 7: The java string endsWith method checks if this string ends with given suffix. It returns true if this string ends with given suffix else returns false. slide 8: The java string equals method compares the two given strings based on the content of the string. If any character is not matched it returns false. If all characters are matched it returns true. The String equals method overrides the equals method of Object class. slide 9: The String equalsIgnoreCase method compares the two given strings on the basis of content of the string irrespective of case of the string. It is like equals method but doesnt check case. If any character is not matched it returns false otherwise it returns true. slide 10: The java string format method returns the formatted string by given locale format and arguments. If you dont specify the locale in String.format method it uses default locale by calling Locale.getDefault method. The format method of java language is like sprintf function in c language and printf method of java language. slide 11: The java string getBytes method returns the byte array of the string. In other words it returns sequence of bytes. slide 12: The java string getChars method copies the content of this string into specified char array. There are 4 arguments passed in getChars method. slide 13: The java string indexOf method returns index of given character value or substring. If it is not found it returns -1. The index counter starts from zero. slide 14: The java string intern method returns the interned string. It returns the canonical representation of string. It can be used to return string from pool memory if it is created by new keyword. | <urn:uuid:4379adf9-a89f-402c-b194-7f375c4e31bf> | {
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Fungi are fantastic at breaking down living tissues. They discolour pieces of bread and fruit, cause outbreaks of thrush and athlete’s foot, and wipe out harvests of rice and species of frog. All of these examples rely on fungal spores landing somewhere they can grow. But not all fungi are so passive. More than 200 species have evolved into predators that ensnare and devour their own meat.
Their victims are nematodes—small worms that are some of the most common animals on the planet. It’s said that four in every five animals is a nematode, which means there’s plenty of food for carnivorous fungi that can trap them.
Such meat-eaters evolved at least 100 million years ago, and they have since developed a wide variety of traps. Some fungi use sticky nets. Others use microscopic lassos made of single coiled cells, which can constrict round a blundering nematode. The fungi then penetrate the immobilised worms with root-like projections called hyphae, which break down their bodies from the inside out.
But these killers aren’t always so murderous. One of the most common and best-studied species—Arthrobotrys oligospora—usually feeds on decaying matter. It only manufactures traps (this one uses sticky nets) when nematodes are around. Only when there’s food does it become a predator. And that means it has some way of sensing its prey.
In a way, this is very old news. Back in 1959, David Pramer and Norman Stoll grew nematodes in a liquid and showed that this broth, minus the worms, could encourage Arhtrobotrys to grow its traps. The worms must secrete some sort of chemical that the fungus can detect. Pramer and Stoll called this mysterious substance “nemin”.
Now, more than five decades later, Yen-Ping Hsueh from the California Institute of Technology has worked out what nemin actually is. It’s not actually one chemical, but an entire family of them, known as ascarosides. They’re an inextricable part of nematode life. The worms rely on these molecules to coordinate their growth, control their behaviour, and find their mates.
Hsueh suspected that the fungi might be attuned to ascarosides, especially those that are used by a diverse range of nematodes. He applied ten of these to cultures of A.oligospora, and sure enough, some of them triggered the creation of traps.
Other species of nematode-eating fungi have the same eavesdropping ability, but each one seems to respond to a subtly different blend of ascarosides. Nematodes also vary in which ascarosides they use, so perhaps the fungi have evolved to recognise the chemical signatures of their preferred prey, or the most common ones in their environment. Either way, it’s a great strategy. The nematodes can’t very well stop using ascarosides, any more than we could do away with food or oxygen. They cannot hide their presence from any fungus that can eavesdrop on these chemicals signals.
Hsueh also found that A.oligospora only kills nematodes when it has to. The worms provide a valuable source of nitrogen, which is missing from the decaying wood that the fungus otherwise digests. If Hsueh grew the fungus on a nitrogen-rich jelly, it didn’t respond to ascarosides and never bothered making traps. After all, it takes nutrients to grow the traps. Usually, the fungus gets enough back from the worms to repay its investment, but if there are plenty of nutrients in the environment, why make that initial outlay?
