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What is governance?
According to ISACA, governance “ensures that stakeholder needs, conditions and options are evaluated to determine balanced, agreed-on enterprise objectives to be achieved; setting direction through prioritisation and decision making; and monitoring performance and compliance against agreed-on direction and objectives.”
While management “plans, builds, runs and monitors activities in alignment with the direction of the governance body”, according to ISACA’s definition, governance sets the policies, procedures, practices and organizational structures that ensure the execution of strategic goals. Identity and access governance sets the framework within which identity and access technology and processes are implemented. By shifting the focus to control rather than execution, governance is also the ideal approach to manage identity and access in an outsourced environment like the cloud.
Why does governance matter?
Good governance ensures that there is a consistent approach to risks and compliance across different lines of business and multiple laws and regulations. It can reduce costs by avoiding multiple ad hoc approaches to compliance and risk management. Identity and access governance ensures, in a consistent and efficient manner, that only authorized people have access to their confidential and regulated data.
The governance process leads the organization to evaluate risks in terms of their likelihood and business impact, and then to decide on the best approach to manage those risks. For example, choosing how to authenticate individuals accessing a system is a trade-off between the risk of impersonation, the value of the information and cost of the different authentication technologies. Where the impact, in terms of losses, would be high, it may make sense to choose a stronger (and more expensive) form of authentication than a username and password. Where the impact is low, a cheaper but less effective authentication process may be more appropriate. Governance provides a way to make this kind of decision effectively and consistently. | <urn:uuid:2905d310-08a6-4920-9f4c-06b5ea3b52a5> | {
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Late in 2013 the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated crude oil production in the Bakken region of North Dakota and Montana would top 1 MMbopd. This meant that, at that time, the Bakken region contributed a little over 10% of total US oil production and became the fourth region (along with the Gulf of Mexico, Eagle Ford and the Permian Basin) producing more than 1 MMbopd in the country. At the same time, infrastructure improvements in the central part of the USA have allowed for more of this oil to reach central refineries, narrowing the price differential between Bakken and West Texas Intermediate crudes.
Now, the largest leaseholder and producer in the Bakken shale play – independent oil producer Continental Resources, based in Oklahoma City – has announced that the Bakken of North Dakota and Montana recently reached the milestone of producing a billion barrels of the light, sweet crude oil. According to Continental, data from IHS show that the Bakken’s cumulative oil production reached this landmark in the first quarter of 2014.
“This milestone validates the immense potential of the Bakken field, and development is just beginning,” said Jack Stark, Senior Vice President of Exploration for Continental. Going on to illustrate the remarkable ramp-up in production, Stark said, “Two-thirds of this oil was produced in the last three years. This is something our country can celebrate as the oil and natural gas industry continues to create jobs, grow our economy and secure America’s energy future.”
Confirmation of the billion- barrel-milestone came with the publication of data showing that North Dakota has generated 852 MMb of Bakken crude, and Montana has produced about 151 MMb through to the first quarter of 2014. The remarkable speed of development has been possible due to the use of the widely publicised techniques of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, designed to recover the oil trapped in a thin layer of dense rock over three kilometres beneath the surface.
The Bakken encompasses some 65,000 km2 in North Dakota, Montana, Saskatchewan and Manitoba with about two-thirds of the acreage in western North Dakota. Development and production have evolved at a rapid pace, as summarised by Thomas Smith in his excellent 2012 article in GEO ExPro Vol.9,No.1. For example, in 2007 North Dakota produced 12,000 bopd (303 wells), rising to 106,000 bopd by 2009 (904 wells) and by 2012 was producing 443,425 bopd (3,118 wells), before reaching the 1 MMbopd landmark in 2013.
And, as we have seen, North Dakota is not the only area with Bakken production, with neighbouring Montana, where the present oil boom originated (see GEO ExPro Vol. 7, No. 2), and Canada adding significant production of their own. Unlocking the rich resources of the Bakken shale have propelled North Dakota from the nation’s ninth-largest oil producer in 2006 to rank second in crude oil production in the United States, behind only Texas.
Deposited within the intracratonic Williston Basin, approximately 360 million years ago, the Bakken Formation is Devonian to Mississippian in age. The thickest portion of the Bakken (46m) is in north-western North Dakota and it thins evenly south-eastwards toward the margins of the Basin. The upper and lower members consist of hard, siliceous, black organic-rich shales. These form effective seals for the middle member, which consists of five highly variable lithologies, from several argillaceous siltstones to fine-grained sandstone and limestone, all with low primary permeability (0.04 mD average) and porosity (5% average). The other important reservoir target, the Three Forks Formation, consists of shales, dolostones, siltstones and sandstones with a maximum thickness of 76m. | <urn:uuid:fd1e4fab-527a-41f8-a2a2-79e925b70e74> | {
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is based on, and claims priority from, Japanese Application Serial Number JP2011-169038, filed Aug. 2, 2011, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
- Top of Page
The present invention relates to a narrow directional microphone using an acoustic tube, and more particularly to a technique that reduces degradation in directional frequency response caused by covering a front end opening of an acoustic tube with a film in order to suppress wind noise and the like.
- Top of Page
In a narrow directional microphone using an acoustic tube, a narrow cylindrical acoustic tube having a prescribed axial length is attached to a front acoustic terminal side, which is a front side of a diaphragm of a unidirectional microphone unit.
Air existing in an acoustic tube serves as an acoustic mass in a low frequency band. The acoustic mass in the low frequency band operates in a manner equivalent to the mass being added to a diaphragm (equivalent to an additional weight to the diaphragm). This facilitates capturing vibration noise.
The acoustic tube is provided with an opening which many sound waves enter (the front end opening or a slit-like opening formed on the wall of the tube). Accordingly, the tube is susceptible to wind noise. Vibration noise and wind noise mainly include low frequency components.
For the purpose of reference, FIG. 4 shows a graph of directional frequency response of a narrow directional microphone using a conventional acoustic tube. This graph indicates that an output level at a low frequency band increases and vibration noise and wind noise largely appear.
Thus, the present assignee has proposed a technique that covers the front end opening of an acoustic tube with a film capable of being displaced by sound waves, mainly for reducing wind noise, in Japanese Patent No. 4684012.
This technique allows the film to prevent low frequency sound waves from passing. Accordingly, wind noise can be reduced. However, in the case where the film is planar, bending of the film by a wind or the like sometimes makes noise that is specific to the film. The invention described in Japanese Patent No. 4684012 uses a film preferably formed into a corrugated shape.
However, even in the case where the film is formed into a corrugated shape, the film has a mass and a stiffness to restore the film to the original position. Accordingly, in a narrow directional microphone having the configuration described in Japanese Patent No. 4684012, resonance occurs owing to the stiffness of the film and the acoustic mass of an air column in the acoustic tube. In an equivalent circuit, the stiffness is represented by a capacitance C, and the acoustic mass is represented by an inductance L.
FIG. 5 shows a graph of directional frequency response measured by the narrow directional microphone having the configuration described in Japanese Patent No. 4684012. In this measurement example, resonance due to the C and L occurs around 200 Hz, showing degradation in directional frequency response. This also means degradation in sound quality.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a narrow directional microphone including an acoustic tube having a front end opening covered with a film mainly for reducing wind noise wherein degradation is reduced in directional frequency response due to resonance between the stiffness of the film and the acoustic mass of the air column in the acoustic tube.
- Top of Page
OF THE INVENTION
In order to achieve the object, the present invention provides a narrow directional microphone including: a unidirectional microphone unit; and a cylindrical acoustic tube having a prescribed axial length, wherein a rear end of the acoustic tube is coupled to a side of a front acoustic terminal of the unidirectional microphone unit, and a front end opening of the acoustic tube is covered with a film capable of being displaced by a wind pressure, and the microphone further includes an acoustic resistor disposed at a position which is on an outward side of the film and at which the resistor does not come into contact with the film even when the film is displaced by the wind pressure.
According to a preferable mode of the present invention, the microphone further includes an annular spacer disposed between the film and the acoustic resistor to prevent the film and the resistor from being in contact with each other.
Furthermore, any of a nonwoven fabric, a thin metal plate having many pores, and a sponge material having open-cell foam is preferably adopted as the acoustic resistor.
Moreover, it is preferred that the film be made of a thermoplastic resin, and a first irregularity pattern having rough irregularities with a long period and a second irregularity pattern having fine irregularities with a short period be formed over an entire area of the film.
According to the present invention, the acoustic resistor is arranged on the outward side of the film covering the front end opening of the acoustic tube. This arrangement allows the acoustic resistor to suppress series resonance of the film. Accordingly, degradation in directional frequency response due to resonance can be reduced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
- Top of Page
FIG. 1A is a sectional view showing an embodiment of a narrow directional microphone according to the present invention;
FIG. 1B is a sectional view of an exterior casing applied to the embodiment;
FIG. 1C is a sectional view showing an acoustic tube and a unit section that are accommodated in the exterior casing;
FIG. 2A is a plan view of a film applied to the embodiment;
FIG. 2B is a partially enlarged plan view of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 2C is a partially enlarged sectional view of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing directional frequency response measured in the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing directional frequency response of a conventional, typical narrow directional microphone; and
FIG. 5 is a graph showing directional frequency response of a narrow directional microphone having a film over a front end opening of an acoustic tube.
- Top of Page
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. | <urn:uuid:3d4e8ecc-23f0-4631-b5dd-ff725a2a2949> | {
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Search the Collection
Prince George of Denmark, Duke of Cumberland (1653-1708), Consort of Queen Anne; son of King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Sitter in 34 portraits
The second son of Frederick III, King of Demark, George married Princess Anne in 1683. There was not much affection for George in England: he was widely held to be lazy, incompetent, hypocritical, and to speak poor English. Anne became Queen of England in 1702, but George was not made King. He was given charge of the Admiralty but had little skill. This was made worse by the chronic asthma which eventually killed him.
by Henry Hering
albumen carte-de-visite photomontage, 1862
by Bernard Lens (II), after Unknown artist, published by Edward Cooper | <urn:uuid:c81e824f-b3dd-45e1-bcbb-85acf9c3b5d4> | {
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DDESS Schools in the News
Electrochemistry Demonstration at LHS
Turning Pennies to Silver and Gold
LHS, Kylie Schlather
Camp Lejeune, NC | December 19, 2013
Ms. Salcido, a Science teacher at Lejeune High School, recently conducted a class demonstration regarding electrochemistry turning copper pennies to silver and gold.
The experiment consisted of a Bunsen burner, some pennies, zinc, and a few chemicals.
The pennies were first electroplated with zinc, which gives the pennies a silver tone. The class filled a glass with water, zinc and few other chemicals, placed them on the Bunsen burner then dropped the pennies in.
To turn the pennies gold the electroplated pennies are heated on the Bunsen burner to produce a brass alloy, which is a golden color.
Cassidy Campbell, a junior at Lejeune HS, said that it was really cool seeing the chemical reactions.
After 24 hours, depending on the age of the penny, it could turn back to a copper color.
According to Ms. Salcido the lesson will be used when they study oxidation-reduction reactions. | <urn:uuid:321edc3e-c6a8-454b-a515-26a1a87c4c52> | {
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Documentary reveals the dangers of the HPV vaccine.
The HPV vaccine is one of the most widely administered, given our for free to most school-age girls, it is designed to protect against HPV which has been linked to cervical cancer.
The two main producers of the HPV vaccine are Gardasil and Cervarix, they are given to nearly every young girl in the UK.
A documentary has been released highlighting certain cases in which receiving the HPV vaccine did harm to the girls, rather than good.
The documentary states that levels of adverse reactions from the HPV are much higher than guidelines predicted and higher than any other vaccine.
The documentary series ‘Sacrificial Virgins’ written and narrated by Joan Shenton and directed by Andi Reiss, follows several girls on their story after receiving the vaccine and the ill effects it had on them.
In the film we meet Chloe Leanne Brookes, who became ill shortly after receiving the vaccine, and now suffers from paralysis and needs constant care from her mother.
The HPV vaccine is one of the most widely distributed in the world, and also has one of the highest adverse reaction stats, the documentary aims to highlight the dangers of the vaccine and reiterates the fact that while some vaccines are good, not every vaccine is right for every person.
By April 2017, there have been 9,000 ‘adverse’ reactions to the HPV vaccine, a staggering 3,000 of these were classified as ‘serious’.
The HPV vaccine is often given to children as young as 11. Receiving any vaccine at such a young age can produce dangerous side effects, very high temperatures and damage to the immune system can be done by other ‘safer’ vaccines, so imagine the dangers of giving the ‘most dangerous‘ vaccines to children as young as this.
Vaccine laws are changing, as the power is taken away from the parents, and given not to science, but to the politicians.
Source : Heath Nut News | <urn:uuid:e9a31faa-22a5-427b-a2ea-223a6ea0f981> | {
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- any of the free-swimming larva of certain crustaceans, as the crab, having rudimentary legs and a spiny carapace.
Origin of zoea
1820–30; < New Latin, equivalent to Greek zō(ḗ) life + New Latin -ea -ea
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for zoea
With crowds of its brothers and sisters, the zoea kicks about on the surface of the sea.
The maggot is the larva of the fly, and the zoea is the larva of the Crab.
It was called a zoea; but you can call it a Crab caterpillar or larva.
You ask about the skipping of the Zoea stage in fresh-water decapods: is this an illustration of acceleration?More Letters of Charles Darwin
As an illustration of this metamorphosis, we give figures of the Zoea Taurus in two states, viz., Fig.The Ocean World:
- the free-swimming larva of a crab or related crustacean, which has well-developed abdominal appendages and may bear one or more spines
C20: New Latin, from Greek zōē life
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 | <urn:uuid:29a3f273-ee13-43a6-bce5-ad43a014fa43> | {
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Definition of inflammation
Examples of inflammation in a sentence
The drug is used to reduce inflammation.
inflammations of the throat and ears
First Known Use of inflammation
INFLAMMATION Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of inflammation for English Language Learners
: a condition in which a part of your body becomes red, swollen, and painful
INFLAMMATION Defined for Kids
Definition of inflammation for Students
: a bodily response to injury or disease in which heat, redness, and swelling are present
Medical Definition of inflammation
: a local response to cellular injury that is marked by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, pain, swelling, and often loss of function and that serves as a mechanism initiating the elimination of noxious agents and of damaged tissue
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up inflammation? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:96078896-f29f-41fa-b847-5a209f1df127> | {
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Most past research (and some ongoing research) involves the collection and analysis of low-level atmospheric observations over the ocean, based on special field measurements from moored buoys and aircraft. Notable examples have involved documenting the effects of the terrain along the U.S. West Coast on landfalling storms during the winter.
As part of the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program, air-sea interactions are being studied in the western sub-tropical Pacific.
A majority of the current work is under the broad umbrella of the Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigation (FOCI). Here the focus has been on the variability in climate and atmospheric forcing of the Bering Sea, and topographical effects on coastal winds in Alaska. The results from this work are being applied to issues related to the marine ecosystems in Alaskan waters, with a special emphasis on the impacts of climate
US-GLOBEC NEP Phase IIIb-CGOA: Bottom-up control of lower-trophic variability: A synthesis of atmospheric, oceanic, and ecosystem observations (NOAA/NSF)
Role of air-sea interaction in the Kuroshio Extension (NOAA)
Future Climate Habitat of AYK Ecosystems (Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative)
Downscaling Global Climate Projections to the Ecosystems of the Bering Sea with Nested Biophysical Models (NSF) | <urn:uuid:e5405c2a-f8ec-46ae-9184-b70aa960381e> | {
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The entrepreneurship phenomenon
The term entrepreneurship is relatively easy to explain but its phenomenon requires much more attention, especially among young people. The term can be defined as a driving force for starting your own business and then organizing and managing business ideas, but to really understand the phenomenon you need to start from the entrepreneurs.
At its core entrepreneurship is all about creating new values, finding opportunities and identifying the problems on both new and existing markets and solving those problems in an innovative way. The easier part is to come up with an idea and identify the problem that must be solved. However, the challenge is the implementation. How to attract clients and how to conquer the market with the resources you have.
But then again, entrepreneurship is just a term and it wouldn’t exist if it wasn’t for the people. The entrepreneurs. They are the main agents and the seeds of entrepreneurship.
An entrepreneur is someone who has the skills, willpower and enough courage to take the risk in order to bring the business idea to realization. He must have the urge to change the world, to make it better. To solve problems and to satisfy needs.
The entrepreneur also needs to be a driving force that motivates others and finds the resources. And for that, he must have certain skills.
Skills of an entrepreneur
To be a successful entrepreneur you need to have the mix of different skills. On one hand, there are your professional skills which are not the key to your success while on the other there are some interpersonal skills and also the ones that enable you to be creative and consistent in hard times along with a skill to build a good team. Furthermore, you need to have some characteristics that will make you the great entrepreneur. In fact, there are 4 set of skills that every entrepreneur must adopt in order to be successful.
Question your personal characteristics, values, and beliefs. If you think that you own at least some of these characteristics, then you have the character of an entrepreneur. Here are some of them:
a) Optimism – Are you a positive thinker? This will help you get through tough times that every entrepreneur must face.
b) Vision – Do you easily detect how to make use of given circumstances? Do you have the ability to see the bigger picture? If you do, you can easily pass that energy to other people and inspire them to join you.
c) Risk tolerance – Are you willing to take the risk and to make choices and decisions even when things aren’t clear and certain enough?
d) Resistance – Are you capable of dealing with challenges even when the things aren’t going according to your plan? Are you able to learn from your mistakes?
In order to be a successful entrepreneur, it is absolutely necessary to cooperate with others. That means you need to build and develop relationships with your team, clients, investors, and suppliers. There are people who naturally have this skills, but fortunately, they are easily learned.
a) Leadership and motivation – Do you know how to delegate tasks to others? In entrepreneurship, you need to rely on others because in the early stages of business development there is so much work that you can hardly do it just by yourself.
b) Communication skills – Do you know every type of communication? Because you need to be able to communicate to others in order to sell your vision to the investors, potential clients and your team especially.
c) Personal relationships – There are many types of intelligence, and one of them is the emotional intelligence. The bigger it is the easier for you to work with others.
d) Ethics – Are your business relationships founded on honesty, respect, and fair play? It is hard to build a satisfied and dedicated team and good relationships with your clients and suppliers if you don’t respect these rules.
Critical and creative thinking
It is often necessary for an entrepreneur to have fresh ideas about the ways of overcoming challenges. If you develop the ability to make the right decisions based on information you receive you will be successful. And as far as the creativity is concerned it is the skill that can be developed.
a)Creative thinking – Are you able to see the situation from the different angles and come up with the original ideas?
b)Solving problems – How well do you find the solution to the problems you are faced?
c)Distinct opportunities – Are you aware of the trends? Do you know how to make use of the opportunity?
You need to have practical skills and knowledge in order to efficiently manage your business or to produce goods and services.
a)Determining your goals – Do you have the habit of setting the goals and then making plans on how to achieve them?
b)Planning and organizing – Are you able to develop and document business plans and other documentation in order to achieve goals in every aspect of your business? Are you able to coordinate the work of other people?
c)making decisions – Do you make decisions based on relevant information, assessing potential consequences? Are you absolutely certain in decisions that you are making?
If you have ever considered becoming an entrepreneur you need to adopt these skills. You need to be a winner. To reach for the business opportunities despite limited material resources. Many people are faced with entrepreneurial challenges, but what will make you an excellent entrepreneur is the character. You need to be the one who never quits. You need to overcome barriers and follow the opportunity to the end. | <urn:uuid:5e18a6ff-7fce-4e5a-9cff-ac958b9fc088> | {
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The successful treatment of cancer requires the total elimination of malignant cells in the body. The aim of the therapy on offer is to procure necrosis by disrupting energy metabolism in both primary and secondary (metastatic) growths. In marked contrast with conventional treatments, the procedure is highly selective; both side effects and associated risks are negligible. Patients are asked to be realistic; it is impossible to provide any guarantee of the desired outcome. Careful adherence to the advice provided is necessary.
Certain drugs acting on the central nervous system possess the additional property of causing injury to tumours by interfering with energy production. Some belong to the large group of drugs known as phenothiazines, many of which have been in use for half a century. Their diverse uses include the treatment of schizophrenia, nausea and pain. The active drug in this form of cancer treatment is the phenothiazine Phenergan (promethazine), currently used as an anti-histamine, as a paediatric sedative, and to quell travel sickness. Introduced in 1947, its effects on the central nervous system are much less marked than those of most other phenothiazines. In most countries Phenergan can be freely purchased in the form of l0mg and 25mg tablets; other phenothiazines are available only on prescription. Formulations in which the drug is provided in conjunction with other drugs are not recommended.
This novel and unconventional therapy has several unusual features. First, a new chemotherapeutic target is selected within the cancer cell. The majority of anticancer drugs currently in use are supposed to react with DNA located mostly in the nuclei. In marked contrast phenothiazines active against cancer trigger a cytotoxic mechanism within the cancer cell itself. The production of chemical energy in its power-houses (mitochondria) is disrupted initially by intensifying their natural state of partial disablement, and then by destroying them.
Second, in order to produce its anti-cancer action Phenergan has to be taken according to a specific schedule. The maintenance of continuous destructive pressure against malignant growths constitutes an essential feature of the treatment.
Third, the treatment is the result of a long investigation standing fully in the tradition of applied medical research. Despite the impressive weight of supportive scientific evidence (see below) and in spite of several requests, no cancer charity or pharmaceutical firm has agreed to conduct any kind of clinical trial. Patent cover for Phenergan has long run out. In consequence the costs of treatment are too modest to attract commercial interest.
The treatment is in four parts:
1. First, the white cells of the blood need to be protected against rare side-effects (blood dyscrasias) by taking certain micro-nutrients. A multi-vitamin/mineral preparation is necessary containing the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of copper (2.5mg), manganese (4mg), zinc (l5mg) and selenium (50mcg, or 0.05mg). Minor deviations from these amounts, which should be taken daily, are unimportant. Vitamin supplements in excess of RDA values, especially vitamins C (RDA 60mg) and E (RDA 8-l0mg), should be avoided as far as possible.
2. Second, a quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids (the so-called omega-3 fatty acids) of fish origin is needed. Flax oil may also be taken. Patients should aim at a minimum of a gram daily; more is advisable, but the intake can be cut back if bowel looseness is experienced.
3. Third, the purpose of the polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement is to allow cancerous cells to synthesise substances that bring about their self-destruction. To encourage the process still further, patients are recommended to take between 1 and 2 grams each of inositol and choline daily. These are naturally-occurring substances normally available from health stores. Some authorities recommend inositol hexaphosphate (1P6), which contains only 23% inositol and may form insoluble precipitates with calcium within the bowel. It may also be more expensive than inositol itself.
4. Fourth, treatment is initiated by taking Phenergan as a 50mg dose one evening at retiring. It is necessary to continue eight hours later on the following day with 25mg. Phenergan must be taken every eight hours until an adequate period of time has elapsed after the last traces of disease have disappeared. At present that period is arbitrarily put at six months, but should be extended if any doubt exists over the elimination of disease. The duration of treatment is further discussed below.
If possible patients should begin to take nutritional supplements, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, several days before starting with Phenergan, and should continue during therapy. Success depends on maintaining continuous pharmacological pressure against the cancer throughout the entire period of treatment.
A general improvement in terms of improved sleep, normal appetite and general wellbeing should be perceptible at least by the end of the first week. In time pain can be expected to dissipate. A record of body weight should be kept. The advice on offer is gentle and humane; for those with experience of the fiercer forms of chemotherapy and radiotherapy the difference will come as a pleasant surprise.
Precautions: It is necessary to give up alcohol completely. Exposure to ultraviolet light and sunlight, especially sunbathing, are to be avoided as far as possible. A leaflet is provided with the Phenergan packet; the advice given should be read and, apart from discontinuation, carefully adhered to. The group of drugs known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors must not be taken in conjunction with Phenergan.
Complement any herbal cancer treatment with a The Professional Rife Machine, Version 2 Machine. | <urn:uuid:5f6d489a-cd0a-4278-8a01-2c8f464afec7> | {
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Kids & Critters: The bumblebee
The wonderful thing about August is the fact that the summer has become so well established that we enter a time that I call, “deep summer.” School has been out for a few weeks, parties have been planned and hosted and now we just have the lazy days of summer before school starts up again.
These are the days for going to parksor playing in the meadow behind the house. These are the days for catching frogs and snakes, fishing in the local pond or going for long walks with friends. I did this sort of thing last weekend with my wife and we had a wonderful time. She was particularly taken with a group of bumblebees that were pollinating some hasta flowers and that got me to thinking about bumblebees myself.
If you live and play in western Massachusetts, you are likely to be familiar with only two types of bees — the honeybee and the bumblebee. What you may not be familiar with is the fact that the honeybee is not native to North America. The Europeans who settled this continent brought honeybees with them but, upon their arrival, the Europeans did find other bees that were endemic to North America — the bumblebees.
But the name bumblebee is somewhat misleading because there are more than 250 different species of insects that fall into this category. However, they do all share some similar features that help us to differentiate them from honeybees.
A honeybee would best be described as sort of a dull orange color with black stripes on the abdomen. One could also say that a honeybee is relatively small and not at all “furry.” In contrast, bumblebees can get to be quite large. With so many species to choose from there are definitely a variety of color patterns to see, but, for the most part, bumblebees tend to be yellow-and-black and noticeably “fuzzy.”
The life history of bumblebees is actually rather similar to honeybees. A fertile female bumblebee (called a queen) will mate with male “drones” and then go off to start a hive of her own. The female keeps her eggs separate from the sperm that was provided by the males. When she lays her eggs, she can control if the eggs are fertilized or not. Non-fertilized eggs will turn into female worker bees, while fertilized eggs will become males.
One of the interesting things about bumblebees is that since they are native to this area, they don’t form the large hives that are found in the honeybee, which was originally found in the warmer areas of southeast Asia. Bumblebees don’t generate the massive colonies that produce huge amounts of honey. Instead, a full-sized bumblebee hive is probably going to contain no more than a 100 individuals.
What is truly fascinating about bumblebee societies is the fact that the female workers can also lay eggs. In the first stages of a hive, the queen bee is the only adult. When her first batch of daughters finally emerge from their cells, she can keep them in line with a combination of physical aggression and pheromones (chemical signals). But as the hive grows, she starts to lose control of all her offspring and some workers lay eggs. Eventually, some workers may even mate, which gives them the ability to produce male offspring.
Once this happens, the new queens and males will go off into the world to try their hand at starting their own hives. Meanwhile, the original queen will start eating as much as she can to put on enough fat to make it through the winter.
For now, however, the bumblebees are busily visiting the flowers in our fields and gardens in an effort to collect food for their younger sisters. The next time we have a rainy morning or you are looking for something quiet to do after lunch, why don’t you draw a picture of a bumblebee? You can pick any color for the flower, but you need black and yellow for the body. Take a photo of your picture and e-mail it to me and I’ll even post it on my website.
Bill Danielson has worked as a naturalist for 16 years. In that time, he has been a national park ranger, a wildlife biologist and a field researcher. He currently works as a high school chemistry and biology teacher. His Speaking of Nature column runs weekly in The Recorder, except for the first Thursday of each month, which is when his Kids and Critters column for young readers appears. To contact Bill, or to learn more about his writing, visit | <urn:uuid:b2e3c625-bb96-48f8-8dd9-039d27686127> | {
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from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. That stage of the young of sponges (as Olynthus, Sycon, Haliphysema) in which, after ceasing to be a free-swimming embryo, and before it has changed into adult form by the development of spiculæ in the ectoderm, or other modifications, it becomes attached to some support. Haeckel.
- n. The first period of attachment of certain sponges, namely, that in which the sponge has lost or is losing its collar, opening the primitive cloacal collar, and forming the first central cavity without lateral ampullæ. It corresponds to the protospongian stage of Haeckel.
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When designing your backyard naturescape project, it's important to consider the ecological impact of your landscape materials. Some woods are treated with toxic chemicals to prevent breakdown, and many prefabricated landscape materials have complicated carbon footprints. In her book The Naturescaping Workbook: A Step-By-Step Guide for Bringing Nature to Your Backyard, (Timber Press, 2011) Beth O’Donnell Young offers information on the sustainability of traditional landscaping materials while sharing eco-friendly alternatives.
Think Before You Buy
To be conscientious about landscape materials, first you must be conscious. Question everything about traditional landscape materials, the things that you can purchase at your garden center, your local big-box store’s gardening department, your lumberyard, even your stoneyard. Because, as with a lot of current landscape practices, the status quo is damaging our earth.
What follows are the things to think about before you buy something new. These are guidelines, not scriptures; thought provokers, not hard-and-fast rules. Your best bet is to consider the full range of options, throw out what doesn’t work for you, and weigh the rest. Making conscious choices—rather than buying what the commercials tell us to buy—is the best we can do.
To Purchase or Not to Purchase
Do you really need to buy it? Or can you beg, borrow, or share it? Perhaps you could rethink purchasing that fancy play structure—after all, all the kids in the neighborhood need only one. Maybe you could have the trampoline in your yard and someone else could have the swing set. Does every home need a patio set big enough for parties? What if all the neighbors chipped in for an extra patio set that anyone could borrow? Rethinking our natural tendency as Americans to be independent might lead to some good neighborly relations (or at least you might meet the neighbors).
If you decide you need it, you can still stretch your thinking process to go beyond the standard materials. Think back to the time when folks could not go out and buy prefabricated landscape materials and install them in a weekend, yet still wanted walls and fences, an overhead structure, a nice place to sit, even pools and fountains. What did they do?
They used what was at hand. Boards, yes, but also branches, grasses, bamboo canes, straw, dried manure, crushed rock, chalk dust, hide, hair, and hay. Twigs were soaked to make them pliable and then bent and tied or glued into trellises, arbors, and furniture. Thin branches were woven between stakes to make fences or daubed with gypsum to make durable walls. Bamboo canes were used for fences as well as paving and ornamentation. Mud and straw were combined to make bricks and roof tiles. Stains were created from berries and vegetable extracts. Structures were weatherproofed with gypsum, mud, and/or straw. Stone was broken and carried to make paving, walls, and water features that stand centuries after being built.
To find out what techniques were used in your region, you may have to do some sleuthing. Your local historical museum would be a good place to start; it may have information on how local people lived before industrialization, what materials were abundant, and how they were used. Another source of ideas is to look toward ancient (or just preindustrial) cultures with similar climates to yours: if you live in the coastal Northeast, you could borrow ideas from England and Japan; in the arid West, you could look toward the Middle East and North Africa, and so on. Researching the old ways of making paths, fences, walls, and overhead structures around the world might inspire you to start an entirely “new” way of hardscaping in your area—one that is gentle on the land as well as your wallet.
By-Products, Not Products to Buy
Thinking in terms of using materials at hand, particularly free materials that are the by-product of some form of local production, can save you a lot of money. Ask around. Find out what the local farms grow and what their by-products are. Here in Oregon we have hazelnut groves, and the cracked shells make a lovely path material that is long-lasting and that ties in visually with nearby trunks and branches; walking on this material generates a sharp crunch that is somehow restful. Similarly, Mount Vernon was lined with genteel white paths, a by-product of the Potomac River’s oyster industry (in George Washington’s time there were no restrictions on removing oyster shells). Farms are usually eager to give you by-products that are useless (or overwhelming) to them, but you will have to haul these gifts away yourself. With a borrowed truck and a batch of homemade cookies (for the farmers), you’d be surprised what you might glean—anything from aged manure to mint hay to used tools.
Don’t forget local manufacturers. Asking friends what their company’s (or department’s) waste products are might get you thinking: maybe I can make a fence of that, or stack it into a wall, or lash it together to make a trellis. Shipping pallets, for instance, can easily be recycled into compost bins. Stone scrap left over from the manufacture of kitchen counters can be turned rough side up to serve as stepping-stones.
Another source of materials is our public lands. If you ask the appropriate local authority for permission, you might be surprised to find that you can help yourself to (a small amount of) an abundant natural resource, such as beach sand, river gravel or cobble, or fall leaves. Before asking for permission, be sure to have in mind what you want, how much you want, when you would like to remove it, and how you propose to haul it.
Reimagine and Repurpose
Every culture since the dawn of time has used what is abundant to make shelter and landscape structures. Our twenty-first-century world also has some things in abundance. Sadly, our abundance can be found in our landfills, where we have discarded household goods that have outlived their usefulness or stylishness, or simply don’t work anymore. Enter repurposing. Repurposing takes a usually discarded item, say an old door, and fixes it up so it can have a new life as something else, say a picnic table. It is seeing the potential. It’s cleaning something up, sanding it, turning it upside down, cutting it up, epoxying it, attaching it to something else. It’s painting it chocolate brown, lime green, or sparkly gold. It’s giving old things new life.
