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This is going to create a big bang and a great controversy for what I am about to claim. And, for the first time ever acclaimed since the emerald tablets was found years ago.
There is a conclusive evidence based upon historical and theological references that Thoth the Atlantean is actually a well known figure throughout human history who managed to live through tales and mythology in almost every culture.
It is a common knowledge to Muslims and Christians alike in the Mid East that St. George is none else but al Khodor (the green man).
Historical references of Thoth portrait him as the Serpent slayer. St. George is portrait as the dragon slayer. Serpent and Dragon are symbols for Satan or the Devil, EVIL.
Emerald Tablets speaks of Thoth while wearing a purple and gold robe with a silver crown on his head, saved from Arulu a lady fairer than the daughters of men. ‘Tablet Ten, Used I the drum of the serpent, wore I the robe of the purple and gold, placed on my head, I, the crown of silver.
St. George portrait was to have managed to save a beautiful princess and married her.
The name George derives from Gregarious which actually means Green.
The sign of circle and cross of Thoth also found its way to medieval Christianity and managed to become a church icon.
Crossed circles scratched on stones have been recovered from Paleolithic cave sites in the Pyrenees.
At the Callanish Stones in the Outer Hebrides, the most famous megalithic site in Scotland, crossing avenues of standing stones extend from a circle. Scratched into stone or painted on pottery, as on that of the Samara culture, the crossed-circle symbol appears in such diverse areas as the Pyrenees, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, the Iranian plateau, and the cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in the Indus River valley (Wikipedia).
It's said that Thoth was Hermes, and was one of the sons of Adam.
According to Islamic historical and theological references it is also said; Al Khodor "who by the way also means Green in Arabic language", was actually one of the children of Kane son of Adam, and before he died he told his children of the flood and Noah's Arch and requested his corpse to be taken with them and be buried where the Arch docks. Adam prayed to God that whoever buries his body to be granted an eternal life. Al Khodor was chosen from amongst Noah's children to carry on this mission.
Emerald Tablets, Emerald is Green.
Thoth relayed a similar story of a space ship they used to flee out of Atlantis after being hit by gigantic tsunamis.
Islamic references speak of Al Khodor playing a major role in opposing the antichrist at the end of days. And that he will challenge the antichrist to kill him and the antichrist kills him for the first time and then revives him to prove his might, Al Khodor re challenges the antichrist to kill him yet again, when the antichrist attempt to do so for the second time, he fails, that would be the sign of his ends approaching. After that, the antichrist will be vanquished by the real Jesus at lions well, (Beir Sabei) at LLidd in Palestine.
Thoth speaks of coming back and yet he speaks of confronting the evil that will come from beneath at end of days, when man learns to fly on wings like that of birds and learns to harness the lightening "Emerald Tablets".
Al Khodor is a prophet that is for certain. And Thoth Emerald Tablets have many of its quotes with matching similarities in meaning to Holy Books.
According to Muslim belief, Al Khodor visits Mecca in Hajj season every year and he stands in Arafat on the appointed day of Wukouf, (read Kassass Al Anbya, stories of the prophets ).
Long live Thoth, or Al Khodor, or St. George.
CHEKITAT, ARLICH, VOLMALITES as he requested to be named in the Emerald Tablets.
Visitors are welcome to send their comments on [email protected] and share with us their findings.
Adam El Masri
Our valuable member Adam El Masri has been with us since Sat,06 June 2009. | <urn:uuid:593b6d63-7458-4652-a764-50d72ecf7d0b> | {
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Significance and Use
Data on the composition and characteristics of water are frequently used to evaluate the health and safety to humans and the environment.
Moreover, such data are frequently used for process control or to ascertain compliance with regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable compositions and characteristics of waters.
Laboratories that conduct water sampling and generate analytical data, and those persons who have the responsibility for selecting a laboratory to perform water quality studies, need to use criteria, guidelines, and recommendations that have been developed by consensus and are well accepted in making this selection.
Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory that there was judicious selection and control of organization, facilities, resources, and operations will enhance the credibility of the data produced and promote its acceptance.
1.1 This guide provides information on consensus good laboratory practices for laboratories that provide services in the sampling and analysis of water. As consensus standards, these are the minimum criteria that all laboratories should consider in establishing their good laboratory practices.
1.2 This guide is designed to be used by those responsible for the selection, operation, or control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of water.
1.3 This guide presents features of organization, facilities, resources, and operations which affect the usefulness of the data generated.
1.4 This guide presents criteria for selection and control of the features described in and also makes recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.
1.5 This guide describes methodology and practices intended to be completely consistent with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of standards and Guide 25 - 1990
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers and for Preservation of Organic Constituents
D4210 Practice for Intralaboratory Quality Control Procedures and a Discussion on Reporting Low-Level Data
D4375 Practice for Basic Statistics in Committee D19 on Water
D4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
D4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents
D5172 Guide for Documenting the Standard Operating Procedures Used for the Analysis of Water
D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E548 Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Laboratory Competence
ICS Number Code 13.060.45 (Examination of water in general)
ASTM D3856-11, Standard Guide for Management Systems in Laboratories Engaged in Analysis of Water, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011, www.astm.orgBack to Top | <urn:uuid:e7b336d3-b9bc-4760-af8b-231094174c05> | {
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by Glenn T. Stanton, Focus on the Family
Students of the family must consider and appreciate how marriage operates as a formative institution and how this vital quality of marriage empowers women.
Marriage as a Formative Institution Marriage is qualitatively unique from other relationships – particularly unmarried cohabitation – because it requires something of the husband and wife, demanding that we act toward the other in ways that our feelings and desires will not always produce. If feelings and emotion could sustain the durability of marriage and family, there would be no need for the public statement of commitment. The wedding vow anticipates and answers future unwillingness or dampened affection. And that clarity of intention matters.
Marriage ties us to others and others to us; asking and demanding that we become considerate of spouse and children, therefore turning us into different kinds of people, usually for the better. Marriage and parenthood are the most powerful and humanly universal antidotes to adult self-centeredness.
As a formative institution, marriage helps married adults look very different than their cohabiting or single peers in most of the important measures of personal and community attitudes and behaviors: living longer healthier lives, physically and emotionally; being and staying employed; missing fewer days of work; earning and saving more money; having fewer run-ins with the law; greater overall life happiness; less likely to abuse alcohol or illegal substances; being abusive or abused; volunteering in the community; attending museums, symphonies and cultural events at higher rates; being more involved in church life; and being actively involved in the lives of children, their own and others’.1
Marriage produces these important social and personal goods because of the commitment it requires, but also because it permanently and exclusively links men to women and women to men.
Marriage, Men and Woman George Gilder opens his book Men and Marriage (one of Dr. Dobson’s favorite books on marriage) with this hugethought sentence: “The crucial process of civilization is the subordination of male sexual impulses and biology to the long-term horizons of female sexuality.” While there have been rare examples – such as the Flapper of the Roaring Twenties – female sexuality remains largely stable from culture to culture and age to age, requiring little cultural control. This is not true of the human male. His requires consistent control.
No society has found a more powerful mechanism than marriage to do this. And it is not just marriage that does it, but really women who do it through marriage. Gilder explains that when women have influence through marriage, …women transform male lust into love; channel male wanderlust into jobs, homes and families; link men to specific children; rear children into citizens; change hunters into fathers; divert male will to power into a drive to create. Women conceive the future that men tend to flee… The prime fact of life is the sexual superiority of women.2
When marriage is strong in a culture, men improve and women’s influence is best demonstrated. This is well evidenced in the social and economic sciences. Professor George Akerlof of UC Berkeley, awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics, presents compelling evidence on how marriage changes men in his celebrated 1997 Harry Johnson lecture: There is no question that there is a very large difference in behavior between single and married men… that men settle down when they get married: if they fail to get married, they fail to settle down.3
History and human experience bears this out. Gail Collins, the current and first woman editorial page editor for The New York Times, wrote an important and deeply interesting book titled America’s Women, which examines the influence of women in American culture. In an interview with National Public Radio on her key findings, Collins said “The most important implicit role women play in society was to make men behave.”4
Among many examples, she refers to the 1607 founding of Jamestown by British investors. The new colony was not producing goods and profits as intended and when investigated, it was determined this was because the colony consisted primarily of men who were at “their daily and usuall workes, bowling in the streets.”
Women weren’t present, so the men did what they wanted which was pretty much goofing off. The work would be done tomorrow. The first women to come to the colony – sent by the British investors to become the wives and motivators of these men – found “tumbledown shacks” for shelter. Collins explains these women found themselves “marooned in what must have seemed like a long, rowdy fraternity party, minus food.”5 The women got the men working, planting, harvesting, hunting, building, etc and in a few decades, the new colonies became something worth talking about and ultimately a nation that was worth fighting for; and because women influenced men.
Collins also explains that the battle launched by women for the right to vote was not motivated out of the lofty feminist ideals of power and equality, but something more domestic. In the 1890s, ten times as many women in New York belonged to the Women’s Christian Temperance Union than all the suffrage groups combined. These wives combined to make a massive American social movement that eventually attained the right for women to vote so they could vote in Temperance, fueled by their desire to keep their men at home and out of the taverns.6
Women are Born; Men are Made
Why is there this difference in the socialization of men and women? The answer is very interesting. Parental and social concern that a young girl grows to be a good woman is not as wide-spread and dynamic as the same concern that a young boy grow to be a good man. The female carries more fully within her being her destiny as a woman. The woman goes through more dramatic and prolonged physical and psychological changes as she matures. Nature gives her regular and consistent reminders of who she is and what she is about. The male’s body does not send him as many such messages. He must be taught, made. Being defines the mature female; learned action defines the mature male.
Margaret Mead observed: In every known human society, everywhere in the world, the young male learns that when he grows up, one of the things he must do in order to be a full member of society is to provide food for some female and her young. …[E]very known human society rests firmly on the learned nurturing behavior of men.7
And young men learn these behaviors both from their mother and wives as well as older men who learned them in their families. Men are made and all societies must find ways to do this and marriage is one. Ask any couple married twenty years or more whether she has made her husband a markedly better man. Note how much disagreement you won’t encounter between the two. George Gilder illustrates how important this marital feminine influence is: Women control not the economy of the marketplace but the economy of eros: the life force in our society and our lives. What happens in the inner realm of women finally shapes what happens on our social surfaces, determining the level of happiness, energy, creativity, morality, and solidarity in the nation. These values are primary in any society. When they deteriorate, all the king’s horses and all the king’s men cannot put them back together again.8
1 Steven Stack and J. Ross Eshleman, “Marital Status and Happiness: A 17-Nation Study,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60 (1998): 527-536; Glenn T. Stanton Why Marriage Matters: Reasons to Believe in Marriage in Postmodern Society, (Colorado Springs, Pinon Press, 1997); Linda J. Waite and Maggie Gallagher, The Case for Marriage: Why Married People are Happier,
Healthier, and Better Off Financially, (New York Doubleday, 2000); Robert Coombs, “Marital Status and Personal Well-Being: A Literature Review,” Family Relations 40 (1991) 97-102; George A. Akerlof, “Men Without Children,” The Economic Journal 108 (1998) 287-309; James Q. Wilson, The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families (New York: Harper Collins, 2002).
2 George Gilder, Men and Marriage, (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1986), p. 5.
3 George A. Akerlof, “Men Without Children,” The Economic Journal, 108 (1998): 287-309.
4 Juan Williams, America’s Women, NPR, “Morning Edition,” Oct. 9, 2003. Audio athttp://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=1459945&m=1459946
5 Gail Collins, America’s Women: 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates and Heroines, (New York: William Morrow, 2003), p. 3, 4.
6 Collins, 2003, p. 316.
7 Margaret Mead, Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World, (New York: William Morrow, 1968), p. 189.
8 Gilder, 1986, p. 18. | <urn:uuid:aad7ff1d-12fe-4ee2-b708-7c7fbb96312b> | {
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A centrifugal Clutch assembly consists of:
Dampers are used to avoid jerks and rubbing while clutch working. Clutch weights are made of zinc casting or steel plates. Plates are used for complete assembly positioning.
A Centrifugal Clutch works through centrifugal force. The input of the Clutch is connected to the engine crankshaft while the output may drive a shaft, chain or belt. As the engine RPM increases, weighted arms in the clutch swing outwards and force the clutch to engage. The most common types have friction pads or shoes radially mounted that engages the inside of the rim of housing. On the center shaft there are an assorted amount of extension springs, which connect to a Clutch Shoe. When the center shaft spins fast enough, the springs extend causing the clutch shoes to engage the friction face.
When the engine reaches a certain RPM, The Clutch activates, working almost like a continuously variable transmission. As the load increases the rpm drops, disengaging the clutch, letting the rpm rise again and re-engaging the clutch. If turned properly, the clutch will tend to keep the engine at or near the torque peak of the engine. These results in a fair bit of waste heat, but over a broad range of speeds it is much more useful than a direct drive in many applications.
Centrifugal Clutches are used in mopeds, mini bikes, chainsaws, lawnmowers etc. | <urn:uuid:dd390af9-e3f4-40ad-b4fe-3515939c8152> | {
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The virus is then transported from the nerve endings of the skin to clusters of nerve cells (ganglia) where it remains inactive (latent) for some period of time. When the buildup of oil combines with dead skin cells or bacteria, a pimple might form. Moreover, one is coming until you try to minimize herpes outbreaks are normally manifestation. 14 MOI were harvested at 24 hpi for RT-PCR analysis of ISG56 transcripts compared to mock-inoculated (control C) cells (lane 5). Before any visible symptoms appear, herpes goes through what is known as the prodromal phase. In the initial infection, sores can occur on and around the lips and throughout the mouth. As well as genital herpes, HSV can infect the mouth and cause cold sores.
Patients usually learn how to recognise the early signs of genital herpes, which allows them to begin antiviral treatment before the symptoms get too unpleasant. 3- If he gets it orally and we kiss, can I get it on or in my mouth? An upper respiratory infection or flu-like illness frequently precedes cutaneous lesions. The remainder of her laboratory tests were nonreactive, including herpes antigen direct fluorescent antibody, gonorrhea and chlamydia, HIV, hepatitis B and C, rapid plasma reagin, and antinuclear antibody tests. Your child is sent home from school with a sore throat, cough, and high fever – could it be the flu that’s been going around? An unnamed woman is suing an anonymous celebrity, claiming he gave her genital herpes in Royal Oak over the summer. These sores looked like shin tags, but some were under his tongue and some were on his cheeks, and some on the roof of his mouth.
However, viruses cannot grow or exist without host cells – they must be in a living organism (such as the human body) to survive. Sweating induced by heat or exercise can provoke an exacerbation. The most common herpes viruses are HSV 1 and HSV 2. Learn what does a positive herpes test indicate, how reliable is testing, how long after contact can you test for genital herpes. But the antiviral drugs acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir can shorten outbreaks and make them less severe, or stop them from happening. Women seem to get them more than men. The risk of catching or transmitting the virus is highest when you or your partner has blisters or sores.
A University of Wisconsin study found that of 30,000 individuals with perceived high stress had a 43 percent increased risk of an early demise – but only if they viewed their stress as negative. Heel wat mensen beseffen niet dat ze met het virus rondlopen omdat ze zelden of nooit last van uitbraken hebben, maar schattingen spreken van tot wel 80% van de bevolking die HSV-1 heeft en 25% zou besmet zijn met HSV-2. Treating the blood will not get it in its hideout. Black males were living with HIV in North Carolina at 6.9 times the rate of white men in 2010. Aciclovir dosaggio herpes zoster cold sore cream no prescription india zovirax cream tablets famvir herpes labialis cause yeast infection. Classification of hepatic encephalopathy148 I Trivial lack of awareness; euphoria or anxiety; shortened attention span; impairment of addition/subtraction Slight tremor; apraxia; incoordination Usually normal 15 II Lethargy or apathy; disorientation for time; obvious personality change; inappropriate behaviour Asterixis; ataxia; dysarthria Generalized slowing 11–15 III Somnolence to semi-stupor; responsive to stimuli; confused; gross disorientation; bizarre behaviour Asterixis; ataxia Abnormal 8–11 IV Coma; unable to test mental state Decerebration Abnormal 60 mmHg is considered crucial to maintain normal neurological functioning and periods >2 h with a CPP 85% (normal range 55–70%) represent a hyperaemic cerebral circulation. They can become secondarily infected with staphylococcal or streptococcal organisms.
Up-regulation of TGF-β expression and several chemokines are temporally related to increased collagen messenger RNA synthesis, skin thickening, and pulmonary fibrosis. I’m not really sure, but I think my partner passed it back to me since he didn’t take the medication properly and ended up testing negative, so I thought it was safe. Pheromones are chemical communicators….meaning one individual produces odors and another of the same species detects them. She utilises the combined resources of her talented team, a comprehensive array of healing modalities, cutting edge medical technology, and self-empowerment solutions to provide optimal health and wellness in mind, body and spirit in her two clinics in Brisbane and Gold Coast. Since there are no specially the lip swelling symptoms in the saliva. Use only as directed. In Addition, information available is acyclovir Indicates That not harmful to the baby if the mother Takes it near delivery.
Herpes blisters may look like a pimple, or they may look like a collection of ulcers. BBR set up: foot electrodes FF plus flex mat on the sacral chakra (client was very dominant and materialistic) and LED in the left painful kidney area. | <urn:uuid:4328b8b0-48fa-418a-970b-217b8350fd1c> | {
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Buffalo Soldiers Bill Aims to Honor Nation’s First Black Army
By Tracie Cone
SACRAMENTO — In the decades after the Civil War, the nation’s first black Army regiments guarded Yosemite and Sequoia national parks against poaching and timber thefts, a role that in hindsight made them some of the United States’ first park rangers.
Now as the National Park Service prepares for its 100th anniversary in 2016, there is a move in Congress to formally recognize the role of these “Buffalo Soldiers,” who set aside their guns to build the first trail to the top of Mt. Whitney and the first wagon road into the Giant Forest.
The U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill by Rep. Jackie Speier, D-San Francisco, allowing the federal government to study creation of a national historic trail along the 280-mile route the soldiers traveled between The Presidio in San Francisco, where they were stationed, and the Sierra Nevada they patrolled.
“This relates to a bigger goal we have – and that is to celebrate the centennial by diversifying our national parks so that they reflect all of our cultural heritages,” said Ron Sundergill, senior regional director for the National Parks Conservation Association, which has pushed for the Buffalo Soldiers to be honored.
Companion legislation is being sponsored by California’s Democratic senators Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer.
The all African-American regiments were comprised of men from the South who faced limited economic opportunities. Native Americans named them “Buffalo Soldiers” because their curly hair resembled the tuft between the horns of a buffalo.
“Children learn about Spanish missionaries, the 49ers, and the railroad barons, but how much do they know about the Buffalo Soldiers?” Speier said. “My hope is that their remarkable service to this country takes its rightful place alongside other great stories from the San Francisco Bay.” | <urn:uuid:e3700af4-c1dd-4dcb-9d1b-7ac61c7054d9> | {
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The summer solstice is the longest day of the year, and the shortest night. In the Northern Hemisphere it takes place between June 20 and 22, depending on the year. (The reverse is true in the Southern Hemisphere, where the longest day of the year occurs between December 20 and 22.) Humans may have observed the summer solstice as early as the Stone Age. Cultures around the world still celebrate the day with feasts, bonfires, picnics and songs.
Longest Day of the Year
The Northern Hemisphere receives more daylight than any other day of the year on the summer solstice. This day marks the start of astronomical summer and the tipping point at which days start to become shorter and nights longer.
The word “solstice” comes from the Latin words “sol” (sun) and “stitium” (still or stopped). The ancients noticed that as summer progressed, the sun stopped moving northward in the sky, then begin tracking southward again as summer turned to autumn. (During the winter solstice, the sun does the opposite, and begins moving northward as winter slowly turns to spring.)
Neolithic humans may initially have started to observe the summer solstice as a marker to figure out when to plant and harvest crops. In Ancient Egypt, the summer solstice corresponded with the rise of the Nile River. Its observance may have helped to predict annual flooding.
Different cultures and religious traditions have different names for the summer solstice. In Northern Europe, it’s often referred to as Midsummer. Wiccans and other Neopagan groups call it Litha, while some Christian churches recognize the summer solstice as St. John’s Day to commemorate the birth of John the Baptist.
Solstice in Ancient Cultures
Kronia, a festival celebrating Cronus, the god of agriculture, was also held around this time. The Greeks’ strict social code was temporarily turned on its head during Kronia, with slaves participating in the merriment as equals or even being served by their masters.
In the days leading up to the summer solstice, the ancient Romans celebrated Vestalia, a religious festival in honor of Vesta, goddess of the hearth. During Vestalia, married women could enter the temple of Vesta and leave offerings to the goddess in exchange for blessings for their families.
In ancient China, the summer solstice was associated with “yin,” the feminine force. Festivities celebrated Earth, femininity, and the “yin” force.
Before Christianity, ancient Northern and Central European pagans (including Germanic, Celtic and Slavic groups) welcomed Midsummer with bonfires. It was thought that bonfires would boost the sun’s energy for the rest of the growing season and guarantee a good harvest for the fall.
Bonfires also were associated with magic. It was believed that bonfires could help banish demons and evil spirits and lead maidens to their future husbands. Magic was thought to be strongest during the summer solstice.
Midsummer was a crucial time of year for the Vikings, who would meet to discuss legal matters and resolve disputes around the summer solstice.
Many Native American tribes took part in solstice rituals, some of which are still practiced today. The Sioux, for instance, performed a ceremonial sun dance around a tree while wearing symbolic colors.
Some scholars believe that Wyoming’s Bighorn Medicine Wheel, an arrangement of stones built several hundred years ago by Plains Indians that aligns with the summer solstice sunrise and sunset, was the site of that culture’s annual sun dance.
Summer Solstice Superstitions
According to pagan folklore, evil spirits would appear on the summer solstice. To ward off evil spirits, people would wear protective garlands of herbs and flowers.
One of the most powerful of these plants was known as ‘chase devil.’ Today it’s called St. John’s Wort, because of its association with St. John’s Day.
Other summer solstice traditions hold that the ashes from a Midsummer bonfire can protect one from misfortune or that the ashes—when spread across one’s garden—will bring a bountiful harvest.
Summer Solstice and Archeology
The orientation of some archaeological structures are thought to reflect ancient observations of the summer solstice.
Archeologists have long debated the purpose and uses of Stonehenge, a Neolithic megalith monument in the south of England. The site is aligned with the direction of the sunrise on the summer solstice.
While some have theorized that Stonehenge was the location of prehistoric summer solstice rituals, there’s little archaeological evidence that it was used this way.
Modern-day Solstice Celebrations
Many cultures still celebrate the summer solstice. Midsummer festivities are especially popular in Northern Europe where bonfires are lit, girls wear flowers in their hair and homes are decorated with garlands and other greenery.
In some parts of Scandinavia, Maypoles are erected and people dance around them at Midsummer instead of May Day. Neopagans, Wiccans and New Agers around the world hold summer solstice celebrations. Each year, thousands gather at Stonehenge to commemorate the longest day of the year.
Why we celebrate the summer solstice. Scientific American.
Summer Solstice 2011: Why It’s the First Day of Summer. National Geographic.
Traditions and Holidays Around the June Solstice. TimeAndDate.com. | <urn:uuid:fe5a2b81-37e5-4cdc-9458-195f5edaefaf> | {
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The growing consequences of climate change are putting many of the country's most iconic and historic sites at risk.
From Ellis Island to the Everglades, Cape Canaveral to California's César Chávez National Monument, these sites symbolize values that unite all Americans — patriotism, freedom, democracy, and more — and together help weave the very fabric of our shared history.
Today these sites face a perilous and uncertain future in a world of rising sea levels, more frequent wildfires, increased flooding, and other damaging effects of climate change.
We must prepare our cherished landmarks for these worsening climate impacts and take steps to make climate resilience a national priority. At the same time, we must work to minimize these risks in the future by reducing the carbon emissions that are causing climate change and its accompanying impacts.
This report highlights 30 at-risk locations chosen because the science behind the risks they face is robust, and because together they shine a spotlight on the different kinds of climate impacts already affecting the United States' cultural heritage.
At some sites — such as Liberty and Ellis Islands and Cape Hatteras — steps have already been taken to prepare for these growing climate risks. At many other sites, such efforts have not yet begun.
As these case studies illustrate, climate change is no longer a distant threat for others to worry about. The consequences are already underway, with serious and growing risks to the places and communities we care about.
If future generations of Americans are to experience the joy and wonder that these extraordinary places engender, we must act now to protect them from the impacts of climate change today and prepare them for expected additional changes tomorrow.
We must also take steps to minimize the risks of climate change in the future by taking immediate action to reduce the carbon emissions that are driving up the planet's temperature.
The historic legacy of the United States is at stake.
We Need Your Support to Make Change Happen
Your contribution puts rigorous scientific analysis to work to advance clean, renewable energy and so much more. With the support of people like you, we are developing and implementing practical solutions to build a healthier environment and a safer world. | <urn:uuid:994118e6-ec64-42e7-98b8-7618a72192e1> | {
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MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2016 07 2265(28) 705-10 doi 10.15585/mmwr.mm6528a2
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality (1). Transmission of HCV is primarily via parenteral blood exposure, and HCV can be transmitted vertically from mother to child. Vertical transmission occurs in 5.8% (95% confidence interval = 4.2%-7.8%) of infants born to women who are infected only with HCV and in up to twice as many infants born to women who are also infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (2) or who have high HCV viral loads (3,4); there is currently no recommended intervention to prevent transmission of infection from mother to child (3). Increased reported incidence of HCV infection among persons aged ≤30 years (5,6) with similar increases among women and men in this age group (6), raises concern about increases in the number of pregnant women with HCV infection, and in the number of infants who could be exposed to HCV at birth. Data from one large commercial laboratory and birth certificate data were used to investigate trends in HCV detection among women of childbearing age,* HCV testing among children aged ≤2 years, and the proportions of infants born to HCV-infected women nationally and in Kentucky, the state with the highest incidence of acute HCV infection during 2011-2014 (6). During 2011-2014, commercial laboratory data indicated that national rates of HCV detection (antibody or RNA positivity(†)) among women of childbearing age increased 22%, and HCV testing (antibody or RNA) among children aged ≤2 years increased 14%; birth certificate data indicated that the proportion of infants born to HCV-infected mothers increased 68%, from 0.19% to 0.32%. During the same time in Kentucky, the HCV detection rate among women of childbearing age increased >200%, HCV testing among children aged ≤2 years increased 151%, and the proportion of infants born to HCV-infected women increased 124%, from 0.71% to 1.59%. Increases in the rate of HCV detection among women of childbearing age suggest a potential risk for vertical transmission of HCV. These findings highlight the importance of following current CDC recommendations to identify, counsel, and test persons at risk for HCV infection (1,7), including pregnant women, as well as consider developing public health policies for routine HCV testing of pregnant women, and expanding current policies for testing and monitoring children born to HCV-infected women. Expansion of HCV reporting and surveillance requirements will enhance case identification and prevention strategies. | <urn:uuid:3013892c-55b0-4bf3-988f-4717786468a0> | {
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Upstream they’ve allowed the water level of the river to fall until the dam’s top blocks can be seen as the waterfall retreats. The river’s bottom emerges and a spring shorebird skitters along the edge of the green muck, its beak probing the dirt. Three pigeons pace on and peck at the drying granite blocks. Each block in the slightly curved dam wall under their feet is an easy ton of stone. The dam spans the river and, when the water is allowed to rise, it vanishes under a sheen of falling water. But now the water is low even though the river still flows.
Behind the dam a grating of steel bars lets the river flow under the dam and gush out the spill pipe at the foot of the stone blocks. There the river continues to flow under the footbridge, between the stone and brick walls of the mill, over another waterfall further on, and then, past other mills still downstream, out to sea.
The mill holds the river tight between its walls for a short span and, in the past, the dipping, turning wheels would have spun drawing the river’s power into the mill and, through rods and pulleys, relayed it on to the machines.
The first mill at this turn of the river was a saw mill in 1649. Then a grist mill came in its place. In time that too was torn down and the granite and brick buildings here now were raised up. The mill rises above the river, five stories of brick set on many courses of granite foundation stones. In its current form the mill made fabrics from civil war uniforms to fine cashmeres. Another mill just downstream made munitions for our arsenals. One gun from those foundries and lathes went first north to Portland and later west out over the ocean to Pearl Harbor. Later that mill’s machines made other parts out of case-hardened steel and pig iron. Other products, over the years, came from the mill: Christmas tree ornaments, cameras and film, paint, ice creepers for the Russian troops during World War II, rifle grenades, ski poles, waterproof boxes, and wooden shoes.
Today those machines are gone. Today the mill houses those who admire the fashionability of loft-like apartments; who value the anonymity of its corridors and numbered doors.
On massive granite blocks the mill as it now is has straddled the river for over a century. With care and maintenance its good for another century — or two or three — even though its use then cannot be foreseen anymore than the builders of the mill would have thought in their day that they were building housing.
The men who built the mill built better than they knew; far better than the Frank Lloyd Wright fancy “Falling Water,” once lauded by all but now already being rotted out and reclaimed by the stream it enfolded. The mill was not built as a fancy but as a machine for making and now for living, built to last by men whom we cannot hope to emulate.
In full spate the river surges between the mill’s walls and, at times, rises to flood the lowest apartments much to the distress of its fashionable tenants.
At flood speed the river rushes beneath the lower windows with a rumble and a stifled roar as if some endless ghost freight train was passing, passing, passing.
But then the spring flood abates to the hushed rustle and hum of flow. Over the calmer water swallows daub their nests under the eaves and, at dusk, dart and flicker over the water. And the mill around them, built long ago on the rocks of capital, skill, muscle, sinew and faith, contains the river below and the spring sky seen in its surface. The mill, raised on granite and formed from fire-forged bricks laid one after the other by arm and hand, mortar and trowel, built to last, endures.
Today we live in the reflection of their times. Today we taste the afterimage of events. | <urn:uuid:e65081d3-615e-44d4-ac4c-3147bd9ca6e2> | {
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Hemp for the industry.. (Don't forget; Goto: http://www.youtube.com/user/HOSSERLEG... and subscribe to this great activist.)
Hemp is one of the most versatile plants to be grown by man. Some products made from the fibre include: all grades of paper, textiles, geo-textiles, structural reinforcement building materials, fibreglass replacement products, lightweight sandwich boards, composite boards, absorbency products such as kitty litter, potting mix, nappies and feminine-care products, and fuel.
Hemp seed whole, hulled or crushed for oil are used in food products such as muesli bars, cakes, breads, biscuits, butter paste, non-dairy milk, tofu, cheese and ice cream. The seed oil is a superior cosmetic oil and both the essential and cold pressed oils are used in many cosmetics (such as shampoo, soaps and moisturisers). The cold pressed seed oil has nutritional qualities similar to evening primrose oil, cod liver oil, flaxseed oil and soybean supplements.
Viable fibre alternatives are needed as world population and fibre consumption increases. While the use of wood, cotton and synthetic products is being discouraged due to environmental concerns, the gap between fibre supply and demand will inevitably increase.
Facts About Hemp
Until 1883, more than three quarters of the world's paper was made from Hemp fibre;
In Elizabethan times, farmers were fined for not growing Hemp;
A Hemp crop produces nearly four times as much raw fibre as an equivalent-sized tree plantation;
Trees take approximately 20 years to mature. Hemp takes 4 months;
Hemp fibre needs no pesticides;
Hemp needs no herbicides because it grows too quickly for any weed to compete;
Hemp paper does not need chlorine bleach, which pollutes rivers near wood-pulp paper mills;
Hemp paper is stronger, finer and longer-lasting than wood-based papers;
Hemp paper is used for bank notes and archival papers;
The earliest-known woven fabric was apparently of Hemp, which began to be worked approximately 8,000-7,000 BC;
For more than a thousand years before the time of Christ until 1883 AD, Cannabis/Hemp was our planet's largest agricultural crop and most important industry for thousands of products and enterprises, producing the overall majority of the earth's fibre, fabric, lighting oil, paper, incense and medicines, as well as being a primary source of protein for humans and animals alike;
The war between America and Great Britain in 1812 was mainly about access to Russian Hemp;
Napoleon's principle reason for tragically invading Russia in 1812 was also due to Russian Hemp supplies!
The word 'linen', until the early 1800s meant any fine fabrics made from Hemp or flax;
Cannabis oil was mentioned by name in the Bible. Apparently, etymologists at Hebrew University, Jerusalem, confirmed that 'kineboisin' (also spelled 'kannabosm") referred to cannabis used in a holy ointment. N.B. King James mistranslated the word as 'calamus' in his version;
Hempseed oil is said to burn the brightest of all lamp oils, and has been used since the days of Abraham. Scythians used to purify and cleanse themselves with Hemp oil, which made their skin "shining and clean";
Our forests, what is left of them, are being cut down 3 times as fast as they can grow.;
Japan is targeting that 10% of paper must be from non-wood fibres by 2005;
Further, hemp fibre has been found to be a lighter, stronger alternative to fibreglass;
Hemp offers a valuable and sustainable fuel of the future, "growing oil wells". Hemp has an output equivalent to around 1000 gallons of methanol per acre year (10 tons Biomass/acre, each yielding 100 gal. methanol/ton). Methanol used today is mainly made from natural gas, a fossil fuel. Methanol is currently being studied as a primary fuel for automobiles.
Henry Ford dreamed that someday automobiles would be grown from the soil. The Ford motor company, after years of research produced an automobile with a plastic body. Its tough body used a mixture of 70% cellulose fibres from Hemp. The plastic withstood blows 10 times as great as steel could without denting! Its weight was also 2/3 that of a regular car, producing better economy. Henry Ford was forced to use petroleum due to Hemp prohibition. His plans to fuel his fleet of automotive vehicles with plant-power also failed due to Alcohol prohibition;
Hemp grain does not contain the anti-nutrient trypsin inhibitors as found in soy milk.;
Hanf in German, Canamo in Spanish, Chanvre in French, Konoplya in Russian, Kender in Hungarian, Tal Ma in Chinese, Hemp is fully international!
MAKE THIS SUPERMAN PLANT FREE AGAIN! The world needs it!
Know your facts, and educate people!
And again; Don't forget subscribe to http://www.youtube.com/user/HOSSERLEG... | <urn:uuid:2e483e77-a4ee-4af6-b538-fc2bda028015> | {
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More than forty years of research consistently documents the power of the immersion programs to help students attain high levels of second language proficiency. No other type of instruction, short of living in a second language environment, is as successful.
Young children especially thrive in this type of instructional environment. Happily, language immersion is also the least expensive way to deliver second language instruction.
- Second Language Skills
- Students achieve high proficiency in the immersion language.
- Improved Performance on Standardized Tests
- Immersion students perform as well as or better than non-immersion students on standardized tests of English and math administered in English.
- Enhanced Cognitive Skills
- Immersion students typically develop greater cognitive flexibility, demonstrating increased attention control, better memory, and superior problem solving skills as well as enhanced understanding of their primary language.