Bonus: Check out this wonderful site that lists the many ways in which these fungi, and others, kill their prey.
Reference: Hsueh, Mahanti, Schroeder & Sternberg. 2013. Nematode-Trapping Fungi Eavesdrop on Nematode Pheromones. Current Biology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.035
- Prehistoric meat-eating fungus snared microscopic worms
- Worm kills insects by vomiting Hulk-like bacteria
- Parasitic worms paint warning colours on their hosts using glowing bacteria
- Worms track us down with a chemical trail
- Flesh-eating plant traps worms with sticky underground leaves
- Meet Mephisto, the worm that rules the underworld | <urn:uuid:cbc120e3-0a3f-47cf-ad17-509add33f99b> | {
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Any way one looks at this starship, it was a technological marvel. It was built over a fifteen-year period by the Untied Nations Space Agency (UNSA) in their Lunar Yard facility and completed late in 2084. Divine Scepter, originally intended as a long-range exploration ship, had design features that made it possible to expand the ship’s size from parts manufactured aboard.
The industrial deck, dubbed the Plant, was prodigious. It housed massive, computer-driven fabricators – evolved from 3D printers created earlier in the century. The fabricators along with the huge stores of raw materials made Scepter a self-sufficient entity in space. In the Plant, both civil and military needs were met: from weapons to domestic appliances to computers, and the like. Spare parts were manufactured at will.
When they decided to use the colonizer, to assist a select group to escape from Earth and the Omega Virus, ship designers and builders were among the technical specialists chosen to board Scepter. The original ship had seventy-five rectangular pods attached to each other and to the hull of Scepter. Each pod had an access hatch to each pod it touched as well as to the interior of the ship’s hull. Exoskeletons of new pods were manufactured in the Plant and assembled on the hull’s surface, where the assembly specialists were protected by Scepter’s shields.
The residential pods were small cities with roughly 20,000 citizens each. As the population grew, new pods could and were built throughout the ninety-five-year voyage to Genesis. They resembled the towns and small cities on Earth, with comfortably large attached housing units, schools, entertainment centers and business districts all connected by streets laid out in grids. The lighting within the pods mimicked the shifting shades and hues of natural daytime light on Earth’s surface. When appropriate, the pod’s ‘sky’ went dark and street illumination was activated.
Some specialty pods produced food products, safe water, and oxygen for the entire ship community. Others housed research labs, higher educational facilities, and hospitals. Many of Earth’s plant species were preserved in bio-pods. A defensive force field was designed to surround and protect the ship from space matter and attacks from any alien encounters.
Within the ship’s hull were many decks connected by high-speed vertical elevators, called ‘Lifts’ and horizontal transport tubes. The transport vehicles that traveled the various ‘Tubes’ were dubbed ‘Bullets’. So moving from upper to lower decks was as quick as moving aft to forward, and port to starboard. The interior decks housed the propulsion, navigation, environmental systems, weapons systems, and the military. The Crusader Army controlled by the Church was larger and better equipped than the Navy Marine Corps. Navy personnel controlled and navigated the ship. These two military groups were housed on different decks at opposite ends of Scepter. The massive Landing Bay occupied the aft section of the ship, four decks high. Several shuttle craft of differing sizes and purpose occupied about one-third of the Bay.
For ninety-five years, this mighty starship – the only one of its kind – carried the hopes and dreams and the only remnants of humankind remaining in existence, to their final destination. Genesis would be humanity’s new beginning.
Join us for the next episode: a high school class field trip on Genesis! | <urn:uuid:ce0cf9c7-67d6-4aa2-b955-73347e3525f5> | {
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From 1770 to 1820 in the United States, the mentally ill were routinely confined to prisons and jails. In the 1840s, activist Dorothea Dix lobbied for better living conditions for the mentally ill after witnessing the dangerous and unhealthy conditions in which many patients lived. Over a 40-year period, Dix successfully persuaded the U.S. government to fund the building of 32 state psychiatric hospitals. By the mid-1950s, there was a push for deinstitutionalization and outpatient treatment began, facilitated by the development of a variety of antipsychotic drugs and a move toward community-oriented care. It was thought that psychiatric patients would have a higher quality of life if treated in their communities rather than in isolated mental hospitals.
