text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Specifically the contract of carriage of goods may be defined as the contract whereby a professional carrier engages to carry goods in accordance with a determined mode of transport and within a reasonable time with the understanding that the carriage of the goods is the principal object of the contract. A contract of carriage is a contract between a carrier of goods or passengers and the consignor consignee or passenger contracts of carriage typically define the rights duties and liabilities of parties to the contract addressing topics such as acts of god and including clauses such as force majeure . Basis of any carriage of the goods by sea is a sale contract ie a contract between the seller of the goods and the buyer when actual sale and purchase has been agreed between parties they make arrangements for transportation of the commodity from place of origin to place of delivery. Ii the test for contracts of carriage of goods as stated above the test of characteristic performance does not apply at all to contracts which do fall within the definition of a contract of carriage of goods
How it works:
1. Register a Free 1 month Trial Account.
2. Download as many books as you like ( Personal use )
3. No Commitment. Cancel anytime.
4. Join Over 100.000 Happy Readers.
5. That's it. What you waiting for? Sign Up and Get Your Books. | <urn:uuid:8adec48e-637e-44ea-b3e5-47c070dfaa28> | {
"date": "2018-10-19T19:35:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512434.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019191802-20181019213302-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9569393992424011,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 268,
"url": "http://anagama.org/file-ready/contracts-for-the-carriage-of-goods"
} |
Methamphetamine Information, Use, Testing and Treatment
Methamphetamine (/mɛθĉmfɛtəmiːn/, also known as methylamphetamine, N-methylamphetamine or desoxyephedrine) is a powerful psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. It is a member of the family of phenylethylamines. The levorotary (R-isomer) levomethamphetamine is an
over-the-counter drug and used in inhalers for nasal decongestion and does not possess the CNS activity of dextro or racemic methamphetamine. The dextrorotatory (S-isomer) dextromethamphetamine can be prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, though unmethylated amphetamine is more commonly prescribed. Narcolepsy and obesity can also be treated by the aforementioned isomer under the brand name Desoxyn. It is considered a second line of treatment, used when amphetamine and methylphenidate cause the patient too many side effects. It is only recommended for short-term use (~6 weeks) in treatment-resistant obesity patients because it is thought that the anorectic effects of the drug are short-lived and produce tolerance quickly, whereas the effects on CNS stimulation are much less susceptible to tolerance. It is
primarily used illegally for recreational purposes, weight loss and to maintain alertness, focus, motivation, with mental clarity for extended periods of time.
Methamphetamine enters the brain and triggers a cascading release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. It is highly active in the mesolimbic reward pathway of the brain, inducing intense euphoria, with high-risk for abuse and powerful addiction. Methamphetamine, to a lesser extent, acts as a dopaminergic and adrenergic reuptake inhibitor with high concentrations serving as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Users may become hypersexual or obsessed with a task, thought or activity. Withdrawal is characterized by excessive sleeping, eating, and major depression, often accompanied by anxiety and drug-craving. Users of methamphetamine often take sedatives such as benzodiazepines as a means of easing their "come down" and enable them to sleep.
Methamphetamine addiction typically occurs when a person begins to use it because of its powerful enhancing effects on mood and energy, weight loss and appetite suppression, among its other psychological and physical effects. Over time effectiveness decreases, and users find that they need to take higher doses to get the same results and have far greater difficulty functioning and experiencing pleasure without the drug than they did before. Many users report becoming an addict from their first "shot", or just one intravenous injection of crystal methamphetamine, marking its high affinity for a spiral of debilitating addiction and labelling as a "hard drug".
Common nicknames for methamphetamine include "crank", "meth", "ice", "snappy", "crystal", "tina", "glass", "P", "shabu" or "syabu" (Philippines), "tik" (South Africa), and "yaa baa" (Thailand). Methamphetamine is sometimes referred to as "speed", but this term is generally reserved for regular amphetamine anddextroamphetamine.
Buy Meth - Methamphetamine Drug Test
Need to test a substance or a suspicious powder? see
Substance Drug Test - Surface Drug Test - Drug Residue Test
Methamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in Japan in 1894 by chemist Nagayoshi Nagai. In 1919, crystallized methamphetamine was synthesized by Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine.
World War II
One of the earliest uses of methamphetamine was during World War II when the German military dispensed it under the trade name Pervitin. It was widely distributed across rank and division, from elite forces to tank crews and aircraft personnel. Chocolates dosed with methamphetamine were known as Fliegerschokolade ("flyer's chocolate") when given to pilots, or Panzerschokolade ("tanker's chocolate") when given to tank crews. From 1942 until his death in 1945, Adolf Hitler may have been given intravenous injections of methamphetamine by his personal physician Theodor Morell as a treatment for depression and fatigue. It is possible that it was used to treat Hitler's speculated Parkinson's disease, or that his Parkinson-like symptoms which developed from 1940 onwards resulted from using methamphetamine.
After World War II, a large supply of amphetamine stockpiled by the Japanese military became available in Japan under the street name shabu (also Philopon, pronounced ヒロポン, or Hiropon, a tradename). The Japanese Ministry of Health banned it in 1951; since then it has been increasingly produced by the yakuza criminal organization. Today methamphetamine is still associated with the Japanese underworld, and its use is discouraged by strong social taboos.
In the 1950s there was a rise in the legal prescription of methamphetamine to the American public. According to the 1951 edition of Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Arthur Grollman, it was to be prescribed for "narcolepsy, post-encephalitic Parkinsonism, alcoholism, ... in certain depressive states... and in the treatment of obesity."
The 1960s saw the start of significant use of clandestinely manufactured methamphetamine as well as methamphetamine created in users' own homes for personal use. The recreational use of methamphetamine peaked in the 1980s. The December 2, 1989 edition of The Economist described San Diego, California as the "methamphetamine capital of North America."
In 2000, The Economist again described San Diego, California as the methamphetamine capital of North America, and South Gate, California as the second capital city.
In 1983 laws were passed in the United States prohibiting possession of precursors and equipment for methamphetamine production; this was followed a month later by a bill passed in Canada enacting similar laws. In 1986 the U.S. government passed the Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act in an attempt to curb the growing use of designer drugs. Despite this, use of methamphetamine expanded throughout rural United States, especially through the Midwest and South.
Since 1989 five U.S. federal laws and dozens of state laws have been imposed in an attempt to curb the production of methamphetamine. Methamphetamine can be produced in home laboratories ( Meth Lab ) using pseudoephedrine or ephedrine, the active ingredients in over-the-counter drugs such as Sudafed and Contac. Preventative legal strategies of the past 17 years have steadily increased restrictions to the distribution of pseudoephedrine/ephedrine-containing products.
As a result of the U.S. Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, a subsection of the PATRIOT Act, there are restrictions on the amount of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine one may purchase in a specified time period, and further requirements that these products must be stored in order to prevent theft.
Methamphetamine is a potent central nervous systemstimulant which affects neurochemical mechanisms responsible for regulating heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, appetite, attention, mood and responses associated with alertness or alarm conditions. The acute physical effects of the drug closely resemble the physiological and psychological effects of an epinephrine-provoked fight-or-flight response, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction (constriction of the arterial walls), bronchodilation, and hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar). Users experience an increase in focus, increased mental alertness, and the elimination of fatigue, as well as a decrease in appetite.
The methyl group is responsible for the potentiation of effects as compared to the related compound amphetamine, rendering the substance on the one hand more lipid soluble and easing transport across the blood brain barrier, and on the other hand more stable against enzymatic degradation by MAO. Methamphetamine causes the norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin (5HT) transporters to reverse their direction of flow. This inversion leads to a release of these transmitters from the vesicles to the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm to the synapse (releasing monoamines in rats with ratios of about NE:DA = 1:2, NE:5HT= 1:60), causing increased stimulation of post-synaptic receptors. Methamphetamine also indirectly prevents the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, causing them to remain in the synaptic cleft for a prolonged period (inhibiting monoamine reuptake in rats with ratios of about: NE:DA = 1:2.35, NE:5HT = 1:44.5).
Methamphetamine is a potent neurotoxin, shown to cause dopaminergic degeneration. High doses of methamphetamine produce losses in several markers of brain dopamine and serotonin neurons. Dopamine and serotonin concentrations, dopamine and 5HT uptake sites, and tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activities are reduced after the administration of methamphetamine. It has been proposed that dopamine plays a role in methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity because experiments which reduce dopamine production or block the release of dopamine decrease the toxic effects of methamphetamine administration. When dopamine breaks down it produces reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. It is likely that the oxidative stress that occurs after taking methamphetamine mediates its neurotoxicity. It has been demonstrated that a high ambient temperature increases the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine.
Recent research published in the Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics (2007), indicates that methamphetamine binds to a group of receptors called TAAR. TAAR is a newly discovered receptor system which seems to be affected by a range of amphetamine-like substances called trace amines.
Physical effects can include a reduced appetite, anorexia, hyperactivity, dilated pupils, flushing, restlessness, dry mouth, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hypotension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, aphasia, dizziness, twitches, insomnia, numbness, palpitations, arrhythmias, tremors, dry and/or itchy skin,acne,pallor, and with chronic and/or high dosages, convulsions, coma, heart attack, stroke and death can occur.
Psychological effects can include euphoria, anxiety, increased libido, increased self-awareness, increased alertness, increased concentration, increased energy, increased self-esteem, increased self-confidence, increased excitation, increased orgasmic intensity, increased sociability, increased irritability, increased aggression, psychomotor agitation, hubris, excessive feelings of power and/or superiority, repetitive and/or obsessive behaviors, paranoia, and with chronic and/or high dosages, amphetamine psychosis can occur.
Withdrawal is characterized by excessive sleeping, eating, and major depression, often accompanied by anxiety and drug-craving.
The half life of methamphetamine is 915 hours. It is excreted by the kidneys and its half life depends on urinary pH. One of the metabolites of methamphetamine is amphetamine.
As with other amphetamines, tolerance to methamphetamine is not completely understood, but known to be sufficiently complex that it cannot be explained by any single mechanism. The extent of tolerance and the rate at which it develops varies widely between individuals, and even within one person it is highly dependent on dosage, duration of use and frequency of administration. Many cases of narcolepsy were treated with methamphetamine for years without escalating doses or any apparent loss of effect.
Short term tolerance can be caused by depleted levels of neurotransmitters within the vesicles available for release into the synaptic cleft following subsequent reuse (tachyphylaxis). Short term tolerance typically lasts until neurotransmitter levels are fully replenished, because of the toxic effects on dopaminergic neurons, this can be greater than 23 days. Prolonged overstimulation of dopamine receptors caused by methamphetamine may eventually cause the receptors to downregulate in order to compensate for increased levels of dopamine within the synaptic cleft. To compensate, larger quantities of the drug are needed in order to achieve the same level of effects.
Methamphetamine is addictive, especially when injected or smoked. While not life-threatening, withdrawal is often intense and, as with all addictions, relapse is common. 12 Step meetings, such as Crystal Meth Anonymous are available to combat relapse.
Methamphetamine-induced hyperstimulation of pleasure pathways leads to anhedonia. It is possible that daily administration of the amino acids L-Tyrosine and L-5HTP/Tryptophan can aid in the recovery process by making it easier for the body to reverse the depletion of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin. Although studies involving the use of these amino acids have shown some success, this method of recovery has not been shown to be consistently effective.
It is shown that taking ascorbic acid prior to using methamphetamine may help reduce acute toxicity to the brain, as rats given the human equivalent of 5-10 grams of ascorbic acid 30 minutes prior to methamphetamine dosage had toxicity mediated, yet this will likely be of little avail in solving the other serious behavioral problems associated with methamphetamine use and addiction that many users experience. Large doses of ascorbic acid also lower urinary pH, reducing methamphetamine's elimination half-life and thus decreasing the duration of its actions.
To combat addiction, doctors are beginning to use other forms of amphetamine such as dextroamphetamine to break the addiction cycle in a method similar to the use of methadone in the treatment of heroin addicts. There are no publicly available drugs comparable to naloxone, which blocks opiate receptors and is therefore used in treating opiate dependence, for use with methamphetamine problems. However, experiments with some monoamine reuptake inhibitors such as indatraline have been successful in blocking the action of methamphetamine. There are studies indicating that fluoxetine, bupropion and imipramine may reduce craving and improve adherence to treatment. Research has also suggested that modafinil can help addicts quit methamphetamine use.
Methamphetamine addiction is one of the most difficult forms of addictions to treat. Although Wellbutrin, Abilify, and Baclofen have been employed to treat post-withdrawal cravings the success rate is low. Modafinil is somewhat more successful, but this is a Class IV scheduled drug. Ibogaine has been used with success in Europe, but is a Class I drug and available only for research use. Remeron has been reported useful in some small-population studies.
Since the phenethylamine phentermine is a constitutional isomer of methamphetamine, it has been speculated that it may be effective in treating methamphetamine addiction. Although phentermine is a central nervous stimulant that acts on dopamine and norepinephrine, it has not been reported to cause the same degree of euphoria that is associated with other amphetamines.
Abrupt interruption of chronic methamphetamine use results in the withdrawal syndrome in almost 90% of the cases. Withdrawal of amphetamine often causes a depression which is longer and deeper than even the depression from cocaine withdrawal.
Acacia berlandieri Tree
Methamphetamine has been reported to occur naturally in Acacia berlandieri and possiblyAcacia rigidula, trees which grow in west Texas. Acacia trees contain numerous other psychoactive compounds (ex. amphetamine, mescaline, nicotine, DMT), but scientific papers specifically mentioning the presence of methamphetamine did not exist until 1997 and 1998.
d-Methamphetamine is used medically under the brand name Desoxyn for the following conditions:
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Extreme obesity
10 mg Desoxyn
Because of its social stigma and toxicity, Desoxyn is not generally prescribed for ADHD unless other stimulants, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), lisdexamphetamine (Vyvanse) or mixed amphetamines (Adderall) have failed.
A new study by a group of University of Montana scientists showed that methamphetamine appears to lessen damage to the brains of rats and gerbils that have suffered strokes. The researchers found that small amounts of methamphetamine created a protective effect, while higher doses increased damage. The work is preliminary, and more research is needed to confirm and expand the findings; however, U.M. research assistant professor Dave Poulsen said someday humans may use methamphetamine to lessen stroke damage.
Suspected case of meth mouth
Methamphetamine addicts may lose their teeth abnormally quickly, a condition known as "meth mouth". This effect is not caused by any corrosive effects of the drug itself, which is a common myth. According to the American Dental Association, meth mouth "is probably caused by a combination of drug-induced psychological and physiological changes resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth), extended periods of poor oral hygiene, frequent consumption of high calorie, carbonated beverages and tooth grinding and clenching." Similar, though far less severe symptoms have been reported in clinical use of other amphetamines, where effects are not exacerbated by a lack of oral hygiene for extended periods.
Like other substances which stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, methamphetamine causes decreased production of acid-fighting saliva and increased thirst, resulting in increased risk for tooth decay, especially when thirst is quenched by high-sugar drinks.
Serious health and appearance problems can be caused by unsterilized needles, lack or ignoring of hygiene needs (more typical on chronic use), increase in acne on high doses, and obsessive skin-picking which may lead to abscesses.
Users may exhibit sexually compulsive behavior while under the influence This disregard for the potential dangers of unprotected sex or other reckless sexual behavior may contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)).
Among the effects reported by methamphetamine users are increased libido and sexual pleasure, the ability to have sex for extended periods of time, and an inability to ejaculate or reach orgasm or physical release. In addition to increasing the need for sex and enabling the user to engage in prolonged sexual activity, methamphetamine lowers inhibitions and may cause users to behave recklessly or to become forgetful. Users may even report negative experiences after prolonged use, which contradict reported feelings, thoughts, and attitudes achieved at similar dosages under similar circumstances but at earlier periods of an extended or prolonged cycle.
According to a recent San Diego study methamphetamine users often engage in unsafe sexual activities, and forget to or choose not to use condoms. The study found that methamphetamine users were six times less likely to use condoms. The urgency for sex combined with the inability to achieve release (ejaculation) can result in tearing, chafing, and trauma (such as rawness and friction sores) to the sex organs, the rectum and mouth, dramatically increasing the risk of transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Methamphetamine also causes erectile dysfunction due to vasoconstriction.
Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding
Methamphetamine passes through the placenta and is secreted in the breast milk. Half of the newborns whose mothers used methamphetamine during pregnancy experience withdrawal syndrome; this syndrome is relatively mild and required medication in only 4% of the cases.
Routes of administration
Studies have shown that the subjective pleasure of drug use (the reinforcing component of addiction) is proportional to the rate at which the blood level of the drug increases. In general, intravenous injection is the fastest mechanism (i.e., it causes blood concentrations to rise the most quickly), followed by smoking, anal insertion (suppository), insufflation, and ingestion (swallowing). Ingestion does not produce a "rush", which is the most transcendent state of euphoria experienced with the use of methamphetamine and is the most prominent with intravenous use. While the onset of the "rush" produced by injection or smoking can occur in as little as two minutes, the oral route of administration usually requires approximately half an hour before the "high" kicks in. Thus, oral routes of administration are generally used by recreational or medicinal consumers of the drug, while other more fast-acting routes of administration are used by addicts.
"Smoking" amphetamines actually refers to vaporizing it to inhale fumes, rather than burning and inhaling the resulting smoke, as with tobacco. It is commonly smoked in glass pipes made from blown Pyrex tubes, light bulbs, or on aluminum foil heated underneath by a flame. This method is also known as "chasing the white dragon" (derived from heroin, known as "chasing the dragon"). There is little evidence that methamphetamine inhalation results in greater toxicity than any other route of administration. Lung damage has been reported with long-term use, but manifests in forms independent of route (pulmonary hypertension and associated complications), or limited to injection users (pulmonary emboli).
Injection is a popular method for use, also known as slamming, but carries quite serious risks. The hydrochloride salt of methamphetamine is soluble in water; injection users may use any dose from 125 milligrams to over one gram using a hypodermic needle (Although it should be noted that typically street methamphetamine is "cut" with a water-soluble cutting material which constitutes a significant portion of that street methamphetamine dose). Injection users often experience skin rashes (sometimes called "speed bumps") and infections at the site of injection. As with any injected drug, if a group of users shares a common needle or any type of injecting equipment without sterilization procedures, blood-borne diseases such as HIV or hepatitis can be transmitted as well.
Another popular method for recreational use of methamphetamine is to insufflate (sometimes called snorting). This is done by crushing the methamphetamine crystals up into a fine powder and then sharply inhaling it (sometimes with a straw or a rolled up bill) into the nose where the methamphetamine is absorbed through the soft tissue in the mucous membrane of the sinus cavity straight into the bloodstream. This method bypasses first pass metabolism and has a faster onset with a higher bioavailability, although duration is shorter than oral administration. This method is sometimes preferred by users who do not want to use needles for injection or do not want to have to smoke the methamphetamine.
A line of methamphetamine.
Very little research has focused on suppository or anal insertion as a method, and anecdotal evidence of its effects is infrequently discussed, possibly due to social taboos in many cultures regarding the anus. This method is often known within methamphetamine communities as a "butt rocket", "potato thumping", "turkey basting", a "booty bump", "keistering", "plugging", "shafting", "shelving" (vaginal), or "bumming" and is anecdotally reported to increase sexual pleasure while the effects of the drug last longer. The rectum is where the majority of the drug would likely be taken up, through the membranes lining its walls.
Methamphetamine is most structurally similar to methcathinone and amphetamine. When illicitly produced, it is commonly made by the reduction of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the-counter cold or allergy medicines. Synthesis is relatively simple, but entails risk with flammable and corrosive chemicals, particularly the solvents used in extraction and purification. Clandestine production is therefore often discovered by fires and explosions caused by the improper handling of volatile or flammable solvents.
Most methods of illicit production involve hydrogenation of the hydroxyl group on the ephedrine or pseudoephedrine molecule. The most common method for small-scale methamphetamine labs in the United States is primarily called the "Red, White, and Blue Process", which involves red phosphorus, pseudoephedrine or ephedrine (white), and blue iodine (which is technically a purple color in elemental form), from which hydroiodic acid is formed. For more information, see Meth Lab Information. In Australia, criminal groups have been known to substitute "red" phosphorus with either hypophosphorus acid or phosphorus acid.
This is a fairly dangerous process for amateur chemists, because phosphine gas, a side-product from in situ hydroiodic acid production, is extremely toxic to inhale. An increasingly common method uses the process of Birch reduction, in which metallic lithium, commonly extracted from non-rechargeable lithium batteries, is substituted for difficult-to-find metallic sodium.
However, the Birch reduction is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid anhydrous ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added. Anhydrous ammonia and lithium or sodium (Birch reduction) may be surpassing hydroiodic acid (catalytic hydrogenation) as the most common method of manufacturing methamphetamine in the U.S. and possibly in Mexico. Hydroiodic acid "super lab" busts receive more media attention because the equipment employed is much more complex and visible than the glass jars or coffee carafes commonly used to produce methamphetamine with Birch reduction.
A completely different procedure of synthesis uses the reductive amination of phenylacetone with methylamine, both of which are currently DEA list I chemicals (as are pseudoephedrine and ephedrine). The reaction requires a catalyst that acts as a reducing agent, such as mercury-aluminum amalgam or platinum dioxide, also known as Adams' catalyst. This was once the preferred method of production by motorcycle gangs in California, until DEA restrictions on the chemicals made the process difficult. Other less common methods use other means of hydrogenation, such as hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst.
Methamphetamine labs can give off noxious fumes, such as phosphine gas, methylamine gas, solvent vapors; such as acetone or chloroform, iodine vapors, white phosphorus, anhydrous ammonia, hydrogen chloride/muriatic acid, hydrogen iodide, lithium/sodium metal, ether, or methamphetamine vapors. If performed by amateurs, manufacturing methamphetamine can be extremely dangerous. If the red phosphorus overheats, because of a lack of ventilation, phosphine gas can be produced. This gas, if present in large quantities, is likely to explode upon autoignition from diphosphine, which is formed by overheating phosphorus.
Production and distribution
Until the early 1990s, methamphetamine for the US market was made mostly in labs run by drug traffickers in Mexico and California. Since then, authorities have discovered increasing numbers of small-scale methamphetamine labs all over the United States, mostly in rural, suburban, or low-income areas. Indiana state police found 1,260 labs in 2003, compared to just 6 in 1995, although this may be partly a result of increased police activity. As of 2007, drug and lab seizure data suggests that approximately 80 percent of the methamphetamine used in the United States originates from larger laboratories operated by Mexican-based syndicates on both sides of the border, and that approximately 20 percent comes from small toxic labs (STLs) in the United States.
Mobile and motel-based methamphetamine labs have caught the attention of both the US news media and the police. Such labs can cause explosions and fires, and expose the public to hazardous chemicals. Those who manufacture methamphetamine are often harmed by toxic gases. Many police departments have specialized task forces with training to respond to cases of methamphetamine production. The National Drug Threat Assessment 2006, produced by the Department of Justice, found "decreased domestic methamphetamine production in both small and large-scale laboratories", but also that "decreases in domestic methamphetamine production have been offset by increased production in Mexico." They concluded that "methamphetamine availability is not likely to decline in the near term."
In July 2007, a ship was caught by Mexican officials at the port of Lázaro Cárdenas, originating in Hong Kong, after traveling through the port of Long Beach with 19 tons of pseudoephedrine, a raw material needed for meth. The Chinese owner Zhenli Ye Gon was found to have $206 million at his Mexico City mansion. The load went undetected at Long Beach.
Methamphetamine is distributed by prison gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs, street gangs, traditional organized crime operations, and impromptu small networks. In the U.S. illicit methamphetamine comes in a variety of forms, at an average price of $150 per gram for pure substance. Most commonly it is found as a colorless crystalline solid. Impurities may result in a brownish or tan color. Colourful flavored pills containing methamphetamine and caffeine are known as yaa baa (Thai for "crazy medicine").
At its most impure, it is sold as a crumbly brown or off-white rock commonly referred to as "peanut butter crank." Methamphetamine found on the street is rarely pure, but adulterated with chemicals that were used to synthesize it. It may be diluted or "cut" with non-psychoactive substances like inositol, isopropylbenzylamine or dimethylsulfone. Another popular method is to combine methamphetamine with other stimulant substances such as caffeine or cathine into a pill known as a "Kamikaze", which is particularly dangerous due to the synergistic effects of multiple stimulants on the heart. It may also be flavored with high-sugar candies, drinks, or drink mixes to mask the bitter taste of the drug. Coloring may be added to the meth, as is the case with "Strawberry Quick."
Methamphetamine Lab Seizures in the US
Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II substance by the Drug Enforcement Administration under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is available by prescription under the trade name Desoxyn, manufactured by Ovation Pharma. While there is technically no difference between the laws regarding methamphetamine and other controlled stimulants, most medical professionals are averse to prescribing it due to its notoriety.
Illicit methamphetamine has become a major focus of the 'war on drugs' in the United States in recent years. In addition to federal laws, some states have placed additional restrictions on the sale of precursor chemicals commonly used to synthesize methamphetamine, particularly pseudoephedrine, a common over-the-counter decongestant. In 2005, the DEA seized 2,148.6 kg of methamphetamine. In 2005, the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 was passed as part of the USA PATRIOT Act, putting restrictions on the sale of methamphetamine precursors.
On November 7, 2006, the US Department of Justice declared that November 30, 2006 be Methamphetamine Awareness Day.
DEA El Paso Intelligence Center EPIC data is showing a distinct downward trend in the seizure of clandestine drug labs for the illicit manufacture of methampetamine from a high of 17,710 in 2004. Lab seizure data for the United States is available from EPIC beginning in 1999 when 7,438 labs were reported to have been seized during that calendar year.
Buy Home Methamphetamine Test | <urn:uuid:93e9a444-d257-46f0-bed2-0e6acb263416> | {
"date": "2015-01-28T06:31:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00128-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9383754730224609,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 6467,
"url": "http://www.uatests.com/drug-information/methamphetamine.php"
} |
Promoting Green and Sustainable Schools in Pennsylvania!
“These award-winning schools serve as a model for all of Pennsylvania by incorporating innovative technologies and strategies to use resources effectively and efficiently,’’ Corbett said. “I congratulate them.’’
The schools are: Albert M. Greenfield Elementary School, Philadelphia School District; Broughal Middle School, Bethlehem Area School District, Northampton County; Nazareth Area Middle School, Nazareth Area School District, Northampton County; and Westtown School, Chester County.
Lower Merion School District, Montgomery County, was awarded the first-ever District Sustainability Award for applying energy conservation initiatives across multiple school buildings throughout the district.
Albert M. Greenfield Elementary School - School District of Philadelphia
School District Nominated was:
Additional Green Ribbon Schools Information:
Helpful GRS Resources - Helpful Links for GRS 2012-2013
Previous Year Winners!
Pathways to Green Schools...
This Pathways to Green Schools site is designed to provide school districts with helpful information in one location. It includes the latest information on state programs and grants available for your school, as well as best practices from districts around the state--where schools and communities are making investments that help conserve natural resources and reduce energy costs.
We believe that the entire educational experience should include green and sustainable practices. This includes the transportation to and from school, the buildings where our students learn, the energy being used in our schools, the food being served in our cafeterias, and the curriculum that is taught in the classrooms.
There are many ways that schools can become more green and sustainable, and each step forward is a step in the right direction.
We hope you will get started on the Path, and we look forward to hearing about your success. | <urn:uuid:c66c021a-b085-4c1d-a0a6-fc373c3c49b4> | {
"date": "2013-05-25T05:50:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9575180411338806,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 370,
"url": "http://www.pathwaystogreenschools.org/index.html"
} |
Epilepsy is not a single condition but a large group of highly heterogeneous disorders, which in common has an abnormally increased predisposition to seizures (1).
- it is defined as a neurological condition characterised by recurrent epileptic seizures unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause (2)
- the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) defines epilepsy as a “a disorder of the brain characterised by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of this condition”. The definition of epilepsy requires the occurrence of at least one epileptic seizure (1).
Epilepsy should be considered as a symptom caused by an underlying neurological disorder and not as a single disease entity (2).
It is a diagnosis which sadly and unnecessarily carries physical, psychosocial and economic implications for the patient. As such, it ought to not be applied without thorough consideration.
Note that there is confusion between the terms epilepsy and seizure, and they are often used interchangeably. The confusion is not helped by the term status epilepticus, which need not have anything to do with epilepsy. The two are separated here. | <urn:uuid:3618c548-ccc1-4c88-b17f-0ea2d284405b> | {
"date": "2016-09-29T00:05:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9380602836608887,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 243,
"url": "http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=765067266"
} |
Hawthorne, frequently haunted by the sins of his ancestors in the Salem witch trials, examines guilt, retribution, and atonement in this novel. His Pyncheon family carries a great burden — for almost 200 years — as a result of the dishonest, amoral way that the land on which the titular house sits was acquired. In the Preface to the novel, he states that its moral is that "the wrongdoing of one generation lives into the successive ones and... becomes a pure and uncontrollable mischief." It is not until the Pyncheon family and the Maule family are joined in the marriage of Phoebe and Holgrave that the “curse” is broken and remaining family members can breathe easy.
However, an opposing theme also emerges. Hawthorne, though guilt-ridden with respect to his ancestors' past, actually does suggest in a number of scenes that the Maule family really are witches. Alice Pyncheon is indirectly killed by Maule's grandson, using his wizard powers (or, more likely, the powers of mesmerism) to enchant her. Meanwhile, the narrator details a phantasm of Colonel Pyncheon's descendants returning to attempt to shake the Colonel's picture off the wall, only to be prevented by the original Maule's ghost and magic. Yet Hawthorne, as ever concerned with the moral and emotional truths behind peoples' actions and appearances, refers to actual witchcraft within the Maule line only within the framing devices of works of the imagination (the incidents above take place within respectively a story written by Holgrave and a dreamlike nighttime reverie hypothesized by the narrator). Similarly, the overall imaginative framework of the novel itself provides a vehicle for Hawthorne to confront the moral and emotional experience of magic: Holgrave, Maule's descendant, gradually enchants Phoebe, throwing over her "love's web of sorcery." | <urn:uuid:12e47965-d013-4d52-89c8-5374fc5e32ed> | {
"date": "2017-12-15T21:54:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579567.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215211734-20171215233734-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9636812806129456,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 382,
"url": "http://www.gradesaver.com/the-house-of-the-seven-gables/wikipedia/major-themes"
} |
Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
No systematic observations of the heavenly bodies were made by the Jews. Astral worship was rife in Palestine, and they could hardly have attended closely to its objects without yielding to its seductions. Astronomy was, under these circumstances, inseparable from astrolatry, and anathemas of the prophets were not carelessly uttered. As the most glorious works of the Almighty, the celestial luminaries were indeed celebrated in the Scriptures in passages thrilling with rapture; but the appeal to them for practical purposes was reduced to a minimum. Even the regulation of times and seasons was largely empirical. The Jews used a lunar year. It began, for religious purposes, with the new moon next after the spring equinox, and consisted normally of twelve months, or 354 days. The Jewish calendar, however, depended upon the course of the sun, since the festivals it appointed were in part agricultural celebrations. Some process of adjustment had then to be resorted to, and the obvious one was chosen of adding a thirteenth, or intercalary, month whenever the discrepancy between the ripening of the crops and the fixed dates of the commemorative feasts became glaringly apparent. Before the time of Solomon, the Jews appear to have begun their year in the autumn; and the custom, revived for civil purposes about the fifth century B.C., was adopted in the systematized religious calendar of the fourth century of our era.
Both the ritual and civil day commenced in the evening, about half an hour after sunset. Its subdivisions were left indeterminate. The Old Testament makes no mention of what we call hours; and it refers to the measurement of time, if at all, only in the narrative of the miracle wrought by Isaias in connection with the sundial of Achaz (2 Kings 20:9-11). In the New Testament, the Roman practice of counting four night-watches has superseded the antique triple division, and the day, as among the Greeks, consists of twelve equal parts. These are the "temporary hours" which still survive in the liturgy of the Church. Since they spanned the interval from sunrise to sunset, their length varied with the season of the year, from 49 to 71 minutes. Corresponding nocturnal hours, too, seem to have been partially used in the time of the Apostles (Acts 23:23).
As might have been expected, the Sacred Books convey no theory of celestial appearances. The descriptive phrases used in them are conformed to the elementary ideas naturally presenting themselves to a primitive people. Thus, the earth figures as an indefinitely extended circular disk, lying between the realm of light above and the abyss of darkness beneath. The word firmamentum, by which the Hebrew rakia is translated in the Vulgate, expressed the notion of a solid, transparent vault, dividing the "upper waters" from the seas, springs, and rivers far below. Through the agency of the flood-gates, however, the waters sustained by the firmament were, in due measure, distributed over the earth. The first visibility after sunset of the crescent moon determined the beginning of each month; and this was the only appeal to the skies made for the purposes of the Jewish ritual. Eclipses of the sun and moon are perhaps vaguely referred to among the signs of doom enumerated by the Prophets Joel and Amos, who may have easily have enhanced their imagery from personal experience, since modern calculations show solar totalities to have been visible in Patestine in the years 831, 824, and 763 B.C., and the moon reddened by immersion in the earth's shadow is not an uncommon sight in any part of the world. But the passages in question cannot be literally associated with mere passing phenomena. The prophets aimed at something higher than intimidation. An express warning against ignoble panic was indeed uttered by Jeremias in the words: "Be not afraid of the signs of heaven which the heavens fear", (x, 2). The stellar vault, conceived to be situated above the firmament, is compared by Isaias to a tent stretched out by the Most High.