I’ve seen great repurposed items in gardens: an old desk fitted with a secondhand sink to make a handy potting bench with a built-in soil funnel; cut-off sneaker soles placed in a concrete path to look like footsteps; and even a string-and-yogurt-cup rain chain. This has no bounds! House salvage shops and secondhand stores are great places to start. Walk around these places with new eyes; don’t see what it was but what it could be. And, above all, have fun with it.
One caveat, though: to avoid tackiness, the repurposed part should not be easily identifiable as its former self. The less it looks like its past life, the better. No old shoes planted with succulents, no brass bed filled with pansies—these have already been done. Better to make beautiful, useful garden pieces and elements that look vaguely familiar but can’t quite be placed, like a movie title that is maddeningly on the tip of one’s tongue. It will add a touch of intrigue to your yard, and humor as your visitors solve the riddle.
If You Must Buy New . . .
In some cases, buying new is your only alternative. Purchasing new can be guilt-free if you choose products that are nontoxic, have high recycled content, are locally produced, are durable, and are modular. It would be difficult to find one product with all of these attributes, but thinking in these terms will help you make informed decisions.
Toxic substances to avoid include paints and coatings with volatile organic compounds or VOCs, which contribute to smog and groundwater pollution. Also avoid arsenic and creosote, often used as wood preservatives in the past and found in old railroad ties, which have been sold as landscape timbers for many years. Stay away from any treated wood, and perhaps even rethink wood if it decays quickly where you live.
More and more new products have high recycled content. If you buy them, you will grease the recycling machine. Recycled content is high in some plastic landscape items such as rain barrels, composters, hoses, composite decking, and furniture. There is even recycled wood mulch, made from old pallets rather than virgin wood. If you don’t see any of these products around, ask your retailer or write a letter to your local paper. Be the grease!
Taking a cue from locavores, who make a good effort to eat only locally grown food, you can make a good effort to purchase only locally manufactured landscape materials. You might find, as the locavores do, that this is harder than it sounds. But it can be done with a bit of sleuthing. Start at your garden center—ask where the item was made. If they can tell you it was made nearby, it’s okay. If they don’t know, ask for the name of the distributor, who can tell you where it was manufactured. You may find that the product is not made nearby at all, but by asking around you are raising retailers’ awareness that this is important to consumers.
When given a choice, choose durable. For example, if you have decided on plastic lawn edging (to keep the grass roots from spreading to the adjacent flower beds), choose the more durable plastic. But also consider the bigger picture: what else can keep the roots at bay? Perhaps the answer is deep-set concrete blocks or natural stone.
And last, when buying new, chose modular over built-in. For example, if you want a patio, consider setting concrete blocks or natural stone in tamped sand rather than poured concrete (but do it accurately so it lasts for years without becoming uneven). That way, as the tides of landscape fashion change (they do, but slowly) you can give away, resell, or reset the pieces as you please—with no waste generated in the process.
Regardless of whether your landscape materials are shared, natural, by-products, repurposed, or new, there’s one last (and lasting) thing to think about: what happens when they are no longer needed? Will they take a lot of energy to break up and remove? Will they fall apart, leaving an unsightly, even toxic, mess?
The best choice, in respect to the afterlife, are the biodegradable items. Nature knows what it is doing. Natural materials do not need to be removed; when they are done, they revert to their elements and regroup into something cool like food for a termite or mealybug. And rather than requiring energy to break down, they generate energy for the garden as they all but magically disappear. Espaliered trees, walkable ground cover, even cacti can make excellent hardscape stand-ins; we just need to expand our definition of hardscape.
Another good choice in terms of its afterlife is a hardscape material that can be donated or sold to others when you are finished with it. If you are not sure if people will want it, you can peruse home salvage shops, want ads, or want-ad websites such as Freecycle or Craigslist to see what people give away or sell.
Know the Facts About Popular Materials
Some of our favorite landscape materials and features contribute to environmental degradation in ways most people are not aware of. For example, did you know that the piping commonly used in suburban irrigation systems is extremely toxic in its manufacture? Becoming aware of these damaging practices and of alternatives to popular materials will help you to decide which materials are right—or not right—for your naturescape.
Concrete traditionally has three main components: Portland cement, aggregates (small rocks), and sand. Portland cement is a product of firing clay and limestone to 2700 degrees Fahrenheit. Besides requiring this staggering energy input, producing the cement releases lead, arsenic, and mercury into the air—and huge quantities of carbon dioxide. For every ton of cement produced, approximately one ton of carbon dioxide is released. Worldwide cement production accounts for 5 percent of global emissions of carbon dioxide, the main cause of global warming.
On the other hand, because concrete’s heaviest component, water, is added onsite, transporting concrete produces less carbon dioxide from fossil fuels than do natural stone or concrete pavers. Also, concrete recaptures some carbon dioxide as it ages. And from a designer’s standpoint, there are reasons to love poured concrete. It is extremely durable and can be a highly creative medium. It can be formed to any shape and it comes in lovely colors that can complement the landscape (terra-cotta and near-black are my favorites). Interesting tiles, stones, or whatever (refrigerator alphabet letters?) can be added after the pour. The surface can be stenciled or stamped to bring a large expanse down to human scale.
For an earth-friendly variation on poured concrete, request a concrete mix with up to 50 percent fly ash (a by-product of coal production) instead of 100 percent Portland cement. Request that the aggregates be from crushed concrete rather than mined rock.
Good alternatives to poured concrete include tamped earth, tamped gravel, and decomposed granite, depending on where you live. Natural stone is always beautiful. Broken-up concrete reset in gravel (upside down or not) makes an interesting surface. Concrete driveways can be revitalized—and made permeable—by breaking up the concrete and re-laying it this way, too.
Precast concrete pavers and wall blocks
Portland cement, a greenhouse gas contributor, is a key ingredient in concrete pavers and wall blocks. In addition, greenhouse gases are released in the transport of these heavy blocks. On the other hand, pavers laid over gravel can make a nice permeable driveway, parking area, or patio—and permeable paving doesn’t harm your creeks and rivers and underground water. So should you use concrete pavers and blocks?
According to the Mid-Atlantic Precast Association, precast concrete can be made in a more earth-friendly fashion with industrial by-products such as fly ash and slag. Ask if your store’s precast pavers or walls blocks are made with these recycled materials; if you don’t find any, it wouldn’t hurt to request them. If enough of us do that, we will eventually see change.
Instead of precast concrete pavers, you could consider the alternatives to poured concrete listed earlier. For concrete wall blocks, there are quite a few alternatives. You could use natural, local stone, either dry laid or mortared in place. Walls like this have lasted for centuries. Locally produced brick might be a viable option—affordable as well as sustainable—depending on where you live. The same goes for reused brick.
Hempcrete is a new material made primarily from hemp stalks and lime. It resembles concrete blocks but does not have the compressive strength of concrete. Its greatest asset is that it is carbon-negative; that is, the hemp production absorbs carbon dioxide, and even the bricks do, albeit very slowly. It might be something to consider if it is produced locally. There are also concrete-block alternatives such as large honeycombed blocks of clay, or compressed earth, but again, it only makes sense to use these materials if they are produced locally.
I would not recommend lumber as an alternative to wall blocks, however. To keep the wood from rotting, potentially toxic chemicals must be used to treat the wood and a waterproof membrane must be placed between the wall and the soil. Also, these walls are not extremely durable and need to be replaced in twenty or thirty years, which uses up more materials. And if the wood was soaked in preservatives, it is not suitable for many other uses and therefore most likely cannot be recycled or reused.
Bricks are a popular choice for garden paths and walls because they are sized to be easy to work with, they are durable and strong, and they can be made locally around the globe. But firing the bricks in kilns requires huge amounts of energy, as does transporting them if they are not locally produced. And bricks need mortar to adhere them together in a wall, so this means using cement unless lime mortar is used.
The most sustainable choice is to use reclaimed bricks that are sourced locally. For patios and terraces, they can be set in a base of sand at least an inch deep to keep weeds from growing in the joints. Or you can set the bricks directly in the soil and add tiny succulents, herbs, or mosses in the gaps to keep out weeds.
For walls, you can mortar the bricks over a concrete base (there’s no way of getting around this) using lime mortar rather than stucco. Lime mortar is simply water, sharp sand, and hydrated lime and contains no cement (stucco does). Using lime mortar will allow the bricks to be reused again in the future. Lime mortars are not as strong or durable as stucco mortars, however, so you might want to check with a local mason to find a lime mortar mix that will hold up in your climate.
Make sure if you use reclaimed brick that the brick has been fired especially for outdoor use and isn’t from interior house walls. The latter isn’t as hard and will start to flake and chip; a hard frost will turn indoor-type brick to dust.
Asphalt—also known as blacktop, tarmac, or AC (for asphaltic concrete although there is no concrete in it)—is not exactly a green product, but neither is it the worst choice. It is 100-percent recyclable and can even be removed and re-layed completely on-site. This is usually done with larger pavement projects; for driveways, the old asphalt is normally broken up and trucked away for recycling, and new asphalt—sometimes made with recycled content—is brought in.
Asphalt is made of crushed gravel and sand bound together with a by-product of crude oil refinement. It must be laid hot, and of course big trucks are needed to carry the raw materials to the site and also extrude the asphalt. A newer kind of asphalt, called warm-mix asphalt, requires less heat when it is laid and is considered a greener alternative. The product is just as durable and strong as the hot-mix asphalt. For a short driveway that gets very little traffic, you may even consider the cold-mix alternative, which is usually recommended for service roads because it is not as durable as the other types.
The jury’s out on whether using asphalt as a driveway (and/or path) material is good or bad for the environment. On one hand, it uses fossel fuels in its raw materials, transportation, and production. On the other hand, it is recyclable; a homeowner can choose the energy-saving warm-mix asphalt (or even the cold-mix); it is available in a permeable form, which is good for our water sources; and it can be made in light tones so as not to contribute to the urban heat island effect of many of our cities and suburbs.
Wood wants to decay in the out-of-doors—that’s a given. There are some woods that decay more slowly than others, but those are expensive and from faraway places. Often, homeowners choose inexpensive, less-resistant wood that has been treated with preservatives to resist decay. The problem is, these preservatives are sometimes harmful to humans (arsenic was a common ingredient in wood preservatives until December 2003) and can be tracked indoors, where they contribute to indoor pollution. Decks often need reapplications of stain and varnish to look good and avoid splintering.
Imported woods with incredible strength such as ipe (Brazilian walnut, pronounced ee-pay), mahogany, and teak are sometimes used for decks. They are often touted as sustainable because they are highly decay-resistant, but transportation and tropical forest degradation may put that sustainability equation a little out of balance.
For an earth-friendly variation, choose a decay-resistant wood that is grown locally and sustainably. Resistant woods that are endemic to your region are your best bet. In the United States, look for redwood, black walnut, cedar, black locust, eastern red cedar, juniper, and cypress. Leave the wood untreated, or use earth-friendly stains and sealers. Excavate soil and place boulders or old concrete under the deck where it would otherwise come in contact with soil. If you can justify using ipe, mahogany, or teak, use wood certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.
As an alternative to wood, a combination of wood and plastic called composite can be used for decking, fencing, and retaining walls. You might like the idea that it is a product of recycled plastic and that no stains or preservatives are needed to keep it looking good, but some manufacturers allow shredded PVC in the product. PVC is not recyclable in most places so you may end up with no choice but to dump your old decking into the landfill. Instead, buy PVC-free composite decking and make sure it is recyclable where you live.
Decking tiles are a relatively new alternative to traditional wood decking. The tiles, which measure about a foot square and are made from cut natural stone or composite, are placed over a metal grid.
This excerpt has been reprinted with permission from The Naturescaping Workbook: A Step-By-Step Guide for Bringing Nature to Your Backyard by Beth O'Donnell Young, published by Timber Press, 2011. | <urn:uuid:faa303a7-0bd9-4f31-a6d5-1458d6880d5c> | {
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The story Karma illustrates the famous proverb "Pride Cross Before a Fall". It is the story of an arrogant person who feels bad about his culture, lifestyle etc. He is reluctant to his wife because she is an ordinary woman who is unable to impart foreign culture into her life.
Mohan Lal was a middle aged man who worked in the British Raj. He was ashamed to be an Indian and hence he tried to speak in English or in Anglicized Hindustani and to dress as if a high ranked British official. He used to fill the cross word puzzles of newspapers, which he did for showing his immense knowledge in English. His wife Lachmi was a traditional Indian woman and due to these differences they were not having a sweet married life.
The important event occurs in a journey of Mohan Lal and Lachmi in a train. Mohan Lal made her sit in the general compartment and arranged his seat in first class compartment which was meant for British. There he saw two British soldiers who tried to abuse him. When the arrogant Mohan Lal tried to oppose, he was thrown out of the train. He could only look through the rails on the moving train.
Sir Mohan Lal - An arrogant middle aged man
Lachmi - An ordinary Indian woman. She’s the wife of Mohan Lal
Two British soldiers.
Tone and style of narration
Karma presents a relevant topic in the typical humorous way of Khushwant Singh. Style of narration used by the author is third person which add to the beauty of the story.
In the story Karma i.e. fate the discomfiture (defeat) of the Anglicised Sir Mohan Lal is skilfully brought out .He is culturally enslaved by the British way of life; travels in first class; looks forward to talk with the English in the Oxford accent. Whereas his uneducated wife Lakshmi, who lives world apart, travels by interclass. Sir Mohan Lal occupies his first class reserve berth but too uncivilized British soldiers call him ‘nigger’ and throw him out of the compartment .The irony of the situation is skillfully presented and also the uncivilized way in which the British treated the Indians in pre-independent India. The title Karma is symbolical. It means you will get the fruits of yours deeds. The author ridicules the slavish imitation of English manners, which has led to snobbery in a class of people in our country.
If he has his own vice, he has its correlative virtue. Every mind should be allowed to make its own statement in action, and its balance will appear. It may be true that moral-seekers are apt to find Khushwant Singh's "Karma" a little too predictable, even simplistic.(1) For them, Sir Mohan Lal's is just another story of pride that goes before a fall. In its widely understood sense, "karma" is "the sum total of the ethical consequences of a person's good and bad actions . . . that is held in Hinduism and Buddhism to determine his specific destiny in his next existence" ("Karma"). On this count, Lal's sin of pride is punished when two British soldiers throw him out of a first-class compartment. His wife's karma, it would seem, enables her to have a safe and comfortable journey in a ladies' compartment. The nemesis itself is part of [Lal's] "Karma," the unexpected turn of his fate and, is also the inevitable outcome of his actions and thoughts. The title "Karma" has thus a double meaning: the inevitable nemesis and also the ironical turn of the wheel of fate.
Words such as "inevitable" and "fate" not only oversimplify but misconstrue the Law of Karma in Indian thought. Karma brings its own reward, which may not, after all, be particularly destructive or unhappy for the sufferer. For Mohan Lal is no mere victim of his karma; he is also its agent. His karma, like ours, implies both freedom and necessity.
If Lal's karma counts for anything, it ought to bring him this realization, the first necessary step toward self-realization. His "education," in this sense, begins as two British soldiers confront him in the first-class compartment with rudeness and abuse. Bill and Jim now become his tutors in necessity, in his own land. They speak both English and Hindustani, the languages of Lal's past freedom and present necessity. And, for once, Jim speaks more than he knows when he switches codes for the benefit of this "native" before him: "Janta -- Reserved. Army -- Fauz . . . ". Literally, Janta would be, "Do you know/realize [what you are doing]?' Who else but a "Tommy" would dare ask Sir Mohan from Oxford whether he "knows"? But what do they know? The British soldiers, we are told, "knew better than to trust their inebriated ears”. Out go Lal's "possessions" and the pride that holds them all: his suitcase, thermos flask, briefcase, bedding, The Times, and, finally, himself Lal finds this "preposterous" , the original meaning of which he must have known even in his calamity. He is not likely to have realized, however, that his karma decides the order in divesting him of his possessions, the order, that is, of what should go before and what after. Bill and Jim, mere players in this karmic farce, pause again: "It did sound like English, but it was too much of the King's for them". The truth of it, or rather the pity of the truth of it all, as nearly always in Khushwant Singh, breaks past the discipline of irony.
Poor learner that he is, Lal protests in English. Was it, again, his "well-bred manners" that prevented him from giving it back to them in Hindustani? One can't tell. Sir Mohan's Oxford accent notwithstanding, karma has its way. As Lal lands miserably on the platform, his "feet . . . glued to the earth", and at a loss for words, his real education might well have begun and ended at once. | <urn:uuid:0b055282-38db-4ece-8550-dcf176645a3d> | {
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On the Landsat Satellite Image, a distinctive feature
is visible more or less in the center of the National
Park, midway between the Sarstoon and Temash Rivers.
The bluish color on this image suggest a very open
habitat, not a forest at all. Unfortunately this habitat
is very difficult to reach as it is surrounded by
dense swamp forest that is inundated through much
of the year. Consequently, no scientists that we know
of ever visited the area.
During the 2003 REA, the Barranco parataxonomist
trainees made an attempt to reach this enigmatic
area while it was still at the peak of the dry season
(May). We approached the habitat from the north,
cutting our way for 2 km (1.3 ml) through the swamp
forest. This forest, although not inundated at this
stage was still wet and very difficult to walk through.
As the temperatures during this time of year are
typically very high, we found the trip very trying
and we soon ran out drinking water in spite of the
generous amount that we started out with.
What we found was a very unusual ecosystem. Not very
attractive and if possible, even more terrible to
traverse. The landscape consisted of low, dense, but
open canopied scrubland with a dense understory of
sedges (Furena umbellata?), all of this
growing on a bog of Sphagnum moss (possibly Sphagnum
subsecundum or S.portoricense). Sphagnum moss is rare in Belize
and restricted to higher elevations such as Victoria
Peak and the Mountain Pine Ridge. Finding it in Belize
at sealevel in these quantities was nothing less but
Because of the difficulty penetrating the area, we
managed to reach only the outer perimeter of the whole
ecosystem. If the ecosystem is as uniform as the satellite
image suggest, the whole ecosystem is no less than
2700 acres (1100 ha) large!
Sphagnum is intolerant of nutrients,
limestone, salt and drought. Consequently it is found
in situations where it is rainfed.
For the Sarstoon Temash situation this
means that the area does not receive any overflow
from any of the rivers (which contain salts, nutrients
Typically a peat bog develops when
a wetland fills in with organic matter forming a thick
layer of fenn peat. This fenn peat can have different
origins such as; reeds, sedges and tree-leaves. Once
the wetland has been filled in, a swamp forest forms.
If this swamp forest does not receive any outside
nutrients, but is wet year round, Sphagnum
moss can develop. Under the right conditions this
Sphagnum moss can outgrow the trees and completely
envelop them, forming a raised Sphagnum bog
(figure to the right adapted from Visscher, 1949).
The bog in the Sarstoon Temash NP appears
to be in-between the two last stages. From here it
could technically be expected to grow in a real raised
bog but many factors such as drought or fire could
interrupt this process.
The vegetation in the bog apart from the sedge (Hypolytrum longifolium?) and the moss Sphagnum (subsecundum?), proved to be very species poor and consisting of species that are otherwise mostly known only from higher elevation areas on very poor acidic soils such as the Mountain Pine Ridge. A very attractive shrub was Purdiae (Schizocardia) belizensis (Left). Other species included Cyrilla racemiflora, Clusia cf. massoniana, Connarus lamberti. Symphonia globulifera, Ouratea sp., Acoelorraphe wrightii, Blechnum ferns, Palicourea cf. crocea, Calophyllum brasiliense and a few as yet unidentified species.
Wildlife was very poorly represented. Which is not surprising given the inhospitable conditions. There were even very few birds. The butterfly Calospila sudias was quite common but the most unusual form of wildlife was the incredible amount of Stick Insects (Phasmidae) seen.
Latest News: In 2010 Bronwen Whitney from Nottingham University (UK) starts research into the Environmental History of the STNP Sphagnum Bog. See pollen page
Literature: Visscher, J., 1949. Veenvorming. Gorichem,
Noorduijn's wetensch. reeks 33. 115 pp.
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Regardless that there have been quite a few developments in the way of treating psychological issues up to now 50 years, there is nonetheless a certain stigma surrounding the views on mental illness. Mental well being consists of having the mandatory life aptitude, social abilities as well as having a balance in different features of life. If you’re stressed out, your physique has to work more durable to maintain up and, additional time, it is going to take its toll on your physique and your brain.
A person could expertise well being even at a identified disease and good health has a positive impact on both the resistance to illness and the ability to recuperate and recuperate from injury and illness. Counseling in its broader sense is all about helping people to resolve psychological issues or points, often related to work or social issues.
However anyway spotting these signs of their early stages and performing accordingly by way of timely go to to a mental well being skilled can really assist to stop a person affected by a long term mental sickness. Someone suffering from a mental illness could also be mildly inconvenienced by their symptoms of their day by day lives and yet others may be severely debilitated to the extent that they are unable to take care of themselves or combine into society at any degree.
Mental wellness or mental well being support is about increasing proficiency, resilience, emotional and social effectively-being, in addition to creating supportive atmospheres for all. That was the norm but right now that is not even true for bodily diseases.
7) Set goals: when persons are feeling depressed, aimless, or like they’re simply going via the motions, often instances its because they’re lacking basic route. Mental sickness can both be Chronic (lasts for a long time) or starts slowly Acute (quick in length, severe and surprising). | <urn:uuid:0c0f35f1-7da5-47fe-a854-ae7d062d3aa8> | {
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- The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1733 to 1773 by Robert Schofield
Pennsylvania State, 328 pp, £35.95, January 1998, ISBN 0 271 01662 0
‘Why do we hear so much of Dr Priestley?’ asked Dr Johnson rather sternly in the course of a chemistry lecture he attended in Salisbury. Joseph Priestley was the pre-eminent public intellectual of late 18th-century England. In theology and politics, chemistry and prophecy, this seemingly dour and absurdly productive Yorkshire visionary inspired intense admiration and loathing in roughly equal measure. William Hazlitt, no mean polemicist himself, judged Priestley ‘the best controversialist in his day, and one of the best in the language’. Youthful intellectuals of the Revolutionary epoch such as Coleridge saw him as their ‘patriot and sage’. Priestley’s prudent flight to Pennsylvania in 1794, in the wake of the burning of his home, his laboratory, his books and his effigy, was interpreted as one more sign of the evils and hopes of troubled times presaging the imminent millennium. Jefferson thought his was ‘one of the few lives precious to mankind for the continuance of which every thinking man is solicitous’.
The full text of this book review is only available to subscribers of the London Review of Books. | <urn:uuid:bab0d4e7-c764-4e83-9bc7-c25c94713a66> | {
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Four researchers exposed to radiation at Japanese lab
TOKYO - Four researchers were exposed to radiation in an accident at a Japanese nuclear physics laboratory this week, officials said Saturday.
The accident occurred on Thursday at a laboratory in Tokaimura, 120 kilometers northeast of Tokyo, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) said.
The researchers were carrying out an experiment to generate particles by firing a proton beam at gold when the accident happened, it said.
There was no widespread radiation leak and none of the researchers required medical attention.
The four researchers were exposed to up to 1.6 millisieverts of radiation, the agency said.
The International Commission of Radiological Protection recommends a dosage limit of one millisievert per year, but says exposure to less than 100 millisieverts per year presents no statistically significant increase in cancer risk.
A single CT hospital scan delivers around 10 millisieverts, according to the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Japan.
The JAEA said 51 other researchers and workers were engaged in the experiment at the facility and may also have been exposed to radiation.
Radiation leaked from the facility to the outer atmosphere after workers used fans to lower the radiation levels in the laboratory, it said.
JAEA officials, who reported the accident to nuclear authorities only late Friday, said on Saturday that the fans should not have been used.
A significant radiation leak outside the laboratory was unlikely, the JAEA said.
Nuclear safety is a particularly sensitive issue in Japan, which in 2011 experienced the world's worst atomic accident in 25 years when a tsunami took out a nuclear power plant in Fukushima.
© 1994-2013 Agence France-Presse | <urn:uuid:d2245281-e97e-4039-bcc1-a5c2eee8c380> | {
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This fragment was excavated in 1904 by Reginald P. Bolton and others at a military camp at 201st Street and Ninth Avenue in Washington Heights, Manhattan. Built after the surrender of Fort Washington by American forces on November 16, 1776, the camp was occupied by British soldiers who were guarding the landing area for a ferry that crossed the Harlem River from the Bronx to Manhattan.
Gift of the Washington Headquarters Association, Daughters of the American Revolution, 1947
Due to ongoing research, information about this object is subject to change.
Museum & Library Map
Floor plan & visitor information
New-York Historical Society
170 Central Park West
at Richard Gilder Way (77th Street)
New York, NY 10024 | <urn:uuid:6f29deab-ba85-4358-88ca-f0b60f18c780> | {
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Hebrew vowel pointing
Hebrew was like ancient text messaging. They wrote it without the vowels, and many still do. So now we had these scrolls with no vowels in them, and slowly the danger grew that people couldn’t remember what vowels they needed to use to read and make sense of the scrolls.
The first thing that people did was they used three consonants in a new role as vowel letters. This was pretty haphazard at the time of Christ. Then between the 7th and 11th centuries CE (the exact dating is not known and disputed), a group of Jewish scholars, the Masoretes, started putting dots, dashes, and other symbols above and below, around the Hebrew consonants. We call what they produced, the Masoretic text.
This is very important to some people who need every letter in the Bible’s text to be inspired by God. We have, for example, Calvinists declaring in the Helvetic Consensus of 1675:
God, the Supreme Judge, not only took care to have his word, which is the “power of God unto salvation to every one that believes” (Rom 1:16), committed to writing by Moses, the Prophets and the Apostles, but has also watched and cherished it with paternal care from the time it was written up to the present, so that it could not be corrupted by craft of Satan or fraud of man. …
In particular, The Hebrew original of the OT which we have received and to this day do retain as handed down by the Hebrew Church, “who had been given the oracles of God” (Rom 3:2), is, not only in its consonants, but in its vowels either the vowel points themselves, or at least the power of the points not only in its matter, but in its words, inspired by God… (Canon 1 & 2)
Let’s take a simple example.
The Bible says… in Psalm 2:9
“You shall break them with a rod of iron, and dash them in pieces like a potter’s vessel.”
“You shall shepherd them with an iron rod, and like a potter’s vessel you will shatter
The word “break/shepherd” in the Hebrew consonant text is רעה. We can add the vowel points as רָעָה (ra’ah, meaning “to shepherd”) or we can add the vowel points as רָעָע (ra’a’, meaning “to break”). The Septuagint translation has “you shall shepherd them” and this is what is quoted, for example, in Rev 2:27; 12:5; 19:15. But the Masoretic text has the latter pointing, and “break” fits better in parallelism with “dash”.
The Divine Tetragrammaton
This gets interesting when we get to the divine name. The Bible has it as יהוה (JHVH/YHWH). We think this was originally pronounced as Yahweh. But with increasing reverence for the name, when people saw these letters they would, instead, say Adonai, or even Elohim. The Masoretes instead of the original vowels, added the vowels of Adonai, for example, to the consonants of JHVH, and lo and behold, we end up with Jehovah! Hear the pronunciation of the Masoretic pointed text here.
Qere and Ketiv
There is a Hebrew understanding called the ketiv/qere system. “Ketiv” means “written,” and “qere” means “said”. The consonants of the scriptures remain unaltered, but, if the vowel pointing appeared wrong in the text, it would be copied in the apparently wrong form and a note placed in the margin in Aramaic explaining what word should actually be read in synagogue. A good Hebrew reader looks at a word, understands the pointing looks suspect, and looks for the “qere” in the margin to read. The Divine Tetragrammaton is considered a “perpetual ketiv/qere.” Whenever you saw the consonants YHWH you would know that it was a “ketiv” and that the “qere” should be one of the ways to designate God– Elohim, Adonai, Ha-Shem (“the name”), etc. Depending on the text, YHWH would appear with the vowel pointings for one of these other designations. | <urn:uuid:9f77e894-6296-4c7d-94bc-825902bd71b5> | {
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generates prime numbers as values for n = 0, 1, 2, ... , 39, an unbroken sequence of the first forty natural number arguments. This seems to have been noticed first by Leonard Euler in 1772. Knowing that mathematics is the science of patterns, it is tempting to conclude that the formula generates primes for all natural number arguments, but this is not the case: f(40) is composite, as are many other values.
A mathematician with some experience with prime numbers is unlikely to be "fooled" by the numerical evidence in this example, but even world-class mathematicians have on occasion been misled by far fewer cases. Pierre de Fermat among them. The nth Fermat number F(n) is obtained by raising 2 to the power n, then raising 2 to that number and adding 1 to the result, i.e.
Thus F(0) = 3, F(1) = 5, F(2) = 17, F(3) = 257, F(4) = 65,537.
These numbers are called Fermat numbers because of a claim made by Fermat in a letter written to Mersenne in 1640. Having noted that each of the numbers F(0) to F(4) is prime, Fermat wrote: "I have found that numbers of the form F(n) are always prime numbers and have long since signified to analysts the truth of this theorem." For all his great abilities with numbers, however, Fermat was wrong. This was first shown conclusively by the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1732: F(5) = 4,294,967,297 is not prime. In fact, no prime Fermat number has been found beyond F(4).
There are many other examples where the numerical evidence can mislead us. If you have access to a computer algebra system or a multi-precision scientific calculator program (several of which you can download for free from the Web), try computing
An integer! Amazing. Assuming you are aware of Euler's famous identity
where exponentiation of a transcendental real number by a transcendental imaginary number yields an integer result, you might be surprised that you never came across this other one before. How come you missed it?
The answer is, the result is not an integer. Twelve decimal places all equal to zero is highly suggestive, but if you increase the precision of the calculation to 33 places, you find that
This is still an interesting answer, and you would be right to suspect that there is something special about that number 163 that makes this particular power of e so close to an integer, but I won't go into that here. My point is simply to illustrate that computation can sometimes lead to conclusions that turn out to be incorrect. In this case the error lies in mistaking for an integer a number that is in fact transcendental.
Another coincidence, in this case most likely having no mathematical explanation, is that to ten significant figures
Here is another example where the numbers can be misleading. If you use a computer algebra system to evaluate the infinite sum
But this answer is only approximate. The series actually converges to a transcendental number, which to 268 decimal places is equal to 1. In other words, you would need to calculate the numerical value to at least 269 places to determine that it is not 1, although to ensure there were no rounding errors, you would have to carry out the calculation to an even greater accuracy.
Or try this one on for size (and what a size it is in terms of accuracy). The following "equality" is correct to over half a billion digits:
But this sum, far from being an integer (conceptually far, that is!), is provably irrational, indeed transcendental. As you have probably guessed, this is a "cooked" example, related to my second example. But what an example it is!
If you take any natural number n, then, by the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, either n is prime or else it can be expressed as a product of a unique collection of primes. For instance, for the first five non-primes,
Of these, 4, 8, and 9 have prime decompositions in which at least one prime occurs more than once, while in the decompositions of 6 and 10 each prime occurs once only. Numbers divisible by the square of a prime (such as 4, 8, 9) are called square-divisible. Numbers not so divisible are called square-free. (Thus, in the prime decomposition of a square-free number, no prime will occur more than once.)
If n is a square-free natural number that is not prime, then it is a product of either an even number of primes or an odd number of primes. For example, 6 = 2 x 3 is a product of an even number of primes, while 42 = 2 x 3 x 7 is a product of an odd number of primes. In 1832, A.F. Moebius introduced the following simple function (nowadays called the Moebius function) to indicate what type of prime factorization a number n has.
Let m(1) = 1, a special case. For all other n, m(n) is defined as follows:
If n is square-divisible, then m(n) = 0;For example, m(4) = 0, m(5) = -1, m(6) = 1, m(42) = -1.
If n is square-free and the product of an even number of primes, then m(n) = 1;
If n is either prime, or square-free and the product of an odd number of primes, then m(n) = -1.
For any number n, let M(n) denote the result of adding together all values of m(k) for k less than or equal to n.
For example, M(1) = 1, M(2) = 0, M(3) = -1, M(4) = -1, M(5) = -2.
At tbis stage, you may like to investigate this question: What is the first value of n beyond 2 for which M(n) is zero again? Or positive again?
So far, everything looks like a nice example of elementary recreational mathematics. Matters take a decidedly more serious turn when you learn that the behavior of the function M(n) is closely related to the location of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function.
The connection was known to T.J. Stieltjes. In 1885, in a letter to his colleague C. Hermite, he claimed to have proved that no matter how large n may be, |M(n)|, the absolute value of M(n), is always less than SQRT(n).
If what Stieltjes claimed had been true, the truth of the Riemann hypothesis would have followed at once. Needless to say, then, Stieltjes was wrong in his claim, though at the time this was not at all clear. (For instance, when Hadamard wrote his now-classic and greatly acclaimed paper proving the prime number theorem in 1896, he mentioned that he understood Stieltjes had already obtained the same result using his claimed inequality, and excused his own publication on the grounds that Stieltjes' proof had not yet appeared!)