Since 1970, because of a reduced availability of state hospital beds, lack of affordable housing, and underfunded community treatment, the mentally ill have been more often confined to prisons and jails.
At their maximum census in 1955, the state mental hospitals held 558,922 patients. Today, they hold approximately 35,000 patients, and states are continuing to close beds to reduce that number. In 2012, there were estimated to be 356,268 inmates with severe mental illness in prisons and jails. There were also approximately 35,000 patients with severe mental in state psychiatric hospitals. This means that there are ten times the number of persons with serious mental illness in prisons and jails than in state psychiatric hospitals.
The problems associated with placing the mentally ill in prisons and jails include: the mentally ill are confined longer than other prisoners; behavioral issues; victimization of the mentally ill prisoners; deterioration of their conditions because of lack of treatment; a disproportionate number placed in solitary confinement which exacerbates their condition; a disproportionate number of suicides; higher rates of recidivism.; and increased taxpayer costs.
It is probably unfair to blame the poor treatment of the mentally ill in prisons and jail entirely on the prison and jail personnel for they have few options as they are usually untrained or equipped to house hundreds of thousands of mentally ill prisoners. In many cases, they do not have the necessary psychiatric medications and instead rely in many cases, on solitary confinement or restraint.
It has long been established that under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitutional, persons have the right to medical and psychological care while in prison or jail. To deny needed medical and psychological care is to add punishment in excess of the punishment imposed by the sentencing court. For example, here in California, the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Plata, ruled that California's overcrowded prison system could not provide anything close to adequate medical or health care to its 147,000 prisoners. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: “Prisoners retain the essence of human dignity inherent in all persons. Respect for that dignity animates the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.” The Supreme Court ruled that California must remedy the situation by reducing its prison population to 137.5 percent capacity from the current 175.5 percent.
In "The Treatment of Persons With Mental Illness in Prisons and Jails: A State Survey" (Survey) outlines what is needed is to maintain a functioning public mental health treatment system so that mentally ill persons do not end up in prisons and jails. The Survey recommends:
* Reform mental illness treatment laws and practices in the community to eliminate barriers to treatment for individuals too ill to recognize they need care, so they receive help before they are so disordered they commit acts that result in their arrest.
* Reform jail and prison treatment laws so inmates with mental illness can receive appropriate and necessary treatment just as inmates with medical conditions receive appropriate and necessary medical treatment.
* Implement and promote jail diversion programs such as mental health courts.
* Use court-ordered outpatient treatment (assisted outpatient treatment/AOT) to provide the support at-risk individuals need to live safely and successfully in the community.
* Encourage cost studies to compare the true cost of housing individuals with serious mental illness in prisons and jails to the cost of appropriately treating them in the community.
* Establish careful intake screening to identify medication needs, suicide danger, and other risks associated with mental illness.
* Institute mandatory release planning to provide community support and foster recovery.
* Provide appropriate mental illness treatment for inmates with serious psychiatric illness.
The authors of the Survey propose a "Model Law" for inmate treatment to authorize city and county jails to administer nonemergency involuntary medication for mentally ill inmates in need of treatment. | <urn:uuid:3289e39b-1258-47ad-8510-4a0017f92f18> | {
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Essay: Korean Traditional Style of Printing and Bookmaking
As time passes, the life changes around us. New inventions, developments, technologies that occur change and improve our daily life. It can seem for somebody that all things that he or she has today always existed. But in reality the occurrence of all things that we have today has the long background. Even such simple things like books that we have the possibility to have today, have the long history of development from the manuscripts to the printed texts. In different countries this development took place differently and lasted different period of time. Some invented new technologies of making books by themselves, some borrowed already existed ones and developed them further. Through the time different styles of printing and bookmaking occurred. Books, in any of these styles, influenced and helped to develop the culture of nations and therefore had a big significance for the countries. Realization of this important issue made the progress to develop the bookmaking industry further and further. It would be mistake to say that only European countries had a big influence in the process of improvement and development of the printing industry. Other countries also had a big influence. One of them is Korea. It has the long tradition of styles that were used in order to write, print, and copy texts and then to make books. Koreans used such styles as wood blocks, and movable metals. The production of paper is also a big issue in the bookmaking traditions. About each of this style and the tradition of making books I will tell further in the paper.