The "host of heaven", a frequently recurring Scriptural expression, has both a general and a specific meaning. It designates, in some passages, the entire array of stars; in others it particularly applies to the sun, moon, planets, and certain selected stars; the worship of which was introduced from Babylonia under the later kings of Israel.
Venus and Saturn are the only planets expressedly mentioned in the Old Testament.
Saturn is no less certainly represented by the star Kaiwan, adored by the reprobate Israelites in the desert (Amos 5:26). The same word (interpreted to mean "steadfast") frequently designates, in the Babylonian inscriptions, the slowest-moving planet; while Sakkuth, the divinity associated with the star by the prophet, is an alternative appellation for Ninib, who, as a Babylonian planet-god, was merged with Saturn. The ancient Syrians and Arabs, too, called Saturn Kaiwan, the corresponding terms in the Zoroastrian Bundahish being Kevan. The other planets are individualized in the Bible only by implication. The worship of gods connected with them is denounced, but without any manifest intention of refering to the heavenly bodies. Thus, Gad and Meni (Isaias, lxv, 11) are, no doubt, the "greater and the lesser Fortune" typified throughout the East by Jupiter and Venus; Neba, the tutelary deity of Borsippa (Isaias xlvi, 1), shone in the sky as Mercury, and Nergal, transplanted frorn Assyria to Kutha (2 Kings 17:30), as Mars.
The uranography of the Jews is fraught with perplexity. Some half-dozen star-groups are named in the Scriptures, but authorities differ widely as to their identity. In a striking passage the Prophet Amos (v, 8) glorifies the Creator as "Him that made Kimah and Kesil", rendered in the Vulgate as Arcturus and Orion. Now Kimah certainly does not mean Arcturus. The word, which occurs twice in the Book of Job (ix, 9; xxxviii, 31), is treated in the Septuagint version as equivalent to Pleiades. This, also, is the meaning given to it in the Talmud and throughout Syrian literature; it is supported by etymological evidences, the Hebrew term being obviously related to the Arabic root kum (accumulate), and the Assyrian kamu (to bind); while the "chains of Kimah", referred to in the sacred text, not inaptly figure the coercive power imparting unity to a multiple object. The associated constellation Kesil is doubtless no other than our Orion. Yet, in the first of the passages in Job where it figures, the Septuagint gives Herper; in the second, the Vulgate quite irrelevantly inserts Arcturus; Karstens Niebuhr (1733-1815) understood Kesil to mean Sirius; Thomas Hyde (1636-1703) held that it indicated Canopus. Now kesil signifies in Hebrew "impious", adjectives expressive of the stupid criminality which belongs to the legendary character of giants; and the stars of Orion irresistibly suggest a huge figure striding across the sky. The Arabs accordingly named the constellation Al-gebbar, "the giant", the Syriac equivalent being Gabbara in old Syriac version of the Bible known as Peshitta. We may then safely admit that Kimah and Kesil did actually designate the Pleiades and Orion. But further interpretations are considerably more obscure.
In the Book of Job the most distinctively astronomical part of the Bible mention is made, with other stars, of Ash and Ayish, almost certainly divergent forms of the same word. Its signification remains an enigma. The Vulgate and Septuagint inconsistently render it "Arcturus" and Hesperus". Abenezra (1092-1167), however, the learned Rabbi of Toledo, gave such strong reasons for Ash, or Ayish, to mean the Great Bear, that the opinion, though probably erroneous, is still prevalent. It was chiefly grounded on the resemblance between ash and the Arabic na 'ash, "a bier", applied to the four stars of the Wain, the three in front figuring as mourners, under the title of Benât na 'ash, "daughtters of the bier". But Job, too, speaks of the "children of Ayish", and the inference seems irresistible that the same star-group was similarly referred to in both cases. Yet there is large room for doubt. Modern philologists do not admit the alleged connection of Ayish with na 'ash, nor is any funereal association apparent in Book of Job. On the other hand, Professor Schiaparelli draws attention to the fact that ash denotes "moth" in the Old Testament, and that the folded wings of the insect are closely imitated in their triangular shape by the doubly aligned stars of the Hyades. Now Ayish in the Peshitta is translated Iyutha, a constellation mentioned by St. Ephrem and other Syriac writers, and Schiaparelli's learned consideration of the various indications afforded by Arabic and Syriac literature makes it reasonably certain that Iyutha authentically signifies Aldebaran, the great red star in the head of the Bull, with its children, the rainy Hyades. It is true that Hyde, Ewald, other scholars have adopted Capella and the Kids as representative of Iyutha, and therefore of "Ayish and her children"; but the view involves many incongruities.
The glories of the sky adverted to the Book of Job include a sidereal landscape vaguely described as "the chambers [i.e. penetralia] of the south". The phrase, according to Schiaparelli, refers to some assemblage of brilliant stars, rising 20 degrees at most above the southern horizon in Palestine about the year 750 B.C. (assumed as the date of the Patriarch Job), and, taking account of the changes due to precession, he points out the stellar pageant formed by the Ship, the Cross, and the Centaur meets the required conditions. Sirius, although at the date in question it culminated at an altitude of 41 degrees, may possibly have been thought of as belonging to the "chambers of the south"; otherwise, this spendid object would appear to be ignored in the Bible.
Job opposes to the "chambers of the south", as the source of cold, an asterism named Mezarim (xxxvii, 9). Both the Vulgate and the Septuagint render this word by Arcturus, evidently in mistake (the blunder is not uncommon) for Arctos. The Great Bear circled in those days much more closely round the pole than it now does; its typical northern character survives in the Latin word septentrio (from septem triones, the seven stars of the Wain); and Schiaparelli concludes from the dual form of mezarim, that the Jews, like the Phoenicians, were acquainted with the Little, as well as with the Great, Bear. He identifies the word as the plural, or dual, of mizreh, "a winnowing-fan", an instrument figured by the seven stars of the Wain, quite as accurately as the Ladle of the Chinese or the Dipper of popular American parlance.
Perhaps the most baffling riddle in Biblical star-nomenclature is that presented by the word Mazzaroth or Mazzaloth (Job 38:31, 32; 2 Kings 23:5) usually, though not unanimously admitted to be phonetic variants. As to their signification, opinions are hopelessly divergent. The authors of the Septuagint transcribed, without translating, the ambiguous expression; the Vulgate gives for its equivalent Lucifer in Job, the Signs of the Zodiac in the Book of Kings. St. John Chrysostom adopted the latter meaning, noting, however, that many of his contemporaries interpreted Mazzaroth as Sirius. But this idea soon lost vogue while the zodiacal explanation gained wide currency. It is, indeed, at first sight, extremely plausible. Long before the Exodus the Twelve Signs were established in Euphratean regions much as we know them now. Although never worshipped in a primary sense, they may well have been held sacred as the abode of deities. The Assyrian manzallu (sometimes written manzazu), "station", occurs in the Babylonian Creation tablets with the import "mansions of the gods"; and the word appears to be etymologically akin to Mazzaloth, which in rabbinical Hebrew signifies primarily the Signs of the Zodiac, secondarily the planets. The lunar Zodiac, too, suggests itself in this connection. The twenty-eight "mansions of the moon" (menazil al-kamar) were the leading feature of Arabic sky-lore, and they subserved astrological purposes among many Oriental peoples. They might, accordingly, have belonged to the apparatus of superstition used by the soothsayers who were extirpated in Judah, together with the worship of the Mazzaroth, by King Josias, about 621 B.C. Yet no such explanation can be made to fit in with the form of expression met with in the Book of Job (xxxviii, 32). Speaking in the person of the Almighty, the Patriarch asks, "Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in its time?" clearly in allusion to a periodical phenomenon, such as the brilliant visibility of Lucifer, or Hesperus. Professor Schiaparelli then recurs to the Vulgate rendering of this passage. He recognizes in Mazzaroth the planet Venus in her double aspect of morning and evening star, pointing out that the luminary designated in the Book of Kings, with the sun and moon, and the "host of heaven" must evidently be next in brightness to the chief light-givers. Further, the sun, moon, and Venus constitute the great astronomical triad of Babylonia, the sculptured representations of which frequently include the "host of heaven" typified by a crowd of fantastic animal-divinities. And since the astral worship anathematized by the prophets of Israel was unquestionably of Euphratean origin, the designation of Mazzaroth as the third member of the Babylonian triad is a valuable link in the evidence. Still, the case remains one of extreme difficulty.
Notwithstanding the scepticism of recent commentators, it appears fairly certain that the "fugitive serpent" of Job 26:13 (coluber tortuosus in the Vulgate) does really stand for the circumpolar reptile. The Euphratean constellation Draco is of hoary antiquity, and would quite probably have been familiar to Job. On the other hand, Rahab (Job 9:13; 21:12), translated "whale" in the Septuagint, is probably of legendary or symbolical import.
The subjoined list gives (largely on Schiaparelli's authority) the best-warranted interpretations of biblical star-names:
The New Testament is virtually devoid of astronomical allusions. The "Star of the Magi" can scarcely be regarded as an objective phenomenon; it was, at least, inconspicuous to ordinary notice. Kepler, however, advanced, in 1606, the hypothesis that a remarkable of Jupiter and Saturn, which occurred in May of the year 7 B.C., was the celestial sign followed by the Wise Men. Revived in 1821 by Dr. Münter, the Lutheran Bishop of Zealand, this opinion was strongly advocated in 1826 by C.L. Ideler (Handbuch der Chronologie, II, 399). But the late Dr. Pritchard's investigation (Smith's Dict. of the Bible, Memoirs Roy. Astr. Society, XXV, 119) demonstrated its inadequacy to fulfil the requirements of the Gospel narrative.
APA citation. (1907). Astronomy in the Bible. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02029a.htm
MLA citation. "Astronomy in the Bible." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02029a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Joseph P. Thomas.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:aee9da8d-b993-44e7-838b-9d41f59ad4ab> | {
"date": "2018-02-21T07:11:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813571.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221063956-20180221083956-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9487754702568054,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 3651,
"url": "http://knight.org/cathen/02029a.htm"
} |
The History of Kane High School
Kane (population 459) is located in southwestern Illinois in the southern
portion of Greene County ( Kane Township ). The town is situated midway between Carrollton to the north and Jerseyville
to the south. The village, which is served by county blacktops and Illinois State Route 67 one mile to the west, is
about 5 blocks square.
The original settlement in the area was started around 1820.
In 1865, a new village was platted one mile to the east, along the line of the new railroad. The two nearly adjacent
areas are still known as “Old Kane” and “New Kane” today.
Information on Kane
High School is from a history of Jersey County schools written in 1977 by O.A. Wilson, former county superintendent
of schools. The photo at the top of this page can by found at http://greene.ilgenweb.net/Education/schpic2.htm. The following is an excerpt from O.A. Wilson's report:
1951 some parents in the Kane school district and several other nearby districts in Greene County but adjacent to Jersey County
Community Unit #100 across the Greene-Jersey county line petitioned to have their districts annexed to Community Unit #100.
Kane had maintained a small high school for years, but the petitioners apparently
wanted to make available to their children the wider choice of courses and other advantages of the much larger Jersey Community
High School . They were opposed by many residents of Kane, who did not want to lose their high school, and by other Greene
County residents who hoped to see the Kane area included in a future Greene district, probably a Community Unit based on Carrollton
. . . . The referenda were held Jan. 26, 1952. The voters in Community Unit
#100 approved the proposed annexation easily, 262-71, but the referendum in the Kane area
developed into a first-class political brawl. When the votes were counted it was found that the annexation had
carried, 209-167, and the territory became part of Community Unit #100.”
on this information it appears as though Kane High School closed in 1952. The following history of the Kane school
buildings was sent to us by Nancy Sullivan, Kane School student from 1977-1981:
"Kane High School became Kane Elementary School and housed students from
K-6 grades until the end of the school year 1981-1982. The school was closed in the spring of 1982 due to the high cost
of keeping it open versus the small number of students attending the school. The students who attended Kane School were
bussed to East Elementary School in Jerseyville the following year, and have been ever since. Teachers and staff from
Kane School were relocated to other positions in the Jersey Community Unit School District .
colors were purple and white, and the mascot was the Hornet. Today, parts of the school remain standing – including
what was the gymnasium. The gymnasium was converted into a farm implement repair shop. Other older parts of the building
– including most of the classrooms and the cafeteria, were torn down. I believe the Kindergarten and First
Grade classrooms, which were housed in a smaller annex building, were converted into apartments."
Request from Brad
"I went to Kane
Elementary from 1975 to 1981. I was wondering if anyone had a photo of the hornet mascot that was painted on the wall
in the gymnasium?"
If you do have
a photo of this mascot, send it to us via e-mail at [email protected] and we will insure that Brad receives it.
Kane High School Quick Facts
Year closed: 1952
Consolidated to: Jerseyville
Kane HS team nickname:
Kane HS team colors:
Red & Green
School Fight Song: unavailable | <urn:uuid:35d23e13-adf3-4092-8550-f7908ce93d04> | {
"date": "2017-03-27T14:30:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00151-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9806147813796997,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 813,
"url": "http://www.illinoishsglorydays.com/id647.html"
} |
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
|Jurisdiction and authority of the United States acknowledged.|
|Persons and property of other tribes not to be first attacked.|
|Controversies to be submitted to the arbitrament of the President.|
|Indians to withdraw from overland routes.|
|Individual Indians locating on lands to be protected.|
|Payments for agricultural purposes.|
|Farmer, blacksmith, and teachers.|
|Amendments to be binding.|
Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Fort Sully, in the Territory of Dakota, by and between Newton Edmunds, governor and ex-officio superintendent of Indian affairs of Dakota Territory, Edward B. Taylor, superintendent of Indian affairs for the northern superintendency, Major-General S. R. Curtis, Brigadier-General H. H. Sibley, Henry W. Reed, and Orrin Guernsey, commissioners on the part of the United States, duly appointed by the President, and the undersigned chiefs and head-men of the Upper Yanktonais band of Dakota or Sioux Indians.
The Upper Yanktonais band of Dakota or Sioux Indians, represented in council, hereby acknowledge themselves to be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction and authority of the United States, and hereby obligate and bind themselves, individually and collectively, not only to cease all hostilities against the persons and property of its citizens, but to use their influence, and, if necessary, physical force, to prevent other bands of the Dakota Indians, or other adjacent tribes, from making hostile demonstrations against the Government or people of the United States.
Inasmuch as the Government of the United States is desirous to arrest the effusion of blood between the Indian tribes within its jurisdiction hitherto at war with each other, the Upper Yanktonais band of Dakota or Sioux Indians, represented in council, anxious to respect the wishes of the Government, hereby agree to discontinue for the future all attacks upon the persons or property of other tribes, unless first attacked by them, and to use their influence to promote peace everywhere in the region occupied or frequented by them.
All controversies or differences arising between the Upper Yanktonais band of Dakota or Sioux Indians, represented in council, and other tribes of Indians, involving the question of peace or war, shall be submitted for the abitrament of the President, or such person or persons as may be designated by him, and the decision or award faithfully observed by the said band represented in council.
The said band represented in council shall withdraw from the routes overland already established, or hereafter to be established, through their country; and in consideration thereof, and of their non-interference with the persons and property of citizens of the United States travelling thereon, the Government of the United States agree to pay the said band the sum of ten thousand dollars, annually, for twenty years, in such articles as the Secretary of the Interior may direct: Provided, That said band so represented in council shall faithfully conform to the requirements of this treaty.
Should any individual or individuals, or portion of the band of the Upper Yanktonais band of Dakota or Sioux Indians, represented in council, desire hereafter to locate permanently upon any land claimed by said band for the purposes of agricultural or other similar pursuits, it is hereby agreed by the parties to this treaty that said individuals shall be protected in such location against any annoyance or molestation on the part of whites or Indians, and whenever twenty lodges or families of the Upper Yanktonais band shall have located on land for agricultural purposes, and signified the same to their agent or superintendent, they, as well as other families so locating, shall receive the sum of twenty-five dollars annually for five years, for each family, in agricultural implements and improvements; and when one hundred lodges or families shall have so engaged in agricultural pursuits they shall be entitled to a farmer and blacksmith at the expense of the Government, as also teachers, at the option of the Secretary of the Interior, whenever deemed necessary.
Any amendment or modification of this treaty by the Senate of the United States shall be considered final and binding upon the said band, represented in council, as a part of this treaty, in the same manner as if it had been subsequently presented and agreed to by the chiefs and head-men of said band.
In testimony whereof, the Commissioners on the part of the United States, and the chiefs and headmen of the said Upper Yanktonais band of Dakota or Sioux Indians, have hereunto set their hands this twenty-eighth day of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, after the contents had previously been read, interpreted, and explained to the chiefs and headmen.
Edward B. Taylor,
S. R. Curtis, major-general,
H. H. Sibley, brigadier-general,
Henry W. Reed,
The above signatures were made in our presence:—
Geo. D. Hill.
S. L. Spink.
A. W. Hubbard.
G. C. Moody.
Chief: Big Head, Na-su-la-tan-ka, his x mark.
Soldier: Big Hand, Na-pa-tan-ka, his x mark.
Soldier: Left-handed Bear, Ma-to-chat-ka, his x mark.
Soldier: The Fine Dressed Man, Wa-ich-co-ya-ka, his x mark.
The Man Covered with Lice, Ha-o-poo-za, his x mark.
Little Soldier, A-kich-it-a-chi-ki-la, his x mark.
The Spread Horn, Ha-ka-ti-na, his x mark.
Black Tiger, Ego-mo-sa-pa, his x mark.
The Man Afraid of his War-club, Cham-pi-co-qui-pa, his x mark.
The Big Shaved Head, Cosh-la-ton-ca, his x mark.
Lazy Bear, Ma-to-chick-pa-ne, his x mark.
Rock Man, Ton-ka-wi-cha-sa, his x mark.
Chief: Black Catfish, O-wa-sa-pa, his x mark.
Chief: The Curley-headed Goose, Ma-ga-bo-ma-do, his x mark.
The above signatures in this handwriting (that of Gen'l Curtis) were made in presence of the undersigned, on the 28th and 29th Oct., 1865, at Fort Sully.
Maj. A. P. Shreve, Paymaster U. S. Army.
John Pattee, Lieutenant-Colonel Seventh Iowa Cavalry. | <urn:uuid:9eb0be2e-2a4e-404c-9bcd-8a249e344338> | {
"date": "2015-10-05T10:12:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677221.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00054-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447978734970093,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 1435,
"url": "http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0905.htm"
} |
Move over, newts and salamanders. The mouse may join you as the only animal that can re-grow their own severed limbs. Researchers are reporting that a simple chemical cocktail can coax mouse muscle fibers to become the kinds of cells found in the first stages of a regenerating limb. Their study, the first demonstration that mammal muscle can be turned into the biological raw material for a new limb, appears in the journal ACS Chemical Biology.
Darren R. Williams and Da-Woon Jung say their “relatively simple, gentle, and reversible” methods for creating the early stages of limb regeneration in mouse cells “have implications for both regenerative medicine and stem cell biology.” In the future, they suggest, the chemicals they use could speed wound healing by providing new cells at the injured site before the wound closes or becomes infected. Their methods might also shed light on new ways to switch adult cells into the all-purpose, so-called “pluripotent,” stem cells with the potential for growing into any type of tissue in the body.
The scientists describe the chemical cocktail that they developed and used to turn mouse muscle fibers into muscle cells. Williams and Jung then converted the muscle cells turned into fat and bone cells. Those transformations were remarkably similar to the initial processes that occur in the tissue of newts and salamanders that is starting to regrow severed limbs.
* A previous PressPac item that you may have missed. | <urn:uuid:e7e2dbd8-11de-4c20-865a-7316530c4506> | {
"date": "2016-07-26T02:39:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824570.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00265-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9493100047111511,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 300,
"url": "https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2011/acs-presspac-june-8-2011/simple-chemical-cocktail-shows-first-promise-for-limb-re-growth-in-mammals.html"
} |
Source: Shaneka Knight
You may hear or see the term ‘The Sociological Imagination’ referred to. It may have been on this blog (which aims to develop individuals Sociological Imagination), you may have started a Sociology course or simply stumbled across the term.
In this article, we will explore the term. It’s development, and what it means for Sociology, and Sociologists today.
C. Wright Mills & The Sociological Imagination
The awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society (Mills, 1970).
The Sociological Imagination was coined by Charles Wright Mills (often abbreviates to C. Wright Mills.) What he meant by The Sociological Imagination was to attempt to see one’s self and situations from a position independent from our own lives and experiences (Mills, 1970).
Let’s take Tea as an example. You will initially begin with your personal standpoint. In the United Kingdom (UK) Tea is a popular beverage. For some, it is an important hot drink to start the day in your pajamas. For others, it is part of their daily or weekly ritual. Certain ceremonies and events have manifested over time which makes the act of drinking tea more of a performance. You can get dressed up and venture to Fortum and Maisons, or the Ritz in London for ‘Afternoon Tea’. On The Ritz website, they claim it is one of ‘Britain’s Finest Heritages’. You could go Tea Tasting which would be more casual than Mayfair, but less comfy as when one is at home. How do these Tea drinking ceremonies differ to those in Asia?
You could think about how someone Working Class is more likely to enjoy Tea bought in a bundle from a Supermarket than brewed from freshly bought or picked tea leaves. You could examine how the diversity of Teas on the shelves of supermarkets reflects the diversity of the population. You could question whether the type of person who drinks Earl Grey, is the same or similar to someone who drinks Chai, or Darjeeling. Should Milk be added? Is Green Tea superior? Is it good for your teeth? Is it addictive!
Whilst Tea has been drunk on Earth since humans had control over fire. Fit teas are now pushed on Social Media as an alternative to dieting does this interest you? Or the economics and social benefits motivating Social Media personalities to push certain Tea products. When did your relationship to Tea form and how does it differ from your friends and families relationship to the beverage? How does the relationship relate or differ to your relationship to Coffee?
There are people working on Farms, making sure that the English Breakfast Tea, Peppermint Tea, and Camomile Tea can end up on the shelves of stores. Are workers stationed in safe, humane environments? How much are they being paid? Are the business owners being fair or purely maximizing profit? The Tea Buyers for companies such as Sainsbury’s aim to get the best teas to put on the shelves. Are they moral considering they work for the big companies who sell Tea, and have a vested interest in keeping the beverage popular? How does Teas popularity irritate the Coffee shops such as Starbucks and Costa who would prefer Coffee dominates the market?
What is the future of Tea? Will it continue to be popular or is it experiencing a fade out?
We could travel into history and examine the Opium Wars, largely fuelled by a trade deficit because of… Tea. We could focus on health. When is it appropriate to serve Tea to a child? Which Teas are high in Caffeine, how is this harmful for the body? Could we logically argue, being addicted to Tea and other hot drinks is socially acceptable in the UK? Europe? Globally?
Many of the topics just raised, surrounding Tea could be examined Sociologically. When you truly begin to brainstorm it becomes apparent Tea is encompassed in a number of complex global social and economic relationships. Tea, which can easily be overlooked as a beverage could be debated from a range of perspectives. Each linked to different individuals in society within Tea’s global division of labour.
Take a moment now to consider the following roles and institutions in Society and consider how they can be examined Sociologically. Points to consider: History, Social Change/Changing Perspectives, Protests, The ‘role’ the person, social expectations or institution plays, Cultural differences and/or Theory.
1. The Father
2. The Academic
3. Secondary School
7. Mental Health
8. Beauty Standards
Why is developing the Sociological Imagination good?
It may seem as though by delving down the rabbit hole of The Sociological Imagination that you end up with more questions than answers. But in reality, you’re developing a deeper understanding of the topic at hand. You will be better prepared to conceptualize, debate, and theorise in the future. You’re breaking the mold your upbringing, socialisation have led you to subscribe to. You’ll become, not only more thoughtful a smarter citizen able to recognise your place in the division of labour, and the circumstances others go through.
The Sociological Imagination & Sociology Today
Whilst not often explored at GCSE or A Level Sociology. The Sociological Imagination is a pivotal part of the discipline. Modern Sociologists benefit from not only developing their own Sociological Imagination, but also the Sociological Imagination of those within their Social Network and beyond. How was this done in the past?
In the 19th century, this would have been done via books and articles. Mostly accessed by the Upper and Working Class it was difficult to disseminate ideas to all who should know and could benefit. In this time, like the centuries before. Knowledge was power. It is reported that Karl Marx handed out the Communist Manifesto on the street.
In the 20th century, television made the move into Documentaries, TV shows, and Films. These would allow for ideas, and propaganda to be much more easily pushed. Whilst this would have been a great avenue for Sociologists, it has been under-utilized. In France, natives Foucault & Simone de Beauvoir were prominent on television for decades. Noam Chomsky was also quite prevalent across the world making him a well now intellectual. In the UK however, academics and theorists have accumulated much less TV time. Even now, there are few shows making Academic research accessible to the masses.
In the 21st century, the internet has become a great way to spread information. Independent media companies such as The Thought Catalog are popping up and gathering large audiences. Though many of these new media companies are being bought out by Tradition media companies, the internet has created a new avenue for competition. Take for example Guido Faulks, he now owns one of the most influential political blogs and is taken more seriously than Political editors of many broadsheet publications.
8 Ways to Develop your Sociological Imagination
There are multiple ways to develop your Sociological Imagination. Below are 8 methods.
- Read articles online. Whilst we are drawn towards platforms that align with our own political standpoints, it can be more beneficial in this task to choose a platform that has a ‘bad reputation’ or angers you. 30 minutes should be enough. Debate with your inner voice, you may even find some articles you agree with. If you’re truly angered, write a response article.
- Read books. This is a skill that has to be done overtime for ultimate benefit. Some books simply won’t have any effect on you. Others will change your life. Books provide everyone with the opportunity to delve into the mind of another for pages. You could read about the life of an Athlete, Princess, Entrepreneur, A new Release, Great Novel, Collection of theories or Essays, is as invaluable as reading someone’s diary. You will become more empathetic and get the opportunity to examine how they reacted in particular situations, explore the problems they faced.
- Watch Documentaries. Google the top 10 documentaries on a topic of your choice and see which you can access for free. You may learn some new facts, but you’ll inevitably see research moving on a screen.
- Pick a topic and explore. As was done within this article on Tea.
- Go back to school or take an online course. By actively learning, you admit to yourself you do not know everything and are in a perfect situation for growth and change,
- Debate with friends or family. Pick a controversial topic and attempt to change their mind. Even better if you do this with an authority figure to develop your assertiveness.
- Attend events. Whether you’re with friends or alone. Look around the room and consider how certain individuals are acting out their personality. How certain people are drawn to this specific venue, consider why. What is the ethnic, class, and age mix? Are women and or men mixed? How was this event different 100 years ago, how has Social Change affected this particular event?
- Meditate. If the task is difficult to see if you can incorporate the practice into your life somehow. In a fast-moving world it can be good to attempt to hone your ‘monkey brain’.
These are only a few ways to increase your Sociological Imagination. An article will be published soon on specific ways to increase your Sociological Imagination.
Not all Sociologists agree on the definition of The Sociological Imagination, but most agree it is a vital contribution from C. Wright Mills to the world. I hope this article has been informative, let us know if you have any queries, questions, or comments in the comment section below.
By Shaneka Knight
Facebook: Shaneka Knight
Goodreads: Shaneka Knight
Mills, C. W. (1970). The Sociological Imagination. Harmondsworth: Penguin. | <urn:uuid:834ffaad-7a06-4d33-b9d1-13453be8a5b7> | {
"date": "2019-10-18T02:14:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677412.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018005539-20191018033039-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9524426460266113,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 2062,
"url": "https://thesociologicalmail.com/2019/08/16/what-is-the-sociological-imagination/"
} |
To warn. Or not to warn.
That classic dilemma in public health has been brought into sharp focus by the A(H5N1) avian influenza virus that is spreading around the world and has led to the death of tens of millions of birds in Asia and Europe.
For health officials, few decisions can be as crucial as deciding if and when to sound early warnings when they believe that an epidemic is possible but do not know whether it will become a real catastrophe.
The dilemma often concerns the influenza virus because it continually mutates, leading to human pandemics that predictably occur unpredictably. Although scientists lack the knowledge to predict when and what strain will cause the next influenza pandemic, they say they are convinced that another one is inevitable and so preparation must start as soon as a threat is detected.
That kind of immediate action occurred in 1976 after four cases of swine influenza were detected at Fort Dix, a military base in New Jersey. Fearing that the cases represented an early warning of an impending pandemic of influenza, Public Health Service officials rushed President Gerald R. Ford, who was running for re-election, into recommending a swine influenza shot for every American.Continue reading the main story
Mr. Ford proposed a $135 million program to make enough vaccine to immunize 200 million people, about 95 percent of the United States population at the time. It was the government's first effort to immunize all Americans against one disease in one program, and Congress authorized it.
But the effort was suspended shortly after it began because a paralyzing ailment, Guillain-Barré syndrome, occurred among a small number of the 42 million vaccine recipients.
A few cases of the syndrome had been linked to influenza vaccine, but government officials failed to mention the risk in the consent form or to discuss it publicly.
The feared killer disease never came. But by the time the effort ended, 535 cases of Guillain-Barré had been diagnosed, including 23 deaths, outnumbering the mostly mild 230 cases of swine flu at Fort Dix. The virus did not spread. The immunization plan was a fiasco. Health officials were dismissed, some say unfairly.
The episode has become a textbook case in training a new generation of health officials about the dangers of sounding warnings too early without having a well-thought-out plan.
The opposite problem — failing to warn about preparations for an outbreak — occurred in 2001.
Shortly after Sept. 11, Tommy G. Thompson, then the secretary of health and human services, went on national television to assure Americans that the government was fully prepared to respond to any bioterrorism attack.
Within days, the deliberate release of anthrax spores through the postal system proved him wrong. The outbreak was small — 22 cases, including 5 deaths. But it showed how poorly the government communicated in a timely way to doctors and the public. It left many government officials wanting never to be perceived as underreacting to a health threat.
The two episodes led many people to lose trust in government health warnings, or in the lack of them.
Warnings about A(H5N1) avian influenza began in 1997, when scientists in Hong Kong discovered that that strain of virus had jumped directly to cause disease in humans without first mixing in pigs, which had been the pattern until then. With the spread of the virus among birds, officials have warned that it could mutate, combine with a human influenza virus and create a new one to cause a human pandemic.
That has not happened, although 105 of the 186 people in the world who have developed A(H5N1) avian influenza have died.
Should health officials risk issuing stern warnings that may frighten people? Or should officials play it safe, going about their business and informing the public only when a pandemic becomes real?
If officials do issue early warnings, and nothing happens, they stand to lose credibility among people who say that scientists promoted the worst possibilities to grab more grants and waste taxpayer dollars.
If officials do not issue early or timely warnings, and a pandemic occurs, critics will say the public was not informed and protected in time.
The situation also leaves health officials vulnerable to charges of "I told you so," even though there is often no way to prove that the Monday morning quarterbacks actually made their criticisms known at the time key decisions had to be made.
Two types of dilemmas are often involved in deciding when and what warning to give, said Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg, who wrote a book with Richard E. Neustadt in 1978 analyzing the government's and industry's responses to the swine flu immunization program.
One is like a Category 5 hurricane with long odds on its occurring, but with devastating consequences if it does.
"In such cases, the naysayer is most often going to be right," said Dr. Fineberg, president of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, said in an interview, referring to those who contend preparation is unnecessary.
The second dilemma involves a tension that can arise when scientists believe that political leaders and the public do not understand risk as well as scientists do. Problems can arise if an expert believes action is needed because the risk of an outbreak is, say, 10 percent, but perceives that government officials will consider 10 percent to be too low for action to be taken.
So the scientist may choose a way to present the facts and estimates to persuade government officials to do what the scientist believes is correct.
In deciding whether to warn and act, the tendency is often "reluctance to do something that may cause harm as opposed to allowing nature to create its own harm," Dr. Fineberg said.
Last year, the Bush administration released a comprehensive plan to counter an influenza pandemic. Even with it, the dilemma of when to warn will remain.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:0c57bc3c-76fc-47a8-937c-37c302177b91> | {
"date": "2017-02-20T15:47:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170569.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00232-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.969229519367218,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 1213,
"url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/health/28docs.html"
} |
ROCHESTER, MINN. -- Mayo Clinic researchers have found that breast tumors can be detected with a new imaging technique called magnetic resonance (MR) elastography. This test uses a combination of sound waves and MRI to evaluate the mechanical properties of tissues within the breast. In the future, this could mean earlier and more reliable diagnosis of breast cancer. The study was published in the June 2002 issue of the American Journal of Roentgenology.