The fact that Stieltjes never did publish a proof might well suggest that he eventually found an error in his argument. At any rate, in 1897, F. Mertens produced a 50-page table of values of m(n) and M(n) for n up to 10,000, on the basis of which he was led to conclude that Stieltjes' inequality was "very probable." As a result Stieltjes' inequality became known as the Mertens conjecture. By rights, it should have been called the Stieltjes conjecture, of course, but Mertens certainly earned his association with the problem by hand-computing 10,000 values of the function.
When mathematicians brought computers into the picture, they took Mertens' computation considerably further, eventually calculating 7.8 billion values, all of which satisfied Stieltjes' inequality. Given such seemingly overwhelming numerical evidence, one might be forgiven for assuming the Mertens conjecture were true, but in October 1983, Hermann te Riele and Andrew Odlyzko brought eight years of collaborative work to a successful conclusion by proving otherwise.
Their result was obtained by a combination of classical mathematical techniques and high-powered computing. The computer was not used to find a number n for which |M(n)| equals or exceeds SQRT(n). Even to date, no such number has been found, and the available evidence suggests that there is no such n below 10^30. Rather, they took a more circuitous route. Far too circuitous to present here, in fact. If you want to see exactly what they did, read the account in my book Mathematics: The New Golden Age, Columbia University Press 1999, pp.208-213.
On the other hand, mathematics is for the most part far less mischievous (and hence potentially far closer to physics) than my above examples might suggest. In general, provided we exercise some reasonable caution, we can, in the words of Yogi Berra, learn a lot by just looking. Looking for, and at, computational (often numerical) evidence, that is.
In today's era of fast, interactive computers, with computational tools such as Mathematica and Maple - not to forget search engines such as Google - we can approach some areas of mathematics in a way reminiscent of our colleagues in the natural sciences. We can make observations, collect data, and perform (computational) experiments. And we can draw conclusions based on the evidence we have obtained.
The result is a relatively new area (or form) of mathematics called Experimental Mathematics. Proof has a place in experimental mathematics, since computation can sometimes generate insights that lead to proofs. But the experimental mathematician is also willing to reach a conclusion based on the weight of evidence available. I shall say more about this new way of doing mathematics next month - when I will also note that it is actually not quite as new as might first appear. | <urn:uuid:e1cb06f9-e356-439c-992d-3591549de520> | {
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When trying to devise policies, social systems, and development strategies, people tend to look at what the biggest and most influential countries have done effectively, notes Jeffrey Frankel, Harpel Professor of Capital Formation and Growth. “In the 19th century, for example, Great Britain and its industrial revolution was the model that other countries sought to emulate.” Early in the 20th century, the Soviet Union provided what some nations viewed as a compelling alternative to capitalism. In the 1980s, Japan illustrated one path to stunning economic success, just as the United States did a decade later.
But you can miss a lot if you consider only what the leading nations are doing, Frankel notes, because small countries may have some answers too. “They are often better able to experiment with innovative policies and institutions.” Because small countries tend to be more dependent on foreign trade, which invariably involves discussions between nations, they also tend to be more open to new ideas. Furthermore, small countries can implement radical reforms more readily than an established power like the United States. For all these reasons, plus the existence of some genuinely good ideas that warrant attention, Frankel was prompted to write “What Small Countries Can Teach the World.”
For instance, Singapore — a diminutive island nation with a high population density — solved its traffic problems with a “congestion pricing” system that charges drivers fees for entering the downtown area. When it was instituted, in 1975, the program relied on human-operated tollbooths. In 1998, Singapore moved to an automated, electronic approach that has since been used in London. “Every single country in the world should adopt this,” Frankel says. “Otherwise people can sit in traffic all day, wasting huge amounts of time, when you could use the price mechanism to alleviate traffic.”
Unwise lending practices in the United States, which promoted homeownership even for people who could not afford it, contributed to a global financial crisis that started in 2007. That crisis might have been averted if the United States had followed the example of our neighbor to the north. Unlike the United States, says Frankel, Canada has long had “sensible” homeownership policies. The Canadians don’t seek to artificially increase the amount of owner-occupied housing through tax incentives or by encouraging loans that people may not be able to repay. “It stands to reason that if you’re buying an expensive house,” he says, “you have to be able to put up some money.”
Switzerland and Chile have commonsense policies that prevent them from running up astronomical deficits, like the one with which the United States is currently saddled. Rules in place in both countries impose a “cyclically adjusted” limit on budget deficits, “which means that you can run a deficit during hard times, but when the economy is in an upswing, you have to run a surplus,” Frankel explains. “In other words, you can’t just assume a boom will go on forever; you have to set aside money for a rainy day.”
Costa Rica and Mauritius long ago economically surpassed their neighbors in Central America and Africa by deciding to forgo a standing army, among other shrewd moves. “The result in both cases has been histories with no coups and financial savings that can be used for education, investment, and other productive purposes,” Frankel writes. “One might argue that a remote island country [like Mauritius] has little need of armed forces…, but small size has not stopped other countries from futile military endeavors.”
In 1998, Mexico pioneered the idea of “conditional cash transfers,” which make income support for poor families contingent on their kids attending school. Children fare better over the long haul because of this program, which has been emulated by Brazil. Although Mexico is crippled by the drug trade, among other problems, it has introduced a number of “brilliant innovations” that could be useful for others, Frankel says. “A country doesn’t have to be large like the United States to serve as a model.”
— by Steve Nadis | <urn:uuid:34425e60-fbb7-489a-8c2d-021e63927568> | {
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This week we began to work on JG Ballard’s High-Rise (1975; all quotations from pictured edition, London: HarperCollins, 2006), reading the first nine chapters and also watching William Klein’s Le couple témoin/The Model Couple (1977).
We began with some context, outlining the scale and nature of house-building and redevelopment in the UK in the postwar years, drawing largely on John Grindrod’s Concretopia: A Journey Around the Rebuilding of Postwar Britain (2013) and Lynsley Hansley’s Estates: An Intimate History (2008).
There was already a housing shortage in the UK between World Wars. The promise to ensure that soldiers returned from WWI to a land fit for heroes (and thus stave off socialism) was never met – construction rates were too low and often the wrong kind of housing was being built in pursuit of the rather different goal of making private profit (Paul Rotha’s documentary Land of Promise (1946) is the classic film account of this issue and its history). During the war years of 1939-45 the UK population grew by one million per year – and during the same period four million homes were destroyed or damaged beyond repair by bombing (completely undoing the interwar construction efforts and significantly reducing housing stock in relation to total population).
Aneurin Bevan, the minister responsible for housing in the post-WWII Labour government, set a target of 300,000 new council houses per year – but rarely managed more than 200,000 – because the houses were to be spacious (90 square metres), brick-built with gardens. For him, such decent houses were not to be restricted to the privately-owning middle classes – they should be available to the working class, rented at lower than market rates from local councils. (One policy proposal considered but sadly never pursued was buying out all private landlords, thus monopolising the rental market and keeping down the cost of housing.)
When a succession of Conservative governments took office (from late 1951-64), they took up the challenge of 300,000 new houses per year – and succeeded in meeting the target. But they did so by reducing the size of the houses (70 square metres) and shifting from brick construction to speedier (but less durable) prefabricated structures, with no guarantee of gardens. And there was a shift to building blocks of flats rather than houses because they were cheaper and quicker to throw up from prefabricated materials. Ironically, because these blocks were typically set in parkland of some sort, the same number of people could have been housed in the same space with terraced housing.
In High-Rise, Ballard is fully aware of the economics determining such constructions:
All the evidence accumulated over several decades cast a critical light on the high-rise as a viable social structure, but cost-effectiveness in the area of public housing and high profitability in the private sector kept pushing these vertical townships into the sky against the real needs of their occupants. (52)
Why were the blocks typically surrounded by parkland? Partly, it seems to be the influence of Le Corbusier, whose unrealised ville contemporaine (1922) plan to build 24 60-storey cruciform high-rise skyscrapers in which three million people would live and work did so. Ballard does not pursue the scale of this scheme – Robert Silverberg’s The World Inside (1971) comes closer – but he does draw on Le Corbusier in other ways.
Le Corbusier advocated five principles when designing apartment blocks:
1 Lift the structure off the ground on reinforced concrete stilts (pilotis), enabling
2 a free façade (non-supporting exterior walls to allow the architecture freedom in his design) and
3 an open floor plan (interior could be configured without having to worry about supporting walls).
4 The free façade enables ribbon windows so as to provide clear views of surrounding gardens.
5 A roof garden compensates for the ground area covered by the building.
These principles are evident in his Unité d’Habitation in Marseilles, often described as resembling a moored ocean liner, contains 337 apartments, with a floor halfway up the block devoted to public amenities, and a roof garden. It is also raised up on pilotis. It became a location of pilgrimage and an object to copy for a generation or two of architects, including many of those planning housing developments for British councils. It also provides the design for Ballard’s own high-rise (it even stands on pilotis, ‘concrete legs’ (19)), one of five spaced equidistantly on the eastern edge of an under-construction square mile development in London’s docklands (in this, the novel is proleptic of material we studied way back in week one of the module, The Long Good Friday and London’s Overthrow – as well as of what has actually happened to such spaces since Ballard wrote the novel).
The other context I introduced was about Ballard himself: his centrality to New Wave sf of the 1960s and 1970s; his early novels refiguring the conventions of disaster fiction, such The Drowned World (1962), which also introduce surrealistic images into narratives indebted to writer like Joseph Conrad and Graham Greene; the thematic trilogy, including Crash (1973) and Concrete Island (1974), which concludes with High-Rise; the autobiographical fictions and the more mainstream respectability that came with Empire of the Sun (1984); and the return of his late novels, Cocaine Nights (1996), Super-Cannes (2000), Millennium People (2003) and Kingdom Come (2006), to transformations in bourgeois living environments.
Turning to the novel, we began by thinking about the names and characteristics of the three narrators, each of whom is associated with one of the three classes that emerge among the middle class residents of the building.
From the lower levels, Richard Wilder – physical, aspirational – he is the wildest and most overtly violent of the three and a frequent adulterer whose wife calls him Dick.
From the mid-levels, Robert Laing, whose name echoes that of the unorthodox psychiatrist RD Laing (1927-89), who saw mental illness as a product of social environments rather than as some kind of inward-driven deformation of the self, and who considered patients’ descriptions of their responses to their environments as valid in themselves rather than as symptoms of Freudian disorder. Opposed to use of antipsychotics to treat mental illness, he favoured recreational drug use and believed that mental illness could be a kind of transformative, shamanic experience. He also promoted primal scream therapy – most of the inhabitants of Ballard’s building seem to go through some version of it – and rebirthing therapy – foreshadowed for Robert Laing when he is surrounded by the threatening guests at the cocktail party to which he is not invited, with the whole novel constituting a kind of rebirthing for him.
From the very top floor, the architect of the building, Anthony Royal – a royal, the king of the place. Recently injured in a car accident, he suffers from a disability – and wears a distinctive costume – that makes him come across, one of the class suggested, like a Bond villain. Which enabled me to go, ah, funny you should say that…
I have long wondered whether having the architect of the building live in the penthouse was inspired by the fact that Hungarian-born architect Ernő Goldfinger lived for two months in an apartment on the top floor of Poplar’s 26-storey Balfron Tower (built 1965-67), which he had designed. He and his wife are said to have thrown cocktail parties to meet the other residents and learn their thoughts about his design so that he could incorporate criticisms and suggestions in his later building, such as the neighbouring 11-storey Carradale House (built 1967-70). Back in the 1930s, Goldfinger had been responsible for the demolition of some cottages in Hampstead to make way for three new houses, in one of which he would live. Ian Fleming was among those protesting the demolition. Twenty years later, Fleming would name a James Bond novel – and villain – after the architect. Ernő Goldfinger threatened to sue over Auric Goldfinger, to which Fleming reputedly responded, Okay, I’ll just rename him Goldprick. Ernő decided not to pursue the case.
Next we took a look at the opening paragraph, detailing how the design of Ballard’s building displays the influence of Le Corbusier and, in particular, Unité d’Habitation, and then looking at how it introduces patterns of imagery that will recur throughout the novel.
- a post-apocalyptic sensibility that also suggests a descent into primitivism – Laing is calmly eating a dog (cf. Harlan Ellison’s New Wave story ‘A Boy and His Dog’ (1969) and LQ Jones’s 1975 film adaptation), and the building’s exterior is described as a cliff-face (cf. Henry Blake Fuller’s The Cliff-Dwellers (1893), possibly the first novel about skyscraper living, complete with domestic violence and an Oedipal struggle)
- conflict – confrontation, violence and war imagery (there are skirmish grounds, raiding parties, provocations, retaliations, a buffer state, an interregnum, etc, but also some specifically WWII images – Royal’s ‘personal Dunkirk’ (69) and also, more ambiguously, the Blitz: a voice ‘calm and matter-of-fact, like that of a civilian in a war-torn city dealing with yet another air-raid’ (60) and, during the first blackout, the darkness providing conditions not just of sexual peril but also of consensual sexual adventuring (20))
- the embrace of isolation, anonymity and alienation
- apartments as prison cells (later, there will be news of a prison breakout (30), Wilder will be involved in filming a prison strike (42, 44), and his wife, Helen, will blandly observe that his desire to film in the apartment block will produce just ‘another prison documentary’ (45)) – this introduces the idea of the apartment block as what Erving Goffman called a total institution, like prisons and asylums (two of the psychosociologsist in Le couple témoin previously worked in an asylum) and even ocean liners (to which Unité d’Habitation has often been compared)
We then looked at the next section of the opening chapter (7-11), in which we learned more about the structure of the building and the docklands development of which it is a part, and the feelings it induces as a tripartite class structure begins to emerge among its bourgeois inhabitants. Highlights include:
- indifference, giddiness, exhilaration, insomnia and, especially among female residents, boredom and nomadism; these troubling sensations will later develop into rifts that some think foreshadow or imply the mutation of the residents into a posthuman species (35–6; a similar idea is mooted in Silverberg’s The World Inside)
- Steele’s anal obsession with garbage chutes
- bigotry – people begin to talk dismissively and angrily about other floors as groups to be denigrated, abhorred (14, 24, 38) – Steele will compare ninth floor residents to ‘a traditionally feckless band of migrant workers’ (25), and the intensity of these emerging prejudices will be compared directly to ‘racial prejudice’ (32)
- the relationship to London – which is somehow distanced in both space and time, a past of ‘crowded streets, traffic hold-ups, rush-hour journeys on the Underground’ (9), while the building belongs to an emerging future; in Ballard’s descriptions, time is transformed into space and vice versa
- a grand Ballardian simile connecting the psychological to the urban, with a vague gesture to TS Eliot (he does this sort of thing a lot – never quite makes sense yet seems to imply immensities): ‘the ragged skyline of the city resembled the disturbed encephalograph of an unresolved mental crisis’ (9)
- the contradictions of the building – Laing’s sister says: ‘You could be alone here, in an empty building … Besides, it’s full of the kind of people you ought to meet’ (10); Laing will soon appreciate the way the place enables both proximity and distance, providing a neutral background for his potential affair with Charlotte, although he immediately questions whether this is really the case (16) – this idea is developed further when they do first have sex (38)
- the ways in which the building design encourages its inhabitants to turn inwards, away from the city but also from each other
We closed with a brief discussion of Le couple témoin, William Klein’s film about an average couple who win a competition to live as test subjects in a new urban development – the experiment is ostensibly concerned with designing apartments to ensure that they meet the needs of such a couple, but it clearly is more concerned with engineering their consent and subservience. The psychosociologist experimenters – themselves hardly rational – subject Jean-Michel and Claudine to an array of absurd tests, frequently bullying and brow-beating them, passive-aggressively consulting at them, reinforcing the most conservative of gender roles. The tests become increasingly irrational and arbitrary – authority being exercised because it is authority, not for any greater end. As funding for the experiment withers, and viewing figures for the Big Brother-like media coverage slump, so a group of child and teen revolutionaries are hired to stage a hostage-taking…
Recommended critical reading
AlSayyas, Nezar. Cinematic Urbanism: A History of the Modern from Reel to Real. London: Routledge, 2006. See chapter 7 “The Modernity of the Sophisticate and the Misfit: The City through Different Eyes.”
Baxter, Jeanette. J.G. Ballard: Contemporary Critical Perspectives. London: Continuum, 2009.
Colombino, Laura. “The House as SKIN: J. G. Ballard, Existentialism and Archigram’s Mini-Environments.” European Journal of English Studies 16.1 (2012): 21–31.
Delville, Michel. J.G. Ballard. Plymouth: Northcote, 1998.
Duff, Kim. Contemporary British Literature and Urban Space: After Thatcher. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 52–86
Gasiorek, Andrzej. J.G. Ballard. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.
Grindrod, John. Concretopia: A Journey Around the Rebuilding of Postwar Britain. London: Old Street, 2013.
Groes, Sebastian. The Making of London: London in Contemporary Literature. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011. 67–93
Hansley, Lynsley. Estates: An Intimate History. London: Granta, 2008.
Matthews, Graham. “Consumerism’s Endgame: Violence and Community in J.G. Ballard’s Late Fiction.” Journal of Modern Literature 36.2 (2013): 122–39.
Mennel, Barbara. Cities and Cinema. London: Routledge, 2008. See chapter 8. “The City as Queer Playground.”
Siegel, Allen. “After the Sixties: Changing Paradigms in the Representation of Urban Space.” Screening the City. Ed. Mark Shiel and Tony Fitzmaurice. London: Verso, 2003. 137–159.
Shiel, Mark. “A Nostalgia for Modernity: New York, Los Angeles, and American Cinema in the 1970s.” Screening the City. Ed. Mark Shiel and Tony Fitzmaurice. London: Verso, 2003. 160 – 179.
High-Rise is part of a thematic trilogy, including Ballard’s most challenging novel, Crash (1973), and Concrete Island (1974). Ballard’s ‘late fiction’ returns to similar material but relocated to gated suburban communities in Running Wild (1988), Cocaine Nights (1996), Super-Cannes (2000), Millennium People (2003) and Kingdom Come (2006).
1970s British novels of urban decay include Doris Lessing’s The Memoirs of a Survivor (1974) and Zoe Fairbairns’s Benefits (1979).
Ben Wheatley’s High Rise (2015) adapts Ballard’s novel.
Modern city living deranges or makes miserable in Repulsion (Polanski 1965), Shivers (Cronenberg 1975), Crash (Cronenberg 1996) and Happiness (Solondz 1998).
Films about the decay of urban centres include Midnight Cowboy (Schlesinger 1969), Clockwork Orange (Kubrick 1971) and Dog Day Afternoon (Lumet 1975). | <urn:uuid:4daf5e0f-c458-463f-8aef-cd7e778ee06b> | {
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A smart toy is an electronic device which learns how a child interacts with it and then changes its behaviour in reaction.
The simplest example on display here is the Pocket Simon (1), a toy which asks the user to copy a pattern played on the four coloured segments. As the player improves the level gets harder and the game demands more mental and physical dexterity. A step up from this is the Tamagotchi (2), an electronic pet which responds to being fed, played with, and cared for. Growing up from a baby hatched from an egg to an adult creature. However, if the owner did not look after the Tamagotchi correctly it would become unwell and die.
The Furby (3) is also an electronic pet but with a more realistic physical presence. It is able to show emotion and learn language, the more it is played with the happier and more comprehensible it becomes.
Poo-chi (4) and Teksta (5) are both electronic puppies which can learn tricks and commands at differing levels. Again, the more the user plays with these devices the more they learn and respond favourably.
All of these toys have the common factor that their casings are made of plastics. These materials have the ability to provide protection for the electronic circuitry by being waterproof, and to the person using them by being electrically insulating. The materials can also mimic fur or take on specific colouring to a satisfactory and realistic degree and offer a lightweight framework to make the toys easy to carry around. | <urn:uuid:aecfe196-e361-4969-ae6a-d32817726790> | {
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Benefits of art therapy
Art therapy refers to a form of psychotherapy with the use of various artistic methods and platforms. Through art therapy, patients may engage in several art-related activities such as drawing, painting, and sculpting among others. In various mental health cases and psychological illnesses, therapy using art techniques are advised for some patients because of many health benefits including the following:
1. Improved communication
Psychotherapy that is done through art-related activities is said to be an effective tool in communicating with people with mental or psychological disorders. Through artistic expression, patients are able to communicate in various ways through their art pieces. Feelings of sadness and happiness are just some of the emotions that patients can communicate to the people around them through art therapy.
2. Stress relief
Creative expression is also known to help relieve stress and anxiety among people with mental disorders and even those who are deemed as normal individuals. The simple act of creating shapes and figures using various art materials is said to be very therapeutic for the mind, body, and soul. Art is considered a form of expression of one’s thoughts and emotions and being able to create something through art helps people forget about their problems in life and therefore become calmer and happier.
3. Boost in social skills
Art therapy also helps boost the self-image and confidence of normal people and patients with varying degrees of psychological disorders. Through art-related activities, people will be able to feel better about themselves and this will eventually translate to better interaction with other people.
The use of art therapy in various mental and/or psychological conditions has started many decades ago and continues to be relevant in present times of because of its various health benefits. Many people also prefer art therapy for some conditions because the activities involved in it are considered fun compared to traditional the psychotherapy approach. | <urn:uuid:850520af-b753-42e4-b261-e61bcc6864d3> | {
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This pack contains everything you will need to teach, display and document sustainability in your early childhood room.
It includes editable documents, posters, games and ideas to promote sustainability in your classroom.
The pack contains the following:
* What is Sustainability? Poster
* Links to Curriculum and Theorists
* Recycling Learning Story Template with links to outcomes and theorists
* Template to record sustainable practices
* How we are Sustainable in the _______ Room Template
* Sustainability and Recycling Posters
* Sustainability and Recycling Colouring Pages
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1. When solving any problem, there are four steps:
- One needs to know what the problem is, or even realize there is a problem.
- The reason or the cause for that problem (some may be superficial causes but there are root causes).
- Knowing what kind of end result can be expected by solving the problem (there may be many possible outcomes depending on the approach).
- A procedure to systematically solve the problem based on the superficial or root causes.
2. Let us discuss several examples. If a car would not start, the cause may not be clear to someone who does not have a technical background in automobiles, but a qualified technician will be able to find the cause quickly.
- He may find that it is a simple problem of some wires becoming loose in the ignition circuit, or it could be as bad as a problem with the engine itself.
- The solution of the problem will lead to being able to start the car.
- And the way to get there depends on the actual problem and going through the standard procedures to solve the problem. If the problem is with a loose wire, one could re-connect the loose wires or just replace that circuit box. If it is a failed engine, one could either replace the engine or if it is a minor problem with the engine, just fix that.
3. Sometimes figuring out the cause or even figuring out that there is a problem, may not be obvious. If we get a headache, in most cases we would just take an aspirin or tylenol and that would “fix it”.
- But if the headache keeps coming back, then we may realize that there could be a more serious root cause. Now we need to figure out why we are getting headaches frequently. First we look at easy solutions. For example, if we can tie up the timing of the headaches to eating some kind of specific food, we can stop eating that and see whether it goes away.
- If we cannot figure it out, and if the problem persists, then we go to a specialist again, in this case a physician. The physician will ask a series of questions and may do a series of tests. The goal is to figure out what causes the headaches, the root cause.
- The end result of solving the problem again is simple: to be free of headaches. But in the case of recurring headaches, taking an aspirin is not a permanent solution.
- Depending on results of the diagnostic tests, the physician may find the root cause to be a cancer. Then that cancer needs to be treated, etc. He will prescribe a method of treatment. If that root cause is removed, then we would have removed the recurring headaches.
- Thus the correct way to solve a problem has four steps: correctly identifying the problem, find its root causes, determine the outcome if the root causes are removed, and finding the best procedure to handle the root causes.
4. But sometimes, when a problem arises we tend to do the most expedient thing to get it out of the way and just move on. If the headache goes away until one gets through the day, then one may decide to just take an aspirin and handle it day to day like that.
- Even when the wife (or husband) says, “You have been taking aspirins almost every day for this many days. Why don’t you see a doctor and see whether there is something else going on?”, we may just continue with the “temporary fix” especially if we are busy.
- If that person was starting to develop a cancer, then postponing the diagnosis of the “root cause” could be a grave mistake. A cancer cell multiplies very rapidly, and could spread to other areas of the body.
- Even though one could get temporary relief by taking an aspirin daily (may be with gradually increasing the dose too), that is NOT the solution. The end result in the short term could be temporary relief, but one is moving into a much more dangerous outcome.
- The ideal solution to the problem is not to be free from the headache temporarily, but to free from the cancer!
5. We can solve many problems by ourselves by following the four step process. We may need a qualified technician to find roots causes of car problems or may need the help of a physician to diagnose the root causes for the recurring headaches as cancer.
6. The Four Noble Truths handle the most critical problem of all: the suffering associated with existence.
- First, most of us are not even aware that there is a problem. Unless one can see that there is a rebirth process and that most of these rebirths are filled with unimaginable suffering, there is no way to even know that there is a problem.
- This problem of existence can be seen only by the highly-purified mind of a Buddha.
- And he found the root causes, that permanent happiness (Nibbana) results from removing the root causes, and the procedure to do that.
- However, one can find temporary solutions but just fixing the superficial causes. Just like fixing the headache by taking an aspirin, one could find temporary happiness in this life by “trouble shooting” each problem as it arises or even take precautionary measures to avoid problems. One could even find a bit longer-term solution by working towards a better rebirth. But both those are temporary solutions, achieved by fixing superficial causes, that are easily seen by any intelligent human being.
7. Thus there is an important difference between superficial causes and root causes.
- It is interesting to note that root causes gives the exact meaning as the Pali term “mülika hetu“; “mula” is the root of a tree. If a tree is cut down or even the if the roots close to the surface are removed, the tree may not be killed; it may still sprout new limbs and finally grow to a full fledged tree.
- However, removing the deep roots of a tree will permanently kill the tree. Similarly, removing root causes will eradicate the problem completely.
8. In complex situations, the root causes of a given problem may not be obvious. And that means the ideal solution may not be obvious.
- When that happens, the problem leads to ever-increasing severity, and may not be solvable after some point, as in the above case of ignoring the headaches for longer time will only lead to the spread of the cancer and after some point, the cancer may not be treatable.
9. In the case of some possible problems that we can foresee, we do not need to wait until they materialize. For example, all parents tell their kids to get a good education and then a good job, so that those kids will not fall into hardships when they grow up. In that case, the solution is to get a good job and the way to get there is to get a good education.
- But getting a good job does not solve all possible problems: a young person getting a job knows that one could come down with a deadly disease or lose the job in an unpredictable situation. Here again, in terms of mundane reality, there are no perfect solutions. One could eat healthy foods, engage in an exercise program, etc and also purchase health insurance and life insurance, etc.
10. We should play out these scenarios in our heads. We can easily see that the four-step process can solve any problem to varying degrees of success.
- In all these situations, our goal is to “maintain things to our satisfaction”. We want our bodies, and the bodies of our spouses and children, to function well and avoid any ailments or discomfort. And we want our physical belongings (houses, cars, clothes, etc) to function well.
- By following the above four-step process we can fulfil our desires to some extent. We can evade certain problems by eating healthy, exercising, etc. We can get a car to last a long time by doing the required maintenance. Still all these activities require effort, and this is a part of the suffering that is not apparent (these are associated with sankhara dukkha and viparinama dukkha; see, “Introduction – What is Suffering?“.
- This is because all we can do in those cases is to try to address some superficial causes.
- But eventually, we WILL NOT be able to maintain our bodies to our satisfaction. No matter how well we plan, there comes a time when our bodies start to degrade, even if we do not encounter any major issues like cancer or alzheimer’s disease; this is part of the dukkha dukkha; see, “Introduction -2 – The Three Characteristics of Nature“.
- Yet, if we do not follow the four-step process in those mundane tasks, we will have much more problems. Therefore, the first thing to do is to make sure one analyzes one’s day-to-day activities and make sure to carefully analyze the problems one encounters (or even better to anticipate future problems) and take necessary precautions.
11. However, tackling superficial causes that we can readily see or discern is what we have been doing since the beginningless time. Life after life, we just strive to “maintain things to our satisfaction”, and at ALL TIMES fail at least at the end.
- Most times we suffer trying to “get things going in the way we want”, and by the time we achieve at least some success, our bodies start falling apart, so that we will not be enjoying what we have gained with so much effort.
- Think carefully about any famous personality, whom we believe had achieved their life goals. They all had to leave behind their achievements in many instance with tragic death, and in their new life those things would not mean anything anyway; they have to start all over. The only things that are carried over to the new life are any good/bad habits or deeds they had cultivated, and not any material gains.
12. The key point that the Buddha was trying to make was that we do not realize that there is a “problem of existence”, the first step in the four step process involving our existence. But since we cannot readily see the rebirth process most of us focus on just this life.
- All we have been doing is to “take aspirins” as headaches resurfaced, instead of finding a permanent solution to the “problem of never-ending headaches”.
- In each and every life so far, what we have done has been to “take aspirins” to try to solve problems temporarily as they inevitably come our way.
- This is the First Noble Truth of “ dukkha sacca” (pronounced “dukkha sachcha”). That “existence in this world of 31 realms is filled with suffering, and it is never-ending process; but that can be overcome permanently”.
13. If we understand how this never-ending process gets the required fuel from (or the root cause for rebirths), then by ELIMINATING those causes we can solve the problem of perpetual suffering permanently.
- This cause of suffering is the second Noble Truth: “dukkha samudaya (where “samudaya” is “san” + “udaya” where “udaya” means “to arise”) or how rebirth-fuelling “san” is the cause for dukha. The Buddha analyzed this cause in detail and found that it is our attachment (tanha) to “things in this world” due to our ignorance to fact that “anything in this world cannot be maintained to our satisfaction” or anicca. Thus stated succinctly, the root cause for our suffering is not realizing anicca.
- Anicca leads to dukha (suffering), and thus one becomes anatta (helpless). Since this dukha can be overcome, it is called dukkha, and thus we have the Three Characteristics of “this world of 31 realms”; see, “Anatta and Dukkha – True Meanings“.
- Not understanding these three characteristics is called avijja or ignorance.
14. Now the third step is to see that the successful solution to this problem is the attainment of Nibbana or stopping of the rebirth process. This is probably the hardest step to latch on to.
- Our minds are setup not to “see” the suffering one is undergoing, but to contemplate on “possible future happiness”. The Buddha likened this to the case of a cow dragging a fully-loaded cart eagerly, when its owner is holding a stack of hay on a pole in front of it. The cow has its mind set on reaching the stack of hay, and does not even realize the heavy load it is pulling.
- Even the lowest worm wants to live. It does not see the suffering that it goes through. This is where one needs to spend a lot time trying to comprehend the message of the Buddha.
- It is only when one truly comprehends that “it is fruitless to struggle to to find happiness in this world of 31 realms” that one attains the Sotapanna stage. This is when one sees the truth in the Third Noble Truth, the nirodha sacca: nirodha means “nir” + “uda” or stop the arising.
15. The Buddha said that when one sees one Noble Truth, one sees all four. Thus at the attainment of the Sotapanna stage, the way to Nibbana also becomes clear.
- The process to remove the root causes of avijja and tanha is the Fourth Noble Truth, the magga sacca or the Truth of the Path, where “magga” is a path. And this path is eightfold and it is the Noble Eightfold Path.
- The Path has to be followed systematically, and Samma Ditthi or the vision to eliminate “san” is the first step. A Sotapanna has achieved this to a significant extent by comprehending anicca, dukkha, anatta to a certain extent.
16. Therefore, the four step process stated in #1 above is a basic principle that can be used to solve any problem (any mundane problem temporarily and the ultimate problem of existence permanently), because it is based on the core principles of cause and effect that Nature is based on.
17. Nibbana does not have a cause. It is reached via eliminating all causes. There are six root causes that maintain this world for anyone: greed, hate, ignorance, non-greed, non-hate, non-ignorance. All these are removed via panna or wisdom. It is important to realize that wisdom is NOT non-ignorance. Explanation of that requires another essay.
- But for now, it is suffice to say that the four lowest realms of this world are maintained via the “bad roots” of greed, hate, and ignorance. The rest of the 31 realms are maintained via non-greed, non-hate, and non-ignorance, the so-called “good roots”. The real wisdom is attained when one realizes that all those roots lead to attachment to “this material world”. But until one develops wisdom to a certain extent by first removing the “bad roots”, it is not possible even to grasp the meaning of anicca, dukkha, anatta.
- This is why the Noble Eightfold Path is two-fold: the mundane (lokiya) Noble Eightfold Path is to be followed first to avoid birth in the lowest four realms and to cleanse the mind to a certain extent.