One of the first forms of printing that appeared in Korea was the printing with the wood blocks. Originally this type was invented in China in 868 A.D. Then it started to be used in Korea. The technique to produce the wood block is the following. At first the original document should be produced, and then it should be laid on the large and smooth wooden and fixed into place reversely. Then the craftsmen carved this document into the block of wood. These documents could be of various types. They could be texts or images, could be written, drawn or painted. Craftsmen were also distinguished by different skill levels. They were ranged from master carvers (those who made a fine work) to assistants who were less talented and made cheaper blocks or less important sections. Later with development of the color inks, the wood blocks started to be color. The wood block printing was very convenient when the large number of exemplars of some particular book was necessary.
This type of printing flourished during the Koryo dynasty (918-1392). Many kinds of books were published at that time and special libraries were built to store these books (Kim, 1980). Tripitaka Koreana is one of the oldest collections of woodblocks. It consists of 81,258 woodblocks and is the testament to Goryoe’s support to Buddhism and a great faith of Korean people during the times of wars. This collection was created by a long and hard process. The blocks were made from white birch and silver magnolia, the wood was impregnated in seawater for three years, sawed into board, and then boiled into seawater.
The text was first written by ink on the block and then curved. Then they were capped with wood and bronze (The Korea Society). By reading how much work was done for this collection we can understand the importance of it. But what we can also see is the amount of time needed to produce a book. This factor brought a significant inconvenience which lead to further development of printing traditions in Korea.
In 1400 A.D. the new type of printing was invented in Korea. It was printing with movable metals. Korea was the first country which developed this type of printing, after 200 years Johann Gutenberg invented it in Europe. However there is no evidence that there is some connection that development of it in Europe was influenced by the Easter developers.
Printing with movable metals was also invented during the Koryo dynasty and became widely spread during the dynasty of Joseon. It was widely used in printing books on astronomy, philosophy, history, law, etc. The principle of movable metal printing is the following. Each letter was punched into the end of a steel punch which then was hammered into a cooper blank. The cooper imprint was inserted into a mold and molted alloy was poured in. Then the alloy cooled and resulted in the reverse image of the letter which was then used to print texts. This innovation has resulted into easier and faster printing. Now it started to be convenient and favorable to print the small number of copies of some particular book. Such books were commonly used in the education of the upper-class families. There were also some disadvantages. One of them is that the Korean language contains a lot of different characters that are difficult in procreation. (Sohn 25-30). In any way this invention resulted in faster production of books and made them more accessible for people. But in order to print books the material on which they could be printed was necessary. Therefore the paper-making craft was very claimed during the time of movable metal printing. The great demand for paper occurred which led to development of paper industry.
The craft of paper-making was introduced in Korea from China. The production of paper began as early as the 6th century. Beginning from Koryo Dynasty the paper was made from mulberry, which is now considered to be the traditional type of Korean paper.
Because it was easier to raise the bush of a mulberry then of hemp, Yi Dynasty craftsmen made more paper from mulberry and even encouraged farmers to grow the shrubs and to produce paper at home. Yi Dynasty introduced advanced paper-making methods from other countries and encouraged craftsmen to learn Chinese and Japanese techniques. Therefore the method of manufacturing the mulberry paper was quite similar to the Chinese and Japanese. This method is the following. Mulberry is put into large boiler and steamed there until it becomes possible to remove the bark. After it is dried, the bark is soaked in water in a tub or stream for 24 hours. In this way the craftsmen soften it. Then the pith is removed and the material is bleached in the sun for several days. Then the bark becomes white and is again dipped into water until swollen. Then it is mixed with lime and boiled for three, four hours. Then it is put in the bag and placed into stream for about a week until all impurities are eliminated. And finally the material is sun-beached which then results in the paper. The Korean paper has can be easy distinguished from any other type of paper by presence of “laid lines” and “chain lines”. (Kyoto Comparative Law Center) As we see the production of paper was not very easy but resulted in the paper of the high quality. In modern Korea the paper is produced by modern standards but the technology of production of mulberry paper is not lost, and this sort of a paper is now considered chosen paper.