In the study, investigators modified an MRI scanner to beam sound waves into the breast during MR imaging. A scanning technique developed by the Mayo researchers provides data which is then processed to yield images displaying the mechanical properties of breast tissues.
"Malignant breast tumors tend to be much harder than normal tissues and most benign tumors," says Richard Ehman, M.D., a Mayo Clinic diagnostic radiologist and principal investigator of the study. "This explains why breast cancer is often detected by physical examination simply on the basis of a very hard lump in the breast."
The MR elastography technique was tested on six healthy women and six women with known breast cancer. The images of women with breast cancer demonstrated areas of very high tissue stiffness corresponding to the known tumors. On average, the stiffness of the breast cancer tissue was more than four times higher than the surrounding tissue.
"Conventional MRI is very sensitive for detecting breast cancer, but unfortunately there are too many false positives," Dr. Ehman says. "The goal of our research is to determine whether we can use this new MR elastography technique to improve the accuracy of MRI for breast cancer diagnosis, thereby reducing the need for biopsies."
"Standard imaging techniques such as computed tomography, ultrasonography and MRI do not provide information about the mechanical properties of tissue," says Jennifer Kugel, Mayo Clinic research technologist and one of the authors of the study. "This new imaging technology is exciting because it allows us to look at tissues in a way that has never before been possible."
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed life-threatening cancer in North American women. Mortality from this disease is stage-dependent, making early detection the key to survival. These considerations, along with the limitations of mammography, motivated Mayo Clinic researchers to develop this study.
"Mammography does not work as well for women with dense breasts, those who have had lumpectomies or premenopausal women," Kugel says. "In these cases, a combination of MRI and MR elastography could be used as an additional screening tool."
This research is supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:7f5dcb3e-a0ed-4a0f-91bd-2d1cba64e776> | {
"date": "2014-12-22T04:13:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773201.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9591633677482605,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 539,
"url": "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/06/020626071110.htm"
} |
Executive Summary (TL;DR)
pwd to know where you are (or look between the
: and the
$ in your prompt).
cd to change directory elsewhere. Unlike in Windows,
cd must always be followed by a space; commands like
cd.. will not work, but
cd / and
cd .. will.
Knowing Where You Are
Way 1: Run
What directory you're currently in is shell-specific (and more generally, application-specific). You could be running one shell where you are in one directory, and another shell where you are in another directory.
To know what directory you are currently in, run:
For example (from a shell I happen to have open now, on my machine):
This tells me that I am in the directory
/home is (somewhat confusingly) the directory that contains human users' home directories (it is not itself any user's home directory). The human user
username has home directory
root user does not have a home directory in
root's home directory is
/root. This is not to be confused with the root directory, which is
Way 2: Examine your prompt.
The default configuration for your prompt is that it tells you what directory you are currently in. Your prompt is the text that appears to notify you that the shell is ready to accept a command.
In the example you showed us in your question, your prompt is:
christy is your username. The
@ character separates it from
ubuntu, your computer's host name. (If you're running a live CD, its hostname will be
ubuntu, and some people choose that as their computer's name during installation, too.)
: character separates it from the name of the directory you are currently in. In this case, that is represented by
~ is shorthand for your home directory. When you're not in your home directory, you should see a full directory name. For example:
ek@Kip:~$ cd /var/log
(To finish up what each part of the prompt means: For prompts that follow this convention, either a
$ or a
# character appears.
$, as in this case, means it's a normal user shell. A
# character would mean it is a
Changing Where You Are
Why your "cd" command did not work.
To change directory, use the
cd/. This does not work because you did not actually run the
cd command. In Ubuntu and other Unix-like operating systems (actually, in Unix-style shells like
bash, the shell you are using), the name of a command is considered to end only at a space or the end of the line.
So unlike in the Command Prompt in Windows (where
cd\ is interpreted the same as
cd \ and
cd.. is interpreted as the same as
cd ..), in
bash (the shell you're using in Ubuntu),
cd/ is not a valid command. You must use
cd/ means "the entry in the current directory whose name is
cd and which is also a directory." Whether or not such a subdirectory exists, it cannot be run as a command, so either way you'll get an error (though what error you get will differ):
bash: cd/: No such file or directory
ek@Kip:~$ mkdir cd
bash: cd/: Is a directory
Moving to Your Home Directory
To go to your home directory, run
cd by itself without any arguments:
Some people prefer to name their home directory explicitly. You can use its full name, or
cd by itself is sufficient.
Moving Up One Directory
To change directory to the current directory's parent directory (i.e., the directory that contains it), use:
.. represents the current directory's parent directory. If you are in the root directory (
/), there is an exception:
.. just represents
/. So running
cd .. moves up one directory when run anywhere but
/; when run in
/, you stay in
Every directory contains a
.. entry. They also all contain a
. entry which refers to the current directory itself. It's not very to run
cd . though. You always stay where you are.
Absolute and Relative Paths
cd to something that does not start with a
/, then it tries to go to that directory within the current directory.
For example, if you ran
Then it would try to go into the
var subdirectory of where you currently are, and into the
log subdirectory of that. Unless both exist, and in those places, that
cd command will fail (and you will remain where you were originally).
If you want to go to the
log subdirectory of the
var subdirectory of the root directory, run this instead:
Only if you are currently in
cd var/log equivalent to
A path that starts with
/ is absolute. The way it is resolved does not depend on where you currently are.
~ is absolute too, because it is (essentially) shorthand for
HOME is an environment variable, and the expression
$HOME expands to the full, absolute path of the current user's home directory.
~ notation can also be used to represent another user's home directory. If you write
~username, this represents
username's home directory.
Getting Back to Where You Were Before
The directory you are currently in is stored in the
PWD environment variable. The last directory you were in is stored in the
OLDPWD environment variable. You can view
OLDPWD the same way you'd view any environment variable:
Because this information is stored,
cd is able to have a special, quick and easy way to get back to where you were before. As pst007x says, to go to the last directory you were in, run:
If there was never any earlier directory you were in in that shell, then the
OLDPWD environment variable will not have been set, and trying to run
cd - will result in an error (and you'll stay where you are):
ek@Kip:~$ cd -
bash: cd: OLDPWD not set
Changing Where You Are Like A Boss
popd: The Directory Stack
Imagine a stack of directory names. By a stack, I mean something where when you add something it goes on the top, and you can only remove one thing at a time, and the thing you remove is always what's currently on the top.
You can push any directory
dir onto the stack by running:
If you want to push the current directory to the top of the stack, you can use
. (which, as explained above, always represents the current directory):
Then you can go about your business, changing directories as much as you like. When you want to go back to the last directory you pushed onto the stack with
This goes to that directory, and also pops it off the stack. Now the stack is one directory shorter. If that was the only directory on the stack, then the stack is now empty.
You can have a stack of size greater than 1. That is, you can use separate
pushd commands to push multiple directories onto the stack. Each subsequent
popd command will go to (and pop off, i.e., remove from, the stack) the most recent pushed directory not yet popped.
Here's an example:
ek@Kip:~$ cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d
ek@Kip:/etc/apt/sources.list.d$ pushd .
ek@Kip:/etc/apt/sources.list.d$ pushd /home/ek
~ /etc/apt/sources.list.d /etc/apt/sources.list.d
ek@Kip:~$ cd /var/log/apt
ek@Kip:/var/log/apt$ pushd .
/var/log/apt /var/log/apt /etc/apt/sources.list.d /etc/apt/sources.list.d
/var/log/apt /etc/apt/sources.list.d /etc/apt/sources.list.d
ek@Kip:/etc/apt/sources.list.d$ cd /
ek@Kip:/$ pushd usr
/usr / /etc/apt/sources.list.d
bash: popd: directory stack empty
popd are used much less frequently than
cd. They also have other, even more advanced uses. Run
help pushd and
help popd for details.
Learning More and Accessing Documentation
pwd have more advanced uses too. To learn about them, run
help cd and
help is for shell builtins.
man is for standalone commands--commands that run as separate processes and exist as separate executables. The
type command reveals if a command is a shell builtin or not and, if not, where the program it runs is located. For example, you could run
type type, or | <urn:uuid:eb768e29-1771-4dbe-bb45-e662e4234044> | {
"date": "2014-07-24T00:46:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883905.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00144-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9143987894058228,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 1917,
"url": "http://askubuntu.com/questions/161313/how-do-i-change-directories-in-the-terminal-and-know-which-directory-im-in/277612"
} |
Also available in a money-saving bundle:
Benjamin Franklin was one of America's Founding Fathers and leaders of The Enlightenment. He was one of the most colorful and influential figures in American History. Franklin was a diplomat, writer, politician, scientist, and inventor. His inventions were both unique and practical serving the public good and establishing the foundation of a new nation.
This Benjamin Franklin/Inventor clip art set features 20 PNG images (10 color and 10 blacklines), included are the following images: two pictures of Franklin; his inventions include: bifocals, swimming fins, long arm the Franklin Stove, printing press, an image depicting Franklin's groundbreaking experiments with kite flying and electricity; a map of the Gulf Stream, and an image of Franklin's post office as he was credited for being America's first postmaster and organizing the postal service.
The set will download as a zip file which is easy peasy to open! You'll then see your individual images and will be good to go!
Other clip art sets you may be interested in:
★Thomas Edison Clip Art
★Henry Ford Clip Art
★Milton Hershey Clip Art
★George Washington Carver Clip Art
★Benjamin Franklin Clip Art
★Eli Whitney Clip Art
★The Wright Brothers Clip Art
★Benjamin Banneker Clip Art
★Alexander Graham Bell Clip Art
★Sarah Goode Clip Art
TOU: Feel free to use our clip art in your products, classroom, on your Blog, or on your website. If you use our images, you must link back to our TpT Store somewhere in your document or on your site. To make it easier for you, we’ve included a button you may use to serve as credit given. It’s up to you which one you use. It’s in the download as a PNG image.
If you choose to credit with words instead of the included image, please write:Graphics by Dandy Doodles at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Dandy-Doodles
Please secure the images in your document so they cannot be altered or downloaded for free by others as sharing of these images is strictly prohibited. They are intended for use by the purchaser only. That’s you! :)
Any questions? Feel free to drop us a line at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:ebefc13d-0713-4afc-8a01-669b3472e976> | {
"date": "2017-08-23T20:44:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123359.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823190745-20170823210745-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9173357486724854,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 500,
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Benjamin-Franklin-Clip-Art-by-Dandy-Doodles-2016297"
} |
Introduction to the Paralegal Profession
The United States is a litigious society that requires a large number of lawyers to sift through the law through court and administrative hearings to resolve issues. As legal costs increase, paralegals have been trusted with a larger number of duties, tasks and responsibilities. As a result, the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics has identified the paralegal career as a field with rising demand for employment and a great potential for career growth.
Paralegals (also called legal assistants or legal secretaries) support attorneys with basic legal paperwork, documentation and tasks. These include preparation of depositions, affidavits, arguments, reports, pleadings and motions for hearings. Legal assistants conduct basic background research into case law, judicial decisions and relevant published material.
Lawyers depend on paralegals to perform the basic footwork looking into the initial details of cases and evidence collection. Organizing documents for all stages of the legal process will be a key task for the legal assistant. While some legal assistants engage in more office management functions like answering phones, maintaining financial office records, coordinating legal staff, interviewing clients and witnesses and correspondence; others have more legal duties like drafting contracts and mortgages, assisting in preparing tax returns, executing wills and closing real estate deals.
Information on Online Paralegal Degree Schools
The following is a list of schools offering online associate paralegal degrees, including the Web site URL, physical locations and type of degrees (be aware that courses are subject to change):
- Colorado Technical University Online – Associate of Science in Paralegal studies
- Everest University – Paralegal (Associate’s)
- Kaplan University – AAS in Paralegal Studies
- Keiser University – AA Paralegal Studies
- Liberty University – AA in Paralegal Studies
- Post University – Certificate: Paralegal (Legal Studies)
While certificates and associate degrees are common, it is unusual for schools to offer online bachelors paralegal degrees and online masters paralegal degrees.
The Advantage of Online Degrees
In our technology-laden times, online education is an increasingly attractive way to learn. Distance learning allows students to learn at their own speed, on their own schedule. Don’t be held back by slower students – complete your education when you want to.
Continue to work or take care of your family by taking an online course. Learn in the convenience of your home or office. Perhaps, your employer will help you add a paralegal degree to increase your value to the firm. Propel your career into the future with an online paralegal degree.
What Coursework Must I Complete?
1.) Legal coursework includes the following: Administrative Law, Advanced Legal Analysis, Bankruptcy, Civil Law, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Drafting Contracts, Employee Benefits, Employment, Environment, Ethics, Family Law, Immigration Law, Intellectual Property, Labor Law, Laws of Evidence, Legal Document Preparation, Legal Research, Litigation, Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights, Personal Injury, Property, Torts, Trusts and Estates, White Collar Crime and Wills.
2.) Non-legal coursework includes the following: Accounting, Economics, English Literature, History, Marketing, Science, Sociology and Writing.
Certification and Accreditation
The National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) conducts tests that measure education and experience for Certified Legal Assistant (CLA) and Certified Paralegal (CP) credentials. Paralegals with more experience can gain the Advanced Paralegal Certification.
The American Bar Association approves online paralegal degree programs for accreditation.
Legal assistants must have a basic working knowledge of the legal process, including the ability to analyze facts and evidence, along with the ability to conduct research on legal precedents. Paralegals must have great communication skills. They are involved in all dimensions of document preparation – typing, writing, drafting, updating, editing, reviewing and scanning.
Paralegals will work with computers, databases, software and the Internet to research cases. Paralegals must enter, retrieve, organize, index, sort and update data. Thus, solid organizational, computer and basic office equipment skills are a requirement for this job.
Paralegal Employment Opportunities
The Bureau of Labor Statistics views the paralegal profession as a growing field estimating that 7 out of 10 paralegals work at a law firm. Many different organizations hire entry-level paralegals, including law offices, courts, corporations, insurance companies, banks, government agencies and non-profit organizations.
Corporate paralegals work on contracts, employees benefits, annual reports, financial records, stockholder meeting minutes and ensure government regulation compliance.
Government paralegals prepare agency records, collect meeting minutes, present evidence and ensure regulations compliance.
Non-profit paralegals file forms, prepare documents and conduct research for the disadvantaged.
Paralegal wages vary greatly with the highest salaries achieved in corporations and the Federal Government.
Paralegals work in challenging, fast-paced office environments with firm time deadlines performing tasks delegated by lawyers. Many paralegals put in long hours preparing, documenting and organizing cases.
Paralegals are prohibited from performing such legal duties as setting legal fees, giving legal advice and presenting cases in court.
Related legal careers that are potential avenues for advancement include law clerk, legal research assistants, administrative assistants, attorney and judges.
Paralegals are increasingly in demand as legal firms delegate more duties to these legal assistants to reduce attorney workload and lower costs. The legal field is complex and provides great challenges for exciting careers. Online distance learning is a great convenience with affordable classes tailored to specific education needs.
Basic coursework will introduce paralegals to the basics of the legal process while developing skill sets that can be used for preparing documents, reviewing evidence and researching precedents for legal cases. Employment options are expected to increase. Courses change rapidly. Consider accreditation by checking with the American Bar Association regarding a school’s paralegal degree. Get a valuable paralegal degree and propel yourself into a bright, successful legal career. | <urn:uuid:f93b9f8f-38dc-4a0e-bb0a-aa7aac590b48> | {
"date": "2014-04-19T02:25:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535745.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00411-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8976563811302185,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1281,
"url": "http://www.onlinedegrees.org/degrees/paralegal/"
} |
A guide to some of the best resources for teaching about American Indians, including lesson plans, articles, websites, and field trip opportunities.
Planning a unit on American Indians and not sure where to start? We’ve assembled a guide with lesson plans, articles, and the very best websites available on the internet to help you teach about America’s first people. Don’t miss the field trip opportunities from Discover NC!
- Guides for teachers
- Student readings and multimedia
- Lesson plans
- Best practices
- Field trips
- Teaching about North Carolina American Indians
- This web edition is drawn from a teachers institute curriculum enrichment project on North Carolina American Indian Studies conducted by the North Carolina Humanities Council. Resources include best practices for teaching about American Indians, suggestions for curriculum integration, webliographies, lesson plans about North Carolina American Indians, and audio recordings of Cherokee language and folklore.
- Intrigue of the Past
- Lesson plans about the fundamental concepts, processes, and issues of archaeology, as well as essays for the teacher with detailed information about four periods in North Carolina’s ancient history.
- Native Carolinians
- Readings for students on the archaeology and history of North Carolina before Europeans arrived, including a discussion of how our understanding of North Carolinia’s first peoples continues to evolve.
- We Have a Story to Tell: Native Peoples of the Chesapeake Region
- Republished with permission from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American Indian, this edition explores historical and current issues faced by the Indians of the Chesapeake Bay, and includes a student project that uses primary sources to engage students with one of three issues faced by Chesapeake Indians — the effects of treaty-making, the denial of civil rights, and the importance of legal recognition.
- The Tuscarora War and Cary’s Rebellion
- In early 18th century North Carolina, clashes between coThis chapter explores the fate of the native peoples of eastern North Carolina, analyzes their conflicts with colonists, presents the words of both sides, and discusses what happened to them after 1720.
- Fort Dobbs and the French and Indian War in North Carolina
- From Fort Dobbs State Historic Site, a brief history of the fighting between colonists and Cherokee during the 1750s and 1760s. Includes photos from a reenactment.
- The Rutherford Expedition
- The Cherokee sided with the British in the War for Independence, and North Carolina revolutionaries attacked Cherokee villages. Led by General Griffith Rutherford, they burned villages and destroyed crops and food supplies. Developed by the North Carolina Office of Archives and History, primary sources, an overview essay, and maps tell the story.
- Cherokee Removal and the Trail of Tears
- Primary sources and an overview essay tell the story of the Cherokee’s forced removal from their homeland by the U.S. Army, including Cherokee attempts to resist and the establishment of the Eastern Band.
- The Removal of the Cherokee Indians
- This lesson allows students to assess the influence of the Trail of Tears. Students will read a brief history of the Cherokee Indians, past and present. They will watch the Unto These Hills video and read excerpts from Native Americans and government officials during the Indian Removal. Students will write an essay supporting or opposing the Indian Removal Act. (Grades 9-12)
- Not “Indians,” Many Tribes: Native American Diversity
- Students will heighten their awareness of Native American diversity as they learn about three vastly different Native groups in a game-like activity using archival documents such as vintage photographs, traditional stories, photos of artifacts, and recipes. (Grades 3 & 5)
- Native American Cultures across the U.S.
- This EDSITEment lesson discusses the differences between five Native American tribes within the U.S. Students will learn about customs and traditions such as housing, agriculture, and ceremonial dress for the Tlingit, Dine, Lakota, Muscogee, and Iroquois peoples. (Grades K-2)
- Traditions and Languages of Three Native Cultures: Tlingit, Lakota, & Cherokee
- Students learn about the environment, history, language, and culture of the Tlingit, Lakota, and Cherokee. (Grades K-2)
North Carolina Indians
- Native Carolinians — Lessons from “Two Worlds: Educator’s Guide”
- This collection of lesson plans, activities, and additional materials for teachers accompanies the Native Carolinians chapter of the North Carolina digital history textbook. The chapter discusses what we know about the first residents of North Carolina. Lesson plans and activities explore theories of migration, religious views, agricultural practices, and the distinct cultures of the mountains, Piedmont, and coast. (Grade 8)
- Cherokee Relocation
- Using primary sources from the Documenting the American South collection, students will investigate the boundaries of the Cherokee lands set for North Carolina after the Revolutionary War. (Grade 8)
- A Comprehensive Study of North Carolina Indian Tribes
- Students will apply their research skills of gathering and validating information to study the eight state recognized American Indian tribes of North Carolina in order to create an Honors U.S. History Project. Students then will create a comprehensive study of those tribes to be compiled into a notebook to be copied and shared with the eighth grade teachers of North Carolina History in our county. (Grades 11 & 12)
- First Americans of North Carolina and the United States
- This lesson will use shared reading, center time, hands-on projects, and journal writing to help learners discover facts about first Americans, particularly those in the region that is today North Carolina, while at the same time developing their English language skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. (Grade K)
- North Carolina place names
- This lesson contrasts and compares the names that Native Americans living in North Carolina gave to their villages and places with the names that European and other settlers gave to theirs. (Grade 8)
More lesson plans
Browse our collection for additional lesson plans about American Indians.
- Edward S. Curtis’s The North American Indian
- This site presents the 2226 photographs taken by Edward S. Curtis for his work The North American Indian. Included are images of tribes from Great Plains, Great Basin, Plateau Region, Southwest, California, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska.
- Who Stole the Tee Pee? An online exhibit of the National Museum of the American Indian
- Historical artifacts from the National Museum of the American Indian and art by contemporary Native Americans is utilized to explore changes and the causes of changes in Native American cultures since the 1900s. This website asks what happened to the traditions of Native Americans, offers a look beyond clichés about Indians, and looks at Native Americans as artists, as a community, and as individuals.
- American Indians and the Natural World
- An introductory exploration into the cultures of the Tlingit, the Hopi, the Iroquois, and the Lakota tribes of Native Americans.
North Carolina Indians
- The Museum of the Native American Resource Center
- The exhibits on display at this museum include prehistoric tools and weapons, 19th century Lumbee artifacts, contemporary Indian art and items which represent Native Americans from all over North America.
- The Lumbee Tribe
- This official site of the Lumbee Indian Tribe of North Carolina provides the history of the tribe with a timeline of events as well as information on the culture of the tribe including religion, way of life, language, education, and more.
- Museum of the Cherokee Indian
- Official site of the museum of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina.
- Town Creek Indian Mound
- This site provided by the North Carolina Division of Archives and History contains information about visiting Town Creek, a section on Montgomery County and the vicinity, a Native American Cultural Synopsis, and a section on the Pee Dee Culture.
- Roanoke Revisited Heritage Education Program
- This resource from the National Park Service’s Fort Raleigh site includes a wealth of information on Roanoke. Of particular interest is Unit Four, which offers detailed accounts of Native American life in the 1580s, covering such topics as towns, dwellings, transportation, agriculture, hunting and fishing, cooking, religion, and dress.
- Family Stories from the Trail of Tears
- The Sequoyah Research Center offers this collection of narratives collected by the WPA in the 1930s, most of which share stories of the trail of tears that were handed down from parents and grandparents. Several of these accounts are from North Carolina and all present a rare first-hand glimpse into the experience of Indian Removal from a native perspective.
- Never That Far: Lumbee Men and World War II
- This site from UNC-Pembroke offers oral history interviews with Lumbee veterans of the Second World War. Sources like this one provide an excellent opportunity to integrate American Indian history with the larger story of U.S. history in a seamless way. Video requires RealPlayer.
Browse our collection for additional websites about American Indians.
- Teaching about Thanksgiving
- Resources and activities to help you bring historical accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and a broader context to discussions about the quintessentially American holiday.
- Teaching About Native American Issues
- This resource from Understanding Prejudice provides teachers with some do’s and don’t’s for teaching about American Indians thoughtfully and respectfully.
- Getting the “Indian” out of the Cupboard: Using Information Literacy to Promote Critical Thinking
- By Rhonda Harris Taylor and Lotsee Patterson, this article from The Teacher Librarian: The Journal of School Library Professionals acknowledges the impossibility of screening all of the cultural references to American Indians that our students will encounter and provides some useful ideas for teaching students the critical thinking skills necessary to filter out biased or stereotypical assumptions about American Indians and argues that this approach, combined with exposure to American Indian resources from a native perspective, can help students come to a more genuine and accurate appreciation of American Indian history.
- North Carolina’s First Colonists: 12,000 Years Before Roanoke
- This article, by Stephen R. Claggett of the Office of State Archaeology in the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office, provides an overview of North Carolina’s prehistory as well as an introduction to archaeological methods and their uses for unearthing the ancient past of our state.
- Hanging Rock State Park
- Students will learn about the Sauratown Mountains and the Saura Indians for which the mountains were named at Hanging Rock State Park. Ranger led programs are available for class field trips which correlate to the North Carolina curriculum for 5th through 8th grades.
- Oconaluftee Indian Village
- A model of a Cherokee Indian Village from over 250 years ago with guides in native costume to answer questions and explain their heritage.
- Indian Museum of the Carolinas
- This Native American museum features the Indians of the past, present day Indian groups and Indians of North America.
- Meherrin Indian Tribe
- Attend a Pow-Wow and see demonstrations of Meherrin Indian culture through dance, a drum competition, pottery, and beading.
More field trips
For more field trip options by county, use the interactive map in Discover NC! | <urn:uuid:82e07086-a72c-4dd7-bac1-01c331f31c9d> | {
"date": "2013-05-22T07:14:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9126464128494263,
"score": 3.796875,
"token_count": 2363,
"url": "http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/2778"
} |
How to begin a college essay writing a process essay discipline dissertation geography in related wright my assignments. Writing a good essay isn't easy and it's the fruit of hard work for help you can check essay writing expert check out, please digitalessaynet i think they are the best. Writing a descriptive essay writing a persuasive essay writing a compare/contrast paper if there is a trick to writing a process paper. Henry viii homework help writing process for essays essay good customer service rep essays george orwell online.
Short process essay writing guide to show you how to write process essay you can get your process essay written by professional process essay writers. Monterey peninsula college english & study skills center sample process essay many students immediately panic when they are faced with the task of writing an essay. A process essay tells readers how to do something this post explains the basics of a process essay and lists 15 process essay topics to get you started. View and download writing process essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your writing process essay.
7 process analysis (“how to”) note: processing the process essay other essays you have already written for this course. Free writing process papers, essays, and research papers. What to consider when writing a process essay a process paper either tells the reader how to do something or describes how something is done as you write your. Writing a process or how to essay seems easy at first, but you can become bogged down if you don't follow a process.
Thus ever does the gross fatality process essay writing literary analysis essay ppt phd thesis biomedical engineering. The process essay the process pattern of organization is especially importantin scientific writing for example, it is used to describe biological processessuch as t. Process essays can be written on many different topics which base on the describtion of a definite process through a series of steps or stags. The purpose of most college essay writing assignments is not for most of your college essays will involve a writing process join excelsior college owl. Edit article wiki how to write a process essay four parts: outlining your task writing the introduction writing the body of the essay wrapping it up community q&a.
Unsubscribe from ashan r hampton how do you write a process essay what are good process essay topics learn how to write a process essay. Resource links about the writing process resource links about the writing essay writing is a process and the first step involves understanding what is being. Help your child use the writing process in every grade and learn how writing the writing process: steps to writing once they draft their essay. The first essay assigned in a composition course is often the so-called process essay, the writing project in which we describe how to do something or tell how.
What is a process essay the process essay is, in simple terms, a how-to essay this type of paper serves to inform the reader on how something is done, ie teach. Writing essays: the writing process revised 4/20/10 page 1 of 4 essay writing step by step “write an essay but i don’t know how. Writing is a process that involves at least four distinct steps: prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing. These simple steps will guide you through the essay writing process: decide on your topic prepare an outline or diagram of your ideas write your thesis statement. | <urn:uuid:c62555ff-f141-46b7-b18d-7f884abb192e> | {
"date": "2018-04-27T06:39:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949489.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427060505-20180427080505-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.922394871711731,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 691,
"url": "http://tapaperzdof.theseospot.info/written-process-essay.html"
} |
When my high-school math teacher solved a math problem on the blackboard, he would often write QED in large letters next to it. QED is an abbreviation of the Latin words, “Quod erat demonstrondum”, which means “What has been demonstrated”. What he was saying to us when he wrote QED on the board was, “The problem has been solved; it’s obvious!” “Let’s move on to the next problem!”
In John 5:30-47, Jesus gives us five witnesses to His deity.
- Himself – Jesus was completely unbiased because He was not seeking His own will, but the will of the One who sent Him. As He later told Philip, “He who sees Me sees the Father” (John 14:9). He told His accusers, “I and the Father are one” (John 10:30), and they picked up stones to stone Him to death because He was claiming to be God.
- John the Baptist – who claimed to be the forerunner of the Messiah, and the “friend of the Bridegroom”. Thousands of people came to listen to him and be baptized as a sign of repentance in preparation for Messiah’s arrival. John the Baptist referred to Jesus as “the Lord”, “the Lamb of God”, and “the Son of God”, and told his own disciples to follow Jesus.
- His works – Jesus’ miracles were examples of His divine power and substantiated His claims. As Nicodemus said to Jesus in John 3:2, “No one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.” There were others in the Bible who performed miracles, but none of them claimed to be God.
- The Father – At Jesus’ baptism, the Father’s voice was heard from heaven saying, “Thou art My beloved Son, in Thee I am well-pleased” (Matthew 3:17; Mark 1:11; Luke 3:22). The voice of the Father from heaven also came on two other occasions: at Jesus’ transfiguration (Luke 9:35), and after His triumphal entry into Jerusalem (John 12:28). It wasn’t thunder they were hearing. They heard His words, loud and clear, on all three occasions!
- The Scriptures – Jesus Christ is not merely in the New Testament Gospels and Epistles. He is also found directly and indirectly in the Old Testament Scriptures: the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. He is found in the promises to Adam, Abraham, Moses, and David. He is also in the symbolism of the ceremonial Law and sacrifices. Jesus tells the Jewish leaders in John 5:39, “You search the Scriptures because you think that in them you have eternal life; and it is these that bear witness of Me”. The Old Testament Scriptures were a signpost that pointed to Jesus.
- The Conclusion: Q.E.D.! The problem is solved! It’s been demonstrated! It’s obvious! Let’s move on to a deeper relationship with God the Son: the Lord Jesus Christ! | <urn:uuid:8c991f3a-97b1-4c24-a82b-c6962243c3b3> | {
"date": "2018-09-25T00:06:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160842.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924224739-20180925005139-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9699814915657043,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 690,
"url": "https://godinterest.com/2017/10/20/the-deity-of-christ-its-qed/"
} |
Not to alarm you, but don't take choosing a personality test lightly. According to the research in my book Cracking the Personality Code, today there are around 2,500 cognitive and personality tests on the market. So how do you decide which one to use?
Did you know your organization risks lawsuits if it fails to do proper due diligence in test selection? That's because there are a multitude of assessments available out there and the industry is totally unregulated.
To understand how to choose from the plethora of personality tests, it is helpful to understand the origins of these instruments.
Our story begins in a mental hospital in Minnesota during World War II. A test called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is created to diagnose mental illness with yes-or-no responses to a series of questions. In an attempt to put some science into the hiring process, many companies start employing psychologists who in turn used this existing MMPI psychopathological test to screen job applicants. The test includes true-false questions like "I never indulge in unusual sex practices" and "I feel sure there is only one true religion." Of course, this seemed strange and intrusive to most job applicants who took the test over the next six decades.
Meanwhile, a Harvard University instructor and psychologist named Raymond Cattell working in the Adjutant General's office devised psychological tests for the military. After the war he accepts a research professorship at the University of Illinois where they were developing the first electronic computer, the Illiac I, which would make it possible for the first time to do large-scale factor analyses of his personality testing theories.
Cattell used an IBM sorter and the brand-new Illiac computer to perform factor analysis on 4,500 personality-related words. The result was a test to measure intelligence and to assess personality traits known as the Sixteen Personality Factor questionnaire (16PF). First published in 1949, the 16PF profiles individuals using 16 different personality traits. Cattell's research proved that while most people have surface personality traits that can be easily observed, we also have source traits that can be discovered only by the statistical processes of factor analysis. His 16 measures of personality are:
* Warmth-from reserved to attentive
* Reasoning-from concrete thinker to conceptual thinker
* Emotional Stability-from changeable to stable
* Dominance-from cooperative to assertive
* Liveliness-from restrained to spontaneous
* Rule Consciousness -from non-conforming to dutiful
* Social Boldness-from timid to bold
* Sensitivity-from unsentimental to sentimental
* Vigilance-from trusting to suspicious
* Abstractedness-from practical to imaginative
* Privateness-from openness to discreet
* Apprehension-from self-assured to apprehensive
* Openness to Change- from traditional to open to change
* Self Reliance-from affiliative to individualistic
* Perfectionism-from tolerant to perfectionistic
* Tension-from relaxed to tense
In 1963 W.T. Norman verified Cattell's work but felt that only five factors really shape personality: extraversion, independence, self-control, anxiety and tough-mindedness. Dubbed the "Big Five" approach, this has become the basis of many of the modern personality tests on the market today. There have been hundreds and hundreds of studies validating the approach.
Using the "Big Five" terms, here is what a manager is looking for on a spectrum of personality:
* Extraversion-introvert or extravert?