- Then one follows the transcendental (lokottara) Noble Eightfold Path to attain Nibbana by fully cleansing the mind of all six roots; see, “Maha Chattarisaka Sutta (Discourse on the Great Forty)“. | <urn:uuid:f5a6d431-f993-4d18-a1d2-b50c259a88bf> | {
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Restenneth Priory In Pictures
The ancient Restenneth Priory, by Forfar, is believed to have been founded by the king of the Picts around 715AD.
Would such deep history from a county – Angus – that’s deemed to be the birthplace of Scotland, transfer into earth energies that spark paranormal activity?
Let’s look at some pictures from Restenneth Priory in this article, with further expansion of our findings in addition material to follow.
1. The Pictish King of 715AD
The Pictish King was said to have sent for an Abbot to ask for instruction in the Christian faith when founding this location, and for builders who could build in the Roman style of stone, which was unheard of in this period.
2. 11th Century Structure
However, the base of the tower is said to be closer to 11th Century, which would suggest that the ground has always had a spiritual connection, with rebuilding taking place throughout the ages.
Either way, this priory is one of the very earliest stone buildings in Scotland.
3. The Pictish People Of Scotland
The Picts were a tribal confederation of people who lived in what is today eastern and northern Scotland during the Late Iron Age and Early Medieval periods.
To put that into perspective for you, this was from around 50 BC, right through to around the 7th century.
4. The Spiritual Pictish Carvings
The stone carvings by the Picts also point towards a more esoteric nature, and mimics a lot of similar carvings from likewise indigenous tribes in others areas of the world.
Spirals, serpents, and the like are highly prevalent as an example.
5. Deep Connection To The Earth
The placing of ancient stones – especially in the Angus area – would also suggest they knew something about ley-lines and the earth natural energies, where you will find many religious buildings or élite castle strongholds placed.
6. The Veil To The Spirit World
Could the veil to the spirit world be thinner in these places? And how does Restenneth Priory fit into such a hypothesis.
This is something Haunted Scotland is looking at closely.
7 The Country Of Angus
Did You Know, The area that now comprises Angus has been occupied since at least the Neolithic period.
Material taken from postholes from an enclosure at Douglasmuir, near Friockheim, about five miles north of Arbroath have been radiocarbon dated to around 3500 BC The function of the enclosure is unknown, but may have been for agriculture or for ceremonial purposes.
8. The Stunning Restenneth Priory
This location is free to access for all, and is situated 1.5 miles East of Forfar, in the Angus region of Scotland.
If you do visit, let us know how you get on.
Have you liked our Facebook page yet? Please consider following us at https://www.facebook.com/HauntedScotlandInvestigates
Please also check back for additional material from our audio analysis, future visits, and our photographic articles from around Scotland.
If you enjoy the material, please do share it, like it, and let us know. | <urn:uuid:48cb6858-7b6b-4bf7-85b6-17d3b2ef64c4> | {
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Shampoos are cleaning formulations used for a wide range of applications, including personal care, pet use, and carpets. Most are manufactured in roughly the same manner. They are composed primarily of chemicals called surfactants that have the special ability to surround oily materials on surfaces and allow them to be rinsed away by water. Most commonly, shampoos are used for personal care, especially for washing the hair.
Before the advent of shampoos, people typically used soap for personal care. However, soap had the distinct disadvantages of being irritating to the eyes and incompatible with hard water, which made it leave a dull-looking film on the hair. In the early 1930s, the first synthetic detergent shampoo was introduced, although it still had some disadvantages. The 1960s brought the detergent technology we use today.
Over the years, many improvements have been made to shampoo formulations. New detergents are less irritating to the eyes and skin and have improved health and environmental qualities. Also, materials technology has advanced, enabling the incorporation of thousands of beneficial ingredients in shampoos, leaving hair feeling cleaner and better conditioned.
New shampoos are initially created by cosmetic chemists in the laboratory. These scientists begin by determining what characteristics the shampoo formula will have. They must decide on aesthetic features such as how thick it should be, what color it will be, and what it will smell like. They also consider performance attributes, such as how well it cleans, what the foam looks like, and how irritating it will be. Consumer testing often helps determine what these characteristics should be.
Once the features of the shampoo are identified, a formula is created in the laboratory. These initial batches are made in small beakers using various ingredients. In the personal care industry, nearly all of the ingredients that can be used are classified by the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA) in the governmentally approved collection known as the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI). The more important ingredients in shampoo formulations are water, detergents, foam boosters, thickeners, conditioning agents, preservatives, modifiers, and special additives.
The primary ingredient in all shampoos is water, typically making up about 70-80% of the entire formula. Deionized water, which is specially treated to remove various particles and ions, is used in shampoos. The source of the water can be underground wells, lakes, or rivers.
The next most abundant ingredients in shampoos are the primary detergents. These materials, also known as surfactants, are the cleansing ingredients in shampoos. Surfactants are surface active ingredients, meaning they can interact with a surface. The chemical nature of a surfactant allows it to surround and trap oily materials from surfaces. One portion of the molecule is oil compatible (soluble) while the other is water soluble. When a shampoo is applied to hair or textiles, the oil soluble portion aligns with the oily materials while the water soluble portion aligns in the water layer. When a number of surfactant molecules line up like this, they form a structure known as a micelle. This micelle has oil trapped in the middle and can be washed away with water, thus giving the shampoo its cleansing power.
Surfactants are derived from compounds known as fatty acids. Fatty acids are naturally occurring materials which are found in various plant and animal sources. The materials used most often to make the surfactants used in shampoos are extracted from coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and soy bean oil. Some common primary detergents used in shampoos are ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium lauryl ether sulfate.
In addition to cleansing surfactants, other types of surfactants are added to shampoos to improve the foaming characteristics of the formulation. These materials, called alkanolamides, help increase the amount of foam and the size of the bubbles. Like primary detergents, they are also derived from fatty acids and have both water soluble and oil soluble characteristics. Typical materials include lauramide DEA or cocamide DEA.
To some extent, the alkanolamides that make shampoos foam also make the formulations thicker. However, other materials are also used to increase the viscosity. For example, methylcellulose, derived from plant cellulose, is included in shampoos to make them thicker. Sodium chloride (salt) also can be used to increase shampoo thickness.
Some materials are also added to shampoos to offset the sometimes harsh effect of surfactants on hair and fabrics. Typical conditioning agents include polymers, silicones, and quaternary agents. Each of these compounds deposit on the surface of the hair and improve its feel, softness, and combability, while reducing static charge. Shampoos that specifically feature conditioning as a benefit are called 2-in-1 shampoos because they clean and condition hair in the same step. Examples of conditioning agents include guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride which is a polymer, dimethicone which is a silicone, and quatemium 80, a quatemary agent.
Since shampoos are made from water and organic compounds, contamination from bacteria and other microbes is possible. Preservatives are added to prevent such growth. Two of the most common preservatives used in shampoos are DMDM hydantoin and methylparaben.
Other ingredients are added to shampoo formulas to modify specific characteristics. Opacifiers are added to make the formula opaque and give it a pearly look. Materials known as sequestering agents are added to offset the dulling effects of hard water. Acids or bases such as citric acid or sodium hydroxide are added to adjust the pH of a shampoo so the detergents will provide optimal cleaning.
One of the primary factors that influence the purchase of a shampoo is its color and odor. To modify these characteristics, manufacturers add fragrance oils and governmentally approved and certified FD&C dyes. Other special additives can also have a similar effect. Natural materials such as botanical extracts, natural oils, proteins, and vitamins all impart special qualities and help sell shampoos. Additives such as zinc pyrithione are included to address the problem of dandruff. Other additives are dyes which can color the hair.
After a shampoo formula is developed, it is tested to ensure that its qualities will minimally change over time. This type of testing, called stability testing, is primarily used to detect physical changes in such things as color, odor, and thickness. It can
The manufacturing process can be broken down into two steps. First a large batch of shampoo is made, and then the batch is packaged in individual bottles.
In addition to the initial checks to make sure the product meets specifications, other quality control checks are made. For example, line inspectors watch the bottles at specific points on the filling line to make sure everything looks right. They notice things like fill levels, label placement, and whether the cap is on correctly. The product is also routinely checked to see if there has been any microbial contamination. This is done by taking a bottle off the filling line and sending it to the QC lab. Here, a small amount of the shampoo product is smeared onto a plate and inoculated with bacteria and other organisms to see if they grow. Additionally, the packaging is also checked to see if it meets specifications. Things such as bottle thickness, appearance, and bottle weight are all checked.
Consumer product corporations will continue to manufacture new types of shampoos. These new formulas will be driven by ever-changing consumer desires and developing chemical technology. Currently, consumers like multi-functional shampoos, such as 2-in-I shampoos, which provide cleansing and conditioning in one step, or shampoos that aid in styling. New shampoos will likely provide improved conditioning, styling, and coloring while cleaning the hair.
Shampoo technology will also improve as new ingredients are developed by raw material suppliers. Some important advances are being made in the development of compounds such as polymers, silicones, and surfactants. These materials will be less irritating, less expensive, more environmentally friendly, and also provide greater functionality and performance.
Knowlton, John and Steven Pearce. The Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993.
Umbach, Wilfried. Cosmetics and Toiletries Development, Production, and Use. Ellis Horwood, 1991.
Kintish, Lisa. "Shampoos Get Specific." Soap/Cosmetic/Chemical Specialties, October 1995, pp. 20-30.
— Perry Romanowski | <urn:uuid:899ee743-2dc0-44c7-bec4-7e3382e53d18> | {
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Sylvia Wong of Concern sent me a box full of materials, almost all of which are freely available on their website, that have almost limitless classroom potential. There’s guides full of data, pictures, stories and open-ended questions on topics such as child labor, education, women’s rights, hunger, and more. There’s also a set of engaging posters that can get your kids thinking, talking and writing about these issues. Finally, there’s a set of well-produced videos available on DVD that further illustrate the problems facing these countries.
The materials are most appropriate for middle and high school students, but could be easily adapted for younger students as well. What can you do with this? Here’s some ideas to start with:
- Compare and contrast the issues faced in these countries with the local reality your students deal with. No matter where you teach, this should be an eye opening exercise in any humanities class. (Check out GCC’s ideas for projects as well)
- In math, you could use the data and statistics available to create questions, or you could practice converting it into different types of graphs and charts.
- The materials provide great background information and primary source material for study of earth science, biology, bioethics, and more.
- Great discussion material for advisory groups or to read during DEAR time
- Use it at end of the school year after testing is over, a notoriously difficult time to keep students engaged
- Create an after school service learning club, use it in conjunction with microcredit projects
- Use it as a jumping off point for in-depth web research, maybe even set up live chats with students in these countries
I found these resources through Twitter (thanks to Sylvia Wong, who works for Concern and tweets from @concernGCC, for reaching out). Without going off on a tangent, you should join the ubiquitous social network with the express purpose of personal learning/professional development if you haven’t already. There’s a lot more to it than minute-by-minute celebrity updates and strangers telling you what they had for breakfast.
Keeping this in mind, I’m giving away the Concern Worldwide classroom materials seen above via Twitter. To enter, just tweet:
@teachforever09 I’m interested in the awesome classroom materials from @concernGCC
…exactly as it’s written above by midnight CST Friday. Then, I’ll pick one lucky winner at random. You don’t have to follow me or Sylvia, but we sure would appreciate it. The only thing you need to enter is a Twitter account. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:dbe27f31-de53-4be3-ac88-55495a513707> | {
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As the legend of Jack the Ripper from the nineteenth century continues up to the present day, this is perfect (no pun intended) situation where we can use the Present Perfect tense. Look at the present perfect examples highlighted in bold. Then read the explanations after the text. "Jack the Ripper" is the famous story of a mass murderer from Victorian London. He killed at least 5 women by slashing their throats and then cutting out their organs. As police have never solved the murders, this legend has fascinated the public for the whole of the last century. Researchers have put forward over 100 differrent theories as to the identity of the killer. The story has inspired numerous novels and movies. The real name of "Jack the Ripper" has been the subject of speculation since 1888. But now, experts believe that they have found the identity of the serial killer from the East End of London. Charles Cross, who was a cart driver, is the name of the most likely suspect. He claimed that he found Polly Nichols (the first murder victim) when she was already dead and was standing at the side of the road when more people turned up. However, a witness, Robert Paul told police that he saw Charles Cross crouching over Polly Nichols and he was touching the body. The experts believe that Cross was the killer and was disturbed as he was mutilating Polly Nicholl's corpse. The author experts, Holmgren and Stow said that, "Cross hasn't been the subject of much investigation and has appeared only vaguely in census records. We have found out that he gave a false name to police and his real name was Charles Latchmere. He walked past every single murder scene on his way to work and all the murders happened at the time when he would have been making that journey."
Present Perfect Explained
Why do we use the present perfect tense in these sentences? Now, I'm sure you've all heard from lots of English teachers that the present perfect "connects the past to the present", which isn't really super helpful. In the Jack the Ripper story, the start of the tale is 1888 when the first woman was killed. That is our PAST. The PRESENT is now, i.e. September 2012. So let's look at our sentences with those two times (1888-past & 2012-present) as our reference points.
PRESENT PERFECT EXAMPLES
1. Police have never solved the murders Or we could say... Police have not solved the murders from the time of the killings (1888) up until now (2012). So you can see that the time period that we are thinking of is ALL OF THE TIME from the past point (1888) UP TO & INCLUDING the present moment (2012). This is how the past time connects to the present time. It is an UNBROKEN, CONTINUING LINE OF TIME from the past action all the way through to the present moment. 2. This legend has fascinated the public Or we could say... This legend has fascinated the public from the time of the killings (1888) ALL THE TIME up until now (2012). Again, there is an UNBROKEN LINE, A CONTINUATION OF TIME between the past until the present. 3. Researchers have put forward over 100 different theories Or we could say... Researchers have put forward over 100 different theories from the time of the killings (PAST) up until now (PRESENT). 4. The story has inspired numerous novels Or... The story has inspired numerous novels from the time of the killings (1888) AND INCLUDING ALL OF THE YEARS/TIME INBETWEEN up until now (2012) 5. The real name of “Jack the Ripper” has been the subject of speculation since 1888 This sentence explains itself, doesn't it? From the time of the killings in the past (1888) and including all the time up until now (2012) people have been speculating about Jack the Ripper 6. ...experts believe that they have found the identity of the serial killer... This sentence uses a different time in the past - this past is NOT 1888... it is much more recent, more like last month, August 2012. This is like the classic textbook sentence, "I lost my keys, but now I have found them". They are telling people the news (the new things). No-one new about the evidence, but now They didn't have the evidence about the identity and then they discovered it (last month)... but they still have the evidence in their hands. There was a RESULT IN THE PAST and that RESULT IS STILL TRUE IN THE PRESENT. There is a continuing line of time of 'HAVING the evidence'. They had it in the middle of August. They had it at the end of August. They had it at the beginning of September. They have it now . At no time did they lose the the evidence. From the moment of discovering the evidence, they have kept it.
Present Perfect v Past Simple
If the sentence was only... "They found the evidence." (PAST SIMPLE) I would want to know WHEN they found it... OR what did they do with the evidence after that. So, it would be more normal to say the exact time when it happened... "They found the evidence on August 12th, 2012" (PAST SIMPLE) Or, what happened after that... "They found the evidence and then gave it to the police.." (PAST SIMPLE) USING THE PRESENT PERFECT version experts believe that they have found the identity of the serial killer tells us that at some point in the past (WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHEN BECAUSE IT'S NOT IMPORTANT) the experts found the evidence and they still have that evidence NOW. 7. Cross hasn’t been the subject of much investigation and has appeared only vaguely in census records. Or.... Cross hasn’t been the subject of much investigation from the TIME OF OUR PAST (1888) AND ALL THE TIME UP TO NOW (2012). Just like sentences 1 to 5. 8. We have found out that he gave a false name to police This is the same explanation as for number 6. At some point in the PAST (WE DON'T KNOW WHEN) some action happened and NOW IN THE PRESENT TIME that action is still true. We are thinking about the PAST AND THE PRESENT TOGETHER & ALL THE TIME INBETWEEN WITHOUT ANY BREAK IN THE TIME PERIOD. I hope you can understand the present perfect a bit more clearly now - because I'm not going to write all of that out again!!! :) Do you want to see something funny about the present perfect after all that studying? | <urn:uuid:406f476a-98c1-4224-bc68-cd04839538dc> | {
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Pitching Tips: Gripping The Ball
Gripping the ball properly may seem fundamental, but many young players make mistakes when gripping the baseball. Teach your players that holding the ball in their fingertips - as opposed to jamming it into the hand - will help them get good velocity and wrist snap for control.
Have your pitchers vary their grips on the seams to experiment with the fastball and change ups. For example, gripping the with seams causes the pitch to sink; gripping the ball across the seams makes the pitch appear to rise. | <urn:uuid:3581c02a-f44b-4851-bbe0-5b7381b7a3b7> | {
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Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic condition characterized by acute episodes of swelling in various areas of the body, including the face, limbs, trunk, or genitalia. The swelling can also affect internal organs, such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
How pregnancy affects HEA
Women are more predisposed to hereditary angioedema attacks than men; this is thought to be due to higher levels of estrogen in their body.
In pregnancy, estrogen levels are even higher, so the disease may get worse. A temporary increase in the number of episodes may also occur during breastfeeding, possibly due to higher levels of the hormone prolactin. The interruption of breastfeeding might decrease angioedema episodes by leading to a decline in prolactin levels.
Care during pregnancy and beyond
Close monitoring during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and breastfeeding should be conducted, as these events may alter the course of hereditary angioedema. Each woman’s body can react differently to these events and during each individual pregnancy.
Delivery should always occur in a hospital setting and the patient should be closely monitored by different specialists to provide a multidisciplinary approach. Monitoring should be continued for at least 72 hours after delivery.
Based on the patient’s medical history, the doctor will decide whether a preventative treatment, such as plasma-derived C1-INH, should be considered before delivery.
The doctor can then prescribe a personalized treatment with C1-INH to continue at home and train the patient how to use it to reduce the severity and duration of the attacks.
Treatment of HAE during pregnancy and breastfeeding
The pharmacological management of hereditary angioedema during pregnancy becomes very restricted because some medicines are contraindicated or have no benefits during pregnancy.
Attenuated androgens such as Danocrine (danazol), Winstrol (stanozolol), Oxandrine (oxandrolone), Kalbitor (ecallantide), Firazyr (icatibant) and the recombinant human C1-INH Ruconest are not approved for use in pregnancy or lactation.
Some treatments like antifibrinolytics and androgens can be excreted into breast milk and cause potential adverse effects in babies, making the management of hereditary angioedema a challenge during breastfeeding.
Treatments approved for use during pregnancy and lactation are:
- Plasma-derived human CI inhibitor concentrate (pdhC1INH): Berinert and Cinryze are indicated as a first-line treatment during pregnancy and lactation.
- Antifibrinolytics like tranexamic acid are indicated during pregnancy, but not during lactation.
- Virally inactivated fresh frozen plasma is indicated during pregnancy and lactation whenever other treatments are not available.
Will my baby also have HAE?
Hereditary angioedema is a genetic condition caused by mutations in the SERPING1 (types 1 and 2) or F12 genes (type 3). The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that one faulty copy of the gene is sufficient to cause the disease. So the baby of a parent who has the mutation has a 50 percent risk of also having the disease.
It is important to be diagnosed as soon as possible. However, it is usually not recommended to screen babies immediately after birth as this might lead to false results. To have reliable and early results, a laboratory diagnosis should be performed after the baby’s first birthday by measuring the quantity and activity of the C1-INH protein. In ambiguous cases, a genetic test can also be performed to check for mutations in the SERPING1 or F12 genes, but this is rarely necessary.
Angioedema News is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. | <urn:uuid:803b1483-0163-4163-bcfb-405bf4fce005> | {
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Albuterol is used to prevent and treat wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness caused by lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; a group of diseases that affect the lungs and airways). Albuterol inhalation aerosol is also used to prevent breathing difficulties during exercise. Albuterol is in a class of medications called bronchodilators. It works by relaxing and opening air passages to the lungs to make breathing easier. More info »
AT A GLANCE: THIS DRUG IN 2011
Medicare Part D Claims
Cost by state
|District of Columbia||1,803||$27.1K|
About This Data
ProPublica obtained prescribing data from Medicare’s prescription drug benefit, known as Part D, under the Freedom of Information Act. The data for 2011 includes nearly 1.2 billion prescriptions written by 1.6 million doctors, nurses and other providers. This database lists about 364,000 of those providers who wrote 50 or more prescriptions for at least one drug that year. About three-fourths went to patients 65 and older; the rest were for disabled patients. Methodology »
If you are a provider and you believe your address is incorrect, check the listing you created on the National Provider Identifier registry. If you change your listing, send a note to [email protected] and we will update your information. If you have other questions about this data, send a note to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:3635ba51-124a-4566-a30b-56ca8d461db5> | {
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Well & Good
Researchers who set out to show how coffee benefits the heart instead ended up demonstrating how it could make people gain weight.
The study from the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and the University of Western Australia's School of Medicine and Pharmacology looked into a compound found in coffee called Chlorogenic Acid (CGA).
Because studies had previously shown consumption of a chemical other than caffeine in coffee reduced the risk of type-2 diabetes, the researchers focussed on CGAs - which are very rich in coffee.
CGAs were known for their health benefits, including increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing blood pressure, and minimising body fat accumulation, one of the researchers said.
"However, this study proved the opposite in dosages equivalent to five or six cups of coffee per day," Assistant Professor Vance Matthews said.
When the equivalent dose of CGA was fed to lab mice, it affected the way fat was used in the liver, and caused abnormal retention of fat within cells.
The obese mice also had a tendency for a higher degree of glucose intolerance and increased insulin resistance.
Matthews said the health effects depended on the dosage, and moderate amounts of coffee would be fine.
"Up to three to four cups a day still seems to decrease the risk of developing diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes," he said.
"Everybody knows about the effects of caffeine, but when we're considering our lifestyle choices it's important to remember that compounds such as CGA can have an effect on our health if they're not consumed in moderation."
The study was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Do you believe eating superfoods makes you healthier?Related story: (See story) | <urn:uuid:e4a05db4-7c58-449d-b0be-651c5e103b6c> | {
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The state's World Languages K-12 Learning Standards describe what students
should be able to do with the language as they develop proficiency.
The state learning standards are adopted from the national Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century, as published by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL).
Career and College Goals in Washington with World Language Correlations (PDF)
21st Century Skills and World
Can Do Statements
World Languages Learning Standards Toolkit
These documents provide best practice guidance on development of standards-based instructional materials.
Standards Professional Development for World Languages Teachers
Included are professional development presentation materials that can be used for implementation of the Washington State World Languages K-12 Learning Standards. These materials include Leader Guides, PowerPoint presentations, and other supporting documents.
Linking World Languages to Common Core State Standards
The four strands of the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts (ELA) and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language) have been aligned to the National Standards for Learning Languages by the American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages. View:
Alignment of the National Standards for Learning Languages with the Common Core State Standards. There are also efforts to translate the Common Core State Standards into other languages, in particular, for use in Dual Immersion type programs. For example, see
Common Core Translation Project.
In November 2013, ACTFL unveiled refreshed standards for learning languages
that incorporate the Common Core State Standards. View the World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages
summary available for download on the ACTFL World-Readiness Standards for Language Learning page. | <urn:uuid:c77ad91c-1234-48f0-911a-c87ccd428829> | {
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judiciary: Information About The Word 'judiciary'
judiciary is an acceptable dictionary word for games like scrabble, words with friends, crossword, etc.
The word 'judiciary' is made up of 9 letters.
Using the word 'judiciary' in Scrabble will fetch you 22 points while using it in Words with Friends will fetch you 25 points (without taking into consideration the effect of any multipliers).
Check out the Anagrams of judiciary
Check out the Words which can be formed using the letters of judiciary
Words Ending With 'judiciary'
Words Starting With 'judiciary'
Words Containing 'judiciary'
Other Info & Useful Resources for the Word 'judiciary'
|Points in Scrabble for judiciary||22|
|Points in Words with Friends for judiciary||25|
|Number of Letters in judiciary||9|
|More info About judiciary||judiciary|
|List of Words Starting with judiciary||Words Starting With judiciary|
|List of Words Ending with judiciary||Words Ending With judiciary|
|List of Words Containing judiciary||Words Containing judiciary|
|List of Anagrams of judiciary||Anagrams of judiciary|
|List of Words Formed by Letters of judiciary||Words Created From judiciary|
|judiciary Definition at Wiktionary||Click Here|
|judiciary Definition at Merriam-Webster||Click Here|
|judiciary Definition at Dictionary||Click Here|
|judiciary Synonyms At Thesaurus||Click Here|
|judiciary Info At Wikipedia||Click Here|
|judiciary Search Results on Google||Click Here|
|judiciary Search Results on Bing||Click Here|
|Tweets About judiciary on Twitter||Click Here| | <urn:uuid:3af3c9c6-5f10-42d4-beea-aee429f51cb5> | {
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Many are familiar with the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, in the Ford Theater on April 15, 1865 at the Ford Theater in Washington, D.C. The murder was carried out by John Wilkes Booth, an actor who often appeared in plays at the Ford Theater, however John Wilkes Booth lived a double life, as a part time actor and a full time Secret Agent in the Confederate Secret Service (CSS.) Booth had been a southern sympathizers and believed greatly in succession. He saw the Confederate Secret Service as a way to serve his country valiantly.
The Confederate Secret Service was a network of spies that were employed by a secret Confederate Organization, that was controlled in part by the Confederate Government. The Confederate Secret Service had agents in the U.S and in Europe that gathered intel and passed secret messages from inside the Union government back to the Confederate Government in Richmond, Virginia.
Initially, Booth and other agents conspired to kidnap President Lincoln and hold him hostage until various demands were met that benefited the Confederate cause. The plans for the abduction eventually yielded to a plan to bomb the white house during an important event, but that plan was foiled. Finally the plan for Booth to shoot Lincoln in the back of the head during a play would be the go to plan for the assassination of Lincoln. The Confederate Secret Service believed that without Lincoln the Union would fall into unrest and panic would ensue, making it possible for the Confederacy to overtake Washington, D.C and put together a counter attack to re-win the war.
The service deemed it would be the easiest because Booth was well known at the theater and had access to everywhere as an actor.
After the shooting, Booth fled along with another accomplice. Using a network of southern sympathizers and Service Agents, Booth was able to evade the authorities. However, a group of soldiers caught up to him and trapped him inside of a barn, where they eventually lit it on fire and shot Booth, ending the manhunt for one of America’s most infamous fugitives, and the Confederacy’s best secret Agent. | <urn:uuid:8a52250b-53a9-45e8-a91a-ec4b0e09ac1b> | {
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Value over words: Montessori teachers are specially trained
Montessori is not just a method of teaching. It is a philosophy of learning. In Australia, Montessori teachers must fulfil two criteria – a government-mandated teaching qualification and a Montessori teaching certificate.
For Maria Montessori, the teacher is not just an instructor of knowledge. The fundamental roles of the teacher are to guide children to normalisation and concentration and to help them in their development afterward (Dr. Maria Montessori, ‘The Development of the Child’).
Montessori Schools in Perth, like Casa Mia Montessori School, only employ Montessori-trained and qualified teachers. A Montessori teacher learns about Montessori philosophy, child development, and didactic development materials. They learn in classrooms, practice in workshops and participate in class observations.
Values over words
Montessori is about internalising virtues, not words. To understand how each child learns at the different stages of development, it is important that the Montessori teacher develops moral alertness, tranquillity, patience, charity, and humility (Dr. Maria Montessori, ‘The Discovery of the Child’, p. 151). The teacher cannot perform his/her role without these values.
Montessori trained teachers take pride in their work because they understand the role they play in shaping the child’s personality and in guiding the child to his/her personal journey of lifelong learning and inquiry.
Didactic materials and prepared environments
Montessori teachers are trained to handle the didactic materials used in Montessori Education. All teachers learn to:
a) Keep didactic development materials in perfect order so that the child will want to interact with it.
b) Prepare the environment for learning, review it, and make changes to improve on it.
Supporting independent inquiry
In guiding the child to use the materials, the teacher performs two roles. The first is to invite the child’s interest in the material. The second is to intervene when the child is ready, to help him/her develop understanding.
Developing concentration and focus is unique to the Montessori approach. It is through this process that characteristics of an independent lifelong learner are developed. To support the child, Montessori teachers are trained not to interfere when the child is engaged in learning. Instead, the teacher observes and takes notes. The teacher intervenes only when the child has successfully completed the task to help him/her develop understanding. Through observations, the teacher develops strategies to help both weak and good students. The teacher understands every child’s learning ability is different and that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to learning.
All Casa Mia Montessori is managed by a teacher and a teaching assistant. To find out more about our unique teaching methods, visit our school today and observe how our teachers work with our students to help them become better learners. | <urn:uuid:96b4441f-bb08-495e-b19e-22bc297a9938> | {
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Monolingual dictionaries utilize the same methodology that you should be using when trying to explain the meanings of lexical terms: paraphrase. By paraphrasing words in the target language, you can not only teach new vocabulary, but more importantly, improve the fluency level of your students with additional contact in English. This methodology provides an effective strategy that enables you to reach students at different proficiency levels: paraphrase a given vocabulary term first for advanced learners followed by intermediate students and finally, for people that are still struggling with language comprehension.
Keep my advice in mind when using AlexCase's suggestions above, as now, you automatically should have three examples for each activity. :)
Eric Paul Monroehttp://www.eric-tesol.com/ | <urn:uuid:8ecca2cf-5cb2-4265-a2b5-7c154ecca548> | {
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BOSTON - The 'internet of things' is composed of all the devices and appliances that allow a user to turn up the heat, brew a pot of coffee or start the Crock Pot from a smartphone.
The convenience is great, but a real-life experiment at Northeastern University is finding there are several potential dangers that a user might not realize.
At the Cybersecurity and Privacy Institute, professor David Choffnes and his graduate assistants have set up a mock apartment to better track how these web-enabled appliances can track the user.
"We’re looking at network traffic that comes out of them and trying to understand what is the information that they are sharing, what are the potential privacy and security risks, and then what can we do about it,” explained Choffnes.
Inside the glass-enclosed living space, there are about 80 devices hooked up -- including a washer/dryer, a refrigerator, a microwave, a lock, a doorbell and a tea kettle.
Choffnes said there is even a Wi-Fi enabled toothbrush on the market.
“Your toothbrush is able to tell whether you're doing a good job and convey that information to your dental insurance company and if you're not brushing your teeth regularly, suddenly your dental rates go up," he said. "This actually exists."
Another concern is how televisions are now being made.
“If you’ve bought a TV at all recently, it's connected to the internet. These all have Wi-Fi, and in fact, there have been studies that show these devices in some cases are watching what you're watching, and conveying that back to the manufacturer,” said Choffnes.
There are also threats to physical safety as well.
“We have a microwave that you can engage remotely. Same thing with the washer and dryer, and other devices have mechanical components that could be put under stress and could potentially do things like catch on fire,” said Choffnes.
The researchers felt they had to create a real-life living situation to get the best feedback on how the devices are actually used. Choffnes believes these types of smart appliances will be hard to avoid in the future.
“I think it’s less about thinking about where things are today, but where they are going. I do think we will increasingly see devices that just come with this kind of connectivity,” he said.
At this point, Choffnes has two pieces of advice for consumers.
First, do some research and see if a non-Wi-Fi model of an appliance is available.
If that’s not possible, then check to see if the connectivity can be turned off in the appliance’s settings.
© 2019 Cox Media Group. | <urn:uuid:df0f4342-9c20-4566-b1a9-8948cb6d9989> | {
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Preço a consultar
O que se aprende nesse curso?
The Document Object Model
Today's lesson is all about the Document Object Model (DOM), a set of rules and words you use to access and manipulate the elements of a Web page. You'll also learn about variables in today's lesson, which are temporary placeholders for information that can vary. While such terms and concepts are often scary to the new developers, they actually turn out to be quite easy to understand once you remove the shroud of mystery.
Dates, Numbers, and Decision-Making
Search My Site Code
Today's lesson will give you some Search My Site code. This is particularly handy for larger multipage sites, where users may want to search for a particular word or phrase within your site without having to go through the site one page at a time. And unlike some services that charge you money for this sort of thing, the method you'll learn here is free of charge. And as an added bonus, you'll learn how to add drop-down list controls to your pages.
Fun With Music
Building a Picture Carousel
Fun With Arrays and Loops
Timers and Transition Effects
Creating Collapsible Panels and Accordions
In today's lesson, you'll build on what you learned last time about jQuery to add some powerful new techniques to your arsenal. Specifically, you'll see how you can use jQuery to create collapsible panel and accordion controls. These are custom controls that allow you to create more modern-looking websites in which users can click to expand information, making your site more efficient, effective, and easier to use on touch screens.