The process of making books in pre-modern Korea takes the beginning from the times of wood blocks printing. At the beginning it was represented by the collection of wooden plates with the caved inscriptions, and then it started to be the paper one. The most part of the wooden-block printed books were the Buddhist books. A number of historical records showed that many Buddhist books were published during the Koryo Dynasty. This dynasty had king’s libraries called Naesuhsung that published some books. With the invention of the movable metal printing technique started to be printed, but before this they were simply written with the help of the inks from lampblacks. Before the printing press came about, Koreans published books by transcriptions. They were the main method for duplicating copies of the original books. In the 10th century the demand for the transcribed books rose dramatically. A lot of people wanted to read government published books in order to study for the exams that promised the government jobs. Due to fast increase in printing books the literacy of the people increased also which led to further increase in the book printing. Due to the war with Mongolian people most of the books from the Koryo library were burned. With the invention of the metal movable printing technique the government decided to reprint all books that were burned and to print new ones from the vast amount of new knowledge that were available now. King Gongyang decided to print books decided to print books on medicine, military tactics, and the legal system to strengthen national military power by educating scholars. Also the books about Buddhism continued to be published. The main reason for this was that Buddhism was not religion of the whole nation but also the religion that was saving the kingdom. Monarchs and the people of Koryo believed that this religion has the power to save the country from Mongolia. With the coming of the Chosun Dynasty the public school system was promoted.
Therefore the readership increased which in turn led to higher demand for books and further development of printing. The technology stayed the same but the new institutions were developed. The first one was department of books which selected books for printing according the ideology of the country. The second was the type foundry that cast metal types and published books that were previously selected by the department of books. The development of printing press had a close relationship with the political power. All kings and scholars wanted to control printing institutions because it was a strong educating tool that they could use for their interest (Lee, 1993). As we see in the beginning of the history of printing, making books was the craft that demanded a lot of skills. Through the time it became the craft that needed sufficiently modern equipment.
So, as we see Korean people had an access to the advanced science and technology in ancient time. The duly developed printing technologies and invention of new played a big role not only in the printing industry but also in the overall inelegance of the nation.
Availability of a lot of books on different subjects and issues made it possible for many people to educate themselves. The change in the communication process is believed to change the social life and form a little bit different structure of the society. Although Koreans were the first who invented metal movable printing technique, the social stagnation that was in the country wasn’t strongly effected. On the contrary, Korea stayed an aristocratic society till the 19th century. In any case the printing traditions of this country have left imprint in the history.
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You can order a custom essay on Korea topic at our professional essay writing agency. Our PhD and Master’s degree holding academic experts will write a high-quality custom essay, term paper or research paper on any topic and subject. Our essay writing service provides high school, college and university students with 100% original custom essays written from scratch. We guarantee each customer confidentiality and prompt delivery. Feel free to place a free inquiry at our website to make sure that we will be able to write a custom essay for you: | <urn:uuid:4b34c31f-ec20-4364-be5b-63ca7ba3e5e9> | {
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NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has found two missing unmanned spacecraft orbiting the Moon. NASA has successfully located India’s first lunar satellite, the Chandrayaan-1, which lost contact with Earth control eight years ago and the Lunar Reconnaissance orbiter.
As explained by experts, finding spacecraft and space debris orbiting our planet is a technological challenge, and this task is even more complicated when we talk about our moon. This is due to the brightness of the Moon, which prevents optical telescopes from identifying smaller objects.