* Independence-accommodation or independence?
* Self-Control-lack of restraint or self-control?
* Anxiety-low anxiety or high anxiety?
* Tough-Mindedness-receptivity or tough-mindedness?
The five decades of research findings, which are much more elaborate then the brief descriptions provided here, has served as the framework for constructing a number of derivative personality inventories. This is a topic that's been researched to death by the field of industrial and organizational psychology. The astounding thing is how many companies undertake such huge investments in hiring and do not pay attention to what we know about using personality assessments to pick out the people who are going to be the best.
Chief Insurance Solutions LLC - Expert Advisor | <urn:uuid:eae9645e-f1eb-4e8e-9252-09b0d92efce6> | {
"date": "2019-12-07T02:06:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540491871.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207005439-20191207033439-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9284704923629761,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 881,
"url": "https://www.chiefins.com/blog/how-to-use-personality-assessments-to-hire-effectively"
} |
Apart from the advantages there are some disadvantages of automation which affect human mankind a lot. Even the technology limits are not up to the extent. So in order to make each and every thing being automated, the technology is not ready yet. It has some drawbacks. Even the social controversies also include which results in the disadvantages. The main disadvantages are:
Technology Limits: The technology is unable to automate each and every task. There are some limits of automation systems.
Research and development cost: The research and the development costs are very high and this cost has large impact on the profitability.
Investment cost: To build each and every industry, different types of machines required which in turn need automation. The automation of a new product is very high when compared to the unit cost of the product. The investment cost ranges very highly depending upon the equipment needed. A lot of initial investment is generally required to automate a plant.
Controversy regarding unemployment: While the automation replaces the manual labor and replaces them with a single automated machine which results in a unemployment .As the work which is done by a large number of labor is done by a single machine, reducing the need of much manual labor as earlier. So many of the workers can loose employment. | <urn:uuid:5594d71b-2d7b-4672-82db-21abd68932f2> | {
"date": "2018-03-22T13:23:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647885.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322131741-20180322151741-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9613774418830872,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 250,
"url": "http://opinion-corner.net/2010/05/disadvantages-of-automation/"
} |
The aerodigestive tract is a combination of the respiratory tract and the upper portion of the digestive tract. As these two organ systems share many of the necessary structures used for swallowing, vocalizing, and breathing, they are often studied together as a unit. The lips, tongue, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus are all examples of structures found within the aerodigestive tract. When there is dysfunction or disease in one system, it often affects the other. As such, dysfunction of the aerodigestive system occurs with a wide range of disorders, including GI motility disorders, reflux disorders, neoplasia, and neurologic diseases such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Symptoms of aerodigestive dysfunction include dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), lung infections due to aspiration, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, halitosis, and/or malnutrition to name a few.
In order to effectively understand aerodigestive pathology and examine potential therapeutic mechanisms for use in human patients, it is often essential to utilize animal models. Though rodents are commonly used in research, their small size, particularly concerning mice, create various challenges when investigating the complex aerodigestive system. This presentation will discuss several minimally invasive imaging modalities performed in awake or anesthetized rodent models to investigate aerodigestive tract dysfunction and efficacy of various treatments. Specifically, this presentation will cover videofluoroscopic swallow studies and endoscopy of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and/or esophagus. These imaging techniques have been adapted from the standard testing performed in human patients used to diagnose aerodigestive dysfunction and assess treatment efficacy over time. Thus, these imagine modalities serve to increase the translational potential of research involving the upper airway or digestive tract. | <urn:uuid:99b690a3-caa6-4d2f-afbb-2dd44f1cff8f> | {
"date": "2018-06-19T12:49:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.931962251663208,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 393,
"url": "https://www.labroots.com/webinar/assessment-aerodigestive-system-rodents"
} |
English as a Second Language (ESL) may demonstrate an accent that varies from
Standard American English (SAE) accent. The sound system of a speaker's native
language may influence pronunciation of English in at least three ways:
in English may not be a part of a speaker's native language.
rules for combining sounds into words are different in a learner's native
patterns of stress and intonation in a native language may be transferred into
biological, socio-cultural, personality, and linguistic factors which affect
acquisition of a second language, eradication of a foreign accent may be an
unrealistic goal. However, training in pronunciation may enhance a speaker's
ability to be understood, and may be a personal goal of the client. It is
possible for adult ESL learners to improve their pronunciation of English.
Who can this affect?
People for whom English is a second or foreign language.
- oral-motor mechanism and function
- production and discrimination of English vowels
- training in discrimination (hearing
differences) of sounds
- production of sounds in isolation
- production of sounds at the word,
sentence, and conversational level
- intonation training | <urn:uuid:befccb82-d579-42d9-83a9-8a9ab7ad2aef> | {
"date": "2014-04-24T12:36:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206120.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00507-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8867676854133606,
"score": 3.9375,
"token_count": 254,
"url": "http://nau.edu/CHHS/CSD/Clinic/Accent-Modification/"
} |
Glossary Search for vertical migration (Search Options)
Definition of Term
- vertical migration
The upward and downward movement of organisms in a lake or the ocean. Movement is usually into surface waters at night to feed and into deeper waters to avoid predators during the day.
(See also: diurnal, nyctoepipelagic, epipelagic)
- migração vertical
Movimento para baixo e para cima na coluna de água frequentemente cumprindo um ciclo diário. (See also: diurnal, nyctoepipelagic, epipelagic)
Other Search Engines | <urn:uuid:a8174ed1-847e-497d-8a5c-e6c110505aab> | {
"date": "2018-08-17T22:23:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213158.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817221817-20180818001817-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6541431546211243,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 143,
"url": "http://fishbase.us/glossary/Glossary.php?q=vertical+migration"
} |
The voltage regulator built onto the Arduino Uno is a linear-type regulator and is horribly inefficient. If you are running the ATmega238 at 5V using a 9 V battery, approximately half of the battery’s energy will be dissipated as heat by the regulator. This post demonstrates a DC/DC switching-type voltage regulator circuit that can be use with a breadboard Arduino and is much more efficient then a typical 7805 regulator. The switching regulator used is a Texas Instruments MC33063A. This IC can be used with external components to make a boost regulator (to step up voltage), a buck regulator (to step down voltage), or an inverting regulator. Here I am setting it up as a buck regulator to step down a 12 V battery pack to run a 3.3 V breadboard Arduino and XBee radio. Here is the voltage regulator circuit schematic.
The values of R1 and R2 determine the output voltage according to the following formula:
Vout = 1.25(1+R2/R1)
In my design, I am using R1 = 100 kOhm and R2 = 200 kOhm giving me an output voltage of approximately 3.75 V to power both an ATMega328 and an XBee Series 1 radio.
Depending on the values of R1 and R2, this switching regulator circuit uses about 2.5 to 3.5 mA of current when not powering a load. This compares to about 10 – 15 mA for a 7895 linear regulator. By using this regulator circuit design, my battery lasts for almost two weeks. | <urn:uuid:416d4818-c4b3-468c-b74c-bc6215d026ce> | {
"date": "2018-05-24T12:15:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866276.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524112244-20180524132244-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8827807307243347,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 328,
"url": "http://www.fiz-ix.com/2012/11/an-efficient-low-power-arduino-switching-voltage-regulator/"
} |
In August 2011, Enerdynamics wrote an Energy Insider article on the issue of natural gas fracking. There we described what fracking is, what it had done for gas reserves as of 2011, and some of the concerns relative to fracking.
Tower for drilling horizontally into the Marcellus Shale Formation for natural gas, from Pennsylvania Route 118 in eastern Moreland Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, USA (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Since then, the rhetoric over fracking has only gotten stronger. The famous Gasland movie is becoming a franchise with Gasland 2 now available. According to some observers, fracking is unsafe and cannot be made safe. And any information to the contrary is a conspiracy lead by the big oil companies. Many citizens in our communities hear this and believe it.
Meanwhile, supporters of the oil and gas industry argue that fracking is safe when done properly and has been going on for decades. While a detailed analysis of the data concerning fracking is too lengthy for a blog post, following are highlights of the issues surrounding fracking and some links where readers can get more information.
What is new since we wrote our last Insider article?
- U.S. gas supply projections continue to grow. Based on production increases from shale gas and other unconventional sources, much of which will be produced through use of fracking, U.S. gas supply is projected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) to increase by 44% from 2011 to 2040.
- The U.S. is projected to shift from being a net importer of natural gas to a net exporter. For many decades the U.S. has been a net importer of natural gas. The EIA now projects that by 2020 the U.S. will become a net exporter. This represents a fundamental shift in U.S. gas supply and will have significant benefits from an economic and environmental standpoint.
- Air quality around drilling and gas processing needs to be studied (but issues may or may not be related to fracking). Localized air quality issues associated with drilling activity have become apparent and need to be addressed. Studies have begun finding chemicals in air, some used for fracking some not.
- Earthquakes should be added to the list of potential issues (but again, this may be related to gas production but not to fracking). A soon to be released study suggests earthquakes in South Texas are due to removal of fossil fuels and water from underground, not due to fracking. Others have contended earthquakes are due to disposal of fracking fluids underground near faults.
- Drilling (whether fracking is used or not) is a significant land-use issue. Here in my home state of Colorado, more and more drilling rigs are moving into suburban neighborhoods that didn’t exist 40 years ago during the last boom. Residents in these neighborhoods are understandably concerned about rigs showing up within 500 feet of their homes, (which is the current allowed setback under Colorado regulations).
- Fracking’s impact on water supplies remains under dispute. In some limited cases, data may suggest that fracking harmed water supplies. But it is hard to know since data doesn’t exist on the quality of the water prior to fracking. If you read the fine print on these studies, most suggest the water contamination occurred due to faulty drilling practices or spills. Other studies appear not to show any contamination.
- Regulation continues to evolve. Rules at the local, state and federal level continue to be discussed and, in some cases, implemented. Many states are looking at regulations developed by Colorado as a starting point. But even so, fracking is very contentious here.
So what can we conclude? Only that there are varying viewpoints. Some will read this blog and contend that we are apologists for the gas and oil industry. Others will read it and think we are favoring anti-fracking activists. We are neither. Our company is in the business of teaching others about the energy industry, and fracking is simply one of the most contentious topics in the industry today. Thus, it is deserves a close watch and thorough discussion.
The battle will go on, but in the meantime, more and more natural gas will be developed. This will result in less and less coal and nuclear generation. Given the benefits of plentiful low-cost natural gas supply, fracking isn’t going to stop. But what is highly likely is that at both the state and federal level we will see a number of new regulations attempting to address the potential negative effects.
See “Fracking: What Is It and Why Does It Matter?” available at http://marketing.enerdynamics.com/Energy-Insider/2011/Q3NaturalGas.htm
For this viewpoint, you can go here: http://www.gaslandthemovie.com/ and for a counterpoint from a rather progressive publication (the Daily Kos) you can go here: http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/07/02/1220728/-Fact-Checking-Josh-Fox-Gasland-1st-Posting , http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/07/07/1221731/-Fact-Checking-Josh-Fox-Gasland-2-Oil-Gas-Industry-NOT-Exempt-from-Clean-Air-Clean-Water-Acts , and http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/07/18/1224787/-Fact-Checking-Josh-Fox-Gasland-3-EPA-Enforcement-Case-Shows-Gas-Industry-Bust-Under-Clean-Water-Act
See: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-03/hazardous-air-pollutants-detected-near-fracking-sites.html ; http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-25/business/41446844_1_gas-drilling-water-pollution-processing and http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_20210720/cu-denver-study-links-fracking-higher-concentration-air
See for example: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-epa-dimock-20130728,0,4847442.story ; http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ksinding/why_would_epa_hide_info_on_fra.html ; http://www.rtcc.org/2013/07/29/water-contamination-discovered-near-texas-fracking-sites/ and http://enewspf.com/latest-news/science/science-a-environmental/45787-report-toxic-fracking-fluids-killed-rare-fish-in-kentucky.html
See for example: http://www.greeleytribune.com/news/4757444-113/drilling-gas-oil-weld , http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2012/06/07/fracking-disclosure-colorados-compromise-is-pennsylvanias-controversy/ and http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/news/2011/new-colorado-fracking-rule-seen-model-other-states | <urn:uuid:ed3321a3-4fd2-47fb-90e8-7a13ba85ffb4> | {
"date": "2016-05-25T05:18:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274119.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00116-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8955130577087402,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 1557,
"url": "http://www.solarfeeds.com/natural-gas-fracking/"
} |
Wattles are a part of the legume family known as Fabaceae and are one of Australia’s best known native plants. In fact, the golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha) is Australia’s national floral emblem.
There are approximately 1,000 different native wattles with most producing fluffy pompom or cylindrical flower spikes in shades of gold, brilliant yellow or cream. However there are exceptions like the unusual red flowering Acacia leprosa “Scarlet Blaze” or the lovely Acacia purpureapetala with its purple tinged flowers. Many wattles flower in winter and early spring and their spectacular blossoms are guaranteed to attract a wonderful entourage of birds and bees. Birds will also be attracted to the seeds produced later on, some of which are edible for us too.
Wattles are available in all shapes and sizes from low growing shrubs to medium sized trees and even as grafted weeping standards. They are fast growing and make excellent ‘pioneer or nurse plants’ in new gardens providing shelter and shade for slower growing plants. Unfortunately they come with a limited life span (7–15 years) after which they will go into rapid decline.
How To Grow Wattles
With so many different types it’s a little difficult to generalise but here goes…
Wattles should be planted in full sun or part shade locations. They grow well in most soil types provided they have good drainage. If you’ve got heavy clay soil then raise the garden bed and apply eco-flo gypsum to improve the drainage.
In milder climates wattles can be planted at any time of the year. Regions with hot dry summers should wait until autumn or winter to give them time to settle in before the heat of summer. The prostrate wattles and small growing types (like Acacia cognata) can also be grown in pots but always use a special native potting mix. Water all plants well with eco-seaweed to reduce the transplant shock and give them a great start.
Wattles can be fussy regarding rainfall and humidity. If they originate from a region with hot dry summers then they may struggle if you live somewhere which experiences humid wet summers. They may die quickly or just fail to thrive and develop a lot of dieback in older leaves. Conversely some may go into overdrive with all that extra moisture and end up being very short lived or turn weedy. Confused? Speak to your local nursery or council to find out which varieties are suited to your area and if any have been listed as weeds for your region.
Fertilising and Maintenance of Wattles
Wattles, like some other natives, are sensitive to too much phosphorous and typically have low nutrient requirements. Established plants can be fertilised in spring and autumn with a layer of compost or a certified organic native fertiliser. New plants, or those which you wish to push along, can be fed with a mixture of eco-seaweed and eco-aminogro every 2-4 weeks.
If you have an older plant which is showing signs of decline (branch dieback and borers) and you want to try to extend it’s life then apply eco-seaweed and eco-aminogro every 1-2 weeks around the soil. This can often revitalise the plant but bear in mind they are short lived plants and ultimately it will go back into decline.
Wattles do not usually require pruning however some people believe it promotes vigour and extends their life. They give a light prune after flowering finishes.
Pests and Diseases of Wattles
If you’ve chosen the right wattle for your climate then they are very easy to grow and have few problems. If something does go wrong it’s likely to be one of the following:
- Scale – there are several different types with most attacking branches and stems. Some are very easy to spot while others blend in well. The presence of sooty mould or lots of ants on branches (when not in flower) is a sure sign that scale are feasting. Spray with eco-oil a couple of times to control them.
- Borers – the larval grub of beetles (or sometimes moths) that tunnel into the trunk and main branches resulting in branch dieback and even plant death. Look for oozing sap and sawdust material (frass) as clear indications of borer attack. Being able to kill the grub is virtually impossible as insecticides can’t reach them but sometimes it is possible to prune out affected branches. It is important to realise that borers attack stressed or aging trees so even if your pruning is successful the borers will most likely return. Focus on removing any stress factors and stimulate tree health with weekly applications of eco-seaweed and eco-aminogro. If the tree is quite old then consider replacing it.
- Bag-shelter moths – these cluster caterpillars build a “bag” of leaves, twigs and webbing which they shelter in during the day and then feed on leaves at night. They’re hungry feeders and can strip a plant in no time. If practical remove the bags by hand but wear gloves as the caterpillars have long brown hairs that can cause painful rashes. If you can’t remove the bags then spray the tree with eco-neem for effective caterpillar control.
- Galls – these are irregular small bumps or growths which can occur on foliage or stems and are usually caused by various insects. In healthy growing wattles this is nothing to worry about and can be ignored or pruned off if they bother you. If you find your wattle has a lot of them then it’s generally a sign the plant is struggling and needs some TLC (see our recommendations above with borer attack). There is a fungal disease called gall rust which results in larger galls developing (up to 15cm across) and these should always be pruned out to minimise further spread.
- Spittle bugs – these are small sap-sucking insects that surround themselves with white froth (hence their name). Spraying is not needed as they do little damage but the “spittle” can look ugly so if it troubles you just hose them off.
Various other pest (like aphids, mites, mealybugs, leafminers and more) can attack wattles from time to time. Protect young plants with eco-oil or eco-neem to control most problems but with established trees you rarely need to do anything especially if it’s a small outbreak and trees are otherwise healthy.
Some of Our Favourite Wattles
Acacia baileyana purpurea – this form of the Cootamundra wattle produces purplish new growth which then turns grey. Produces masses of bright yellow flowers mid to late winter and grows to 6 metres.
Acacia cognata – look for the dwarf growing cultivars like ‘Limelight’, ‘Mini Cog’ or ‘Fettuccini’ which have lovely rich green foliage and are compact growing. They are beautiful wattles even when not in flower and some cultivars are suitable for pots as well.
Acacia fimbriata ‘Crimson Blush’ – attractive rounded shrub with bronze new growth tips. Grows to 1.5m and looks excellent planted in groups.
Acacia floribunda –grows to 6m and makes a fabulous screen or hedge. Showy cream cylindrical spike flowers. Grows well in coastal areas but is also frost hardy. | <urn:uuid:0a040c87-dca6-4488-83f8-f27728aa393f> | {
"date": "2017-12-17T06:10:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948593526.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217054825-20171217080825-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9493206739425659,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 1602,
"url": "http://ecoorganicgarden.com.au/gardening-tips/how-to-grow-wattle/"
} |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
MARC is an acronym for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. It is a 'communications standard [for] exchanging bibliographic, holdings, and other data'(2) between libraries. It defines a bibliographic data format that emerged from a United States Library of Congress-led initiative that began in the 1970s. It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today.
The MARC Standards Office is part of the Library of Congress.
The record structure of MARC is an implementation of ISO 2709, also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2.
The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate in the worldwide library science community. On the one hand, the formats are quite complex and are based on outdated technology. On the other, there is no alternative bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of granularity.
MARC record typesEdit
Authority records -- MARC authority records provide information about individual names, subjects, and uniform titles. An authority record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as appropriate from other forms of the heading.
Bibliographic records -- MARC bibliographic records describe the intellectual and physical characteristics of bibliographic resources (books, sound recordings, video recordings, and so forth).
Holdings records -- MARC holdings records provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location, and so forth).
There are many national as well as international "flavours" (variants) of MARC, including
- USMARC: national MARC of the United States, now obsolete.
- MARC 21: the "harmonization" of USMARC and CAN/MARC
- AUSMARC: national MARC of Australia, published by the National Library of Australia in 1973; USMARC adopted in 1991
- BIBSYS-MARC: used by all Norwegian University Libraries, the National Library, all college libraries, and a number of research libraries.
- CAN/MARC: national MARC of Canada, now obsolete.
- CMARC: national MARC of the Republic of China, based on UNIMARC
- DANMARC: national MARC of Denmark, based on MARC21
- INTERMARC: MARC used by Bibliothèque nationale de France
- NORMARC: national MARC of Norway, based on MARC21
- UNIMARC: created by IFLA in 1977, it is the official MARC in France
MARC 21 is not a new format. The original American version of MARC became USMARC in the 1980s; there was also a separate Canadian version with minor differences called CAN/MARC. After making minor changes to both formats, the USMARC and CAN/MARC specifications were merged in 1997 to create MARC 21, the name intended to reflect the 21st century. The British Library has announced that it will no longer develop the UKMARC standard it had maintained since 1975, in favour of MARC 21.
See also Edit
- Understanding MARC Bibliographic Machine Readable Cataloging, good for newbies
- Marc authority records
- MARC home page
- MARC frequently asked questions
- List of MARC country codes
- MARC Standards Office
- Usenet post about MARCde:Machine-Readable_Catalog
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:dd449eb5-015a-4ea9-a399-6b2fef7c472a> | {
"date": "2014-07-13T08:41:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776437493.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234037-00016-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8992398977279663,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 764,
"url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/MARC_standards"
} |
Cultivated for its large, attractive leaves and tall panicles of flowers. This species is perennial and grows from a rhizome, although it also has a huge rootstock. Do not eat leaves. They can be poisonous if ingested. Leaves are palmately lobed, round to widely ovate, dark green, coarsely toothed, to 36 inches in length. Underside of leaf is purplish-red and has soft hairs. Flowers are soft green to dark red, small, star-shaped, numerous. Panicles are erect to slightly pendant and reach up to 6 feet tall. Grows to 8 feet tall and 6 feet wide. Native to N.E. Tibet and N.W. China. Plant in humus-rich, moist soil and mulch annually with compost. For additional information on rhubarb, see our article on Rhubarb.Important Info : Do not eat leaves. They can be poisonous if ingested.
Google Plant Images: click here!
Size:Height: 0 ft. to 8 ft.
Width: 0 ft. to 6 ft.
Flower Characteristics:long lasting, unusual,
Flower Color:greens, reds,
Bloomtime Range: Early Summer to Late Summer
USDA Hardiness Zone:5 to 9
AHS Heat Zone:Not defined for this plant
Light Range:Part Shade to Sun
pH Range:4.5 to 6.5
Soil Range:Sandy Loam to Clay Loam
Water Range:Normal to Moist
FertilizingHow-to : Fertilization for Annuals and Perennials
Annuals and perennials may be fertilized using: 1.water-soluble, quick release fertilizers; 2. temperature controlled slow-release fertilizers; or 3. organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion. Water soluble fertilizers are generally used every two weeks during the growing season or per label instructions. Controlled, slow-release fertilizers are worked into the soil ususally only once during the growing season or per label directions. For organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion, follow label directions as they may vary per product.
LightConditions : Full to Partial Sun
Full sunlight is needed for many plants to assume their full potential. Many of these plants will do fine with a little less sunlight, although they may not flower as heavily or their foliage as vibrant. Areas on the southern and western sides of buildings usually are the sunniest. The only exception is when houses or buildings are so close together, shadows are cast from neighboring properties. Full sun usually means 6 or more hours of direct unobstructed sunlight on a sunny day. Partial sun receives less than 6 hours of sun, but more than 3 hours. Plants able to take full sun in some climates may only be able to tolerate part sun in other climates. Know the culture of the plant before you buy and plant it!
WateringConditions : Moist
Moist is defined as soil that receives regular watering to a depth of 18 inch deep, does not dry out, but does not have a drainage problem either.
Conditions : Normal Watering for Outdoor Plants
Normal watering means that soil should be kept evenly moist and watered regularly, as conditions require. Most plants like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season, but take care not to over water. The first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important for establishment. The first year is critical. It is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes.
PlantingHow-to : Planting Perennials
Determine appropriate perennials for your garden by considering sun and shade through the day, exposure, water requirements, climate, soil makeup, seasonal color desired, and position of other garden plants and trees.
The best times to plant are spring and fall, when soil is workable and out of danger of frost. Fall plantings have the advantage that roots can develop and not have to compete with developing top growth as in the spring. Spring is more desirable for perennials that dislike wet conditions or for colder areas, allowing full establishment before first winter. Planting in summer or winter is not advisable for most plants, unless planting a more established sized plant.
To plant container-grown plants: Prepare planting holes with appropriate depth and space between. Water the plant thoroughly and let the excess water drain before carefully removing from the container. Carefully loosen the root ball and place the plant in the hole, working soil around the roots as you fill. If the plant is extremely root bound, separate roots with fingers. A few slits made with a pocket knife are okay, but should be kept to a minimum. Continue filling in soil and water thoroughly, protecting from direct sun until stable.
To plant bare-root plants: Plant as soon as possible after purchase. Prepare suitable planting holes, spread roots and work soil among roots as you fill in. Water well and protect from direct sun until stable.
To plant seedlings: A number of perennials produce self-sown seedlings that can be transplanted. You may also start your own seedling bed for transplanting. Prepare suitable planting holes, spacing appropriately for plant development. Gently lift the seedling and as much surrounding soil as possible with your garden trowel, and replant it immediately, firming soil with fingertips and water well. Shade from direct sun and water regularly until stable.
ProblemsFungi : Rusts
Most rusts are host specific and overwinter on leaves, stems and spent flower debris. Rust often appears as small, bright orange, yellow, or brown pustules on the underside of leaves. If touched, it will leave a colored spot of spores on the finger. Caused by fungi and spread by splashing water or rain, rust is worse when weather is moist.
Prevention and Control: Plant resistant varieties and provide maximum air circulation. Clean up all debris, especially around plants that have had a problem. Do not water from overhead and water only during the day so that plants will have enough time to dry before night. Apply a fungicide labeled for rust on your plant.
Diseases : Southern Blight
Plants with Southern blight have lesions on the stem at, or near, the soil line. These lesions develop rapidly, girdling the stem and resulting in a sudden and permanent wilting of the plant. High temperatures (above 85 degrees F, 29 degrees C) favor the disease. The fungus attacks a wide range of plants and survives for long periods in soil. To control, treat with a recommended fungicide according to label directions.
MiscellaneousGlossary : Rhizome
A thickened modified stem that grows horizontally along or under the soil surface. It may be long and slender, as in some lawn grasses, or thick and fleshy, as with rhubarb.
Glossary : Poisonous
Poisonous: any plant or part of a plant which is toxic or irritating in any way.
Glossary : Perennial
Perennial: traditionally a non-woody plant that lives for two or more growing seasons.
Glossary : pH
pH, means the potential of Hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity. In horticulture, pH refers to the pH of soil. The scale measures from 0, most acid, to 14, most alkaline. Seven is neutral. Most plants prefer a range between 5.5 and about 6.7, an acid range, but there are plenty of other plants that like soil more alkaline, or above 7. A pH of 7 is where the plant can most easily absorb the most nutrients in the soil. Some plants prefer more or less of certain nutrients, and therefore do better at a certain pH.
Glossary : U. S. Natives
Native plants require lower maintenance and usually have less pest problems. They are key components in the xeriphytic landscape and backyard wildlife habitat. Select your region and the search will look for all plants in the database that are native to your area. | <urn:uuid:c3c0ff95-7431-40cb-812b-102af96b87b8> | {
"date": "2018-07-17T21:28:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589902.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717203423-20180717223423-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9360050559043884,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1682,
"url": "https://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/rheum-palmatum-chinese-rhubarb/"
} |
By Colleen Kearney Rich
It’s Saturday morning, and some students in the Washington, D.C., area aren’t sleeping in. Instead, this select group is at the city’s McKinley Technology High School learning to create educational computer games.
Funded by the National Science Foundation, the Game Design through Mentoring and Collaboration (GDMC) program aims to increase student interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in traditionally underserved communities. GDMC provides an environment in which students learn the basics of professional-level 3-D modeling and animation software, as well as the logic of game design and programming.
Held on Saturday mornings throughout the school year at McKinley Tech, the sessions are offered on a drop-in basis. More than 200 middle and high school students from about 35 area schools have participated in the program since it started three years ago. Students who have been in the program a while have the opportunity to become paid mentors and work with the newer participants.
At the helm is Mason instructional technology professor Kevin Clark, who is the principal investigator on this project. He says mentoring is a large part of the program and helps students master the technology skills they’ve acquired.
“We spend a lot of time teaching the returning students how to be good mentors,” says Clark, who also is director of the Center for Digital Media, Innovation, and Diversity. “We teach them strategies for troubleshooting if someone is having a problem or how to re-engage a student who doesn’t seem to be working. Our big message is, ‘Don’t do it for them. Help them learn.’”
Engaging the students does not seem to be a problem for Clark and his team. “These students come in voluntarily to learn how to make video games. At the end of the day, some of them don’t want to leave their computers,” says Neda Khalili, a doctoral student in the College of Education and Human Development (CEHD) who has been with the program since 2007.
The student gamers range in age from 9 to 19. About 85 percent are African American, and the majority of them are male. These students and their design processes are the subject of Khalili’s dissertation.
“I am specifically looking at students creating video games about science topics,” she says. “How do students think and learn about science topics that are unfamiliar to them when the goal is to create a video game? What would this learning process look like?”
New game designers are first given a basketball game to work on that quickly shows them some of the things they need to consider when creating a game, such as angles and gravity. The introduction of science topics into the game design was added to the program last year. For the 2010 summer session, Clark and his coprincipal investigator Kim Sheridan, who holds a joint appointment in CEHD and the College of Visual and Performing Arts, were working with a specific group of kids for four weeks when they decided to take it up a notch.
They brought in Melanie Stegman, a biologist from the Federation of American Scientists. The gamers broke into teams and were tasked with creating a playable computer game that demonstrated a scientific concept related to immunology. Stegman met with students to provide an overview of immunology and web-based resources. She also consulted with the teams on their specific projects. At the end of the camp, the teams presented their games and explained how they illustrated the scientific concept.
“It was wonderful to see how quickly students readily adapted their minds to focus on a science game,” says Khalili. “They changed from picking ‘good’ guys and ‘bad’ guys to picking the right antibiotic to fight off the infection.”
As the gamers discussed glial cells and neuro-transmitters, red blood cells twirled across computer screens. The studio atmosphere of the work space is another component of the program and a part of what Sheridan brings to the project.
“A lot of my work on the project has been about transforming the classes from a traditional step-by-step technology class into one in which kids work on projects that are more open-ended,” says Sheridan, who is also a visual artist.
The interdisciplinary nature of game design helps make this kind of collaboration happen. As an example, Sheridan recalls one Saturday when the designers were trying to model swords. “So they were talking about what their characters were like and what their stories were about,” she says.
The conversation soon moved to how pendulums work and how to make the swords swing in animation mode. “So we began talking about formulas and starting points, and how they have to program in the numbers,” says Sheridan. “In order to make the game they want, they have to use math, science, and art—and put it all together.”
In addition to the mentoring they receive while creating their games, the students are introduced to the professional aspects of the field through what Clark calls STEM summits. Over the years, the young gamers have met with professional game designers, entrepreneurs, and astronaut Bernard Harris to see how the skills they are acquiring can be applied in the workplace and to the college preparation they need to attain those careers.
“By integrating the STEM content, we are creating high-quality learning opportunities and demonstrating that what they learn now is relevant and applicable in their everyday lives,” says Clark. | <urn:uuid:b0c3697d-52be-462a-b6e3-672a6cc92b26> | {
"date": "2017-04-25T10:21:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120338.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00587-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9699986577033997,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 1157,
"url": "http://masonresearch.gmu.edu/2011/03/clark-sheridan-using-computer-game-design/"
} |
Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs
This is the official website for National Geographic's touring exhibition of King Tut's treasures. Here you can find a photo gallery of artifacts included in the exhibition, see when the exhibit is coming to a city in your region, buy advance tickets, and access educational materials.
Theban Mapping Project
The Theban Mapping Project is the most detailed survey ever of the Valley of the Kings. The project's website has two main interactive atlas features (the Atlas of the Valley of the Kings and the Atlas of the Theban Necropolis) as well as articles on tomb development, mortuary beliefs, history, and Thebes today (modern Luxor and Karnak).
BBC History: Egyptians
A fabulous resource for anyone who's interested in general information on ancient Egypt, the BBC's website offers articles on everything from the Great Pyramid to the Amarna period to the deciphering of hieroglyphs and the story of the Nile. An interactive sidebar allows for exploration of Khufu's pyramid complex, or you can create hieroglyphic postcards, embalm a mummy, or build your own pyramid.
The Egyptian God Aten Before and After Akhenaten
"The mythology of the Aten, the radiant disk of the sun, is not only unique in Egyptian history, but is also one of the most complex and controversial aspects of ancient Egypt." This article by Jimmy Dunn gives a good, chronological explanation of the Akhenaten heresy and how the Aten was viewed before and during Akhenaten's reign.
KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt
This magazine, according to its home page, "began in 1990 as an English-language periodical devoted exclusively to articles on the culture, history, personalities, arts and monuments of ancient Egypt—as well [as] features on archaeology, past and present. If you are fascinated by Kemet (Kmt—the "Black Land"—what the ancient Egyptians called their country), KMT is for you!" Many top Egyptologists are contributors.
Baines, John, and Jaromir Malek. Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Checkmark Books, 2000.
Bongioanni, Alessandro, and Maria Sole Croce, eds. The Illustrated Guide to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The American University in Cairo Press, 2001.