- Increased Cultural Sensitivity
- Immersion students are more aware of and show more positive attitudes towards others cultures and appreciation of other people.
- Long Term Benefits
- Immersion students are better prepared for the global community and job markets where a second language is an asset.
What to expect in a Dual Immersion Program?
Dual immersion offers a rich bilingual experience for young learners when their minds are developmentally best able to acquire a second language.
Students enjoy the advantage of two caring, qualified teachers. The English- speaking teacher uses half of the instruction day to teach English language arts (reading, writing, and spelling) as well as other subjects of the curriculum (science, social studies, math, etc)
The Spanish-speaking teacher uses the other half of the time or the day to teach Spanish Literacy, Math, and portions of social studies, art, science, music. P. E. and health topics from the grade-appropriate level of the Utah State Core Curriculum
In class, the Spanish teacher speaks only in Spanish and communicates using a range of engaging strategies including pictures, songs, games, body language, expressions, drama, pantomime, etc. Children at this age adept a picking up language in meaningful context. After a brief period at the beginning of the year, students too will speak only in Spanish during the Spanish class.
You’ll be delighted how quickly your child becomes a comfortable and competent Spanish speaker.
- Spanish opens the doors to many domestic and international career opportunities.
- Sophisticated professions such as those in medicine, international distribution, the oil and gas industry, power generation, luxury goods, aviation and other transportation technologies encompass extensive Spanish-speaking networks.
- Knowledge of the Spanish language is also an asset in the fields of literature, the fine arts, gastronomy, cinema, law, and business. Scores of major international businesses and organizations, as well as American companies, regularly recruit candidates who speak Spanish.
- Students who learn Spanish perform better on standardized tests since more than 50% of modern-day English words trace their origins to Spanish. This means that Spanish has a relatively quick learning curve which boosts a student’s confidence. | <urn:uuid:7c39c355-5cd5-4e2d-9b52-ac057d382fb1> | {
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Respiratory conditions are medical conditions that affect the lungs and someone’s ability to breath. Some respiratory conditions are genetic while others are caused by lifestyle or environmental factors. Common respiratory conditions include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis and sinusitis. Respiratory conditions can have an adverse effect on your oral health. For example, people suffering from certain respiratory diseases may be using anti-inflammatory medications, which means they can experience dry mouth, increase in plaque and gingivitis development and be more susceptible to yeast and fungal infections.
Asthma is a respiratory condition where a person’s airways become inflamed and swollen making it difficult to breathe. This condition is controlled using medication but sometimes the medications have an side effects that affect your oral health. Strong anti-inflammatory medicines can cause dry mouth and also make you more susceptible to fungal infections in your mouth. One way to prevent fungal infections is to rinse your mouth with water.
Sleep apnea is a respiratory condition where you stop breathing during sleep. It is caused by an obstruction in your airway during sleep. This obstruction can be because of the tongue or the soft tissues of the mouth. Sleep apnea can cause serious cardiovascular problems, so it’s important to talk to your dentist if you think you are experiencing it. | <urn:uuid:fcdc833a-372b-4f9c-a527-c45792676519> | {
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Gallbladder in pink
Do gallstones improve or worsen on a low carb / high fat diet? It’s a common question with an interesting answer.
The gallbladder stores bile, a yellow-green fluid manufactured in the liver. The bile is used to digest the fat you eat. The question is: Is it good or bad for the gall bladder to eat fat?
The conventional fat phobic answer
The usual medical belief today is that fatty food can result in gall stones. This is because what happens if you already have gallstones in the gallbladder and eat fat: A gallstone can get stuck on the way to the intestines and give you a gallstone attack (pain in the top right part of your stomach).
The conventional advice is thus to eat low fat – and take pain killers if you get a gallstone attack. If the attacks continue the gallbladder is removed by routine surgery and the problem usually goes away. Probably with the side effect of slightly decreased ability to absorb fat and nutrients from what you eat (there is a reason we have gallbladders).
The conventional low fat advice rarely makes gallstone disease go away. Instead it often gets worse with time, until surgery is necessary. That is hardly a coincidence.
How to get gallstones
If you eat low fat less bile is needed to digest your food. More bile thus stays in the gallbladder. Long enough, perhaps, for stones to form. It’s been shown that people who (instead of fat) eat more carbohydrates are at increased risk of gallstones.
It all sounds logical. And there is even better evidence. The risk of low fat diets have been tested at least three times:
Studies of extreme low fat diets
- In a study of 51 obese people using an extremely low fat low calorie diet (just one gram of fat a day!) the gallbladder was examined by ultrasound before the diet and after one and two months. After one month four of the 51 participants had developed new gallstones. After two months more than one in four (13 people) had new gallstones! This on an almost fat free diet. Three participants needed to have their gallbladder removed during the study.
- A similar study examined 19 people eating an extremely low fat low calorie diet over 16 weeks. At the ultrasound examination at the end of the study five people (again about one in four) had new gallstones.
- A third study compared an extremely low fat diet with a diet slightly higher in fat during 3 months. More than one in two (6 of 11 people) in the group eating extremely low fat developed new gallstones. Nobody in the group eating more fat did.
Conclusion: Do you want gallstones? Avoid fat.
What happens if you do the opposite?
What if you were to do the opposite of the usual advice? Regularly eat food with fat in it? Then more bile will be used to digest the food. The bile ducts and the gallbladder will be flushed through regularly. Probably no stones will have time to form, and pre-existing stones might (if you are lucky) be flushed out into the small intestine.
The risk is that you will get gallstone pain in the short term – if you already have gallstones.
The question is: Do you want to think short-term (low fat) or long-term (higher fat)?
Does high fat food work?
It’s logical to think that food higher in fat can result in a gall bladder free from gallstones. But as far as I know no study has tested high fat food to people with gallstones.
On the other hand I know quite a few people who have experienced that their gallstone disease disappeared on a LCHF diet. Sometimes at the expense of initial gallstone attacks though.
A Swedish low carb site conducted a survey of its members. 145 people who used to have gallstones answered what happened since they started eating LCHF. Take the result with a huge pinch of salt as this kind of survey gives very unreliable answers:
This survey gives some support to the theory that high fat food can cure gallstone disease.
Gallstones and kidney stones
Patients with kidney stones get better advice. They are told to drink a lot of fluid, increasing the production of urine, so that stones do not have time to develop. If you already have kidney stones this advice could give you a painful kidney stone attack initially – but you are still advised to drink a lot.
The reason why we give the opposite advice when it comes to gallstones might be the obsolete fear of fat. If we were afraid of water instead patients with kidney stones might have been advised to avoid drinking to avoid kidney stone attacks. If they did not improve their kidneys would be surgically removed.
What do you say?
Have you had gallbladder problems? Have you tested a LCHF diet? What happened?
Another common question is if you can eat LCHF if your gallbladder is already removed. The answer is that this seems to work fine.
Some people without a gallbladder might have to increase their intake of fat gradually to allow their body time to adapt. Otherwise the body might not have time to digest the fat which could result in loose fatty stools initially. However this rarely seems to be a problem. | <urn:uuid:eb70e4f9-671f-4d84-9b4b-f6a998bf368d> | {
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Dutch Comics 1920-1940
After the First World War, Holland experienced a sense of optimism. Many newspapers started publishing comics, initially meant for children, such as 'Jopie Slim en Dikkie Bigmans', which newspaper De Telegraaf had taken over from the British Evening Post. It was such a success, that soon Dutch comic artists were asked to make comics for other papers. The most famous comic of that time was 'Bulletje en Boonestaak', written by A.M. de Jong and drawn by George van Raemdonck for Dutch socialist paper Voorwaarts, started in 1922.
Bulletje en Boonestaak on war-heroes:
"Don't you think it's wonderful to see a hero?"
"It's terrible," Boonestaak said. "And why is that man begging? He did so many heroic feats!"
"Yes," said Kalkhoofd, "That's because the dear home country likes it when you let your arms and legs get shot off, but it lets you figure out for yourself how to crawl around the world after that!"
This text-strip, which showed a cheeky irreverence of authority and even dared to depict its characters naked, fighting or vomiting, was not only popular with children, but adults as well. It ran until 1937, and was often criticized by concerned educators, but still stood out as one of the best Dutch comics of that time.
In 1923, the children's comic 'Tripje en Liezebertha' by Henk Backer appeared in newspapers, and soon gained tremendous popularity. All kinds of merchandise was developed, such as the above playing cards featuring characters from the series, but also musical instruments and candy.
Another very popular text comic was 'Snuffelgraag en Knagelijntje' by Gerrit Th. Rotman. It was first published in magazine Voorwaarts in 1924. When Rotman fell out with the editors of this magazine in 1927, it was continued by Albert Funke Küpper. Gerrit Rotman (who became famous for his 'Mijnheer Pimpelmans' series, started in 1927) picked up the comic about the two little mice again for another newspaper, and called it 'Piepneus en Bibbersnoet'.
By the beginning of the 1930s, several American comics had reached the Netherlands and were printed in various newspapers and magazines. Comics like 'Popeye' and 'Mickey Mouse' were not only translated, but also imitated by Dutch artists who used them in their own strips, or even for advertising a great number of goods, from biscuits to shoes. A beautiful example of an adaptation of Popeye is this panel from 'Monki's Travels Around the World' by Bernard Reith, which appeared in Catholic children's magazine OKKI in the 1930s.
No longer politically correct, but very amusing is 'De Lotgevallen van Pijpje Drop' by P. Koenen. The adventures of this little negro boy appeared in De Automaat, a magazine issued weekly by a petroleum oil company around 1930. Many other companies used comics to advertise their products - some just ripped off popular comics such as 'Popeye', others hired comic artists to work on elaborate series. Two of the Dutch artists who worked on such publications were Peter Lutz and M. Güthschmidt.
A manufacturer of fruit jelly however, decided on a Dutch artist to draw an advertising comic. In 1935 Harmsen van Beek was asked to draw the adventures of 'Flipje, the little fruit man from Tiel'. Flipje appeared in a text comic which was printed on horizontal strips which could be collected in albums.
Flipje became immensely popular and his stories have been reprinted many times. A completely new 'Flipje' album was released in 2002, containing text balloons for the first time.
Older generations still remember these endearing text-comics from the 1930s. One the left 1935's 'The Enchanted Forest', by Greta Badenhuizen and on the right 'Opa Bol van den IJzeren Knol'. The latter was published in 1939, to celebrate 100 years of State Railways. The creator of this work is unknown to us.
The newspaper strip 'Pam', by Joe Sten, appeared between 1939 and 1941 and was also published in these two albums: 'Pam's Wonderlijke Avonturen' and 'Pam bij de Maanapen'. | <urn:uuid:a55fedbd-e048-49d3-98cf-5fb197100f16> | {
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Limerick A light, humorous style of fixed form poetry. Its usual form consists of five lines with the rhyme scheme aabba; lines 1, 2, and 5 contain three feet, while lines 3 and 4 usually contain two feet. Limericks range in subject matter from the silly to the obscene, and since Edward Lear popularized them in the nineteenth century, children and adults have enjoyed these comic poems. See also fixed form.
Limited omniscience See point of view.
Line A sequence of words printed as a separate entity on the page. In poetry, lines are usually measured by the number of feet they contain. The names for various line lengths are as follows:
monometer: one foot
tetrameter: four feet
pentameter: five feet
octameter: eight feet
The number of feet in a line, coupled with the name of the foot, describes the metrical qualities of that line. See also end-stopped line, enjambment, foot, meter.
Literary ballad See ballad.
Literary symbol See symbol.
Low comedy See comedy.
Lyric A type of brief poem that expresses the personal emotions and thoughts of a single speaker. It is important to realize, however, that although the lyric is uttered in the first person, the speaker is not necessarily the poet. There are many varieties of lyric poetry, including the dramatic monologue, elegy, haiku, ode, and sonnet forms.
Top of Page | <urn:uuid:514fdcf8-d743-4401-9820-555aca4b6b10> | {
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Research suggests race is associated with unique family structures and gender attitudes. Yet, extant research fails to examine how different gender role attitudes and family structures related to race impact other aspects of life. Self-efficacy refers to one’s belief in his or her abilities to achieve certain outcomes (Bandura, Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, Freeman, New York, p. 3, 1997). Using a sample of 486 traditional undergraduate college students from an American university in the middle south, we examine gender and race differences in self-efficacy and the impact of sex role attitudes and family structure on self-efficacy. We argue that gender differences in gender role attitudes and their impact on self-efficacy is moderated by race. For all but white males, sex role liberalism is positively related to self-efficacy. Mother’s full time employment is positively related to self-efficacy for whites. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Sex Roles – Springer Journals
Published: Mar 5, 2008
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“Whoa! It’s like Spotify but for academic articles.”@Phil_Robichaud | <urn:uuid:1dc6b4c1-403b-4f3f-a447-d50b1ed98bed> | {
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We're at last getting into spring, which means that whatever abominable prints that yetis have left in the snow this year will be melting away into nothing. Possibly, though, they'll be melting into existence before they return to nonexistence. Here's how a little melt can make a yeti track that could fool anyone.
Yeti history makes do with what it has. Before there were tv shows with production teams, there were blurry videos. Before there were blurry videos of brown-haired figures running behind trees, there were single snapshots. And before there were single snapshots, there were footprints. All throughout history, there have been tales of finding tracks in the snow that were far too big to be human, and far too oddly-shaped to be a bear. These strange tracks are one of the things that got bigfoot legends started. (And they may have also started the werewolf legends.)
One of the most famous of all of these tracks was the Shipton Snowman. The print was discovered in 1951, around Mount Everest, by Michael Ward and Eric Shipton. The two were part of an expedition to find new trails up Mount Everest, and were exploring when they noticed a very strange trail in the snow. Each track was as big as the men's boots, but the tracks appeared to be both humanoid and barefoot. It seemed to have extremely toe-like appendages on one side, but grow ever more bulbous on the other. Shipton took a picture of the clearest track, and the picture has been under debate ever since. Some people say that it could have been made by a group of people walking in each other's tracks - hence the blurring. Then there's the fact that what looked to Shipton like the clearest print - the one with the most delicate and sharply drawn toelike structure on it - was by definition the anomaly of the bunch. If a track is made and, out of twenty to fifty footprints, only one of them looks humanoid, it's an indication that the creature that made them probably wasn't humanoid.
Others argue that the men would likely have known about other people trekking around on Everest, and that they were not new to the snow. They probably wouldn't have bothered photographing the track if no other prints looked humanoid. How could an entire set of tracks look like they belonged to some huge humanoid creature?
The answer comes from Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to climb Everest in 1953, who went back in 1960 specifically to disprove the concept of the yeti. He came home certain that yetis did not exist. One of the reasons behind his conclusion is footprints like the Shipton track. At around 18,000 feet, Hillary's expedition would frequently find such tracks along sunny stretches of snow fields. The tracks were broad, long humanoid feet with clear toe marks. Their guides confirmed that they were yeti prints. They followed the track across the exposed fields, until it dropped down out of the sun. Hillary reported that the human tracks vanished, and in their place came the tracks of animals. Generally, the tracks were of canines, which were "bounding" through the snow. The hopping movement of the bounding left deep impressions of paws set close together, which were especially scalloped and clear at the front edge. Then there would be a break as the animal leaped again, and another set of prints as it came down again. When the sun hit these tracks, the tracks that were clustered would melt together. Because the bounding of the animal was regular, and because the sun melted the tracks all the same way, they came to look like long lines of humanoid foot prints. Hillary described them as "as fine a yeti track as one could wish."
These tracks, which would seem to change from human, to canine, to human again as they moved through patches of light and shade, served as the basis for the yeti rumors. They also may have started the legend of werewolves. All it takes to make a false track, apparently, is sun and snow.
Today people have found tracks in mud, but those are generally created by the physical forces of the commercial market and reality shows. | <urn:uuid:591f5a4b-8d8d-41eb-839c-0a43fd1ec5f8> | {
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By: Ashraf Sheet, Regional Director Middle East & Africa at Infoblox
Today there is no doubt that cyber security is one of the hottest topics in the realm of Information Technology. With almost every new technology trend there is a new form of cyber-security that evolves with it.
With the advent of the relatively new technology initiatives that we are seeing today such as Internet of Things(IoT), Next Generation Data Centre (NGDC), cloud adoption whether it is public/private/hybrid, Digital Economy, IT Compliance, BYoD, Shadow IT, and few others – cyber security has to address all of these trends.
With that, security trends such as IoT Security, Cloud Security, NGDC security for SDN & NFV, CBSA security (Cloud-based Services and Applications), and so on are becoming key.
Many of these security trends fall under network security, which can be divided into 3 fundamental security aspects:
1) Infrastructure Protection:
Modern networks are increasingly comprised of mixed physical, virtual, and cloud components distributed across geographies. As networks grow more diverse, it can become extremely difficult for them to confirm the security of all assets. For example, IT teams may not even know when new devices or virtual machines join the network, much less whether they are non-compliant or contain vulnerabilities. That lack of visibility greatly increases risks for businesses.
2) Malware Mitigation and Data leakage mitigation:
More than 90% of malware uses Domain Name System (DNS) at various stages of the cyber kill chain to penetrate the network, infect devices, propagate laterally, and exfiltrate data. According to recent surveys, 46% of respondents experienced DNS-based data exfiltration and 45% experienced DNS tunneling.Malware and data theft are pervasive largely because conventional cyber security solutions are not designed to protect DNS.
3) Threat Containment and Operations:
Organizations need to be aware of these common operational gaps that are hindering their threat containment efforts:
- Siloed threat intelligence. Today’s security teams rely on threat information from disconnected, often conflicting sources. This results in higher false positive rates, increased cost, reduced effectiveness, and erosion of trust. Moreover, information silos between network and security teams can lead to security gaps, slower vulnerability detection, and costly remediation delays.
- Lack of threat context. Security personnel are inundated with thousands of alerts and no clear way to know which ones to act on first. Organizations lack visibility into core network services that can provide context to respond with maximum efficiency to the most critical threats.
- Manual processes. The ability to respond to fast-moving cyber threats with certainty and speed is paramount. Yet, many organizations use manual and time consuming processes and analysis to prioritize threats and identify context. This results in longer remediation times or worse still failure to act on threats.
Cyber Security Strategies for 2018
There are fundamentally 3 things we need to change and the first one is the siloed approach. You have to basically build security in a fluid manner where layers are fused together and interacting more. So you have to have closed-loop feedback. If something is detected, you need a system that is able to flag up the issue him so it can be dealt with proactively. Proactivity is the key term here, but that correlation has to exist. The siloed approach has to change. How, you may ask? It has to start with customers! Customers have to basically force their partners and the companies they buy from to say, “Hey look guys, this is just not working. I can no longer afford to run my network security in a siloed fashion.” They need to be held accountable if the security infrastructure the vendor provides is not effective.
The second fundamental change is ‘Threat Intelligence’. Traditionally all the functionality was in the policy enforcement point inside the firewall and all the policies were in there. So when an attack was initiated you were at the mercy of the vendor to give you new firepower with new functionality so you could program additional stuff. That’s obviously not going to work anymore. At the end of day each of these vendors is supplying this threat intelligence information based on what they really think. So how can you have one policy? To get there, customers need to consolidate their threat intelligence into a high integrity curated platform that is backed up by a solid research team and accomplished data scientists.
The third fundamental change required is a communication fabric that models threat in the same way. When you’re discussing digital equipment and technology you need to be prescriptive. We don’t all understand what the language is to describe the threat. I mean to the human being it’s easy to say this is a threat. What constitutes a threat? How do you describe it? How do you classify it? What are the actions you take?
If we fundamentally change all these three things I’ve mentioned, then will the world be a much safer place? Yes it will. Is it going to be perfect and we’re never going to encounter problems again? No. But it will definitely be more efficient and faster in responding. | <urn:uuid:1b00f30e-a921-4c5d-98d5-1596ac305cb8> | {
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A list of music exercise allows your child to practice with piano, like play a real piano.The "Preschool..activities for kids" is learning games for kids, with a lot of simplepiano sheet. Need to learn musical notes and improve the manual skills in a fun and easy way, with piano for toddlers.Your little Mozart can play everywhere and everytime!Follow colors, tap the screen and play famous kids songs!Help your child to show his talent!
You can learn musical notes playng the pianophone or xilophone.The game is a collection of 2 free educational games for your kids.
How to play with piano for kids:
1. Classical piano – Fun and easy way to use virtual instruments like piano. Just tap to hear the sounds!
2. Karaoke, Songs for Children- try to play melodies. The best music activities for kids.
For children play the piano is a way to have fun. These activities can be a pleasant way to spend time with your son. The game is suitable for children from 4 to 8 years, perfect for preschoolers kids.This full educational game is free, for this reason contains ads. Thank you.
For information visit our website: http://www.a3bgamelab.comFollow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/games4toddlersFollow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/a3bgamelabContact us: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:ca343e53-3dd6-4159-8fd3-dad6f0f8c210> | {
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Getting Started with Flash Lite 1.1 Game Development
I found this wonderful tutorial on how to get started in Flash Lite Game development. In this Five -page tutorial, the author describes the starting point, the generic code structure for simple games, and navigation guidelines. Highlights of the tutorial page include the five-frame model or
# Game Start
The user will see a screen that says start game, he has to press a button to start playing.
All objects and variables required for the game will be created in this frame. This code needs to be executed once only and that is why it is separated from the rest of the code that will have to be repeatedly executed.
# Game Execution Loop
This frame will have the actual code to run the game, it will control the movement of the objects during game play and will continuously run throughout the game.
# Game Loop 2
This frame has the simple task of making the previous frame loop. It does not have any other task or code.
# Game Over
The player is transferred to this screen when he consumes all his lives. This screen will show him his final score and will also give him the option to play again
This forms the skeleton of the game. Now there are lots of other things and nuances that need to be considered before developing the content and the logic, sustaining the game. Chris Petty from BlueSkyNorth has given a quality note on this at the Adobe Forums, here.
Premiere game developer,reviewer and owner of i-games studio Mariam Dholkawala from India has listed some of the guidelines ( Dont’s or Not -to rather) at her blog, here.
Note that Flash Lite 1.1 is a very restricted environment for designing games. Flash Lite 2.0 is more robust with the ability to create Classes, use enterFrame, use KeyListeners and many more powerful features. With Flash CS4, you now design vector and animate them with inverse Kinematics. This is a wonderful feature, you need not draw every frame, but you can let Flash bare the load and ultimately makes design easier and quicker.
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- Connecting to Pandorabots from Flash Lite Yesterday, I authored an article at Forum Nokia, as to...
Related posts brought to you by Yet Another Related Posts Plugin. | <urn:uuid:17a63de8-cfe2-4a77-bd40-2989f9d15619> | {
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Sensational Kids: Hope and Help for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder
What may be typical activities for most people-eating, dressing, making friends, taking a spelling test, responding to a hug-are a struggle, often resulting in social, emotional, and academic problems.
This is the bewildering and largely uncharted world of Sensory Processing Disorder-a complex brain disorder affecting one in twenty children. These children experience sensations- taste, touch, sound, sight, smell, movement and body awareness-vastly differently from other children their ages.They may feel attacked by the slightest touch, fail to register bumps and bruises, or be unable to figure out where they are in space without constantly touching others. While SPD is more widely recognized than it once was, parents of these sensational children have been searching for ways to help their children navigate in the world. Dr. Lucy Miller, the best-known SPD researcher in the world, is that voice: warm, clear, and upbeat, Dr. Miller identifies the disorder and its four major subtypes, provides insight into assessment and diagnosis, and suggests treatment options and strategies, including the importance of occupational therapy and parental involvement. Portraits of five children illustrate the different ways in which SPD may manifest itself as well as how families cope, while offering hope and advice to parents on how to be the best possible advocates for their children.
Comprehensive and compassionate, Sensational Children is the book no parent, teacher, or caregiver of children with SPD should be without.
You may also like…
Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to Do If You Are Sensory Defensive in an Overstimulating World
There is hope for the sensory defensive. This book will change your life.$16.99 Product Details »
Two psychologists and mothers elucidate a problem that may affect as many as 10 to 20% of children.
Children with sensory regulation problems overreact or under react to sensory experiences most of us take in stride. The resulting behaviour–battles ov$16.99 Product Details » | <urn:uuid:c8cde4f5-8b38-42b6-a59c-9d54816ab0ed> | {
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What is a “miracle” as the term is used in A Course In Miracles? A Miracle is a shift in perception from the world of the ego to the world of the spirit. When one tunes into the world of miracles, a person is living in a different dimension. It is a dimension of love and peace.
The text of A Course In Miracles begins with a list of 50 principles of miracles. Each principle is a densely packed idea that is worthy of unpacking if one is to further develop a rich interior spiritual life. The ideas contained in these principles are intuited by most people because they have experienced these ideas at times in their lives often in fleeting experiences. Because of the liminal quality of these experiences people are rarely able to articulate what, at an intuitive level, they know.
An exploration of the meaning of each of these 50 principles is worth the effort as it deepens a person’s understanding of the spiritual dimension of life. Other traditions may describe these principles in different ways and with different vocabulary, but no matter how the principle is described , all descriptions point to a universal experience.
The first principle of Miracles reads “There is no order of difficulty in miracles. One is not ‘harder’ or ‘bigger’ than another. They are the same. All expressions of love are maximal.
Unconditional love is unconditional love. There are no conditions put on it. You love someone or something unconditionally just because you want to. The object of one’s love does not have to deserve your love. You cannot love someone or something unconditionally out of sense of responsibility or obligation or appreciation or gratitude. Those attitudes are not love they are “obligation” or “responsibility” or “obligation” or “gratitude”. True love is unconditional.
And so to love unconditionally does not involve any order of difficulty, nor is such love bigger or smaller than any other. Unconditional love simply is just that unconditional love and as such unconditional love is always whole hearted and without reservation.
For most people loving unconditionally is a rare experience, and so is being loved unconditionally. For Unitarian Universalists unconditional love is a foundational belief of their faith. The idea first preached by Universalists that God loves us unconditional sent shock waves through the Calvinistic, puritanical world and still is unbelievable to many religious people of today. It takes a deep and abiding understanding and experience of God to shift one’s perception to the spiritual dimension where a life of miracles abide.
Living in the dimension of miracles requires a shift in perception, setting aside one’s ego, and forgiving oneself and others for the imagined attacks and hurts that one thinks one has suffered. Jesus lived in this dimension and He clearly stated that the way to the Kingdom is “to love as I have loved”. As He is being tortured and executed, He has the presence of mind to say, “Father forgive them for they know not what they do.” How could a person say such a thing unless their spirit has been resurrected to quite a different place than our usual ego plane? Jesus was in a different dimension when He said this. His interior spiritual life was perfected to the point at which they could kill His body, but they could not kill His spirit. His spirit has lived on for 2,000 years and His example still inspires us today. Jesus taught us that God, Abba, His Daddy, loves us unconditionally and we should/could experience this if only we could set our drama, our egotistical cares, aside and tune in to the deeper, spiritual level. As the bumper sticker says, “You too can hear the angels sing, if you tune into the right frequency. | <urn:uuid:e8d7ff8c-9f68-4351-9db9-5855a1770e2b> | {
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In the previous post in this series, I selected a Bing Maps tile and converted its quadkey to a POLYGON representing the geographic extent of that tile. I then used that POLYGON as the basis for a query of the GTOPO data in SQL Server to retrieve the corresponding elevation data for the terrain on the tile. In this post I’ll combine these two into a 3d model showing the terrain of that tile.
Triangulating the Elevation Data
The GTOPO data is a set of distinct elevation recordings, recorded on a grid spaced at regular intervals, like this:
In order to construct a 3d terrain model from this elevation data, we need to construct a continuous smooth surface from those distinct points. For this, we will use triangulation.
Tringulation, as its name suggests, is the process of creating triangles from a set of data points. These triangles will tesselate together to cover the entire extent of data, with no gaps and no overlaps. There are many different triangulations of the same set of points – but I’ll use the Delauney Triangulation. I could probably write a whole new blog post on the Delauney triangulation, but for now all I’ll say is that there are many examples of code on the internet that describe how to create a set of triangle polygons from an input set of points. For example, you could try looking here, here, or here.
Triangulating the set of elevation points leads to a set of triangular polygons, like this:
At first glance it may not be obvious why having a set of triangles in which each vertex is a point in the dataset is any better than the set of points we started with. What you’ve got to remember (and what the spatial results tab in SQL Server Management Studio can’t show you) is that each of the vertices of these triangles has an associated Z value – they are all at different heights. Therefore the triangles in our dataset now form a set of connected, angled faces.
Creating the WPF 3D Mesh
To display a 3D mesh representing the surface constructed from these triangular faces, I’ll use a WPF MeshGeometry3D object. First, connect to the database and loop through the triangulated SqlGeometry polygons, adding the X, Y, and Z values to the Mesh Positions array:
There’s a couple of points to note here:
- Firstly, every value returned by my DataReader is a triangular SqlGeometry polygon. Polygons must be closed, so they actually contain 4 points – the last point being the same as the first point. However, we only want the three distinct vertex locations.
- Secondly, when defining 3D objects in WPF (as in most 3D applications), the order in which you define the coordinates is important as this is used to determine the “direction” in which each face points. Unless you explicitly specify vertex normals, you should define vertices in anticlockwise order as you look at them to ensure that the associated face points towards you Faces are single-sided, so if you look at them from behind they will appear invisible. I loop through the points of each triangle from n = 3 to n = 1 to ensure they are added to the mesh in anticlockwise order.
- I’ve applied an arbitrary scaling factor of 10,000 to the Z value just to make the mountains and valleys look aesthetically attractive compared to the horizontal dimensions. I wouldn’t have needed to do this if I had first projected my latitude and longitude coordinates into metres, so that they were measured in a unit consistent with the GTOPO elevation data.
- Notice that, when considering a flat two-dimensional object, we tend to think of the x axis as extending across towards the right of the screen, and the y coordinate coordinate extends up the screen. The z coordinate comes towards us from the screen. However, the WPF 3d coordinate system treats x coordinate as extending to the right, the z coordinate extending upwards, and the y coordinate extending forwards. So, to map the SqlGeometry coordinate values to the WPF Point3D object, I use X = X, Y = Z, and Z = –Y.
The resulting mesh, illustrating the mountains and valleys of Scotland contained on this tile, looks like this:
Adding Material to the Mesh
Now we’ve got our mesh, we can specify a material to paint it with. But, before we do, we need to specify texture coordinates for each point of the mesh. Texture coordinates are used to describe how a 2D image should be stretched over a 3D shape. Fortunately, because we’re dealing with a square tile, the texture coordinates are thankfully simple – we want to stretch the entire image over the entire mesh, with the image equally stretched at every point.
Thus, for each point added to the mesh, the associated texturecoordinate is as follows:
Once we’ve specified the appropriate texturecoordinates for each point in the mesh, we can create a material based on an ImageBrush to superimpose the original Bing Maps tile image over the top.
Here’s what the terrain mesh looks like with an aerial tile image brush:
Or, with a road tile:
Smoothing the Mesh
Currently, my mesh lists each point of each triangle separately – it contains 2,099 faces and 6,297 vertices (3 distinct vertices for each triangle). However, many of the vertices in the mesh are actually duplicates – any vertex at which two or more triangles meet is currently listed multiple times. The effect of listing points in this manner is to cause each triangle to be rendered individually, causing the “hard edges” between faces shown in the preceding image.
As an alternative, we could list only unique points in the Positions list of the mesh, and then use the TriangleIndices property to list the index positions of each vertex that forms a triangle. For example, when looping through each point, x:
The effect this has is to smooth the mesh, as follows:
And, when overlaid with a road tile: | <urn:uuid:368b911a-cfd8-4a4a-a5b0-abab689b0270> | {
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To track the real situation of break crops over a wide range of farms in WA to determine where and when they deliver a benefit.
Should I grow wheat or canola? Is my legume crop more economical than applying nitrogen fertiliser? Should I keep sheep in the farming system? These are some of the questions being investigated in the profitable crop sequencing project.
While the possible benefits of a break crop are known it can be difficult to put a dollar value on these benefits or identify situations where a break crop will provide maximum benefit to cereal cropping. (A survey of 217 farmers in 2008 indicated 77% of farmers’ rate break crops is of major importance to farming). So by following the paddock rotation decisions of farmers across the state and collecting extensive agronomic and financial information the project aims to determine when and where break crops deliver a benefit.
How it works
Over the next 5 years the project will monitor 30 paddocks in the Liebe area (part of 144 across the state) to determine the strength and weakness of different crop rotations. This will be done by conducting vigorous field monitoring, economic modelling and capturing farmer experience. The project is lead by the Department of Agriculture and Food and incorporates 8 grower groups across the state. In order to include the wide range of farming systems, rainfalls and soil types in the Liebe area paddocks have been selected in the following areas:
- East Maya
- East Buntine
The project started in 2010 with all paddocks sown to wheat. Paddocks will continue to be monitored until 2015 with no restriction on the use of the paddock. Each paddock is visited 4 times a year to measure the following:
- Soil health and type
- Soil and plant nutrition
- Plant disease
- Soil disease via PreDicta B
- Weed populations and herbicide resistance
It is hoped an understanding of the paddock’s financial performance over a number of crops and seasons can be gained through the discussions with growers each year.
Results so far
Monitoring of the 33 paddocks in the Liebe region was completed throughout 2010, 2011. Soil cores have been characterised and CSBP nutrient tested to depth. There is an understanding of the weed numbers and PreDicta B soil disease potential. Also collected were the levels of leaf and root disease which can be used for variety decisions in 2012.
Further results from 2010 and 2011 are still being compiled and analysed. In the northern area wheat on wheat was the most prodiminate crop rotation so far with 46% of paddocks which were wheat in 2010 returning to wheat in 2011 (Table 1).
Soil nutrient tests and soil descriptions to depth, plant disease and weed numbers will be returned to growers at the beginning of each season as a point of reflection for the season ahead. | <urn:uuid:a33c4511-d8ce-4ae8-8614-e00b7281327e> | {
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NASA's not saying there's life on Mars just yet, though.
Last week there was a bit of a hullabaloo about some comments NASA's John Grotzninger - the lead researcher on the Curiosity rover mission to Mars - about some discovery that was "for the history books." NASA issued a statement making sure we knew it wasn't that big of a deal. Today, at the American Geophysical Union's meeting in San Francisco, NASA scientists did reveal some promising results from Curiosity's on board instruments, including the presence of some compounds that contain the element carbon. NASA has more testing to do to make sure the carbon did not make the trip on the rover from Earth, but it looks like conditions for microbial life might have been possible on Mars.
"We really consider this a terrific milestone," said Paul Mahaffy, NASA's lead scientist on data gathered by the Sample Analysis at Mars, or SAM unit, on Curiosity. "We have no definitive detection of Martian organics at this point, but we will keep looking in the diverse environments of Gale Crater."
What Curiosity found on Mars was a surprising amount of water locked into the grains of sand and dust found in the soil. There aren't lakes or anything, but scientists were surprised to find this much moisture. On top of that, the Curiosity rover discovered a compound called perchlorate - a toxic substance that includes oxygen and chlorine. When analyzed by the SAM instrument and heated, the perchlorate excreted a chlorinated methane gas containing traces of carbon. NASA scientists consider methane an organic substance, but they want to be very sure the sample wasn't contaminated somehow.