In order to easily detect this type of objects lost in space, NASA has developed a new interplanetary radar that has allowed researchers to find the two spacecraft in lunar orbit.
The unmanned spacecraft are the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), launched by NASA in 2009, and the Chandrayaan-1, which belongs to the Indian Space Research Agency, their first mission to the Moon which launched in 2008.
In addition to the time that passed since the last contact with the Indian probe, the size of the probe has also not been of help to the researchers which say that spotting the Chandrayaan-1 was a difficult task. The Chandrayaan-1 is only around 1.5 metres (5 feet) on each side, so from Earth it would be less than a tiny speck around the Moon.
“Finding LRO was relatively easy, as we were working with the mission’s navigators and had precise orbit data where it was located,” said Marina Brozovic, a radar scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
“Finding India’s Chandrayaan-1 required a bit more detective work because the last contact with the spacecraft was in August of 2009.”
To make the discovery, experts first came up with their best predictions as to where the Chandrayaan-1 might have been located. Based on data where the spacecraft was last heard from, their best guess was that the Chandrayaan-1 would be some 200 km above the Moon, situated in a polar orbit.
After estimating its position, experts ‘beamed microwaves towards the moon’s north pole, some 380,000 kilometers away, using the huge antenna at NASA’s Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California, and waited for them to bounce back, reports Science Alert.
Experts say that if any small spacecraft crossed the path of the microwaves, they could detect them. Luckily, this is exactly what happened—the team detected a small spacecraft crossing the microwaves twice in around four hours, the same orbital period that Chandrayaan-1 was predicted to have.
Experts continued tuning into the radars in order to understand the spacecraft’s current orbit and position. They found that it barely had shifted in the almost eight years it had been adrift by itself.
“It turns out that we needed to shift the location of Chandrayaan-1 by about 180 degrees, or half a cycle from the old orbital estimates from 2009,” said Ryan Park, manager of JPL’s Solar System Dynamics group.
“But otherwise, Chandrayaan-1’s orbit still had the shape and alignment that we expected.”
NASA scientists believe that this new technique could play an important role in future missions to the Moon as both a tool to assess the danger of collision and a safety mechanism for spacecraft encountering navigation or communication problems . | <urn:uuid:848a2e1f-4c6d-45c4-8188-d268746bbade> | {
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At the height of the construction of the Panama Canal in the early 1900s—the world’s largest and most expensive engineering project up to that point—workers were excavating the equivalent of one Suez Canal every three years. Panama’s current $5.25 billion expansion of that canal is a worthy sequel to that feat, and it has also opened doors for Smithsonian researchers.
From This Story
The new blasting and digging provided “a fantastic opportunity to see fresh rocks,” says Carlos Jaramillo, a staff geologist and botanist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. “That’s very rare in the tropics, where almost everything is covered in vegetation.”
When the new canal locks are done, much of the exposed geology will disappear under concrete, but Jaramillo and some colleagues are making the most of the short-lived chance. Using new geological-dating techniques, they conclude that the isthmus connecting North and South America arose not 3.5 million years ago, the prevailing view, but as long ago as 15 million years. That revision has huge consequences, because the separation of the Atlantic from the Pacific would have had major climatic effects. It has been linked, for instance, to the onset of glaciation in North America. If the new date is correct, the causes of glaciation and other global upheavals will have to be rethought.
When I visited Panama earlier this year, I stood with Jaramillo in a field site covered in ancient shells. Scattered among them were the teeth of juvenile megalodons, prehistoric sharks that grew to be twice the size of the great white. Jaramillo’s team appears to have stumbled on a megalodon breeding ground.
The Smithsonian’s presence in Panama goes back to a biological survey in 1910. Today, we have research centers in Panama City, in the canal-side town of Gamboa and on Barro Colorado Island (in man-made Lake Gatun), as well as in seven other spots. In Gamboa, Klaus Winter, another staff scientist, is growing plants and trees in air with CO2 concentrations that mirror past, present and projected future levels. Among the questions he is asking: Will the mix of trees in tropical forests change as carbon-dioxide levels rise? Will these changes mitigate or exacerbate the rise in atmospheric CO2?