Using jQuery Plug-ins
Through well-crafted lessons, expert online instruction and interaction with your tutor, participants in these courses gain valuable knowledge at their convenience. They have the flexibility to study at their own pace combined with enough structure and support to complete the course. And they can access the classroom 24/7 from anywhere with an Internet connection.
New sessions of each course run every month. They last six weeks, with two new lessons being released weekly (for a total of 12). The courses are entirely Web-based with comprehensive lessons, quizzes, and... | <urn:uuid:9b5f7e45-ce98-49b2-9e98-0c71c35b9dbc> | {
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Chili pequin is an attractive Tabasco pepper with a bright red color and a slender, pointed, slightly twisted shape. The peppers are grown for their ornamental value or to flavor spicy dishes. Chili pequin is suitable for planting in all Sunset Climate Zones. It is usually grown as an annual, but is sometimes grown as a perennial with winter protection. However, the peppers tend to become smaller with each successive year.
Water chili pequin regularly, providing 1 to 2 inches every week. Water at the base of the plant so the water goes directly to the roots and the foliage remains dry. Don't allow the soil to become soggy or bone dry. Irregular watering often results in rot or blossom drop.
Apply 1 to 2 inches of mulch such as compost, straw or shredded bark after the soil warms to a temperature of 70 degrees Fahreneheit. Mulch keeps the soil evenly moist and keeps weeds in check, but mulching too early creates fungus and other moisture-related problems. To determine soil moisture, use an inexpensive thermometer available at garden centers.
Fertilize pepper plants lightly four and eight weeks after peppers are transplanted into the garden. Apply about 1/4 tablespoon of granular fertilizer for every pepper plant, as too much fertilizer creates lush foliage with no peppers. Use a high nitrogen fertilizer with a ratio such as 21-0-0 or 33-0-0.
Keep the area around the pepper plants neat to avoid wilt, fungus, rot and other problems caused by lack of air circulation. Discard dead plants at the end of the growing season.
Spray pests such as aphids and thrips with insecticidal soap. Reapply as necessary, as insecticidal soap kills on contact and has no residual effect. Aphids are tiny insects found on the joints of stems and undersides of leaves. Thrips, often found in clusters of hundreds, are small flying insects. Aphids and thrips are both common pests that damage pepper plants by sucking the plant juices.
Things You Will Need
- Soil thermometer
- High-nitrogen granular fertilizer
- Insecticidal soap
- To prevent diseases that gradually build up in the soil, don't plant chili peppers or related plants in the same place more than three consecutive years. Related plants include eggplants, potatoes, tobacco and tomatoes.
- Don't smoke or use other tobacco products when working with pepper plants. Tobacco often contains tobacco mosaic virus, which is easily spread to the plants.
- Utah State University Cooperative Extension: Peppers in the Garden
- University of California Davis Vegetable Research and Information Center: Pepper
- Texas A&M University Extension: Pepper
- Clemson Cooperative Extension: Pepper
- The New Sunset Western Garden Book; Ed. Kathleen Norris Brenzel
- Oregon Live: Soil Temperatures and Veggies: How to Check Before Planting
- Penn State University Extension: Crop Rotation | <urn:uuid:9c08b21c-79cd-4273-948b-86360888d9a5> | {
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It was 13 years in the making.
The second-longest running science experiment in history has just yielded its strange result: a sticky, black drop of pitch.
Set up in 1944 at Trinity College Dublin, the experiment is meant to reveal the strange properties of bitumen -- pitch, or asphalt -- which appears solid at room temperature but is in fact flowing very, very slowly.
At around 5 o'clock in the afternoon on July 11, physicist Shane Bergin and colleagues recorded what Nature described as one of the most eagerly anticipated and exhilarating drips in science.
“We were all so excited,” Bergin told Nature. “It’s been such a great talking point, with colleagues eager to investigate the mechanics of the break, and the viscosity of the pitch.”
The Trinity College team estimates the pitch to be about 2 million times more viscous than honey, or 20 billion times the viscosity of water.
The origin of the experiment is lost in history, although a similar experiment at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, set up in 1927, is tagged by Guinness World Records as the world’s longest running lab experiment. | <urn:uuid:d4da92fd-a66b-4920-a7d8-c54f143322bf> | {
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In late 1943, Leona Robbins was 12 years old and living in Norfolk, Virginia. Her neighbor and close family friend, Army Lieutenant Charles Field, was headed overseas, where he would be stationed in Norfolk, England. Field suggested that Leona and her friends pull together some toys to distribute to the children there. England had been at war for over four years at that point, and the deprivation and danger faced by its citizens was considerable. Leona responded sympathetically, gathering some dolls and toy cars for the children.
Lt. Field delivered the package to the junior school in the village of Carbrooke, Thetford, Norfolk, in March 1944. Headmistress Mary Norton and each of the children in her class wrote Leona letters of thanks and introduction. Miss Norton spoke highly of the American soldiers, who had thrown two separate Christmas parties for the children the previous December: “They spoilt our children, and consequently are very popular! I honestly think this last was the best Christmas our children have had since 1939.” The students also drew pictures, including some of a christening ceremony they had for the dolls (naming one of them Leona Mary).
The correspondence continued for a little over a year, with each side sending letters and small gifts. The letters show typically curious children, wanting to compare ages, schools, recreational activities, and vacation schedules with their friend overseas. Nearly every detail was worth checking: “Do you milk cows by machinery in America? We do about here.” They also shared the sorts of stories that kids find newsworthy. A nine-year-old girl wrote of a humorous incident from a recent family visit, recalling “Our uncle wanted a piece of pie, Auntie wouldn’t get him any, so he sat with his elbows on the table saying ‘pie, pie, pie’ over and over again till she gave him some.”
Mixed in with these average childhood concerns were more or less casual references to extraordinary circumstances. Several children identified themselves as evacuees from London. Many referenced “doodlebugs,” a slang term for the German V-1 flying bombs (described by one child as “the Jerry’s latest weapon of war”) that were raining down on England at an alarming rate in the summer of 1944. In a letter dated 26 March 1945, another child relates that “The Germans came over on Monday night, the bullets were flying around our house, we were watching some and had to run in, dad thought we would have to go in the dugout, but we didn’t.”
Finally, in late April 1945, Miss Norton writes with relief, “I expect you are just as delighted as we are about the news of the war in Europe? By the time you get these letters it may well be over.” In the same packet of letters, several children write to reassure Leona that her namesake, the doll Leona Mary, is doing well – all things considered. “We still have got her, and she is still as strong as she was when she came here, execepting [sic] one hand which is off.”
The unfortunate Leona Mary’s injury did not prevent her from going on an adventure or two. “We are going to play mother’s [sic] and father over the meadow today, and I am going to have Leona for my little baby,” writes Marlene Thompson. “Mary Dunnett the girl I sit next to is my husband and Norah Walker is Joyce Starwood’s husband. Yesterday our husbands took us to the pub and we got drunk and fell off our bicycles.”
The final letter was written by Miss Norton in August 1945, having left her teaching job in order to prepare for her upcoming marriage. She wrote that she hoped the correspondence would continue. Unfortunately, as Leona Robbins (now Fitchett) reports, all contact dropped off as everyone “recovered and recouped” from the war. Still, the letters remain as a sweet and sometimes poignant example of the relationships (however fleeting) that can spring up in the darkest of times. “We all think it so very kind of you to take so much trouble over a bunch of kids you’ve never even seen,” wrote Miss Norton earlier that year. “But if you could see the pleasure they have given I believe you would feel a little repaid.”
A quick check of the internet reveals that Carbrooke School is still in existence today, and marks its 165th anniversary this year. The letters written by Miss Norton and her class, along with the children’s drawings and a handful of photographs, are cataloged as the Leona Robbins Fitchett Collection (Accession 50068) and are open to researchers at the Library of Virginia.
-Jessica Tyree, Senior Accessioning Archivist | <urn:uuid:3d3a347f-f20a-40db-b821-d4ac2d14e130> | {
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This post is an extract from a university assignment I wrote in 2008. Although written three years ago the information is still applicable so I thought I’d share it here. To help explain the theory, I have used Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn as a case study.
‘When you ask someone to draw something, they are far more likely to draw the generalised iconic version of the object that they keep in their head than they are to draw the actual object in front of them. In fact, seeing what is actually there with our conscious mind is really hard to do… These things fall under the rubric of “cognitive theory,” a fancy way of saying “how we think we know what we think we know.” Raph Koster
In gaming terms cognition is the recognition of patterns. As games are formal systems, distracting details are removed so games are seen clearly, reality can produce ‘noise’ and our brains can fail to see patterns, when this happens we get frustrated and give up.
In Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn, cognitive theory is used within the battle environment in a number of different ways. The image below shows an example environment from one of the chapters, the primary features the player needs to recognise are the blue and orange tiles on the board. The blue area shows where the selected player can move and the adjacent orange tiles show the maximum distance in which they can attack.
In addition to this basic level of cognition, there are a number of other aspects that the experienced player will need to recognise; these are the terrain and level of health (HP). In the top left hand corner of the image, the type of terrain is shown. Certain terrain can provide a defensive increase and/or attacking advantage, this is especially evident for units on different levels; an archer firing up a cliff for example has a significantly lower chance of hitting their higher target. Below each unit you will see a bar (blue for your units, yellow for partner units, red for enemy units or green for other units). This shows the remaining health of that particular unit while it also serves to show which units are your allies, this becomes more important as the game progresses and the battlefields become much bigger with more units occupying them.
The battle screen also shows the number of turns that have passed and the requirements for victory for that particular chapter.
When selecting an individual unit, the player is shown more detail on that character and their equipment, this is important to ascertain whether or not it would be wise to attack with that unit or not. The image below shows information regarding weapon strength and basic character information such as strength, hit percentage and the attack range of the selected weapon.
Behavioural and cognitive theory is an important part in the design of any game as the last thing we want is for people to stop playing because of frustration. | <urn:uuid:876dc8f2-b3bb-4437-a3a4-f3d08e040158> | {
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Global changes, such as climate warming and stratospheric ozone depletion, are increasingly noticeable. Therefore, there is a need for scientists to have reliable information about atmospheric and stratospheric processes. Today, all developed countries have invested in sophisticated surveillance systems. Their data feeds into mathematical atmospheric models to provide sets of graphical, data and documentary information—often available online—used by climate scientists, weather forecasters, environmental agencies, authorities, etc. Europe specifically keeps data of unique and most valuable long-time Arctic and Antarctic ozone concentrations levels.
Now, the EU funded project MACC-II has completed development and testing of a service that provides total surveillance of the Earth’s sensitive coats; namely the troposphere and the stratosphere. “It is generally acknowledged that the project can offer a previously unmatched bundle of very high quality data and model products,” says Martin Schultz, group leader for atmospheric modelling, at the Research Centre Jülich, in Germany, who is involved in the project.
Specifically, the project maintains and updates the historical record of stratospheric ozone using available satellite observations from 1979 until now. It has a special focus on the period 2003 to 2012; a time where ozone variations were quite dynamic. This service will become routinely operational from the spring of 2015. Indeed, it will be a component of the even larger initiative for an independent European Earth observation system, called Copernicus. In addition to the services developed in MACC II, this system includes land and marine monitoring, emergency management, border and maritime surveillance. It also gives access to climate change indicators such as temperature increase, sea level rise, and ice sheet melting.
The project is now ready to acquire a wealth of data from satellites and ground stations all over the world in near real time; that is within one day or, at most, a week. Reliable mathematical models of atmospheric gases including greenhouse gases and ozone over the Polar regions will be run continuously. These regions react very sensitively on human-made chemicals, such as CFCs.
In addition to analysing the current health of the Earth’s cushion of air, it will be able to forecast the development of ozone concentration for up to eight days in advance. The ozone concentration, in turn, influences the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. This will produce valuable information for political decisions on industrial emissions and for public health warnings.
The challenges were to connect all the globally distributed databases and satellite data streams. And align the different data formats in a way that they could be fed into models. Models have now been developed and validated, and the final visualisation of the analyses and forecast products has been realised. Model evaluations were, for example, performed at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, which has long expertise in trans-boundary long-range transport of air pollutants. “We are testing how good the project models perform by looking into their performance against true ground observations,” Michael Gauss tells youris.com. He is researcher at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in Oslo. Pollutants can travel very long distances by air from industrial areas at lower latitudes up to the Polar regions, even diffusing on their way into the stratosphere.
The project has been well received by international organisations such as the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is already a frequent user of the project’s results. “We see this as a very useful, value adding project, because it combines satellite and meteorological data. And also uses ground based data to validate the models. This can give us information on geographical scales from the local up to the global,” explains Geir Braathen, senior scientific officer at WMO.
Specifically, Braathen produces WMO’s ozone bulletins for the meteorological community and for the authorities interested in how the ozone holes over the Poles developed during a past season. They may give hints if political governance regarding the protection of the ozone layer had any effects. Braathen also uses the results from models of the US based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). “But the project will offer a much better ozone product, because an atmospheric chemistry model is included. With that you can follow the chemical change in ozone from day to day,” Braathen tells youris.com.
The basic philosophy of the project is that all outcomes are freely available for policy makers and the public. In addition, the data and models are open for scientists who are not partner in the project. “We have used data from the project in our research and I believe this is an excellent European effort,” says Aarne Männik, senior research fellow in numerical modelling of atmospheric dynamics at the Atmospheric Physics Laboratory of the University of Tartu, in Estonia. Ozone and UV data are of general interest for him as boundary conditions for his aerosol analyses in connection with forest fires and storm evolution. As an independent expert in this field he is a typical end user of the services provided by the project and encourages other scientists to use the project’s data much more often.
youris.com provides its content to all media free of charge. We would appreciate if you could acknowledge youris.com as the source of the content. | <urn:uuid:ccda2c3e-2bdd-41e9-a142-eebd904c2bc9> | {
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Fruit and veg
Most people know that we should be eating more fruit and veg. But most of us aren't eating enough. Did you know that we should be eating at least five portions of fruit and veg every day?
You can choose from fresh, frozen, tinned, dried or juiced. But remember, while potatoes don't count towards your 5-a-day they do play an important role in your diet because they're a starchy food.
How much fruit and veg should I be eating?Lots! Fruit and veg should make up about a third of the food you eat each day. And it's also important to eat a variety. Five-a-day is a good, achievable target. If you count your portions each day it might help you to increase the amount you eat.
But what is a portion?
|ONE portion = 80g = any of these|
|1 apple, banana, pear, orange or other similar sized fruit|
|2 plums or similar sized fruit|
|½ a grapefruit or avocado|
|1 slice of large fruit, such as melon or pineapple|
|3 heaped tablespoons of vegetables (raw, cooked, frozen or tinned)|
|3 heaped tablespoons of beans and pulses (however much you eat, beans and pulses count as a maximum of one portion a day)|
|3 heaped tablespoons of fruit salad (fresh or tinned in fruit juice) or stewed fruit|
|1 heaped tablespoon of dried fruit (such as raisins and apricots)|
|1 handful of grapes, cherries or berries|
|a dessert bowl of salad|
|a glass (150ml) of fruit juice (however much you drink, fruit juice counts as a maximum of one portion a day)|
Getting your five portions a dayIf you eat one or two portions with each meal and have the occasional fruit snack you might be surprised at how easy it is to eat five-a-day.
At breakfast you could:
- add a handful of dried fruit to your cereal
- eat half a grapefruit or an apple
- drink a glass of fruit juice
- eat a bowl of salad
- have a banana sandwich
- have some fruit salad
- add vegetables or pulses to your curry, casserole or stir fry
- serve at least two types of vegetables with your fish, chicken or meat
Getting the most out of fruit and vegSome vitamins and minerals can be easily lost when fruit and veg are prepared or cooked, so try to remember:
- eat fresh fruit and veg as soon as possible rather than storing for a long time - or use frozen instead
- don't overcook. Start with boiling water and cover tightly to keep in the steam, because this speeds up the cooking. You could use a steamer or a microwave
- use as little water as possible when you cook fruit and veg. If you use the cooking water for sauce or soup, you'll recapture some of the lost vitamins and minerals
- avoid leaving any vegetables open to the air, light or heat if they have been cut. Always cover and chill them. But don't soak, because vitamins and minerals can dissolve away
- don't keep food hot for too long because vitamin levels start to drop within a few minutes
Why it's importantFruit and veg are good sources of many vitamins and minerals, yet most of us don't eat enough of them.
There is evidence to suggest that people who eat lots of fruit and veg are less likely to develop chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and some cancers.
And don't forget, fruit and veg are also very low in fat.
RecommendationsEat a wide variety of fruit and vegetables and aim for at least five portions a day. Try to avoid:
- adding fat or rich sauces to vegetables (such as carrots glazed with butter)
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President Obama has proclaimed January 2013 as National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, reports Caring House officials.
Around the world today, the estimated number of trafficking victims ranges from 20-30 million.
"This month, we rededicate ourselves to stopping one of the greatest human rights abuses of our time," Obama said in his proclamation. "Around the world, millions of men, women, and children are bought, sold, beaten, and abused, locked in compelled service and hidden in darkness. They toil in factories and fields; in brothels and sweatshops; at sea, abroad, and at home. They are the victims of human trafficking - a crime that amounts to modern-day slavery."
"As Americans, we have long rejected such cruelty," Obama said. "We have recognized it as a debasement of our common humanity and an affront to the principles we cherish. And for more than a century, we have made it a national mission to bring slavery and human trafficking to an end."
In the United States, there have been reports of human trafficking in all 50 U.S. states, according to Trafficking in Persons Report of 2011.
The U.S. is a source and transit point for trafficking and is considered one of the major destinations for trafficking victims, said Cheryl O'Neil, Executive Director of Caring House, Iron Mountain's domestic violence shelter.
Anyone can be trafficked regardless of class, education, gender, age, or citizenship when lured by false promises and the desire for a better life, O'Neil said.
In the U.S. more citizens are victims of sex trafficking than labor trafficking, said Trafficking in Persons Report of 2012.
Victims of sex trafficking often share risk factors, including: child sex abuse, parental neglect, parental drug use, emotional and/or physical abuse by a family member and poverty.
The average age of a child first forced into the sex slave trade in the U.S. is 13, said the U.S. Department of Justice. Some children are just infants or toddlers when they are first exploited by sex traffickers.
Children and unsuspected families are enticed with material goods, promises of employment and a better life and false marriage proposals.
Human trafficking operates on principles of supply and demand.
It is extremely profitable, generating as estimated $32 billion in yearly profits.
Traffickers make high profits and run low risks, O'Neil said.
The incessant demand for commercial sex and cheap labor puts children throughout the world at risk of becoming the "supply." The internet has become a "marketplace" for sex trafficking where perpetrators can easily avoid the authorities, facilitate transactions, and lie about the age of their victims.
The U. S. government leads efforts to combat human trafficking.
For more than a decade U.S. leadership has worked to address the issue, O'Neil said.
Under the Clinton Administration, the United States established a foundation for combating human trafficking based on the "Three P's": prevention, protection and prosecution.
In 2000, President Clinton signed into law the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act was the first comprehensive U.S. legislative framework for addressing human trafficking.
Across the country, task forces and coalitions are developing innovated ways to combat human trafficking.
"Here in our community we need to take action to end trafficking," O'Neil said. "You can help by supporting policies that protect victims of trafficking and educating yourself."
To help, the FBI lists some Human Trafficking Myths below.
Be aware of these enduring myths about human trafficking:
Myth: Trafficking must involve the crossing of borders.
Fact: Despite the use of the word "trafficking," victims can actually be held within their own country-anti-trafficking laws don't require that victims must have traveled from somewhere else.
Myth: U.S. citizens can't be trafficked.
Fact: They can and they are.
Myth: Victims know what they are getting into or have chances to escape.
Fact: They're actually duped into it and may not even think of escaping because of threats against them or ignorance of the law.
Myth: Victims are never paid.
Fact: Sometimes they are paid, but not very much.
Myth: Victims never have freedom of movement.
Fact: Some victims can move about, but are coerced into always returning, perhaps with a threat against their families back home.
The National Trafficking Hotline phone number is 1-888-373-7888. | <urn:uuid:106100af-d46c-4e8c-b885-1e9b7d281d93> | {
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This document defines a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital topographic map. This map series, named “US Topo,” is modeled on what is referred to as the standard USGS 7.5-minute (1:24,000-scale) topographic map series that was created during the period from 1947 to approximately 1992. The US Topo map product has the same extent, scale, and general layout as the older standard topographic maps. However, unlike the previous maps, US Topo maps are published using Adobe Systems Inc. Portable Document Format (PDF) with a geospatial extension that is called Georeferenced PDF (GeoPDF), patented by TerraGo Technologies. In addition, the US Topo map products incorporate an orthorectified image along with data that was included in the standard 7.5-minute topographic maps. US Topo maps are intended to serve conventional map users by providing Geographic Information System (GIS) information in symbolized form in the customary topographic map layout. The maps are not intended for GIS analysis applications.
A full-size style sheet template in PDF that defines the placement of map elements, marginalia, and font sizes and styles accompanies this standard. The GeoPDF US Topo maps are fashioned to conform to this style sheet so that a user can print out a map at the 1:24,000-scale using the dimensions of the traditional standard 7.5-minute quadrangle. Symbology and type specifications for feature content are published separately. In addition, the GeoPDF design allows for custom printing, so that a user may zoom in and out, turn layers on and off, and view or print any combination of layers or any map portion at any desired scale.
Additional publication details
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|Title||US Topo Product Standard|
|Series title||Techniques and Methods|
|Publisher||U.S. Geological Survey|
|Publisher location||Reston, VA|
|Description||Report: iv, 14 p.; Appendix B; ReadMe|
|Online Only (Y/N)||N|
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This series is written by a private citizen with an abiding interest in U.S. history and particularly its founding documents: the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
* * *
By definition, a contract is “an agreement, especially one legally enforceable, between two or more persons [parties] to do or forbear something.” (Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, Second Ed. 1954.)
Certainly, the Constitution must be considered an “agreement” between the federal government and the states. In the original wording, it was not “We the people of the United States,” but the complete listing of all 13 colonies (states). Considered too cumbersome, the final version is as we now have it. The intent remained; i.e., it was the states that were participants to the “agreement,” not the individual citizens. Each individual state’s legislature was to determine how the ratification process would be completed. The actual document contains the signatures of the representative(s) of the state for which they signed.
The original Constitution was criticized at the outset for not guaranteeing certain “natural” rights. Thus the insistence that led to the first ten amendments, commonly recognized as the “Bill of Rights.” Some 20 odd amendments were proposed before the final 12 were submitted to the states for ratification, of which only 10 were incorporated in the original document.
A true “contract” cannot be changed without the agreement of all, or a specified majority, of the parties thereto. Unilateral changes are not permissible! Article V provided the method for changes to the basic document and the specific procedure. At least three-fourths of the states must ratify any amendment before it may become part of the operating agreement. Note again that the word is “states” and not people (of the states or the nation). Further, in a contract, whatever the words finally approved are it. No distortions, inserted amplifications or other content modifications are permissible.
The advantages of a contract are that it is specific, defining the responsibilities of the participants. Each party thus knows exactly what is expected and acceptable. The greatness of the Constitution is that it can be readily understood by anyone with an eighth grade education. While a legal document, it avoided legal terminology. It is specific and clear. Considering that there were many lawyers among the Founding Fathers, it is an amazing achievement.
The uniqueness of the “contract” as finally presented for ratification was the result of a willingness on the part of the Founding Fathers to “try something new.” They respected the individual and sought to achieve maximum freedom and liberty. They decided against a king, a monarch or a dictator, believing in the “wisdom of the common man.” They expected that free and independent citizens collectively would make the decisions most beneficial to the whole. This was predicated on a moral, informed electorate, one educated in the Constitution and history of the country for which it was to serve.
The Founding Fathers recognized that this was an “experiment.” They also understood the necessity for making the adjustments (amendments) to the “contract,” knowing that they could not anticipate future events. Thus, changes were possible but only after due deliberation and thoughtful consideration.
While mistakes might be made (Amendment XVIII prohibiting the sale of liquor) they could be corrected (Amendment XXI repealed it). No consideration was given to the possibility of an “underworld” far worse than the approved sale of liquor might engender. With repeal, the crime syndicates based on illegal liquor distribution disappeared.
The “contract,” undoubtedly the most successful yet devised by man, stands as a firm foundation. The fact that it has been ignored, distorted and abused does not negate either its value or relevance. More on this another time.
That’s my view. What’s yours? I can be reached at
©Copyright, Hillard W. Welch 2010 | <urn:uuid:0faed64c-23f3-4cbf-ad0d-1d346770109a> | {
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GLENBROHANE “A Glint on the Hillside”
“The first bright of the morning sun
Glints rosy on the pinnacle,
The rocky ridge of old Sliabh Riagh,
Looks down on the Glen people”.
Glenbrohane “The Glen of the Little Boundary” glints peacefully from the northern slopes of Sliabh Riagh. Legend claims that in ancient times an army of the High King of Ireland was defeated on Sliabh Riagh (The Slope of the King), 466.6 metres above sea level. In January 1986, a book was placed on the top of Sliabh Riagh, with a note inviting anybody who came there to sign it as a visitors book. It recorded 70 visitors to the pinnacle, including walkers from the USA, England and the West Indies. There are the remains of at least one stone circle on the hilltop which is considered to be a prehistoric place of burial. The Kings Chair can be found amongst the rocks.
Laraghlawe (Glenbrohane) Graveyard has 116 memorial, all of which have been digitally surveyed and are viewable if you follow this link: Laraghlawe Historic Graves, click here | Ballyfroota Historic Graves, click here | Ballingarry Historic Graves, click here
One of Glenbrohane’s earliest and most important standing field monuments is the Ogham stone at nearby Ballingarry, which is one of the only known monuments of its kind in County Limerick. Ogham stones bear silent witness to an earlier, now forgotten language of the Celtic Iron Age (2,500 to 1,600 years before present). Ogham writing consisting of horizontal and diagonal lines along the vertical edge of stones usually commemorated the name of someone who, presumably, was a chieftain or king. The Ballingarry inscription reads as Maelagni Magui Gamati (Maolain, son of Gaghaidh). This site is on private property.
LEGEND OF SAINT PATRICK
According to local folklore, in the 5th century AD, Saint Patrick passed through Glenbrohane on his way to Ardpatrick. It was Christmas Eve when he and his disciples arrived at a widows home to ask for food and shelter. She pleaded, embarrassingly, that she had no fuel and very little food, but expected her cow to calve in a weeks time, when she promised to give them something to eat. Patrick sent one of his monks to inspect the cow. He returned with the news that it had calved. Still without fuel for a fire, Patrick sent another monk to cut rushes. To the widows astonishment, the wet rushes made a fine fire. The calf was slaughtered and cooked, and the cow gave a rich milk supply.
Next morning, the monks departed, but one of them had taken an axe that had been used to kill the calf. The widow sent a messenger to tell Patrick what had happened. When he discovered that one of his monks had stolen the axe, he cut his left hand off and buried the severed hand at Tempall na Lamh (Laraghlaw the Church of the Hand).
Laraghlawe, Ballingarry and Ballyfroota graveyards are the oldest known Christian burial places in Glenbrohane. Laraghlawe graveyard overlooks the Hill of Knocklong and has the ruins of an early church. Two local men who fought in World War II – William Sheehan of the US Army and P Irvin of the Royal Air Force have headstones in this graveyard. On the roadside near Ballyfroota famine graveyard is a cromlech, or dolmen tomb of ancient origin, where a plaque was unveiled by the American Ambassador to Ireland, Jean Kennedy Smith, in 1997.
A stone wall in the centre of Ballingarry graveyard is all that is left of its medieval parish church, dedicated to Saint Peter. It was described by Samuel Lewis in 1837 as a ruin situated on a gentle elevation and forming a conspicuous object. The graveyard has over 250 headstones, many of which have carvings of the highest quality.
SAINT PATRICKS CHURCH
The Massey’s were amongst the most prominent Protestant landlords from the 17th to the 19th century in County Limerick. The family claimed descent from William the Conqueror. Among their number were three generals of the British army and several members of parliament, among whom were staunch opponents of the Act of Union. In 1800, that Act abolished the Irish parliament and united it with the parliament in London for the next 120 years.
Their great legacy to the people of Glenbrohane was the site for the Catholic Saint Patricks Church, which they donated to the parish in 1819. It was constructed of local stone, the thatched church was built by Fr William Power, who raised £600 to build it. There were later additions in 1857, which saw it slated with materials from a quarry at Ballylanders. It was also extensively refurbished in 1942 and again in the 1990’s. Saint Patricks Church is one of only a few pre-Catholic Emancipation (1829) churches still in use in Ireland.
The former priests stable, in front of the church, was in use from the early 1800’s. In 1999, the parishioners refurbished the stable ruin (retaining many original features, including its cobblestone floor) as a permanent Nativity shrine to mark the millennium.
Looking two kilometres east from Saint Patricks Church is Ballingarry moat. This is thought to have been a mediaeval and, after 1200, a Norman protected farmstead. People went there in times of conflict, and cattle were kept there from time to time to protect them from wolves and theft.
The moat was archaeologically excavated by John Hunt in the 1950’s, when it was determined that it was used from about the eighth to 14th century. Remains of a rectangular mediaeval house were found on the summit of the moat, with the foundations of several other buildings underneath found during the dig. Artifacts found during the dig included fragments of pottery, an iron spear, gaming pieces, coins and combs made from animal bones.
Another oval fort with two ramparts is the Norman moat at Doonglaura, is thought to be one of the biggest in the country. It is believed that Saint Patrick left his priest, Colmáin, to stay there when he called to the raths of Coerbre and Brochain on the Sliabh Riagh on his journey to Ardpatrick. This site is on private property.
This road was a famine relief road, built by poor labourers during the Great Famine of the 1840’s, which runs parallel to the village, on a north-south direction, and one kilometre in length. From this information panel you can enjoy a short loop walk of 2.9 kilometres, which includes The Line. | <urn:uuid:5fbca327-233e-4d61-9593-896a407494d0> | {
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Happy Birthday, Melvil!
December 10, 2012
Public librarians use Dr. Dewey’s classification many times during the day. It is one thing to know we have the book, but quite another to be able to find it. The Dewey Decimal System makes this much easier. His system is the one that most customers are familiar with, and it is used in over 200,000 libraries worldwide. Dewey published his system in 1876. It continues to remain up to date with the 23rd revision published in 2011. Dr. Dewey did the revisions himself while he was alive. They are now done by the Online Computer Library Center, which is a nonprofit, membership, computer library service. They also maintain WorldCat, the interlibrary loan service MCPL uses.
The Dewey system is one of several classification systems. Academic libraries tend to use the Library of Congress system because it allows for easier addition of new fields in science. Some very large collections use the Universal Decimal Classification, which allows for more precise cataloging. Both are looked upon as being more complex to use than the Dewey system.
Dr. Dewey made improving education his life’s work with three areas of particular interest to him. He wanted the adoption of the metric system and established the American Metric Bureau. He also wanted spelling reform, and even shortened his own name from Melville to Melvil, and founded the Spelling Reform Association. And, of course, he helped improve the library where he was one of the founders of the American Library Association, and he founded the Library Journal. He even supported physical education and was active in bringing the Winter Olympics to Lake Placid in 1932.
Born on December 10, 1851 and living a full life of 80 years, we appreciate the contributions of Melvil Louis Kossuth Dewey.
North Oak Branch | <urn:uuid:6e2b548c-a0c7-4f75-8d82-188005f4bec3> | {
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Sound is created by vibrating objects. As an object, such as a loudspeaker’s diaphragm moves back and forth it compresses the air, causing changes in pressure. These changes in pressure cause your eardrum to move back and forth and these back-and-forth movements are translated by your brain into sound. Larger, louder, movements cause greater changes in pressure.
A tuning fork creates compressions (higher pressures) and rarefactions (lower pressures) in the air.
The human ear is incredibly good at detecting changes in air pressure; it can detect the greatest range of stimuli of all your senses. The quietest sound that the ear can hear is the smallest change in pressure that it can detect: 20 µPa, less than a billionth of atmospheric pressure. To calculate the volume of a sound you must compare the pressure change caused by the sound with this smallest detectable change.
The decibel* scale is logarithmic. One bel represents a tenfold increase in pressure so a 50 dB sound is ten times louder than a 40 dB sound. The average volume of human speech is about 60 dB and the threshold of ear pain is 130 dB, some 107 or ten million times louder.
Because a sound wave consists of alternating low and high pressures there comes a point at which the sound is so loud that the rarefaction (low) pressure is the lowest possible pressure: a vacuum at 0 Pa. This corresponds to a compression pressure of one atmosphere or 101325 Pa. If we put these figures into the equation for volume we find:
So there you have it: the loudest possible sound is 194 dB. It has often been said that the loudest ever recorded sound was the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 which was heard from nearly 5000 km away. The pressure wave created by the eruption was measured to be at least 20000 Pa, equivalent to a volume of 180 dB, 101.4 or twenty-five times quieter than the loudest possible sound.