Forbes, Dennis C. Tombs. Treasures. Mummies. Seven Great Discoveries of Egyptian Archaeology. KMT Communications, 1998.
Ikram, Salima. Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt. Pearson, 2003.
Leek, F. Filce. The Human Remains From the Tomb of Tutankhamun. Griffith Institute, 1972.
Shaw, Ian, and Paul Nicholson. British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, 1996.
Reeves, Nicholas. The Complete Tutankhamun. Thames and Hudson, 1990.
Reeves, C. N., Nicholas Reeves, and Richard H. Wilkinson. The Complete Valley of the Kings. Thames and Hudson, 1996.
Hawass, Zahi. Hidden Treasures of Ancient Egypt: Unearthing the Masterpieces of Egyptian History. National Geographic Books, 2004.
Hawass, Zahi. "Egypt's Forgotten Treasures." National Geographic (January 2003), 74-87.
Zivie, Alain. "Mystery of the Sun God's Servant." National Geographic (November 2003), 52-9.
Carter, Howard. The Tomb of Tutankhamen. National Geographic Books, 2003.
Price, Sean. "Treasures of the Tomb: Discovering King Tut's Incredible Riches." National Geographic Kids (formerly World). (November 2002), 20-3.
Williams, A. R. "Death on the Nile." National Geographic (October 2002), 2-25.
Hawass, Zahi. "Egypt's Hidden Tombs Revealed." National Geographic (September 2001), 32-41.
Gore, Rick. "Pharaohs of the Sun." National Geographic (April 2001), 34-57.
Hawass, Zahi. "Abusir Tomb: Egyptian Priest's Undisturbed Burial Discovered." National Geographic (November 1998), 102-13. | <urn:uuid:46f5359a-3a18-43b8-b921-4fbf66676943> | {
"date": "2015-05-28T10:04:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00249-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8477895259857178,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 888,
"url": "http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2005/06/king-tut/king-tut-learn"
} |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Hemoglobin or haemoglobin (frequently abbreviated as Hb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red cells of the blood in mammals and other animals. Hemoglobin in vertebrates transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, such as to the muscles, where it releases the oxygen load. Hemoglobin also has a variety of other gas-transport and effect-modulation duties, which vary from species to species, and which in invertebrates may be quite diverse.
The name hemoglobin is the concatenation of heme and globin, reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme (or haem) group; each heme group contains an iron atom, and this is responsible for the binding of oxygen. The most common types of hemoglobin contains four such subunits, each with one heme group.
Mutations in the genes for the hemoglobin protein in humans result in a group of hereditary diseases termed the hemoglobinopathies, the most common members of which are sickle-cell disease and thalassemia. Historically in human medicine, hemaglobinopathies were the first diseases to be understood in mechanism of dysfunction, down to the molecular level.
Each individual protein chain arranges in a set of alpha-helix structural segments connected together in a "myoglobin fold" arrangement, so called because this arrangement is the same folding motif used in the heme/globin proteins. This folding pattern contains a pocket which is suitable to strongly bind the heme group.
A heme group consists of an iron atom held in a heterocyclic ring, known as a porphyrin. This iron atom is the site of oxygen binding. The iron atom is bonded equally to all four nitrogens in the center of the ring, which lie in one plane. Two additional bonds perpendicular to the plane on each side can be formed with the iron to a fifth and sixth bonding position, one connected strongly to the protein, the other available for binding of an oxygen molecule. The iron atom may either be in the Fe2+ or Fe3+ state, but ferrihemoglobin (methemoglobin) (Fe3+) cannot bind oxygen.
The Fe2+ in hemoglobin may exist in either a high-spin (deoxygenated) or low-spin (oxygenated) state, according to population of the iron (II) d-orbital structure with its 6 available d electrons, as understood in crystal field theory. With the binding of an oxygen molecule as a sixth ligand to iron, the iron (II) atom finds itself in a octahedral field (defined by the six ligand points of the four porphyrin ring nitrogens, the histamine nitrogen, and the O2). In these circumstances, with strong-field ligands, the five d-orbitals (these are the “3d” orbitals of the iron) undergo a splitting in energy between two of the d-orbitals which point directly in the direction of the ligands (dz2 and dx2-y2 orbitals, hybridized in these circumstances into two eg orbitals), and three of the d-orbitals which are pointed in off-directions (the dxy ,dxz, and dyz, hybridized in these circumstances into three t2g orbitals).
When oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in heme, all 6 d-electrons of the iron atom are forced into the three lower-energy t2g orbitals, where they must all be paired (see crystal field theory for diagram). This produces the “low-spin” state of oxyhemoglobin. The sharp high-energy of transition between the t2g and empty eg states of d-orbital electrons in oxyhemoglobin is responsible for the bright red color of the substance. When oxygen leaves, the Fe2+ is allowed to move out of the porphyrin ring plane, away from its five ligands toward the empty space formerly occupied by the O2, and in these circumstances eg orbital energies drop and t2g electrons move into them. This causes the iron atom to expand and increase its net spin, as d-orbitals become populated with unpaired electrons. In these circumstances, the absorption spectrum becomes broader, with smaller transition levels, producing the dark color of deoxyhemoglobin.
In adult humans, the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer (which contains 4 subunit proteins) called hemoglobin A, consisting of two α and two β subunits non-covalently bound, each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues, respectively. This is denoted as α2β2. The subunits are structurally similar and about the same size. Each subunit has a molecular weight of about 16,000 daltons, for a total molecular weight of the tetramer of about 64,000 daltons. Haemoglobin A is the most intensively studied of the haemoglobin molecules.
Types of haemoglobins in humansEdit
|hemoglobin, alpha 1|
|hemoglobin, alpha 2|
In the embryo:
In the fetus:
- Haemoglobin A (α2β2) (PDB 1BZ0) - The most common type.
- Haemaglobin A2 (α2δ2) - δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and in adults, it has a normal level of 2.5%
- Haemoglobin F (α2γ2) - In adults Haemoglobin F is restricted to a limited population of red cells called F cells.
Binding of ligandsEdit
As discussed above, when oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in heme, all 6 d-electrons are forced into three lower-energy t2g orbitals, where they are all paired. This causes contraction of the iron atom, and causes it to move back into the center of the porphyrin ring plane (see moving diagram). At the same time, the porphyrin ring plane itself is pushed away from the oxygen and toward the histamine interacting at the other pole of the iron. The interaction here forces the ring plane sideways toward the outside of the tetramer, and also induces a strain on the protein helix containing the histamine, as it moves nearer the iron. This causes a tug on this peptide strand which tends to open up heme units in the remainder of the molecule, so that there is more room for oxygen to bind at their heme sites.
In the tetrameric form of normal adult hemoglobin, the binding of oxygen is thus a cooperative process. The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by the oxygen saturation of the molecule, with the first oxygens bound influencing the shape of the binding sites for the next oxygens, in a way favorable for binding. This positive cooperative binding is achieved through steric conformational changes of the hemoglobin protein complex as discussed above, i.e. when one subunit protein in hemoglobin becomes oxygenated, this induces a conformational or structural change in the whole complex, causing the other subunits to gain an increased affinity for oxygen. As a consequence, the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin is sigmoidal, or S-shaped, as opposed to the normal hyperbolic curve associated with noncooperative binding.
Hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity is decreased in the presence of carbon monoxide because both gases compete for the same binding sites on hemoglobin, carbon monoxide binding preferentially in place of oxygen. Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin. Through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide reacts with water to give carbonic acid, which decomposes into bicarbonate and protons:
- CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+
Hence blood with high carbon dioxide levels is also lower in pH (more acidic). Hemoglobin can bind protons and carbon dioxide which causes a conformational change in the protein and facilitates the release of oxygen. Protons bind at various places along the protein, and carbon dioxide binds at the alpha-amino group forming carbamate. Conversely, when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease (i.e., in the lung capillaries), carbon dioxide and protons are released from hemoglobin, increasing the oxygen affinity of the protein. This control of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen by the binding and release of carbon dioxide and acid, is known as the Bohr effect.
The binding of oxygen is affected by molecules such as carbon monoxide (CO) (for example from tobacco smoking, cars and furnaces). CO competes with oxygen at the heme binding site. Hemoglobin binding affinity for CO is 200 times greater than its affinity for oxygen, meaning that small amounts of CO dramatically reduces hemoglobin's ability to transport oxygen. When hemoglobin combines with CO, it forms a very bright red compound called carboxyhemoglobin. When inspired air contains CO levels as low as 0.02%, headache and nausea occur; if the CO concentration is increased to 0.1%, unconsciousness will follow. In heavy smokers, up to 20% of the oxygen-active sites can be blocked by CO.
In similar fashion, hemoglobin also has competitive binding affinity for cyanide (CN-), sulfur monoxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfide (S2-), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). All of these bind to iron in heme without changing its oxidation state, but they nevertheless inhibit oxygen-binding, causing grave toxicity.
The iron atom in the heme group must be in the Fe2+ oxidation state to support oxygen and other gases' binding and transport. Oxidation to Fe3+ state converts hemoglobin into hemiglobin or methemoglobin (pronounced "MET-hemoglobin"), which cannot bind oxygen. Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening. Nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide are capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, however this is not usually of medical importance (nitrogen dioxide is poisonous by other mechanisms, and nitrous oxide is routinely used in surgical anesthesia in most people without undue methemoglobin buildup).
In people acclimated to high altitudes, the concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in the blood is increased, which allows these individuals to deliver a larger amount of oxygen to tissues under conditions of lower oxygen tension. This phenomenon, where molecule Y affects the binding of molecule X to a transport molecule Z, is called a heterotropic allosteric effect.
A variant hemoglobin, called fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2), is found in the developing fetus, and binds oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin. This means that the oxygen binding curve for fetal hemoglobin is left-shifted (i.e., a higher percentage of hemoglobin has oxygen bound to it at lower oxygen tension), in comparison to that of adult hemoglobin. As a result, fetal blood in the placenta is able to take oxygen from maternal blood.
Degradation of hemoglobin in vertebrate animalsEdit
When red cells reach the end of their life due to aging or defects, they are broken down, and the hemoglobin molecule broken up and the iron recycled. When the porphyrin ring is broken up, the fragments are normally secreted in the bile by the liver. The major final product of heme degradation is bilirubin. Increased levels of this chemical are detected in the blood if red cells are being destroyed more rapidly than usual. Improperly degraded hemoglobin protein or hemoglobin that has been released from the blood cells too rapidly can clog small blood vessels, especially the delicate blood filtering vessels of the kidneys, causing kidney damage.
Role in disease Edit
Decreased levels of hemoglobin, with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells, leads to symptoms of anemia. Anemia has many different causes, although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world. As absence of iron decreases heme synthesis, red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia are hypochromic (lacking the red hemoglobin pigment) and microcytic (smaller than normal). Other anemias are rarer. In hemolysis (accelerated breakdown of red blood cells), associated jaundice is caused by the hemoglobin metabolite bilirubin, and the circulating hemoglobin can cause renal failure.
There is a group of genetic disorders, known as the porphyrias that are characterized by errors in metabolic pathways of heme synthesis. King George III of the United Kingdom was probably the most famous porphyria sufferer.
To a small extent, hemoglobin A slowly combines with glucose at a certain location in the molecule. The resulting molecule is often referred to as Hb A1c. As the concentration of glucose in the blood increases, the percentage of Hb A that turns into Hb A1c increases. In diabetics whose glucose usually runs high, the percent Hb A1c also runs high. Because of the slow rate of Hb A combination with glucose, the Hb A1c percentage is representative of glucose level in the blood averaged over a longer time (the half-life of red blood cells, which is typically 50-55 days).
Hemoglobin levels are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests, usually as part of a full blood count or complete blood count. Results are reported in g/L, g/dL or mol/L. For conversion, 1 g/dL is 0.621 mmol/L. If the total hemoglobin concentration in the blood falls below a set point, this is called anemia. Anemias are further subclassified by the size of the red blood cells, which are the cells which contain hemoglobin in vertebrates. They can be classified as microcytic (small sized red blood cells), normocytic (normal sized red blood cells), or macrocytic (large sized red blood cells).
Glucose levels in blood can vary widely each hour, so one or only a few samples from a patient analyzed for glucose may not be representative of glucose control in the long run. For this reason a blood sample may be analyzed for Hb A1c level, which is more representative of glucose control averaged over a longer time period (determined by the half-life of the individual's red blood cells, which is typically 50-55 days). People whose Hb A1c runs 6.0% or less show good longer-term glucose control. Hb A1c values which are more than 7.0% are elevated. This test is especially useful for diabetics.
This Hb A1c level is only useful in individuals who have red blood cells (RBCs) with normal survivals (i.e., normal half-life). In individuals with abnormal RBCs, whether due to abnormal hemoglobin molecules (such as Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Anemia) or RBC membrane defects - or other problems, the RBC half-life is frequently shortened. In these individuals an alternative test called "fructosamine level" can be used. It measures the degree of glycation (glucose binding) to albumin, the most common blood protein, and reflects average blood glucose levels over the previous 18-21 days, which is the half-life of albumin molecules in the circulation.
Hemoglobin in the biological range of lifeEdit
Hemoglobin is by no means unique to vertebrates; there are a variety of oxygen transport and binding proteins throughout the animal (and plant) kingdom. Other organisms including bacteria, protozoans and fungi all have hemoglobin-like proteins whose known and predicted roles include the reversible binding of gaseous ligands. Since many of these proteins contain globins, and also the heme moiety (iron in a flat porphyrin support), these substances are often simply referred to as hemoglobins, even if their overall tertiary structure is very different from that of vertebrate hemoglobin. In particular, the distinction of “myoglobin” and hemoglobin in lower animals is often impossible, because some of these organisms do not contain muscles. Or they may have a recognizable separate circulatory system, but not one which deals with oxygen transport (for example, many insects and other arthropods). In all these groups, heme/globin containing molecules (even monomeric globin ones) which deal with gas-binding are referred to as hemoglobins. In addition to dealing with transport and sensing of oxygen, these molecules may also deal with NO, CO2, sulfide compounds, and even O2 scavenging in environments which must be anaerobic. They may even deal with detoxification of chlorinated materials in a manner analogous to heme-containing P450 enzymes and peroxidases.
The structure of hemoglobins varies across species. Hemoglobin occurs in all kingdoms of organism, but not in all organisms. Single-globin hemoglobins tend to be found in primative species such as bacteria, protozoa, algae, and plants. Nematode worms, moluscs and crustaceans, however, many contain very large multisubunit molecules much larger than those in vertebrates. Particularly worth noting are chimeric hemoglobins found in fungi and giant annelids, which may contain both globin and other types of proteins [PMID 11274340]. One of the most striking occurrences and uses of hemoglobin in organisms occurs in the (up to) 2.4 meter giant tube worm (Riftia pachyptila also called Vestimentifera) which populates ocean volcanic vents at the sea floor. These worms have no digestive tract, but instead contain a population of bacteria constituting half the organism’s weight, which react H2S from the vent and O2 from the water to produce energy to make food from H2O and CO2. These organisms end with a deep red fan-like structure ("plume") which extends into the water and which absorbs H2S and O2 for the bacteria, and also absorbs CO2 for use as synthetic raw material (after the manner of photosynthetic plants). The bright red color of the structures results from several extraordinarily complex hemoglobins found in them which contain up to 144 globin chains (presumably each including associated heme structures). These tube worm hemoglobins are remarkable for being able to carry oxygen in the presence of sulfide, and indeed to also carry sulfide, without being completely "poisoned" or inhibited by this molecule, as hemoglobins in most other species are [PMID 8621529]. See also [PMID 15265029].
Other biological oxygen-binding proteinsEdit
Myoglobin: Found in the muscle tissue of many vertebrates including humans (gives muscle tissue a distinct red or dark gray color). Is very similar to hemoglobin in structure and sequence, but is not arranged in tetramers, it is a monomer and lacks cooperative binding and is used to store oxygen rather than transport it.
Hemocyanin: Second most common oxygen transporting protein found in nature. Found in the blood of many arthropods and molluscs. Uses copper prosthetic group instead of iron heme groups and is blue in color when oxygenated.
Vanabins: Also known as Vanadium Chromagen are found in the blood of Sea squirt and are hypothesised to use the rare metal Vanadium as its oxygen binding prosthetic group, but this hypothesis is unconfirmed.
Erythrocruorin: Found in many annelids, including earthworms. Giant free-floating blood protein, contains many dozens even hundreds of Iron heme containing protein subunits bound together into a single protein complex with a molecular masses greater than 3.5 million daltons.
Leghemoglobin: In leguminous plants, such as alfalfa or soybeans, the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots are protected from oxygen by this iron heme containing, oxygen binding protein.
See also Edit
- Hemoglobin A1C
- Hemoglobin S
- Hemoglobin C
- Hemoglobin F
- Hemoglobin A2
- Campbell, Mary K. (1999), Biochemistry (Third Edition), Harcourt College Publishers, ISBN 0-03024-426-9.
- Reece, JB (2005), Biology (Seventh Edition), Benjamin Cummings, ISBN 0-8053-7171-0.
- Di Maio, M, Pisano, C & Tambaro, R, Greggi S, Casella G, Laurelli G, Formato R, Iaffaioli RV, Perrone F & Pignata S (May 1, 2006), "The prognostic role of pre-chemotherapy hemoglobin level in patients with ovarian cancer", Front Biosci, vol. 11:1585-90. PMID 16368539.
- Eshaghian, S, Horwich, TB & Fonarow, GC (January 2006), "An unexpected inverse relationship between HbA1c levels and mortality in patients with diabetes and advanced systolic heart failure", Am Heart J, vol. 151(1):91. PMID 16368297.
- Hardison, RC (June 11, 1996), "A brief history of hemoglobins: plant, animal, protist, and bacteria", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. PMID 8650150.
- Kneipp, J, Balakrishnan, G & Chen, R, Shen TJ, Sahu SC, Ho NT, Giovannelli JL, Simplaceanu V, Ho C, Spiro TG (November 22, 2005), "Dynamics of Allostery in Hemoglobin: Roles of the Penultimate Tyrosine H bonds", J Mol Biol. PMID 16368110.
- Ganong, William F. (March 17, 2003), Review of Medical Physiology (Twenty-First Edition), Lange Medical Books (McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division), ISBN 0-07140-236-5.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:6e3fa2b8-16cf-45a2-a4b2-683b3da9a186> | {
"date": "2015-11-28T15:07:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453553.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00206-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.901619017124176,
"score": 3.671875,
"token_count": 4757,
"url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin"
} |
Goals, grades, IEP and Special Education
I was in a heated IEP meeting one time, and a teacher angrily blurted out, “What do you want from me? Do you want me to just give him all As?!?!?”
“No,” the mom said quietly. “I want him to be able to do the work he is capable of, with supports.”
Does that say it all, or what? Isn’t that what we all want? To have our child reach their maximum potential?
I thought I would give an overview of both goals and grades, and their role in the IEP process and special education. For this discussion, ideally the right evaluations have been done and the child described in the RR and Present Levels matches the kid that you see every day.
Let’s start with goals.
I’m often asked “How many goals should an IEP have?” There is no single answer. “As many as you need to address the child’s areas of need” is how many you should have. One item that is certain. There IS NOT A MAXIMUM number of goals for an IEP. I hear that once in a while, “My district told me that each IEP cannot have more than 8 goals.” Baloney. They may be using 8 as a guideline, but there is no law stating how many. IEPs are needs driven and goals help to provide an “appropriate” education for the child by starting the framework of progress.
IEP Goals need to measurable. I think due to the outrageous number of Due Process cases in my area, our local districts are getting better at this.
But, I am still surprised at the number of times I look at an IEP and see a goal like “Jacob will improve his social skills.” How in the world do you measure that? A measurable version of that goal would be “Jacob will initiate social conversations with a peer and stay engaged for 2-3 volleys at least once per day” OR “Jacob will approach a peer at least once per day and ask them about an interest that they have” OR “At least twice per week at recess, Jacob will engage in a game of his choice with his peers on the playground, and of his own initiation.”
Those are all something you can keep a checklist and gather data on. But sometimes the data can be overwhelming for parents, so there is that issue too.
Thanks to Kids.com for the above graphic (at least that is who this is attributed to, I found it on Facebook!)
Ask for assistance with the evaluation results.
With all of the standardized tests and evaluations our kids take, most schools have a significant amount of data on our kids. The evaluations that your child is receiving to determine IEP eligibility all have publishers and protocols. Most of these tests are also designed for professional educators who have at least a Masters Degree in that subject area. In other words, the data is there, but how can a parent know if the child is making progress or if the goals set (listing specific data) are appropriate?
How to set IEP goals.
Most importantly, you want the goals set high enough to challenge the child and keep them moving forward. You want to begin closing the gap between your child and their non-disabled peers, as much as is possible. Ask about what grade level their reading or math ability is, not just test scores. You can get an A in Reading and still be reading 2 years behind your peers.
An issue I see often is “disappearing goals.” A child has a goal, and then all of a sudden, the next IEP doesn’t have it. No explanation as to why it is gone. Did the child achieve that goal? Who knows?! And parents are often so overwhelmed with the IEP process that they don’t notice it.
Only advocates and attorneys who are doing thorough record reviews and comparing one IEP (often page by page or goal by goal) to the next IEP catch it. Am I right?
When you go to an IEP meeting, do you bring the last one with you, or just eagerly peruse the new one? Quickly flipping to the back to see how many services they are going to get? (It’s ok, we’ve all done it! just another reason to get the IEP organizer!) But stay on top of this, make sure that no goals disappear from your child’s IEP without the team’s approval and agreement.
What if they want to reduce the IEP goals?
Let’s talk about reducing goals, or reducing expectations. This is another issue that I’ve seen with clients. The child is not progressing, but it looks like it on paper because the goals and expectations have been reduced. It appears that their words per minute in reading fluency got better. They’re meeting goals! Are you sure? Double check this!
Goals are not achieved unless they are applied across all environments. Sure, in a staged setting with rehearsals, many of us can perform tasks. But until they can do it in all environments, it’s not a skill set they own. If they have achieved it in one setting, just rework the goal to get it in all settings.
Grades vs IEP Goals
I have such mixed feelings about grades. Yes, if grades drop, that can be an indicator of something going on.
The main point I want to make here is to remind everyone that grades are subjective, not objective. Ask for rubrics. Ask for grading criteria. If your child is consistently getting Ds on work, have a conference with the teacher and ask to see some A and B work (you can cover up names!). Then speak to your team to see what strategies can be put in place so that your child is able to produce A and B work.
A mom in our group recently posted:
“Grades are a huge topic of concern for my gifted high schooler’s IEP. The school says we cannot guarantee grades, and I keep saying, but the grades have to reflect what he knows, not his executive functioning disability. It’s amazing how many assignments even at the high school level are tests of organizational skills rather than knowledge.”
That is an excellent point. Ask yourself, what are these grades measuring? Then discuss with the teacher if necessary. Sure, grades are subjective. However, for college-bound students, they are extremely important.
No child should be subjected to constant confidence-killing of Ds and Fs. Particularly if it is their disability that is preventing them from producing A and B work. I have seen modified workloads and assignments, extra time to do the work and extra chances to correct and re-do the work. It can be done and the team should want to help your child succeed, not punish them.
It’s not about the grades, it’s about the ability to do the work, with supports. Which should result in decent grades.
Goals and Grades: Working Together
A few key points to remember, helping you choose what to focus on. Both! They are both important.
They generally should be going together. If a child is making great progress toward their goals, then their grades shouldn’t be terrible. If that is the case, then the goals likely need to be revisited.
By the same token, if the child is regressing or making very minimal progress toward goals, then their grades shouldn’t be all As and Bs. That wouldn’t make sense either.
Grades shouldn’t just be given to your child. But their behavior or disability shouldn’t be used as a bias against them either.
Can a school fail a child with an IEP?
Absolutely. Happens all the time. This is perfectly legal, so don’t let others tell you that’s where to plant your flag. They haven’t done anything illegal.
However, any child failing a grade is a huge red flag for so many things. It is a reason to reflect on everything-the IEP (or lack thereof), the student’s emotional state, home life, everything. parents should have plenty of warning; it is not something that should be casual. Possibly failing a grade is not something tossed out in April or May, with little chance for turning it around before the end of the year. Again, stay in communication, stay on top of progress reports, report cards, all of it.
Find the balance–getting great IEP goals written to help your child maximize their potential with supports. As with just about everything else we have to do with our IEP team, it’s all about having open, frequent communication with your child’s team.
As always, if you have some extra thoughts on Goals or Grades and the IEP process, leave us a comment!
Pin it so you have it. | <urn:uuid:f0262426-2785-42f3-8fb2-566a85d6f437> | {
"date": "2019-02-17T01:15:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481428.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217010854-20190217032854-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9693247079849243,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 1907,
"url": "https://adayinourshoes.com/goals-grades-iep-special-education/"
} |
Thesis, antithesis, synthesis and Dialectic In dialectics any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in a balanced way.
To him, this was inevitable. This occurred because of a number of reasons, such as the fear of communism and general belief that the Treaty of Versailles had been too unfair. So how will this inevitably be resolved?
So here we go: Meat-eating is an exploitation of animals, in which we are subjugating other beings for our own ends and causing them pain and suffering. An example of how a legend can grow on inept reading is this: The antithesis is a critical perspective on the thesis.
The overthrow of the Provisional Government in October was a Bolshevik-engineered coup, not a popular revolution.
Thesis — a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved Antithesis — the negation or contradiction of the thesis Synthesis — the resolution of the conflict between thesis and antithesis Student activity: William ShakespeareHamlet Many are called, but few are chosen.
Support your thesis with two or three key points, quotes or explanations. The synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis by reconciling their common truths, and forming a new proposition.
You may be assigned two or more sources for synthesizing. To place responsibility for the outbreak of war on the shoulders of individuals is too simplistic. This summary should give rise to your opinion.
As little as antithesis without synthesis, or synthesis without antithesis, is possible; just as little possible are both without thesis. In our case, we are going to use thesis, antithesis and synthesis as an argumentative tool, and it can be used very effectively as an essay writing framework: It is not by means of any dialectic of that sort that his thought moves up the ladder to absolute knowledge.
Antithesis The war was the result of Hitler and Nazi aggression. However, Hegel never actually used the trio of terms except once in a lecture, in which he reproached Immanuel Kant for having "everywhere posited thesis, antithesis, synthesis".
Their essays and grades improved and using the format in other classes gave them an advantage over the other students in terms of marks, too. This analytical mode of reasoning is integrated into the entire school corpus.
Marx thought that eventually the workers would simply stop working for the bourgeoisie and work only for themselves. In philosophical discussion[ edit ] See also:We will outline the simple GAMSAT Essay Structure for success!
Teaching the GAMSAT Essay Structure, many will adopt the THESIS-ANTITHESIS-SYNTHESIS (TAS model), especially for Task A. One can think of this as the BODY of the essay with each given a paragraph or two.
The Thesis is your topic, the Antithesis concerns opposing viewpoints, and. Jun 20, · How to get top marks on your essays.
Here is the format for writing an essay: Thesis – Antithesis – Synthesis. This is the opposing argument, again supported with examples and sub-examples, following the same structure as Step 2.
Step 4: Present the synthesis. The phrase, Thesis -Antithesis -Synthesis, forms an important tenet of Marxism, and is said to have been developed by the German philosopher Hegel.
Thesis stands for a proposition or theory that is widely believed in. Antithesis is a negation of refutation of this theory. What Is a Synthesis Essay? Here are a few example bad synthesis essay topics: Synthesis on gender. Write about education. This is critical since you will be backing up your thesis statement throughout your synthesis essay.
In my example, my thesis statement would read something like this. The Hegelian Dialectic: Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis Mili Note: For those who might be late comers, here’s a quick overview of how the Hegelian Dialectic works so you can spot it in use, every day, everywhere around us.
Thesis / Antithesis / Synthesis for essay writing | ThinkEdu Blog. While researching Marxist ideology for revision lessons on the Russian Revolution, I came across the idea of thesis/antithesis/synthesis as an argumentative framework.Download | <urn:uuid:1cc5358c-6cfd-4edb-85cd-8ce719fafb2e> | {
"date": "2018-10-17T02:06:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510932.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017002502-20181017024002-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9417848587036133,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 911,
"url": "http://romalavedipoxij.mint-body.com/thesis-antithesis-synthesis-essay-structure-35613561.html"
} |
Alternate name: Devil's-bite
Family: Asteraceae, Aster view all from this family
Description Native perennial herb.
Habit: erect; tall, leafy, smooth or downy stems rise from a basal rosette; taproot.
Height: 1-5 ft (30-150 cm).
Leaf: grass-like, rough or hairy, to 10 in long, 1.25 in (30 mm) wide; at base, wider; above, fewer, smaller, narrower.
Flower: small, shaggy, bowl-shaped, lavender to rose, 3/8-1 in (8-25 mm) wide; held in spirals on loose terminal spike, 35-60 flowerheads per spike; blooming begins aat top of the spike and works down.
Fruit: dry seed, 1/4 in (6 mm) long, topped with short plume of barbed bristles.
Habitat Dry woods, grasslands, barrens and clearings; widely cultivated as an ornamental.
Range Eastern U.S.: Wisconsin east to New York and Maine, south to Georgia, west to Arkansas, and north to Missouri and Illinois; not reported in Kentucky, Mississippi, or Vermont.
Discussion Also known as: blazing star, northern blazing star, northern gayfeather, large button-snakeroot, devil's bite. There are 3 recognized varietes of this plant apart from the species. The species or one of its varieties are threatened or endangered in New England, New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. The flower heads and broad leaves with well-separated stalks are characteristic of the very similar Liatris species found in the same range; these may eventually prove to be variants of a single species. | <urn:uuid:2999b983-0281-4f9b-b070-72f64df508e2> | {
"date": "2017-01-23T08:40:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00394-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8820191025733948,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 369,
"url": "http://enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?shapeID=1130&curGroupID=11&lgfromWhere=&viewType=&curPageNum=18"
} |
Although diabetes is a life-long disease and has no cure it can be managed.
Bladder cancer is the seventh most common cancer in males worldwide.
The study conducted using animal model showed that injecting flufenamic acid -- a much cheaper cold drug -- into cancerous bladder cells can suppress the cells' invasive activities and restore the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs.
Different foods have different nutritional value, but the ones that turn into a potential health risk when reheated must be avoided no matter how healthy they might be.
The risk of pregnant women with the lowest satisfaction in their relationship becoming ill is more than twice than those who are satisfied.
The researchers found that spinal cord injury significantly altered the gut microbiome of mice, inducing the migration of gut bacteria into other tissues of the body and the activation of proinflammatory immune cells associated with the gut.
The findings showed that post-meal blood sugar levels dropped 12 per cent on average when the participants followed the "walking after meals" advice compared to walking at any time of the day.
Researchers have found that a higher body mass index can also negatively impact cognitive functioning in older adults.
Only prevention and control of mosquitoes can ensure long-term protection against dengue and chikungunya.
Women who have gone through early menopause, either naturally or because they have had their ovaries removed are twice as likely to develop heart disease as women of the same age, who have not yet reached menopause.
Researchers also found that white teens were more than twice as likely as African-American adolescents to smoke for weight loss.
The boy's 'third arm' is devoid of movement.
After its success, cadaveric organ donation has been actively campaigned for to raise awareness with the simple message that you can save a life even in death.
Coffee was the most tweeted food in the continental US between mid-2014 to mid-2015 followed by beer and pizza.
The amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) protein can worsen the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, lupus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as inflammatory bowel disease.
The best thing about this gentle form of exercise is that it can be practiced by people of all ages.
Head injuries are among the most common type suffered in domestic violence, which can lead to repetitive brain injuries that often have chronic, life-changing effects, much like what we see in athletes.
Food fortification is the addition of key vitamin and minerals to staple foods to improve their nutritional content and address a nutritional gap in a population.
The findings showed that for every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, there was a 38 and 25 per cent increase in the risk for liver cancer in men and women, respectively.
Activating the oestrogen -- the primary female sex hormone -- receptor-beta protein with a chemical has the potential to increase metabolism as well as help reduce obesity, say researchers including one of Indian-origin.
High cholesterol, which is a known factor for the decrease in heart health may harm more than our cardiovascular systems and lead to bone loss, say researchers including one of Indian-origin.
Now you need not be guilty of indulging in dark chocolates, as compounds found in cocoa may be good for your heart, a study has found.
Researchers have found that undergoing a computer tomographic angiography was a better motivator to get people with suspected coronary artery disease to adopt healthier lifestyle practices than an exercise electrocardiography and stress test.
In a recent analysis, experts have found that people suffering from epilepsy were seven-times more likely to have reported experiencing discrimination due to health problems.
- Is Hindutva a religion or way of life? SC revisits verdict
- J&K govt suspends 12 officials on anti-national activities
- J&K: China's flags recovered from terror hideouts in Baramullah, Kupwara
- Shocking! Nursery schools now costlier than IITs
- ATM virus attack: Users of debit cards under threat!