Panama, bridging two continents and host to the only canal that connects two oceans, is defined by linkages. Our scholars are also focused on connections: between geology and climate, flora and fauna, the natural and human realms—work that grows more relevant by the day. Nowhere will this be more vividly displayed than in the Frank Gehry-designed Biomuseo being built in Panama City, centered on the findings of Smithsonian research. Those intrepid Smithsonian surveyors of a century ago could not have known what they were starting. | <urn:uuid:3366495b-0afe-4108-8554-c8ee084e4e47> | {
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Point No Point Light (Washington)
|Year first constructed||1879|
|Year first lit||1880|
|Construction||Brick and stucco|
|Height||30 feet (9.1 m)|
|Focal height||27 feet (8.2 m)|
|Original lens||Fifth order Fresnel lens (1880); Fourth order Fresnel lens (1898)|
|Range||14 nautical mile|
|Characteristic||3 white flashes every 10 s|
|Heritage||place listed on the National Register of Historic Places|
Point No Point Light Station
|Nearest city||Hansville, Washington|
|Area||3 acres (1.2 ha)|
|NRHP reference #||78002758|
|Added to NRHP||August 10, 1978|
Point No Point Light is an operational aid to navigation on the northeastern tip of the Kitsap Peninsula on the west side of Puget Sound, at Point No Point where Admiralty Inlet joins Puget Sound, near the small community of Hansville, Kitsap County, in the U.S. state of Washington. Point No Point Light is considered the oldest lighthouse on Puget Sound and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Local authorities first proposed to locate the lighthouse further north on Foulweather Bluff. When the Point No Point location was agreed upon, the owners of the land were reluctant to sell. The terms of the final sales agreement have been variously reported as 10 acres (4.0 ha) for $1,000, 40 acres (16 ha) for $1,000, and 40 acres (16 ha) for $1,800.
Construction of the lighthouse began in April 1879. The first light used was a kerosene lamp. As 1879 drew to a close, the lens and glass for the lantern had not arrived, so the first lighthouse keeper, J.S. Maggs, a Seattle dentist, hung a canvas over the south window openings to break the wind and keep the kerosene lamp from blowing out.
Upon completion of the light station in February 1880, the lantern room held a fifth-order Fresnel lens. The original masonry structure was 27 feet (8.2 m) high. The present 30-foot (9.1 m) brick and stucco tower is square and situated between the office and fog signal building. A fog signal, formerly used at New Dungeness Lighthouse, was installed in April 1880. In 1900, the fog bell was replaced by a Daboll trumpet. With no roads to the lighthouse for its first 40 years, supplies had to be brought in by boat.
In 1898, the original lens was replaced with a fourth-order fresnel lens, which is still in place although it is no longer in use. Popular history holds that when lightning struck in 1931, it caused the lens to crack. However, according to McClary, records indicate "the damage occurred when a faulty oil vaporizer tube allowed explosive vapors to build up in the light chamber." The tower was also damaged which required patching and replacing the copper tubing.
In 1975, a 90-foot (27 m) radar tower was built on the west side of the lighthouse. The tower is used for the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS). In 1977, the lighthouse became fully automated and only required one man to be assigned to the station. The Coast Guard replaced the light in 2006 with a low-maintenance, post-mounted, rotating beacon.
- Park and headquarters
In 1997, the last Coast Guard personnel left Point No Point and it stood empty until it was leased to Kitsap County Parks and Recreation. The county purchased adjoining parcels and created 60-acre (24 ha) Point No Point Lighthouse and Park. In 2012, the Department of the Interior announced the transfer of ownership of the lighthouse to Kitsap County.