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (n) academy (a secondary school (usually private))
- S: (n) academy, honorary society (an institution for the advancement of art or science or literature)
- S: (n) academy (a school for special training)
- S: (n) academy (a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge) | <urn:uuid:2840a63b-34e8-4d6c-9b26-2952870b7438> | {
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Stem cells are immature "starter" cells for all types of tissues. When you have leukemia, a stem cell transplant may be used to help your body make new, healthy blood cells. The transplant replaces the blood stem cells that are killed during high-dose chemotherapy. If you receive stem cells from a donor, the transplant may also help kill leukemia cells that may have survived the chemotherapy.
Stem cell transplants are somewhat controversial. Your doctor may suggest one in the following situations:
Your leukemia does not respond to standard chemotherapy or it comes back (relapses) after a remission (a reduction or absence of symptoms).
Your leukemia goes into remission with standard chemotherapy, but you have a type of leukemia or other prognostic factors that make it likely the leukemia will relapse.
A stem cell transplant is an intensive procedure that is more likely to succeed in people who are young and previously healthy. Whenever possible, using stem cells from a matched donor is preferred over using your own stem cells. However, this requires having a matched donor available to provide the stem cells for the transplant. In many cases, the donor may be a family member, but stem cells may also come from a matched, unrelated donor if no family member has your tissue type. It's important to discuss the procedure thoroughly with your doctor beforehand to make sure you understand the possible risks and benefits.
Stem cell transplants are complex procedures. They require the services of specialized doctors called bone marrow transplant specialists. If you decide to have one, be sure to go to a hospital that specializes in stem cell transplants, such as a major cancer center. These hospitals are often accredited by the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy. The procedure is also expensive (costing more than $100,000), and not all insurance companies cover the cost. | <urn:uuid:cf81ce29-97f9-438d-9944-857b09d266fd> | {
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THURSDAY, April 28 (HealthDay News) -- Men who are both obese
and tall face a much higher risk for developing potentially fatal
blood clots, though overall the risk remains quite small, according
to a new study.
The researchers report that extra weight and extra inches
together seem to raise the risk more than either alone.
"Tall and obese men had more than a fivefold higher risk, compared to short and lean men," said the study's co-author, Sigrid K. Braekkan, who warns the vertically and horizontally gifted to avoid sitting in one place for too long.
Women also face a higher risk if they're both obese and tall,
but just being tall alone doesn't seem to be a problem, the study
The clots lead to a condition known as deep vein thrombosis,
which may be best known as an affliction that strikes passengers on
long plane flights who don't have much chance to move around.
Immobilization of the legs can contribute to the condition.
Other causes include injury and a genetic condition that makes
people's blood more likely to clot. "And there are some people who
seem to get clots when they don't have any clear, obvious risk
factors," said Dr. Victor Tapson, director of the Center for
Pulmonary Vascular Disease at Duke University.
Though the clots start in the leg, they can move to the lung,
where they may cause a deadly pulmonary embolism. Venous
thromboembolism is the term used to describe the two conditions --
deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism -- together.
In the new study, published online April 28 in
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, researchers collected data on 26,714 people from 1994 to 2007, including 461 reports of venous thromboembolism.
Obese and tall men -- those at least six feet tall -- had more
than five times the risk for a clot, compared with normal-weight
men shorter than 5 feet 7 inches. The risk was three times higher
for women who were obese and at least 5 feet 6 inches than for
normal-weight women shorter than 5 feet 3 inches.
The higher risk for tall people appears to be related to their
circulatory system. "The distance for blood to return to the heart
and lungs is longer," Braekkan said. "Since the blood must be
pumped upwards against the force of gravity by the calf-muscle
pump, the longer distance may cause reduced flow in the legs and,
thereby, higher risk of clotting."
He said that obesity causes pressure in the abdomen that may
hinder the ability of the calf-muscle pump to send blood back up
into the body.
The study found, however, that the risk for developing blood
clots remained low, even for the tall and obese.
But what should obese and tall people do to lower their risk
even more? Until pounds can be shed, the best thing to do is to
avoid situations where you're not moving for long periods of time,
Even in the cramped space of a plane, try "just moving your
legs, shifting your legs, going up and down on your toes and
flexing your feet back and forth to keep your calf muscles
stimulated," he said. It's also a good idea to keep hydrated (and
alcohol doesn't help on that front). Some people use elastic socks,
although Tapson said they may be troublesome if they crimp the
The U.S. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute has more on
deep vein thrombosis. | <urn:uuid:288e2ba3-67bf-4ca4-a2a8-de338988dc83> | {
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Researching active fault zones in earthquake-prone areas like California is a complex scientific process. One controversial testing technique involves the use of high-decibel air cannons to create detailed images of submarine fault zones, but the practice has environmental groups up in arms. Scientists and officials at power plants that run nuclear power facilities like Diablo Canyon and San Onofre are especially interested in the findings of such research following the disaster at Japan’s Fukushima facility in the aftermath of the March 2011 earthquake and subsequent tsunami.
The air blasts would sound every 15 seconds for 12 consecutive days at 250 decibels (jet engines are in the 140 decibel range,) meaning that the proposed research would subject undersea life to significant but temporary threats to their health and their habitats. Researchers say that the scans would be preceded by low-frequency sound waves designed to scare off fish and marine mammals.
Before the proposed tests are conducted off the coast of California, they must first be approved by a number of different agencies.
What kind of research is justified in the name of seismic science? How important are these kinds of tests around potentially hazardous facilities like nuclear power generating facilities?
Karen Garrison, senior policy analyst, Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) oceans program
Bruce Gibson, district 2 supervisor, County of San Luis Obispo Board of Supervisors | <urn:uuid:e3e0d325-1487-4f18-8e2a-3854d06f20e5> | {
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ADHD is a hot topic these days. Diagnosis is on the rise and more and more parents and professionals are trying to determine effective interventions. This article offers a great option for parents and kids. It appears that exercise may help modulate a child's behavior so that they can better attend during more focused, singular tasks. What I like about this article and exercise as a form of treatment is that it is sustainable. ADHD often persists into adulthood and this allows children a way to help modulate their behavior throughout their lives. Another thing I like about exercise is that it is natural. I am not suggesting that exercise should replace medication, but exercise may offer an additional way for children to help focus. Moreover, exercise is good for kids in general! And it allows kids with ADHD to self-treat without standing out from the crowd. The exercise actually alters a child's brain chemistry in a way that helps them focus. I would imagine that this is good for all kids, not just ones with ADHD. So check out the article and let me know your thoughts. Enjoy!
I have been quite the delinquent poster. I apologize. It has been a very busy few weeks. But I knew that I needed to make time to post something this week because it is a very important week. It is School Psychology Awareness Week! Even though I no longer practice in a school, education is never far from my mind in my treatment of children, parents, young adults-everyone! Education is an important part of everyone's life and understanding what goes on in schools and how it shapes and molds people is an important part of treatment. I want to wish my fellow school psychs out there a very happy week! I hope it is filled with baked goods and accolades because we do not get enough of that. School psychologists are such an integral, but often overlooked, part of a school. I have had several people tell me that they did not know that their school had a psychologist. It sure did and although you did not know that person personally, their presence and impact was definitely felt. Psychologists are no longer just testing machines who determine whether or not a child receives special education. We work to support teachers with challenging behaviors, serve on school improvement boards, consult daily with administrators and staff. We impact the culture of the school; helping to make it a more welcoming and inclusive place for all students and families.
To those of you who have worked directly with a school psychologist, please take a moment to thank them for all of their hard work. It doesn't have to be something large and grand (although that never hurts), but just a simple 'thank you' means a lot. And if you have never worked with the school psychologist at your child's school, take the time to find out who that person is. Get to know him or her and what he or she does. You never know when you may need to reach out.
Thanks School Psychologists for all of the hard work that you do. I highly value the work that I have done in the schools as it has greatly prepared me to understand what children truly need when they receive services from outside providers. I hope that everyone who reads this highly values that work as well.
School Psychology Awareness Week 2014 is from November 10th to November 14th. For more information about school psychologists and the amazing work that they do, please visit the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) website: http://www.nasponline.org/about_sp/who-are-school-psychologists.aspx Strive. Grow. Thrive! | <urn:uuid:af630248-9c07-4921-a9ad-c572a800c742> | {
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The NIH awarded the Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, or CHAVD, a 7-year, $129 million grant to develop novel vaccine candidates designed to protect against numerous strains of HIV, according to a news release.
Investigators will use the funds to refine and manufacture the vaccine candidates to be used in early-stage human clinical trials, the first of which is slated to begin this year in partnership with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, according to the release.
The vaccine candidates are designed to be administered in multiple stages to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) — antibodies with the ability to target multiple strains of HIV at once — Scripps said.
“Previous NIH support for this international collaboration allowed us to lay the scientific foundation for developing an unprecedented and highly promising approach to HIV vaccination,” Dennis Burton, PhD, director of the Scripps CHAVD and co-chair of the department of immunology and microbiology at Scripps Research, said in the release. “This new award provides critical funding to refine this approach and bring it into human clinical testing.”
Globally, 37.9 million people were living with HIV in 2018, and 1.7 million became newly infected, according to UNAIDS. Recent advancements in isolating bnAbs have offered researchers a potential path to a universal vaccine.
According to the release, the NIH funds will help the consortium refine immunogens, develop scalable manufacturing methods and provide immunogens for testing the sequential vaccine regimen in humans.
“We are researching multiple bnAb sites with the ultimate goal of combining immunogens that target different sites to provide the breadth and potency needed for an effective vaccine,” Burton said. – by Eamon Dreisbach
UNAIDS. Fact sheet – global HIV statistics. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. Accessed July 16, 2019.
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The Euler characteristic of a
surface is a topological
invariant that can be computed in several ways. Two important ones
are by counting
critical points (the Euler
characteristic is the number of maxima and minima minus the number of
saddles) and by counting vertices, edges and faces of a
surface (the Euler characteristic is the number of vertices and faces
minus the number of edges).
The Euler characteristic is a fundamental value: this number uniquely
classifies closed surfaces up to orientability. That is, given the Euler
characteristic and orientability of a surface, the topological type of
the surface is determined. This makes the Euler characteristic a
powerful computational tool.
11/1/94 [email protected] --
The Geometry Center | <urn:uuid:3afe80b5-b5c0-4ab5-87f8-41cde15c29dc> | {
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Forestry Technology (Grenada Campus)
Forest Technology is an intensive program of instruction and training to prepare individuals for service in different aspects of forest management operations.
Major topics of the program include: the role of foresters in society; the identification and evaluation of forest and ornamental woody species; the manipulation of forest stands to produce specific benefits; the impacts of fire, insects, and disease in forest stands; forest measurement and mapping methods; and timber harvesting and utilization systems.
Emphasis throughout the program is placed upon developing strong communication skills through written and oral assignments and upon developing a professional attitude of conduct.
This program leads to an Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degree.
The Forest Technology Department will provide educational preparation for employment in forestry-related technologies, which will prepare the student for productive employment as well as provide opportunities for lifelong learning. | <urn:uuid:93b4fd8c-a2af-47b3-98aa-13bcbce5d545> | {
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A grand solar minimum would barely make a dent in human-caused global warming
Posted on 14 August 2013 by dana1981
The Maunder Minimum was a period of very low solar activity between 1645 and 1715, and the Dalton Minimum was a period of low (but not as low as the Maunder Minimum) solar activity between 1790 and 1830. Solar research suggests that we may have a similar period of low solar activity sometime this century.
400 years of sunspot observations data, via Wikipedia
Recent articles in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten (translation available here) and in the Irish Times both ran headlines claiming that another grand solar minimum could potentially trigger an "ice age" or "mini ice age" this century. These articles actually refer to the Little Ice Age (LIA) – a period about 500 to 150 years ago when global surface temperatures were about 1°C colder than they are today.
Thus a grand solar minimum would have to cause about 1°C cooling, plus it would have to offset the continued human-caused global warming between 1 and 5°C by 2100, depending on how our greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century. Though in the Jyllands-Posten article, Henrik Svensmark (the main proponent of the galactic cosmic ray-climate hypothesis) was a bit more measured, suggesting,
"I can imagine that it will become 0.2°C colder. I would be surprised if it became 1–2°C"
So these two articles are suggesting that a grand solar minimum could have a cooling effect of about 1 to 6°C, depending on how human greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century. Is it plausible that a grand solar minimum could make that happen?
The short answer is, 'No.'
Fortunately, Solar Output is Stable
We're fortunate that the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface is very stable. Climate contrarians will often ask if we'd prefer if the planet were warming or cooling, suggesting that global warming is a good thing because at least the planet isn't getting colder. This is a false dichotomy - an ideal climate is a stable one. The relatively stable climate over the past 10,000 years has allowed establishment of human civilization, by making it possible to create large stationary agricultural farms because we could rely on stable weather patterns.
What difference would a grand solar minimum make in the amount of solar energy reaching us? Relative to current levels, the Dalton Minimum represents a 0.08% decrease, and the Maunder Minimum represents a 0.25% decline in solar radiation at the Earth's surface. That's how stable solar activity is. That's also why we're playing with fire by increasing the greenhouse effect so much and so quickly. We're threatening the stability of the climate that has been so favorable to our development.
Peer-Reviewed Research Says Global Warming will Continue
There have been several studies in recent years investigating what impact another grand solar minimum would have on global surface temperatures, since solar research suggests it's possible we could be due for another extended minimum. Generally these studies will run climate model simulations under a given greenhouse gas emissions scenario with stable solar activity, then run the same scenario with the sun going into a grand minimum, and look at the difference in resulting global surface temperature changes.
The global mean temperature difference is shown for the time period 1900 to 2100 for the IPCC A2 emissions scenario (relative to zero for the average temperature during the years 1961 to 1990). The red line shows predicted temperature change for the current level of solar activity, the blue line shows predicted temperature change for solar activity at the much lower level of the Maunder Minimum, and the black line shows observed temperatures from the NASA GISS dataset through 2010. Adapted from Feulner & Rahmstorf (2010).
Jones et al. (2012) (PDF available here) arrived at a nearly identical result, with cooling from a Dalton and Maunder minimum equivalent at 0.09°C and 0.26°C, respectively. Similarly, a new paper by Anet et al. (2013) found that a grand solar minimum will cause no more than 0.3°C cooling over the 21st century.
Consistent with these previous studies, Meehl et al. (2013) (PDF available here) estimate a Maunder Minimum would cause about 0.26°C cooling, but as soon as solar activity began to rise again, that cooling would be offset by solar warming. This is a key point, because a grand solar minimum would not be a permanent change. These minima last for a few decades, but eventually solar activity rises once again. Thus any cooling caused by a solar minimum would only be temporary.
The cooling effect of a grand solar minimum can also be estimated very easily without the aid of climate models. The change in the amount of total solar irradiance (TSI) reaching the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the temperature change it causes. Earth's surface reflects about 30% of incoming sunlight (multiply TSI by 0.7), and TSI must also be divided by 4 to account for the Earth's spherical geometry.
To convert the energy change to a temperature change, we then just need to multiply by the climate sensitivity parameter. This is where it gets tricky for climate contrarians, because if the global climate is insensitive to rising greenhouse gases (as contrarians argue is the case), it's also insensitive to natural influences like changes in solar radiation. If we assume the most likely climate sensitivity estimate is correct (3°C for the equivalent of a doubling of atmospheric CO2), the equilibrium climate sensitivity parameter is 0.8. But only about two-thirds of that temperature change will be realized over short timescales, due to the thermal inertia of the global climate. So we can estimate:
∆T2100 = 0.7*0.25*0.8*0.67*∆TSI = 0.09*∆TSI
So for a 0.25% change in TSI to Maunder Minimum levels (that's 3.4 Watts per square meter), our crude estimate is that a 0.3°C cooling would result by 2100; right in line with the model estimates.
The Heating of the Deep Oceans
In the Jyllands-Posten article, Svensmark also disputes the data showing the accelerated accumulation of heat in the deep oceans.
"How can the ocean below 700 meters be heated up, without the upper ocean warming up accordingly?"
This is an increasingly common argument made by climate contrarians, and a bit of a strange one. The data are what they are - we've measured the deep ocean warming, including with reliable Argo buoys for close to a decade now. Even if we couldn't explain how the heat got there, it's there.
5-year average ocean heat content for 0-700 meters (red) and 0-2000 meters (black), from NOAA.
But let's address the question anyway - do we expect to have seen some obvious indication of heat being transferred from the shallow to deep ocean layers?
It's certainly not clear that we should. Consider the analogy of a bathtub. Water from the faucet represents heat entering the shallow ocean layer, water exiting the drain represents heat leaving the shallow oceans and entering the deep oceans, and the water level in the bathtub represents the heat in the shallow ocean layer. If the amount of water entering the tub from the faucet is the same as the amount of water draining out of the tub, the water level won't change. Yet the water still flows down the drain. Climate scientist Gavin Schmidt discussed this point, summarized here.
In short, we wouldn't necessarily see the heat being transferred through the shallow to the deep oceans. However, there has been plenty of warming of the shallow oceans that could have been transferred to the deeper oceans. In our case, the water is flowing into the tub faster than it's draining out.
Svensmark Gets Ocean Warming Wrong
Unfortunately Svensmark appears to be unfamiliar with ocean heating data, saying,
"The thousands of buoys that we have deployed after 2003 to measure the ocean temperature, have not registered any temperature rise."
This is simply wrong, even if we ignore the rapid warming of the deep oceans (as is clear from a simple examination of the figure above). The ocean heat content data can be downloaded from the National Oceanographic Data Center here. The heating trend since 2003 in the upper 700 meters of oceans is 1.4 x 1021 Joules per year, which is an amount of energy equivalent to nearly 1 Hiroshima atomic bomb detonation per second (plus another 3 per second in the deep oceans).
Human Influence on Climate Change is Bigger than the Sun's
The bottom line is that the sun and the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth are very stable. Even during the Maunder and Dalton grand solar minima, global cooling was relatively small - smaller than the amount of global warming caused by human greenhouse gas emissions over the past century.
A new grand solar minimum would not trigger another LIA; in fact, the maximum 0.3°C cooling would barely make a dent in the human-caused global warming over the next century, likely between 1 and 5°C, depending on how much we manage to reduce our fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. While this is equivalent to about a decade's worth of human-caused warming, it's also important to bear in mind that any solar cooling would only be temporary, until the end of the solar minimum.
The science is quite clear that the human influence on climate change has become bigger than the sun's.
Note: This post has been adapted into the new rebuttal to the myth "A grand solar minimum could trigger another ice age" | <urn:uuid:17fefb46-49c3-4a91-8799-02e4dc25d62d> | {
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13 Best Sources Of Omega-3’s That Reduce Inflammation
Written by: Kat Gal
One of the most popular supplements on the market are Omega 3 fatty acids. You can buy them in forms of fish oil supplements or there are also vegan versions made of algae.
But what on earth are Omega 3 fatty acids and what do they do?
Believe it or not, Omega 3 fatty acids play a role in every single cell in your body.
- Omega 3 makes up your cell membranes.
- It keeps your nervous system functioning.
- It helps your cholesterol levels to stay at a healthy range.
- Most importantly, it reduces inflammation in your body.
In your body, Omega 3 gets converted into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Many people worry that they don’t get enough Omega 3 fatty acids in their diet (especially if they are vegetarian). I know that next to the “how do you get your protein?” question, this is the most frequent inquiry from my vegetarian friends.
Lucky for you though, it is actually super easy to get enough Omega 3 fatty acids in your diet, even if you are a vegan or vegetarian or if you don’t want to spend money on supplements.
However, it is not enough to just focus on your Omega 3-s. You have to pay attention to your Omega 6’s as well.
Since Omega 6 fatty acids are also essential for your body, it is important to keep your Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acid at a balanced ratio.
Most health experts recommend a 1:4 ratio of Omega 3 to Omega 6 fatty acids. Yet, the Standard American Diet is low in Omega 3-s and high in Omega 6-s. This is a result of the highly processed unnatural foods and the lack of plant based, real foods.
Most Americans eat 10 or even 20 times more Omega 6 fatty acids in their diets than they actually need. I know that at one point, I had a 1:40 ratio of Omega 3-s and Omega 6-s. No wonder I had so much inflammation and pain in my body ranging from headaches to fibromyalgia.
But you don’t have to worry. You can reverse the damage if you eliminate processed foods from your diet, start eating a whole foods diet with lots of vegetables and fruits and start paying attention to adding foods high in Omega 3 fatty acids. It didn’t take me long to get my body back to balance once I started incorporating these principles.
Here is a list of the 13 best vegan sources of Omega 3. All these have a low Omega 3 to Omega 6 fatty acid ratio, allowing your body to mend itself.
1. Flax Seeds: One ounce of flax seeds has 6388 mg of Omega 3. 1655 mg of Omega 6 keeps your Omega ratios balanced. Use flax seeds in your smoothies, oatmeal and on your salads. You can make flax eggs by adding 3 tbsp of water to 1 tbsp of ground seeds, stirring and allowing it to thicken for at least 20 minutes.
2. Hemp Seeds: Hemp seeds are my favorite, because of their sweeter flavor and light texture. Hemp seeds have a great Omega 3 to Omega 6 ratio with 1100 mg Omega 3 and 2700 mg Omega 6 in one ounce. Use them on the top of salads, fruit salads, in smoothies, in your pancakes and other baking.
3. Chia Seeds: Chia seeds have been becoming pretty mainstream and popular lately. One ounce of chia includes 4915 Omega 3 and 1620 mg of Omega 6. As a bonus, chia is full of calcium, manganese and fiber. You can make chia puddings as a popular breakfast option or add it to your smoothies.
4. Seaweed: Seaweed may sound weird, but trust me, it’s good for you. Seaweed is not only high in Omega 3, but is one of the only vegan foods that have EPA and DHA in it too. No wonder vegan Omega 3 supplements are created out of seaweed.
Spirulina has 58 mg of Omega 3 and 88 mg of Omega 6, making it one of the best choices from the seaweed family. You can add spirulina powder to your juices and smoothies. You can also mix it in with mashed banana for a strange but sweet snack.
5. Leafy Greens: I swear, leafy greens make every single “best healthy food” list – they are so good for you! A cup of cooked spinach has 352 mg of Omega 3 and a little Omega 6. Broccoli, collards, kale and grape leaves are also great sources of Omega 3. You can use them in salads, juices, smoothies, soups, stir-fries or even enjoy them steamed.
6. Cabbage Family: Yep, the cabbage family is making the list too. Cauliflower has 208 mg of Omega 3 and 62 mg of Omega 6 per cup, making it the best choice. Broccoli, brussel sprouts and greens cabbages are also good choices. They are the best steamed or in stir-fries.
7. Mustard Oil: Olive oil may be popular and may have its benefits, but if you are looking to decrease inflammation, you may want to swap your olive oil dressing for mustard oil instead. Mustard oil has 826 Omega 3 and 2146 Omega 6 in one tablespoon. Though it still has a higher Omega 6 content than Omega 3, it’s a much better ratio than olive oil with only 103 mg of Omega 3 yet 1318 Omega 6. Don’t overdo it though. You can find them in Indian food stores for your salads.
8. Beans: Beans can be very helpful meeting your daily Omega 3 requirement without piling on Omega 6-s. Mungo beans are the best with 603 mg Omega 3 and 43 mg Omega 6 in one cup cooked. French beans and navy beans make close seconds.
To get the most out of beans, sprout them first then cook them. They are a good source of protein too.
9. Winter Squash: With squash season coming up, this is pretty timely. Winter squash has 338 mg of Omega 3s and 203 mg of Omega 6s in one cup cooked. Bake it in your oven and add a big salad next to it. You have a perfect warming dish for the oncoming cold days.
10. Berries: You might’ve heard that berries are full of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. But they are such excellent sources of Omega 3s too with 174 mg in 1 cup and only 259 mg of Omega 6. Eat them raw by the handful or add them to salads or smoothies.
11. Wild Rice: Wild rice is an awesome source of iron, protein, fiber, magnesium, zinc and manganese. It really is a superfood. It has 156 mg of Omega 3s and 195 mg of Omega 6s. Cook it and mix it with another rice or mix it into your salads. It has a slightly nutty texture with a very nice flavor.
12. Herbs And Spices: Herbs and spices all have a great Omega 3 to Omega 6 ratio. Cloves for example have 86 mg/52 mg per 2 grams, oregano has 73 mg/ 18 mg, marjoram has 49 mg/18 mg and tarragon has 44 mg/11 mg. Though you won’t meet you RDA requirement with spices and herbs alone, they are a great addition to your dishes and salads with some Omegas thrown in there.
13. Mangoes: I will never forget when my assistant pointed out a mango tree when I was working in Kenya. Mangos are beautiful, sweet and filling tropical fruits. They are such a treat and are also packed with 77 mg Omega 3s per fruit.
On the list, mangos are the only food with less Omega 6 than Omega 3s, only 29 mg per fruit. While you can enjoy mangos just as they are, they also add a great texture and sweet flavor to your smoothies.
Kat Gál is a multi-passionate writer, world traveler, nomad, runner, and cat-person. She is a lifelong learner who lives outside of her comfort zones stretching her boundaries and discovering beauty around the world. She is a Certified Holistic Health and Life Coach who encourages others to embrace their unique authentic selves, follow their heart and find their own version of freedom in life.
Latest posts by Kat Gal (see all)
SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS | <urn:uuid:c55697f8-39ef-4238-bebf-94720540814e> | {
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Symptoms and Causes of Eczema
There are various types of dermatitis like eczema, allergic reaction, rashes, etc. Eczema occurs in cases when skin is in contact with some kind of irritating substances in the environment, called allergens. It can be in some of the cosmetic products, some ingredient in herbs like poison ivy, pollutants in air, swimming pools, and water, etc.
Some of the possible causes of eczema may by viral infections, while sometimes cause is unknown. Symptoms of eczema are itchy, cracked, dry and red skin. Most usual type of eczema is atopic eczema, and in mainly affects children before age of five. This type of dermatitis is a hereditary, meaning if the parents, both or just one of them has atopic eczema, chances are great that the child will inherit this condition. Eczema can also be worsened by some form of allergies.
Some of most dangerous allergens in the environment that can cause more severe types of eczema are pet fur, pollen and house dust mites. Also you can find those dangerous allergens in the food such as soya, wheat, eggs, nuts and cow’s milk.
There is an established connection between stress and symptoms of eczema, but how exactly stress affects eczema, is not quite clear. Also, hormonal changes in women can trigger the symptoms of eczema, especially during menstrual periods and pregnancies.
Treatments for Eczema
The medical experts have found that for treating eczema natural treatments are the best. Natural treatments work better and have less or none of the side effects of traditional medications. Also, most traditional medications for eczema contain toxins that tend to build up in the body and cannot be used in longer terms. Most eczema medical treatments offer some short term relief, but in the longer run natural treatments are far better.
There are two steps to relieving and preventing eczema; one step in eczema treatment is to hydrate the skin and try to reduce inflammation. The other step is to build up your immune system so that you are less likely to suffer from eczema in the future. By following this simple two step process, you will improve your immune system and your overall health.
Boosting your immune system will help you to recover faster from illness, to have more energy, to prevent premature degeneration of body cells and your immune system will fight off any future illnesses.
The best way to build up your immune system is to use natural products that contain the natural ingredients like Agothosma betulina, Crataegus oxycanthoides, Hypoxis Rooperi, Olea europea which is extract of olive leaf, Vitamin E Oil, Curcuma, Hydrocotyle, Graphites, or Vinca Minor. | <urn:uuid:3e10c010-dd6f-491c-9e69-0db5460fbae1> | {
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(Natural News) For years, so-called experts have promoted the idea that chemical imbalances in the brain are the cause of mental health issues like depression — and that neurotransmitter testing can help solve these imbalances. But there are many reasons to be skeptical of neurotransmitter testing initiatives, including evidence that low levels of key brain chemicals have nothing to do with depression at all. Stunning research shows that these widespread beliefs are nothing more than marketing myths used by the pharmaceutical industry to peddle their products and reinforce the message that mass medication is the answer to all the world’s problems.
There is no shortage of commercials promoting the idea that using pharmaceuticals to “fix” your brain chemistry is the cure to all your ails, but health experts say the notion that neurotransmitter testing can help is nothing but a farce.
Why you shouldn’t trust neurotransmitter testing
As Be Brain Fit reports, there are many reasons why neurotransmitter testing is unreliable — yet much of mainstream medicine relies on this “technology” to reinforce the pharmaceutical industry’s agenda of pushing toxic medications onto an unsuspecting public.
One of the most shocking revelations revealed by Be Brain Fit is that neurotransmitter testing can not test neurotransmitter levels in the brain. Instead, these analyses rely on measurements of neurotransmitters present in the urine, saliva or blood.
There is no established correlation between neurotransmitter levels in the brain and those found in the rest of the body. What this means is that the amount of neurotransmitters found in saliva or urine has no known relationship to those in the brain.
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While your brain may use the neurotransmitters it produces to activate receptors found in the brain, neurotransmitters found elsewhere in the body cannot be used by the brain, since they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. This means that neurotransmitter testing is essentially irrelevant when it comes to gauging neurotransmitter function in the brain.
Because neurotransmitters have an extremely short half-life (existing in the body for only minutes or seconds), neurotransmitter levels can change in the blink of an eye. Serotonin molecules, for example, have a half-life of just one second.
This means neurotransmitter test results provide a picture of only a moment in time — rather than a long-term analysis.
The pharma farce
And as Be Brain Fit contends further, even if neurotransmitter testing did provide an accurate analysis, these tests still ignore neurotransmitter reception — which is arguably more important than actual levels. There are many reasons why neurotransmitter receptors may not able to utilize neurotransmitters properly — and these reasons are often dependent on the health status of the individual. Nutrition and lifestyle are key to a properly functioning brain, not pharmaceuticals.
While pharma companies have long promoted their drugs as the cure-all for depression and other mental health concerns, a growing body of evidence shows that low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin may have nothing to do with depression, after all.
For many years, pharma scientists have been trying to conjure up evidence which showed low serotonin levels were connected to depression — all the while, continuing to promote their drugs as the best line of treatment. While it is true that many pharmaceuticals can increase the amount of serotonin in the brain, there is little evidence that this actually provides relief for depression sufferers. As The Guardian notes, if low serotonin was the cause of depression, these drugs should provide nearly instantaneous results — which simply doesn’t happen.
These drugs do not take effect right away, and in nearly half of patients, don’t work at all. There is also no significant data tying low serotonin to depression. In other words: Scientists can’t prove that increasing serotonin levels cures depression — and they don’t even have evidence that low serotonin causes it. However, studies do show psych drugs can make things worse.
Like many other pharmaceuticals, these kinds of drugs have no basis in reality. You can learn more about pharma hoaxes and more at DangerousMedicine.com.
Sources for this article include: | <urn:uuid:c83368b4-6613-40e7-80d7-851ccbb95932> | {
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Learning to read is thrilling for children and deciphering the meaning of all the symbols that we call letters is like giving them messages in code and asking them to find the hidden meaning. They want to understand, but the symbols are meaningless until they learn how to look at them.
So far in their young lives children have learned about object permanence – this is where an object remains the same no matter which way it is looked at. A truck is still a truck if it is upside down or right side up. A bird is a bird when it’s flying in the air, perched in a tree or taking a dip in water.
For the alphabet, we are asking them to change the way they look at symbols. Now a line with a circle is a “b“, “p“, “d“, “q“, “g“, and an “a” or a line with a small hump could be an “h“, “n“, “u“, “m” and an “r“. These are just a few of the letters that can cause confusion.
When you verbally go through the alphabet with your child, take note of those letters that your child hesitates on or gets wrong. Also when your child is writing, look for the letters that confuse them, the direction of letters may be inconsistent sometimes facing one way or the other.
Activities to Determine the Direction of the Letters”b” and “d”
If your child gets confused with the direction or shape of some of the letters, here are some activities you can do to help them see the differences in the them.
If your child is confused by the direction of the letters “b” and “d” and they know the sounds that “b” and “d” make, then here is a tool they can take with them and use when they are in doubt.
pencil and paper
1. Write out the letters “b” and “d” show them how the letters are very similar. Ask them to tell you how they are different. Encourage them to see they are so similar except one circle is in front of the line and one is behind.
2. Now say the word “bed” and ask them what letter sound does it begin with? What does it end with? If they know the sounds of “b” and “d“, then continue.
3. Now make a fist with your thumbs pointed up and touch knuckles to knuckles. Show your child how to make it with their hands too. See how the thumbs and the shape of the fists looks like a “bed“. The line and circle on the left hand looks like the letter “b” and the line and circle on the right hand looks like the letter “d“.
4. Say the word “bed” emphasizing the beginning sound and move your left hand indicating that is the beginning sound of “b” and looks like the letter “b“. Then do the same with the right hand emphasizing the ending sound of “d“.