- Delhi Police may arrest Kabaddi player Rohit over wife's suicide
- Brave lady sub-inspector saves girl from kidnapping in Madhya Pradesh
- Bhubaneswar fire: Owner of SUM Hospital surrenders
- Politics over Mahesh Sharma's visit to Ayodhya museum site ahead of UP elections
- Fire safety norms not followed in many hospitals of India
- Airtel takes on Reliance Jio yet again; offers 10GB of 4G data at just Rs 259
- Saudi prince Turki Bin Saud Al-Kabir executed for murder in rare case
- Man divorces wife after seeing her first time without make-up!
- India can only 'bark', its products can't compete: Chinese state media
- China's state media calls LeT 'Pak-based military group', downplays boycott call of Chinese goods in Indian markets
- Sania Mirza trolls Sanjay Manjrekar on Twitter after completing 80 consecutive weeks as World No. 1 doubles player
- #KarwaChauth: Harbhajan Singh's hilarious tweet for all husbands will leave you in splits!
- Virender Sehwag's birthday wish to Sunny Deol is as funny as it gets from the Twitter guru
- Rita Bahuguna Joshi joins BJP, blames exit on Rahul Gandhi, Prashant Kishor; Congress calls her 'traitor, migratory bird'
- Dear Zindagi teaser: Shah Rukh Khan and Alia Bhatt will make you celebrate life—Watch now
- Bipasha Basu looked like a doll on her first Karva Chauth
- Wife of national Kabaddi player commits suicide, leaves message blaming husband of torture
- Mumbai on alert after IndiGo pilot spots 'drone' near city airport
- Congress MLA suspended for remarks against Rahul Gandhi, says `I can't call a donkey a horse`
- Hizbul recruits seen hugging, laughing in new video; Srinagar scribe quizzed over links with militants | <urn:uuid:f11d829b-4d27-4624-be81-989f0e30332d> | {
"date": "2016-10-20T22:59:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00489-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9467198252677917,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1266,
"url": "http://zeenews.india.com/health?page=1"
} |
5 log reduction of MRSA, VRE, Acinetobacter and CRE in 10 minutes
Evaluation of a pulsed xenon ultraviolet light device for isolation room disinfection in a United Kingdom hospital.
Pathogen transmission from contaminated surfaces can cause hospital-associated infections. Although pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) light devices have been shown to decrease hospital room bioburden in the United States, their effectiveness in United Kingdom (UK) hospitals is less understood.
Forty isolation rooms at the Queens Hospital (700 beds) in North London, UK, were sampled for aerobic bacteria after patient discharge, after manual cleaning with a hypochlorous acid–troclosene sodium solution, and after PX-UV disinfection. PX-UV device efficacy on known organisms was tested by exposing inoculated agar plates in a nonpatient care area. Turnaround times for device usage were recorded, and a survey of hospital staff for perceptions of the device was undertaken.
After PX-UV disinfection, the bacterial contamination measured in colony forming units (CFU) decreased by 78.4%, a 91% reduction from initial bioburden levels prior to terminal cleaning. PX-UV exposure resulted in a 5-log CFU reduction for multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) on spiked plates. The average device turnaround time was 1 hour, with minimal impact on patient throughput. Ward staff were enthusiastic about device deployment, and device operators reported physical comfort in usage.
PX-UV use decreased bioburden in patient discharge rooms and on agar plates spiked with MDROs. The implementation of the PX-UV device was well received by hospital cleaning and ward staff, with minimal disruption to patient flow. | <urn:uuid:9a4de538-ad84-4ea8-aec8-b0704751b9b6> | {
"date": "2019-02-24T02:54:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249578748.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224023850-20190224045850-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9411349296569824,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 358,
"url": "https://xenex.com/peer-reviewed-studies/environmental-studies/queens-romford-uk-5-log-reduction/"
} |
Its widespread use is causing concerns from communities and conservationists worried about the effects it could have on water and land.
The Bureau of Land Management is trying to make oil and gas drilling that uses fracking – officially called “hydraulic fracturing” – a safer proposition for wells on BLM lands. This means instituting new standards for public disclosure of the chemicals and their volumes used in fracking, the integrity of well casings, and the treatment of “flow back water” or waste water that returns to the surface after a well is fracked. It’s also a part of the larger goal of “doing it right” – making smart choices about oil and gas drilling before holes are made in the ground.
The BLM’s draft rules on fracking have several important points. The rule requires temporary storage of “flowback” – the water, sand, and fracking fluid that comes back up out of a well that has been fracked – in lined pits or tanks, which will protect the area. However, this flowback has to be properly disposed of, and the new rules have not yet set standards for handling beyond on-site storage. Fracking fluid can poison streams and rivers near drilling sites, unless the flowback is properly dealt with.
Another important part of the new fracking rules are the standards for well construction. By setting a safety standard for the cement lining (or casing) of the wells, the BLM is trying to ensure that groundwater isn’t contaminated by fracking.
Unfortunately the proposed rules don’t require drillers to publicly disclose information about the fracking chemicals and their volumes until after the drilling has been completed. TWS and others have long argued that the public has a right to know what chemicals are being used in hydraulic fracturing operations before drilling takes place.
Even though the industry insists that fracking is “safe”, many have resisted increasing calls from the public to fully disclose the chemical substance that are put into the ground. Each fracking operation can use tens of thousands of gallons of chemicals. But by keeping communities in the dark until after a well is fracked, it limits people’s ability to protect themselves.
Disclosing the contents of fracking fluids helps communities and first responders be better prepared for a spill, and help determine responsibility for any chemical contamination of underground water supplies.
The BLM’s draft rules for fracking operations on federal public lands are a step in the right direction. Oil and gas drilling will always be a dirty business. Setting safety standards helps protect communities and wild lands and waters from contamination, and part of “doing it right.” | <urn:uuid:e80513eb-481c-403e-a046-5049e29db293> | {
"date": "2017-09-23T20:16:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.955493688583374,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 538,
"url": "http://wilderness.org/blog/keeping-public-lands-and-western-communities-safe-irresponsible-fracking"
} |
ISAAC BEN SAMUEL HA-SEFARDI:
Spanish Biblical exegete; flourished in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. From his commentary, which is written in Arabic, it seems that Isaac b. Samuel lived in Palestine; Steinschneider ("Hebr. Bibl." vi. 114) concluded that he lived at Aleppo. Isaac b. Samuel is regarded as the successor in Biblical exegesis of Judah ibn Balaam and Moses ibn Gikatilla. The authorities he quotes are the geonim Saadia, Sherira, and Hai, and Judah ibn Ḳuraish, Judah ibn Balaam, Nathan ben Jehiel, and Moses ibn Gikatilla. In turn, Isaac's commentary is frequently quoted by the exegete Abraham b. Solomon (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." xx. 10). His commentary to the second book of Samuel is found in the British Museum (Or. 2388).
- G. Margoliouth, in J. Q. R. x. 385-403;
- Bacher, ib. x. 729;
- Joseph Derenbourg, in R. E. J. v. 139;
- Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. vi. 114;
- xx. 10, 11. | <urn:uuid:202cffd4-6924-4f3b-8816-adb052a44d03> | {
"date": "2016-07-29T12:05:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830066.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00231-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8894620537757874,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 284,
"url": "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8216-isaac-ben-samuel-ha-sefardi"
} |
Q.What is orthodontics?
- Orthodontics is a specialist branch of dentistry concerned with the growth of the teeth, jaws and face.
- Orthodontists monitor this growth and intervene with braces to improve both the aesthetics and function of the teeth and jaws.
- The result is a beautiful healthy smile.
Q.Why am I here?
Your dentist has asked us to see you for some specialist orthodontic advice about your jaws and teeth.
Q.Some reasons for the referral to an orthodontist.
- My front teeth stick out.
- My teeth are crowded or "wonky".
- I have some missing teeth or teeth that won't come through my gum.
- My teeth don't fit together properly.
- My top teeth don't line up with my bottom teeth.
Q.What will happen at my first visit?
- We will introduce ourselves and explain your visit today.
- An orthodontist will examine your jaws and teeth, usually with two small mirrors and a ruler.
- We may need to take photographs, x-rays and moulds (impressions) of your teeth.
- You will have an IOTN score done (index of orthodontic treatment need). This will help to determine if you need treatment and if you are eligible for NHS treatment.
- We will explain the problems with your teeth and how we can help. This may involve braces and/or extractions.
Q.What will happen next?
- You may not be ready for treatment so we will arrange to see you again when you have grown some more teeth.
- Your dental health may not be good enough for braces. This is usually due to poor tooth brushing or untreated tooth decay.
- You may not need treatment or have a low IOTN score where you are not eligible for NHS treatment.
- You are ready for treatment and eligible. Do you want braces? | <urn:uuid:b8d354b6-cd09-4d73-b619-219a4a3e4147> | {
"date": "2015-05-25T09:11:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928479.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00289-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8962416052818298,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 409,
"url": "http://refinedental.co.uk/orthodontics-faq.html"
} |
Regional Fire Services
Information regarding the Regional Fire Services. For all other contact information please visit our contact page by clicking here.
FireSmart is living with and managing for wildfire. Preparing for the threat of wildfire is a shared responsibility. Protecting your home from wildfire starts with simple actions. Whether you are doing regular yard maintenance or making large scale changes during renovations or landscaping, you can make choices that will help protect your home from wildfire. Some of the measures cost very little and can help reduce the vulnerability of your home to wildfire; others require planning and long-term commitment.
- Home Construction – Use fire resistant building materials such as stucco, fire resistant shingles and double or triple pane windows can reduce the risk of fire sparks and embers igniting your home. Determine your risk by completing a FireSmart home assessment. See the FireSmart Homeowner’s Manual
- Yard and Landscaping – You may already be taking actions that help to reduce your risk to wildfire; mowing and watering your lawn, planting fire resistant plants in your garden and using rock mulch instead of wood mulch can reduce your risk of wildfire.
FireSmart Guide to Landscaping
- Vegetation and Fuels - Preparing your property does not mean removing all the trees and shrubs. There are a few key things you can do to protect your home from wildfire:
- Prune tree branches to a minimum height of 2 metres
- Remove all combustible trees, long grass, shrubs, logs, branches, twigs and needles and grass mowed and watered within 10 metres of structures/buildings
- Thin trees (with 3-6 metres between crowns) for at least 30 metres from any structure
- Store firewood a minimum of 10 metres away from any structures (avoid down slope location)
- Contact your utility company if trees or branches are not clear of power lines
- FireSmart your fire pit or burning barrel
- Clear your driveway of trees to a distance of at least 3 metres on either side
- Farm and acreage – Each property is unique but a range of actions can help you to reduce your risk of wildfire. Focus on the following areas:
- Fences and ditch lines managed for dry grasses, weeds and brush
- Store bales, feed and firewood well away from any structures
- Consider vegetation management for outbuildings, barns and unused land
Regulations in effect March 1st to October 31, 2017
Ponoka County is responsible for the administration of the Forest and Prairie Protection Act within the County including the Summer Village of Parkland Beach and the Town of Rimbey.
During the Fire Season (now starting March 1st), any person lighting a fire for any purpose, other than for burning household garbage or campfires in approved containers/methods, must have a valid fire permit. You may be liable for fire suppression costs and/or penalties as provided by law for any damage or suppression that may occur while burning without a valid permit.
Most fire calls and associated costs can be easily avoided if precautions and extra care are taken. For example:
Watch for updates emailed to you when you apply for the permit using the new County app. Listen for ban information on your local radio station. Check the County website at www.ponokacounty.com or the Alberta Fire Ban website at https://www.albertafirebans.ca/
While burning may be the simplest way to clean up a site, you may be breaking the law. Keep in mind under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, burning certain materials is illegal. Burnable debris includes: brush/fallen trees, straw, stubble, grass, weeds, leaves, tree prunings and wood/wood products NOT containing preservatives. Prohibited debris include: animal manure, plastic (including baler twine), rubber (including tires), containers that held pesticides/chemicals, and wood/wood products containing wood preservatives. For more information check out Prohibited Debris: Before You Burn . . . Learn!! | <urn:uuid:dca75533-c92b-4df9-85fa-d327f7094b26> | {
"date": "2017-04-29T05:28:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123276.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00178-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9123821258544922,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 836,
"url": "http://www.ponokacounty.com/regional-fire-services.html"
} |
The influence of j l austin on contemporary philosophy was substantial during his lifetime, and has grown greatly since his death, at the height of his powers, in 1960. Students often find philosophy papers difficult to write since the expectations are very different from those in other disciplines, even from those of other. Advanced search advanced search search mode: find works : with all of the words : with the exact journal of philosophy : date. Popular & introductory magazines (including philosophy for children) dialogue a journal of religion and philosophy the web site offers no real information, but i get.
Order a superior-quality term paper in philosophy all custom philosophy term papers and research papers are prepared by professional writers from scratch plagiarism. Database of free philosophy essays - we have thousands of free essays across a wide range of subject areas sample philosophy essays. Three stages of writing 1 early stages the early stages of writing a philosophy paper include everything you do before you sit down and write your first draft. While well-known for his book-length work, philosopher peter unger's articles have been less widely accessible these two volumes of unger's philosophical papers.
A brief guide to writing the philosophy paper the challenges of philosophical writing the aim of the assignments in your philosophy classes. How to write a philosophy paper writing a philosophy paper is quite different from other types of papers in a philosophy paper, you have to provide an explanation. This book contains 15 papers by the influential american philosopher, david lewis all previously published (between 1966 and 80), these papers are divided into three. -- search for books in philosophy ---- writing resources--| writing philosophy | calls for papers | writing papers for class | admissions essays. Mla style outline format 487909 philosophy papers renting vs buying a home essay homework help fractions to decimals.
Title length color rating : philosophy of the mind - philosophy of mind one can say or try and dissect the brain and try to figure what’s going on inside of it and. Sample philosophy paper #1 i have had many experiences in my life that have taught me valuable lessons these lessons include everything from bring your own toilet. Writing philosophy papers the purpose of a philosophy paper is to make an argument although arguments can vary in their level of formality. Philosophical studies provides a periodical dedicated to work in analytic philosophy the journal is devoted to the publication of papers in exclusively analytic.
People with online papers in philosophy compiled by david chalmers this page is no longer updated its function has been taken over by the list of personal pages. John austin, professor of moral philosophy at oxford, died in 1960 before reaching age 50 he was possibly one of the most influential abstract thinkers. Papers by david lewis t his is a collection of philosophical papers by david kellogg lewis eventually, i hope to make it complete articles (1966) an argument for. Philpapers is a comprehensive index and bibliography of philosophy maintained by the community of philosophers we monitor all sources of research content in. Philosophical papers is an international, generalist journal of philosophy, appearing three times a year philosophical papers is primarily based in the department of.
Philosophy papers philosophy papers jun 26, 2017 writing a philosophy paper is quite different from other types of papers in a philosophy paper, you have to provide. Do colleges read your sat essay philosophy papers phd dissertation database proquest master thesis theme marketing. Buying a philosophy paper on our essay writing service is the right decision to get a+ grade place an order today and get 50% discount. | <urn:uuid:c12e9977-9110-49ed-b93a-603949b23b3c> | {
"date": "2018-04-23T13:40:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946011.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423125457-20180423145457-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9291414022445679,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 716,
"url": "http://rwassignmentyyjl.theseospot.info/philosophical-papers.html"
} |
It’s springtime and for some, this means painting the inside or outside of the home. If that’s the case, choose non-toxic paints for your task, and bypass the ‘fresh’ paint smell, which is really the smell of toxic chemicals in the paint evaporating and polluting the air and your lungs.
Chemicals found in conventional paints (such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), acetone ammonia, benzene and formaldehyde) ‘off-gas’ or evaporate at room temperature. These chemicals are potential carcinogens and can lead to short and long-term respiratory problems, not to mention that the waste from toxic paint can get into water systems and damage aquatic ecosystems. So what are your options if you want to stay healthy and not pollute the air or waterways?
- Natural paints: made from natural raw ingredients such as clays, milk and minerals
- Zero VOC paint: contains 5 grams per litre of VOCs or less, though this may not include colorants, fungicides, biocides or other additives
- Low VOC paint: 200g/L or less of VOCs, though most are at about the 50g/L mark; again, this may not include colorants, fungicides, biocides or other additives
- Zero and low-VOC paints are better than conventional paints, but you should still ventilate and even wear a respirator (either one fitted with organic-vapor cartridges for brush or roller application, or one suitable for spray painting) if you are sensitive to chemicals.
- Natural paints are the preferred alternative, since the fungicides and biocides in low or no-VOC paints can contaminate the air for up to five years after use.
- Always ventilate after painting, to increase airflow and decrease indoor air pollution.
- If your house was built before 1960, and even as late as 1978, your paint may contain lead, so have it professionally tested; if it does, it may be best to leave it, as removal will release particles containing lead into the air, facilitating inhalation.
- Some great brands of natural paints are BioShield, American Clay, and AFM. Speaking from personal experience with BioShield, the colors are great, and it didn’t give off that toxic smell even when I practically stuck my nose in the paint bucket.
- Look for paints that are certified by Green Seal. This non-profit certifies interior flat paints that contain a maximum of 50 grams of VOCs per liter of paint and interior non-flat paints that contain a maximum 150 grams of VOCs per liter of paint. There are also state-specific and other local voluntary certification schemes, but this is the most widely used at the moment. | <urn:uuid:d2fc922b-dc64-46ba-bab0-1ec783d3024b> | {
"date": "2017-05-25T18:13:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608120.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525180025-20170525200025-00135.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9395948648452759,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 580,
"url": "https://ecocoach.wordpress.com/2007/03/26/non-toxic-paints/"
} |
Advance Directives for Health Care - Restrictive Advance Directive Statutes
Medicine EncyclopediaAging Healthy - Part 1Advance Directives for Health Care - Proxy Directives, Instruction Directives, Restrictive Advance Directive Statutes, Enforcing Advance Directives, Institutional Policies And Procedures
Restrictive advance directive statutes
In their advance directive statutes, many state legislatures have attempted to draw distinctions between artificial sustenance (i.e., feeding and hydration tubes inserted either surgically in the patient's stomach or manually through the patient's nose and throat), on the one hand, and other forms of life-sustaining medical treatment (e.g., ventilators, antibiotics) on the other. Specifically, many statutes try to make it more difficult procedurally for families or other proxy decision makers for incompetent patients to refuse or withdraw feeding and hydration tubes than to refuse or withdraw other forms of life-sustaining medical treatment. Advocates for these legal provisions sincerely believe they are necessary to protect especially vulnerable patients from unfair undertreatment; nonetheless, advance directive statutes that discriminate on the basis of the type of medical treatment being refused by the patient or surrogate are probably unconstitutional.
The courts and legislatures have consistently made it clear that state advance directive statutes are not intended to be the only means by which patients may exercise their right to make future decisions about medical treatment. For example, a patient might express wishes regarding future medical treatment orally to the physician during a medical appointment, with the physician recording the patient's words in the medical chart. When that patient later becomes incapable of making medical decisions, the patient's oral instructions are just as valid legally as would be a written document executed in compliance with all the statutory formalities found in the state's advance directive statute.
- Advance Directives for Health Care - Enforcing Advance Directives
- Advance Directives for Health Care - Instruction Directives
- Other Free Encyclopedias | <urn:uuid:4ee290cd-20df-45d8-a185-565334248a45> | {
"date": "2019-03-25T03:13:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203548.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325031213-20190325053213-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.93143230676651,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 390,
"url": "https://medicine.jrank.org/pages/35/Advance-Directives-Health-Care-Restrictive-advance-directive-statutes.html"
} |
The Future Of Control Automation Has Arrived
Automated and robotic machines for manufacturing operations can pose design challenges. Pioneered in automotive manufacturing plants, control automation has made significant headway into many industries. Automated systems optimize space and productivity, performing tasks that might otherwise require extensive manual labor. Automation standards have vastly improved industry-wide machine programming consistency and advanced open system architectures, so today’s users have better equipment and software choices. The expansion of automation into broader applications has spurred demand for smarter, more efficient drives, controls and software tools. Staying ahead of the technological curve requires leveraging state of the art tools.
Tool 1: Modular Code
Consider that roughly eighty percent or more of new machine tasks reflect a variation of past tasks. So, software for a new machine can be generated quickly using code developed for previous generations of machines. Use of modular code programming relies on a control system and modular hardware, but the impact in terms of design freedom and reduction of machine or system design resources is phenomenal.
Modular programming has gained traction in automation control by providing software design modules that conceptually represent desired machine tasks. Application templates and software modules support efficient development of control software to handle most engineering requirements for standardized machine modules. An application template provides the basic structures, while allowing users to create their own machine modules. Software modules created using application templates can be modified and assembled with minimal effort, creating complete customizable systems with modules that can be reused to further drive down costs.
Tool 2: Integrated Hardware Sets
Machine design by definition is customized to the requirements of a task or set of tasks. Whether optimizing an existing machine, developing a new machine, or designing an end-to-end automation system, successful execution requires machines handle more extensive motion control tasks with greater speed. In drafting automation concepts, the approach should be to “let the machine decide.” Whether an automation system for central (controller-based) or decentralized (drive-based) motion control, the individual system elements should be optimally matched, while meeting the highest quality and efficiency standards.
To optimize motion control efficiency and achieve scalability through precision performance matched components, it’s important to ensure the right gear box, pairing the right motor and drive. Equipped with options that may include L-force control and software, memory modules, online diagnostics and integrated safety systems, scaled lines of frequency inverters enable the exact matching of speed and torque requirements. It is important to ensure optimal motor voltage and operational efficiency.
Synchronization at the hardware level enables seamless integration of high dynamic drives. The latest inverter drives on the market offer improved functionality for motion control including automatic axis bus to enable easy construction of direct and cascade configurations. This optimizes the bus bandwidth through synchronization at the hardware level. While technology convergence is evident at the hardware level, with leading vendors developing hardware modules, simply linking hardware is insufficient to optimize performance. The challenge remains to dovetail hardware sets that require parameterization at multiple levels, such as between a motor and drive, drive to controller, controller to HMI, etc. Modularization requires a modularized development environment. Drive solution design tools can simplify the process of drive dimensioning and energy optimization.
Tool 3: Industrial Communications
Industry is trending toward high-speed field bus data rates. Modular industrial communications protocols are critical to incorporating machine components and ensuring an efficiently networked system. There are multiple open networks with proven performance in a broad range of applications. The AS interface might be considered the easiest approach to industrial networking. InterBus can establish connections quickly in major installations. ProfiBus is totally universal and suitable for any large machine application. CANOpen offers a fast, easy networking system for multiple components. EtherCAT, ProfiNet and EtherNet/IP provide a seamless exchange of information.
Newer inverters on the market are equipped with an on-board field bus (CANOpen or EtherCAT) or may be expandable via pluggable communication modules. The user can customize solutions using the most suitable field bus for an application. Global drive controllers with integrated technology functions offer easy avenues for selecting a preferred technology and simple configuration. The inverter, register control, cam profile generator and positioning control, for example, can each be equipped with a uniform user interface. Such integrated technology functions can form a vital part of an intelligent automated drive solution.
Ultimately, people are at the core of new innovations in machine automation for manufacturing. Engineers face rapidly evolving and converging technologies, compounded by stiff competition driving faster times to market for increasingly complex machine designs. It is worth noting that industrial network communications architecture and hardware platforms can and should be independent decisions based on the best available technologies. The more important decision is selection of a support team and supplier that can offer a powerful “agile software” structure to integrate existing and future system components efficiently and sustainably. The right tools can streamline the design process and translate into better designs with lower total cost of ownership, from implementation to commissioning to maintenance.
To learn about Lenze Americas, please visit www.lenzeamericas.com. | <urn:uuid:75914e10-2b6b-4048-a1db-7af8352f4eef> | {
"date": "2014-10-30T18:26:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898644.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00153-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8760765194892883,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 1039,
"url": "http://www.impomag.com/articles/2013/09/future-control-automation-has-arrived?cmpid=related_content"
} |
Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
(Latin communis, general, of general application; lex, law)
The term is of English origin and is used to describe the juridical principles and general rules regulating the possession, use and inheritance of property and the conduct of individuals, the origin of which is not definitely known, which have been observed since a remote period of antiquity, and which are based upon immemorial usages and the decisions of the law courts as distinct from the lex scripta; the latter consisting of imperial or kingly edicts or express acts of legislation. That pre-eminent English lawyer and law-writer, Sir William Blackstone, states in his "Commentaries upon the Laws of England" that the common law consists of rules properly called leges non scriptœ, because their original institution and authority were not set down in writing as Acts of Parliament are, but they receive their binding power and the force of laws by long immemorial usage, and by their universal reception throughout the kingdom; and, quoting from a famous Roman author, Aulus Gellius, he follows him in defining the common law as did Gellius the Jus non scriptum as that which is "tacito illiterato hominum consensu et moribus expressum" (expressed in the usage of the people, and accepted by the tacit unwritten consent of men).
When a community emerges from the tribal condition into that degree of social development which constitutes a state and, consequently, the powers of government become defined with more or less distinctness as legislative, executive, and judicial, and the arbitration of disputes leads to the establishment of courts, the community finds itself conscious of certain rules regarding the conduct of life, the maintenance of liberty, and the security of property which come into being at the very twilight of civilization and have been consistently observed from age to age. Such were the usages and customs, having the force of law which became the inheritance of the English people and were first compiled and recorded by Alfred the Great in his famous "Dome-book" or "Liber Judicialis", published by him for the general use of the whole kingdom. That famous depository of laws was referred to in a certain declaration of King Edward, the son of Alfred, with the injunction: "Omnibus qui reipublicæ præsunt etiam atque etiam mando ut omnibus æquos se præbeant judices, perinde ac in judiciali libro scriptum habetur: nec quicquam formident quin jus commune audacter libereque dicant" (To all who are charged with the administration of public affairs I give the express command that they show themselves in all things to be just judges precisely as in the Liber Judicialis it is written; nor shall any of them fear to declare the common law freely and courageously).
In modern times the existence of the "Liber Judicialis" was the subject of great doubt, and such doubt was expressed by many writers upon the constitutional history of England, including both Hallam and Turner. After their day the manuscript of the work was brought to light and was published both in Saxon and English by the Record Commissioners of England in the first volume of the books published by them under the title, "The Ancient Laws and Institutes of England". The profound religious spirit which governed King Alfred and his times clearly appears from the fact that the "Liber Judicialis" began with the Ten Commandments, followed by many of the Mosaic precepts, added to which is the express solemn sanction given to them by Christ in the Gospel: "Do not think that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets; I am not come to destroy but to fulfil." After quoting the canons of the Apostolic Council at Jerusalem, Alfred refers to the Divine commandment, "As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them", and then declares, "From this one doom, a man may remember that he judge every one righteously, he need heed no other doom-book." The original code of the common law compiled by Alfred was modified by reason of the Danish invasion, and from other causes, so that when the eleventh century began the common law of England was not uniform but consisted of observances of different nature prevailing in various districts, viz: Mercen Lage, or Mercian laws governing many of the midland counties of England and those bordering upon Wales, the country to which the ancient Britons had retreated at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion. These laws were, probably, influenced by and intermixed with the British or Druidical customs. Another distinct code was the West-Saxon Lage (Laws of the West-Saxons) governing counties in the southern part of England from Kent to Devonshire. This was, probably, identical for the most part with the code which was edited and published by Alfred. The wide extent of the Danish conquest is shown by the fact that the Dane Lage, or Danish law, was the code which prevailed in the rest of the midland counties and, also, on the eastern coast. These three systems of law were codified and digested by Edward the Confessor into one system, which was promulgated throughout the entire kingdom and was universally observed. Alfred is designated by early historians as Legum Anglicanarum Conditor; Edward the Confessor as Legum Anglicanarum Restitutor.
In the days of the Anglo-Saxon kings the courts of justice consisted principally of the county courts. These county courts were presided over by the bishop of the diocese and the ealdorman or sheriff, sitting en banc and exercising both ecclesiastical and civil jurisdiction. In these courts originated and developed the custom of trial by jury. Prior to the invasion led by William the Norman, the common law of England provided for the descent of lands to all the males without any right of primogeniture. Military service was required in proportion to the area of each free man's land, a system resembling the feudal system but not accompanied by all its hardships. Penalties for crime were moderate; few capital punishments being inflicted and persons convicted of their first offence being allowed to commute it for a fine or weregild; or in default of payment, by surrendering themselves to life-long bondage. The legal system which thus received form under the direction of the last Saxon King of England, was common to all the realm and was designated as "Jus commune" or Folk-right.
In contradistinction to English jurisprudence the Civil Law of Rome prevailed throughout the Continent. William the Conqueror brought with him into England jurists and clerics thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the civil law and distinctly adverse to the English system. However, the ancient laws and customs of England prevailing before the Conquest, withstood the shock and stress of opposition and remained without impairment to any material extent. The first great court of judicature in England after the Conquest was the Aula Regis or King's Court wherein the king either personally or constructively administered justice for the whole kingdom. The provision in Magna Charta to the effect that the King's Court of Justice should remain fixed and hold its sessions in one certain place, instead of being a peripatetic institution, constitutes historic evidence of the existence of such a court and, also, gives expression to the public discontent created by the fact that its sessions were held at various places and thus entailed great expense and trouble upon litigants. In later days, the Aula Regis became obsolete and its functions were divided between the three great common-law courts of the realm, viz; the Court of King's Bench, the Court of Common Pleas, and the Court of Exchequer. The Court of King's Bench was considered the highest of these three tribunals, although an appeal might be taken from the decisions thereof to the House of Lords. The Court of Common Pleas had jurisdiction over ordinary civil actions, while the Court of Exchequer was restricted in its jurisdiction to causes affecting the royal revenues. Besides these courts the canon law was administered by the Catholic clergy of England in certain ecclesiastical courts called "Curiæ Christianitatis" or Courts Christian. These courts were presided over by the archbishop and bishops and their derivative officers. The canon law at an early date laid down the rule that "Sacerdotes a regibus honorandi sunt, non judicandi," i.e. the clergy are to be honoured by kings, but not to be judged by them, based on the tradition that when some petitions were brought to the Emperor Constantine, imploring the aid of his authority against certain of his bishops accused of oppression and injustice, he caused the petitions to be burned in their presence bidding them farewell in these words, "Ite et inter vos causas vestras discutite, quia dignum non est ut nos judicemus deos" (judge your own cases; it is not meet that we should judge sacred men).
These were the ancient courts. After the religious revolution had been inaugurated in England by Henry VIII, a sixth ecclesiastical court was created by that monarch and designated the Court of Delegates (judices delegati), and such delegates were appointed by the king's commission under his great seal, issuing out of chancery, to represent his royal person and to hear ordinary ecclesiastical appeals brought before him by virtue of the statute which has been mentioned as enacted in the twenty-fifth year of his reign. This commission was frequently filled with lords, spiritual and temporal, and its personnel was always composed in part of judges of the courts at Westminster and of Doctors of the Civil Law. Supplementary to these courts were certain proceedings under a special tribunal called a Commission of Review, which was appointed in extraordinary cases to revise the sentences of the Court of Delegates; and, during the reign of Elizabeth, another court was created, called the Court of the King's High Commission in Cases Ecclesiastical. This court was created in order to supply the place of the pope's appellate jurisdiction in regard to causes appertaining to the reformation, ordering and correcting of the ecclesiastical state and of ecclesiastical persons "and all manner of errors, heresies, schisms, abuses, offences, contempts and enormities". This court was the agent by which most oppressive acts were committed and was justly abolished by statute, 16 Car. I, c. XI. An attempt was made to revive it during the reign of King James II.
The Church of England was the name given to that portion of the laity and clergy of the Catholic Church resident in England during the days of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy and during the history of England under William the Conqueror and his successors down to the time when Henry VIII assumed unto himself the position of spiritual and temporal head of the English Church. Prior to the time of Henry VIII, the Church of England was distinctly and avowedly a part of the Church universal. Its prerogatives and its constitution were wrought into the fibre of the common law. Its ecclesiastical courts were recognized by the common law — the jus publicum of the kingdom — and clear recognition was accorded to the right of appeal to the sovereign pontiff; thus practically making the pontiff the supreme judge for England as he was for the remainder of Christendom in all ecclesiastical causes. The civil courts rarely sought to trench upon the domain of ecclesiastical affairs and conflict arose only when the temporalities of the church were brought within the scope of litigation. The common law is chiefly, however, to be considered in reference to its protection of purely human interests. As such it proved to be powerful, efficient and imposing. The Court of King's Bench, Common Pleas and the Exchequer, together with the High Court of Chancery, were justly famous throughout Christendom. The original Anglo-Saxon juridical system offered none but simple remedies comprehended, for the most part, in the award of damages for any civil wrong and in the delivery to the proper owners of land or chattels wrongfully withheld. Titles of an equitable nature were not recognized and there was no adequate remedy for the breach of such titles. The prevention of wrong by writs of injunction was unknown.