"We have to be very careful to make sure both the carbon and the chlorine are coming from Mars," Mahaffy said.
Still, the theories have started flying. Perchlorates are used as a rocket fuel here on Earth, and it's possible Martian microbes evolved a way to use the compound as a source of energy. Of course, after NASA confirms these compounds came from Mars, they then have to rule out it was created on Mars and didn't crash land on the red planet from some other cosmic body.
"We just simply don't know if they're indigenous to Mars or not," Grotzninger said. "You have ... to decide whether or not those formation pathways are abiotic, or maybe in the end biologic. There's a complicated decision pathway there, and we have to explore each one systematically."
Like the Curiosity's namesake, the rover's groundbreaking discoveries just lead to the desire to ask more questions. One day, we'll find the little green men on Mars, but sadly today is not that day.
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The Very First Coffee Maker
Coffee makers are common kitchen appliances we use to brew coffee minus the trouble of boiling water separately. Many diverse styles of coffee makers use a lot of various brewing standards. The usual units use coffee grounds which are placed typically in a paper filter in a funnel which is then placed over a coffee pot made of either glass or ceramic.
For many centuries, producing a cup of coffee was a deceivingly trouble-free procedure. During the 19th and 20th centuries, it was regarded as sufficient to put in ground coffee to boiling water, leave it over the heat until the aroma's right and transfer the concoction into a cup.
The earliest modern process of coffee making is also known as drip brewing. It is more than a century old and its blueprint changed only slightly. The Biggin which started off in France in the 1800s has two levels. It has a pot holding coffee in the compartment above where water was poured to empty into the compartment which is the coffee pot underneath. During the same period, a French creator built the pumping percolator. It is a device in which boiling water in a base chamber pushes itself up a pipe and then drips or percolates all the way through the ground coffee back in the base chamber.
The first ever espresso machine was made in France in 1882.
The instant coffee was invented by Japanese American chemist Satori Kato of Chicago in the 1900s. English chemist G.C. Washington created the first bulk-produced instant coffee in 1906. He was residing in Guatemala at the time he made the observation about dried coffee on his carafe. After experimenting, he then developed the Red E Coffee which is the name of the brand for his instant coffee.
The coffee filter paper was patented on June 20, 1908. Before the end of the same year, Mellitta and Hugo Bentz put up the Melitta Bentz Company. The following year, they sold more than a thousand coffee filters in Germany. Also, in 1937, the company patented the filter and in 1962, vacuum packing.
In the year 1938, freeze-dried coffee (Nescafe) was introduced.
Then Ernest Illy developed the first automatic espresso machine in 1933.
Later in 1946, the modern coffee maker was invented by an Italian named Achilles Gaggia. He created a high pressure machine using a spring-powered lever structure.
Even though some coffee makers tended to be standardized in unit forms, some still showed an extensive selection of design variation at the start of the 20th century. Above all, the vacuum brewer, which needed two different chambers connected in an hourglass design, motivated and inspired manufacturing designers.
Later on, coffee makers started to take on a more consistent structure matching a great rise in the level of production necessary to meet consumer demand after the war. Plastic and amalgamated supplies started to replace metal, predominantly in the 1970s. Throughout the 1990s, customers insist on more appealing machine designs to match luxurious contemporary kitchens. This resulted in a fresh trend of newly designed coffee makers which offers a greater array of existing forms and colors.
Best Coffee Makers Price Range Articles
Disadvantages Of Purchasing Cheap Four Cup Coffee Makers
Disclosure: Advertisements are placed on this website to offset the cost of maintenance and to keep this site free for everyone to use. Owners of this website will receive compensation for products and services purchased through featured advertisements. All claims of actual user results should be considered atypical. | <urn:uuid:07b006ab-3723-4c08-9a6e-0e64e97ef559> | {
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This image from the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's panoramic camera shows a region of the rock outcrop at Meridiani Planum, Mars, dubbed "Charlie Flats." This region is a rich science target for Opportunity because it contains a diverse assortment of small grains, pebbles and spherules, as well as both dark and light soil deposits. The area seen here measures approximately 0.6 meters (2 feet) across. The smallest grains visible in this image are only a few millimeters in size. The approximate true color image was acquired on Sol 20 of Opportunity's mission with panoramic camera filters red, green and blue.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell
+ Medium resolution version of this image
+ High resolution version of this image
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This sumptuous volume salutes everything Art Deco—from historically significant art and design through to the present day.
The Art Deco style is so recognizable and widespread that its original influence on the culture in which it emerged has been all but lost in the clutter of imitation. This book draws our attention back to the birth of Art Deco—a period between two devastating world wars when industrialization was flourishing, interest in archaeology was peaking, and movements such as Cubism, Constructivism, Futurism, and Modernism were turning the art world on its head. Brilliantly designed to reflect the style it celebrates, Art Deco is filled with hundreds of examples of painting, architecture, interiors, jewelry, crafts, furniture, and fashion. Author Norbert Wolf traces the chronology of the Art Deco style by looking at the politics and culture of Europe in the 1920s and early 1930s, and the artistic movements that paralleled its popularity. He follows Art Deco’s influence in Europe and its immigration to the Americas and Asia. Most importantly, this wide-ranging volume looks beyond the era of Art Deco’s origination to the present day. Pointing to the numerous revivals and contemporary echoes in painting and even literature, this beautiful volume demonstrates that Art Deco is alive and well today—often in forms where we least expect it. | <urn:uuid:7117eeae-56f7-46de-a35e-2c7a30d9ad8e> | {
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Climate Smart Communities (CSC) is a network of New York communities engaged in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving climate resilience. Two types of actions enable Climate Smart Communities to minimize the risks of climate change and reduce its long-term costs: mitigation of the causes of climate change, achieved through reduction of GHG emissions; and adaptation to alleviate the risks posed by the predicted effects of climate change, including effects already observed such as increased flooding, drought, extreme weather events and the immediate and long-term impacts on health, safety, economic development and quality of life.
Sullivan County adopted the Climate Smart Communities Pledge in 2010 and has worked steadily to meet a range of goals including:
- Improved energy efficiency and reduced energy costs in County operations
- Deployment of cost effective renewable energy resources for County facilities
- Support for Towns and Villages in their efforts to prepare for climate change and reduce energy costs for their residents and businesses
Certification as a Climate Smart Community requires documentation of a range of actions designed to reduce GHG emissions and prepare for the impacts of climate change. Here’s a checklist of the County’s accomplishments on the way to certification.
The Climate Smart Communities Program
NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Impacts of Climate Change
Projected impacts in New York State, region by region
Detailed Reports on Climate Change in NYS
NYSERDA (New York State Energy Research and Development Authority):
Ways to mitigate the causes and adapt to impacts that cannot be mitigated | <urn:uuid:8137d496-214f-4534-90fd-687eb6d9484d> | {
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New online tool to help families maximize tax, transfer benefits(Read article summary)
State taxes and transfers can be an important, albeit complicated form of assistance for low-income families. A new interactive calculator aims to help guide families through the process, including the options when family income increases.
State taxes and transfers can be an important form of assistance for low-income families. But the amount of government help varies widely among the states. And, importantly, so does what happens to those benefits when such a family increases its wages.
To help understand how those tax and spending programs work, the Urban Institute has created a new interactive Net Income Change Calculator (NICC). The calculator allows users to enter information about family and work characteristics, child care expenses, rent, and program participation. The calculator then provides estimates for taxes and transfers at five income levels so users can see how taxes and transfers change as income rises.
It includes state and federal income taxes, the employee share of payroll taxes, and a wide range of subsidy programs, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps), the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) as well as subsidies for Housing and Child Care. All rules represent 2008 law.
The calculator shows how different these benefits are, depending on where a low-income family lives. For example, in 2008, a single parent with two children aged 0 and 3 with poverty level wages could have received transfer benefits ranging anywhere between $4,000 in several states and $9,200 (Connecticut) if she participated in TANF, SNAP, and WIC.
In addition, she could have received about $6,700 in federal tax credits and either owed state income taxes or received additional tax credits. For example, in Alabama her state tax bill would be over $300 while in Connecticut she would owe no states taxes. She would also have owed almost $1,300 in the employee side of payroll taxes. We assume her childcare costs, before subsidies, would increase to about $250 per month – some of which could be offset by childcare subsidies. Together, taxes and transfers could have changed this mom’s income from $17,000 in wages to between $27,500 and $32,000 in income and benefits, depending on where she lived.
What happens if that mom gets a job?
A single parent in Connecticut with two young children could have received over $18,000 in transfer benefits if she had no earnings and no income, assuming her pre-subsidy rent was $600 per month. But suppose her earnings increased to $17,000 (poverty level) – spread evenly throughout the year – increases in childcare costs (assumed to be $250 per month before subsidies) and payroll taxes would have reduced her earnings by almost $2,000. Income tax credits and transfer benefits would have then added $16,500 – for a total net income of almost $33,000. If her income increased to twice poverty, she’d have to pay almost $5,600 in subsidized child care costs, state income taxes and payroll taxes. She’d receive about $6,400 in tax and transfer benefits – for a net income of $35,000. Thus, doubling her wages from $17,000 to $34,000 resulted in a net change in income of only about $2,000.
In contrast, the same family in Alabama could have received almost $17,000 in transfer benefits if the parent had no earnings. If her earnings increased to poverty-level, she would have spent over $2,500 on childcare, state income taxes, and payroll taxes, while transfer benefits and tax credits would have decreased to under $15,000. In total, the family’s net income would rise from almost $17,000 to $29,000. If her wages doubled, the combination of declining transfers, increased taxes, and higher childcare costs would have resulted in a total net income of $33,000 – an increase of about $4,000.
The NICC provides a powerful tool to understand both how states differ with respect to taxes and transfers, and to understand how a family’s income changes as a parent increases her earnings. Try it out. | <urn:uuid:4db4fe1a-1c38-43fb-a04c-d6d365cf7447> | {
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The tropical carbon cycle has become twice as sensitive to temperature variations over the past 50 years, new research has revealed.
The research shows that a one degree rise in tropical temperature leads to around two billion extra tonnes of carbon being released per year into the atmosphere from tropical ecosystems, compared with the same tropical warming in the 1960s and 1970s.
Professor Pierre Friedlingstein and Professor Peter Cox, from the University of Exeter, collaborated with an international team of researchers from China, Germany, France and the USA, to produce the new study, which is published in the leading academic journal Nature.
Existing Earth System Model simulations indicate that the ability of tropical land ecosystems to store carbon will decline over the 21st century. However, these models are unable to capture the increase in the sensitivity of carbon dioxide to tropical temperatures that is reported in this new study.
Research published last year by Professors Cox and Friedlingstein showed that these variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide can reveal the sensitivity of tropical ecosystems to future climate change.
Taken together, these studies suggest that the sensitivity of tropical ecosystems to climate change has increased substantially in recent decades.
Professor Cox, from the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences said "The year-to-year variation in carbon dioxide concentration is a very useful way to monitor how tropical ecosystems are responding to climate.
"The increase in carbon dioxide variability in the last few decades suggests that tropical ecosystems have become more vulnerable to warming."
Professor Friedlingstein, who is an expert in global carbon cycle studies added: "Current land carbon cycle models do not show this increase over the last 50 years, perhaps because these models underestimate emerging drought effects on tropical ecosystems."
The lead author of the study, Xuhui Wang of Peking University, added: "This enhancement is very unlikely to have resulted from chance, and may provide a new perspective on a possible shift in the terrestrial carbon cycle over the past five decades."
- Xuhui Wang, Shilong Piao, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Ranga B. Myneni, Peter Cox, Martin Heimann, John Miller, Shushi Peng, Tao Wang, Hui Yang, Anping Chen. A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations. Nature, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/nature12915
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The 23rd of August, 1942, is a significant date in history. Seventy years ago, the German Sixth Army began its assault on a remote, obscure city in southern Russia called Stalingrad. This battle - begun as a mere sideshow to a grander attempt to cut off Russia's supplies of oil - proved the most significant turning point of the war and became - arguably - the most famous single battle of the conflict. Two totalitarian superpowers clashed for control of a city bearing the name of one of their leaders, fighting a gruelling battle lasting six months and costing over one and a half million lives.
Russian Katyusha rocket batteries during the Red Army's counter-attack at Stalingrad.
As related in my article on Barbarossa last year, the Germans had invaded the Soviet Union on 21 June, 1941. They attacked on a vast scale, using over three million troops and thousands of tanks and aircraft. By the autumn they had taken or besieged most of Russia's major cities but Hitler proved uncharacteristically timid when the time came to advance on Moscow (likely due to Hitler's obsession with the story of Napoleon's defeat in Russia). By the time he finally authorised the attack it was too late in the year, and the German armies were finally halted by freezing temperatures. An unexpected Russian counter-attack in December threw the Germans back almost a hundred miles from Moscow, the first significant tactical defeat suffered by the Germans in the war, but failed to rout them. A new front was stabilised, and both armies reinforced and prepared for a resumption of hostilities in the spring.
As 1942 opened, the Russians anticipated a renewed offensive on Moscow and concentrated a significant portion of their resources on defending the city. However, Hitler believed that Moscow was, in itself, not a strategically worthwhile target. With the Red Army focused in the north, Hitler believed an opportunity existed for a stunning victory in the south. He divided the former Army Group South into two forces, Army Group A and B, and planned for them to advance eastwards, along the northern coast of the Black Sea. In the basin between the rivers Don and Volga, one group would turn south into the Caucasus Mountains with the objective of capturing almost all of Russia's major oil fields, in what is now Chechnya and Armenia. The other would turn north and take and hold the city of Stalingrad, to be used to secure the German flanks against a possible counter-attack.
It was an impressive plan, concentrating the Germans' offensive power against the weakest part of the Russian line and designed to cut off the Red Army from the source of its fuel. If the Germans could pull one more rabbit out of the hat, they might simply starve the Russians into surrender due to a lack of supplies, rather than face a battle of attrition that the numerically superior Russians could win.
The plan - Operation Blue - began unexpectedly early on 19 May 1942. Marshal Timoshenko of the Red Army launched an offensive designed to recapture the city of Kharkov, but in doing so exposed his flank and was comprehensively defeated, losing a quarter of a million men in the process. Maintaining the momentum of the counter-attack, the Germans advanced eastwards. On 23 July the city of Rostov fell, allowing the Germans to advance swiftly eastwards towards the Volga.
The task of taking Stalingrad fell to the Sixth Army under General von Paulus, a notable formation which had already won impressive victories in France and the initial invasion of the USSR. In accordance with blitzkrieg doctrine, which required an overwhelming aerial bombardment to soften up the target ahead of an infantry and armoured attack, the German Luftwaffe launched a massive bombing raid on Stalingrad on 23 August, 1942. The attack flattened a large portion of the city, killing upwards of 40,000 civilians. Elements of the Sixth Army entered the city's suburbs on the same day, marking the beginning of the battle.
The Sixth Army Advances
Reducing the city to rubble proved to be a costly error. The closed-in streets of the city had now been turned into a bewildering warren of collapsed walls, bombed-out streets and half-fallen buildings. The Germans found it almost impossible to deploy their tanks with any effectiveness, whilst the close nature of the fighting restricted the use of both air power and heavy artillery. They were also confounded by the unusual layout of the city.
Stalingrad - formerly Tsaritsyn and today called Volgograd - was only about two miles wide, but extended along the Volga's shores for about seventeen miles. The German plan for taking the city involved multiple incursions from the suburbs to the river, reducing the city to several small pockets of resistance which could then be eliminated in detail. The problem was that the Volga - almost two miles wide at Stalingrad - proved a straightforward (if extremely hazardous) way of reinforcing the city. Red Army troops would pour across the river on a daily basis, braving aerial and artillery bombardment to reinforce the troops already in the city. The Germans found it difficult to seal off each pocket from reinforcements, especially the core of the city where the bulk of the 62nd Army, commanded by the formidable General Chuikov was concentrated. Chuikov was a charismatic commander who would allegedly break off from key radio conferences with his commanders to run outside his bunker and personally drive back German assaults with a machine gun before nonchalantly rejoining the conversation (although sadly this is probably apocryphal).
As a result of the ferocious Russian defence, the Battle of Stalingrad descended into a grinding battle of attrition, something the Germans had purposely avoided in WWII up to this point. Their key weapons of blitzkrieg, speed and movement were denied to them by the terrain and by Hitler's insistence that the city had to be captured and fortified, rather than simply razed. In addition, the Sixth Army found itself at the end of a very long, very tenuous supply chain (Stalingrad was 1,380 miles from Berlin), with every bullet, can of fuel and replacement soldier having to travel a long way to reach the troops. Russian reinforcements were able to enter the city almost at will, however.
The result of this was a gruelling infantry battle, with some buildings being captured, recaptured, bombed and then reoccupied multiple times during the same day. On both sides snipers wreaked havoc on enemy morale, with several of them becoming extremely famous (Vasily Zaitsev - the main character in the movie Enemy at the Gates - is the most famous, although his famous 'sniper duel' with a German counterpart appears to be apocryphal). To the Germans' shock, a significant number of the Russian soldiers they faced were women: more than 75,000 women fought at Stalingrad, as medics, snipers, pilots and (despite official policy to the contrary) as front-line combat troops. A large number of civilians who'd been trapped in the city during the battle were also pressed into military service. Bolstered by such factors, the Russian defence was tenacious and impressive, but still the defenders gave ground. By the start of October over 80% of the city was in German hands.
However, Stalin and his most skilled general, Marshal Zhukov, had concocted an utterly audacious scheme to defeat the Germans. Rather than flood the city with reinforcements, as they could have done, they only sent in enough men to hold the city and pin the Germans in place. At the same time, they assembled two immense formations, one to the north and the other to the south, of Stalingrad. As von Paulus became more desperate for victory, he reassigned all of his elite units into the city itself, leaving the flanks of the Sixth Army to be guarded by allied troops: Hungarian, Italian and Romanian forces supplied by Hitler's erstwhile allies to help make good Germany's lack of manpower (at least compared to the USSR). Unfortunately, these troops were known to be of inferior quality to the German soldiers, lacking their training and equipment.
On 19 November 1942 - the day the Second World War apparently spun on a dime - the Red Army hit the demoralised, under-equipped Hungarian and Romanian forces on the flanks of the Sixth Army with everything they had. In less than two days the Russians shattered the flanks and overran them, sweeping around the Sixth Army in two huge waves which met at the town of Kalach, the main river crossing over the River Don directly on the Sixth Army's line of retreat. The Sixth Army was completely surrounded, and the besiegers had suddenly become the besieged.
The Sixth Army Besieged
Immediate efforts were launched to relive the Sixth Army, but the German armies operating in the Caucasus were too far away to immediately respond. The Sixth Army itself was massively outnumbered - by at least three-to-one, not counting the Russian troops inside Stalingrad itself - and could make no headway. Initially there was panic at the German high command about how the Sixth Army could feed itself, leading Goering to declare that he could keep the entire army fed and resupplied by the air. In the event, the Luftwaffe never managed to deliver enough supplies to keep even half the Sixth Army fed for one day.
The only hope was for a German army to relieve Stalingrad. Field Marshal Manstein led three Panzer divisions in a relief effort which got to within 30 miles of the city, but suddenly had to abandon the attack when the Russians set in motion an even larger operation, this time designed to retake Rostov and trap the entirety of the former Army Group South in the Caucasus. This would have been a catastrophe of unprecedented scale for the German army, but the Russian effort was thwarted and the German forces in the Caucasus were able to escape the trap before it could be sprung. However, this now put the German armies hundreds of miles to the west of Stalingrad, unable to offer even a glimmer of hope for the besieged Sixth Army.
Despite this, Hitler refused to permit the Sixth Army to surrender. He encouraged von Paulus and his men to fight on to the bitter end and die gloriously in the name of the Reich. He even promoted Paulus to Field Marshal, noting that no German Field Marshal had ever surrendered or been take alive, a subtle hint as to how he hoped Paulus would comport himself. Paulus declined to die a 'heroic' death, however. On 1 February 1943 he offered unconditional surrender. Somewhere between 90,000 and 110,000 German soldiers were taken prisoner and the Sixth Army ceased to exist, the first time an entire German field army had been completely destroyed during the Second World War. Less than 6,000 of those troops would survive to see home again, the majority dying of disease in Soviet gulags. As the defeated soldiers were marched out of the ruined city, Russian soldiers and civilians jeered at them and the prescient insult of, "This is how Berlin will soon look!" was commonly made.
The defeat shocked the Germans. The size of the calamity could not be covered up, and unusually pessimistic Nazi leaders such as Goebbels took to the airways to warn German citizens that they would now face 'total war'. For the Russians, it was a morale boost on an unprecedented scale. It passed the strategic initiative in the war to them and it also showed the value of planning long. Stalin's insistence on constant attacks was now replaced by patient planning, something that paid off just a few months later in the Battle of Kursk (a victory for the Russians as great, if not moreso, as Stalingrad's).
Stalingrad was a significant defeat for the Germans. It wasn't their first major defeat in the war (they'd been beaten by the British at El Alamein in October 1942 and at Moscow in December 1941) but it was the first time an entire German field army had been comprehensively destroyed. Whilst the destruction of the Sixth Army was impressive, it was more significant in forcing the hasty German evacuation of the entirety of southern Russia, ending the threat to Russia's oilfields, without which the Soviet Union could not stay in the fight. It also restored faith and hope to the Allies that the Russians could prevail: even after the Russian victory at Moscow, expectations that the Russians could win the conflict had still been low in London and Washington. The battle became a symbol of Russian defiance, and even during the Cold War when the USSR's role in Hitler's defeat was underplayed in the West, the name of Stalingrad was still infamous. | <urn:uuid:aadda11f-f6f8-474d-96ee-64648ddbc649> | {
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Tag Archives: No Child Left Behind
I’ve been fortunate to have had many wonderful teachers in my life, including Joe Marrella, who produced one of the most influential shows I participated in – a production of Mary Zimmerman’s Metamorphoses. I still remember it fondly almost a decade later, because it was not just a high school theater show. Marrella challenged us to dig deeper into our characters, to see real life, current events connections to the play’s themes of love and greed that are universal. Yes, it was the arts, but it taught me that dramaturgy – really in depth research (the likes of which are done in any profession from journalism to opera to the scientific fields) – is vital to a successful performance.
I received an even greater sense of the importance of the arts in education when I started working as a journalist for LA Opera, just in time for Opera Camp. Today’s headlines are filled with stories of inequality, injustice and hate. Understanding our role in changing the world can be daunting. Through our annual Opera Camp program, LA Opera not only gives kids 9-17 the experience of staging an operatic performance, but also connects campers to the past and to today’s toughest issues. It brings context to headlines and shows them their impact on the world. (This past summer, campers got to visit the Japan-America National Museum, while working on The White Bird of Poston, an opera set in a WWWII Japanese internment camp.)
This further proved to me (and to those involved) that the arts are vital to raising well-rounded, socially conscious children.
That’s a word that sticks out to me, particularly in light of President Obama’s signing of a New Education Bill, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). It aims to provide all elementary and secondary students with fair and equal opportunities to achieve a high quality education, and these provisions for arts education will ensure that all students, including those in high poverty schools, have the opportunity to access arts education. This replaces the current national educational law, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), previously known as “No Child Left Behind.” | <urn:uuid:04fd472c-eb95-4d4c-b49d-4e21fd391b5f> | {
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for National Geographic News
Catastrophic asteroid impacts are gaining a credible edge over violent volcanic eruptions as the greatest killers Earth has ever seen, according to two pieces of scientific detective work reported in tomorrow's issue of the journal Science.
The first cataclysm in question occurred about 250 million years ago, when according to the fossil record more than 90 percent of Earth's marine species and 70 percent of life on land perished. The event is known as the Permian-Triassic (P-T for short) mass extinction, named because it falls on the boundary between the two geological eras.
The second event, known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction, occurred about 65 million years ago, leading to the demise of the dinosaurs and most of the creatures and plants that lived with them.
According to the geological record, bouts of extreme volcanism occurred around the same time as these mass extinctions and many scientists have suggested that the volcanic activity is directly responsible for the loss of life.
However, the discovery and analysis over the past few decades of a crater from an asteroid impact about 65 million years ago, and of meteorite fragments from an apparent asteroid impact about 250 million years ago, is leading some scientists to believe that the impact events, not volcanism, were the primary cause of the extinctions.
Two studies published in the November 21 issue of Science support these theories. One study presents further evidence for an impact event about 250 million years ago and the second study suggests that the volcanism around the K-T boundary was probably not a major contributor to the K-T mass extinction.
In 1991 scientists located a 112-mile-wide (180-kilometer-wide) and 3,000-foot-deep (900-meter-deep) crater on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula that appeared to have been made by a giant comet or asteroid that slammed into the Earth about 65 million years ago. The collision has gained favor as the cause of the K-T mass extinction and is referred to as the "dinosaur killer."
Now, a team of scientists led by Asish Basu, a geochemist at the University of Rochester in New York, has found dozens of unusual mineral grains from two rock samples taken from Graphite Peak, Antarctica, that they say are pieces of a meteorite that impacted Earth 250 million years ago.
"We analyzed them and they seem to be pieces of extraterrestrial material," said Basu.
The researchers also found bits of nearly pure metallic iron in the Antarctic rock that they say is of neither terrestrial nor extraterrestrial origin. Rather, they say the particles resemble those reported by Kunio Kaiho of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, from the P-T boundary in Meishan, China, that formed as an impact cloud condensed.
A third, controversial, impact markerclusters of carbon atoms called buckyballshave also shown up at Graphite Peak, co-authors of the Science paper Luann Becker of the University of California, Santa Barbara and Robert Poredea of the University of Rochester reported earlier this year in the journal Astrobiology.
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Historical Overview Section
When Alexander the Great died he left behind a huge empire which was composed of many essentially independent territories. Alexander's empire stretched from his homeland of Macedon itself, along with the Greek city-states that his father had subdued, to Bactria and parts of India in the east. It included Anatolia, the Levant, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia.
Upon Alexander's untimely death, there was almost immediately a dispute among his generals as to who his successor should be. Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. A compromise was arranged - Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become King, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become Regent of the entire Empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control.
The other cavalry generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the Empire. Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia. Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater, who had governed them for Alexander, and Craterus, Alexander's most able lieutenant, while Alexander's old secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.
In the east, Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact - Taxiles and Porus ruled over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes ruled Gandara; Sibyrtius ruled Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor ruled Aria and Drangiana; Philip ruled Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes ruled Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates governed northern Media; Archon got Babylonia; and Arcesilas ruled northern Mesopotamia.
Meanwhile, the news of Alexander's death had inspired a revolt in Greece, known as the Lamian War. Athens and other cities joined together, ultimately besieging Antipater in the fortress of Lamia. Antipater was relieved by a force sent by Leonnatus, who was killed in action, but the war did not come to an end until Craterus's arrival with a fleet to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Crannon on September 5, 322 BC. For a time, this brought an end to Greek resistance to Macedonian domination. Meanwhile, Peithon suppressed a revolt of Greek settlers in the eastern parts of the Empire, and Perdiccas and Eumenes subdued Cappadocia.
First War of the Diadochi, 322-320 BC
Soon, however, conflict broke out. Perdiccas' marriage to Alexander's sister Cleopatra led Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy to join together in rebellion. The actual outbreak of war was triggered by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's body, and diversion of it to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt.
Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia, to which was added Lycaonia. Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace, while the three murderers of Perdiccas
Seleucus, Peithon, and Antigeneswere given the provinces of Babylonia, Media, and Susiana respectively. Arrhidaeus, the former Regent, received Hellespontine Phrygia. Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of Europe, while Antigonus, as leader of the largest army east of the Hellespont, held a similar position in Asia.
Second War of the Diadochi, 319-315 BC
War soon broke out again, however, following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. A civil war soon broke out in Macedon and Greece between Polyperchon and Cassander, with the latter supported by Antigonus and Ptolemy. Polyperchon allied himself to Eumenes in Asia, but was driven from Macedonia by Cassander, and fled to Epirus with the infant king Alexander IV and his mother Roxane. In Epirus he joined forces with Olympias, Alexander's mother, and together they invaded Macedon again. They were met by an army commanded by King Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice, which immediately defected, leaving the king and Eurydice to Olympias's not so tender mercies, and they were killed (317 BC). Soon after, though, the tide turned, and Cassander was victorious, capturing and killing Olympias, and attaining control of Macedon, the boy king, and his mother.
In the east, Eumenes was gradually driven back into the east by Antigonus's forces. After great battles at Paraitacene in 317 BC and at Gabiene in 316 BC, Eumenes was eventually betrayed and murdered by his own troops in 315 BC, leaving Antigonus in undisputed control of the Asian territories of the Empire.
Third War of the Diadochi, 314-311 BC
In this war, Antigonus, who had grown too powerful for the other rulers to tolerate him, faced Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. Antigonus invaded Syria, under Ptolemy's control, and besieged Tyre for more than a year. Antigonus allied himself to Polyperchon, who still controlled part of the Peloponnese, and proclaimed freedom for the Greeks to get them on his side. But although Cassander was tempted to conclude peace with Antigonus, in Asia the war turned against the one-eyed general, with Ptolemy invading Syria (and defeating Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza, 312 BC) and Seleucus securing control of Babylon, and thus, of the eastern reaches of Alexander's empire. Although Antigonus now concluded a compromise peace with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander, he continued the war with Seleucus, attempting to recover control of the eastern reaches of the Empire. Although he went so far as to enter Babylon in 310 BC, the Babylonian War (311-309) ended in Antigonus' defeat.
User-contributed links about this army:
- The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323 - 281 BC Well reviewed book - Commanders and Campaigns v. 1 By Bob Bennett, Mike Roberts
- Antigonid (Asiatic Early Successor) DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- Early Macedonian Successors DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- Early Macedonian DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- Early Ptolemaic DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- Antigonid (Asiatic Early Successor) DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- Eumenes (Early Asiatic Successor) DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- Macedonian Early Successor - Ptolemy
Keraunos DBA Figure Gallery for this army - from Fanaticus
- put the link text readers will see in here write some more detail about the link here
Using the army under FoG
- Even though pike deal well with mounted, it may be worth having some elephants to scare mounted and keep them away from the flank of the pikes.
- Galatian : Date restrictions From 277 BC Book: Immortal Fire Page: 51 - Don’t dismiss this - the Galatians can be "cheap" protected imitation legions from 62 BC, and you also get up to 8 armoured cavalry
UK Tourney Results
2 / 22 Early Successor Oxford Doubles 2008 (IF)
4 / 22 Early Successor Oxford Doubles 2008 (IF)
6 / 22 Early Successor Oxford Doubles 2008 (IF)
8 / 25 Early Successor Roll Call 2008 15mm (IF)
12 / 25 Early Successor Roll Call 2008 15mm (IF)
13 / 25 Early Successor Roll Call 2008 15mm (IF)
17 / 25 Early Successor Roll Call 2008 15mm (IF)
18 / 25 Early Successor Roll Call 2008 15mm (IF)
15mm Manufacturers supplying figures for this army
You can see some of the figures in the Ancients Photo Gallery also on this site
- Essex Miniatures - large Macedonian & Selucid ranges with over 30 figure codes, plus other allied/mercenary troops
- Donnington 60+ Hellenistics, includes specific codes for different successsor armies
- Xyston Some of their macedonians are creeping up the scale, but generaly OK to mix with others
- Museum Miniatures around 30 codes listed for various Hellenistic armies, but some codes are duplicated
- Black Hat Miniatures (previously Gladiator Games) 54 codes in a range also including Greek hoplite armies
- Old Glory 15's, 9 Macedonians, 27 Successors,
- Magister Militum 19 Selucid and 9 Alexandrian codes, plus assorted allies/mercenaries
- Lancashire Games 14 Macedonian range figure codes
- Irregular Miniatures 26 figures codes for Hellenistics and Successors
- QRF Models 35 codes in their Feudal Castings range, including some excellent personality figures
- Tin Soldier 32 suitable codes in a Hellenistic range also covering Indians & Persians
- Minifigs 45 codes in their Hellenistic & Alexandrian ranges
- East Riding Miniatures (sell some Thracians that would fit, but no hellenistics as such
- Outpost Wargame Services 13 Macedonians
- Viking Forge 17 figure codes in Hellenistic & Alexandrian ranges
- Battle Line Miniatures 43 codes in their Hellenistic range, which also covers hoplite armies
- Isarus/15mm.co.uk 26 Selucid figures
- Warmodelling/Fantassin Have announced an Alexandrian range
Sample army lists for this army
Name of Army / Date
Allied Seleucid/Lysimachid army at 798 AP.
- 1 Javelinmen LF Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins light spear - 6
- 2 Cretins LF Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - - 6
- 3 Archers LF Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - - 6
- 4 Light Cavalry LH Unprotected Average undrilled Javelins light spear - 4
- 5 Medians LH Unprotected Average undrilled Bow - - 4
- 6 Thracians MF Protected Average Undrilled - Offensive Spearmen - 8
- 7 Thracians MF Protected Average undrilled - Heavy Weapon - 8
- 8 Phalanx HF Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen - 8
- 9 Phalanx HF Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen - 8
- 10 Phalanx HF Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen - 8
- 11 Phalanx HF Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen - 8
- 12 Xystophoroi Cv Armoured Superior Drilled - Lancer Swordsmen - 4
- 13 Xystophoroi Cv Armoured Superior Drilled - Lancer Swordsmen - 4
- 14 Xystophoroi Cv Armoured Superior Drilled - Lancer Swordsmen - 4
- 4 x TC
Plenty of pikes and lancer cavalry, enough Thracians to fill RGo, some skirmishers to lurk and shoot - very solid, very hard to beat at 800 AP
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Nitrate-nitrogen is a major component of human wastewater. Nitrogen passes through septic systems virtually untreated and is introduced to the underlying groundwater. Nitrate is often used as an indicator of drinking water quality.
A maximum contaminant limit (MCL) of 10 parts per million (ppm) of nitrate as nitrogen for drinking water supplies has been established by the US Environmental Protection Agency and adopted by Massachusetts state regulation. The limit was established to protect infants from methemoglobinemia, or “blue-baby” syndrome, a potentially fatal blood disorder that can occur when too much nitrate limits the amount of oxygen in the blood. Although inconclusive, some health studies have also linked high nitrate levels to certain types of cancer.
The Cape Cod Regional Policy Plan established a nitrogen loading concentration of 5 ppm to ensure that nitrate levels in drinking water will not approach the federal standard. This protection standard had been adopted both locally and at the state level. The quality of Cape Cod’s community public drinking water supply is generally very good, but over the past 15 years there has been a trend toward some degradation.
Between 1993 and 2008, the percentage of public supply wells tested that had nitrate levels at or below .5 ppm (considered very clean) fell from 57% to 42%. During the same period the percentage of public drinking water levels with nitrate levels between .5 and 5 ppm (the RPP limit) increased from 43% to 55%. The percentage of wells testing above the 5ppm standard has varied between 0% and 4% during the past 15 years, and no community public supply wells have tested over 10 ppm.