- "Point No Point Light". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- Rowlett, Russ (October 19, 2014). "Lighthouses of the United States: Washington". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
- National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- "Point No Point Light". Inventory of Historic Light Stations: Washington Lighthouses. National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 18, 2004. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form". National Park Service. August 10, 1978. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "History: The light station is established". Friends of Point No Point Lighthouse. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "Point No Point, WA". Lighthousefriends. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "Historic Light Station Information & Photography: Washington". U.S. Coast Guard. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "Point No Point Lighthouse and Park". Kitsap County. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "Secretary Salazar Announces Transfer of Lighthouses in Washington and Michigan to Local Ownership" (Press release). National Park Service. July 18, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- "Society History". United States Lighthouse Society. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- Sharlene and Ted Nelson (1998). Umbrella Guide to Washington Lighthouses. Epicenter Press. ISBN 9780945397700.
- Strait History, the quarterly publication of the Clallam County Historical Society and Museum, 1(4).
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Photo Credit: Fondazione Francesca-Rava
This content is provided in partnership with GUCCI Beauty for CHIME FOR CHANGE.
By the end of 2012, The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimated that 7.6 million people were newly displaced worldwide. That brings the total number of those forcibly removed from their homes as a result of conflict, violence and human rights violations to 45.2 million, since record keeping began in 1993. Fifteen million were forced to live as refugees; 48 percent of those were women and girls.
Women seek to suddenly uproot their lives and flee for a variety of reasons, according to the UNHCR - namely domestic abuse, rape, sexual slavery, honor killings, genital mutilation, forced marriage, impregnation, abortion, and sterilization. But sadly it doesn't get much better upon arrival in their newly chosen homeland. As internal armed conflict increases in war-torn countries, the impact of displacement on women is often just as devastating, as female refugees suffer disproportionately in comparison to men. It's far more common for women to experience acts of gender-based discrimination and violence, occurring not only during the outbreak of a conflict, but also during flight and often throughout the duration of displacement.
Women and adolescent girls in search of protection may be forced to offer sex to border guards and others in return for permission to pass, and are also at greater risk of being trafficked into prostitution and other types of forced labor, according to UNHCR. Displaced women and girls in urban areas often live in squalid conditions and lack access to fundamental services, such as education and health care. The Women's Refugee Commission warns that young girls are often thrust into adulthood and expected to provide economic support; without money to pay for rent or even food, females risk sexual exploitation by landlords and others.
Making a Difference
Italian non-profit Fondazione Francesca-Rava knows that women and children face life-threatening circumstances when fleeing their homes. To help refugees begin their journey to their new lives safely, Fondazione Francesca-Rava organizes teams of doctors, obstetricians, nurses and cultural mediators who travel on an Italian navy ship—known as the Ship of Hope—in the Mediterranean Sea to search for and help rescue refugees.
Click here to support Fondazione Francesca-Rava's Ship of Hope project. To learn more about the Chime for Change campaign to convene, unite and strengthen the voices speaking out for girls and women around the world, visit chimeforchange.org.
You can donate $5 to Chime for Change with the purchase of select Gucci fragrances. Just visit www.gucci.com. | <urn:uuid:4f098c4e-dff8-44ec-83a6-d964cf3cf2f6> | {
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Those who partake in Holi festivities smear colored water and brightly colored powdered paint—called gulal—on friends, family, and strangers during huge public celebrations.
Most of the festivals last about two days, but some regions may celebrate much longer.
While Holi is seen as a lighthearted time, there is a wealth of Hindu mythology behind the colorful revelry.
The most popular story is that of Prahlad, a young devotee of Lord Vishnu and son of an arrogant and evil king.
As the story goes, Hindu American Foundation's Shah said, Prahlad's father believed he should be worshiped instead of Vishnu and disapproved of Prahlad's devotion to the god.
After several attempts on his son's life, the king ordered Prahlad to sit on the lap of his aunt Holika—who, it was said, could not be burned by fire—on a lit pyre. Prahlad agreed, and after praying to Vishnu, he entered the fire.
"To the amazement of all, Prahlad survived while Holika was burnt to death," Shah said. "Thus, the celebration of Holi—the Lord Vishnu protects those who have true love and faith in him." | <urn:uuid:428e8013-cc6f-4e9a-a6c6-37e3105832ba> | {
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