The idea of a juridical restoration of conditions which had been disturbed by wrongful act as well as the idea of enforcing the specific performance of contracts had never matured into either legislation or judicial proceedings. Such deficiencies in the jurisprudence of the realm were gradually supplied, under the Norman kings, by the royal prerogative exercised through the agency of the lord chancellor by special adjudications based upon equitable principles. In the course of time, a great Court of Chancery came into being deriving its name from the fact that its presiding judge was the lord chancellor. In this court were administered all the great principles of equity jurisprudence. The lord chancellor possessed as one of his titles that of Keeper of the King's Conscience; and, hence, the High Court of Chancery was often called a Court of Conscience. Its procedure did not involve the presence of a jury and it differed from the courts of common law in its mode of proof, mode of trial, and mode of relief. The relief administered was so ample in scope as to be conformable in all cases with the absolute requirements of a conscientious regard for justice. Among the most eminent of the Chancellors of England was Sir Thomas More who laid down his life rather than surrender the Catholic Faith, and Lord Bacon who was the pioneer in broadening the scope of modern learning. After the time when courts became established and entered upon the exercise of their various functions, the common law developed gradually into a more finished system because of the fact that judicial decisions were considered to be an exposition of the common law and, consequently, were the chief repository of the law itself. For this reason the observance of precedents is a marked feature in English jurisprudence and prevails to a much greater extent than under other systems. As the law is deemed to be contained in the decisions of the courts, it necessarily follows that the rule to be observed in any particular proceeding must be found in some prior decision.
When the period of English colonization in America began, the aborigines were found to be wholly uncivilized and, consequently, without any system of jurisprudence, whatsoever. Upon the theory that the English colonists carried with them the entire system of the English law as it existed at the time of their migration from the fatherland, the colonial courts adopted and acted upon the theory that each colony, at the very moment of its inception, was governed by the legal system of England including the juridical principles administered by the common law courts and by the High Court of Chancery. Thus, law and equity came hand in hand to America and have since been the common law of the former English colonies.
When the thirteen American colonies achieved their independence, the English common law, as it existed with its legal and equitable features in the year 1607, was universally held by the courts to be the common law of each of the thirteen states which constituted the new confederated republic known as the United States of America. As the United States have increased in number, either by the admission of new states to the Union carved out of the original undivided territory, or by the extension of territorial area through purchase or contest, the common law as it existed at the close of the War of the American Revolution has been held to be the common law of such new states with the exception that, in the State of Louisiana, the civil law of Rome, which ruled within the vast area originally called Louisiana, has been maintained, subject only to subsequent legislative modifications. The Dominion of Canada is subject to the common law with the exception of the Province of Quebec and the civil laws of that province are derived from the old customary laws of France, particularly the Custom of Paris, in like manner as the laws of the English-speaking provinces are based upon the common law of England. In process of time, the customary laws have been modified or replaced by enactments of the Imperial and Federal parliament and by those of the provincial parliament; they were finally codified in the year 1866 upon the model of the Code Napoléon. However, the criminal law of the Province of Quebec is founded upon that of England and was to a great extent codified by the federal statute of 1892. Practice and procedure in civil causes are governed by the Code of Civil Procedure of the year 1897.
The common law of England is not the basis of the jurisprudence of Scotland; that country having adhered to the civil law as it existed at the time of the union with England except so far as it has been modified by subsequent legislation. The English common law with the exceptions which have been noted prevails throughout the English-speaking world. Mexico, Central America, and South America, with the exception of an English Colony and a Dutch Colony, remain under the sway of the civil law. The common law of England has been the subject of unstinted eulogy and it is, undoubtedly, one of the most splendid embodiments of human genius. It is a source of profound satisfaction to Catholics that it came into being as a definite system and was nurtured, and to a great extent administered, during the first ten centuries of its existence by the clergy of the Catholic Church.
REEVES, History of the English Law (Philadelphia, 1880); BLACKSTONE, Commentaries on the Laws of England, SHARSWOOD edition (Philadelphia, 1875); POLLOCK AND MAITLAND, The History of English Law (Boston, 1875); KENT, Commentaries upon American Law (12th ed., Boston, 1873).
APA citation. (1910). Common Law. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09068a.htm
MLA citation. "Common Law." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09068a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:6f4ae55d-42a0-4361-8059-4cb6cc048397> | {
"date": "2016-09-01T03:37:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982958896.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200918-00110-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9740669131278992,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 3911,
"url": "http://[email protected]/cathen/09068a.htm"
} |
New York, NY -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced that the second phase of cleanup work will begin this week at the Mercury Refining Superfund site, a former mercury reclamation facility in the towns of Colonie and Guilderland, New York. Soil, sediment and ground water at the site became contaminated with mercury as a result of past operations and waste disposal practices. Exposure to mercury can damage people’s nervous systems and harm the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs and immune systems. Mercury in soil and sediment can also impact fish and other wildlife. In 2013, the first phase of the cleanup was conducted to remove contaminated surface soil and sediment at the facility and in an unnamed tributary to the Patroon Creek adjacent to the facility. In 2014, the cleanup will target the deeper contaminated soil and ground water. The work is estimated to take three months.
“After a successful first phase of work that removed more than 5,600 tons of mercury-contaminated soil and asphalt from the site, the EPA will work hard to complete the work,” said Judith A. Enck, EPA Regional Administrator. “The cleanup activities this summer will ensure that the mercury located deep underground is locked in place so that it will no longer pose a threat to human health and the environment.”
During the cleanup, areas of soil contaminated with mercury will be solidified and stabilized by turning them into a leak-proof solidified mass that extends 60 to 70 feet underground. The process will be done in several steps. It will begin with the clearing of concrete and debris from the surface and the removal of the first seven to eight feet of the surface soil. This material will be sent off-site for disposal at a licensed facility. Toxic pollutants further underground will be treated by mixing the soil with cementing materials and a sulfur compound. The sulfur compound acts to chemically stabilize mercury in both the soil and ground water into an immobile state that will harden and lock the mercury in place. The process is similar to making concrete. The solidification process also provides the soil strength necessary to allow for site reuse after the cleanup. Clean material will be put on top of the solidified mass. All work will be overseen by the EPA.
Health and safety procedures, including air monitoring around the work zone and site perimeter, will be in place to protect the surrounding community.
The cleanup work will be completed by the end of 2014. The current owner, 26 Railroad Ave, Inc., will be responsible for ensuring that land use restrictions at the site are followed to ensure that the treated soil and ground water are not disturbed and that no drinking water wells are installed.
From about 1956 to 1998, Mercury Refining, Inc. used an industrial oven to recover mercury from mercury-containing materials, including batteries, thermometers, pressure regulators and dental amalgams. As a result of these activities, soil at the facility became contaminated with mercury and contaminated soil and stormwater drained into the unnamed tributary to the Patroon Creek. Mercury reclamation activities ended at the site in 1998.
The Mercury Refining site was placed on the federal Superfund list in 1983. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation oversaw various cleanup actions at the site until the EPA assumed the lead for the cleanup in 1999.
During the first phase of the cleanup, which occurred between October and December 2013, contaminated soil at the surface, which is more easily accessible to people, was excavated and taken to a disposal facility. The work also included the removal of contaminated sediment from the unnamed tributary to the Patroon Creek. More than 5,500 tons of non-hazardous sediment, soil, debris, concrete and asphalt and 172 tons of hazardous soil and asphalt were excavated and properly disposed of off-site. Additionally, 3,500 gallons of water, including decontamination water and water pumped from the tributary to the Patroon creek were collected and treated and disposed of off-site. All excavated areas were filled with clean soil and re-planted with vegetation. Perimeter air monitoring was conducted throughout the soil and sediment excavation activities and all air quality requirements were met.
The cleanup of the Mercury Refining Superfund site is being conducted by parties responsible for the contamination, with oversight by the EPA. These companies are Gillette Company, KeySpan Gas East Corp., Energizer Battery Manufacturing, Inc., Union Carbide Corporation and Spectrum Brands, Inc. In addition, 19 federal agencies and 46 additional parties also responsible for the contamination were required to make payments into an escrow account to fund the cleanup work at the site. The EPA has also entered into settlements with 316 additional entities that sent mercury-containing material to the site. These settlements provided for the payment of funds to reimburse the EPA for costs it incurred at the site. The value of the cleanup work is estimated at $9.3 million.
For more information about the site, please visit: http://epa.gov/Region2/superfund/npl/mercuryrefining/. | <urn:uuid:81831f6c-414f-4667-b1de-6827d4ed8d8e> | {
"date": "2017-05-24T08:35:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607806.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524074252-20170524094252-00637.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9604280591011047,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 1034,
"url": "https://www.environmental-expert.com/news/9-3-million-estimated-cost-for-the-second-phase-of-cleanup-work-to-begin-at-mercury-refining-superfu-437062"
} |
|Dry land at the edges of a wetland, is dry in
the sense that you could walk around it without having to wear wellington boots. However,
it may still flood sometimes and the plants which grow here prefer moist conditions. Trees
such as Alder are found here, together with Willow.
They provide food for a whole range of minibeasts from beetles to moth caterpillars. Alder trees are prone to rotting, while still standing. A vast range of wood-rotting mini beasts will inhabit the dead timber. Birds such as Greater Spotted Woodpeckers will use their long beaks to drill through the wood so they can eat the mini beasts.
|Plants such as Nettles are common in these areas and may be covered with the black, spiky caterpillars of Peacock butterflies. In the rough grass areas, small mammals such as Bank Voles may occasionally be seen.|
|Larger mammals such as Roe Deer are attracted to this type of area. The males (bucks) reveal their presence to the sharp-eyed observer, by fraying the bark of saplings as they mark out their territories.|
|If you walk really quietly through this area in the summer, you might well discover a Grass snake basking in the sun. Once it is warm enough, it will slither off to hunt small amphibians, such as frogs. They will even go into the water to hunt fish.|
Click here to return to the main picture. | <urn:uuid:2804a464-c79f-428a-aa70-ce52553bccad> | {
"date": "2018-12-12T03:54:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823712.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212022517-20181212044017-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9624544382095337,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 311,
"url": "http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/wetland_fd/dryland.htm"
} |
MOOCs are courses that are:
- Massive: designed for large-scale participation by dozens or even thousands of
- Open: freely available with free access to all course materials.
- Online: available through any web browser on any mobile device or computer.
As the MOOC model has gained acceptance it continues to be redefined and changed to suit the needs of learners, teachers and institutions.
Currently, MOOCs combine the practice of online education with the ideals of open education and open courseware initiatives. They have gathered increasing attention in the past year as the model has been adopted by such well-known universities as MIT, Stanford, Harvard, and Berkeley . They have even been blamed for the recent controversy surrounding the departure and subsequent return of the President of the University of Virginia.
Where did MOOCs Come From?
The advent of the web provided new opportunities for proponents of distance education. In addition to the ability to provide course materials and communication opportunities online, the web has allowed for experimentation with new pedagogical approaches. In 1999 the University of Tübingen in Germany made videos of its lectures freely available online. MIT followed suit in 2002 with its publication of course materials through its OpenCourseware initiative . Alongside these initiatives, discussions about Personal Learning Environments, or the more colorfully named Edupunk, combined a reaction against the commercialization of learning with a focus on individually crafting one’s own learning and curriculum.
Giving away course materials for self-learners was one thing. Giving away access to actual taught courses was another, yet that is exactly what David Wiley of Utah State University did in 2007 when he opened his graduate course on, appropriately enough, open education, to anyone who wished to participate. The term MOOC itself, however, came as a result of a course taught by longtime open education advocates George Siemens , of the Technology Enhanced Knowledge Research Institute at Athabasca University and Stephen Downes , Senior Researcher at The National Research Council (Canada). The course was titled “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge” and was offered both to the students at the University of Manitoba who took it for credit and to the over 2,000 students who participated for free. The course content and discussion were made available through a variety of tools such as blogs, threaded discussions using Moodle, virtual encounters in Second Life and synchronous online meetings. As a result of that course, and with a nod to an older interactive and collaborative technology, the MOO, Dave Cormier, Manager of Web Communication and Innovations at the University of Prince Edward Island, coined the term MOOC in 2008 and created the video that defined it.
Cormier, Downes, and Siemans have continued their experiments with MOOCs, offering a number of courses. In 2011 they brought together over 30 facilitators to offer a 35 week MOOC focused on innovations and directions in online education. As of the writing of this post they are offering a MOOC titled Current/Future State of Higher Education (#CFHE12) to explore the impact of the MOOC model.
Who is teaching them? Where are they taught?
There are multiple online courses calling themselves MOOCs. These are currently taking one of two forms, recently labelled by Downes as cMOOCs and xMOOCs. The original MOOC concept envisioned that an instructor would provide information and encourage participants to share their knowledge and experience, connecting with each other in groups and sub-groups based on their particular interests and expertise. They would take the opportunity to peer instruct and even expand upon areas where the instructor may not have extensive knowledge. In other words, much if not most of the learning experience is derived through meaningful interaction with others in the course. This connectivist approach, or cMOOC, makes use of many of the social networking tools now available: blogs, Twitter, Facebook, discussion boards, etc.
xMOOCs, or those served by new start-ups such as EdX, Coursera, Udacity and Udemy are aneffort to formalize the MOOC model. Their service provides the managerial functions necessary for institutions offering MOOCs: account administration, server infrastructure, marketing, etc.
What are the potential benefits of the MOOC model?
- can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge and skills to the course. This serves to create communities of interest along with broadening the scope of the MOOC.
- could inspire people to “try on” subjects that they wouldn’t otherwise pursue or even try on education itself.
- can provide multiple ways to engage with course material, encouraging multimodal learning that can address the needs of learners with a variety of learning styles (i.e. Universal Design for Learning or UDL).
- by developing for multimodal learners, could inspire better teaching and use of technologies in general for face to face courses.
Yet MOOCs are viewed with trepidation and skepticism by some who see them as reinforcing the worst aspects of teaching. Those that are designed to simply provide droning lectures followed by auto-graded multiple choice tests are, in the words of Said Vaidhyanathan “taking the worst aspects of college learning as the favored methods of college learning.”
And then there are the financial questions. While MOOCs have been and might continue to be used for marketing purposes or to claim cultural capital for those institutions that are the early adopters, there is no doubt they can be expensive to run. They are not yet direct revenue generators. Among many educators that lack of commercial viability is seen as a positive trait, especially for public institutions that, ideally, promote the extension of knowledge as a core value. Those who see commercialism as corrupter are understandably leery of institutions that view MOOCs solely in terms of revenue generation through commercial transactions with students.
Administering several large MOOCs simultaneously has infrastructure implications. Alternatively, outsourcing MOOC administration to any of the several MOOC providers that have sprung up must take into account FERPA policies and the privacy of students.
Among the many questions revolving around the formalization of MOOCs are how faculty will be compensated for teaching them and how universities will credential students taking them. Currently, xMOOCs generally make a point of offering some form of assessment but we are a long way for any kind of standardization that would allow for MOOC credit to travel easily from institution to institution. Then again, “long” is a relative term. When speaking of the evolution of MOOCs that day may come much sooner than expected.
How can you learn more about them?
A quick look through the notes below, or a search through The Chronicle of Higher Education, Wikipedia, or even generally via Google or YouTube will net you more than a little information on MOOCs. A more experiential way to learn about MOOCs is to take one. Visit the xMOOC providers or follow Siemans’ or Downes’ offerings.
1. The Chronicle of Higher Education has compiled a timeline of their articles related to MOOCs at “What You Need to Know About MOOCs.”
2. In the May 2012 article “Harvard and M.I.T. Team Up to Offer Free Online Courses” the New York Times reported that several other universities had jumped on the MOOC bandwagon.
3. While the ouster of President Sullivan was more complex than a simple argument over the adoption of MOOCs, it is interesting to note that almost immediately upon her return to that Office the university signed a deal with Coursera to begin developing MOOCs.
4. Since that time the MIT OpenCourseWare site has continued to be enlarged, reporting 100 million visits by 2010.
5. Educators also see a role for EduPunk and Open Education practices as a counter to the more restrictive and, some would argue, limiting environment of Learning Management Systems like Blackboard, Moodle, etc.
6. This video continues to be the definition of MOOCs as originally conceived, though the term itself is applied to two diverging definitions. In an all too common instance of web irony, and as an example of how quickly the MOOC concept is evolving, this video has been accused of being “inaccurate” by a commenter who apparently did not know Cormier’s role in creating the term.
7. While more formal talks by both George Siemens and David Cormier have been recorded, for a more casual discussion about MOOCs by these founders, see the interview with Martin Weller of the UK’s Open University at http://youtu.be/l1G4SUblnbo.
8. Stephen Downes has been writing and speaking about issues in education for many years. For example, in this 2009 video he describes Open Education. You can also see his brief introduction to the 2011 “Change 2011 MOOC” which provides his take on how that MOOC will work.
11. In an interview with Downes for her July 2012 article (“Massively Open Online Courses Are ‘Here to Stay’“), Tanya Roscorla picked up on his use of the terms xMOOC and cMOOC, so they have now entered the MOOC lexicon. See also the report by Sir John Daniels “Making Sense of MOOCs.”
12. EdX is a joint venture created by MIT and Harvard. Coursera was founded by Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng of Stanford. Three roboticists, Sebastian Thrun, Mike Sokolsky and David Stavens founded Udacity. Udemy was founded by Gagan Biyani, Eren Bali and Oktay Caglar.
14. For a recent recap of the issues surrounding MOOCs, see Katherine Mangan’s “MOOC Mania” in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 1, 2012. In addition, feel free to visit my growing collection of MOOC references at http://delicious.com/hopegreenberg/mooc+MOOC?link_view=expanded | <urn:uuid:a208fd0e-981b-4257-bb44-cbc6927016fd> | {
"date": "2015-11-24T22:09:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444047.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00056-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9555644989013672,
"score": 3.328125,
"token_count": 2110,
"url": "http://blog.uvm.edu/hag/2012/10/18/moocs/"
} |
If as the author suggests the conducting filament in the amorphous silicon device consists of "discrete" metal particles. Is he trying to imply that the metal particles are not in contact, that is the volume fraction of metal particles is just below the 33% value where the probability of the first continuous column of metal becomes unity. If so this would suggest in the SET state that conduction through the amorphous silicon between the metal particles plays a role in the providing the total resistance of the conducting filament. If the moving species is in the form of single metal ions are the particles groups of ions that have somehow aggregated into discrete particle forming clusters that are not part of a continuous metallic column and what mechanism drives the aggregation process? Perhaps the author would enlighten us.
The author says the following: "A typical RRAM device consists of two metallic electrodes that sandwich a thin dielectric layer serving as the ion transport and storage medium. The exact mechanism differs significantly among the different materials being used, but the common link among all RRAM devices is an electric field or heat causes ionic movements and local structural changes in the storage medium,
which in turn causes a measurable change of the device resistance". The key 3 words are Local Structural Changes. This means many things to many people, but in this context and taking into account the other points in the article, it is clear that the author counts on gross mass transport of ions cause localized defects suitable for electron and hole trapping. Taking into account that these ions are transition metals with multiple oxidation numbers ( depending on charge compensation surrounding the defective clusters) one can imagine that the whole scheme depends on the trap density of the semiconductor to sustain the state oft orange- that is, in the conductive or insulating state. Even assuming that the transition metal is able to be perfectly compensated after many writing operations, it is still very difficult to accept that this device would not age quickly and fatigue the non-conducting state very quickly with temperature cycling. In effect this structural disorganization is not to different from a type of Phase Change Memory. So, the reliability issues, the thermally dependent programming and the random freak bits are of major concern. I cannot accept too easily this approach and others, which depend on heating, structural breakdown and filament or clustering of macroscopic insertions in a host medium. The approach inherent in CeRAM, which we are working on is to have a clean material without filaments and tolerant to polycrystaline nature of the thin film, in so far that a state of conduction or not is completely an inherent property of transition metal oxides. This means that the translationally invariant and highly atom- site localized Mott-like quantum phase transition is the answer to aging effects and it does not involve gross scale mass transfer and heat. The design of a material to achieve this purely electronic Metal Insulator Phase transition is of course the key technology, and one that combines coordination chemistry and device physics. I believe that because many of these devices in the RRAM area were made without this design view, we have all these secondary mass transfer effects that seem to make perfect sense until reliability and repeatability is the focus. I suggest that the author addresses these two concerns as that is what makes or breaks many memory technologies. I also suggest that this area needs a clear understanding that defects are not friends of reliability and much less reliability. Engineering around these problems is one approach, but not here, not in the nanoscale. To beat FLASH with another charge trapping device only buys you so much. How about going all the way and get to the heart of the matter and develop a memory that is fundamentally using the storage states at the electron- electron interaction inherent in the nature of these materials. This is what we set out to do and delivered in CeRAM.
Embedded requirements are rather basic: 1) simple, cheap process, 2) logic voltage compatibility, 3) operation not too slow (faster is better). It's easy to propose memories but if the material/process is not already in the foundry for another product, it will be hard to get in.
The filament of Crossbar's RRAM technology is based on metallic nanoparticles in the neutral state. Unlike other oxide-based RRAM, Crossbar's elemental particles are not involving multiple oxidation numbers. Additionally, Crossbar nanoparticles do not form an eutectic with Si. The conduction is not based on traps either. That's in fact a key advantage of Crossbar's technology compared to the oxide based RRAM devices.
The distance between the particles indeed controls the current through the device. By controlling the gap between the particles we can control the device on-state resistance. Due to the high quality of the a-Si film and the small distance between the particles, the current is tunneling current instead of trap-based.
So why the low endurance and the 3 volts. The current may not be trap assisted and no eutic with silicon, but traps exist that eventually trap electrons or holes. So, with the need to keep the particle loading just right and the interface accumulation of particles in a preferred electrode, etc., there are some limitations that places your device in a confortable position when competing with limited endurance and low electron count high end FLASH - that is a possible good side. But, as far as embedded and high temperature, low power devices, this is not optimum.
sdubois:-If I accept your statement that inter-particle tunnelling is the mechanism of conduction for the Crossbar Ag-aSi in its SET (conducting state) then to avoid the reproducibility and reliability problems of one path between particles becoming the single dominant path the volume fraction of silver particles must be well below the 33% volume fraction where the probability of a continuous path becomes 1. This means even before aggregation of the silver ions into the particles that you claim are present the volume fraction will be roughly the same. This would I think also mean that the ions are well separated, so again please explain what you understand the mechanism of aggregation from ions to particles is; unless that is you are suggesting the particle are dragged from the silver intact in some sort of electro-migration process. To make the statement you make that particles are present and you can control the gap between them then you must have some indication of the dimensions of those particles or the gaps. With that information it is possible to calculate the statistical average 3D path length between electrodes as a function of any volume fraction of particles.
If the mechanism of conduction is tunnelling then the electrical (I-V) and thermal characteristics of the conducting state will be MIM type, can you confirm that is the case and if not explain the reasons why.
While across the spectrum of memory effects there are three competing metal "particles" in insulator mechanisms. In order of the electrical resistance of the insulator involved they are: NmRAM Pt-in-SiO, the second Ag-in-aSi and the third partially crystallized chalcogenides. Perhaps you would care to comment on the difference between your work and that of I Wei Chen at U of Pennsylvania on the thin film nano metal memory, (nmRAM), that utilised atomically distributed Pt in a dielectric. In that case the nano metal films were produced as the result of co-deposition where it would have been reasonable to accept surface mobility as the film is formed would provide a means of aggregation into particles if the particle was greater than a single ion. I look forward to your explanation. | <urn:uuid:4a392bf1-895b-441a-b05f-3a49406b0be8> | {
"date": "2015-10-09T21:04:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935292.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00068-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9478282332420349,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1546,
"url": "http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1320949&image_number=1&piddl_msgorder=asc"
} |
Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array Data
The National Severe Storms Laboratory and the University of Oklahoma jointly operate the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array (OKLMA) to map the time and location of lightning channel segments within clouds. To do this, the system, owned by the University of Oklahoma, measures the time at which a signal radiated by a lightning channel in a VHF band (the former television channel 3 band) arrives at each station in the OKLMA network. The times are transmitted to a central station, which computes the time, latitude, longitude, and height of the segment that radiated the signal. Since 2003, there have been 10-11 stations in central Oklahoma. In April 2012, seven additional stations were added in southwest Oklahoma.
Data are collected continuously, with some interruptions due to maintenance or to failures in either communications or station electronics. Errors in the computed locations increase with range. Although three dimensional locations are computed for all VHF sources, errors in height grow faster with increasing range than do errors in latitude and longitude, so the computed height becomes unusable for most applications at longer ranges from the array.
The maps at right show the nominal regions of coverage for three-dimensional mapping (the purple shaded region) and for two-dimensional mapping (gold shading) with the original stations and with the new stations added. Directly over a cluster of stations, expected location errors are roughly 50 m. At the outer range of coverage, expected range errors are roughly 2 km. Note that the system identifies signals received at different stations from a given VHF source by using a statistical technique which allows a small percentage of mapped locations to be erroneous. Erroneous points can usually be readily identified by being distant from clusters of points, but the statistical nature means one should be cautious about using any one point.
OKLMA data are the property of the University of Oklahoma, which allows the National Severe Storms Laboratory also to use them for its projects. Available resources are insufficient to insure 24-7 operation of the OKLMA year round, but this is consistent with the intended application exclusively for scientific research. The lack of lightning at a specific time and location cannot be certified on the basis of these data.
The University of Oklahoma reserves the right to restrict access to these data, so access is password protected. However, applications for atmospheric science projects are encouraged. If you have a science project needing these data, please contact Bill Beasley ([email protected]) or Don MacGorman ([email protected]) to request the password, and include the time and location of the data you need and a brief description of your project. If you have been given a password, you may proceed to the data directory; you will be directed to enter your user name (email address) and the password to access the directory. | <urn:uuid:f369193e-64e1-4c1c-ac30-bae22de41adc> | {
"date": "2016-02-14T18:57:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702018134.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195338-00203-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9407075643539429,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 585,
"url": "https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/lma.php"
} |
The EU Kids Online project contextualises both the opportunities and risks to children associated with internet use in terms of the intersection of three wider spheres – European society and policy, childhood and family life, and continued technological change.
The above figure shows a path that traces how children's internet use and activities, being shaped by online and online factors, may have harmful as well as beneficial outcomes for children.
We begin by examining the range of ways in which children use the internet, recognising that this varies by the location and device for going online, the amount of use and the digital skills a child has at his or her disposal. Children's use is hypothesised to depend on the socioeconomic status (SES) of their household as well as on their age, gender and, of course, country
Second, we recognise that once online, children do many things that, crucially, cannot in and of themselves be described as 'beneficial' or 'harmful', for such judgements depend on the outcome of the activity rather than the activity itself. Some activities are likely to prove beneficial (e.g. school work) and others seem more negative (e.g. bullying others). Many, however, are indeterminate (e.g. downloading music, making new friends online). Some activities are motivated by a desire to take risks, for in this way young people explore the boundaries of their social world, learning through transgressing as well as adhering to social norms and so building resilience.
Third, it is recognised that when children go online, they do so in a particular environment They engage with certain services. The online interfaces they visit have their own character. Some contents are more available or easier to access than others. Crucially too, many other people are already online. All these 'environmental factors' interact with the child's activities in shaping their online experiences:
Some factors may enhance the benefits of going online: they may be labelled 'opportunities', for example the provision of own-language creative or playful content, or a lively community of people who share one's hobby.
Some factors may enhance the likelihood of harm from going online: thus they may be labelled 'risks', for example the ready availability of explicit pornography or the activities of people who are aggressive, racist or manipulative.
Some factors are ambiguous: for example, music downloading sites or video hosting sites may be fun, creative and empowering; but they may break copyright, or exploit intimacy or facilitate hostile interactions.
As the final column shows, the EU Kids Online project examines the outcomes of internet use for children. This is the most challenging part of the project. As marked by the shaded funnel in the figure, the scope of the EU Kids Online project encompasses just part of this larger picture. It traces the path from children's use and activities (experienced by most European children), through their encounters with factors hypothesised to increase the probability of harm (these are likely to be experienced by a smaller proportion of children). Finally, the project examines the outcomes for children in terms of subjective harm or, more positively, coping by children encountering these risk factors (hypothesised to affect an even smaller proportion of children). | <urn:uuid:e0f3cadb-67e4-48f5-a602-24d3ce8e4f7e> | {
"date": "2015-03-30T02:21:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00030-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9495497941970825,
"score": 3.75,
"token_count": 648,
"url": "http://www.lse.ac.uk/media%40lse/research/EUKidsOnline/Focus.aspx"
} |
The benefits of using ASL with hearing children are by now well-documented. Just as with any second language, ASL (literally) expands the brain. Through ASL, babies who are still far from verbally competent, have an outlet for their cognitive abilities which develop much earlier. Frustration levels and tantrums lessen when baby is understood and their needs are more easily met. Parents can feel more connected to their little ones when they see more clearly into who they are.
Signing appeals to multiple learning styles – it is visual, mechanical, and kinesthetic. Children with developmental challenges may be able to speak through sign when other methods of communication are not possible for them.
Studies have even shown that children who learn sign language early on have larger vocabularies and higher IQ scores than other children.
The face-to-face communication that sign requires means there are more opportunities for quality time and genuine connection with your child.
Confidence-building takes place as our babes and toddlers, who know exactly what they want to day (we are the ones who have to “get it”), find that they are understood and that what they want to share and how they see the world is both clear to others and important. It’s a matter of validation.
Using key ASL signs, you can communicate with your child even in a loud environment or from across the room rather than shouting. It’s also a private way to ask delicate things to older children, such as whether they need to use the bathroom.
And, it’s fun!
Below is a series of essays that discuss just a few of the ways ASL can assist and augment development in young children in a variety of developmental stages: 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-18 months, 18-24 months, and 24-36 months, aka 2-3 years old.
I was motivated to write the essays because there is a need for public education in this area. I have been dismayed at the lack of understanding among parents as to why they might want to use sign with a very young baby or a child who is already talking. It seems common thought leans toward the idea of a kind of “magic window” of time within which signing can help with communicating basic needs – something like 11-18 months. Signing can be so much more.
While I do come from a second language acquisition background, much of what I am choosing to put forward here for others to consider is based on practical application and personal experience as a parent and teacher. Often when I find links to articles in popular media about babies and ASL, they lack the depth of information to really communicate a solid message, and the articles come and go via whim and trend. I will try to present some angles you may not have considered. Also, when I mention a specific sign within the essay, I have tried to include a link to that sign. I look forward to your comments about what I have to say.
Some of the benefits of using American Sign Language with hearing children:
American Sign Language is a whole and complex language, different from the hearing child’s native language and culture. Learning more than one language expands the brain’s capabilities, literally, on a physical level. Learning more than one language increases the number of amazing individuals you will be able to connect with, which I can only guess might just expand the brain even further. It’s a win-win all around. | <urn:uuid:5ded4de1-4f8d-4043-b5a2-cffc1b2fbe7e> | {
"date": "2016-05-06T11:04:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861754936.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164234-00076-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9659673571586609,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 717,
"url": "http://startwithsign.com/benefits-of-sign-for-hearing-children/"
} |
The Online Teacher Resource
Receive free lesson plans, printables, and worksheets by email:
- 15,000+ English
- 5,000+ Math
- Puzzles in Seconds!
- For All Subjects
|All About Special Education||Inclusion|
|Assistive Technology||Special Education Law|
The responsibility of an educator cannot be taken too lightly, more so of those that involve students with special needs. A lot of significant changes have taken place since the ratification of the Education for the Handicapped Act in 1975. These information and more can mostly be obtained from related government services knowledge base and special education journals. These journals aim to address the growing demands of special education and provide excellent sources of up to date special education theories and practices. Below are a few examples of these journals.
The Communication Disorders Quarterly (CDQ) consists of research findings and noteworthy discussions focusing on contemporary theories by known experts in the field. The journal also covers brief lessons about normal and deviant communication, and provides practical guides to verbal language improvement and optimized learning by special needs students. Educators are updated with verified techniques to effectively deal with communication disorders. In addition, the journal features reviews from appropriate authorities, and procedures for proper evaluation of and interventions for such disorders.
The American Annals of the Deaf has been in existence for more than a century, and is practically the first and most widely read English-language journal as regards deafness and education of deaf children. Concentrating on the education of deaf students, it helps enhance special education skill, and impart methodologies for better classroom management by special needs educators. Among other topics included in its pages are communication systems, language improvement, appropriate parenting, educator preparation, and promotion of home schooling. The publication is released four times in a year with an annual reference issue of schools and programs in the US and Canada for hearing-deficient students and their teachers. This reference issue is widely recognized for its complete record of names, contact details, and other information pertaining to such students and the learning institutions they attend.