The 2008 nitrate concentrations in the Cape’s community supply wells are shown below. In general, the wells with higher concentrations are the older ones that are located downgradient of high-density residential areas. However, even well-protected water supply wells have somewhat elevated concentrations of nitrate that is derived from septic systems and other non-point sources.
Small-volume non-community drinking water wells, which are generally shallower, pump less water, and are often closer to septic systems, have shown a greater degradation than the larger and deeper community wells. Since 2000, the number of very clean non-community public wells with nitrate levels below .5 ppm has stayed around 35% compared to 42-44% of the deeper community public supply wells. The non-community wells with levels greater than 5 mg/l ranged from 7-15% compared to 3% of the community wells. The number of non-community wells with nitrate levels greater than the MCL of 10 mg/l has ranged from 2-6. All of the wells exceeding the drinking water limit are located on the Outer Cape where wastewater disposal and private water supply often occur on the same lot. In response to poor water quality, Wellfleet invested in a public waters supply system to serve its central downtown district, and Eastham has begun water supply site investigations as a first step to provide a public water system. | <urn:uuid:f8e04d31-5669-4828-a78d-eb7406857c5e> | {
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Health Reform Coverage for Prevention: Sexual Health Services
Federal health reform expanded private health plan coverage for preventive services that can keep people healthy, save lives and reduce health care costs, which many Americans do not receive. Starting Jan. 1, 2011, new group and individual private health plans are required to cover recommended preventive services, and patients do not have copayments or deductibles when in-network providers are used. To prevent sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, covered services include screening tests, prevention counseling and immunizations. Coverage for preventive services by Medicare and Medicaid is also expanded.
Many Americans do not receive recommended preventive services, such as testing and immunizations, which can keep people healthy, save lives and reduce health care costs. Federal health reform addressed a major barrier to this evidence-based care—lack of health insurance coverage for preventive services. Beginning Jan. 1, 2011, new group and individual health insurance plans cover recommended preventive services, and patients do not have copayments or deductibles when in-network providers are used. To prevent sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, covered services include screening tests, prevention counseling and immunizations.
- Many preventive services have been proved effective in preventing disease or enabling early detection and treatment of disease, but many people fail to receive these services. Further, racial and ethnic minority populations use preventive services much less often than the general population.1
- According to a Partnership for Prevention study, five preventive services could save 100,000 lives annually if 90 percent of eligible patients received the services: counseling about daily aspirin use, smoking cessation counseling, adult influenza immunizations, and screenings for colorectal and breast cancers.2
- In the area of sexual health, preventive services for chlamydia infection can result in significant savings. Screening 90 percent of eligible patients for chlamydia infection would prevent 30,000 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease each year,3 and routine screening of women younger than 25 can save $45 annually for each woman screened.4 Untreated chlamydia infections result in more than $3 billion annually for treatment of resulting infertility and pregnancy complications.5 In addition, untreated sexually transmitted infections cause fetal and perinatal health problems and cancer, and make it more likely that someone will contract HIV when exposed.6
- People fail to receive preventive services due to inadequate health insurance coverage, but also because their health care provider may emphasize treatment over prevention services. Patients also may be unaware of the services recommended for their age, gender, health history or risk factors, so they do not ask for them.7
- New group and individual health plans must cover recommended services with no patient cost-sharing.8 Existing health plans are “grandfathered” and are not required to change coverage for preventive services until they lose their grandfathered status, which may happen when substantive changes occur in the health insurance plan.9
The recommended preventive services that insurance must cover are determined through studies completed by health care experts, including:
Services with “A” and “B” recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Services receive these high recommendations if research shows convincing evidence of improved health outcomes. The task force, an independent panel of scientific experts in evidence-based medicine, ranks preventive services based on the strength of the scientific evidence on their benefits.
The Department of Health and Human Services convenes the task force, which has been making recommendations on preventive services since 1989 based on reviews of published evidence. The recommendations do not consider financial costs, but do summarize cost-effectiveness information if available.10
- Immunizations recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert panel that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Preventive services for children up to age 21 as defined in the Bright Futures guidelines developed by the Health Resources and Services Administration and the American Academy of Pediatrics.
- Services with “A” and “B” recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Services receive these high recommendations if research shows convincing evidence of improved health outcomes. The task force, an independent panel of scientific experts in evidence-based medicine, ranks preventive services based on the strength of the scientific evidence on their benefits.
- Health reform also offers incentives to Medicaid programs to expand coverage for preventive services. The federal government provides a minimum of 50 percent of the funding for state Medicaid programs and has historically covered preventive services for children. Starting in 2013, state Medicaid programs may receive a 1 percentage point increase in federal matching payments for recommended adult preventive services if provided with no patient cost-sharing.11
- Medicare coverage for preventive services also expanded as of Jan. 1, 2011. Specifics include eliminating the copayment for the “Welcome to Medicare” physical exam, annual wellness exams, health risk assessments, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force-recommended services and vaccines for flu, hepatitis B and pneumonia.12
Preventive services are important because sexually transmitted diseases often produce no
- Immunizations for two sexually transmitted infections: Hepatitis B and Human papillomavirus,known as HPV.
- Screening tests for women for cervical cancer, Pap smears, which detect abnormal cells that can be treated to prevent cervical cancer;
- Screening tests for young women for curable chlamydia infection, which can prevent costly cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and pregnancy complications;
- Testing all pregnant women for syphilis and hepatitis B to reduce risk of infections being passed to newborns; and
- Testing high-risk individuals for HIV, gonorrhea and syphilis.
- Prevention counseling for sexually transmitted diseases for high-risk adults and adolescents; and
- Screening and counseling services for adolescents and adults for alcohol and drug use. Using alcohol or drugs has been shown to lower inhibitions and make people more likely to engage in unsafe sexual behavior, which in turn can lead to sexually transmitted infections.14
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to the Miami-Dade County Public School’s Summer Fun Packets. These fun activities are designed to help promote learning throughout the summer break. The activities are divided by grade levels and curriculum content – Social Studies, Science, Mathematics, and Reading/Language Arts. Educational Web links are also included with all packets. Please be sure to supervise your child while they are using the internet.
In addition to the fun packets, it is strongly recommended that you encourage your child to continue to read at least 30 minutes each day. Support for reading includes:
In an attempt to conserve paper and ink, if you wish to print these activities, they are combined using as little space as possible and no color except for the links on this page and this note. If you wish to avoid printing in color, please select “Print in Grayscale” on your printer’s properties/color tab located on the “Print” screen. Click here to view a sample. | <urn:uuid:612d37ab-1c5a-467b-bd5d-97aad756464f> | {
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The Earth's natural environment is characterised by continuous change; in its temperature and climate, ecosystems and landscapes, ice sheets and sea level. Imposed on these natural variations, human activity is dramatically changing the Earth environment by altering the chemistry of the soil, oceans and atmosphere, the landscape and biological systems.
However, there is great uncertainty in the magnitude, nature and collective impact of these changes. This uncertainty, perhaps even more so than the changes themselves, presents a profound challenge to society's capacity for adaptation and resilience.
The global change research theme brings together diverse academics to examine these issues. We explore the history of our planet, monitor metre-scale changes in ice sheets and glaciers, and unlock mechanisms of biological adaptation, from genetics to whole ecosystems. Our work ranges from the super-greenhouse climates of >50 million years ago to future predictions of water supply in arid regions of the world, from the fate of corals on a geoengineered Earth to the structural changes in leaves in response to changing light, from exploring the ecosystems beneath Antarctica to incorporating biodiversity into law.
Bristol researchers are leaders in these areas. They have written thousands of papers, advised government and industry, generated patents and contributed to the IPCC and other major international agreements.Bristol is home to a large and diverse community of scholars focused on delivering world-class research in the area of global change. Research interests span subjects and departments across the Faculties of Science, Engineering, Arts, Social Sciences and Law.
The global change research theme aims to:
Global change research focuses on the following areas:
Please contact global change leader Prof Paul Valdes with any enquiries about the global change research theme.
The Cabot Institute is holding The Uncertain World Forum in October 2015 as part of Bristol European Green Capital celebrations. The forum will identify the global change issues that businesses, leaders, and others can solve. | <urn:uuid:ddd6ab65-99d7-4259-811b-5c6d8d6df108> | {
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In the final post of the series of interviews, Department of Education’s Karen Cator discusses how the National Education Technology Plan addresses the achievement gap and how the plan squares with Race to the Top.
– How is the achievement gap addressed in the National Education Technology Plan? How can technology bring the best education for students of all races and cultures?
I believe learning technologies can be designed and developed to increase the opportunity for every student to learn. We can create a much more productive system so that every student is doing what’s much more productive for them on any given day. There’s a lot of research about learning that has to do with ensuring that content is personalized, that it takes into consideration prior experience and development of languages, for example. There are a lot of things we can do if we’re able to leverage digital technologies to personalize the learning environment.
Also, there is an overwhelming need to make sure that we do fully believe that all students can learn and deserve the best possible opportunity. We’ve been focusing on that opportunity for people of all ages. There are something like 93 million under-educated adults. So if we think of building out that opportunity to learn for people of all ages, some of the tools and resources might be the same for a 33 year-old wanting to be retrained to be a medical technician, some of those tools might be the same as what they missed in high school, so they can be available to students of all ages to learn.
And we must also understand the importance of early learning. The Department of Education just funded the Ready to Learn grant, focused on taking to scale the use of media and trans-media and providing scaled opportunities for young children to develop language, a sense of story, skills of early literacy and early math. We know early learning is really important for addressing that achievement gap as well.
We need to leverage learning technologies that will help us leapfrog where we are today to vastly improve the opportunity to learn.
– Do the guidelines that go along with Race to the Top align with the NETP?
Bottom-line priorities for Race to the Top are to improve opportunities to learn for teachers and for students. So they’re very aligned. Race to the Top talks about highly effective teachers and highly effective leaders, and the technology plan has an entire chapter on how technology can improve opportunities for teachers to be highly effective by making sure they have all the resources they need, the data they need, access to experts and expertise.
The best example of how they fit together is the allocation of funds set aside for assessment. There’s a whole section in the Technology Plan on assessments. And there’s $350 million that Race to the Top awarded to two consortia to develop new assessments that will be entirely technology-based. So they have the opportunity to leverage technology to make sure they’re using the best of adaptive tools, best embedded assessment, best ways of making sure that assessment turns into really good information to help students, teachers, schools, and systems get better and better.
And that’s totally aligned with the plan. Though they weren’t done in tandem, these two things definitely come together, and the NETP definitely supports Race to the Top.
– With all the work that’s been done on the grassroots level to push for many of the guidelines in the NETP, why do you think now is the time for it to come to pass?
I’m not a historian, but I really do think that now is the time. The new data about how we’re doing, the new PISA data, the assessment data that gets published, the growing understanding that we have an economic crisis in our country … Secretary Duncan likes to say we need to educate our way out of the economic crisis. It’s a matter of social justice, of national security. The importance of education is one part of it.
The second part of it is the convergence of technologies. For one, it’s better, faster, cheaper, more mobile. The second thing is the proliferation of digital content, like the Khan Academy, very low-tech lessons, as well as the highly produced digital content that’s freely available online. And the third is the proliferation of social networks, people learning from each other online. Plus, you have the opportunity for new assessments.
These are the kinds of things, you put all this together and you have a huge opportunity. We have a tremendous need to create a more productive education system and to improve the opportunity for people of all ages, starting from early learning all the way to job and career training, for everyone. And the only way to scale is going digital.
[Read the first three posts here.] | <urn:uuid:5f710f07-14bf-407f-abef-d53c89a52805> | {
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When we found we had been led by this stratagem of the enemy away from the town, we left the bay and came to several houses, but found them al empty, and swept clean, both of inhabitants and provisions. This place of La Serena our pilot had reported to be but a small town, but being arrived there we found in it no fewer than seven great churches and one chapel. In the gardens we found strawberries as big as walnuts and those very delicious to the table. The inhabitants of La serena upon our approach fled, with them the best of their goods and jewels, and what they could not carry away that was of value they buried. Notwithstanding, we took one friar, and two Chilenos, natives of the kingdom of Chili, which adjoins to that of Peru. These prisoners told us that the Spaniards had killed most of their Chilian slaves, fearing they should revolt from them to us. We were about this time troubled with the scurvy; it proceeded, as we judged, from the great hardship and want of provisions we had endured for several months. We killed a mule and got there as plunder a small, quantity of good chocolate, which the Spaniards have in great esteem. In the gardens we found strawberries as big as walnuts.
Next morning, being Saturday, came into the town a flag of truce from the enemy. Their message was to proffer a ransom for the town to preserve it from burning, for now they began to fear we would set fire to it. The chief commanders on both sides met about this point and agreed betwixt them the sum of 95,000 pieces of eight for the whole ransom. This day also there died one of our negroes slaves on board the ship.
Next morning, we set fire to the town. We fired as nigh as we could every house in the whole town to the end that it might be totally reduced to ashes. Thus we left La Serena, carrying with us what plunder we could find.
and (Pirate Christmas):
December the 8th. This day our worthy commander, Captain Sharp, had intelligence given him, that on Christmas day, which was now at hand, the company, or at least a great part thereof, had a design to shoot him; he having appointed that day to be merry. Hereupon he made us share the wine amongst us, as being persuaded they would scare attempt any such thing in their sobriety. The wine we shared out fell out to three jars to each mess. That night the wind increased.
Sunday, December the 25th. This day, being Christmas day, for celebration of that great festival we killed a sow. This sow we had brought from the gulf of Nicoya, being then a suckling pig. With this hog’s flesh we made our Christmas dinner, being the only flesh we had eaten since we left the island of Plata. It was extreme hot weather. We saw much flying-fish, with some dolphins, bonitoes, and albicores, but they will not take the hook.
It’s fascinating reading what it was like to actually be a pirate; they looted and killed, got shot at and lost their legs, had very few morals but some qualms anyway. The whole book is available from the Gutenberg Project, and there is a good article about the central exploits of the book. | <urn:uuid:c261b702-6807-4553-85e6-355212820bf3> | {
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How to Help Your Child Navigate this Age-Old Territory
If you have a preteen or young teen, no doubt you’ve already heard from them about who’s “going out,” along with other terms to describe crushes on someone of the opposite sex. Right now, it’s likely more platonic affection than true love—and middle school crushes aren’t known to last long! But things will be different as they get older, so parents should begin laying the groundwork now to help their young teen learn how to form healthy relationships in the future. Parents need to take their children’s crushes and the hurt and disappointment that sometimes go along with them seriously. In other words, don’t make fun of them, don’t dismiss it—and really listen to them. This can really keep the lines of communication open throughout the teen years. Even though it seems that your advice may be falling on deaf ears, love, openness and communication will come through.
Girls tend to start earlier to have crushes, to the point where some parents worry that their daughter is thinking of nothing else. Parents of boys worry about more aggressive girls and their sons’ early interest, experts say. In the case of crushes, both sexes are looking for acceptance in these short-lived relationships. Boys tend to want to be admired; girls are more likely to need to be loved. So when a girl gets “asked out”—which usually means sitting together on the bus but little else—she feels good about herself.
Parents can help build self-esteem early in life by encouraging and setting goals that the child can realistically reach. Give positive feedback and correct the negative in the context of more positive words. Without that early foundation, girls in particular can be so desperate for affection that they just might accept abuse. Parents need to remember their own adolescence and be open for discussion on a variety of topics. In adolescence, friendships can take on a whole new meaning and it is normal for them to start feeling more self-conscious about their appearance. Complicating the issue is that adolescents sometimes value more superficial attributes over deeper ones. For example, a girl might value appearance or status at first, but later as she matures, she might value fidelity and ability to support a family.
Even with the ups and downs of a crush, it should be fun and make both children feel good about themselves. If not, parents should watch for any pattern that shows a child is tolerating abusive behavior or is miserable—and help him or her realize that it is not the norm for healthy friendships or relationships. Children should also be careful when they are no longer interested and want to “break up”—to remember the golden rule and treat the person as they would like to be treated.
The adolescent and early teen years are tough. Children need to know that home is where they feel safe; a place where they can talk about anything and that you will be there to listen. It’s critical that they are able to trust you. Listen to them, and reassure them that it will okay. The best way for parents to show appropriate relationships and how to treat others is to be clear about their attitudes and values and to be good role models themselves. You’ll teach your children much more about appropriate love and affection for another person if you show them how to treat someone rather than just tell them.
Excerpts taken from Lori Pruitt’s article in Birmingham Parent. | <urn:uuid:a9a3ddfb-ea38-4840-8fc1-709e6cc39961> | {
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Fear of Noises from the Toilet
If your child has - a fear of noises from the toilet:
- Show them the workings of the toilet to take away any fears they may have relating to where the water comes from/goes to, how the flush mechanism works and what it is that makes the noise when the handle is flushed.
- Put food colouring in the cistern for them to watch when the toilet is flushed to distract from the noise.
- Store a couple of folded bath towels on top of the cistern to dull the noise of the cistern being flushed.
- Encourage your child to put the lid down to reduce flushing noise. | <urn:uuid:a9ef097d-27e6-4dda-b6ff-39056c786147> | {
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Washington, Nov 20: Injured patients were less likely to die during hospitalisation if they had alcohol in their blood, according to a new study.
“This study is not encouraging people to drink,” cautions University of Illinois, Chicago injury epidemiologist Lee Friedman, who authored the study.
That’s because alcohol intoxication −− even minor inebriation −− is associated with an increased risk of being injured, Friedman was quoted as saying in the journal Alcohol.
“However, after an injury, if you are intoxicated there seems to be a pretty substantial protective effect,” said Friedman, assistant professor of environmental and occupational health sciences at Illinois.
Friedman analyzed Illinois Trauma Registry data for 190,612 patients treated at trauma centres between 1995 and 2009 who were tested for blood alcohol content, which ranged from zero to 0.5 percent at the time they were admitted to the trauma unit.
Of that group, 6,733 died in hospital, according to an Illinois statement.
The study examined the relationship of alcohol dosage to in−hospital mortality following traumatic injuries such as fractures, internal injuries and open wounds.
Alcohol benefited patients across the range of injuries, with burns as the only exception.
The benefit extended from the lowest blood alcohol concentration (below 0.1 percent) through the highest levels (up to 0.5 percent).
“At the higher levels of blood alcohol concentration, there was a reduction of almost 50 percent in hospital mortality rates,” Friedman said.
“This protective benefit persists even after taking into account injury severity and other factors known to be strongly associated with mortality following an injury.”
If the mechanism behind the protective effect were understood, “we could then treat patients post−injury, either in the field or when they arrive at the hospital, with drugs that mimic alcohol,” Friedman concluded. | <urn:uuid:091da83c-55c9-4910-97b1-0b4d6b3a405c> | {
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History of Mu Koh Angthong National Marine Park
The Angthong National Park was established on 12th November 1980. Mu Koh Ang Thong is an archipelago in the Gulf of Thailand. Most of the islands are close to each other making a breathtaking panorama sailing around the Angthong Marine Park. All the islands are of different sizes and shapes. Most of them are covered with tropical forests and named after their distinguishing geography, a kind of descriptive appellation, such as ‘Sleeping Cow Island’ and ‘Three Pillars Island’. Angthong, translates as ‘golden bowl’ is a protected nature area famous for its natural beauty. All of the islands are uninhabited and undeveloped except for one.
All of the islands consists of limestone mountains about 10-400 meters above sea level. Because the limestone can change its structure easily by both chemical condition and weather, during centuries the islands creates strange-looking caves, cliffs and some islands look like ancient Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Prasart Hin Pimai.
Part of the famous movie “The Beach” directed by Danny Boyle and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland, took place at Angthong Marine Park an Phi Phi Islands. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and features Tilda Swinton, Robert Carlyle, Virginie Ledoyen and Guillaume Canet. | <urn:uuid:23c69ae7-7ad1-453a-b65e-e238418055b4> | {
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Targeted Ads: How They Work
Businesses are finding it increasingly difficult to identify consumers and track their behaviour patterns. Large billboard signs and ads in the newspaper are no longer considered the best marketing strategies. Advertising through information and communication technology is now the preferred form of marketing as it is helps companies reach out to specific consumers or people who are truly interested in their products.
What are Targeted Ads?
Put simply, targeted ads are adverts show the right customers the products or services they’re actually interested in. Used as part of an online marketing strategy, targeted advertising reduces wasted advertising, thereby keeping marketing costs low. People who are likely to purchase the product are the ones who will receive the message. Because of its focused approach, targeted advertising has gained a lot of momentum. Companies are investing both time and money to design technologies that will help them acquire more information about web users.
This form of advertising is not just limited to web applications either. Targeted advertising built for use on mobile devices allows companies to gather information on consumer interests, geographic locations and time. Once this information is received, businesses can schedule adverts around people’s lifestyles. For instance, some ads show up only during certain hours in the evening when most people are travelling back home. Other ads may offer location-specific deals based on a consumer’s whereabouts. Still others may target users based on socio-demographic criteria like age, gender and nationality. Once the information is harnessed it can be cleverly used to tap the right user on his or her shoulder.
To give you an example, let’s say you’re looking for an easy way to earn cash online by searching for paid surveys online. Once you look up your search results and click on a survey provider’s website, the site drops a cookie on your browser. After you move away from this online survey site to another site that sell’s shoes for instance, the online survey site will track the cookie on your browser and show you ads for paid surveys on the website selling shoes. The aim of retargeting is to show your advertisements to people who have previously visited your site.
Along with retargeting, contextual targeting is helpful in reaching out to a target audience. With this form of marketing, advertisers use software to serve ads that match the content present on a site. Companies are regularly updating their blogs to talk about things related to their specific industry. It generates more traffic and helps advertisers reach their target consumers.
Businesses also use surveys to conduct market research on a target audience. Online survey providers like MyOpinions Australia help companies develop and advertise new products by giving them the information they’re after. People complete online surveys for money and companies use the information they receive to grow their business.
For more interesting information and tips about online surveys, follow us on our social media channels or check out our other blogs.
Return back to blog list | <urn:uuid:38ddffcd-d877-4794-9ac2-d9f9ee2a2649> | {
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The prefix Mach is used to describe an airplane's true airspeed relative to the local speed of sound. It derives form Ernst Mach, a Czech born, German scientist who contributed to the study of sound. When a plane moves at the speed of sound (in air) it is Mach 1. When twice the speed of sound it is Mach 2. At Mach 0.5, an airplane is travelling at half the local speed of sound. When a plane passes the sound barrier (flying faster than sound travels) listeners hear a sonic boom.
The speed of sound in air is 770 mph, or 1130 ft/s (1230 km/h or 344m/s) in dry air at 70F . Sound travels faster in water than it does in air, and even faster in iron and steel.
- ↑ Wile, Dr. Jay L. Exploring Creation With Physical Science. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000
- ↑ Speed of Sound http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/souspe.html, Retrieved 7March2008 | <urn:uuid:6cec9b55-568b-4660-bc6b-4780d3b4e263> | {
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European experiments ready for activation on ISS
After arriving at the International Space Station on board the Russian Progress M1-11 supply vehicle, the European experiment, PROMISS-3, was activated last Sunday. Also delivered to the Station was the European Matroshka experiment facility, which will be attached to the outside of the Station during a spacewalk on 26 February. Other ESA experiment hardware included in the cargo will be used during the upcoming DELTA Mission.
The unmanned Progress spacecraft, which was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on Thursday afternoon, docked in automatic mode with the Russian Zvezda service module at 16:13 Moscow time (13:13 UT) on Saturday 31 January 2004.
The 2.5 tonnes of Progress cargo included food, water and fuel, two new Russian Orlan-M spacesuits, as well as gifts and letters for the two crew members currently on board ISS, NASA astronaut Michael Foale and Russian cosmonaut Alexander Kaleri.
Also amongst the cargo was scientific equipment for a number of European Space Agency experiments. One European experiment, PROMISS-3, has since been installed in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), and was activated at 16:27 UT on Sunday 1 February 2004.
PROMISS is an experiment that aims to improve the understanding of protein crystal growth processes. PROMISS-3 will study the influence of crystal growth conditions on the quality of the obtained crystals.
PROMISS-3 will run continuously for 30 days, after which the samples will be placed in a return container and then stored in an incubator to keep them at around 22 degrees C. The return container will be brought back to Earth with Soyuz 7S in April 2004.
Also included in the science hardware to have arrived at the Station is a human mannequin – the European Matroshka experiment facility. This will be attached to the outside of the Station's Zvezda module during a spacewalk on 26 February 2004, where it will remain for a year. Matroshka will be used to measure radiation levels experienced by astronauts during spacewalks.
The human shaped Matroshka facility, consists of a head and torso, and is made of materials that reflect the composition of the human body. Sensors within the mannequin will measure radiation doses at organ sites such as stomach, lungs, kidney, colon and eyes.
Other European experiment hardware brought to ISS will be used during the upcoming DELTA Mission with Dutch ESA astronaut André Kuipers, who is scheduled to visit the ISS for a 10-day mission in April 2004. | <urn:uuid:2f14d1cc-367e-4aa0-8b99-c67aca883160> | {
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Scientists Discover How A Bacterial Pathogen Breaks Down Barriers to Enter and Infect Cells
Contact: Mary Leach
Boston, Mass. (March 7, 2012) — Scientists from the Schepens Eye Research Institute, a subsidiary of Mass. Eye and Ear and affiliate of Harvard Medical School, have found for the first time that a bacterial pathogen can literally mow down protective molecules, known as mucins, on mucus membranes to enter and infect a part of the body. Their landmark study, published in the March 7, 2012 PLoS ONE, describes how they discovered that an “epidemic” strain of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes conjunctivitis, secretes an enzyme to damage mucins and breach the mucosal membrane to infect and inflame the eye.
“We are excited about this finding,” says Ilene Gipson, Ph.D., the study’s principal investigator and a senior scientist at the Schepens. “Our discovery may ultimately lead to new ways of diagnosing, treating and preventing bacterial infections originating, not only in the eye but in other parts of the body as well.”
More than 80 percent of infections are contracted through the body’s mucus membranes, which are the wet epithelial surfaces of the eye and the urogenital, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts of the body. The outer surface of all mucus membranes are protected by two types of mucin molecules – one that is secreted and is in constant motion to sweep away trapped foreign material from the membrane surface, and the other that remains rooted in the membrane surface. The latter type of mucin molecules constitutes a physical shield that keeps potentially harmful substances from penetrating the membrane.
These membranes often encounter two types of bacterial pathogens. Some are “opportunistic." They sit on the membrane surface and only enter the tissue when there is trauma or injury that leaves a gap in the mucus membrane layer. An example of an opportunistic bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus that is often the cause of surgery related infections.
The other type of pathogen is non-opportunistic or “epidemic” and causes more invasive and aggressive infections such as occur in epidemic conjunctivitis caused by the strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae used in this study. These disease-causing bacteria enter the body even when there is no apparent injury to the protective layer. And, they can cause rapidly expanding and contagious diseases.
Until the current PLoS ONE study, little has been known about how epidemic infection causing bacteria are able to cross through the mucin barrier. Experts in the study of mucins and determined to find a piece of this puzzle, the Schepens scientists hypothesized that “epidemic” bacteria must somehow remove the mucins themselves.
To test their hypothesis, the team grew “epidemic” conjunctivitis bacteria (a strain of streptococcus pneumoniae) in a culture. This bacteria causes an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the white of the eyes and the inner side of the eyelids.
They then applied the fluid that the bacteria were cultured in to cell lines that mimicked the eye’s surface, including presence of intact mucins, and found that the membrane-anchored mucins were cut off and released from the surface of the cells. Removal of the mucins allowed the bacteria to enter the cells.
Using mass spectrometry, the researchers were then able to identify the enzyme, ZmpC, as the culprit. They confirmed their findings by knocking out the gene in the bacteria that produced this enzyme and demonstrated that the bacterium could no longer remove the mucins from the membrane.
According to Dr. Gipson, “This discovery is a major breakthrough in this long unsolved puzzle about how “epidemic” bacteria enter the body and has given us a new target for drugs that could even be used preventatively.”
The next step in the research, according to Dr. Gipson, will be to determine if the method of enzymatically removing the surface mucins to gain entrance is used by other disease causing bacteria.
Other scientists who authored the study include: Bharathi Govindarajan, Balaraj B. Menon, Sandra Spurr-Michaud, Komal Rastogi, Michael S. Gilmore, and Pablo Argüeso.
To view the entire study, titled “A Metalloproteinase Secreted by Streptococcus pneumonia Removes Membrane Mucin MUC16 from the Epithelial Glycocalyx Barrier, go to http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032418
About Mass. Eye and Ear: Founded in 1824, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary is an independent specialty hospital providing patient care for disorders of the eye, ear, nose, throat, head and neck. Mass. Eye and Ear is an international leader in Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology research and a teaching partner of Harvard Medical School. In June 2010, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Schepens Eye Research Institute united to form the world’s largest and most robust private basic and clinical ophthalmology research enterprise. For more information about Mass. Eye and Ear, call 617-523-7900 or visit www.MassEyeAndEar.org. | <urn:uuid:715f58e2-44ac-4cdb-991e-2ac54f7a9ded> | {
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Pong is a video game released originally as a coin-operated arcade game by Atari Inc. on November 29, 1972. Pong is based on the sport of table tennis (or "ping pong"), and named after the sound generated by the circuitry when the ball is hit.
Pong is often regarded as the world's first video arcade game, but Computer Space by Nutting Associates had been launched a year earlier in 1971.
Pong was the first video game to achieve widespread popularity in both arcade and home console versions, and launched the initial boom in the video game industry.
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The Day When Every Thing Went Wrong
Sample Paper – 2013 Class – XII Subject – Chemistry (Theory) Time allowed: 3 hrs M. Marks: 70 General Instructions: 1. Name two antidepressants. 1 2. Define 12-16 compounds. 1 3. . Define the pseudomolecular reactions. 1 4. Give one example of sulphonation reaction. 1 5. Write IUPAC name of CH3-CH=CH-CH2- CHO1 6. Draw the structure of zwitter ion. 1 7. Convert Benzene to flurobenzene. 1 8. What are biodegradable polymers? Give one example. 1 9. What are Antifertility drugs? Give examples. 2 10. Define colligative properties with example. 2 11.
A 1st order reaction is 50% complete in 30 minutes at 270C and in 10 min. at 470C. Calculate (i) rate constant for reaction at 270C and 470C. (ii) energy of activation for the reaction. 12. What is activation energy? How is it related to rate constant K? 2 13. Give four differences between types of emulsions. 2 14. What are lyophobic colloids? Give two examples. How does lyophobic colloid differ from lyphillic colloids. 2 15. Compare the stability of +2 oxidation state of elements with outer electronic configuration 3d64s2,3d54s2 and 3d34s2 in aqueous solution. OR What is Lanthanoid Contraction? Mention two consequences of Lanthanoid contraction. 2 16. Explain the mechanism of dehydration of alcohols. 2 17. Distinguish chemically between a) phenol and ethanol b) methanal and ethanal. 2 18. Write the equation of the reaction involved in the preparation of Bakelite. 2 19. Al crystallizes in a cubic close packing structure (FCC) Its metallic radius is 125 pm . Find 3 the edge length of the unit cell. How many unit cells are there in 1cm3 of Al ?
How many atoms are there in 1cm3 of Al ? 20. Calculate the boiling point of 1M KCl solution. Density of solution=1. 04g/cm3. 3 Molar mass of KCl=74. 5u Kb=0. 52K Kg mole-1. Assume KCl is 90% dissociated in aqueous solution. 21. Give the structures of a) XeO3 b) H3PO4 c) PCl33 22. Account for the following:3 a) Zn,Cd, and Hg are not considered as transition elements. b) Actinoid show variety of oxidation states. c) Transition metals forms alloys. 23. a) Write main postulates of werner,s co-ordination theory. ) Draw the geometrical isomers of [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] OR What type of isomerism is exhibited by [Co(NH3)5Br]CO3? Write the IUPAC name of both the isomers. Give one chemical test to distinguish between these two isomers. 3 24. Explain SN1 and SN2 Reactions. 3 25. Outline the principles of refining of the metals by the following methods:3 a) Mond’s process b) Liquation c) distillation. 26. Explain following:3 a) WILLIAMSON’S REACTION. b) WURTZ REACTION. ) SCHOTTEN-BAUMANN REACTION. 27. i) Explain the following with respect to protein- a) Native state of protein b) Peptide linkage3 ii) Two strands of DNA are not identical but complimentary to each other. Explain this statement. 28. a) Write the reaction involved at each electrode in H2-O2 fuel cell. 5 b) Give one similarity and one difference between fuel cell and other primary cells. c) Give advantages of fuel cells. OR a) State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. 5 b) Write the reaction involved at each electrode in mercury cell / dry cell. ) Calculate the cell potential at 298K for the reaction Zn+Sn4+ Zn2+ +Sn2+ (1. 5M) 0. 5M) (2M) E0Zn2+/Zn= – 0. 76V E0Sn4+/Sn2+= 0. 13V 29. a) Account for the following:5 i) Group 18 elements have positive value of electron gain enthalpy. ii) HF has highest boiling point while HCl has the lowest boiling point among hydrogen halide. iii) Sulphur vapours are paramagnetic in naturte. b) Give the products and balance the reactions: i) Cu + H2SO4 (conc) ii) XeF4+ H2O OR a) Account for the following: 5 i)NeF2 is not known. i) Fluorine has lesser negative value of electron gain enthalpy than Chlorine. b) explain Ostwald’s process. 30. a) Carry out the following conversions: 5 i) Benzene to fluorobenzene.. ii) Benzaldeyde to 3-Phenyl propan-1-ol iii) Benzoic acid to m-nitro benzoic acid. b) Give one example each of i) Stephen reduction ii) Aldol condensation. OR a) Explain LUCAS test for distinguish between 10 20 and 30 alcohols. b) Give one example each of i) Cannizaro reaction ii)Acetylation. Paper Submitted by: Vivek Yadav Email Id: vivek. [email protected] com Ph No:. +919411937022, +919411937022, ,+915676 235555 VCCI, VIGYAN NAGAR, SHIKOHABAD, INDIA | <urn:uuid:95cc8747-a188-4310-9534-5cfc9223bcbc> | {
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Ever wonder where the coffee beans in your morning coffee come from? You probably know words like Arabica and Robusta in terms of taste, but did you know that these words can also tell us where those coffees were grown? Here is a look at three of the world’s best specialty coffees and the regions in which they originated. Read on to discover the rich history of these coffees.
Yemen Arabian Mocca
Grown in the mountainous region of Sanani in south Yemen at an altitude in excess of 4,500 ft, Arabian Mocca is the world’s oldest cultivated coffee, distinguished by its richness and full body with chocolate undertones. Yemen is on Asia’s Arabian peninsula, a stone’s throw from Africa. Since there are no other Arabian coffees, it is classified as part of the family tastes of North African coffees.
It is here that the term “mocca” was coined. Its correct spelling is Mokha, for the port city that Yemen coffees ship from. Yemen’s arid climate contributes to the production of one of the best-loved specialty coffees that led Europeans to fall in love with coffee many centuries ago.