5. Trace the letter “b” on their fist then the letter “d“.
So now when they can’t remember which direction to write the letters “b” or “d“, they can just pull out their hands and make their own “bed“. | <urn:uuid:e776d8fa-9664-4699-9483-eb5dfc4481c8> | {
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On December 20, the Bureau of Justice Statistics released its annual set of statistical tables on the death penalty in the United States, covering information for 2010. Hightlights from the report include:
-The average time spent on death row for those executed in 2010 was longer than for any previous year since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976. The average time between sentencing and execution for those executed in 2010 was 14.8 years.
-During 2010, 119 inmates were removed from death row: 53 had their sentences or convictions overturned or were granted commutations; 20 died by means other than execution; and 46 (38%) were executed.
-At the close of 2010, there were 388 Hispanics on death row, accounting for 12% of the nation’s death row population. -Four states (California, Florida, Texas and Pennsylvania) accounted for more than 50% of all inmates on death row.
-Of the 7,879 inmates sentenced to death between 1977 and 2010, 16% have been executed. Six percent (6%) died by causes other than execution, and 39% eventually received other dispositions. | <urn:uuid:e546c57f-cc5e-4765-820d-20fb7e175be0> | {
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Diet - cholesterol
More than half of the adult population has blood cholesterol levels higher than the desirable range. High cholesterol levels often begin in childhood. Some children may be at higher risk due to a family history of high cholesterol.
In general, you want your total cholesterol to be less than 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl), because that level carries the least risk of
Hypertension is considerably dangerous and must be managed appropriately to alleviate further damaging medical conditions. On most... Read more »
The debate on whether the calories that people with or without diabetes drink help to make us feel full isn't over. But the evidence that... Read more »
Question: Can I eat shellfish if I have high cholesterol? Answer: While the American Heart Association recommends limiting dietary... Read more » | <urn:uuid:67af74fe-9edf-4f6b-899f-7df34eccdc12> | {
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August 29, 2013
By Gregory Dale
Special to the NNPA from the Afro-American Newspaper
At the 50th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington, a host of dignitaries lined the stage situated at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Under clear blue skies, leaders discussed why they’re still marching a half century later.
Martin Luther King Jr. III took the stage roughly at 12:43 pm. In a tone that eerily mirrored his father’s, he discussed how America needs a new plan to provide jobs in the wake of a struggling economy.
He also called for the end of senseless violence around the country.
“My father [Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.] sought the blood of the community. No more Newtowns, no more Columbines and no more violence in Chicago,” he said. “We need to keep on walking, keep on talking and keep on educating.”
Shortly thereafter, National Action Network (NAN) leader Al Sharpton took the stage and opened by discussing the struggles Black participants in the ’63 march faced just to make it to the Nation’s Capital.
“Fifty years ago, some came to Washington and rode on the back of the bus. Some couldn’t stay in hotel rooms and had to sleep in cars,” he said.
He later urged generations young and old to come together and fight for injustices and social ills around the nation.
After Sharpton’s speech the crowd exploded in applause and cheers. | <urn:uuid:b105848e-148b-4f30-b23f-ebecc7763c47> | {
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For the White man, apartheid is a distance of mind, a state of being, the state of apartness. From the assumption of apartness—from the necessity to stress this apartness, to justify and rationalize it, to obscure that which may strip him naked—White culture in South Africa is born.
Apartheid works. It may not function administratively; its justifications and claims are absurd and it certainly has not succeeded in dehumanizing—entirely—the Africans, the Coloureds, or the Indians. But it has effectively managed to isolate the White man. He is becoming conditioned by his lack of contact with the people of the country, his lack of contact with the South African inside himself. Even though he has become a mental Special Branch, a BOSS of darkness, he doesn’t know what’s going on—since he can only relate to the syndrome of his isolation. His windows are painted white to keep the night in.
For the White author or artist it results in less contact with reality. He cannot dare to look into himself. He doesn’t wish to be bothered with his responsibilities as a member of the “chosen” and dominating group. He withdraws and longs for the tranquility of a little intellectual house on the plain by a transparent river. He cannot identify with anyone but his colleagues, any other class but his own White well-to-do one, and with this he probably identifies by default. His culture is used to shield him from an experience, or even an approximation, of the reality of injustices.
The White man has become brutalized. He can permit himself to reason away brutality. And in due course his sensitivity becomes blunted. Man lives through and in man. The writer, the artist who closes his eyes to everyday injustice and inhumanity, will without fail see less with his writing or painting eyes too. His work will become barren. When one prefers not to see certain things, when one chooses not to hear certain voices, when one’s tongue is used only to justify this choice—then the things one turned away from do not cease to exist, the voices do not stop shouting, but one’s eyes become walled, one’s ears less sensitive, therefore deaf, one’s tongue will make some decadent clacking noises, and one’s hands will only be groping over oneself.
The totalitarian regime existing in a hostile environment must draw the noose within which it protects itself from contamination ever tighter; it must continue to create new and more abominable laws, it must constantly redefine purity, or its cultural values—closely identified with its politics—are strangled.
…As friends of Breyten Breytenbach, we write to urge American readers to help him. We ask that protests be sent to Mr. Vorster and his ambassadors.
Gilles Deleuze, Girard Fromanger, Alain Jouffroy, Felix Guattari, Michel Leiris, Jacques Monory: Committee for Breytenbach, c/o Jouffroy, 105 rue Notre Dame des Champs, Paris 6; or c/o de La Falaise, 140 Fifth …
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People diagnosed with cancer naturally search for explanations for its origin and wonder how cancer might have been prevented. The truth is that most cancers originate naturally within the human body from the moment of birth and continue throughout life.
Studies looking for cancer in certain organs after people die from any type of accident or illness have discovered breast cancer in 40% of women between 40-50 and prostate cancer in 65% of men between 60-65 years of age.
Those discoveries raise two important questions. First, where do these cancers come from and second, why are more people not diagnosed or impacted by these cancers?
Where do They Come From?
A genetic mutation of a cell’s DNA is required for a healthy cell to take on the features that classify them as cancerous. These mutations primarily arising from inaccurate copying of the genetic code or in other words, a biological “typo”.
Every day your body has to replace 50-70 billion cells and each cell needs to have its DNA copied. A strand of DNA that contains our genetic code has 3 billion nucleic based pairs (think of these as individual letters in a document) that need to be copied.
No organism known to man can copy a 3 billion letter document, 50-70 billion times per day, every day, without making a mistake and these errors can result in a cell with cancerous behaviors.
Two thirds of human cancers are thought to arise from mistakes in the copying process. But why don’t more people, or other animals, develop cancer?
Why Don’t More People Display Cancer?
Fortunately, evolution was also able to provide us with an immune system that prevents these random cancers from spreading. This is why in spite of the fact that 40% of woman may have actual cancer within their breasts, only 11-12% will be diagnosed with it in later years and why only 15% of men get diagnosed with prostate cancer although 65% carry cancerous prostate cells.
The haunting question that remains is that as our cancer detection tools become even more sensitive, how many people are being over-diagnosed and treated for cancers that would have never become apparent if the patient had simply been left alone?
© 2018. Nemechek Consultative Medicine, Inc. All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:d31f9e11-cc84-4cf8-b082-1769f873f20d> | {
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“Global warming” refers to the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the last one hundred years or more. But to many politicians and the public, the term carries the implication that mankind is responsible for that warming. This website describes evidence from my group’s government-funded research that suggests global warming is mostly natural, and that the climate system is quite insensitive to humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions and aerosol pollution.
Believe it or not, very little research has ever been funded to search for natural mechanisms of warming…it has simply been assumed that global warming is manmade. This assumption is rather easy for scientists since we do not have enough accurate global data for a long enough period of time to see whether there are natural warming mechanisms at work.
The United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) claims that the only way they can get their computerized climate models to produce the observed warming is with anthropogenic (human-caused) pollution. But they’re not going to find something if they don’t search for it. More than one scientist has asked me, “What else COULD it be?” Well, the answer to that takes a little digging… and as I show, one doesn’t have to dig very far.
But first let’s examine the basics of why so many scientists think global warming is manmade. Earth’s atmosphere contains natural greenhouse gases (mostly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) which act to keep the lower layers of the atmosphere warmer than they otherwise would be without those gases. Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation — the radiant heat energy that the Earth naturally emits to outer space in response to solar heating. Mankind’s burning of fossil fuels (mostly coal, petroleum, and natural gas) releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and this is believed to be enhancing the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect. As of 2008, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was about 40% to 45% higher than it was before the start of the industrial revolution in the 1800′s.
It is interesting to note that, even though carbon dioxide is necessary for life on Earth to exist, there is precious little of it in Earth’s atmosphere. As of 2008, only 39 out of every 100,000 molecules of air were CO2, and it will take mankind’s CO2 emissions 5 more years to increase that number by 1, to 40.
The “Holy Grail”: Climate Sensitivity Figuring out how much past warming is due to mankind, and how much more we can expect in the future, depends upon something called “climate sensitivity”. This is the temperature response of the Earth to a given amount of ‘radiative forcing’, of which there are two kinds: a change in either the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth, or in the infrared energy the Earth emits to outer space.
The ‘consensus’ of opinion is that the Earth’s climate sensitivity is quite high, and so warming of about 0.25 deg. C to 0.5 deg. C (about 0.5 deg. F to 0.9 deg. F) every 10 years can be expected for as long as mankind continues to use fossil fuels as our primary source of energy. NASA’s James Hansen claims that climate sensitivity is very high, and that we have already put too much extra CO2 in the atmosphere. Presumably this is why he and Al Gore are campaigning for a moratorium on the construction of any more coal-fired power plants in the U.S.
You would think that we’d know the Earth’s ‘climate sensitivity’ by now, but it has been surprisingly difficult to determine. How atmospheric processes like clouds and precipitation systems respond to warming is critical, as they are either amplifying the warming, or reducing it. This website currently concentrates on the response of clouds to warming, an issue which I am now convinced the scientific community has totally misinterpreted when they have measured natural, year-to-year fluctuations in the climate system. As a result of that confusion, they have the mistaken belief that climate sensitivity is high, when in fact the satellite evidence suggests climate sensitivity is low.
The case for natural climate change I also present an analysis of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation which shows that most climate change might well be the result of….the climate system itself! Because small, chaotic fluctuations in atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems can cause small changes in global average cloudiness, this is all that is necessary to cause climate change. You don’t need the sun, or any other ‘external’ influence (although these are also possible…but for now I’ll let others work on that). It is simply what the climate system does. This is actually quite easy for meteorologists to believe, since we understand how complex weather processes are. Your local TV meteorologist is probably a closet ‘skeptic’ regarding mankind’s influence on climate.
Climate change — it happens, with or without our help. | <urn:uuid:9b5d0295-9825-42e9-814f-7930694b9050> | {
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“providing a winters getaway for migratory birds”
Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1938 to provide nesting, resting, and wintering habitat for migratory birds, including the greater snow geese and other migratory waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, raptors, and neotropical migrants; to provide habitat and protection for endangered and threatened species, such as Loggerhead sea turtles; and to provide opportunities for public enjoyment of wildlife and wildlands resources. Visitor Services programs focus on interpretation, environmental education, wildlife observation, wildlife photography, and fishing. The refuge is 13 miles north to south and covers 5,834 acres of land and 25,700 acres of Proclamation Boundary waters. The refuge is located on the north end of Hatteras Island, a coastal barrier island and part of a chain of islands known as the Outer Banks. The bird list for Pea Island Refuge boasts more than 365 species; the wildlife list has 25 species of mammals, 24 species of reptiles, and 5 species (low number due to salt environment) of amphibians. Pea Island offers excellent fishing opportunities in both the Atlantic Ocean and Pamlico Sound. Permits are required for nighttime surf-fishing, and all interior waters are closed to fishing. Otherwise fishing is allowed under state law. Several species of sea turtles nest on the isolated beaches of Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge. Located on the northern end of their nesting range, we have fewer nests than other areas, but only time will tell the significance. Pea Island is one of six refuges in the North Carolina Coastal Plain National Wildlife Refuges Complex.
This is a must-stop along Cape Hatteras National Seashore, most especially for bird-lovers! There's 13 miles of seashore land to explore and tons to do, besides bird watching. It's a very peaceful and relaxing wildlife refuge, and a great stop along an Atlantic Coast road trip.
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As promised on Monday, this post is a follow up to my visit to the National Archives where the Nuremburg Laws of 1935 Nazi Germany are now on display. (To see the remarkable story behind this exhibition check out the previous post.) There are three laws that make up the Nuremburg Laws, but the one that is most important to the subsequent history is the final law seeking to establish the purity of German blood. What follows, are two points of view regarding the context under which these laws come about. One view, that of author and scholar Robert Gellately, focuses on a political origin, while the other view, that of scholar Henry Friedlander, focuses on the authority of the cultural elite. These points of view are not mutually exclusive, simply different in both their emphasis and the end goal of their publications (Gellately writing about “the era of social catastrophes,” and Friedlander writing about “euthanasia to the final solution”).
The political environment.
Following the conclusion of the First World War, on November 9, 1918, the Kaiser abdicated and Chancellor Prince Max of Baden resigned, leaving the returning soldiers, young Adolf Hitler among them, feeling betrayed. In this vacuum an active socialist political movement stepped up: by noon Philipp Sheidemann of the Majority Socialists Party declared the formation of a “German Repubic,” followed within hours by Karl Liebknecht, of the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party, proclaiming a “Free Socialist Republic of Germany.” These events would feed into the military’s myth that the “homefront let down the battlefront” during World War I and will become an “article of faith,” to Hitler, still recovering from a gas attack at the end of the war, and millions of other Germans. The nickname, “November criminals,” will come to represent everything they hate: Marxists, Jews, Bolsheviks. (83)
Bavaria’s monarchy in Munich was replaced by a radical Council Republic, despite its traditional and religious demeanor. Hitler and many others tied the Jews with Communism and Bolsheviks because of prominent Russian and German Socialist and Communist leaders who were Jewish, though not necessarily religious. They “become synonymous with Bolshevism and entangled with anti-Semitism.” (84) Although some of the leading left politicians would preferred Germany to follow the way of Russia–as Lenin deeply desired–the people of Germany were not overwhelmingly sympathetic:
Germany was a land of property owners, where millions had investments in stocks, bonds, and savings. The country also had a pension and welfare system that helped integrate state and society. Most workers were opposed to Communism, and even radical left-wingers were not anxious to emulate the Bolsheviks. (84)
The concern, nonetheless, remained relevant as the majority of Russians had also not desired the Revolution Lenin orchestrated. Lenin wanted to penetrate the west through Germany and Austria and sent emissaries who worked with the newly founded German Communist Party from 1918-1919, discussed the use of terror and attempted a coup. (85-87) The presence of the Socialists caused a great deal of instability and violence; the new Bavarian government would ultimately have to lay siege to Munich to wrest it from a Leninite. But, by this time, the socialists parties in Germany, Austria and Hungry were waning. (89) Yet, the damage was done and the stage had been set for Hitler. Most Germans firmly associated the Jews with the Bolsheviks and, thus, with destabilization and international threat. Anti-Semitic organizations achieved membership in the hundreds of thousands during this post-war period. (91)
German economists will later blame the failing economy on international Jewry, labeling it a cancer besetting the economy, “Breaking the ‘slavery of interest’ became code for ending the economic power of the Jews.” (91-2) Hitler finally finds his calling in life, politics, and helps to further the interests of the German Workers’ Party, an organization well to the right of the soviets, interested in moderate government regulation on capitalism. He makes his mark quickly, shrewdly competing with the socialists for workers in the ranks of the party by changing the name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party and, in 1920, establishing the swastika on the white circle on the red background as the flag. The red was meant to symbolize the “social idea” (and steal the attractive color from the soviets), the white nationalism and the swastika the “mission and struggle of Aryan man.” (95-6)
After setbacks and then a sweeping rise to power, Hitler was elected Chancellor, with jobs and the economy being important campaign issues. He initially says little pubically about the Jews, although the party boycotts and physically intimidates them, (315), but he does start his camp-system, some 160 such sites established by 1933, for torture and imprisonment (302). Criminals, such as sex offenders, and communists are targeted–with German socialist support! In the press, the camps are described as anti-Communist institutions to ease them into the culture, playing off the genuine fears of Communist disintegration of laws and order. (303)
While the boycott of Jewish businesses fails to catch on, anti-Semitic policies were argued for in support of transferring Jewish professional success to Germans. (317) From the time of the boycott, “individual actions” were taken steadily against Jews–euphemism for violence and damage of property–without instigation from Berlin, acted entirely on local initiatives, though never without controversy. But, despite this uneasiness with unsanctioned, but nevertheless unpunished, violence, the tenor was against the Jews and by 1935 Hitler believed he had the popular support he needed to start passing legal restrictions based on race. And so, the Nuremburg Laws were passed forbidding the mixing of Jewish blood with German or German-related blood: banning marriages, sex and even the employ of a German woman under the age of 45 in a Jewish household. Gellately reports on, “[a] Gestapo report for Berlin [that] said Jews were now shut out of the ‘community of the people.'” (319)
The authority of the cultural elite.
Origins of Nazi genocide are in the misappropriated biological theory of Darwin as applied to society:
Nazi genocide did not take place in a vacuum. Genocide was only the most radical method of excluding groups of human beings from the German national community. The policy of exclusion followed and drew upon more than fifty years of scientific opposition to the equality of man. (1)
The would-be science of eugenics was advanced by German and other western scholars that “merged [eugenics] with the racist doctrine of ultra-nationalists to form a political ideology based on race.” Scientists created constructs and scales on human intelligence, turning “popular prejudices” into scientific and academic theory, such as sexism based on brain size. Nazi academics and doctors looked back and drew from a long tradition of academic authorities, as they so chose. (1)
With his rise to the chancellorship, Hitler and his cadre of scientists began with sterilization, in 1933 and serving “as the model for all eugenic legislation” throughout Nazi control. It forced sterilization on individuals with any of a variety of mental and physical disabilities. The later Marriage Health Law, passed in the same year as the Nuremberg Laws,
mandated screening the entire population to prevent marriages of persons considered carriers of hereditary degeneracy, particularly those covered by the sterilization law. (23)
As race hygiene had always linked disability to criminal activity, criminal traits believed to be hereditary were also targeted in 1933, often with the sympathy of law-abiding citizens. (23) A book compiling all the Nazi laws written against Jews fills a four-hundred-page tome. While the first is written in 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service,
the centerpiece of the anti-Jewish legislation was enacted in September 1935 as the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, together known as the Nuremberg racial laws. (24)
This same law will be extended to include “other racially alien blood,” especially “Negroes and Gypsies.” And, Jews will be eliminated from eligibility, though they are not originally, from German citizenship because German blood is a prerequisite. (25) Not only that, Jewish patients would be banned from hospital care under the same pretense. (268)
The Nuremberg Laws will be on display at the National Archives for most of October, positioned opposite the Magna Carta and after the arc of the Hall of the Charters of Freedom. I recommend the trip if it is possible. The documents are profound not because of the words on the pages, nor even the signatures that passed them into law, but because they represented the next step, the one that set the legal course for the Holocaust.
For more information about the documents and how they came to be at the National Archives, or to see what they said exactly, refer to the previous post which has many useful links. | <urn:uuid:03356abf-731c-4015-ab13-a4e2e26b2260> | {
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Basic information about the Custer County
The Custer County is located in the state of Montana. This county occupies 3794 square miles, with 11 square miles being water areas. There are 11.699 inhabitants living in the county according to the 2010 Census. As for the racial makeup of Custer County citizens, the 3 largest groups are White (95.51%), followed by American Indian and Alaska Native (1.68%) and Two or More races (1.58%). There are 5.031 households in the county, while 59,91% of them are family households and 40,09% represent non family households. There are 2 cities and towns in Custer County. The most populated city is Miles City city and the smallest town or village is Ismay town. | <urn:uuid:bb5ccaa1-0187-4a39-a286-4f942411dc97> | {
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Do you need a CNC machine?
A lot of people see CNC machines and think they will allow them to do something faster, more accurately, or have it do someting they can’t do by hand. These are wonderful goals, and they are achievable, but like all things in life there are tradeoffs.
First, I’ll say flat out that there’s a big difference between owning a CNC machine, and programming and running a CNC machine. It sounds simple, but lots and lots of people fall into this trap. The machine isn’t magic. It won’t know anything you don’t know. It’s up to you to decide how to create your part, and then to program and test the machine. Sometimes it's much harder and more time consuming to get a CNC machine to do something than it is to do it by hand.
First, consider carefully whether or not a CNC machine will be able to cut the parts you want to make. A 3-axis CNC machine moves a spinning cutter in 3 dimensions while holding the cutter perpendicular to the work surface. Can you make your part with that, or do you need to tilt the cutter? (5-axis machines exist which allow tilting, but they are significantly more expensive.) Will you be able to make your part by just cutting one side, or will you need to turn it over? If so, how will you ensure accurate placement of the part when you turn it? How will you hold the part down during the machining process? Can you clamp, screw, or glue the part to the table, or do you need a vacuum table? Do you need multiple cutters to create the part, or just one?
Next, consider how you will program the machine. The first step is typically to draw the part in a Computer Aided Design (CAD) program. After this is complete, you need to create tool paths that specify how the machine moves the cutter in order to create the part. This is called Computer Aided Machining, or CAM, which is why you often hear the term CAD/CAM.
It is extremely rare that a part you create in a CAD program can be automatically converted by a CAM program into tool paths that run a CNC machine. It typically requires someone with machining experience. Their experience with cutters and materials allows them to take into account the work holding, the capabilities of the cutter, and the order in which the cuts should be made. Keeping these things in mind, they can carefully guide the CAM program to construct the correct tool paths.
This can be a surprisingly time consuming part of the process, and it is often error prone. A mistake in programming here can result in real damage to the machine. The machine (and its cutter) doesn’t know the difference between your raw material, a clamp, or even its own frame. Good CAM software usually costs a few thousand dollars.
Finally, consider whether or not you actually need a robot to cut the part for you. There are three primary advantages to using a CNC machine: accuracy, automation, and repetition. If you need twenty of something, then taking the few hours to program and test the machine may make a lot of sense. If you need one of something, then the only advantages the CNC machine brings are accuracy and automation. So do you need the accuracy? If not, then a CNC machine is likely overkill. Is the part you want to make so intricate that it would take hours for you to make by hand? If so, then it may be reasonable to take a few hours programming it, then let the machine take four more to do the work while you do something more productive.
That’s a lot of factors to consider, but with a little practice and experience they become simpler and simpler. Running a CNC machine really involves a combination of your normal craft (i.e., woodworking) with CAD and CAM, and for a time it will require an equal investment in each.
CNC machines are really great for lots of things. I use mine for the following:
- Cutting snowboard cores. Here accuracy is king, and the effort to program the machine is completely worth it because, honestly, you just can’t get the accuracy you need doing this by hand, even with templates to help out.
- Cutting mold parts. These are simple shapes, usually cut out of 3/4″ MDF, but I usually need 21 of each one. It it’s a big win to take the time to make a program to cut 21 of these out of a sheet of MDF while I do something else in the shop.
- Table saw zero-clearance inserts plates. I cut them out of nice Baltic birch plywood usually 4-6 at a time. I spent an hour measuring the plate that came with my table saw and tweaking the program. Now I can make more of these disposable items anytime I want, and have a few more ready to go in 20 min tops.
- Complicated one-off projects, like ornate wall brackets, templates for cutting other shapes, etc. Again, these end up being worth it due to the complexity of the shape. I usually start these in a CAD program anyway, and if they’re 2D then it’s usually reasonable to convert these to a few simple tool paths and let the machine do the cutting for me. | <urn:uuid:65c1cc0f-da72-46b8-8212-378bbac88fa8> | {
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Preterm labor is labor that begins before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Although the exact definitions may vary, preterm labor may include one, or more, of the following:
- Uterine contractions
- Rupture of the amniotic sac (membranes)
- Cervical dilatation (opening of the cervix)
Many factors can contribute to preterm labor. Although the exact cause of preterm labor is unknown in many cases, one major cause is premature rupture of membranes (breaking of the amniotic sac). Other related factors include the following:
- Maternal factors:
- Preeclampsia (high blood pressure of pregnancy, also known as toxemia or gestational hypertension)
- Chronic medical illness (such as heart or kidney disease)
- Infection (such as group B streptococcus, urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, infections of the fetal/placental tissues)
- Drug abuse (such as cocaine)
- Abnormal structure of the uterus
- Cervical incompetence (inability of the cervix to stay closed during pregnancy)
- Previous preterm birth
- Factors involving the pregnancy:
- Abnormal or decreased function of the placenta
- Placenta previa (low lying position of the placenta)
- Placental abruption (early detachment from the uterus)
- Pemature rupture of membranes (amniotic sac)
- Hydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)
- Factors involving the fetus:
- When fetal behavior indicates the intrauterine environment is not healthy
- Multiple gestation (twins, triplets, or more)
- Erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh/blood group incompatibility)
Preterm birth is the greatest problem associated with preterm labor. Although most babies are born after 37 weeks, those born preterm are at increased risks for many complications.
Premature babies are born before their bodies and organ systems have completely matured. These babies are often small, with low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams or 5.5 pounds), and they may need help breathing, eating, fighting infection, and staying warm. Very premature babies, those born before 28 weeks, are especially vulnerable. Many of their organs may not be ready for life outside the mother's uterus and may be too immature to function well.
Some of the problems premature babies may experience include:
- Temperature instability--inability to stay warm due to low body fat.
- Respiratory problems:
- Hyaline membrane disease/respiratory distress syndrome--a condition in which the air sacs cannot stay open due to lack of surfactant in the lungs.
- Chronic lung disease--long-term respiratory problems caused by injury to the lung tissue.
- Air leaking out of the normal lung spaces into other tissues
- Incomplete lung development
- Apnea or stopped breathing
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)--a heart condition that causes blood to divert away from the lungs.
- Too low or too high blood pressure
- Low heart rate (often occurs with apnea)
- Blood and metabolic:
- Anemia (may require blood transfusion)
- Jaundice (due to immaturity of liver and gastrointestinal function)
- Too low or too high levels of minerals and other substances in the blood such as calcium and glucose (sugar)
- Immature kidney function
- Difficulty feeding (many are unable to coordinate suck and swallow before 35 weeks gestation)
- Poor digestion
- Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)--a serious disease of the intestine common in premature babies.
- Intraventricular hemorrhage--bleeding in the brain.
- Periventricular leukomalacia--softening of tissues of the brain around the ventricles (the spaces in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid).
- Poor muscle tone
- Seizures (may be due to bleeding in the brain)
- Retinopathy of prematurity--abnormal growth of the blood vessels in a baby's eye.
- Infections (premature infants are more susceptible to infection and may require antibiotics)
Premature babies can have long-term health problems as well. Generally, the more premature the baby, the more serious and long lasting are the health problems.
Other problems associated with preterm labor include complications of the treatment. Medications used to treat preterm labor may have risks for the mother and fetus.
The following are the most common symptoms of preterm labor. However, each woman may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- Uterine contractions, especially more than four in one hour
- Menstrual-type cramps
- Pelvic pressure
- Intestinal upset
- Vaginal discharge of blood, mucus, or water
If you notice any symptoms of preterm labor, be sure to call your doctor as soon as possible.
The symptoms of preterm labor may resemble other medical conditions. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
If preterm labor is suspected, most women are evaluated in the labor and delivery area of the hospital. Usually, an electronic monitor is used to check the frequency, duration, and strength of contractions. This monitor has a transducer that is placed over your abdomen with a belt. The contractions are transmitted and recorded by the monitor. The fetal heart rate may also be monitored at this time.
Other ways of assessing preterm labor may include the following:
- Cervical examination--an examination by a doctor's gloved fingers of the cervix can help determine if the cervix has softened, shortened, thinned, or dilated (opened)--all signs of preterm labor.
- Ultrasound (with a vaginal transducer to measure the length of the cervix, or with an abdominal transducer to check the fetus and amniotic fluid levels)
- Testing for premature rupture of membranes (the amniotic sac)
- Testing for fetal fibronectin (FFN)--a protein found between the fetal membranes and uterine lining. FFN may be released when there is a disruption in these tissues or with infection. The protein is then found in cervical secretions where it can be sampled and tested.
Specific treatment for preterm labor will be determined by your doctor based on:
- Your pregnancy, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the condition
- Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the condition
- Your opinion or preference
Treatment for preterm labor may include:
- Bedrest (either at home or in the hospital may be recommended)
- Hospitalization (as specialized personnel and equipment may be necessary)
- Tocolytic medications--medications to help slow or stop contractions. These may be given in an injection under the skin or intravenously (IV). Tocolytic medications often used include terbutaline and magnesium sulfate.
- Corticosteroid medications--medications that may help mature the lungs of the fetus. Lung immaturity is a major problem of premature babies.
- Cervical cerclage--a procedure used to suture the cervical opening. Cerclage is used for women with an incompetent cervix. This is a condition in which the cervix is physically weak and unable to stay closed during pregnancy.
- Antibiotics (to treat infection)
- Delivery--if treatments do not stop preterm labor or if the fetus or mother is in danger, delivery of the baby may occur. Cesarean delivery may be recommended in certain cases.
Because of the tremendous advances in the care of sick and premature babies, more and more babies are surviving despite being born early and being very small. However, prevention of early birth is the best way of promoting good health for babies.
Prenatal care is a key factor in preventing preterm births and low birthweight babies. At prenatal visits, the health of both mother and fetus can be checked. Because maternal nutrition and weight gain are linked with fetal weight gain and birthweight, eating a healthy diet and gaining weight in pregnancy are essential. Prenatal care is also important in identifying problems and lifestyles that can increase the risks for preterm labor and birth. Some ways to help prevent prematurity and to provide the best care for premature babies may include the following:
- Identifying mothers at risk for preterm labor
- Prenatal education of the symptoms of preterm labor
- Avoiding heavy or repetitive work or standing for long periods of time which can increase the risk of preterm labor
- Early identification and treatment of preterm labor
Some women at high risk for preterm birth may be candidates for treatment with the hormone progesterone. This hormone and its derivative, 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone, are naturally produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Recent studies have shown that progesterone supplements help reduce the risk for preterm birth in women who had a previous spontaneous preterm birth. More research is needed for this and other ways to help reduce the incidence of prematurity.
Click here to view the
Online Resources of High-Risk Pregnancy | <urn:uuid:3d4d28c3-7304-4dee-bc83-ba5dafce9058> | {
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Reprinted with Permission From: Archives of Internal Medicine, 154:609-616. Funded by AHCPR Grant HS06660 From No. 176, July 1994 Research Activities of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, p. 28
Previous studies suggest that notifying persons about their risks for cancer can have serious negative psychological consequences that may impair adherence to prevention recommendations, either because of denial or fear of discovering cancer. This poses unique challenges for genetic counselors who must inform patients of their breast cancer risk based on genetic testing results, according to the authors. They recommend that genetic counselors provide patients with pretest counseling, ensure the patient's informed consent before testing, be aware of and minimize adverse psychological consequences, provide or arrange for followup care, and promote breast cancer prevention and surveillance techniques. The authors also caution that genetic information has implications, not only for the individuals who undergo testing but also for their partners, children, siblings, and parents and followup support should be extended to family members as well. | <urn:uuid:e67e76a6-fe80-436b-9f35-66f031029a75> | {
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Identify and Describe the features of an Information system that could be used by IPT students preparing for an exam on the eight information processes. The features that could be used by IPT students in ways to help them cover and remember all exam areas are Things such as , quizzes to test how much the students already know ,multiple choice, to determine difference in questions and revision notes these could be used to memorise the eight information processes and the rest of the Year 11 syllabus .
2.Identify a problem with this information system?
A problem that occurred with this information system was that at first the study notes could not be reached due to the code not being consistent this soon was resolved and it was no longer credible of any problems. the website was sufficient and worked out to be great design.
3.Develop a gant chart showing the time scale for this project
Understanding the problem ;
Describe the problem to be solved and your solution.
The problem is to create a study tool for students that contains useful information and study sources for students preparing for an IPT exam of the eight information processes. The solution to this problem is providing website for students to access quality information to help the students to prepare for the IPT exam.This website includes many study features such as preparation quizzes,Topic tests,multiple choice and study notes.
List the users , participants , the information technology required and environment factors of the system. The users and participants include the ipt students and the teachers involved in ipt studies.In regards to a system referring terms to the environment are the things that influence the system or that are influenced by the system in this case is the students and the teachers whom are preparing for an exam and practicing study skills.
3.Define the requirements of your system | <urn:uuid:77607596-ec08-4bf1-9ee3-38736d47f37b> | {
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The ancient tradition of cupping has been getting a lot of press since the start of the summer 2016 Olympics, as many athletes including Michael Phleps and Natalie Coughlin, have been seen donning circular marks on their backs and shoulders.