Yemeni coffee is one of the most distinct and prized coffees in the world. It’s been called a “wild” or natural cup, earthy, complex, pungent — to some it may be strange and bitter. This coffee can also be characterized as dry, winey, and acidic with chocolate and fruit undertones, rustic flavors, and intense aromas.
Mexico “Spirit of the Aztec”
The state of Veracruz produces many average coffees in its low-lying regions, but atop the tall mountains near the city of Coatepec an excellent Arabica bean coffee called Altura Coatepec reigns. The word Altura itself means “high grown”. Altura Pluma indicates the finest coffee of Mexico. Coetepec, a coffee district of Veracruz, provides particularly outstanding coffee beans. Mexican Altura beans have a full medium body, fine acidity, a wonderful bouquet and a satisfying flavor that is mild and sweet. This fine Mexican coffee is noted for delivering a consistently smooth taste and fragrant flavor with good body, depth, and overall balance. It is likely one of the most underappreciated coffees around.
Mexican coffee botanists celebrate Mexico’s highest altitudes (with their approximately one hundred species of Arabica coffee plants) as the finest region of all the world’s gourmet coffees. An inferior grade of coffee bean known Robusta grows at lower altitudes. Mexico itself produces huge quantities of these unremarkable coffee beans, often utilized as dark roasts, supermarket coffees and beans for blending.
Arabica coffee arrived in Mexico at the start of the nineteenth century from the West Indies. Today, Mexico ranks among the world’s top coffee exporters. Most Mexican coffee is processed by the wet method to ensure better acidity and body. Mexican coffee is graded based on the altitude where it is grown. The plantations of Veracruz account for 60 to 70 percent of the Mexican coffee crop. Approximately 5 million bags of coffee a year originate in Mexico. Most of the better beans are grown on large plantations in the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guerrero. These are producers of “high-grown” Altura Coatepec coffees, among the finest coffees grown in the Americas.
Their flavor is light and nutty with medium acidity and a mild, well-balanced body. With a fine chocolate tang and a hint of sweet undertone beneath the finish, these coffees make an ideal beverage for those of us who enjoy a smooth, mellow-tasting brew that is not overpowering. Altura’s smoothness produces many loyalists of the coffee drinkers who sample it. Mexican Altura Coatepec is an incredible morning coffee, as it could be used in a blend to tone down accompanying fuller-bodied coffees, or better yet, alone for the pure regional flavor.
Java “Dutch Estate”
As a synonym of coffee, “java” introduced itself in the seventeenth century when the Dutch began cultivating coffee trees on the island of Java (part of the islands of Indonesia) and successfully exported it globally. Often the standard by which all other coffees are measured, Java’s finest golden beans are roasted to yield a piquant aroma, displaying an exquisite acid balance, a heavy body with chocolate undertones, and a lighter finish than Sumatran.
At one time the island of Java was ruled by sultans and dominated by mysticism. The early Dutch settlers who came in the late 17th century found Java to be a wonderfully diverse place with high mountains, thick tropical rain forests and a sultry climate that revolved around the monsoon rains. The Dutch and the Javanese settled the coastal volcanic plains, while much of the interior of the island was left to the jungle and a few tribal groups. The Dutch found that coffee grew very well in this climate, and began to set up plantations around their initial foothold in Batavia (modern day Jakarta). Initially Arabica coffees were planted, but many of these were killed by the coffee rust plague that devastated the region in the 1800’s. Robusta was the logical replacement — a tough plant resistant to many diseases.
Eventually the Dutch plantation owners conquered Java and took on the elements. Large plantations were established in the east of the island, as well as in Central Java and the west. After the Japanese occupied Java in the 1940’s many of these plantations were destroyed or absorbed back into the jungle with their owners imprisoned by the Japanese. After the war and the ensuing independence struggle, many of the larger plantations ended up under the control of the government. Today the big Java plantations (such as Nusantara XII) are still government-owned. However there are many medium and smaller growers who produce excellent quality Arabica beans. These coffees are known as “Government Estate” Java. They are primarily produced at 4 old farms (Kayumas, Blawan, Djampit, Pancoer). The Government body grows about 85% of the coffee in East Java, close to Bali on the Ijen area. The range of altitudes suitable for coffee production is 3,000 to 6,000 feet, with most growing in the plateau region at 4,500 feet. | <urn:uuid:039e4d71-05fa-4495-9a67-a454b2e0500b> | {
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Yes...There is actually geologic evidence for this in certain rocks which show a banded structure caused by water tides. About 10 years ago geologists discovered evidence for the day being shorter using some change in a signature, probably the layering widths, they found in ancient rocks dated from a few billion years ago. Apparently a 'day' back then was about 18-20 hours long, not 24-hours. In the future, billions of years from now, it will lengthen to 50 hours or longer.
The above figure shows the measured slow down of earth's rotation. You can see that it is not a regular decline, but the trend is in the direction of a longer length of day.
A good discussion about the changing length of the rotation period of the Earth can be found at the US Naval Observatory in their essay on leap seconds. The '24-hour' day actually increases by 0.0014 seconds every day, per century. Every year or so, one second has to be added to the official civilian day on New Years Eve. For more information on how the Earth's rotation rate changes, visit Variations of the Earth page at the USGS.
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Quick Flash II - Subtraction Practice Game
Content Skill: Subtraction
Common Core State Standards: CCSS.Math.Content.2.OA.B.2 - Fluently subtract within 20 using mental strategies. By end of Grade 2, know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers.
Select your starting fact family level.
Here is Quick Flash in action! A flash card will pop up and you enter the answer using the keypad. If they enter the correct answer, a green box will appear on the left side of the card. If the problem is answered incorrectly, a red box will appear on the right side of the card. Each flash card will pop up 3 times during each level. There is also a red timer progressing on the left side of the screen. If you don't answer the problem before the timer runs out, it is marked incorrect. However, if you answer the problem correctly after the timer runs out they will receive a yellow block (The timer is set to 6 seconds).
When you finish answering the flashcards, you get to choose a theme for the next level!
Here the game is set to a space theme. Quick Flash is a wonderful tool for teachers to use with their students. It can give the student feedback and the teacher an overall summary of student success! | <urn:uuid:c133fc18-5800-4b34-867e-0d61d2f76f1a> | {
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We provide a broad, balanced and relevant education for each child, paying particular attention to the teaching of basic skills and working within the framework of the National Curriculum and the Foundation Stage Curriculum. Aspects of subjects are linked purposefully together to provide many exciting learning opportunities which encourage creative thinking. We believe this approach ensures balance, continuity and progression throughout the school.
The Governing Body is in total agreement with the Nottinghamshire County Council Statement of Educational Aims.
Thorough planning is the key to making children’s learning effective and progressive. Effective learning builds on and extends what children know and can do. Our planning is informed by talking to our children and our observations of them.
All planning is based on the 2014 National Curriculum. If you would like to look at what your child will be learning please click on this link which takes you to gov.uk where you can navigate to the National Curriculum.
Our teachers use a variety of teaching styles. They consider tasks and desired learning outcomes then teach in the most appropriate way. This may include working with a whole class, a group or an individual.
The Learning Environment
We aim to create an attractive, welcoming and stimulating learning environment which will encourage children to explore, investigate and learn through first hand experiences. We foster independence and encourage children to become independent learners.
Most activities are portable and allow the children to take them to either the indoor or outdoor areas. The learning environment has been carefully divided into quiet areas and more active areas with small communication friendly spaces. Within our environment we have areas devoted to:-
- Role play and storytelling – 2 role play areas, small world play, a stage outside and a storytelling area in the book corners.
- Reading book and story corners
- Writing area
- Number area
- Sand and water
- Small and large scale construction
- Art area
- Discovery areas
- Computers, an interactive whiteboard and other ICT equipment are also available for the children to use.
- We also have a dedicated outdoor learning space and we make extensive use of the school grounds for exploration and learning.
Well planned play is a key way in which young children learn with enjoyment and challenge. It provides opportunities for children to enter discussions, make friends, explore materials, be creative, use their imaginations and work collaboratively.
Extra Curricular Activities
Here at Larkfields we realise that a valuable contribution to education is made through visits and additional non-academic classes. Consequently, we organise educational visits to extend and enrich the work done in school and, in year 2, the children participate in a residential visit. All children benefit from visiting speakers, theatre groups and from our involvement in the local Family of Schools. Year 2 children learn country dancing and have the opportunity to play the recorder.
Special Teaching Arrangements
‘The needs of children are recognised through the systematic tracking of skills and progress from entry onwards. This helps identify if and where additional help might be needed, and support for those with learning difficulties and/or disabilities is excellent. The needs of higher ability children are also recognised and challenge provided for them.’ Ofsted 2007
Children with Special Educational Needs
We recognise that all children have their own individual needs at different times in their school career and we cater for these needs in a variety of ways.
We have a policy, in line with the Code of Practice, for meeting the needs of pupils, whether they have a statement of special educational needs or not. This detailed policy includes information about the school’s processes and procedures in the following areas: special educational provision, identification, assessment, allocation of resources, staffing, roles and responsibilities. A copy of the full policy is available in school and from the ‘Policies’ section of the website for reference.
It is always our policy to inform and involve parents when children require additional support. We may draw up an individual education plan for a child. This is always reviewed on a regular basis. | <urn:uuid:3d851c95-df2b-487c-bd77-19271e3bafb8> | {
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"Word", a slippery concept... Linguists prefer to use "lexeme" to denote whatever a word may be. "Lexeme - a word in the abstract sense, an individual distinct item of vocabulary, of which a number of actual forms may exist for use in different syntactic roles." Linguists use "word form" to avoid the ambiguity of word. For example, see, sees, seeing, saw and seen are word forms of the lexeme see. The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 1998
"To understand punctuation, a historical perspective is essential. The modern system is the result of a process of change over many centuries, affecting both the shapes and uses of punctuation marks. Early classical texts were unpunctuated, with no spaces between words." David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 1995
In the 7th century Irish monks started using blank spaces, and introduced their script to France. By the 8th or 9th century spacing was being used fairly consistently across Europe. (Wikipedia: Word divider)
What you consider to be "normal" form for a language was invented by some printer in London in the Fifteen Century who put spaces between words because he was trying to sell Bibles to folks who didn't have a classical education.
Francis, W. N. & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
An orthographic word is a series of alphanumerics between spaces. Are you as clever at finding words as a computer is? How many words in each of these?
There are an interesting number of cases where we would have to accept that individual letters, and the way they are presented in typography or handwriting, do permit some degree of semantic or psychological interpretation, analogous to that which is found in sound symbolism, though the element of subjectivity makes it difficult to arrive at uncontroversial explanations. (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 1995, p. 268)
|This is a logo for a company that supplies computer training to
corporations -- what does this logo say?
|This is a logo for a restaurant. What is the name of this
restaurant, and why this treatment of the letter "a"?
|This is a logo for song by a rock band. What is the name of the band and
why are the words of the name placed as they are?
Wikipedia: Computer font
Distinction is sought through font variation: ConneXions, InformationWEEK and net, or by combining letters, numbers and punctuation: .exe, RElease 1.0, Soft*letter, T.H.E. Journal, I.T.1 Magazine. These latter risk malformation by any normalization process that breaks words apart based on punctuation. Sometimes font and spelling changes become one as in this advertisement: "GRAB THIS VNIQUE BVSINESS OPPORTVNITY". How far from an ordinary orthography is the substitution of v's for u's? Textual creativity is limited only by human imagination. Here is a short list:
Federal prosecutors in Manhattan charged a Florida man yesterday with violating a new law that makes it illegal to use misleading Internet domain names to entice minors onto pornographic Web sites.
Prosecutors said that as part of the scheme, the defendant, John Zuccarini, had registered 3,000 domain names that included misspellings or slight variations of popular names like Disneyland, Bob the Builder and Teen magazine. Mr. Zuccarini used more than a dozen variations of the name Britney Spears, the prosecutors said.
A child who accidentally mistyped a name into an Internet browser would be directed to a Web page controlled by Mr. Zuccarini and barraged with X-rated advertising, the authorities said. The child would also be "mousetrapped," they said; that is, unable to exit from the Web site.
Representative Mike Pence, a Republican from Indiana who wrote the domain names law, said by telephone that he saw the issue less as one of indecency than as one of fraud. "I found in sitting down with my kids to do their homework on the Internet," he said, "that you could type in the most innocuous phrases, and that you literally had to cover their eyes before you activated the Web site."
Once a person was directed to a pornographic Web site, Mr. Comey said, "the usual tools that we use to close a Web site would not work." Clicking on the X in the corner, or pressing the back button, he said, would "simply open more screens, bombarding the user with an endless stream of hard-core pornography."
Spelling It 'Dinsey,' Children on Web Got XXX. Benjamin Weiser. The New York Times, September 4, 2003
When Holly Marshall wanted to sell a pair of dangling earrings, a popular style these days, she listed them on eBay once, and got no takers. She tried a second time, and still no interest.
Was it the price? The fuzzy picture? Maybe the description: a beautiful pair of chandaleer earrings.
Such is the eBay underworld of misspellers, where the clueless — and sometimes just careless — sell labtop computers, throwing knifes, Art Deko vases, camras, comferters and saphires
In Online Auctions, Misspelling in Ads Often Spells Cash. Diana Jean Schemo. The New York Times, January 28, 2004
Regrettheerror.com has issued its list of this year's most hilarious or egregious newspaper errors and corrections. No. 1 is The Denver Daily News accidentally calling New Jersey "Jew Jersey."
"The News offends an entire state and a major religion and all it can muster is 39 words? Only a newspaper could get away with that," regrettheerror.com says.
But a Google search for "Jew Jersey" one day this week yielded 888 hits, and most of them weren't racial slurs, but mere typos. Most were not made by newspapers, but by the likes of Best Western Hotels, the BBC and the American Library Association. The "j" key, it appears, is perilously close to the "n" key. Watch those fingers, folks.
"What's Online" Dan Mitchell, December 17, 2005
Emoticons are facial made by a certain series of keystrokes.
"No longer are they simply the province of the generation that has no memory of record albums, $25 jeans or a world without Nicole Richie. These Starburst-sweet hieroglyphs, arguably as dignified as dotting one’s I’s with kitten faces, have conquered new landscape in the lives of adults, as more of our daily communication shifts from the spoken word to text. Applied appropriately, users say, emoticons can no longer be dismissed as juvenile, because they offer a degree of insurance for a variety of adult social interactions, and help avoid serious miscommunications.
“In a perfect world, we would have time to compose e-mails that made it clear through our language that we are being cheerful and friendly, but we’re doing these things hundreds of times a day under pressure,” said Will Schwalbe, an author of “Send: The Essential Guide to Email for Office and Home” (Knopf, 2007), written with David Shipley, the deputy editorial page editor at The New York Times.
Mr. Schwalbe said that he has seen a proliferation of emoticon use by adults in delicate and significant communications. “People who started using them ironically are now using them regularly,” he said. “It’s really in the last couple of years that the emoticon has come of age.”
"(-: Just Between You and Me ;-)" The NY Times, Sunday, July 29, 2007
Katy, a 9-year-old Ravens (football team) fam from Bel Air, Md. has Angelman syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and causes frequent seizures. As a result, she communicates mainly through pictures and gestures.
Last September, Katy composed an essay about training camp by using pictures and symbols, one of many Ravens-related projects she has used to express herself. She carefully placed icons produced by a computer program on paper. Her mother said Katy took 30 minutes to an hour to create each sentence.
"Katy is going to camp with the Ravens as their little cheerleader" The NY Times, July 15, 2007
On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a human — until you fill out a captcha. Captchas are the puzzles on many Web sites that present a string of distorted letters and numbers. These are supposed to be easy for people to read and retype, but hard for computer software to figure out. Most major Internet companies use captchas to keep the automated programs of spammers from infiltrating their sites. There is only one problem. As online mischief makers design better ways to circumvent or defeat captchas, Web companies are responding by making the puzzles more
challenging to solve — even for people. They are twisting the letters, distorting the backgrounds, adding a confusing kaleidoscope of colors and generally making it difficult for humans.
Microsoft researchers have developed an alternative captcha that asks Internet users to view nine images of household pets and then select just the cats or the dogs. “For software, this is wildly hard,” said John Douceur, a Microsoft researcher. “Computers are tripped up by all the photos at different angles, with variable lighting conditions and backgrounds and the animals in different positions.”
"A Dog or a Cat? New Tests to Fool Automated Spammers" The NY Times, June 11, 2007
Rudolf van Laban, a Hungarian-born choreographer and dance theorist, developed his system of notation in the 1920s. (Systems have existed since the 15th century, but Labanotation and Benesh notation, developed in Britain in the 1950s, are the two types most used today.) Like music notation it uses graphic symbols on a staff. But the extreme complexity and detail needed to represent timing, direction, impulse and dynamics make it the province of very few specialists. For this reason, perhaps, along with the expense and the time it takes to compile a score (anything from a few weeks to a year for a big ballet), few companies and choreographers employ notators with any consistency. But those who work in the field of notation are passionate about its importance.
“Dance is not an ephemeral art form,” said Sandra Aberkalns, the senior staff notator at the bureau. “Music is just as ephemeral in performance, but the performer can play that score and read it over and over again, discuss it, debate it. When all you have is video or photographs, what you have is primarily the dancer’s interpretation. Ideally you have those too, but what you get from a score are the choreographer’s intentions, and the nuance and depth that you can capture in the choreography are really phenomenal.”
Some choreographers are skeptical. “The notation is based on an agreed-upon form of moving, which I believe is misleading,” Mark Morris said after his “All Fours” was staged from a score at Ohio State University last year. “It’s nearly impossible to accurately communicate dynamics and phrasing, although I grudgingly admit that it was a far better tool than I had anticipated.”
"All the Right Moves" The NY Times, August 30, 2007
In the first major competition of its kind, the Guardian awarded cash prizes to people who wrote the best poetry on their mobile phones, using the popular short text message service (SMS). People on their way to work, people on their way home, and people just out and about, banged out poems and shot them to the newspaper at an incredible rate.
Because the size of a phone's screen is limited and an SMS message can hold only 160 characters, contestants had rather interesting ways of expressing their thoughts. Check out Hetty Hughes' championship entry:
txtin iz messin, mi headn'me englis, try2rite essays, they all come out txtis. gran not plsed w letters shes getn, swears i wrote better b4 comin2uni. &she's african
The newspaper winnowed the entries down to 100 and then handed them to professional poets who selected seven of the poems for cash prizes. The judges chose a poem written by Julia Bird as the "most creative use of SMS 'shorthand' in a poem:
14: a txt msg pom. his is r bunsn brnr bl%, his hair lyk fe filings W/ac/dc going thru. I sit by him in kemistry, it splits my @oms wen he :-)s @ me.
Time out for modern love...
R We D8ting?
Sandra Barron, New York Times, July 24, 2005
Chat room acronyms:
Now called "Hacker" September 2010
During the early 1980s, hackers that didn't want their websites, newsgroups, etc, to be picked up in a simple keyword search began using numbers to replace certain letters (mostly vowels) such as A = 4 or E = 3.
At this point, l33t speak was only known to a select few and only used when necessary. However, in 1994, id Software began to add Internet connectivity to Doom and Doom II, leading to a revolution in PC gaming and also to the rise of l33t speak.
megatokyo brought l33t speak into mainstream with its infamous speak l33t? comic. These days l33t speak is very well known to the hardcore Internet community (especially gamers). An Explanation of l33t Speak
Google in 133t5p33k:
Bottom of the lecture page:
This is a course about the intellectual foundations of informatics...things such as information systems, architecture and retrieval. The essence of this lecture is the variability of words - the fundamental unit of human expression. But, also, the fundamental unit of information retrieval systems. What are the implications for information retrieval if the fundamental unit is so arbitrary? What is the future of programming a computer to understand language if language is characterized by this sort of thing? (from the Urban dictionary):
Would this example illustrate how orthography frustrates information retrieval?
I.B.M. plans to announce Monday that it is in the final stages of completing a computer program to compete against human “Jeopardy!” contestants. If the program beats the humans, the field of artificial intelligence will have made a leap forward. “The big goal is to get computers to be able to converse in human terms,” said the team leader, David A. Ferrucci, an I.B.M. artificial intelligence researcher. “And we’re not there yet.” The team is aiming not at a true thinking machine but at a new class of software that can “understand” human questions and respond to them correctly. Such a program would have enormous economic implications. Despite more than four decades of experimentation in artificial intelligence, scientists have made only modest progress until now toward building machines that can understand language and interact with humans. I.B.M. will not reveal precisely how large the system’s internal database would be. The actual amount of information could be a significant fraction of the Web now indexed by Google, but artificial intelligence researchers said that having access to more information would not be the most significant key to improving the system’s performance. Eric Nyberg, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, is collaborating with I.B.M. on research to devise computing systems capable of answering questions that are not limited to specific topics. The real difficulty, Dr. Nyberg said, is not searching a database but getting the computer to understand what it should be searching for. The system must be able to deal with analogies, puns, double entendres and relationships like size and location, all at lightning speed. In a demonstration match here at the I.B.M. laboratory against two researchers recently, Watson appeared to be both aggressive and competent, but also made the occasional puzzling blunder. For example, given the statement, “Bordered by Syria and Israel, this small country is only 135 miles long and 35 miles wide,” Watson beat its human competitors by quickly answering, “What is Lebanon?” Moments later, however, the program stumbled when it decided it had high confidence that a “sheet” was a fruit. The way to deal with such problems, Dr. Ferrucci said, is to improve the program’s ability to understand the way “Jeopardy!” clues are offered. The complexity of the challenge is underscored by the subtlety involved in capturing the exact meaning of a spoken sentence. For example, the sentence “I never said she stole my money” can have seven different meanings depending on which word is stressed. “We love those sentences,” Dr. Nyberg said. “Those are the ones we talk about when we’re sitting around having beers after work.” "Computer program to take on 'Jeopardy!'" NY Times, April 27, 2009
Few challenges in computing loom larger than unraveling semantics, understanding the meaning of language. One reason is that the meaning of words and phrases hinges not only on their context, but also on background knowledge that humans learn over years, day after day.
The Never-Ending Language Learning system, or NELL, has made an impressive showing so far. NELL scans hundreds of millions of Web pages for text patterns that it uses to learn facts, 390,000 to date, with an estimated accuracy of 87 percent. These facts are grouped into semantic categories — cities, companies, sports teams, actors, universities, plants and 274 others. The category facts are things like “San Francisco is a city” and “sunflower is a plant.”
NELL, he says, is just getting under way, and its growing knowledge base of facts and relations is intended as a foundation for improving machine intelligence. Dr. Mitchell offers an example of the kind of knowledge NELL cannot manage today, but may someday. Take two similar sentences, he said. “The girl caught the butterfly with the spots.” And, “The girl caught the butterfly with the net.” A human reader, he noted, inherently understands that girls hold nets, and girls are not usually spotted. So, in the first sentence, “spots” is associated with “butterfly,” and in the second, “net” with “girl.” “That’s obvious to a person, but it’s not obvious to a computer,” Dr. Mitchell said. “So much of human language is background knowledge, knowledge accumulated over time. That’s where NELL is headed, and the challenge is how to get that knowledge.” NY Times, October 4, 2010
In a large organization with complex analysis, modeling, and development initiatives spread across multiple projects, standardizing business semantics is key. Without a way to standardize the meanings and definitions of business concepts, each analysis, modeling, or development thread will naturally establish its own semantics. These disparate semantics can compound the already fragmented understanding of the relationship between IT assets and the business concepts they support.
For example, the business side of the house might clearly define the term Customer Tax Status. This enables each IT initiative that supports Customer Tax Status to use the defined meaning, which drives consistency of term name, definition, and related semantics across all the IT initiatives. By contrast, in the absence of such a structure, each IT initiative might naturally come to its own conclusion as to what Customer Tax Status means and how it should be defined. This can result in multiple structures, such as Customer Tax Code, Tax Status, Customer Code, all of which loosely imply the same semantics but differ in name and definition...
InfoSphere Business Glossary provides a means to specify business concepts and to manage the relationship among those concepts and the IT structures that support them. However, this content is only useful if it is easy to access. For example, without immediate and efficient access to glossary content, model users, including service analysts, component designers, and logical data modelers, might ignore the glossary and define their own terms. The glossary content should be available within the modeling tools, making the content impossible for the modeler to ignore. Still, there might be complications with model interchange and synchronization as relationships between model structures and glossary terms must be retained as models flow from tool to tool...
These new functions within the modeling platform fundamentally change the capability of an enterprise to define and control business semantics across various modeling domains. These techniques, properly applied, can greatly reduce the variation in business definitions across modeling efforts, across projects, and across line-of-business boundaries..." | <urn:uuid:b8e14f1e-48b1-4085-9d40-6ae118bea2f0> | {
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A holter monitor is a battery-operated portable device that measures and records your heart’s activity (ECG) continuously for 24 to 48 hours or longer depending on the type of monitoring used. The device is the size of a small camera. It has wires with silver dollar-sized electrodes that attach to your skin.
How the test is performed.
Electrodes (small conducting patches) are stuck onto your chest. These are attached by wires to a small recording monitor. You carry the Holter monitor in a pocket or pouch worn around your waist. The monitor runs on batteries.
While your wear the monitor, it records your heart’s electrical activity.
- Keep a diary of what activities your do while wearing the monitor, and how you feel.
- After 24 to 48 hours, you will return the monitory to your health care provider’s office.
- The provider will look at the records and see if there have been any abnormal heart rhythms.
It is very important that you accurately record your symptoms and activities so the provider can match them with your Holder monitor findings.
Electrodes must be firmly attached to the chest so the machine gets an accurate recording of the heart’s activity.
While wearing the device, avoid:
- Electric blankets.
- High voltage area.
- Metal detectors
Continue your normal activities while wearing the monitor. Your may be asked to exercise while being monitored if your symptoms have occurred in the past while you were exercising. | <urn:uuid:36bd814f-6ef1-4efa-9b3c-6747636b9f98> | {
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A SWOT analysis is a structured planning method of evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a business or project. It can be carried out on a business, project, person, place or industry. It is usually credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research Institute around the 1960s and the 1970s.
The meaning of SWOT is explained below:
You must log in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:a93c0ec5-f9b9-4e83-8f0f-07854f0129bb> | {
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This 1,554 acre park in urban Northern Virginia includes wetlands, forest, meadows, streams and a pond. There are resident deer, fox, beaver, heron, hawks as well as abundant wildflowers. Facilities include a visitor center, auditorium, exhibits, interpretive trail with wetlands boardwalk and observation platforms.
History In colonial times, this land was part of the extensive plantation holdings of George Mason IV. Thomson Mason, a grandson of George Mason, built a home on the property in 1825. The villa, now known as Historic Huntley, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Virginia Landmarks Register, and the Fairfax County Historic House Inventory. An exhibit of Historic Huntley is available online. Mason family ownership lasted into the late 1800s, with track of the land being sold to other farmers. The house, along with a large portion of land, was sold to Albert W. Harrison who converted the grain farm to a dairy operation.
Last Updated: 2/21/2014 2:27 PM | <urn:uuid:647f047c-c9db-45fa-81bf-baab78b61193> | {
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Grade: K - 8
Written by: Andrea Mulder-Slater
[Andrea is one of the creators of KinderArt ®]
Using paper and markers, students will make bright banners for Valentine's Day!
What You Need:
- Red & Black Construction Paper (large sheets)
- Markers, Crayons or Paint & Paintbrushes
- Optional) Red Yarn (or ready-made tassels)
What You Do:
- Create a long banner shape using construction paper. (approx 12" wide by 24" - 36" long).
- Cut indentation(s) at the bottom of the paper so it appears as a fabric banner would. (Of course you could always make a fabric banner instead).
- Optional: Create tassels using red yarn and glue to the bottom of the banner.
- Make heart shapes or dove shapes to glue on your banner. The designs are entirely up to you. You can use construction paper or wrapping paper or plain white paper that is painted or decorated with markers.
- Cut out a black strip of paper and glue to the top of the banner.
- Hang your work on the wall or from the ceiling.
►More Valentine's Day Crafts
KinderArt Valentine's Day Coloring Pages - Instant Downloads
The KinderArt KinderColor Valentine's Day Download includes 20 Coloring Pages, 3 Valentine's Day Frames and 2 Color, Cut and Fold Valentine's Day Cards
Download yours today!
Valentine's Day Crafts
by Arlene Erlbach (Author), Herb Erlbach (Author)
Fun Holiday Crafts Kids Can Do
Do YOU have a lesson to share?
© KinderArt ® | www.KinderArt.com | <urn:uuid:82d694ad-1ce6-4e71-b1c5-4d839a213234> | {
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You’ll soon be hearing a lot of buzz — and a dose of sales hype — about a new wave of electric cars that will begin humming down our roads.
The first cars to come from major automakers will be the much-publicized Chevrolet Volt and the Nissan Leaf, each expected to go on sale in selected areas by the end of this year. Models from Ford, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota and other companies will follow.
Consumer Reports’ auto experts have driven prototypes and preproduction models of most of the forthcoming electric cars and have found them to be very quiet, quite quick, and viable alternatives to conventional cars. Electric vehicles (EVs) allow drivers to commute moderate distances using no gasoline and producing no tailpipe emissions. They can reduce overall driving costs for some people. And EVs can be charged by simply plugging them into a household wall outlet, although the time it takes to recharge depends on the vehicle and the electrical circuit.
But those cars require basic changes in driving habits and often some hefty household electrical work. Before you consider plugging in, you should weigh all factors — cost, convenience and environmental impact — and fully understand the pros and cons of EVs.
What is an EV?
Plug-in electric cars represent the next step beyond hybrids for consumers who want to cut their gasoline consumption. A full-hybrid car continuously switches between a gasoline engine and an electric motor to power the car, and the gas engine recharges the battery while the car is driven. By contrast, an EV can go much father using only electric power, but it needs to be plugged in to fully recharge.
There are three main types of plug-in models:
— Dedicated EVs. The Nissan Leaf is an example of a pure battery-electric car that runs solely on its electric motor and has no gasoline engine. On a full charge, the Leaf can go up to 100 miles before it needs recharging.
— Extended-range EVs. That is how GM classifies the Volt. The car runs only on its electric motor and can go up to 40 miles on electric power. After the battery’s charge drops to a certain level, a small gasoline engine kicks in to provide enough additional electrical power to let the car continue driving. That extends the Volt’s overall range to more than 300 miles before it needs to stop for a fill-up or recharge.
— Plug-in hybrids. They are essentially conventional gas/electric hybrid cars with a larger battery that allows them to operate on electric power more of the time, although they can’t go gas-free for long stretches. While Toyota is field-testing plug-in Priuses for commercial use, no plug-in hybrids are expected for retail customers until 2012.
Questions to consider
— How far do you drive? If you will be using the car only for running local errands or you have a relatively short commute, say 20 to 30 miles each way, a dedicated electric car with a 100-mile range, such as the Leaf, would probably fit your needs. With an extended-range EV, distance is not a factor if you don’t mind using gasoline.
— Will an EV save you money? Depending on your electricity rates, driving an EV can be less expensive than filling up at the pump. Electricity costs an average of 11 cents per kilowatt-hour in the United States. At about 3 miles per kWh (the rough efficiency engineers estimate for most of today’s EVs), that’s about 4 cents a mile. With gas costing about $2.80 a gallon, a car such as the Toyota Corolla, which gets very good fuel economy of 30 mpg, would cost about 9 cents a mile for fuel.
— How will you charge your car? A standard 100-volt outlet might work for charging the Volt, but you could be hard-pressed to charge a dedicated EV overnight. You’ll also need a charger, which currently costs between $700 and $1,200.
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Read 2 Chronicles Chapters 29–30
Hezekiah was twenty-five years old when he became king… His mother's name was Abijah daughter of Zechariah. He did what was right in the eyes of the LORD… 2 Chronicles 29:1–2a NIV
* * *
Reading through the stories of the Kings of Judah and Israel can be very discouraging as there were so many bad kings and so few good ones. But whether they were evil or good, the narrative often includes this phrase: "His mother's name was…"
The kings of Israel were greatly influenced by the women in their lives, both wives and mothers. From wicked queen Jezebel to faithful queen Esther, we see that women played a significant role in history. Though they were not usually making the decisions, they were definitely influencing the character of those who did.
* * *
Lord, thank you that Your Word honors godly women and their role in shaping the characters of the Bible. May I never accept the voices that would demean the importance of my job as wife and mother. Help me to teach my children and grandchildren the truths of Your Word, and faithfully discipline them to be respectful of their parents and their God.
* * *
"The older women… can train the younger women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to be subject to their husbands, so that no one will malign the word of God." Titus 2:3a-5 NIV | <urn:uuid:1c0053aa-6588-419b-a9b3-58440a218e23> | {
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|Osmunda cinnamonea - Cinnamon Fern|
|Tim Kessenich, Wisconsin State Herbarium|
The Friends of Negwegon State Park would like to utilize teachers, students and school greenhouses for seed collection, seed propagation and installation of native plants. These same individuals could also help with developing the signage that would be found on the trails and with creating an inventory of the species that might be encountered. There is an abundance of material in the park for these activities. The Friends have permission from the Office of Stewardship at the State Department of Natural Resources to proceed with this plan with the proviso that plants or trees not currently growing at Negwegon must not be introduced. They are however permitted to transplant within the park and to propagate seed collected there.
|lobelia cardinalis - Cardinal Flower|
|David G. Smith|
Classes will be involved in the aquisition, purchase and use of technological equipment like cameras and GPS mapping units along with the plant propagation equipment. Data collected will be shared with the DNR for archival and study of the natural communities within the park. When these existing communities are identified, an interpretive walking trail is planned to feature the variety of native plant species at Negwegon State Park.
Friends of Negwegon State Park work together to preserve, protect, and promote Negwegon State Park. We are a non-profit volunteer organization working with DNR Parks and Recreation Division to support the Park by:
- Helping to maintain trails
- Sponsoring clean-up days
- Coordinating educational activities
- Protecting and preserving native plant and animal habitat
- Providing information about the park to the public
- Applying for grants to fund projects
- Encouraging citizens’ involvement by joining Friends of Negwegon State Park | <urn:uuid:9ec71ac5-f568-4d6d-bad3-0c31380dce14> | {
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This is the first repotting video and several more will follow. I started with Phalaenopsis for multiple reasons, primarily because more than half of the orchids in cultivation are Phalaenopsis. Also, Phalaenopsis are very easy to repot so it made sense to start here. I intend to follow up with repotting videos for Cattleyas, Oncidiums, and Dendrobiums.
To repot a Phalaenopsis we will need a plant, a pot, and some mix. In many cases removing the mix from the roots will be more involved than it is in this video; be patient, remove any rotted roots, and be carefull with the healthy roots. Before you begin, wash your hands carefully, especially if you have handle other orchid plants. Viruses are easy to transfer from one plant to another during repotting.
The size of the pot is very much dependent on the size of the mass of the remaining healthy roots, which we do not want to damage. But also, do not be tempted to overpot. I prefer to use pots no larger than about 6″ or 6 1/2″ for Phalaenopsis. Larger pots tend to stay too wet in the middle, which can rot the roots and kill the plant. If you cannot fit the rootball into the pot without damaging the roots, you may have to do some root pruning. | <urn:uuid:6028eda2-b1f8-44c6-92a2-67158ac92678> | {
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Bisphenol A (BPA) has been used for decades in a wide variety of consumer products, like metal food and beverage containers, thermal paper store receipts, and dental composites.
Though the FDA has found BPA safe after numerous studies, because it can exhibit hormone-like properties the public has grown concerned about conflicting claims. There have been studies that have found exposure of rodent fetuses, infants, children or adults can cause cause abnormalities, including cancer, as well as reproductive, immune and brain-behavior problems.
Researchers at the University of Missouri are now saying that daily exposure to very low concentrations of BPA by pregnant females can cause fetal abnormalities in primates.
"BPA is an endocrine disrupting chemical that has been demonstrated to alter signaling mechanisms involving estrogen, androgen and thyroid hormones," said Frederick vom Saal, Curators Professor of Biological Sciences. "Previous studies in rodents have demonstrated that maternal exposure to very low doses of BPA can significantly alter fetal development, resulting in a variety of adverse outcomes in the fetus. Our study is one of the first to show this also happens in primates."
Most studies involving BPA have been conducted on laboratory mice and rats and weren't methodologically valid, leading U.S. regulatory agencies to call for studies in primates. With funding provided by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), vom Saal and colleagues studied the chemical's blood levels in pregnant female rhesus monkeys and their fetuses, which are more similar to human fetuses than rats are.
After collecting tissue samples, other researchers analyzed the tissues to determine if dBPA exposure was harmful to fetal development. Researchers found evidence of significant adverse effects in mammary glands, ovaries, brain, uterus, lung and heart tissues in BPA exposed fetus when compared to fetuses not exposed to BPA. The abnormalities were caused by levels of BPA in the monkey fetuses that were very similar to levels reported in previous studies of BPA in human fetuses.
"The very low-level exposure to BPA we delivered once a day to the rhesus monkeys is far less than the BPA levels humans are exposed to each day, which reflects multiple exposures," vom Saal said. "Our findings suggest that traditional toxicological studies likely underestimate actual human exposure and show, unequivocally, that biologically active BPA passes from the mother to the fetus. Additionally, our latest study shows that BPA causes damage to developing systems of monkey fetuses, and this is of great concern for human fetuses."
Return to News Home | <urn:uuid:4e4b54de-e7e5-4d09-9924-7a7edd56596c> | {
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The three layers of the sun's atmosphere are the chromosphere, the transition layer and the corona. The corona is both the outer layer and the hottest layer of the atmosphere, as it can reach 2 million degrees Fahrenheit.Continue Reading
The atmosphere of the sun surrounds its surface, which is separated from the core by radiative and convective layers. The core is the hottest part of the sun, as it reaches about 27 million degrees Fahrenheit.
The sun does not have a surface like a planet; rather, it is composed entirely of gas. It is mostly hydrogen, though it contains about 8 percent helium.Learn more about Our Sun | <urn:uuid:dbca4ed5-c1fa-48a6-835b-1a027d37a18a> | {
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New software uses your Android smartphone / tablet’s idle processing power to find cure for deadly diseases, and for searching for new stars.
Developed at University of California, Berkeley, BOINC – which stands for Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing - was recently updated for Android to allow anyone with a smartphone or tablet on Android 2.3 (or higher) to join volunteer distributed computing programs.
Currently available distributed computing programs include IBM World Community Grid for finding cures to life-threatening diseases like AIDS, and Einstein@Home for analyzing data from the world’s largest radio telescope for finding new stars.
If you feel that this will take a toll on your phone’s already terrible battery life, you should know that BOINC – by default – will only run when your phone is charging, has already charged more than 90%, and is connected to WiFi. Most people set their phones to charge all night, and they do get fully charged in a couple of hours, so that means BOINC will get a good 3-4 hours of processing power every night from your device.
You can download the app from Google Play here. Happy computing! | <urn:uuid:a53a9d60-624b-4bd5-af60-c1aa776c45be> | {
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If Air Force researchers have their way, the military's next flying robots of doom will be tiny, and indistinguishable from the naked eye from small birds, bats or even insects. And they'll take their first flight in a freaky "Micro-Aviary" in Ohio, where engineers make mini-machines modeled on those creatures of the sky.
Miniaturization is a major trend in drone tech. The Army's new Switchblade drone is a semi-autonomous missile shot out of a mortar tube for kamikaze missions. Some robotic aircraft manufacturers, like the micro-machinists at AeroVironment, have even started experimenting with super-small drones that look like hummingbirds - and even dragonflies.
The Navy took the next step. Rather than merely modeling a drone chassis on a bird or insect, the Navy started studying the behavioral and migratory patterns of birds, fish and bats to develop a more realistic robot facsimile. The Air Force, however, is taking the step beyond that.
At the Micro-Aviary at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, researchers rig the walls with super-sensitive motion capture sensors that track a tiny plane or helicopter's position "within about a tenth of an inch," according to researcher Greg Parker. Information from those sensors helps engineers develop "flapping-wing flight" drones - "very, very small flapping-wing vehicles," in Parker's phrase.
And how. One of the vehicles on display in the video above, released by the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Pat, is a robot dragonfly. It doesn't appear to be much more than a circuit board, a super-tiny motor and two insect-like wings. And it fits, like a bug, on the tip of someone's finger.
Fitting a camera on a drone that small is a the next hurdle that miniaturization tech will have to clear if the "Micro-Aviary's" birds are to be practical. Another option: Engage in a little insect vivisection to create a swarm of spying cyborg bugs.
That extremely gross goal is the point of Darpa's Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS) program. To "provide control over insect locomotion" One researcher in 2008 inserted a mechanized system into a moth's thorax during its larval stage. Insect tissue actually grew around the machine.
Still, that's, er, gross. (Seriously, don't click this link if you have a weak stomach.) The Air Force's Micro-Aviary is a lot less creepy and arguably more practical. In a few years, the chirp you hear from the bird perched on the telephone line outside your apartment might be the whir of a robotic hummingbird as its camera adjusts its aperture.
Republished with permission from Wired.com. Authored by Spencer Ackerman. | <urn:uuid:f0ba76c5-7569-4d44-ae9e-525263c6e537> | {
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norepinephrine (nôrˌĕpĪnĕfˈrən) [key], a neurotransmitter in the catecholamine family that mediates chemical communication in the sympathetic nervous system, a branch of the autonomic nervous system. Like other neurotransmitters, it is released at synaptic nerve endings to transmit the signal from a nerve cell to other cells. Norepinephrine is almost identical in structure to epinephrine, which is released into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla under sympathetic activation. The sympathetic nervous system functions in response to short-term stress; hence norepinephrine and epinephrine increase the heart rate as well as blood pressure. Other actions of norepinephrine include increased glycogenolysis (the conversion of glycogen to glucose) in the liver, increased lipolysis (the conversion of fats to fatty acids; see fats and oils) in adipose (fat) tissue, and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle to open up the air passages to the lungs. All of these actions represent a mobilization of the body's resources in order to meet the stressful challenge—such a response is often termed the "flight or fight" syndrome.
More on norepinephrine from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Biochemistry | <urn:uuid:d7a818ff-a5d7-4a8d-8ef0-5b649ae5354f> | {
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Celebrate United Nations Day
On October 24, 1945, the United Nations was formed to promote peace and international security, further economic and social development and protect fundamental human dignity. Established by Presidential Proclamation, United Nations Day recognizes the establishment of this important organization and underscores a worldwide dedication to identify common problems, set international standards, and take action.
Celebrate United Nations Day in your school with The Parliament of Man by Paul Kennedy. Recently published in paperback, this is the perfect book to help your students understand the work and goals of the United Nations.
Model UN clubs and classes preparing for conferences may also be interested in the following Random House titles:
A Continent for the Taking by Howard French
The End of the American Era by Charles Kupchan
In Spite of the Gods by Edward Luce
Ethical Realism by Anatol Lieven and John Hulsman
Click here for the history of United Nations Day from the United Nations Association | <urn:uuid:66bfdb7d-c1f3-4001-97bc-02a7409aa934> | {
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Tools and Measures
Physical Activity Maintenance Theory Model
The Physical Activity Maintenance (PAM) Theory was developed based on past literature and is the only theory known to date that solely addresses maintenance of PA (Nigg, Borrelli, Maddock, & Dishman, 2008). Briefly, this theory describes PAM as being determined from both individual psychosocial variables and contextual constructs. Individual psychosocial constructs include (1) satisfaction, attainment and commitment of goal-setting; (2) motivation which is conceptualized as self-motivation and expectations; and (3) barrier and relapse self-efficacy which addresses ones confidence in maintaining long term PA despite barriers and the temptation to stop doing regular PA when situations arise. The contextual constructs include the PA environment and life stresses, which can be triggers of relapse. The contextual variables may facilitate or impede PAM directly or indirectly via the individual psychosocial variables. One of the major differentiating factors from existing theories of behavior/behavior change is that the PAM study variables are framed in terms of maintenance of PA, not the behavior or adoption of the behavior. The PAM Theory is presented in Figure 1.
Nigg, C. R., Borrelli, B., Maddock, J., & Dishman, R. K. (2008). A theory of physical activity maintenance. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(4), 544-560. | <urn:uuid:0e06cb74-1cea-4b04-80ba-89c37596cc1c> | {
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Important information about Avocado and Olives
Avocado and Olives are two fruits that are considered as very nutritious as they are both rich in many vitamins and minerals. Avocado is also commonly called Butter Fruit.
One unique characteristic of both these fruits is that both of them have a high percentage of fat. Avocados contain about 23% fat and olives about 10% fat. Most other fruits have a fat percent of 0.1-0.5. 100gm olives equals 115cal and 100gm avocado equals 215 cals. In both these fruits the type of fat present is largely monounsaturated fat.
So many people recommend these two fruits as good for people with high cholesterol levels and as protective to the heart. Also both these fruits have a high content of Vitamin C and Vitamin E which have an antioxidant effect in the body and are therefore considered as protective against certain type of cancers. Namely colon cancer.
They are also rich in Vitamin A and avocado is very rich in Vitamins of the B group and therefore they are considered as healthy for the skin. Both these fruits are commonly used in salads and have their own unique flavors which some people consider as a delicacy and some people dislike.
However we would like to advice you that if you are on a weight reduction diet or if you are over weight to start with they must be avoided. They are too high in their fat content and the first priority for good health is to be normal weight for height or to reduce your weight to the ideal weight.
Also olives have a high sodium content so all those with heart disease and high blood pressure must avoid olives. Many people feel that the healthiest oil to use for cooking is olive oil. It is healthy because it is not a saturated fat but it is not the healthiest option.
The healthiest cooking oil is an oil that contains equal proportion of both poly and mono unsaturated fatty acids. Otherwise cook some items with olive oil others with sunflower/safflower oil which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. So those who want to enjoy olives and avocado may do so occasionally provided they are slim and trim. Those who are battling the bulge please avoid till your battle with the bulge is over! | <urn:uuid:42e27b4e-6cbf-487b-807e-58824722992a> | {
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Application Note: Quantitative Analysis of Blast Furnace Slag by Fusion Method on the ZSX Primus III
10 January 2013
Blast furnace slag is formed when iron ore or iron pellet, coke and flux are melted in a blast furnace. X-ray fluorescence spectrometers are the most common analysis tools to analyze powder samples in the iron and steel making process. This application note describes blast furnace slag analysis using the ZSX Primus III+, which provides a high precision and accuracy using the fusion method. | <urn:uuid:f07c9240-c9e1-453b-b287-bbe7c98316a2> | {
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December 10, 2011
Photographer: Glenn Woodell
Summary Author: Glenn Woodell
Efflorescence is the changing of a substance into a powder due to loss of water. This photo shows an example of extreme efflorescence over time from a concrete gun battery fortification at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. The leaching of salts and likely calcium carbonate, has built up so much that it actually formed stalagmites -- on the floor of the battery. Note the corresponding stalactites on the ceiling, one of which has broken off and is lying in the center of the battery. Photo taken on October 22, 2011.
Photo details: Camera Maker: NIKON CORPORATION; Camera Model: NIKON D70s; Lens: Nikkor 18-70mm, f/3.5-4.5; Focal Length: 18.0mm (35mm equivalent: 27mm); Aperture: f/9; Exposure Time: 1/320 sec; Exposure Bias: none; Metering Mode: Matrix; Exposure: aperture priority; White Balance: Auto; Light Source: Unknown; Flash Fired: No; Orientation: Normal; Color Space: sRGB; Software: Adobe Photoshop CS2 Windows. | <urn:uuid:7abd9e7f-cf14-45da-bd73-e30b92c9d231> | {
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Family offices have their roots in the sixth century, when a king’s steward was responsible for managing royal wealth. Later on, the aristocracy also called on this service from the steward, creating the concept of stewardship that still exists today. But the modern concept of the family office developed in the 19th century. In 1838, the family of financier and art collector J.P. Morgan founded the House of Morgan to manage the family assets. In 1882, the Rockefellers founded their own family office, which is still in existence and provides services to other families.
The expression ‘family office’ covers all forms of organisations and services involved in managing large private fortunes. These can be organised either as family-owned companies, in which the family wealth is pooled, or as companies like Generational that provide services for these clients, while the family retains decision-making powers.
Family offices are arguably the fastest-growing investment vehicles in the world today, as families with substantial wealth are increasingly seeing the virtue of setting one up. It is difficult to estimate how many family offices there are in the world, because of the various definitions of what constitutes a family office, but there are only single figure thousands of family offices in existence globally due to the experience and expertise required in operating one.
The increasing concentration of wealth held by very wealthy families and rising globalisation are fueling their growth. Particularly important in the years ahead will be the strong growth of family offices in emerging markets, where for the most part they have yet to take hold — despite the plethora of large family businesses in these economies.Get in touch today | <urn:uuid:6846214b-a8e3-4942-aa0b-06671cda8a39> | {
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When I originally wrote my paper on “The Genesis of the Round Dance,” I included a short section on the ancient Greek dance forms:
The ancient choruses, dances, and songs of the dithyramb of Greece displayed the familiar pattern of a dignified, circular dance around the altar of Dionysus in the theater’s orchestra. In fact, the term orchestra originally meant the circular dancing place of the theater. In addition, the terms carole and chorus, also originally Greek, meant a sacred ring dance, men and women holding each others hands [other related English words are chorale, choir, and choreography]. LDS scholar, Dr. Hugh Nibley, reminds us that the creation was often acted out in these Greek dance dramas:
The Greek play has a chorus. Well what does chorus mean? It’s a ring dance; it’s a circle. Same as our word curve; Latin: curvus; going around. The chorus sings, and the chorus of the muses sings the poiema, the creation song . . . When they sing together, it’s the poiema, the song of the creation. It’s a glorious thing. It’s a round dance like the Egyptian maypole.
Nibley takes it one step further to explain that all the arts originated from the ancient temple dramas. “So poetry, music, and dance,” he tells us, “go out to the world from the temple-called by the Greeks the Mouseion, the shrine of the Muses.” Again he states that, “All the arts and sciences began at the temple. Dance, music, architecture, sculpture, drama, and so forth-they all go back to the temple.” Kraus supports this claim of a ritualistic connection between the arts when he informs us that Native American ceremonies and sacred dances are “part of an elaborate drama which embraces all the arts.” ((http://www.templestudy.com/2008/02/01/the-genesis-of-the-round-dance-part-3/))
The more one learns about the arts, the more one is convinced of Nibley’s stunning summation.
I want to expand a bit more on the traditional Greek dance forms, and share some more interesting details I’ve learned about these ancient practices that still are continued today.
One of the most ancient literary references to dance in the Greek tradition is found in Homer’s The Iliad. In book 18, the circular Shield of Achilles is described, with dancing youths making up one of the rings:
Hereon there danced youths and maidens whom all would woo, with their hands on one another’s wrists. The maidens wore robes of light linen, and the youths well woven shirts that were slightly oiled. The girls were crowned with garlands, while the young men had daggers of gold that hung by silver baldrics; sometimes they would dance deftly in a ring with merry twinkling feet, as it were a potter sitting at his work and making trial of his wheel to see whether it will run, and sometimes they would go all in line with one another, and much people was gathered joyously about the green. There was a bard also to sing to them and play his lyre, while two tumblers went about performing in the midst of them when the man struck up with his tune. ((Homer, The Iliad, Book xviii, http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.18.xviii.html))
This same dance form has lived on in Greek literature, art, and tradition for centuries, changing little along the way. There is a multitude of artifacts that represent the Greek dance, which tells us some of the story of how it was danced anciently. The Greeks claim the form is the same today. John Pappas of GreekFolkMusicandDance.com informs us:
Invariably, the dancers are in a circle or line, often with a musician or musicians in the center. The dancers are joined with the same common handholds still used in our Greek folk dances today. These include the shoulder hold, the chain hold, and the most common joining of hands (shoulder height with elbows down, like a ‘W’). ((http://greekfolkmusicanddance.com/folkdances.php))
The Greeks don’t believe they invented this dance, but that it came from a divine source:
Ancient Greeks believed that dancing was invented by the Gods and therefore they had associated it with their religious and worshiping ceremonies. They believed that the Gods offered this gift to some select mortals only, who in turn taught dancing to their fellow-men. ((http://www.agnion.gr/english/excursion/cretannight.htm; See also McAlpine, Margaret. Working in Music and Dance. My future career. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2006, 5. Link.))
Not only did the Gods reveal the dance, but it was an evolution of something else:
The ancient Greeks believed that dancing was a gift from the gods, and the art of the dance evolved from ritualized movements used in religious ceremonies. ((Blumenfeld, Robert. Using the Stanislavsky System: A Practical Guide to Character Creation and Period Styles. New York: Limelight Editions, 2008, 83. Link.))
These dances also included singing, which was antiphonal, meaning that a leader sang a statement, and another group responded or repeated the statement, which is where our modern verse and chorus originated. Athan Karras writes:
Today the folk songs of the countryside still reflect antiphonal singing in their dances, especially in processional dances, when a leader will sing a verse, which the chorus repeats. The early church music also used chanters answering antiphonally with one another, evolving into today’s choir. It is believed that in the earliest temples, the congregation danced and sang the liturgy. From this evolved the chorus leader and later, the priest. These early choruses or, Omadikoi Horoi, evolved by having the closed circle break open to allow for a leader. In her book on the ancient Greek dance, Lillian Lawler speaks about the circle, a sense of incorporating giving, receiving and excluding: “Circle dances and especially those with clasped hands have a mystical significance among ancient people, often performed around an altar, tree or a pillar or some sacred object, or even a musician. . . At times the circle dance seems to have been an invocation dance, as can be seen in ancient Minoan coins, or frescoes in the Minos palace in Knossos.” ((Athan Karras, “Greek Dance: An Ancient Link — A Living Heritage,” http://www.helleniccomserve.com/greek_dance.html. Wikipedia notes that the “peculiar mirror structure of the Hebrew psalms renders it probable that the antiphonal method originated in the services of the ancient Israelites” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphonally).))
One of the most well-known of the ritualistic uses of the dance is in the Greek Orthodox wedding ceremony. First, the couple are crowned with flowered crowns, then the priest joins their right hands together, and later the bride, groom, and priest perform a dance procession around the altar, circling precisely three times ((http://greekfolkmusicanddance.com/folkdances.php. See also http://www.templestudy.com/2008/07/09/asking-for-her-hand-in-marriage-tying-the-knot-and-handfasting/. Here is a YouTube video of one such ceremony.)).
There are many other uses of the Greek dances, used on occasions of “rites of passage” in life.
The Greek folk dance costume has a direct relationship to the liturgical garments of the Greek Orthodox Church:
Some of the characteristics of Greek folk costumes can be traced back to elements in ancient Hellenic and Byzantine costumes. In fact, many of the elements of the liturgical clothing worn today by the Greek Orthodox priests are related to the modern Greek folk costumes and have their origin in the clothing of the Byzantine Empire. ((http://www.greekfolkmusicanddance.com/greekcostume.php))
Such details make a study of the Greek folk dance costume even more intriguing.
While the costumes from various locations in Greece all differ significantly in ornamental design and individual styles, all the costumes are made with similar parts and construction ((http://www.greekfolkmusicanddance.com/greekcostume.php)). I will focus particularly on the women’s costume. The basic parts of this costume generally are: ((http://www.greekfolkmusicanddance.com/greekcostume.php))
- a long linen or cotton chemise or basic undergarment (Poukamiso)
- a sleeveless wool vest (Segouni)
- an apron (Bodia)
- a sash or girdle (Zonari)
- a scarf or head covering (Mandili)
- shoes or foot coverings (Tsarouhia)
- decorative jewelry
Many of these elements can be seen in the photographs of the Greek dancers above, and at the beginning of the article. More examples of this costume and textiles can be seen at GreekFolkMusicandDance.com, GreekFolkDancers.com, and the Museum of Greek Folk Art.
One of the more interesting accessories worn by the Greek dancers, and in daily wear, was and is an apron (called in Greek a podia or bodia). This is one of the most ornamented and decorated articles of clothing worn by the Greeks and also one of the most important.
Their trapezoidal aprons of black wool were of great social significance… A woman would make about twenty-five for her dowry, each to be worn on a specific occasion. ((Paine, Sheila. Embroidered Textiles: A World Guide to Traditional Patterns. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.))
This apron was not for practical use, to protect clothing underneath as is common in modern Western culture, but rather it stood as a symbol:
The purpose of the ubiquitous apron of most European peasant costume, and particularly that of eastern Europe, is symbolically protective and not practical. Varying in style with each village but normally heavily embroidered, intricately pleated or finely woven in striped patterning, it covered a dress or petticoat that almost always was deliberately left plain where the apron would be worn. It is the antithesis of an apron worn to protect precious clothing. Instead it protects the body. ((ibid.))
One of the primary associations of the apron was with marriage, a significant rite of passage:
This was the moment at which the bride, as well as taking a new hairstyle and headdress, changed the type of apron she had worn as a young girl to another that declared her status as a married woman… Women of the nomadic Sarakatsani, now living mainly in Greece, embroidered twenty to forty aprons (panoules) during their youth, each with different symbolism – such as the cross, the serpent, or the moon – that showed the woman’s social status or was thought suitable for various occasions and moods. She would then choose each day the appropriate one to wear. ((ibid.))
The designs embroidered on the aprons have “religious and magical significance” ((http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=164430, also Paine, Sheila. Embroidered Textiles: A World Guide to Traditional Patterns. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.)).
The apron and head scarf were important items in a girl’s dowry. Her distinguishing traits of movement from girlhood to marriage did not derive so much from utility but as objects for protection and strengthening. The apron (podia), is traditionally thrown over the stomach of Thracian women in labour to facilitate birth. ((Rowley, Sue. Craft and Contemporary Theory. St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1997, 68. Link.))
The apron – the podia – of all Greek costume was imbued with magical properties. ((Paine, Sheila. Embroidered Textiles: A World Guide to Traditional Patterns. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.))
As can be seen in the links given above, the embroidery’s design on the Greek aprons is usually based on stylized vegetation, viz floral motifs, vines, leaves, etc ((ibid.)). The reason for this is because these designs usually are a depiction of the Tree of Life.
When embroidered, both everyday and festive aprons featured mainly flower designs or symbols of fertility such as the pomegranate. ((ibid.))
The tree of life is one of the most common motifs in embroidery almost everywhere… almost every vaguely foliate shape and every pot of flowers is deemed to represent the tree of life. Most in fact do. ((ibid.))
Sheila Paine describes why the Tree of Life is so universal in embroidery:
The tree is one of the most potent of symbols. Its roots delve into the underworld, its trunk links the earth to the heavens – it transcends all three spheres. Its life-cycle unfurls before our eyes in each season of the year, the symbolism of birth, maturity, death and rebirth embodied in leaf, bud and fruit. Its fruitfulness is matched by the fruitfulness of woman and even sap and milk were equated by primitive man. ((ibid.))
Many times the symbol of the Tree of Life is stylized:
It may be a simple linear pattern intended to signify a particular tree, such as a palm, or more often to convey the general concept of growth and fertility. When the tree of life is depicted as an actual tree, it is stylized to convey its mythological significance. Consequently foliate patterns or simple branched devices signify the tree of life, rather than a realistic tree with trunk and leafy branches. ((ibid.))
The Tree of Knowledge, which bore the forbidden fruit, is also depicted on a number of embroideries:
The birth, life, death and regrowth of the tree symbolized in its fertility also the concept of immortality, an inestimable treasure. In ancient Babylon such treasure was protected by a serpent and the concept of two trees, the one of immortality attained through the heavily guarded one of wisdom, formed part of mythological belief. In biblical terms this is the tree of knowledge with the serpent that deprived Adam and Eve of paradise, and that became the central motif of a great number of nineteenth-century English samplers [a sampler is a piece of embroidery produced as a demonstration or test of skill in needlework]. ((ibid.))
Some scholars believe that the fig leaves that Adam and Eve used to make their aprons in fact came from the same tree that they had just eaten the forbidden fruit from, i.e. the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:6-7).
Studying the traditional Greek folk dances reveals that they are very rich in history and culture, and date back anciently to religious beliefs and practices, particularly the ring dance around the altar. The suggestion that these traditions seem to have changed little since ancient times gives us a glimpse of how things might have been millenia ago.
Clearly, there is much more can be learned from a study of this subject. Do you have any additional insights about the Greek folk dances? Please share with us in the comments. | <urn:uuid:2c121989-e9bf-4f36-94e3-7d421337987f> | {
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Explaining a Cancer Diagnosis to Children
Explaining a serious diagnosis to a child is not a one step or one day process. When a parent, relative or close family friend has cancer, adults may feel so overwhelmed themselves that they are at a loss for how to explain the news, reassure or comfort a child. Children respond to serious news according to age, personality, how the information is imparted, and the atmosphere when they are told or overhear the particulars.
Even the most sophisticated and mature adult responds to serious health news by breaking down the diagnosis and prognosis into simple terms. What is the doctor saying? What does this news mean for the person I love; the person who loves me? Does it hurt? Is there medicine that can make it better? When will we know when everything is ok? Or not...
Children depend on the people who love them to take care of their most basic needs, and more than adults may be worried about what a diagnosis will mean in terms of how much time and effort the sick person will have to spend with them.
Most adults will try to explain a diagnosis to a child keeping in mind children's need to feel secure and their age appropriate or developmental level for understanding. It happens that oversimplifying or understating the seriousness of a diagnosis can confuse a child or give them the impression that adults are keeping secrets.
Children may not realize how serious the information they are given is until they see how other people respond when hearing about the news. Or they may not have been told at all what is causing all the family drama and concern, and react with a general fear or anxiety response.
Sometimes children seem to understand and be able to cope with potentially devastating news when they hear it but are overwhelmed, and this does not become apparent within a day or two, or even after a few weeks. Because they may overhear or misunderstand comments and can construct the worst case scenario, it can be comforting to them for adults in charge to repeat the actual news and changes that can be expected in the near future. Older children and gifted younger children need as much reassurance and consideration as their younger brothers and sisters.
Sometimes children with developmental disabilities or other special needs are seen as lacking the capacity to understand or process serious events or long term treatments or consequences. Or they may be assumed to have a stronger connection to the spiritual world and a way of understanding that sets them apart from common needs for reassurance or reminders.
No matter what assumptions are made, it is important to understand that every child deserves the chance to have an understanding of what is going on, to be reassured and comforted, and to be given generous opportunities to explore and express their feelings and concerns.
Often, when adults read stores written for children, the simple words and concepts are equally comforting and reassuring to them. During stressful times, our own words can fail us. When we provide comfort through books, stuffed animals, cuddly blankets or other items that are recommended for children, we discover how much we need the same.
National, regional and local treatment centers may have resources for families to share with children. Some have been developed or donated by others who share similar experiences, or by counselors and other mental health professionals.
Browse your public library, local bookstore or online retailer for titles like Because Someone I Love Has Cancer: Kids' Activity Book or Butterfly Kisses and Wishes on Wings: When someone you love has cancer...a hopeful, helpful book for kids
Sometimes children need to know about the cancer diagnosis of a classmate:
Books About Cancer for Kids
Content copyright © 2014 by Pamela Wilson. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Pamela Wilson. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Pamela Wilson for details.
Website copyright © 2014 Minerva WebWorks LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:5526a031-76f6-4670-9d31-13e048194886> | {
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Walker called herself a “visionary” and stated that she was committed to a life as an artist for the people, especially in “the public statement poem.” Her poetry was intuitive and brooding. She intended a realism, and she succeeded to the degree that realism can be commingled with didacticism and what she named “orphic” discourse. Her poetry, her fiction, and her essays were transformations of Walker’s lyric sensibility. The poetry prophesied, witnessed, celebrated, and grieved with personal immediacy. The fiction was a distillation of her maternal family history for four generations, an apostrophe to her own ancestry as an African American. The essays were by a teacher speaking determinedly in the first person. Above all, her writing was meant to be recited, to be oral; it was made for telling, saying, and declamation, combining the forms of folk sermon and the story of common people, a proletariat, with a great deal of inventory and repetition, which roll-calls the wealth and certainty in the goals of African Americans.
Walker saw on Earth a sublime beauty of nature and a utopian potential for humankind. The natural beauty, especially of rural or small-town settings, is the frame of the history of slavery in Jubilee. The utopian potential is the closing declamation of “For My People,” which chants into possibility the end of hate and injustice and the triumph of a once-enslaved and someday morally heroic humankind. She believed in the existence and efficacy of the culture hero—epiphanic, messianic, self-sacrificial persons: Frederick Douglass, Du Bois, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr.—people who endured and were inspirational before they died, were killed, or exiled.
Walker also privileged history. Only historical fact dissolved the lies of a U.S. national mythology that denied culpability, denied inherited responsibility, refused retribution and reparation, and resisted the moral transformation that would grant justice to a race not yet fully delivered from the slavery that exploited it. In Jubilee, the tapestry of the interconnectedness of every American to every event of the past is inventoried.
Biblical signature is everywhere in Walker’s writings but not in support of institutional religion. The narratives of Jubilee and of “Prophets for a New Day” are biblical in selection of detail so that they become new parables. There is not much humor in Walker’s writing. Even “Poppa Chicken” is too sinister to allow much levity. Her writing is also biblical in appropriation of the tropes of banishment and national exile and the resultant enslavement, as well as the continuation of hope when reason predicted despair. Moreover, Walker’s writing methodically logs violence, yet she said could not take up the subjects of the Vietnam War and the African American culture of the 1970’s, which she saw filled with the discourses of violence, profanity, drugs, and racial nationalism. She narrated also the episodes of fickle deliverance, such as the Emancipation Proclamation and the victory of the Union in the Civil War and the civil rights acts of 1954 and 1964. Freedom as reality and as chimera is also a subtext in virtually all of Walker’s writing. For Walker, it is a precious legality. It is also a feeling.
As a poet of the people, Walker used the sonnet to acknowledge the formal events and occasions of their progress. She had deaths and victories and anniversaries to commemorate. “For Malcolm X” is illustrative. She used the ballad to distill the personalities and behavior of the folk characters in her people’s experience, such as in “Poppa Chicken,” the pimp. She used what she called “the long line of free verse punctuated with a short line” to make the oracular discourse of poems such as “For My People.” It gives multiplied detail a ritual coherence that reveals the integrity of the culture of Walker’s African American audience. With her fiction, she corrected the historical record. With her essays, she explained her fiction and the method of the authentication of her vision.
“For My People”
First published: 1937 (collected in For My People, 1942)
Type of work: Poem
A ten-stanza, free-verse apostrophe to the collective culture of African Americans announces an epic hope.
“For My People” was mostly written in a fifteen-minute burst of brilliant inspiration. Its principal tactics are inventory—a concretization of the feeling—and repetition, a concentration and intensification of the poem’s passion and political resolve, especially tuned for oral presentation.
Stanza I begins the chronology of African American history with the first of six incantations of “for my people,” recalling the songs of an enslaved race—of sadness, of verbal play, of grief, of the rare times of joy, and of supplication and submission to whatever God has willed.
Stanza II describes the tasks of slavery, performed in uncompensated and blind hope: “washing, ironing, cooking, scrubbing, sewing, mending, hoeing, plowing, digging, planting, pruning, patching.”
Stanza III goes from the ancestral past to Walker’s childhood with a list of her places and acts of play in Alabama—baptizing, preaching, doctor, jail, soldier, school, mama, cooking, concert, store, hair, and “Miss Choomby and company,” Walker’s childhood code for African American grown-up women.
Stanza IV remembers the experience of going to a segregated school to learn the bitter truth of how being black in America was to be poor and politically ignored.
Stanza V celebrates the youth who bravely grew to maturity against these obstacles, had some fun and joy, married and had children, and then died of “consumption and anemia and lynching.”
Stanza VI cameos the African American neighborhoods of Chicago, New York, and New Orleans, where the lack of money and property form a backdrop for African Americans who dream their hope in spite of their disenfranchisement.
Stanza VII evokes the manic-depressive state of African Americans made crazy by the social forces and manipulation of a majority race “who tower over us omnisciently and laugh.”
Stanza VIII is a mini-chronicle of the sincere and unceasing attempts by African Americans to join American society, in churches, schools, clubs, societies, associations, councils, committees, and conventions—only to be cheated and deceived in money and religious association by the white ruling majority—the “facile force of state.”
Stanza IX declares admiration “for my people,” hoping to make a world of universal brotherhood to replace the fascist one that suppresses African Americans.
Finally, stanza X closes the litany of pain, endurance, grief, and relentless hope with the poem’s famous incantation, calling for a new world, born of a “bloody peace,” peopled by a courageous and freedom-loving new generation, a race of people—perhaps an alliance of Caucasians and African Americans—that will “rise and take control.”
First published: 1942
Type of work: Poem
An African American subcultural folk-type—Poppa Chicken, the...
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Home » US Maps » Hawaii Maps
Hawaii Map Collection
Hawaii County Map:
This map shows Hawaii's 5 counties. Also available is a detailed Hawaii County Map with county seat cities.
Map of Hawaii Cities:
This map shows many of Hawaii's important cities and most important roads. Important routes include: Interstate H1, Interstate H2 and Interstate H3. We also have a more detailed Map of Hawaii Cities.
Hawaii Physical Map:
This Hawaii shaded relief map shows the major physical features of the state. For other nice views of the state see Hawaii Satellite image, Hawaii wall map or the Hawaii map by Google.
Hawaii Rivers Map:
This map shows the major streams and rivers of Hawaii. These volcanic islands have radial drainage and are not large enough for streams of significant size to develop. Most of these lakes and streams can be clearly seen on the Hawaii Satellite Image. We also have a page about Hawaii water resources.
Hawaii Elevation Map:
This is a generalized topographic map of Hawaii. It shows elevation trends across the state. Detailed topographic maps and aerial photos of Hawaii are available in the Geology.com store. See our state high points map to learn about Pu'u Wekiu, Mauna Kea at 13,796 feet - the highest point in Hawaii. The lowest point is the Pacific Ocean at Sea Level.