Cupping has been around for thousands of years and have been used by numerous traditions to support healing. Cupping reduces inflammation, reduce toxins and improves circulation. It also promotes a feeling a calmness and reduced anxiety. Many feel this is because it helps regulate the autonomic nervous system and reduce the “flight or fight” sensation that many people experience on a daily basis.
The earliest records of cupping date back to the Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC), one of the oldest living medical documents preserved today. Even Hippocrates mentions cupping in medical literature from 400 BC. Cupping has roots in the Middle East, Asia, Northern & Eastern Europe and North American traditional peoples. Cups can be made from glass, bamboo, animal horns and shells.
Cups are applied to the skin using a flame to create a vacuum, this is referred to as Fire Cupping. Cups can also be applied with a pump like suction that draws the air out of the cup. The skin literally draws up into the cup creating tightness.
Michael Dalder / Reuters
Cupping is known to draw out toxins and purify the body. Some theorize that cupping promotes health by facilitating the removal of toxins. The cupping action draws toxins to the surface of the skin where the immune system is better able to eliminate them.
Others theorize that cupping helps reset the fascia that lies under the muscle and helps keep the shape of the muscle. Tension and stagnation can alter the tone of the muscle and fascia and create “knots” and trigger points. Cupping helps disperse this stagnation.
Regulate Qi flow:
Others believe that cupping works with the Traditional Chinese Medicine notion of Qi flow. Typically cups are applied along the Yang Channels of the back such as the Gallbladder, Urinary Bladder and Small Intestine channels. These channels are often tense and hold a lot of stagnation. Cups along the channel can help improve the Qi flow and reduce pain.
There are many Cupping Techniques that can be utilized.
Tonifying Cupping: Cups are applied for approximately 10 minutes and then removed.
Draining Cupping: Cups are applied for up to 20 minutes and then removed.
Flash Cupping: Cups are applied and then removed immediately.
Sliding Cups: Cups are applied over oil and slid across the muscle or acupuncture channel.
Bleeding Cupping or Wet Cupping (Hajimah or Haracat): The skin is pierced and then cups are applied. This is no longer legal in the USA but is widely used in Turkey and Islamic countries. 3 slices are placed on the skin, to represent Allah, and bled for 3-8 minutes.
Finnish Traditions also utilizes wet cutting as was seen on Anthony Bourdain’s No Reservations where Mr. Bourdain gets a wet cupping session in a sauna. Mr. Bourdain dubbed Helsinki a “dark and morbid city” which couldn’t have been more apropos for the wet cupping visual. Mr. Bourdain’s skin was pierced with a sharp lancet and dozens of cups were placed along his back. Check out the video if you have a strong stomach!
I stick to sliding cups or flash cupping. Typically, I place an oil on the back and then apply the cups using fire to create the vacuum. I usually work with four cups and slide them along the channels to create a deep massage. People often feel very relaxed afterwards. In keeping with the ancients I avoid cupping if a woman is menstruating or if someone is weak or recovering from an illness. I also avoid cupping if someone has plans to drink excessively that evening as it could make people more susceptible to catching a cold.
Cupping is an extraordinary, sacred tradition that has withstood the test of time. Check it out for yourself!
you can also check out my blog post on here | <urn:uuid:add1f4f2-a4f9-4354-b3ac-b12a511331b9> | {
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Bentonville Battlefield, a North Carolina State Historic Site located in southern Johnston County, consists of 150 of the 6,000 acres on which the Civil War Battle of Bentonville (19-21 Mar. 1865) was fought. This was the last major Confederate open-field offensive of the war and the largest land battle ever fought in North Carolina. A monument to mark the common grave of 360 Confederates was erected by the Goldsboro Rifles in 1893, and in 1927 the United Daughters of the Confederacy commemorated the battle by erecting the North Carolina Junior Reserves monument near the point where the main Confederate line crossed the Goldsboro road.
Frequent attempts were made to acquire, mark, and preserve the battleground, but only in anticipation of the centennial of the battle did the General Assembly appropriate funds and authorize the development of 51 acres as a North Carolina State Historic Site. Included in the purchase were the Harper House, which had been used as a hospital during the battle, the cemetery, and part of the Union earthworks. Interested citizens came forward and raised funds to erect a visitors center, and in 1961, the General Assembly provided additional funds. Further support from state and private sources became available. In 1996, with the assistance of the National Park Service, Bentonville Battleground State Historic Site was designated a National Historic Landmark. In the same year, a grant from the Recreation and Natural Heritage Trust Fund resulted in the purchase of an additional 21 acres.
Historical material is displayed in the visitors center, and on the grounds there are several monuments, reproduced field fortification exhibits, and historic entrenchments. Summer "living history" programs are held at the battlefield, as well as Confederate Memorial Day (10 May) ceremonies and artillery demonstrations. Every five years, the site sponsors a major reenactment of the battle on the weekend closest to its anniversary.
Mark L. Bradley, Last Stand in the Carolinas: The Battle of Bentonville (1996).
Richard F. Knapp, ed., North Carolina's State Historic Sites: A Brief History and Status Report (1995).
Bentonville Battlefield, NC Historic Site: http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bentonvi/
Harper House, residence, Bentonville, NC. Used as Confederate Hospital. From the Barden Collection, North Carolina State Archives, N_53_15_1636, Raleigh, NC. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/north-carolina-state-archives/4289913375/ (accessed September 21, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Powell, William S. | <urn:uuid:b03b7e23-936a-4fb4-b804-6583e973daeb> | {
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Now here’s a project that actually hacks the Rapsberry Pi rather than just using it as an embedded computer. [Londons Explorer] figured out how to turn the RPi into an FM transmitter. For now it’s done entirely in the user space, but we’re sure it could be improved if someone wanted to drill down further into the hardware. For those wanting to give it a try he’s rolled everything into a simple python package.
The technique requires nothing additional except a 20cm wire to serve as an antenna. The trick is to map GPIO pin number 4 to a position in memory. The clock generator is then used to toggle this pin at 100 MHz, which is the frequency to which your radio should be tuned. A fractional divider adjusts the frequency based on the sound file being transmitted.
The proof of concept for this was able to reliably transmit at a distance of about fifty meters through several walls. The problem is that this technique is limited in the amount of data which can be sent. Right now it’s only about 6-bit audio. But descending deeper through the abstraction layers to put DMA (Direct Memory Access) to use may be able to improve upon this.
[Thanks Owen via Reddit] | <urn:uuid:378ad06f-c87a-4a1f-bd3b-3627f39770e7> | {
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Guyana: Amerindian Heritage Month
September every year has been designated as Amerindian Heritage Month in recognition of the sacrifices and contributions of Guyana’s first inhabitants, the Amerindians. Similar observances are held in other countries to honour the contributions of their Native or Indigenous peoples. In the United States, for example, “Native American Heritage Day” is observed in late November, after Thanksgiving; and in some parts of the USA that have a large native population, the entire month of November is devoted to commemorating the Native American experience in the United States.
2012 Articles – click to read
…… Read more [Amerindian Heritage Month] | <urn:uuid:8eae09b8-3af6-415b-9e39-1d61c3811829> | {
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Microcystis is a type of blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, found in fresh water. An algae bloom is growth of large quantities of Microcystis in nutrient rich water. According to the World Health Organization toxic hazards may occur if concentrations of algae exceed 100,000 cells per milliliter.
An algae bloom was reported by the Boston Globe in the lower reaches of the Charles River in Boston in the summer of 2006. It was considered possibly poisonous to humans and animals. It was believed to be due to heavy runoff from spring rains which washed nutrients into the river. The Charles, a nutrient rich river, has had minor infestations of algae previously, but not of this magnitude. The problem was first reported by the Charles River Watershed Association and confirmed by testing done by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection which showed over million cells per milliliter at one location. Toxicity has not been confirmed. | <urn:uuid:608c4003-b795-4ee9-87f8-754917cff2d1> | {
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All about Opal
Opal, one of the two birthstones for October, is an amorphous form of silica which has become the national stone of Australia.
The stone’s internal structure causes it to diffract light, giving it the ‘rainbow’ colors for which it is most famous.
Description of opal
Precious opal is known for its exciting interplay of colors, displaying almost all the shades of nature. Stones are found in any color from clear through to white, gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, magenta, rose, pink, slate, olive, brown, and black. It also varies from opaque to semitransparent depending on the conditions in which it formed.
Opal measures between 5.5 and 6 on the Moh’s scale, making it a rather vulnerable stone that can easily be subject to knocks and scratches through everyday wear. However, because opal becomes paler in dry conditions, some experts advise wearing opal jewelry frequently in order to give it the humidity required to retain its beauty.
As much as 97 per cent of the world’s opal is found in Australia, but Ethiopia is another large producer of the stone.
History of opal
Opal plays a key role in aboriginal Australian culture, and legend has it that its creator came down to Earth on a rainbow, bringing the message of peace to all the humans. Where his foot touched the ground, the stones began sparkling in all the colors of the rainbow – and this was how opal was born.
Roman scribes wrote of opal as a stone that possessed the perfect combination of characteristics. And in the Middle Ages, its array of colors earned it the reputation of having the power of all gemstones in one – Shakespeare, for example, referred to it as ‘that miracle and queen of gems’ in his famous play Twelfth Night.
However, i[ until large blocks of opal were first found on an Australian cattle station in 1849, the stone had been incredibly rare. And only in the 1960s were opal’s incredible colors finally explained by scientists. It’s now understood that small spheres from silica gel cause colorful interference within the stone.
Value of opal
The main characteristics affecting the value of opal are its base color, body tone, ‘play of color’ and brilliance.
Black opal is by far the most prized opal and can fetch prices of more than $10,000 per carat. Generally speaking, if the stone has a vibrant play of colors and the range of those colors is wide, it will rise in value – but because opal’s colors and patterns vary so much from stone to stone, it is sometimes argued that there is no set system for measuring its value.
Treatment of opal
Sugar-acid treatment is the most common way that opals are enhanced.
The process, which involves drenching it in a sugar solution and boiling in sulphuric acid, is believed to improve opal’s play of colors.
Opal is a fascinating stone, both for its playful array of colors and the fact that it seems to need to be worn in order to keep its beauty.
Used in a protective setting, opal is a beautiful and enchanting choice for eye-catching jewelry. | <urn:uuid:94492f61-d701-4719-9b25-f145a912584e> | {
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|Title||Leadership and Diversity in Organizations|
Designed to provide an overview of how issues of diversity impact organizations. Using the organization as a frame of reference, topics include oppression, racism, discrimination, structural factors in organizations, communication across cultures, cultural differences affecting organizations, and moral obligations connected with the role of a leader. Student will analyze the reciprocal nature of beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors with regard to various microcultures in organizations.
This course co-taught by John R. Mosby, Ph.D. and Roxanne Eisermann, MA.
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Can dogs and kids live together in harmony?
Dog and kids can live together in harmony and share many happy years together. Start the training…for both child and dog… very early.
It is important to establish the boundaries with both the dog and your child. That means showing your child the dog’s things belong to the dog, just as her own things are not meant for the dog to mangle. Setting boundaries also requires that you show your child that the dog’s dog bed or crate is a special spot for the dog, like the child’s own bed, and she should be told to keep out of the crate and leave the bed or mat for the dog to sleep on.
How to Establish Boundaries
This should be done in two parts:
Show your child that there are rules about taking things that don’t belong to you. Begin by showing your child that you are not allowing the dog to take her toys, clothes, bedding, and food. Be gentle but firm with the dog during the lesson. Remember: lots of dogs think, hey, if its on the floor it MUST be for me.
So when Big Dog approaches, inform him with a strong uh-uh (negative mark) that will arrest the behavior. Praise him when he stops moving toward it. Substitute the child’s toy with a dog toy to show him, “you may not have this, but you may have this!” Substitution is a great way to convey to the dog that he chose wrong but it’s not the end of the world, and there are other choices you can make! When he takes the toy that belongs to him and not the child, praise him wildly.
Its important for the child to see this exercise because it conveys that each party has a responsibility, the dog must stay away from her toys and then, in the second part of the lesson we show the child that the same rule applies to her: she must not take the toys hat belong to the do. It may be a bit tricky if he has the item in his mouth so try to stage or schedule the boundary setting lessons like you would any other training.
Now reverse the game and show your child the things that belong to the dog and may not be played with. Things like the crate (dangerous if a child should try to crawl in with a territorial dog), food bowl and favorite toys should be identified as off limits to your child. Show her that you are enforcing the same rules with the dog and you expect her to do the same. Gently and firmly substitute the dog’s toy for her toys, as you would when training the dog. Praise and reward for the right choices.
Make it fun and silly. OK, I have a well known habit of doing this for just about anything but if you keep it light instead of scolding either party for making a mistake, you will teach your child an important lesson: that having patience and humor when showing the dog how to behave is the absolute right way to go about training him to do (or not do) anything.
Is this possible? Sure it is, I have done it with my own child. It took time but now we all have an understanding about boundaries. This training for children engenders respect for animals, boundaries, and a healthy sense of ownership. Heck, you may even inadvertently teach your child to pick up her toys. Not bad. | <urn:uuid:f29184ff-a6f7-4ca6-a636-b7924f6a07ae> | {
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Figure 1. Boyatzis Theory of Self-Directed Learning (Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, 2002)
#1: My Ideal Self- Who do I want to be? What do I want out of life and work?
#4: Practicing the new behavior, building new neural pathways through to mastery
#2: My Real Self- How do I act?
#4: Experimenting with new behavior, thoughts, & feelings
#5: Developing Trusting Relationships, like coaches that help, support, & encourage each step in the process
#2: My Strengths- Where my deal and Real Self overlap
#3: My Learning Agenda- Building on my Strengths while reducing Gaps
#2: My Gaps- where my Ideal & and Real Self Differ | <urn:uuid:56144f0d-993c-4c15-a629-c014fa17e7b7> | {
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Promoting "green industry" can foster an economy that benefits all Americans and is strong enough to lift people out of poverty, according to "Community Jobs in the Green Economy," a new report from the Apollo Alliance and Urban Habitat. The report's researchers call on the government to offer subsidies to businesses that produce, buy, sell, or distribute energy-efficient or clean-energy products. "Cities must proactively and explicitly prioritize and encourage the development of local jobs across all skill sets in order for green economic development to achieve equitable outcomes for residents," the report states.
Renewable energy alone was a $40 billion industry in 2005 and is projected to quadruple in the next 10 years. "Urban youth, too often fodder for prisons, could instead be trained to create zero-pollution products, heal the land, and harvest the sun," said Van Jones, president of the California-based Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, in the report. "Those communities that were locked out of the last century's pollution-based economy must be locked into the new, clean, and green economy." | <urn:uuid:a542763c-ed5c-4c63-bdfb-fddb43fac2f7> | {
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Question 129: In kindergarten, female teachers teach the children some short Soorahs (Qur’aanic chapters) and explain the meaning of some Aayaat (Qur’aanic verses) using sensory means to illustrate the meaning. For instance:
– In Soorah Al-`Aadiyat, we show the children pictures of some horses. – In Soorah Al-Zalzalah, we bring the children a piece of wood on which we put some grains of sand and shake them in order to explain the meaning of Al-Zalzalah (earthquake). In the story of Aadam’s creation (peace be upon him) from clay, we show the children a lump of clay. Is it permissible for us to do that knowing that most of the female teachers have little knowledge about Tawheed al-Asmaa’ wa al-Sifaat (Oneness of Allaah’s Names and Attributes)? Please advise! May Allaah reward you with the best.
Answer: You must stop explaining the meaning of the Qur’aan in the way mentioned above for the following reasons: First: Muslims in the past and present did not adopt that way in explaining the Glorious Qur’aan. Scholars unanimously held that the Qur’aan is to be explained through writing and orally, which were proved to be sufficient for the person whom Allaah willed to guide and benefit... read more here. | <urn:uuid:c53ddaea-daf6-4491-9543-19b2fcc6e5eb> | {
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Public concern with food quality is nothing new, as Liz Calvert Smith finds out…
Dining was a very risky business in the nineteenth century, you could never be quite sure exactly what you were eating. Of course, the adulteration of food was nothing new; it had probably existed in some form or another as long as people had sold or bartered food. In fourteenth century London, for example, people were fined for selling, amongst other things, stale fish, stinking pig meat and wooden nutmegs. There were laws to deal with deception, but any admixtures were difficult to detect before scientific testing, which only became possible some five hundred years later. Medieval testing was along the lines of sprinkling powdered unicorn’s horn into wine to test for poison; if present, it would change the colour.
The scale of the problem increased dramatically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with the rapid growth of the towns. Supplying enough food to meet the demand was a problem, so the obvious answer to many traders was to cheat. Bulk was added to basic foodstuffs, with inferior substances: mustard powder was mixed with wheat flour and turmeric, cheese was coloured with red lead, coffee was found to contain burnt beans, burnt sugar, acorns and mangel-wurzel. Flour, perhaps the most important staple, was adulterated with plaster of Paris, pipeclay and even ground up bones. It was claimed in an anonymous pamphlet of 1757 that:
“The charnel houses of the dead are raked to give filthiness to the food of the living.”
This was never proved with certainty. What was well known, and accepted by some, was the use of mineral salt called alum to whiten the bread and improve the volume. Alum is an astringent, and whilst not especially harmful, it caused serious digestive problems in those whose diet consisted of very little other than bread.
The public was first alerted to the state of their food by the German-born Frederick Accum, a chemist in London, whose work, A Treatise on Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons caused a storm when it was first published in 1820. It sold out in a month and ran through four editions in two years. Accum took the bold step of naming those who had defrauded their customers and was eventually hounded out of the country by the enemies he created. It was to be another fifty years before effective legislation was introduced, meanwhile, people were made aware of the dangers they faced from their apparently innocuous shopping. Household and cookery books gave details of how to look for unwanted additives in food. Bread could be tested for alum by sticking a hot knife into a one-day-old loaf; if the mineral was present, particles of it would stick to the blade and it would smell “peculiar”. Bread could also be tested for the presence of chalk by simmering a slice for two or three hours in water, leaving it to settle, and then checking to see if there were any whitish deposits in the water. There were dangers everywhere and traders went to very elaborate lengths to sell food which was “past its sell-by date”. Sides of beef, amazingly, sometimes had new fat put on them which was polished with cloths to make it look fresh. Poor quality wine may have been mixed with sugar or lead to improve its character; the test for this was long and complicated. Dr Paris’s method was as follows:
“Expose equal parts of sulphur and powdered oyster shells to a white heat for fifteen minutes and when cold add an equal quantity of cream of tartar. These are to be put into a strong bottle with common water to boil for an hour, and the solution is to be decanted afterwards into one ounce phials, adding twenty drops of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid to each. This liquid will precipitate the least quantity of lead from wines in a very sensible black precipitate”
The housewife obviously had to add chemistry to her already long list of skills. One imagines that by the time she had finished testing and found most results positive, she had probably lost her appetite anyway.
One source calculated that two-thirds of all foodstuffs sold in the mid-nineteenth century were adulterated in some way. Henry Mayhew quotes a leading grocer in his major work, London Labour & The London Poor,as saying that he could mention twenty shops in the city where one could be sure the coffee sold was adulterated. He then cites this as:
“..convincing proof of the general dishonesty of grocers.”
Pies are really much too unpleasant to consider. One pieman told Henry Mayhew that when he visited public houses to sell his wares:
“..people would often begin crying, ‘Mee-yow’ or “Bow-wow-wow’ at me, but there’s nothing of that kind now. Meat, you see, is so cheap.”
People must have needed very suspicious natures to shop successfully. For example, it would seem that fish was obviously fresh or stale, but tricks could be practised here too. One Manchester chemist told how fish sellers would come into his shop and buy red lead to paint their unsold fishes’ gills to make them look fresh. Others used pipes to inflate old, sunken cod fish. According to the cook, Eliza Acton, one could tell when prawns and shrimps were fresh by:
“..the vivacity of their leaps.”
People went to extraordinary lengths to cheat. Old oranges were boiled to “freshen” them up and dried coconuts were drilled, filled with water, and resealed with wax. Tea was perhaps the greatest scandal of all. Used leaves were dried, coloured with copper or black lead and resold, perhaps more than once. Punch magazine imagined a tea-loving spinster who:
“..proud of the cheery loveliness of her fireplace, would acknowledge a spasm of horror could she know that the polish of their own stove and the bloom of her own black tea were of one and the same black lead.”
Perhaps the most surprising feature of all this is the immense scale on which adulteration was practised. It was not until the Food & Drugs Act of 1872 that analysts were appointed throughout the country and food adulterers began to be prosecuted.
Suggestions for further reading
- Frederick Accum’s pivotal work, A Treatise On Adulterations Of Food & Culinary Poisons, which caused such an outcry, he was hounded out of the country…
- Henry Mayhew’s London Labour & The London Poor Of 1851
First published in Period House magazine, under the title “What’s Your Poison?”, in the October 1996 issue. © Liz Calvert Smith | <urn:uuid:56443979-6da0-4de1-984c-9f357044b03d> | {
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Project Noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere.
Live beneath bark and logs and are found throughout the United States. Their blood changes to a high concentration of glycerol with the cold weather, and they can then hibernate without physical damage.
Found under bark.
Lat: 40.44, Long: -79.96
Spotted on Aug 23, 2011 Submitted on Aug 23, 2011 | <urn:uuid:9640d686-2240-43a8-9508-d09ae91b0ba4> | {
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For over a century, the eye has been considered to lack lymphatics, a circulation responsible for pumping fluid and waste out of tissues. The inability to clear that fluid from the eye is linked to glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness affecting over 66 million people worldwide.
"We challenged this assumption about a lack of lymphatics and discovered specialized lymphatic channels in the human eye," said Prof. Yeni Yücel, a pathologist-scientist in U of T's Faculty of Medicine and St. Michael's Hospital, and lead author of the study which appears in the current issue of Experimental Eye Research.
Glaucoma is a degenerative disease believed to be caused by the death of nerve cells at the back of the eye and in vision centers of the brain. It is often associated with elevated pressure in the eye. Current treatments for glaucoma rely on eye drops or surgery to lower eye pressure either by reducing fluid formation or improving fluid drainage from the eye.
"Good vision depends on the stable flow of fluid into and out of the eye. Any disturbance of this delicate fluid balance can lead to high eye pressure and irreversible glaucoma damage," said study co-author Dr. Neeru Gupta, Director of the Glaucoma Unit and Nerve Protection Unit at St. Michael's Hospital and Professor of Ophthalmology at U of T.
The lymphatic circulation, distinct from blood circulation, carries a colorless fluid called, lymph containing extra water, proteins and antigens through lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes and then to the blood stream. This circulation is critical for the drainage of the fluid from tissues, clearance of proteins and immune monitoring of the tissue.
Using molecular tools and three-dimensional reconstruction, the team of researchers identified a rich network of lymphatic channels in the ciliary body of the human eye. These studies were confirmed by electron microscopy.
The discovery of a lymphatic circulation in the eye overthrows the idea that the eye is an immune privileged site due to the lack of lymphatics and has major implications for understanding eye inflammations and eye tumor spread, among other eye disorders.
"This 'uveolymphatic' circulation plays a role in the clearance of fluid from the eye, making it highly relevant to glaucoma. This discovery is exciting because it means we can focus on innovative treatment strategies for patients with glaucoma by specifically targeting this new circulation to lower eye pressure," said Dr. Gupta.
According to the researchers, future studies will be directed at better understanding how to manipulate the lymphatic circulation in the eye. "It's clear that if we want to develop new strategies to prevent blindness, we need to challenge existing beliefs, and hopefully open the door to new treatments for eye disease," said Prof. Yücel, who also serves as Director of the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory in U of T's Department of Ophthalmology and research Scientist at the Keenan Research Center at Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, SMH.
Glaucoma is expected to affect 80 million people worldwide by 2020. Although the disease can affect anybody, those with elevated eye pressure, the elderly, blacks and persons with a family member with glaucoma are at greatest risk. Other risk factors that may be associated with glaucoma include diabetes, high blood pressure and near-sightedness.
This study was a collaboration between the University of Toronto and two fully-affiliated hospitals: St. Michael's Hospital and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. Other co-authors include Miles G. Johnston, Professor Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and scientist at Neuroscience Program, Sunnybrook Hospital, Tina Ly, Manoj Patel, Ersin Gümüº, Stephan A. Fraenkl and Eva Horvath from SMH, and Brian Drake, Sara Moore, Dalia Tobbia, Dianne Armstrong from Sunnybrook Hospital Research Institute. This research was supported by this work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (85053), Nicky And Thor Eaton Fund, The Dorothy Pitts Fund, and Henry Farrugia Fund.For more information:
April Kemick | EurekAlert!
Correct connections are crucial
26.06.2017 | Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
One gene closer to regenerative therapy for muscular disorders
01.06.2017 | Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
An international team of scientists has proposed a new multi-disciplinary approach in which an array of new technologies will allow us to map biodiversity and the risks that wildlife is facing at the scale of whole landscapes. The findings are published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. This international research is led by the Kunming Institute of Zoology from China, University of East Anglia, University of Leicester and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research.
Using a combination of satellite and ground data, the team proposes that it is now possible to map biodiversity with an accuracy that has not been previously...
Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy.
Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as...
Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow.
As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton...
Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results.
With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the...
Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine
Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)...
19.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
26.06.2017 | Life Sciences
26.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
26.06.2017 | Information Technology | <urn:uuid:dc746d2d-d417-4cb5-a138-b9d934ab634f> | {
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Windows Media Player
Noah was a good man who obeyed God. Everyone else in the world had become bad.
God told Noah that He was going to send a flood to destroy all living things. He told Noah to build a big boat (known as Noah's ark).
God sent two of each kind of bird and animal to Noah to load in the ark. He sent more than two of some of the animals. Noah also loaded his three sons, their wives, and his own wife. It began to rain. God closed the door.
It rained for 40 days and 40 nights. Everything on earth was under water. Everyone on earth died, but Noah and his family were safe and dry.
When the rain stopped and the land dried, God sent a rainbow as a sign of the promise that He would never again destroy the earth with water.
Read the story in Spanish La Creación
Read the story in Amharic
Noah was a righteous man who loved God very much. He lived in a world full of sin. However, he was loyal to the Lord and continued to follow Him, even when God told him to build a big boat and the people made fun of him during the time he and his sons were building the ark.
Can you stay loyal to what is right even if your friends make fun of you? Are you thankful for the things God has provided for you and your family?
This story about Noah can be found in the Bible in Genesis chapters 6-9.
But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord. These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God. Genesis 6:8-9 | <urn:uuid:6dd95cbf-2cf3-4734-a9a0-07bc22737479> | {
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Similar to the Neglected Tropical Diseases (or NTDs) that plague developing nations, neglected infections of poverty exist in the United States and are impairing the physical, emotional and mental development of African American and Hispanic children nationwide. In the June 2008 edition of Public Library of Science’ Neglected Tropical Diseases journal, Dr. Peter Hotez identifies these diseases of poverty and calls on policy makers to increase measures that would support national surveillance to fully understand (and treat) the impact of these infections.
In his article, Dr. Hotez outlines the diseases causing the most damage, including toxoplasmosis, which is most common in Mexican Americans and African Americans. If a mother becomes infected with toxoplasma, for example, during her pregnancy, the newborn infant is at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis, a syndrome that can include mental retardation, as well as vision and hearing loss. Other major infections Dr. Hotez highlights include: helminth (or worm) infections, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, cysticercosis, intestinal protozoan infection trichomoniasis, and some zoonotic bacterial infections, including leptospirosis. Vector-borne infections such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, trench fever, and dengue fever, as well as the congenital infections cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, and syphilis are also reviewed.
“Due to lack of knowledge and political will to study this problem, these diseases of poverty have been allowed to simply remain neglected….if these diseases were common among the wealthy in the suburbs we would never tolerate it,” said Dr. Hotez.
Currently, there is a lack of data on exactly how pervasive these problems are and the need exists to increase surveillance. According to Dr. Hotez, people will continue to get sick unless politicians and scientists can determine which populations are at the greatest risk, assess the burden of the diseases already infecting people in the U.S. and identify a cost-effective public health solution.
Major news media outlets picked up this story, and detailed reports and interviews on this topic appeared in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, USA Today, and Reuters.
Read the full article, “Neglected Infections and Poverty in the United States of America.”
Protecting Public Trust in Vaccines
While vaccination rates in the U.S. remain statistically high, there is a strong need to continue reinforcing the vast public health benefits proven over decades of vaccine development and use. To address growing concerns, Sabin focused its annual colloquium on "Protecting Public Trust in Immunizations." The meeting took place in late 2007, resulting in a special report for Pediatrics (July 2008). The follow-up report was assembled by the colloquium co-chairs Louis Z. Cooper, Heidi Jane Larson and Samuel L. Katz, and discusses what government, industry and non-profit groups can do to encourage public support of immunizations.
The report recommends investment in immunization-safety science, which includes research on the short- and long-term risks and benefits of vaccine combinations and timing of multiple vaccines. Other recommendations include emphasis being placed on effective communication within the vaccine community to ensure all aspects of the issue are presented to the public in a clear and reliable manner.
To read the full article, click here.
Fathering Autism - A Washington Post Exclusive
Over the last year or two, with the growing debate over vaccines - allegations they contain harmful ingredients including mercury, are given too frequently and even can lead to autism - a grassroots campaign has been growing among parenting groups, which are feverishly discussing who is at fault and debating whether or not to continue vaccinating their children. Recently, the issue has gained traction with actress Jenny McCarthy's interview on CNN , where she discussed her experience as a parent of an autistic child, and outlined the need for vaccine reform.
As a parent of an autistic child, leading vaccine expert and pediatrician, Dr. Peter Hotez couldn't disagree more. In an exclusive interview with Washington Post reporter, Shankar Vedantam, Dr. Hotez talked about the realities of parenting his autistic daughter, as well offering his professional perspective on the issue.
Read "Fathering Autism" in its entirety. | <urn:uuid:3fc39cd7-e483-4094-9fdf-543641910d20> | {
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African-American women suffer a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality compared to Caucasian women. Addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health requires the engagement of African-American women in the development of interventions that are culturally and contextually appropriate. Three age groups of African-American women who attend beauty salons (18-29; 30-49; 50+) were recruited into six focus groups. Participants reviewed a series of magazine pictures of African-American women and discussed their perceptions of beauty and health. In addition, we explored ideas for how to best intervene in beauty salons. Focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed with NVivo 2.0. After a thematic analysis of the substantive content of the transcripts, an iterative process based on grounded theory was used to summarize themes and make recommendations for intervening with contextually appropriate interventions. Beauty and health were each conceptualized as consisting of internal (confidence,
attitude, disposition) and external/behavioral elements (hair, dress, eating healthy, exercise). Younger women perceived beauty and health as consisting more of outer dimensions, whereas older women emphasized inner dimensions. From the linkage between beauty and health emerged a consistent theme of beauty "from the inside out," where inner aspects of beauty and health were connected with physical health and outer beauty. Participants shared ideas for specific strategies that would help the research team create culturally and contextually appropriate interventions for the beauty salon environment, including the stylist as role-model, materials that depict women with various sizes, shapes and weight loss goals, and graphics exhibiting diversity in terms of beauty and health. Engaging African-American women through focus groups is an important first step when building culturally and contextually appropriate interventions. | <urn:uuid:edfe4363-9c48-4fa8-995a-79665c27e4cd> | {
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Who was Poseidon?
Poseidon was an important god. He was one of the 12 Olympians, who made up the council of the gods. He kept a home on Mount Olympus that he used when he had to attend a meeting of the council. But his true home was his palace under the sea. It was a magical place, with white sand and jewels and shells and fish in every color of the rainbow. Glow worms acted as soft lighting throughout the palace. As restless as he was, he calmed each time he came home to his gentle wife and his peaceful palace under the sea. | <urn:uuid:41271335-8a4a-4c8a-8794-aff820b49c35> | {
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The Wet Lab is hosting an ecology lecture at the San Diego Central Library on Thursday, April 20 from 6:30pm – 7:30pm. Kristen Harper, PhD from the University of Stirling will discuss how environmental DNA can be used to detect invasive species and ecological patterns.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a powerful tool for detecting species using DNA deposited in the environment. It has been used in oceans, lakes and rivers to detect rare and invasive species. Most studies have focused on fish and amphibians, but what about crustaceans? The American signal crayfish is highly invasive in Scotland. Faster detection can mean better control, or even prevention. eDNA may be the key to saving Scotland’s lochs and rivers from this unwanted invader.
This event is part of the San Diego Wetlab’s citizen science lecture series held every first Tuesday at 6:30pm at the La Jolla Library and every third Thursday at 6:30pm at the Downtown Library. Please check the San Diego library system events page for location details and changes in the upcoming schedule. | <urn:uuid:66828000-9439-43f6-a9b3-62dfa386a210> | {
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"url": "https://thewetlablog.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/environmental-dna-searching-for-a-signal/"
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