Copyright information: The maps on this page were composed by Brad Cole of Geology.com. If you want to share these maps with others please link to this page. These maps are property of Geology.com and may not be used beyond our websites. They were created using data licensed from and copyright by Map Resources. | <urn:uuid:abcf674b-a1d4-47ce-b6a9-30bcafc567e5> | {
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Fish and Game Q&A: How common is trichinosis in wild game and how do we guard against it?
In support of the California Department of Fish and Game and its effort to keep hunters and anglers informed, Outposts, on Thursday or Friday, posts marine biologist Carrie Wilson's weekly Q&A column:
Question: I have a question about trichinosis in wild game. I understand it’s caused by a nematode-like worm that burrows into its host, and is most commonly associated with pork (although it can be found in any game that eats meat, such as bear). But, how common is it? For pig hunters in California, is it something that we should look out for, and if so, how do we guard against it? Thanks for your help. (Ren C.)
Answer: You can be at risk for contracting trichinosis if you eat raw or undercooked meats, particularly bear, pork, wild feline (such as a cougar), fox, dog, wolf, horse, seal or walrus. The disease cannot be transferred to others as infection occurs only by eating raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella worms.
According to Department of Fish and Game Senior Wildlife Veterinarian Dr. Ben Gonzales of the Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, limited data related to pig hunting indicates that trichinellosis (trichinosis) is relatively uncommon in wild pigs in California. Gonzales says he personally still cooks all his pork -- domestic and wild -- to well done. The greater risk to human health from wild pig relates to food hygiene and care of the carcass after it is taken.
• Hunters should practice good field dressing practices and cook all meat well.
• Cook meat products until the juices run clear or to an internal temp of 170°F.
• Freeze pork less than six inches thick for 20 days at 5°F to kill any worms.
• Cook wild game meat thoroughly. Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, even for long periods of time, may not effectively kill all worms.
• Clean meat grinders thoroughly if you prepare your own ground meats.
• Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat does not consistently kill infective worms.
DFG recommends hunters take the following precautions when field dressing and preparing wild pigs:
• Wear gloves when dressing out hogs and dispose of gloves properly.
• Avoid eating/drinking/smoking while doing so.
• Wear eye protection if there is risk of splashing from blood/other fluids.
• Wear coveralls over clothes or promptly change into fresh clothes after dressing animals.
• Wash hands and equipment thoroughly with hot, soapy water.
• Practice good handling/storage procedures with the meat.
• Properly cook the meat to 170°F to kill bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Wild pigs inhabit 56 of 58 counties in California but are most common in the foothills from the central coast region to the western Sierras, and on up into Humboldt County. Though widely distributed, hikers and other outdoors enthusiasts may still only catch a glimpse of one as it bolts through brush.
Anyone seeing a wild pig that appears ill should report it to DFG’s Wildlife Investigations Lab at (916) 358-2790.
"All types of wildlife carry a host of other viruses and bacteria that can be transmitted," said Gonzales. "By being vigilant about practicing good hygiene in the field and at home, hunters can greatly reduce the chances of contracting disease."
For more information, please go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
Q: Does every licensed fisherman have to have their own stringer to hold their limit of fish? (Ed F.)
A: California Fish and Game laws do not specifically require each person to have their own stringer. However, it is a violation to possess more than your limit of fish. If you allow others to share your stringer, make sure they remain with you at all times, or else you are likely to be cited for having an overlimit.
Q: I am now on a one year probation because of an abalone violation. Am I allowed to still buy a fishing license to go only ocean fishing? (Han S.L.)
A: You will have to read the terms of your probation ordered by the court. If the judge ordered no fishing for 12 months, then the answer would be no. If the judge said no abalone fishing, then other fishing may be allowed. The ruling may differ by courts, but if the case was prosecuted in the Fort Bragg court, then according to Lt. Dennis McKiver, it probably calls for no fishing at all for 12 months. That’s the usual term for abalone violations in Mendocino County.
If you have a question you would like to see answered in this column, e-mail it to [email protected].
Photo: Wild pig and piglets. Credit: California Department of Fish and Game
Follow Outposts on Twitter: twitter.com/latimesoutposts | <urn:uuid:c67c2ed7-772e-45f7-9da1-c3939809df11> | {
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Juliette Gordon Low: The Remarkable Founder of the Girl Scouts
The Girl Scouts of the USA is the largest and most beloved organization for girls and women in the United States. In this exciting new biography of its founder, Juliette Gordon Low, Stacy A. Cordery tells the story of the intrepid, charming, and idiosyncratic woman at its core. Juliette, or “Daisy,” as she was called, was born in Savannah on the eve of the Civil War to a brash and independent young mother and a deeply patriotic Rebel father. Growing up in post-war Georgia was a challenge for Daisy, who struggled to reconcile her training as a good Southern belle with her desire to run barefoot through the fields. Known fondly to her family as “Crazy Daisy,” it was no surprise when Juliette eventually fell in love with the dashing, aristocratic, and slightly dangerous Willy Low. Nor was it a surprise that their marriage failed. Daisy’s frequent illnesses—including her hearing impairment—and Willy’s fondness for racing and gambling took a toll on their relationship. Once Willy publicly took up with another woman Daisy tried to free herself in a very messy and fraught divorce. He died before it was finalized, leaving her widowed and wealthy, but wounded.
Daisy entered a new and unlooked for chapter in her life. Dissatisfied by the emptiness of the aristocratic lifestyle, she was free to travel and do the charity work which her husband had so vigorously disapproved. Daisy searched the world for diversion, but also for a sense of greater purpose. She shot tigers in India and traveled through its provinces buoyed by the same zeal with which she visited the great cathedrals of Rome and other wonders of the world. But the real discovery came when she met Robert Baden-Powell, war hero, adventurer and founder of the astoundingly popular Boy Scouts. Daisy was instantly enamored of Scouting, which aimed to teach young boys useful outdoor skills and good moral values while insisting they have fun. Juliette eagerly fell in with Baden-Powell’s Girl Guides, a sister organization to the Boy Scouts, and created three Girl Guide troops in the United Kingdom. Not content to stop there, Daisy imported the Girl Guides to her hometown of Savannah, changed the name to Girl Scouts, and became a one-woman grassroots campaign spreading the excitement up and down the East Coast.
Her success surpassed Daisy’s wildest expectations—and the nation’s. While her goals for the organization were to provide a place for girls to learn useful domestic and career-related skills, maintain their health through sport, and above all, to have fun, darker days expanded the reach of the Girl Scout organization as the nation entered World War I. Girl Scouts aided the Red Cross, sold liberty bonds, learned to can and preserve food, made trench candles for soldiers—and were positively recognized across the nation for their efforts, after which Girl Scouting grew exponentially.
Daisy Low was a Southern belle both brazen and modest, traditional in manner and yet impossibly forward-thinking. Her failed marriage turned her into a fierce advocate for the broadened potential of all young women, rich and poor. She studied the fine arts and knew royalty, but taught herself to be a social entrepreneur and community organizer whose achievement is still revered around the globe. Juliette Gordon Low: The Remarkable Founder of the Girl Scouts is a lively, probing and empathetic account of a true pioneer, who, with all her wonderful contradictions, embodied the heart, soul, and spirit of her beloved Girl Scouts. | <urn:uuid:e689167e-8450-4a77-96e9-34031f64f13a> | {
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Patients with inflammatory bowel disease may benefit from cannabis-based drugs, UK scientists believe.
The compounds share some properties with cannabis
The Bath University team found people with the gut disorder had an abundant number of a type of cannabinoid receptors in their body.
They believe this is part of the body's attempt to dampen down the inflammation and that giving a drug that binds to these receptors could boost this.
Their findings appear in the journal Gastroenterology.
When people have Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis - collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease or IBD - their immune system goes into overdrive, producing inflammation in different areas of the digestive tract.
This causes symptoms such as pain and urgent diarrhoea.
Anecdotally, people with IBD who have been users of cannabis have reported that their symptoms get better when they use the drug.
Dr Karen Wright and colleagues examined gut samples from healthy people and IBD patients and looked for the presence of two receptors known to react to natural cannabis-like compounds produced by the body.
Both the patients and the healthy people had similar numbers of CB1 receptors in their gut. However, the IBD patients had far greater numbers of CB2 receptors.
The normal job of CB1 and CB2 receptors is to switch immune responses on or off. CB1 receptors also help to promote wound healing in the lining of the gut.
Dr Wright said: "This gives us the first evidence that very selective cannabis-derived treatments may be useful as future therapeutic strategies in the treatment of Crohn's and ulcerative colitis.
"This is because some extracts from cannabis, known as cannabinoids, closely resemble molecules that occur naturally in our body, and by developing treatments that target this system, we can help the body recover from some of the effects of these diseases."
She said that the psychoactive effects and the legal implications associated with herbal cannabis use made it unsuitable as a treatment.
However, it might be possible to make a synthetic cannabis-like drug that has all of the therapeutic benefits and none of the other actions of cannabis.
"Targeting drug development to components of the in-built cannabinoid system could be the way forward," she said.
Dr Derek Scott, a researcher in Biomedical Sciences at Aberdeen University, said: "These initial results look extremely promising and exciting.
"However, further work is required so that we can better understand exactly how the signalling pathways controlled by cannabinoid receptors might be targeted in IBD patients, and whether there might be any side-effects."
Cannabis-based medicines are already used for multiple sclerosis in some countries.
Dr John Zycheck, from the Peninsula Medical School in Plymouth, which has been granted £2 million to study these drugs for MS, said: "There is no reason why clinical studies could not be undertaken at a fairly early stage because we are already testing cannabinoids for a variety of different conditions.
"Cannabinoids do have an effect on the gut. It slows gut transit. We see it in our MS patients."
He said more work was needed to check whether these drugs would reduce inflammation and to work out a dose that was strong enough but not toxic.
Dr George Kunos from the US National Institutes of Health said an alternative approach could involve testing compounds that amplify the action of the body's natural cannabinoids by blocking their normal destruction in the gut.
He said animal studies suggested compounds that block the enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase (FAAH) do this.
Dr John Bennett, Chairman of Core, a national gut and liver disorders charity, said: "I would not want any patient to think that a cannabis-based treatment for IBD is around the corner. Much more work is needed." | <urn:uuid:da2e7f08-146f-465d-ac2a-1a8af478aea9> | {
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Another El Niño on the horizon?
07 December 2018
The jury is still out as to whether climate change will lead to stronger El Niño events, but while representatives from around 200 countries at the COP24 conference are working to breathe life into the 2105 Paris Agreement, there is a 75–80% chance that a fully-fledged event could be with us in the next couple of months.
El Niño and its cooler cousin, La Niña, are complex naturally occurring climatic phenomena – and nobody really knows if our changing climate will affect them.
El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of what is known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and occur at irregular intervals of between two and seven years.
Top story on Copernicus
New maps that use information from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite reveal emissions of nitrogen dioxide along a Siberian natural gas pipeline that connects the Urengoy gas field with Europe. | <urn:uuid:c2d9c129-dfb7-46a0-90ef-e3cf673dc9d9> | {
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Submitted to: Biological Control
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/3/2010
Publication Date: 6/4/2010
Citation: Martin, M.R., Tipping, P.W., Reddy, K.R., Daroub, S.M., Roberts, K.M. 2010. Interactions of biological and herbicidal management of Melaleuca quinquenervia with fire: Consequences for ecosystem services. Biological Control, Vol. 54, Issue 3, pps. 307-315. Interpretive Summary: Many natural systems are managed to maximize the delivery of ecosystem services such as space for recreational activities, wildlife habitat, and maintenance of biological diversity. Determining the best management practices for exotic species requires consideration of a broad array of factors and their potential interactions, including future interactions with natural events like fires. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of management programs on the delivery of less obvious, but no less important, ecosystem services like nutrient storage. Most efforts to date have emphasized above-ground factors like plant and animal diversity and richness, with little to no consideration of below-ground factors like nutrient storage, nutrient cycling, and microbial community biomass. This study documents how these foundational ecosystem components were affected by the management of exotics in the backdrop of a natural fire event. In this study, the invasion and management of M. quinquenervia caused significant and persistent changes in the aboveground litter storage, storage and availability of nutrients, and soil microbial communities in a sub-tropical wetland forest. Changes in the storage and availability of nutrients may have unpredictable effects on ecosystem structure and function in the future. For example, although minimum levels of nitrogen and phosphorus availability are needed for maintenance of soil microbial communities and to support regrowth by native plants after disturbances such as fire, any nitrogen or phosphorus produced in excess of these needs may be vulnerable to loss by leaching and erosion with negative consequences for downstream ecosystems. Biological control of M. quinquenervia using insect herbivores has proven to be effective at controlling plant growth and reproduction. The results of this study suggest that this method had less of an impact on nutrient storage and cycling than did herbicides.
Technical Abstract: An example of a successful integrated pest plant management program is the Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake project in the Florida Everglades. Mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods have been used in concert to eliminate large monotypic stands while containing future population expansion by suppressing the invasive potential of M. quinquenervia. Although these programs have been evaluated based on the quantity of plant biomass removed or reduction in rates of exotic population spread, other evaluation factors deserving consideration include the impact on non-target vegetation, the recovery of native plant communities, the alteration of ecosystem function, and the interactions with natural disturbances like seasonal fires. This study tested the hypothesis that the choice of management tactics for M. quinquenervia influenced the quantity and availability of nutrients before and after a seasonal fire. Herbicide control of M. quinquenervia reduced the above- and belowground storage of nutrients both before and after a seasonal fire while biological control resulted in increased storage. There were no differences in nitrogen availability among treatment sites (non-invaded, herbicide, biological) in the 0-5 cm or 5-15 cm soil depths before or after the fire. Pre-fire phosphorus availability was highest in the non-invaded site in the 0-5 cm soil depth and in the biological site in the 5-15 cm soil depth. However, phosphorus availability was highest at both depths in the herbicide site post-fire. Biological control of M. quinquenervia using insect herbivores is effective at controlling plant growth and reproduction and this study also found this method had less of an impact on nutrient storage and cycling than herbicides. Although herbicides remain a valuable tool in the management of invasive species, their potential consequences for ecosystem structure and function should be evaluated, especially below ground components like microbial population dynamics. | <urn:uuid:e4a31961-77c2-48c7-a8b9-3132422b7ae0> | {
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August 1, 2012
Cormorants Show “Superbird” Abilities When Fishing For Prey
Brett Smith for redOrbit.com - Your Universe OnlineCormorants have long been known to be world class fishing birds, but a new video shows just what these airborne anglers are capable of.
Researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the National Research Council of Argentina recently fitted an imperial cormorant from Punta Lèon, a protected area in coastal Argentina, with a small camera, and observed it diving 150 feet underwater in 40 seconds. The video captured by the tiny camera then shows the ℠superbird´ scooting along the ocean floor for 80 seconds where it eventually catches a snakelike fish. The bird then returns to the surface with its catch to begin eating.
The cormorant in this never-before-captured footage showed the adept feeding techniques that these birds perform daily off the coast of Argentina. Cormorants typically subsist on a diet of fish, and have been known to eat eels and water snakes. Using their feet to propel them under water, cormorants also have gland secretions that keep their feathers waterproof.
Many cultures around the world have used various cormorant species for traditional river fishing, with the practice dating back to around 960 A.D. in China and Japan.
These fishermen train the cormorants to dive into the water with a snare tied near the base of the bird's throat. This prevents the birds from swallowing larger fish, which are trapped in their throats. However, the birds are able swallow smaller fish.
When a cormorant has a large fish caught in its throat, the fisherman gets the bird back into the boat and extracts the still-live fish. Although cormorant fishing once was a widespread and successful industry, its practice today is primarily viewed as a tourist attraction, performed by men in traditional garb on a tiny raft.
The newly-released WCS video is part of a project that has tracked over 400 cormorants along the Patagonian Coast of Argentina. Data collected by multi-channel archival tags and high resolution GPS-loggers will be used by researchers to locate the birds´ priority feeding locations and better understand the environmental conditions that affect cormorant populations.
Punta Lèon, where the footage was shot, is home to more than 7,000 imperial cormorants and is part of the series of protected zones along the Patagonian coast of Argentina, where the WCS has been working since the 1960s. The WCS has helped in establishing these zones which safeguard other wildlife, including albatrosses, penguins, and elephant seals. Scientists said they are hoping the ongoing study will assist officials in mapping out and expanding protected areas for cormorants and the other wildlife that live in the region.
The Argentine Patagoina research being conducted by the WCS is part of their mission to conserve wildlife and wildlife regions through “science, global conservation, education and the management of the world's largest system of urban wildlife parks, led by the flagship Bronx Zoo,” according to the society´s official website.
The society was founded in 1895 and assisted with the recovery of the American bison population in the early 20th century. Today they are focused on raising awareness on climate change, natural resource exploitation, the link between wildlife health and human health, and sustainable human activities. | <urn:uuid:6fd550c4-cb72-4b82-90fb-ff2868c8da73> | {
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Thomas Brock Fuller's
On Niagara Becoming
an Anglican Diocese
T. B. Fuller Becomes
First Bishop of Niagara
The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland
Charles Henry Mockridge
published in 1896
Inside St John the Evangelist Church, Thorold, Ontario
The Right Rev.
Thomas Brock Fuller
, D.D., D.C.L.,
First Bishop of Niagara
Thomas Brock Fuller was born on the l6th of Ju1y 1810, in the Garrison, Kingston (Ontario), where his father, Major Thomas Fuller, of the 41st Regiment, was stationed at the time. He was of Irish origin, and on his mother's side was descended from Archbishop Loftus, one of the founders of Trinity College, Dublin. On his father's side he was of the lineage of "Worthy Master Fuller," the Church historian. The gallant Sir Isaac Brock, after whom he was named, was his godfather. Deprived of both his parents when quite young, he was adopted by his aunt, Mrs. Leeming, wife of Rev. W. Lemming, Rector of Chippawa and Stamford. His early education was received at the Grammar Schools of Hamilton and York. He studied divinity at Chambly, and was admitted to the diaconate by Right Rev. Dr. Stewart, second Bishop of Quebec, in 1833, in the Quebec Cathedral. After serving a short time as curate at Montreal, where he went through a terrible experience in ministering to the sick and dying during a visitation of cholera, he was ordained priest at Toronto by Bishop Stewart. A few months after this he married Cynthia, eldest daughter of the late Samuel Street, Esq., of Clarkhill, near the Falls of Niagara. In 1836 he was sent as a missionary to Chatham, in the far west of "Upper Canada," now in the Diocese of Huron. For four years he laboured alone in the two counties of Lambton and Kent, establishing several stations, which afterwards became important parishes. (see St Paul's Anglican, Chatham, Ontario)
Mr. Fuller was a shrewd observer of events as they passed by. He noticed the weak state of the Church, and set himself to enquire into its prospects for the future. In 1836 he published anonymously a pamphlet on "The State and Prospects of the Church in Canada." It foretold the speedy withdrawal of all State aid and the secularization of the clergy reserves, and suggested that immediate steps should be taken for systematized self-help, by forming synods, and carrying forward plans for evoking spontaneous liberality on the part of Church people. These suggestions very soon afterwards, from dire necessity, took practical shape. (see Dr. Strachan and the Clergy Reserves)
Owing to his wife's wealth, Mr. Fuller was enabled to live independently of support from the people. In 1840 he was appointed to the rectory of Thorold, which, it is said, he served gratuitously for twenty-one years, establishing new stations in various directions in the vicinity of the Welland Canal.
In 1861 he was appointed Rector of St. George's Church, Toronto, and shortly afterwards he presented his old people at Thorold with $11,000, which he had advanced towards the erection of their beautiful church. He remained Rector of St. George's for fourteen years, and enjoyed the steady improvement which a growing city helped him to make in his parish.
He had a good practical knowledge of men and things. Bishop Strachan found him useful in the diocese, and in 1869 appointed him Archdeacon of Niagara. At the episcopal election held in Toronto in September 1866, to appoint a coadjutor for Bishop Strachan. Dr. Fuller had many firm supporters, as we have seen, during the whole nine ballots.
Next Page - On Niagara Becoming an Anglican Diocese | <urn:uuid:853108de-d1c0-4897-92a5-6c2458ced7ff> | {
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Definitions for m1918 browning automatic rifle
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word m1918 browning automatic rifle
M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
The Browning Automatic Rifle was a family of United States automatic rifles and light machine guns used by the United States and numerous other countries during the 20th century. The primary variant of the BAR series was the M1918, chambered for the .30-06 Springfield rifle cartridge and designed by John Browning in 1917 for the U.S. Expeditionary Corps in Europe as a replacement for the French-made Chauchat and M1909 Benet-Mercie machine guns. The BAR was designed to be carried by advancing infantrymen, slung over the shoulder or fired from the hip, a concept called "walking fire"—thought to be necessary for the individual soldier during trench warfare. However in practice, it was most often used as a light machine gun and fired from a bipod. A variant of the original M1918 BAR, the Colt Monitor Machine Rifle, remains the lightest production automatic gun to fire the .30-06 Springfield cartridge, though the limited capacity of its standard 20-round magazine tended to hamper its utility in that role. Although the weapon did see some action in World War I, the BAR did not become standard issue in the U.S. Army until 1938 when it was issued to squads as a portable light machine gun. The BAR saw extensive service in both World War II and the Korean War and saw some service early in the Vietnam War. The U.S. Army began phasing out the BAR in the late 1950s and was without a portable light machine gun until the introduction of the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon in the mid-1980s.
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"m1918 browning automatic rifle." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/m1918 browning automatic rifle>. | <urn:uuid:022dc9ff-ce29-4f36-bb52-d57665208db1> | {
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When planting carrots, it is worth taking steps to protect them from their main pest; the carrot root fly. These small carrot root flies (8mm in length) lay eggs in the soil near carrots, particularly after you weed or thin carrots. Carrot root fly is very damaging to carrots, parsley and parsnips and is generally a real nuisance in the vegetable garden.
About a week after being laid, larvae emerge and begin feeding. First symptoms are a reddening of the carrot leaves, which then begin to wilt. If you lift the carrot root you will see tunnels eaten by the larvae and may see the creamy coloured larvae which are about 1cm in length. Attack on your carrot plants can start as early as April and continue until mid-September.
There are usually two generations of the carrot root flies with eggs first laid in April/May and a second generation laid in July/August. Carrots growing in the ground at these times are vulnerable to attack. More damage is caused by the second generation. Treat carrot root fly organically with SuperNemos. SuperNemos is one of the best natural methods to control carrot root fly. SuperNemos is a biological product containing microscopic beneficial nematodes (found in healthy soil). This organic invention aggressively pursues several different groups of garden pest.
As well as carrot root fly and cabbage root fly, it is effective against wireworms, vine weevils, strawberry root weevils, carrot weevils, chafer grubs, caterpillars, cutworms, leatherjackets, cucumber, tomato and potato beetle larvae, cabbage worm, fungus gnat’s larvae and many more common garden pests with just one application. Simply add the contents of the box to your watering can and water onto the soil surface. The Nematodes will disperse into the soil and attack and kill off soil-borne pests, protecting your carrots, potatoes, cabbage, parsnips, cauliflowers and broccoli.
Remember to apply the treatment through a watering can and spread the liquid evenly over the entire soil surface when the soil temperature is above 10 degrees celcius.
How to Prevent and Treat Root Fly
- Always rotate crops
- Grow plants under an insect proof mesh
- Check regularly for signs of infection
- Use a nematodes treatment such as SuperNemos | <urn:uuid:f70e26a0-52c6-438e-a8b9-9bc89f5c1f20> | {
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This project required us to create a motion graphics piece based on an object that we have found at the Battle of Trafalgar exhibition in the Maritime Museum. My object was a painting of Nelson when he had lost his arm. I had to use this within the final piece to create a narrative around it.
My aim was not to highlight the fact that Nelson had lost his arm, but to highlight the fact that he had lost the ability to write to his loved ones. I personally feel that I have achieved that within the short clip that I created. However I do feel that I could have added a bit more information, perhaps even the first letter he tried to write with his other hand to show his struggle.
As this was my first time using After Effects I feel my strongest element was the text that looked like it was being written as you read it. However I do feel I could have experimented a bit more in order to create a more successful video.
I mentioned that my aim was to have this motion graphics piece on the BBC Bitesize website as an introduction to a documentary. I feel that this would be suitable for the website and I feel that my target audience would find it interesting.
This is my final piece for this project called “Battle of Santa Cruz”
Seeing as I am not familiar with After Effects I created a small clip just to get used to all the tools available and to see what I am able to do.
This is a very simple clip of different things I tried whilst using after effects. The final would have to be a lot more advanced.
I need to ensure that I display enough information in the clip in order for the target audience to know what the clip is about. I have made a list of elements I would like to add:
- Object (Introduction)
- Who is Nelson?
- How did he lose his arm?
- Moment of weakness?
Seeing as I am not confident with animation and motion graphics I have found some basic tutorials to follow which will enable me to develop my range of skills using after effects.
Here are some of the tutorials that I have been looking at:
Because I am talking about handwriting and losing a limb that will stop you from using it I intend to have some moving handwriting within the clip. Which is why I found this tutorial quite useful.
As the information that I want to show in my video is quite rare and interesting I intend to make a educational clip that might appeal to children. There are various of these kind of clips around for educational purposes, for example BBC Bitesize
Having looked at these following clips and the others that feature on the Website I feel that this will be an appropriate audience for me to target. Not only because of the information that I am going to display but also the structure of the video it self. I feel that I will be able to achieve a similar style and quality as the videos.
For example my clip could feature on the BBC Bitesize Webpage as a short introduction to Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar.
As mentioned before, I had to choose and object from the Battle of Trafalgar Exhibit at the Maritime Museum. The next step is to use that object as a focus point of the Motion Graphics Piece.
During the visit to the Museum I came across a very interesting part of one of the most significant moments of Nelsons life.
The description on the left describes the photo above.
More research about this painting describes a very interesting moment in Nelsons life. He was obviously seen as a very strong individual, however Nelson stated the weakest moment in his life was not when he lost his right arm, but when he couldn’t right to his loved ones due to the loss of his am. Something that anyone else might feel is a very simple thing, marked the most significant moment in his life. Writing to his woman was the only way of personally communicating with her.
This is why I have chosen this object and is what I would like to show in my video: The fact that losing his arm isn’t what made him feel weak and in fact it being the loss of communication to his loved ones. | <urn:uuid:5d2acf7d-256a-41e3-9a6c-fdb16cfe43a6> | {
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Flyer to send home to parentsPDF
We have created these publications to support teachers of writing, and they may be used to inform parents as well. Many delve deeper into explanations of why writing workshop is set up as it is, or explore specific craft or genre issues.
Generate ideas with these exercises. Each can be a mini-lesson.PDF | <urn:uuid:9e203c4b-c88f-4eba-a862-aabcd320fa38> | {
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Return to: List of Papers on the WebGo to: Frequently Asked Questions
Caption for Crab Nebula.
More and more astronomical evidence shows the weaknesses of the theory stating that the universe started with a Big Bang. A Canadian Astrophysicist presents this evidence and explains how the cosmic redshift is caused by gaseous matter in space.
1 --- Introduction
We are all so accustomed to reading that the universe "began" once a time with the Big Bang that most people no longer think it necessary to question or scrutinize it. A detailed analysis of the Big Bang theory, however, leads to consequences and implications that are inconsistent, or are contradicted by astrophysical observations, including important ones.
At the same time, one of the pillars of the model, the all important cosmic redshift- the shifting of spectral lines toward the red end of the spectrum, in proportion to the distance of the source from us- can be explained without invoking the Doppler velocity interpretation(1) so dear to Big Bang theorists. The redshift is explained instead by taking the intergalactic medium into account, and correcting our understanding of how light interacts with such a medium on its way to the observer. Two different theoretical approaches, semi classical electrodynamics and quantum electrodynamics, have shown that all interactions or collisions of electrodynamics waves (photons) with atoms are inelastic; that is, the photons lose a very small part of their energy as a result of the interaction. Hence, the greater the depth of the intergalactic medium through which a galaxy's light must pass, the more toward the low-energy end of the spectrum - that is, toward the red - is the light frequency shifted.
These considerations eliminate the limit on the size of the universe imposed by the Big Bang theory. Indeed one can say that the universe far greater than imagined.
--- The Big Bang Universe
It is widely believed among scientists that the universe originated from an extremely dense concentration of material. The original expansion of this material is described as the Big Bang. Although the primeval soup is thought to have originated at zero volume, quantum physics considerations require that it could not be described before its diameter in centimeter reached about 10-33 (that is, 1-billion-trillion-trillionth cm). This means that the universe, then expanding at near the speed of light, was about 10-43 second old.
After that instant, according to the Big Bang theory, the universe kept expanding and became many billions of billions of times (on the order of 1020 times) larger and older, until it reached the size of an electron that has a radius of approximately 10-13 cm, when the universe was 10-23 second old. During the following 15 billion years, according to the theory, the universe expanded to a radius of 15 billion light-years to the size it is claimed today. (A light-year, the distance traversed by light in a vacuum in one year, is 9.5 × 1012 kilometers.)
The author (center) with the organizers of the Feb. 1989 Plasma Universe conference in La Jolla, Calif., Nobel laureate Hannes Alfvén (right) and Anthony Peratt of Los Alamos National Laboratory (left).
These are the dimensions and time scale required by the Big bang model, a model that has certainly not been accepted by all scientists because it leads to insurmountable difficulties. Prominent scientists like R. L. Millikan and Edwin Hubble thought that the Big Bang model created more problems for cosmology than it solved, and that photon energy loss was a simpler and "less irrational" explanation of the redshift than its interpretation as a Doppler effect caused by recessional velocity, in keeping with the Big Bang (Reber 1989; Hubble 1937).
more recent years, Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfvén, and other
students of astrophysical plasma have challenged the Big Bang
with an alternative conception called Plasma Universe. In this
cosmology, the universe has always existed and has never been
concentrated in a point; galaxies and clusters of galaxies are
shaped not only by gravity, but by electrical and magnetic
fields over longer times that available in the Big Bang model (Peratt 1988, 1989; Bostick
From its birth in the 1930s, the Big Bang theory has been a subject of Controversy (Reber 1989, Cherry 1989). Indeed, our view of the universe must always be open to consideration and reconsideration.
This article will demonstrate that the big bang model is physically unacceptable because it is incompatible with important observations. Severe philosophical problems with the Big Bang are also brought up (see Maddox 1989). Science, however, is dedicated to the discovery of the causes of observed phenomena; the Big Bang model thus leads to the rejection of the principle of causality that is fundamental in philosophy as well as in physics. It is actually a creationist theory that differs from other creationisms (for example, one that claims creation took place about 4000 B.C.) only in the number of years since creation. According to the Big Bang model, creation occurred between 10 and 20 billion years ago.
--- Defective Evidence.
Support for the Big Bang theory has been built upon three main kinds of evidence:
First, the Big Bang assumes that the observable universe is expanding. Support for this is offered by interpreting the redshifts of remote galaxies and many other systems as Doppler shifts. Hence these redshifts would show that these systems are all flying away from each other.
Second, the Big bang theory predicts the cosmic abundance of some light elements like helium-4, deuterium, and lithium-7. The available evidence of cosmic abundances is said to confirm the predictions.
Third, Alpher, Bethe, and Gamow in 1948 used the Big bang theory to predict the existence of a low temperature background radiation throughout the universe at 25K as a relic of the initial Big Bang explosion. A background radiation at a temperature of about 3K (emitting radiation 5000 times less intense, see Planck's law) has indeed been discovered(2), and is being interpreted as the predicted relic.
The support afforded by the Big bang model by these three arguments is, however, only apparent and does not withstand a serious detailed analysis. In fact, the observational evidence from astrophysics is more in keeping with the model suggested by this author of a stable universe. Here, in brief, is the evidence from astrophysics:
A large number of redshift observations cannot be explained by the Doppler theory. Astronomer Halton Arp's 1987 book "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies" provides an extensive review of them, as does a lengthy 1989 review article by the Indian astrophysicist J. V. Narlikar. A catalogue of 780 references to redshift observations inexplicable by the Doppler effect was published in 1981 by K. J. Reboul under the title, "Untrivial Redshifts: A Bibliographical Catalogue". Many other papers indicate that non-velocity produced redshifts have been observed.
A non-Doppler interpretation of the redshift actually leads to better agreement of theory with the actual observations, as shown below.
Light Element Production.
It is not necessary to invoke a Big Bang in order to explain the observed abundances of light elements. A plasma model of galaxy formation accomplishes the task very well (Rees 1978; Lerner 1989). The plasma model shows that the elements are produced during galaxy formation in their observed abundances by early massive and intermediate stars. The nuclear reactions and cosmic rays generated in and by these stars lead to production of the elements. As a recent reviewer of plasma theory wrote, the plasma model: "accounts accurately for the observed overabundance of oxygen in the lowest metallicity stars, and deuterium, and does not over-produce the remaining rare light elements - lithium, beryllium, and boron" (Lerner 1989).
Cosmic Background Radiation.
The existence of the 3 K microwave radiation is no longer valid evidence for the Big Bang. There is no need to assume, as Big Bang believers do, that this background radiation came from a highly Doppler-redshifted blackbody(3)at about 3,000. K - that is, from the exploding ball of matter - when its density became low enough for energy and matter to decouple. The background radiation is simply Planck's blackbody radiation emitted by our unlimited universe that is also at a temperature of about 3 K (Marmet 1988).
The inhomogeneity of matter in the universe today means that there should be some inhomogeneity in the cosmic background radiation if it originated in a Big Bang. But no fundamental inhomogeneity in the background has been clearly found, despite tests that are sensitive down to small scales. Matter is concentrated in galaxies, in clusters and super clusters of galaxies, and in what has been called the Great Attractor (a tentatively identified but huge concentration of mass centered 150 million light-years away). These important inhomogeneities in the composition of the universe as we see it today must have first appeared in the early universe (if it exists). In fact, a comparable inhomogeneity must have existed in the matter that emitted the 3 K radiation. That inhomogeneity must appear as a distortion in the Hubble flow(4) (Dressler 1989) and must lead to observable irregularities in the 3 K background. Inhomogeneities in the 3 K radiation have been looked for but nothing is compatible with the mass observed in the Great Attractor. A. E. Lange recently reported that there is no observable inhomogeneity even with a resolution of 10 seconds of arc and a sensitivity in temperature as high as DT=± 0.00001 K (Lange 1989).
Nor can Einstein's general theory of relativity be applied in a consistent manner to the Big Bang model. According to the model, when the universe was the size of an electron and was 10-23 second old, it was clearly a black hole - a concentration of mass so great that its self-gravitation would prevent the escape of any mass or radiation. Consequently, according to Einsteinian relativity, it could not have expanded. Therefore, one would have to assume that gravity started to exist only gradually after the creation of the universe, but that amounts to changing the laws of physics arbitrarily to save the Big Bang model. In contrast, a stable universe as suggested here agrees with Einstein's relativity theory, taking into account the cosmological constant(5) he proposed in 1917.
Recent astronomical discoveries pose an additional and very serious problem for the Big Bang theory. Larger and larger structures are being found to exist at greater and greater redshifts, indicating their existence in the increasingly distant past. (Whether one assumes the Big Bang or the theory presented here, the redshift is normally an indicator of distances, and because it takes time for light to travel, the image of a highly redshifted object is seen on Earth today as it was when the light began to travel.)
In 1988, Simon Lilly of the university of Hawaii reported the discovery of a mature galaxy at the enormous redshift of 3.4; that is, the amount of the redshift for any spectral line from the galaxy is 340 per cent of the line's proper wavelength (Lilly 1988). This puts the galaxy so far in time that the Big Bang scheme does not allow sufficient time for its formation! In a news report on Lilly's work, Sky & Telescope reports: "The appearance of a mature galaxy so soon after the Big Bang poses a serious threat . . ." (Aug. 1988, p. 124).
In 1989 came the discovery of the "Great Wall" of galaxies, a sheet of Galaxies 500 million light-years long, 200 million light-years wide, and approximately 15 million light-years thick, with the dimensions of the structure being limited only by the scale of the survey (Geller and Huchra 1989). It is located between 200 and 300 million light-years from Earth. In an interview with the Boston Globe (Nov. 17 1989), Margaret Geller of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics offered some frank comments on the implications of her discovery:
The size of the structure indicates that in present theories of the formation of the universe "something is really wrong that makes a big difference,"Geller said in an interview:
--- The Redshift and the Intergalactic Medium.
All the observed phenomena cited above can be explained without recourse to the Big Bang theory. But what about the cosmic redshift, the central subject of this article? This author has explained the cosmic redshift by improving our understanding of the interaction of light with atoms and molecules. The observational fact upon which Big Bang advocates and opponents agree is that the redshift of galaxies generally increases with distance. This relationship would arise if the light we receive from galaxies loses some of its energy to the intergalactic medium through which it must pass. In that case, the greater the depth of the intergalactic medium between a galaxy and the observer, the more its light is shifted toward the low-energy (red) end of the spectrum.
A redshift from the interaction of photons with atoms in the galactic and intergalactic media was previously denied: Most scientists are accustomed to thinking that when photons interact with the medium through which they pass, losing some energy in the process, some significant angular dispersion of the photons must result. Most of the light from other galaxies, they say, cannot undergo any appreciable interaction with the intervening medium, because the resulting angular dispersion would cause their images to become blurred, and our images of other galaxies are, indeed, not blurred.
The usual explanation of how light travels through gases, however, is inconsistent and incomplete. Physicists understand that when a beam of light passes through the atmosphere, a fraction of the photons interacts with the medium and loses energy to it, undergoing angular dispersion. This is known as Rayleigh scattering after British physicist John Rayleigh. Most physicists assume that the rest of the light, which suffers no dispersion, passes through the medium without interaction. Given the density of the atoms and molecules of the atmosphere, however, this is clearly impossible.
A more sensible conclusion is that most interactions involve an atom or molecule absorbing a photon and reemitting it in the forward direction. We shall see that these interactions are inelastic; that is, the reemitted photons have lost some of the original energy to the atom or molecule, and hence their wavelengths are longer (redder) (Marmet 1988); (Marmet and Reber 1989). The familiar concept of the index of refraction exposes the problem to view. The velocity of light (group velocity) is reduced in gases, relative to its velocity in a vacuum, as expressed by the index of refraction. The derivation of the index of refraction assumes that matter is homogenous and that one neglects the existence of individual atoms. The reduced velocity applies to all of the light. At atmospheric pressure, one does not easily notice this reduced speed of propagation in air, precisely because almost all photons are transmitted without angular dispersion (scattering).
At a distance of 100 meters, for example, it is everyday experience that light is transmitted through calm air without any noticeable angular dispersion and does not produce any visible fuzziness - even when images are observed through a telescope. The index of refraction of air (n=1.0003) shows that interactions or collisions of photons on air molecules are such that the photons are delayed by 3 centimeter in a trajectory of 100 meters, with respect to transmission in a vacuum (see Figure 1). Only that small delay of 3 cm can be explained by a large number of photon-molecule collisions.
Light transmitted through air is slowed by its interaction with air molecules. In the same time, that light traverses 100 meters in a vacuum (a), it traverses only 99.97 meters in air (b). This is expressed in the index of refraction for air, 1.0003. Many photon-molecule interactions are required to explain such a long delay. Since an object seen at 100 meters is not fuzzy, one must conclude that these photon-molecule interactions do not lead to angular dispersion of most of the light, although this is still the common assumption. In fact, the photons must be reemitted from such interactions in the forward direction.
delay of 3 cm corresponds to about one billion the size of the
atom. Therefore we can be sure that not only all photons had
more than one interaction with air molecules, but that it must
take on the order of one billion collisions to produce such a
delay. The photons have undergone about one billion collisions
with air molecules without any significant angular dispersion,
because the image is not fuzzy. Photon-molecule collision
without angular dispersion is an everyday experience that has
been completely overlooked.
In space, where the gas density is lower by more than 20 orders of magnitude, the same phenomenon takes place. A photon undergoes about one interaction (due to the index of refraction, with no angular dispersion) per week.; Rayleigh scattering producing diffusion in all directions, is enormously less frequent just as in the atmosphere. Hence, almost all interactions of photons with gas molecules take place without any measurable angular dispersion.
--- The Consequences of these Interactions.
What then are the consequences of these interactions? It is necessary to examine the character of photon collisions with individual atoms. We have just seen above that the collisions produce a delay in the transmission of light; Therefore, there is a finite interval of time during which the photons is absorbed before being reemitted.
An atom is polarized, in a transverse direction, by the passage of electromagnetic waves (photons) moving across it. The positively charged nucleus is attracted on one direction while the negatively charge surrounding electrons cloud is attracted in the other. In this field, at least a part of the energy of the electromagnetic wave is transmitted, in the axial direction, to the electron of the atom. This is called a polarized atom (with an energy of polarization). The momentum(6) of this transferred energy necessarily gives an acceleration to the electron, causing a secondary photon to be emitted, a phenomenon known as bremsstrahlung (braking radiation) (see Figure 2).
PHOTONS ALWAYS LOSE ENERGY INTERACTING WITH ATOMS.
It has been calculated that under ordinary conditions, the energy loss per collision is about 10-13 of the energy of the incoming photon (Marmet 1988). Hence the phenomenon produces a redshift that follows the same rule as the Doppler effect: Whatever the wavelength emitted by the source, the relative change of wavelength is constant (Dl/l =constant). The secondary photon (bremsstrahlung photon), which carries away the lost energy, has a wavelength several thousand kilometers long. Because the longest wavelength observed so far in radio astronomy is 144 meters (Reber 1968, 1977), these secondary photons of very long wavelength cannot yet be detected. They are, however, predicted by electrodynamics theory.
CAPTION OF FIGURE 3
Marmet's photon-atom interaction theory mentioned above is the only "non ad-hoc" explanation predicting the amount and the rate of change of the solar redshift (solid line labeled Marmet). The experimentally determined redshift on the solar disk, moving from the disk's center (Sin q =0) to its limb (Sin q =1.0), is shown in the dotted and dashed curves. Observational values of Adam (1948) and Finlay-Freundlich (1954). The redshift is given in wavelength units of 10-13 meters on the y-axis. Other theories that attempt to explain this redshift as a Doppler effect produces the two upper curves: Schatzman and Magnan (1975), motion of gas in the solar granules) and Finlay-Freundlich (1954), motion in the photosphere and chromosphere). Allowances has been made for the differential Doppler shift arising from the Sun's rotation.
The conclusion that interactions of photons with atoms must always result in the production of secondary photons has been derived from quantum electrodynamics (Jauch and Rohlich 1980); Bethe and Salpeter (1957), and was independently derived by this author from classical electrodynamics (Marmet 1988). However, only the last-mentioned study was able to predict the amount of energy lost in the process.
--- Experimental Confirmation.
Experimental confirmation of the theory of the redshift developed here has been achieved in several instances, with observations of the Sun (Marmet 1989), binary stars, and other cases (Marmet 1988a; Marmet and Reber 1989). Perhaps the most dramatic of these confirmations is in the case of the Sun, where the theory has been applied to the redshift anomaly associated with the solar chromosphere. When spectroscopic measurements are made of light from the center of the Sun's disk and compared with those from the limb (edge of the disk), the latter are found to be redshifted with respect to the former - Above and beyond the Doppler shift that arise from the Sun's rotation. This anomaly was first reported in 1907, and has been confirmed by all experts in the field.
Attempts have been made to explain this redshift as a Doppler effect on the basis of the motion of masses of gas in the photosphere and chromosphere, or such motions in the solar granules (convection cells). The inadequate predictive power of these hypotheses can be seen in Figure 3. The figure shows the observed amount of the redshift as a function of the position between the center of the redshift as a function of position between the center of the Sun's disk and the limb, and compares this observed curve to the curves required by two of these theories.
If, however, the redshift arises from the increasing number of photon-atom interactions between source and observer as the spectroscope sample positions nearer the limb (Figure 4), the theory developed here applies, and provides an accurate prediction of the observed curve) Figure 3). The theory is also successful in explaining the absence of redshifting for several spectral lines in terms of their known origin in very high layers of the Sun, and in explaining a stronger redshift for the iron line at 5,250 angstroms in terms of its known origin in a deeper layer.
--- Is there Enough Matter in Space?
Is there enough matter in space to account for the observed redshift in terms of the theory offered here? An average concentration of about 0.01 atom/cm3 is required to produce the observed redshift, as given by the Hubble constant (Marmet 1988b). This required density of matter in space is larger than what has been measured experimentally until presently, but our ability to detect such matter is still very imperfect. Almost all of our methods of detection are selective and can detect only one kind of matter. Most methods use spectroscopy to detect radiation emitted or absorbed by the matter. There are strong reasons for thinking that there is much more matter in space than has been observed.
Although atomic hydrogen is found extensively in space and can be detected by the emission and absorption of its characteristic radiowaves of 12-cm wavelength, it is likely that cold atomic hydrogen condenses to the molecular form (H2), which must be also present extensively in space. Cold molecular hydrogen and helium, however, are undetectable at visible or radio wavelengths. Since molecular hydrogen (H2) has no permanent electric dipole(7), it does not easily emit or absorb radiation. Most excited molecules emit photons in about 10-8 second. However, the spontaneous emission of the first rotational state of molecular hydrogen is practically nonexistent (rotational states are different molecular energy levels) even after many thousands of years. A transition (by spontaneous emission) from the second rotational state of molecular hydrogen is relatively much more probable but would require about 30 billion seconds (about 1,000 years). That is about 18 orders of magnitude less probable than an ordinary dipole transition. At the sixth rotational state the quantum transition still takes as much as one year.
The extreme rarity of these "forbidden" transitions means that one cannot hope to detect molecular hydrogen spectroscopically. Only in the far ultraviolet portion of the spectrum can some molecular hydrogen be detected in the neighborhood of ultraviolet-emitting stars. Because of its nature, molecular hydrogen is very likely extremely abundant in space - but not detectable with methods now available.
Caption of Figure 4
Application of the Photon-Atom Interaction Theory to the Solar Redshift.
Light observed at the center of the solar disk along line of sight A, passes through an amount of solar atmosphere represented by "a". Light observed at the solar limb along line of sight B passes through a much larger amount of solar atmosphere represented by "b". (A and B converge at the observer). Hence the photon-atom interaction theory predicts an increasing redshift toward the limb.
are other indications of large amounts of invisible matter in
the universe. For example, it has been unexpectedly discovered
that the matter in galaxies may extend to as much as 10 times
the radius of its visible component. This possibility arises
from the study of differential rotational velocity of the matter
in galaxies. From the laws of orbital motion, we expect the
orbital velocity of matter (in kilometers per second, for
example) to fall off as the square of the total mass enclosed
within the orbit. In other words, in moving from a galaxy's
nucleus to its periphery, we expect to encounter ever lower
velocities, just as in the solar system the outer planets move
more slowly. Instead, it has been found that the velocity
remains roughly constant. The conclusion drawn from this
apparent deviation from the laws of motion is that there must be
an important amount of invisible matter in galaxies, comprising
as much as 90 to 99 percent of the whole (Rubin 1983, 1988). It
is reasonable to expect that a still much larger amount of
invisible matter lies farther out, around galaxies.
The Big Bang model suffers from crucial failures that are becoming increasingly serious with continuing progress in astronomical observations. These observations, however, are consistent with a universe that is unlimited in time and space. The density of matter that may exist in intergalactic space - allowing for molecular hydrogen - is compatible with the density (about 0.01 atom/cm3) required in the author's cosmological model. At the same time, the background radiation predicted in an unlimited universe is compatible with the high homogeneity of the observed 3 K background (Marmet 1988).It is clear that God did not limit Himself to a finite universe at one time and place, but made the universe in His own image, infinite in space and time.
About the Author.
The wavelength of radiation observed is longer (redshifted) than the wavelength emitted when it comes from a source that is moving away from the observer, a discovery made by J. C. Doppler in 1842. Likewise, the wavelength observed becomes shorter (blueshifted) when the object is approaching the observer. The redshift of light from remote galaxies is usually interpreted as being caused by the relative motion of these galaxies away from our own, in an expanding universe.
Return to text: note (1) | <urn:uuid:18881782-53a5-4492-9c31-65abe18a41c1> | {
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Heart Amulet with Head of a Scarab
The heart was generally the only organ left inside the human mummy. Ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was the seat of one’s consciousness, and that it was weighed against the feather of truth during Osiris’s judgment of the deceased. If the scale remained in balance, the deceased was accepted into the afterlife. To ensure success, a heart scarab was placed close to the heart of the mummy. Its inscriptions asked the heart to support the deceased during judgment.
The unusual shape of this amulet represents an animal’s heart—the shape of the hieroglyph for “heart”—with the head of a scarab beetle, a symbol of regeneration.
- Medium: Jade (probably)
- Dates: 1539-1190 B.C.
- Dynasty: XVIII Dynasty - XIX Dynasty
- Period: New Kingdom
- Dimensions: 9/16 x 1 1/16 x 1 7/8 in. (1.5 x 2.7 x 4.8 cm) (show scale)
- Inscriptions: Yes
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 37.492E
- Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Heart Amulet with Head of a Scarab, 1539-1190 B.C. Jade (probably), 9/16 x 1 1/16 x 1 7/8 in. (1.5 x 2.7 x 4.8 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 37.492E. Creative Commons-BY
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Assessment Patterns in E-Learning
Remember the time when you were in school when those tests and exams made you wait for your school life to end? Guess what? Tests, exam and assessment and whatever sorrow you might call it, will continue to haunt you for the rest of your life! So you might as well make peace with the fact that Life in itself is an assessment of sorts with no grades allocated. However, when it comes to e-learning, assessment is a serious forerunner to contemplating and completing your course.
Assessments are an integral part of gauging the understanding of the learner, about the subject at hand. They help organizations to keep track of their employee’s performance, while motivating the learner to do better. Commonly, e- learning courses within an organization are used for the purpose of career development. Irrespective of the fact when and how and where an e-learning course is used, assessments are an inevitable factor in the process. Let us take a look at the types of assessments and the formats in which they are presented.
Formative assessments provide ongoing feedback immediately after a chapter or module. This helps in recognizing and addressing problems immediately. Formative assessments generally have no points or scores as they just prepare the learner for the final assessment at the end of the course
A Summative assessment on the other hand, is an evaluation at the end of the course, usually with preconceived standards of excellence, along with a high point value. Basically, this is ‘final examination’ of your course. Interestingly, summative assessments can also be used formatively, in subsequent courses. Ideally, summative and formative assessments are shown in the following ways :
Single Select: Evaluates learners analytical skills. Here the learner must choose the correct answer from the list of options given. Feedback needs to be given in the form of correct and incorrect message.
Multiple Select: Usually used to recall concepts, the learner must choose the correct options, usually two or three, depending on the question. Feedback needs to be given in the form of correct, incorrect or perusal message.
Drag and Drop: Mostly used for recall of keywords, in context of a sentence or, a phrase. The learner is required to drop the correct answer in the corresponding box or tab.
Matching: Shows the relationship between two sets of data, one having to match the other. The learner is expected to match the corresponding right answers.
Drop Down: Gauges the learners’ methodical reasoning. The learner must choose the right answer from the options given. The options are shown a drop down box, which and the cursor can be used to click on the options.
When it comes to e-learning, assessments are tools that measure knowledge skills and attitude of the learner, while determining the next step, in terms of growth within an organization
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The divine messages revealed throughout history have certain constant, unchanging features: warning (the disbelievers) and bringing glad tidings (to the believers); encouragement and dissuasion; and reward and punishment. This is because the result of actions -- be it prosperity or wretchedness; ending up in Paradise or Hell -- is the ultimate purpose of worshiping Allah The Almighty.
Allah The Almighty created humans in a manner that they are ready to accept reform through the methodology of reward and punishment. Children can be easily molded and the person who takes care of them during the childhood years is the one who forms the characteristics and traits of their personality. The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said: ~“Every child is born in the state of Fitrah (innate sound predisposition, which means Islam) and then his parents make him Jewish, Christian or Magian.”~~
The young child has the ability to do both what is right and what is wrong, but he may not know the difference between them. Hence, the methodology of reward and punishment emerges as one of the most important means of achieving a sound upbringing. The purpose of this methodology is to teach the child how to do what is right and avoid what is wrong so that he is motivated to do the right things, while avoiding what is wrong and to abide by this guidance.
However, for this methodology to be fruitful there should be many restrictions when rewarding the child for a good deed or punishing him for a wrong one.
The most important restrictions include being just when punishing children and the most important aspects of this justice are:
1. Do not punish only one child and let other guilty children get away, for this makes the child confused about the true concept of justice.
2. Punishment should not be meted out if the child is innocent.
This requires being careful and ascertaining that the mistake was made by the child, not by others. Many children resort to defensive lying or retaliation and they may tell persuasive stories so that others would be punished instead of them just because they are older or have a stronger ability to express themselves. When an innocent child is punished, he feels oppressed and this has dire consequences on the psychology and future of the child. Thus, the simplest right of the oppressed child is to apologize to him so that we remove the effects of oppression and teach him how to admit a mistake.
3. Children should not be punished for behavior that they did by mistake or out of forgetfulness, or compulsion.
Out of His mercy for His slaves, Allah The Almighty pardons them if they forget something, do it by mistake or because of being coerced to do it. The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said: ~“Allah The Almighty has pardoned my Ummah (nation) for what they do by mistake, forgetfulness and what they are coerced to do.”~~ There can be many situations of this sort, for instance children might forget what they were asked to do; knock over a dish by mistake and spill food; or hasten to fetch a dish for the mother but they might not be able to carry it so that it falls and is broken. Allah The Almighty pardons adults in such cases, so how can we punish children who have not reached the age of puberty and discernment yet?
4. Children should not be punished for a mistake that has hurt them and caused them pain.
This is because the pain is a means of disciplining him and this is enough. There is no need to reproach him in this case as this adds to his pain -- especially if he has lost something personal such as a toy that has broken, or he was injured because of touching a hot pot. It is acceptable to explain to him that the reason for what happened is that he did not listen to our instructions and warnings and that he has to bear the consequences of his actions. However, if he is in severe pain, we should postpone this explanation until he is better.
5. Children should not be punished for being naturally active.
Moving around a lot and being active is one of the characteristics of childhood and this is proof of being healthy and of growing naturally. It is not fair to punish the child for this reason or to restrain his movements, but we can guide him and control his behavior.
6. Children should not be punished for problems that they cannot control.
It is not fair to punish a child because he has psychological problems such as fear or jealousy, or if his mental abilities are less than average and his level at school is not good. In such cases, punishment complicates the problem and may result in other psychological problems.
7. Children should not be punished or the punishment should be mitigated if they admit their mistake.
Insisting on meting out punishment despite the fact that the child has admitted his mistake will lead him to avoid admitting any mistake that he makes later on.
8. Punishment should be appropriate.
Children should not be punished severely for a small mistake or go unpunished when they commit a grave mistake.
9. Children should not be punished when they make a mistake for the first time.
This is because children do not know the effects that result from their deeds because of their limited experience, so we should only punish them when they repeat the mistake. We should try reforming them with the methodology of reward then punishment, while directing them to what is right and the alternative, preferred pattern of behavior.
10. Is apology an alternative to punishment?
We should teach children to apologize and encourage them to do so because apologizing is an important factor in the methodology of punishment. However, it comes into play after meting out punishment and not before it. This is because an important part of delivering the moral message behind punishment is making an apology. The child should realize the reason for the punishment, and apologizing should be the practical expression that indicates that the child understands the message.
Apologizing means that the child recognizes his mistake and this is why he is apologizing after paying the price for this mistake -- and this cannot happen if he apologizes before being punished. If he apologizes before being punished, threatening him with being punished would be in vain and he will make the same mistake again.
Finally, we should remember that children usually live under the authority of adults and this is why they set great store by justice in the manner in which they are treated. Thus, dear parent, you should punish your children but without humiliating them; you should strive to preserve mutual respect and love while meting out the punishment. Only then, would the true message of just punishment be delivered. | <urn:uuid:4f8252db-ca2e-4716-b92a-841da88620a4> | {
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Understanding why Venus and Earth became two different planets using cutting-edge satellite technology
My research activity in Paris Observatory’s LESIA laboratory (Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, UMR CNRS 8109) addresses ground-based and space-borne exploration of Venus and ground-based measurements of other solar system objects. It encompasses analysis of wind measurements and trace gases chemistry of sulfur gases in the Venus atmosphere, and participation in international missions to explore Venus proposed in the framework of the United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) space programs. My research activity in LESIA also includes participation in international campaigns to observe stellar occultations from distant solar system objects such as Centaurs or Trans-Neptunian Objects.
Surprisingly little is known about our nearest planetary neighbor, not even the basic sequence and timing of events that formed its dominant surface features. NASA/Magellan mission (1990-1994) revealed an enigma: a relatively young surface, rich in apparent geological activity, but with a crater distribution indistinguishable from random. How can a geologically active surface be reconciled with the global stasis inferred from the apparently random impact crater distribution? The surface of Venus is not organised into large plates like Earth’s oceans, but partitioned into areas of low strain bounded by narrow margins of high strain, analogous to continental basins on Earth. Are these regions actively created and destroyed, like Earth’s oceans, or simply mobilised locally? What is the significance of the global network of elevated rift systems on Venus, similar in extent to mid-ocean ridges but very different in appearance? Unique to Venus are coronae, quasi-circular tectonic features, typically 100–500 km across, with a range of associated volcanic features unseen elsewhere in the solar system. Are coronae the surface expression of plumes or magmatic intrusions? What role do they play in global tectonic and volcanic change?
At all scales, there is a huge variety of unexplained features on Venus – from volcanic, tectonic features (e.g. wrinkle ridges), evidence of large flows (canali), aeolian features that we do not understand in terms of a basic sequence of events. Are canali or other specific magmatic features confined to a past regime or still active today? Is there a correlation between mesospheric SO2 concentration and volcanic activity? On Venus, the spatial distribution of impact craters cannot be distinguished from a spatially random population. This indicates a much younger surface than most of the Earth’s continents (less than 600-800Ma). There are open questions about buried features and the nature of volcanic resurfacing. Are crater floors effusively infilled and buried from below?
Left : Idunn Mons (46 S; 146 W) in Imdr Regio, with its steep-sided dome at the summit, as well as lava flows extending in the surrounding plain, is characterised with high emissivity measurements pointing to recent volcanism; right : a volcanic shield field inside a corona structure, surrounded by a set of younger lava plains.
Representing about 10 % of the Venus surface, tesserae may represent the oldest terrain on Venus. The processes which have shaped them are unknown. They have never been visited by any lander, so their composition is unknown. They might be either felsic (formed in a water-rich environment) or mafic rock types. Detailed morphology and their tectonic features, coupled with characterisation of surface emissivity and subsurface features, will provide an extensive investigation of these regions and the entire sequence of geological events that have shaped the surface of Venus we know today.
Exploring the distant solar system using light from distant stars
The distant solar system contains largely unaltered material from the primordial circumsolar disk. It also kept the memory of the planetary migrations at the early stages of solar system formationand thus contains essential information on the origin and collisional evolution of our planetary system, the nature and alteration processes of primitive bodies, and the conditions for emergence and sustainability of nitrogen atmospheres such as Pluto’s.The method of observing stellar occultations, when an astronomical body passes in front of a star casting a shadow in starlight on the Earth, provides higher spatial resolution than any other Earth-based observing method. In addition, because the light being observed passes through any atmosphere or obstacle surrounding the occulting body, the method allows direct probing of the celestial body’s environment. This unique investigation requires a combined effort in predictions, astrometrical observations and analysis, portable instrumentation, time-critical ground-based deployment, observation and analysis.
In the last decade our group in LESIA has led the field by discovering rings around the asteroid-like object Chariklo, predicting and observing large trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) stellar occultation events (Quaoar, Makemake and Eris), and measuring drastic variations of Pluto’s atmospheric conditions along its seasonal variations. We also developed a distinct approach based on serendipitous detection of very small trans-Neptunian objects (a few hundred meters).
Titania is the largest uranian moon (d = 1576.8 ± 1.2 km). Our analysis of a stellar occultation allowed to constrain diameter, oblateness and density at better accuracy than the Voyager-2 fly-by in 1986. Near-IR spectroscopy has indicated the presence of water ice and carbon dioxide ice on the surface of Titania. While H2O ice is clearly not a candidate volatile, CO2ice stability against sublimation over a seasonal cycle of Titania can be considered. Our analysis allowed to set surface pressure upper limits of 10-20 nbar for a CO2, CH4or N2 atmosphere (Widemann et al., 2009). | <urn:uuid:019b83de-8ced-4f79-bb00-303d3590f005> | {
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Tuesday, September 15, 2009
In her latest book, Elizabeth Carmel explores how climate change is affecting the landscape that she calls home
In describing the Sierra Nevada Mountains, famed naturalist John Muir once wrote: “Along the [Central Valley’s] eastern margin rises the mighty Sierra, miles in height, reposing like a smooth, cumulous cloud in the sunny sky, and so gloriously colored, and so luminous, it seems to be not clothed with light, but wholly composed of it, like the wall of some celestial city.”
But like many natural treasures around the world, the Sierra is facing the effects of climate change, with future consequences that range somewhere between serious and catastrophic. Landscape photographer Elizabeth Carmel has lived in this region for many years, and she focuses on the challenges it faces in her latest book, The Changing Range of Light: Portraits of the Sierra Nevada (Hawks Peak Publishing, 2009).
But no longer is the challenge just about threats posed by urban development. The warming climate is causing such widespread physical and biological change that work by present-day nature photographers could one day be viewed as a record of what once was and is no more. Think melting icebergs in the Arctic and polar bears floating on chunks of broken ice that used to be solid sheets.
In the Sierra, changes in the way the landscape looks are subtle. So instead of approaching the topic from a “then vs. now” perspective, Carmel fills each page of the book with the unique and captivating landscape photography on which she has built her career. Paired with each image is short scientific commentary that explains how climate change is affecting or could affect that particular area. Poetry also is woven in among the technical accounts.
Page 1 of 3
Get 11 Issues of Outdoor Photographer for only $14.97!
That's 77% off the cover price! | <urn:uuid:34cc67c8-331d-41db-bfe3-d3e3576a7bce> | {
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|TCN 298: Technology Capstone|
The Web is a tremendous source of huge volumes of information but also a channel for self-serving, misguided, or simply inaccurate drivel. Here are several dimensions (in alphabetical order) along which to evaluate a web page or other source of information to help you consume the Internet wisely:
How current is the information? (Consider both how long since the page was posted and how old information was at the time of posting.) How quickly does this information change? Are there outdated links?
Is the page all flash and no substance? Is there a design that supports and reinforces the content?
Is the page presented to promote a cause or market a product? (It may be valid info nonetheless, but beware.)
What is the source of the information presented? Is that source clearly documented? Are alternative sources included or mentioned?
How close is the page to what you are looking for? Do you need to read between the lines?
Who has written the page and who presents it? (This is related to purpose.) What is the URL? (Components of that give hints as to the nature of the author.) Is the author someone likely to have an understanding of the material appropriate to what you are looking for? Is the author clearly identified?
There are some great resources, much from university libraries, on evaluating web sites. Here’s a few:
http://library.canisius.edu/help/evaluate.html">http://library.canisius.edu/help/evaluate.html An oldie, but goodie, from Canisius College, has been updated a bit from when I first offered it to students in 2000.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/research/webeval.html">http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/research/webeval.html Another old favorite, this one from Cornell, includes several links to other resources.
http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/webcheck.html">http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/webcheck.html The University of Maryland library provides this interactive checklist.Print | Top | TCN 298 Home
Anthony G Benoit | <urn:uuid:ae4412b0-3d6c-45bc-ae57-815592b40e76> | {
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Are apps stealing your personal data? Part Two
In the previous post, we looked at how some mobile apps can be malicious and attempt to take advantage by stealing your personal data for monetary gains. In this part, we will explore the measures that mobile app developers can take while building apps to make them more secure and prevent critical personal data loss.
Note to developers – Building secure mobile apps
Ensure libraries are free of vulnerabilities
Developers must be cautious while using third-party libraries as they could contain malicious code or could possess security flaws. Ensure that the code is tested thoroughly before being used in the app development.
Application sandboxing against malware
While building and testing apps, it is a good practice to follow sandboxing. This helps to isolate application data and code execution from other apps. A sandboxing approach helps execute untested or untrusted programs or code, possibly from unverified or untrusted third parties or websites, without risking harm to the host machine or operating system.
Don’t ask too many permissions to sensitive information
A simple app such as a flashlight does not require permission to access internet and location. These days users are concerned about data privacy issues and hence do not prefer apps that need permissions which they find unnecessary. Therefore, tuning down on number of permissions might help increase user adoption. In fact, one of the flashlight apps has put up a permission comparison screenshot to showcase less permissions as a USP:
Validate input fields to prevent SQL injection attacks
SQL injection is an attack technique that takes advantage of applications that don’t correctly validate user-supplied requests before passing them to the associated backend database. Using normal request channels such as form data, scripts and URLs, hackers can pass malicious SQL queries and commands to a database if they are not thoroughly checked first. By validating input fields and sanitizing data inputs regularly and monitoring input logs, threats like SQL injections can be thwarted.
GDPR regulations and what it means for mobile apps
From May 25 2018 onwards, GDPR will be applicable to all websites and mobile apps which serve users who are citizens of EU. Developers must ensure that they adhere to the EU guidelines and ensure greater data protection for app users. Some of the guidelines are to collect only vital information, encrypt that data and allow users to delete/modify said data at any point of time.
We have looked at some steps the developers can undertake to embed security in mobile apps right from design and development stages. In the next post we will explore how you as a user can protect yourselves from malicious mobile apps and prevent them from stealing your personal data. | <urn:uuid:41f66f15-bffd-40f3-8c50-8f8b67aef268> | {
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The Bank of Canada has a well documented target of 2% for its inflation rate.
If you Google this up you’ll even find a document from the Bank of Canada titled, “Why Has Canada’s Inflation Target Been Set at 2 Per Cent?”.
It’s a funny read for many reasons but one of the biggest things it does is hide its dangers in plain sight.
We vividly recall our parents saving up some money to help us with some of the future expenses we would have in our lives.
We also know how hard both our parents worked for that money so we know the effort that was put behind getting it.
They paid taxes when they made the money and then taxes will be paid when its spent.
But taxes aren’t the only thing they had working against them.
We all have to deal with the consequences of the Bank of Canada doing their 2% inflation magic.
Take a peak at this mini data below, if we start at Year 1 with $10,000 and keep adding 2% to it this is the result after ten years…
Year 1: $10,000 + 2% Inflation = $10,200
Year 2: $10,200 + 2% Inflation = $10,404
Year 3: $10,404 + 2% Inflation = $10,612
Year 10: $11,951 + 2% Inflation = $12,190
So a basket of goods that cost us $10,000 in year one would cost $12,190 after ten.
Or, put another way, the $10,000 our parents saved up would only have a purchasing power of approximately $8,200 in year 10.
They’ve done nothing different but their wealth has been destroyed almost $2,000.
Two thousand dollars of their after tax savings and labour … gone.
Most people just write this type of thinking off by saying, “Well, your income goes up so it’s no big deal if prices for things go up.”
And maybe it’s OK to justify it like that.
But we don’t.
We’re the children of hard working immigrant parents … we want fairness!! 😉
If this goes on for another ten years at 2% the value of that $10,000 becomes roughly only $6,600.
Now check this out…
If inflation is actually going a 3% a year, which no one seems to trouble over, then after twenty years the value of that $10,000 is almost cut in half!
The government gets the benefit of saying their income is much higher so their debt load doesn’t look as bad.
But we lose almost 50% of the value of our cash savings in twenty years.
Why bother saving at all in that type of environment? At least why bother saving in cash.
This silent theft is one of the reasons people feel it’s so difficult to “get ahead”.
For the majority of people who don’t deeply understand this they are doomed to make saving, investing and money decisions that likely won’t serve them very well.
It’s a tragedy! (OK, now we may be getting to dramatic but we feel this is important!)
And to be fair, it’s so sneaky and happens so slowly that it’s truly difficult to pay a lot of attention to when you are focused on a career, kids, family activities etc.
But let’s be very clear right now…
Inflation is one of the many reasons we like to have our own money in productive assets that pay for themselves because they tend to keep up with inflation.
So good properties in good areas with positive cash flow serve us, personally, in many ways.
This funny math is also one of the reasons that Central Banks want inflation so badly.
If the world’s Central Banks can slowly churn out 2%, 3% or even 4% inflation then the debt loads that they’re currently are under begin to look smaller as the economy is inflated to a higher Gross Domestic Product.
If you have $10,000 in debt and you earn $10,000 a year it doesn’t look very good.
People may not want to lend more to you.
But through the magic of inflation if you’re income goes up to $12,190 automatically because of inflation then your financial situation got better and you did nothing but sit and wait.
Governments can play these games.
It’s difficult for the average person to benefit as easily.
People who don’t grow their incomes by the same amount fall behind – and although they fall behind slowly at first it adds up very quickly.
Theft in plain sight.
In the Bank of Canada’s document that we referenced earlier they come out and admit all of this, here’s a quote from page 2,
“… if you deposit $100 in a savings account, it may earn you 2 per cent interest over one year; but if inflation is running at 4 per cent, your cash will be buying you less at the end of the year than it does now. The real rate of interest on your investment is a negative 2 per cent. So, in this case, you may choose to spend more now rather than save and have to fork out more money to buy later.”
In this example they don’t come out and say “theft”… they choose to say, “your investment is a negative 2 per cent.”
Brilliant and scary all at the same time, no?
“It is well that the people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.”
– Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company
Understanding how the money system works opens your eyes.
It’s worth our time.
Understanding this also allows us to make conclusions around things like interest rates.
With oil prices dropping and deflation setting in will central banks really raise interest rates in 2015 as we’ve been told?
Until next time … Your Life! Your Terms! | <urn:uuid:78e11bfe-64f8-484c-a20d-bd93a68075fa> | {
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