The Gifted Child Today provides useful knowledge for parents and educators of special needs children. It features regular articles from the country's most esteemed specialists in the area of gifted education. The journal also covers topics such as identification of gifted children, formulation of specialized programs to stimulate gifted minds, assisting gifted children with learning difficulties, and developing effective gifted instruction and activities in major subjects. Since education of gifted children is dependent on parents and schools, this journal presents practical methods to incite interest and optimize learning capacities of gifted children through adult assistance.
The Journal of Developmental Education (JDE) is the official newsletter of the largest professional association for developmental educators, the NADE. This journal is available to educators, school administrators, and other professionals that deal with the education of students with learning disabilities. It serves as a discussion medium for educators concerned with the conceptual and practical applications of developmental and remedial community.
This journal is circulated three times per academic year and is released on September, November, and January. Readers, that is mainly composed of educators in the US and abroad, can apply for a one-year or two-year subscription basis. It features fundamentals of developmental education that comprises of developmental writing, reading, and arithmetic; evaluation and assessment; and coaching. Articles relating to developmental education theories and practices contributed by legends in the field are also highlighted.
There are numerous other special education journals of this nature, online and in print. While some may be free for all, the rest are distributed solely to members or are subject to paid access and subscription. However, the government strives to develop programs that can help special needs educators become more effective in the performance of their chosen career, and enhance learning capacity of students with disabilities. | <urn:uuid:360c5c9a-6eba-4de3-9034-57e68991c273> | {
"date": "2015-09-03T08:51:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645310876.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031510-00287-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9510443210601807,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 765,
"url": "http://www.teach-nology.com/litined/special_education/"
} |
Language learning for children
The advantages of beginning early
- Young children are still using their individual, innate language-learning strategies to acquire their home language and soon find they can also use these strategies to pick up English.
- Young children have time to learn through play-like activities. They pick up language by taking part in an activity shared with an adult. They firstly make sense of the activity and then get meaning from the adult’s shared language.
- Young children have more time to fit English into the daily programme. School programmes tend to be informal and children’s minds are not yet cluttered with facts to be stored and tested. They may have little or no homework and are less stressed by having to achieve set standards.
- Children who have the opportunity to pick up a second language while they are still young appear to use the same innate language-learning strategies throughout life when learning other languages. Picking up third, fourth, or even more languages is easier than picking up a second.
- Young children who acquire language rather than consciously learn it, as older children and adults have to, are more likely to have better pronunciation and feel for the language and culture. When monolingual children reach puberty and become more self-conscious, their ability to pick up language diminishes and they feel they have to consciously study English through grammar-based programmes. The age at which this change occurs depends greatly on the individual child’s developmental levels as well as the expectations of their society. | <urn:uuid:97a52d31-ce91-4a19-8cae-57f24b567380> | {
"date": "2018-08-15T04:50:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209884.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815043905-20180815063905-00616.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9627760648727417,
"score": 3.859375,
"token_count": 306,
"url": "https://pl-pl.onlive.tv/learning-english-for-children-courses/private-consultations/414"
} |
Binary, Economics, growth, poverty, distribution, capital, labor, capital credit, capital democratization, broader ownership, employee ownership, economic thought, development, macroeconomics, corporate finance, teaching finance, private property
Economics | Law
Based on binary economic principles, this paper asserts that one widely overlooked way to empower economically poor and working people in market economy is to universalize the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital. This right is presently largely concentrated, as a practical matter, in less than 5 % of the population. The concentration of the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital helps to explain how people either remain poor or end up poor no matter how hard they work or are willing to work. Binary Economics offers a conception of economics that is foundationally distinct from the economic theories presently employed by government, private enterprise, charitable institutions, and individuals to formulate and evaluate economic policy. Because it is foundationally distinct from classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, monetarist, and socialist economics, binary economics specifically offers a distinct explanation for the persistence of poverty, unutilized capacity, and suboptimal growth. First advanced by Louis Kelso, binary economics holds that (1) labor and capital are equally fundamental or "binary" factors of production, (2) technology makes capital much more productive than labor, (3) the more broadly capital is acquired with the earnings of capital the faster the economy will grow. Most binary economists conclude that universal, individual participation in the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital (the binary property right) is a necessary condition for sustainable growth, distributive justice, and a true democracy. Binary economic analssis reveals a voluntary market-based strategy for producing much greater and more broadly shared abundance without redistribution. Based on objective standards of (1) reasonable, workable assumptions, (2) internal consistency, and (3) plausible descriptions, predictions and prescriptions, binary economics should be taught wherever other economic approaches to growth, sustainability, development, investment, poverty, and economic justice are taught.
Ashford, Robert, "Binary Economics - An Overview" (2010). College of Law Faculty Scholarship. Paper 15.
Metadata from SSRN | <urn:uuid:0b707432-a25b-4743-8ada-677a529bc59a> | {
"date": "2014-11-27T14:23:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008720.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00188-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9067903161048889,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 448,
"url": "http://surface.syr.edu/lawpub/15/"
} |
Beautiful uncancelled certificate from the Standard Cordage Company
issued in 1906. This historic document was printed by the American Bank Note Company and has an ornate border around it with a vignette of allegorical figures flanking a shield and holding a ship. This item has the original signatures of the Company’s President, and Treasurer, and is over 106 years old.
Monopolistic corporation that sparked the panic of 1893.
The National Cordage Company, the nation’s leading manufacturer of rope and twine, became known as the first failed trust (or monopoly) in American history, one whose demise sparked the disastrous panic of 1893 and the ensuing depression. The company began as a group of rope manufacturers and experimented with the formation of trade associations that would negotiate agreements concerning production of the same or similar products and pools (which fixed prices) before uniting, in 1887, to form the National Cordage Company, a combination trust and corporation. It quickly bought up several smaller competitors, acquiring nominal control of 40 percent of the country’s rope and twine production within three years. Reorganizing as a holding company (holding companies control smaller companies by holding the smaller companies’ stock or controlling their operations) chartered in New Jersey and increasing its capital stock tenfold to $15 million, the company boasted effective control of about 90 percent of the country’s cordage mills by early 1892. Financed by the leading New York banks, National Cordage was touted by the financial press as being one of the nation’s rising industrial giants. However, the holding company borrowed large amounts of capital because four-fifths of its production remained in binder twine, a product that generated a cash flow only during harvest time. It also followed the dubious practices of purchasing the entire output of its suppliers on condition that the latter pledge not to equip its competitors, of buying out its competitors on condition that they retire permanently from the field, and of trying to corner the nation’s hemp market.
With few actual economies of scale resulting from its reorganization in 1887, and with its recurring dependence on having escalating amounts of working capital, National Cordage encountered increasing difficulty paying its creditors. Adding insult to injury, several companies it had bought out used the proceeds from the sale to start new competing enterprises. During the early months of 1893, National Cordage boldly declared a 100 percent stock dividend in addition to making its usual payments to stockholders of 10 percent per annum. Happy stockholders received extra cash, but the financial press had no reaction. Just a few weeks later, however, the company announced its plans to file for receivership, touching off a selling frenzy among its stockholders. Over the next few months, the value of the company’s stock plummeted from $138 to $20 per share. When the receiver put in charge of the company’s finances discovered that the company treasury was empty, the Commercial and Financial Chronicle proclaimed, “Cordage has collapsed like a bursted meteor.” Subsequent attempts to reorganize as the United States Cordage Company and as the Standard Cordage Company
also failed by 1912.
History from Encyberpedia and
stock certificate research service) | <urn:uuid:82d4a3d1-49b8-4843-9a48-3d41bcece99a> | {
"date": "2018-07-18T22:20:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718213135-20180718233135-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9623709321022034,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 662,
"url": "https://scripophily.net/stcoco19.html"
} |
In the U.S., we live in a culture of meetings. As many as 56 million meetings happen across the country every day. The typical worker spends six hours a week in meetings and managers average 23 hours of meetings a week — almost a full day. This is unfortunate because meetings are usually awful. Luckily, science is here to help.
Related Video: 3 Ways to Win at Meetings From an NYT Bestselling Author
Ideal Meetings vs. Actual Meetings
12 Tips for Better Meetings
Written by Mae Rice December 12, 2018
Wake up with the smartest email in your inbox.
Our Best Articles Daily | <urn:uuid:3579800a-80a5-459a-af01-e449174d42af> | {
"date": "2019-04-21T20:42:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532882.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421195929-20190421221929-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9538498520851135,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 129,
"url": "https://curiosity.com/topics/12-science-based-tips-for-better-meetings-curiosity/"
} |
Heracleides PonticusArticle Free Pass
Heracleides Ponticus, (born c. 390 bc, Heraclea Pontica, Bithynia—died after 322, Athens), Greek philosopher and astronomer who first suggested the rotation of the Earth, an idea that did not dominate astronomy until 1,800 years later. A pupil of Plato, who left the Academy temporarily in his charge, Heracleides is known to have correctly attributed the apparent motion of Mercury and Venus to their revolving around the Sun; whether he realized that the other planets did so is uncertain. He also taught some kind of atomism. His writings, all lost except for a few fragments, include literary criticism and works on musicology. He also studied trances, cosmological visions, prophecies, portents, and cataclysms, attempting to prove the existence of gods, divine retribution, and reincarnation. He thus exemplified the supranaturalistic tendencies of Platonism and anticipated some aspects of Neoplatonism.
What made you want to look up Heracleides Ponticus? | <urn:uuid:06e09135-1f2e-4598-95ae-e5535c65d12b> | {
"date": "2014-10-02T10:52:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663743.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00258-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9468165040016174,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 222,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/262434/Heracleides-Ponticus"
} |
On March, 9, 1862, off the coast of Hampton Roads, Va., the USS Monitor, a strange-looking, low-riding ship with a round, iron turret steamed into the harbor. Its purpose was to do battle with a Confederate ironclad warship that on the previous day had done severe damage to several of the wooden Union ships.
The ensuing all-day fight between the two warships ended in a draw. However, the outcome was overshadowed by history that was made that day. It was the first time two ironclad ships had faced each other in battle. As one Civil War historian noted about the battle: it rendered every other country's naval fleet obsolete.
Neither the Virginia nor the Monitor made it through 1862. The Virginia was scuttled by Confederate forces in May to keep it from falling into the Union's hands.
As for the Monitor, it sank on New Year's Eve that year during a storm off the coast of North Carolina.
The Monitor's resting place was discovered in 1973, and was raised in 2003. Some pieces of the ironclad, and several items found inside, have been restored and are on display at the Mariner's Museum, in Newport News, near the sight of the ship's most famous moment in history.
However, the 120-ton turret, the ship's two 13-foot Dahlgren gun, and the steam engine are stored in a now-closed laboratory, stored in a tank containing treated water and chemicals intended to draw out the saltwater.
Unfortunately, the public may never get to view these important pieces of history. Federal funding for the restoration efforts comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This agency, like many other agencies, has had its funding slashed in recent years. The agency says it can no longer afford to help with the effort. And the Mariner's Museum, which also funds some of the restoration efforts, cannot afford to go it alone.
While the artifacts - many more than just the turret and guns - will not be harmed by the work slow-down, it is the public that will suffer. This is an extremely important piece of American history. Had funding not been interrupted, the museum estimated restoration work could have been completed in approximately 10-15 years. If funding is not restored, it could be 50 or 60 years before completion.
NOAA's contribution to the conservation effort is about $1 million per year, although it dropped to $500,000 last year. In 2012, NOAA was not able to contribute any money.
While $1 million is a lot of money - especially in an era of cuts - it seems a trifling amount compared to some things that still receive federal money.
We hope Congress will find funding that will allow this important project to continue so that eventually it can be put on public display. It deserves to be appreciated by all Americans. | <urn:uuid:2d6f4e02-5536-49b0-8be7-7b256466922b> | {
"date": "2014-12-18T17:22:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767301.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00043-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9771298170089722,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 584,
"url": "http://www.newsandsentinel.com/page/content.detail/id/582852/Ironclad.html?nav=5057"
} |
Sign of spring
Posted on March 18, 2009
Researchers who study vernal pools say the signs of spring are clear: the spotted salamander and wood frogs are on the march back to their ancestral homes.
Vernal pools are seasonal bodies of water that appear during the spring. These pools serve as critical breeding habitat for amphibians and insect species. The MetroWest Daily News features a story about naturalists' anticipation that the vernal pool season is about to begin with annual mass migration of animals from hibernation to the vernal pools in which they were born.
Wheaton faculty members and students have been engaged for a number of years in studying vernal pools, many in the woods that ring the college campus. As a result, professors in the biology department have established some expertise in recognizing when the annual migration will begin.
"I suspect we may get animals coming if it rains (Wednesday night), definitely wood frogs if not salamanders," said Kathy Morgan, a professor of comparative psychology at Wheaton College in Norton who specializes in animal behavior. Morgan is part of a group that studies a vernal pool on campus and catalogs individual salamanders that return each year.
Morgan said her group has documented 329 individual salamanders since 1996, each identified by the unique pattern of spots on their backs.
"I always get a big kick out of it when I can identify someone as a previous year's capture," Morgan said. All salamanders caught near the vernal pool are released immediately after identification.
Source: Metrowest Daily News | <urn:uuid:2d5f3cf6-1a35-4dd5-80ca-dd310c353900> | {
"date": "2015-09-01T20:20:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645208021.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031328-00288-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9608539342880249,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 323,
"url": "https://wheatoncollege.edu/in-the-news/2009/03/18/sign-of-spring/"
} |
Child and Youth Health
This page provide links to Child Health and Youth Health
Child HealthA good start in life is important to the health and wellbeing of children. This page outlines many of the activities being undertaken to enhance child health and wellbeing. More information on Child Health is available on this Web Site.
Youth HealthDespite Australia's increasing wealth and generally high level of education, many indicators of developmental health and wellbeing are showing adverse trends amongst children and adolescents. More information on Youth Health is available on this Web Site.
The National Framework for Universal Child and Family Health Services (The Framework) - The Framework outlines the core services that all Australian children (from birth to eight years) and families should receive at no financial cost to themselves, regardless of where they live, and how and where they access their health care. The Framework was developed through a strong partnership between the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments and the non-government sector.
Children and Young People in Out-of-Home Care - The National Framework for Protecting Australia’s Children 2009 – 2020 was endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments on 30 April 2009. It represents a long-term, national approach to help protect all Australian children and was developed through a strong partnership between governments and the non-government sector. | <urn:uuid:409866ae-c9bd-4b7e-ad30-235514114bfe> | {
"date": "2013-05-19T10:23:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.951248824596405,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 259,
"url": "http://carers.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/child-and-youth-health-1"
} |
It has long been recognized that there are powerful connections among sound, music, emotion, and memory, and that our personal experiences and tendencies determine the type and intensity of emotional reaction we have to different sounds.
For example, research has revealed these common associations between particular sounds and emotions:
- The sound of a thunderstorm evokes a feeling of either relaxation or anxiety, depending on the person
- Wind chimes commonly evoke a restless feeling
- Rain evokes a feeling of relaxation
- Fireworks evoke a feeling of nostalgia and pleasant memories
- The vibrations of a cell phone are often perceived as irritating
Other sounds have a more universal character. UCLA researchers have observed that the sound of laughter is globally recognized as a positive sound signifying enjoyment, while other sounds are globally associated with fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and surprise.
So why are we susceptible to particular emotional reactions in the presence of specific sounds? And why does the reaction tend to vary between individuals?
While the answer is still in essence a mystery, current research by Sweden’s Lund University offers some fascinating insights into how sound and sound environments can influence humans on personal, emotional, and psychological levels.
Here are six psychological mechanisms through which sound may provoke emotions:
1. Brain-Stem Reflex
You’re sitting quietly in your office when all of a sudden you hear a loud, abrupt crash. What’s your reaction? If you’re like most people, you become emotionally aroused and motivated to investigate. This type of impulse is subconscious and hard-wired into your brain to warn you to possibly significant or detrimental sounds.
2. Evaluative Conditioning
People commonly associate sounds with specific emotions depending on the circumstance in which the sound was heard. For example, listening to a song previously played on your wedding day may give rise to feelings of joy, while the same song first listened to by someone during a bad breakup may yield the opposing feelings of sadness.
3. Emotional Contagion
When someone smiles or laughs, it’s hard to not smile and laugh yourself. Research conducted in the 1990s revealed that the brain may contain what are called “mirror neurons” that are active both when you are carrying out a task AND when you are watching someone else carry out the task. When we hear someone speaking while crying, for example, it can be challenging to not also experience the similar feelings of sadness.
4. Visual Imagery
Let’s say you enjoy listening to CDs containing exclusively the sounds of nature. Why do you enjoy it? Presumably because it evokes a positive emotional experience, and, taking that further, it probably evokes some potent visual images of the natural environment in which the sounds are heard. For example, try listening to the sounds of waves crashing and NOT visualizing yourself lounging at the beach.
5. Episodic Memory
Sounds can stimulate emotionally powerful memories, both good and bad. The sounds of rain can bring to mind memories of a peaceful day spent at home, while the sound of thunder may elicit memories associated with combat experience, as seen in post-traumatic stress disorder.
6. Music Expectancy
Music has been identified as the universal language, which seems logical the more you give it some thought. Music is, after all, simply a random combination of sounds, and is satisfying only because the brain imposes order to the sounds and interprets the order in a specified way. It is, in fact, your expectations about the rhythm and melody of the music that stimulate an emotional response.
Sound, Emotion, and Hearing Loss
Regardless of your particular reactions to various sounds, what is certain is that your emotions are directly involved. With hearing loss, you not only lose the ability to hear certain sounds, you also lose the emotional impact associated with the sounds you can either no longer hear or can no longer hear comfortably.
With hearing loss, for example, nature walks become less rewarding when you can no longer hear the faint sounds of flowing water; music loses its emotional punch when you can’t distinguish certain instruments; and you place yourself at increased risk when you can’t hear fire alarms or other alerts to danger.
The bottom line is that hearing is more vital to our lives—and to our emotional lives—than we probably realize. It also indicates that treating your hearing loss will most likely have a greater impact than you realize, too.
What are some of your favorite sounds? What emotions do they stir up?
Are there any particular sounds or songs that make you feel happy, angry, annoyed, sad, or excited? Let us know in a comment. | <urn:uuid:ab979f5a-f0f6-4299-92d2-35c432ca5127> | {
"date": "2018-03-25T03:37:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9409023523330688,
"score": 3.59375,
"token_count": 952,
"url": "https://www.hearingcareswfl.com/6-ways-your-brain-transforms-sound-into-emotion/"
} |
With almost every tool being reincarnated into a cordless version, manufacturers are focusing on battery technology to provide increased run times, lighter tools and more power.
Many basic cordless tools such as drill/drivers have been on the market for many years, and the biggest complaints about these tools were that they didn’t hold a charge or they just weren’t as powerful as their corded counterparts. With this in mind, companies conducted extensive user research and used it as a springboard to develop tools that satisfied professional users.
The first cordless drill appeared in 1961, manufactured by the Black & Decker Company. This 4.8-volt drill produced between 10 to 20 watts — hardly enough to complete most remodeling projects.
Almost half a century later, a range of technological advances have allowed cordless tools to gain an increasing share of the tool market. Stocking the shelves is everything from a basic 9.4-volt up to the newest revelation, the 36-volt.
After years of research, manufacturers are providing remodelers with a full range of powerful yet durable cordless power tools.
The Latest Craze
Power tool batteries are made up by taking several lower voltage cells and hooking them together in series. Each cell has the same rating in amp hours (a measure of how much electricity flows through a circuit in one hour with a flow rate of 1 ampere). So an 18-volt tool might have 12 cells at rated at 1.5 volts and 2.4 amp hours (ah), which would produce an 2.4 ah 18-volt battery.
As tool companies continue to develop different cordless products, almost all use one of the following battery technologies: Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad), Nickel-Metal-Hydride (Ni-MH) and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) — of which each has its own unique characteristics.
The latest breakthrough in batteries has come in the form of Lithion-Ion technology. Because of the advancements in this category over the past several years, consumers have seen improvements in cell phones, laptops and cameras. “Since Lithium-Ion was made for smaller applications, this technology did not have enough power for tools,” explains Christine Potter, cordless product manager, DeWalt. “We were also concerned with the extra weight of a higher-powered battery.” So, the search for a Li-Ion battery, with more power and less weight, began.
Shopping the Market
After researching thousands of different Li-Ion batteries, DeWalt found nothing that met its standard or that fit the needs of its professional users. With that, DeWalt partnered with A123Systems, a Watertown, Mass., start-up that has licensed patents from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to develop an exclusive battery that delivered more power, runtime and durability.
With this new technology onboard, DeWalt enlisted an independent third party to test and evaluate the speed and run time of the DC900KL (hammer drill/drill/driver) compared to other corded and cordless hammer drills. According to DeWalt, the DC900KL was tested against other corded hammer drills by drilling a 1 3/8-in. hole saw into 20-gauge steel. On average, the DC900KL was able to drill through this material in 3.87 seconds, 22 percent faster than the other corded hammer drills.
Introducing its latest Li-Ion technology was Makita with the new LXT Series of tools. “Makita did not just design a longer run time battery; we designed a complete tool solution to redefine the way pro users work,” says Ken Hefley, senior vice president of marketing for Makita U.S.A. “LXT allows the pro user to work longer with a better engineered tool solution.”
The LXT Series, designed specifically to handle Li-Ion technology, produces 280 percent more lifetime work with two-times more battery cycles than the traditional Ni-Cad batteries, according to the company. Other features include a five-times lower self-discharge and built-in memory chip to communicate with the Optimum Charger and built-in shock absorbing features to protect the battery.
After nine years of research, Milwaukee Electric Tool has introduced its Li-Ion batteries. “For years professional tradespeople have demanded cordless power that performed like a corded product. Until now, the technology hasn’t existed to make that possible,” notes Joseph Smith, vice president of marketing at Milwaukee Electric Tool. “With V28 battery technology, we feel confident in saying that nearly 40 years after the initial development of cordless tools, cordless power is finally beginning to fulfill its original promise.”
To make this technology capable of powering high current draw applications, Milwaukee’s researchers turned to lithium manganese and optimized a cell to deliver high power and longer run times.
Providing users with the benefits of Li-Ion, Bosch has taken one step further with five-times more cycle-life than similar Li-ion technologies with the Litheon battery.
Available in both 10.8 volts and 36 volts, Litheon follows through on the industry promise of corded power in a cordless package, with little more weight than the weight of an 18-volt Ni-Cad battery. Simultaneously, Litheon also makes previously impossible ultra-compact 10.8-volt tools, nearly half the size of small drill/driver, powerful and capable to accomplish a majority of professional drill/driving tasks.
Oldies, But Goodies
Long before Lithium-Ion entered the cordless tool arena, Ni-Cad and Ni-MH dominated much of the cordless tool battery market. “Traditional Ni-Cad is not going to go away anytime soon — it’s a great battery for the certain applications,” says Potter.
Ryobi’s One+ System allows users to use one 18-volt battery on every Ryobi cordless tool — past, present or future. The system allows users to choose from 22 tools and accessories, with one standard 18-volt power source
Makita and Panasonic offer the Ni-MH battery technology in its range of cordless tools. According to Panasonic, the batteries do not use cadmium, making them more environmentally friendly than standard Ni-Cad batteries. Also, more electrical elements can be packed into Ni-MH batteries, giving them a larger power source.
“In particular, Ni-MH batteries offer the balance of longer run time with 2.6Ah at a reasonable price compared to Ni-Cad. Ni-Cad is the entry-level battery format,” says Stacy Dill, marketing communications manager for Makita USA. According to Dill, further advantages of Ni-MH are as follows:
1. Longer run time
2. Environmentally friendly
3. No memory
Whether it is Ni-Cad, Ni-MH or Li-Ion that you choose, the charger plays a highly important role in the function of a battery. A charge can take hours with the “trickle” chargers or as fast as 30 minutes with newer versions.
Bosch’s two new 30-minute chargers not only speed up the charging process for the full range of Bosch batteries, but also allow users to better understand each battery’s status. Two LED light indicators constantly report on the status of each battery charging.
Ridgid’s Max 2.5 Ah 18-volt battery is designed for quick refreshing on the provided charger. The charger is designed specifically for these batteries and brings them to full charge, in approximately 20 minutes. A series of lights on its face indicates charging progress. The instructions even include recommendations for charging excessively hot or cold batteries, something that can be important when working outdoors or in unfinished spaces. | <urn:uuid:d0d45e48-65af-48ff-8d07-17f858666d60> | {
"date": "2014-08-02T07:03:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276584.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00450-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9413168430328369,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1658,
"url": "http://www.forresidentialpros.com/article/10425682/powering-up"
} |
What is acne?
Acne is the most common skin disorder seen in the United States today. It is most commonly associated with whiteheads, blackheads, and pustules (small bumps under the skin containing pus); although, severe acne patients also experience tender red nodules and acne cysts.
What causes acne?
Prior to and during puberty, increased hormones cause an over-production of oil, which then plugs the oil glands, called sebaceous glands. These glands are most prominent on the face, chest, shoulders, and back-the most common areas of acne lesions. Poor diet or dirt does not cause acne. However, a well-balanced diet and proper washing make acne treatment more successful.
A number of other factors also contribute to acne. Stress and emotions can make acne worse. Conversely, acne can create stress. Oil-based soaps, lotions, cosmetics, and hair products cause increased plugging of the oil glands, and can make acne worse. Certain medications, such as epilepsy drugs, steroids, anti-tuberculosis medications, and some antidepressant medications, can cause acne or make it worse.
Who gets acne?
Derived from the Greek word akme, meaning "peak of life," and the Latin word acme, meaning "prime of life," acne is most prominent during adolescence. However, 40% of children aged 8 to 10 years begin to experience acne, and up to 10% of individuals in their midlife years continue to struggle with acne lesions. There appears to be a familial or hereditary tendency; if one or both parents had acne, it is more likely that their children will also have the disorder. Although it is more common in males, females seek medical help more often.
How does acne cause disease?
Acne appears on the skin in the form of blackheads and whiteheads ("comedones"), as well as pustules, nodules, and cysts-the result of the bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes, that cause inflammation of the oil glands. Although the bacteria do not cause serious illness, the psychological effects of acne and resultant scars can be devastating. Advances in acne treatment offer successful management. Therefore, acne should never be dismissed as a minor condition that will be outgrown.
What are the common findings of acne?
There are two types of acne: comedonal acne, which appears as whiteheads and blackheads, and inflammatory acne, which includes pustules, nodules, and cysts. Generally, acne begins as whiteheads and blackheads that progress to inflammatory acne. Most adolescents have a combination of comedonal acne and inflammatory acne, consisting of whiteheads, blackheads, and pustules. Cystic acne is the most severe type of acne and requires intensive treatment.
How is acne diagnosed?
Although acne is easily recognized, a thorough history is important in treating this disorder properly. The duration of acne, past treatment, and products used (including soaps, lotions, and cosmetics) are helpful in developing an appropriate and effective treatment plan. Family history, medical history, and current medications also are very important. It is usually not necessary to perform laboratory tests to diagnose acne, unless a hormonal abnormality is suspected.
How is acne treated?
Acne treatment and management take weeks to months to see improvement. Patience and compliance are crucial.
Goals of treatment include decreasing oil production; opening the plugged oil glands; reducing the bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes; and eliminating or reducing scarring. Mild soaps and lotions are recommended. Gentle washing in the morning and at bedtime to remove cosmetics and debris is essential. Buff puffs and grainy soaps cause additional irritation and should be avoided. Moisturizers, make-up, and hair products should be water based.
Squeezing and picking acne lesions cause irritation and injure the underlying tissue, resulting in scarring, and should be avoided unless performed by a health care professional.
Topical agents, called keratolytics, relieve plugging of the oil glands. Over-the-counter preparations, such as Benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid, are beneficial for mild comedonal acne. Applied twice daily after washing, results are usually seen within six to eight weeks. Consult your health care provider if results are not satisfactory. Prescription medications, such as Retin A, Differin, and Azelex, may be used once daily after washing. These medications are applied to the entire area, not just to the acne lesions.
Topical antibiotics also may be prescribed in combination with a keratolytic agent. These antibiotics reduce bacteria on the skin and control inflammation. They are beneficial for comedonal and inflammatory acne treatment, as well as for maintenance after control has been achieved with oral antibiotics. They are applied once daily to the entire area after washing. The most common topical antibiotics include Erythromycin, Clindamycin, and Sulfonamides. It is important to advise your health care provider if you have had an allergic reaction to any of these medications in the past.
Oral antibiotics reduce the bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes. They are used in combination with topical medications for more severe inflammatory acne. Common oral antibiotics are Erythromycin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, and Minocycline. They must be taken for three to four weeks to begin to see improvement, and treatment often lasts several months.
For severe cystic acne, Accutane may be prescribed. This vitamin A derivative is taken orally for four to five months. The response rate is as high as 90%, with most patients experiencing prolonged remissions. Careful monthly follow-up by a dermatologist during treatment is required.
Oral contraceptives have proven helpful in some females with inflammatory acne, either alone or in combination with other acne treatment.
What are the complications?
Scarring and pigment change result from squeezing acne lesions. These can be treated by a dermatologist or plastic surgeon with dermabrasion, chemical peels, or laser resurfacing. These procedures are costly, and they are not covered by most insurance plans. Therefore, picking at acne lesions should be avoided.
Cystic acne can cause thickened scars called keloids. These are unsightly and often painful. Keloids can be treated with steroid injections, or they can be surgically removed by a dermatologist or plastic surgeon after acne treatment is completed.
Benzoyl peroxide, keratolytics, and some topical antibiotics cause dryness and redness in the areas of application. Applying a water-based lotion or moisturizer (that is non-acne causing) can relieve these side effects.
Some keratolytics and oral antibiotics cause sensitivity to the sun. Therefore, sun exposure should be limited, and sunscreens should be used daily.
Accutane causes dry skin, mucous membrane irritation, sun sensitivity, and elevated triglycerides. It should be used in combination with appropriate moisturizers and sunscreens. Close follow-up with a health care professional and monitoring of triglyceride levels are necessary during treatment. Accutane can cause birth defects and miscarriages, and pregnant women should not take it.
How can acne be prevented?
Currently, acne cannot be prevented. However, proper treatment and home compliance offer successful management and remission of this frustrating disorder. Acne is not contagious, and it should not be allowed to take over one's life. Psychological support and encouragement aid in treatment and promote well being.
Buttaro, T., Trybulski, J., Bailey, P., Sandberg-Cook, J.: Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice, ed. 1, St. Louis, 1999, Mosby, Inc.
Hurwitz, S.: Clinical Pediatric Dermatology, ed. 2., Philadelphia, 1993, W.B. Saunders Company
Weston, W.L., Lane, A.T., and Morrelli, J.G.: Color Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, ed. 2, St. Louis, 1996, Mosby, Inc. | <urn:uuid:86ac4e1a-2148-4126-8bca-9314c5345085> | {
"date": "2019-02-23T03:46:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249434065.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223021219-20190223043219-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9367799758911133,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 1675,
"url": "https://www.physicianstochildren.com/Patient-Resources/Medical-Conditions/Acne"
} |
All life on earth is interdependent and depends on its environment to survive. When part of an ecosystem is destroyed or damaged it has a knock on effect on the plants, animals and people who form part of it. Human impact on environments and wildlife is causing environmental problems such as pollution, energy consumption, deforestation and climate change. If these issues are not addressed then it could spell disaster for the Earth.
Sustainable development - meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - offers a viable solution to environmental problems. Using examples from around the world, this book will show how sustainable development can help us to work with environments and not against them. It also suggests some choices the reader can make to ensure a sustainable future.
'Databank' boxes give key facts, 'Opinion' panels highlight quotes from well-known speakers on the subject. There are also weblinks with useful website addresses which link to sites with more information about a particular topic.
Rob Bowden is a development geographer who has taught international Environment and Development courses at the universities of Sussex and Brighton. He specialises in African issues and has written several children,s books about the region. As well as writing, he runs an educational resourcing and consultancy company. He is a keen photographer and some of his images are used in his books. In 1999 his book ,Journey Through Africa, was highly commended by the Geographical Association and he has also been commended for his great contribution to education. | <urn:uuid:b11cdfee-ef95-4825-8be9-a4aed3943f3a> | {
"date": "2019-09-22T14:30:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9715538620948792,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 310,
"url": "https://www.mightyape.com.au/product/saving-our-planetenvironments/1732140"
} |
What is a URL (Uniform Resource Locator)?
Every HTML document has a uniform resource locator, or URL, typically of this form:
http://host.domain/path/filenamewhere the host.domain identifies the system and the path and file specify the file.
Your browser will always display the URL of the document you are currently viewing. In Netscape, the URL appears in the window labeled ``Location:''.
John Shipman, [email protected]
Last updated: 2000/02/15 21:50:36 UT | <urn:uuid:49b71ab7-fede-447f-9368-10a19c34d323> | {
"date": "2017-10-22T00:52:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824931.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022003552-20171022023552-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7283244132995605,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 116,
"url": "http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/html/url.html"
} |
The Basics of Radio Electronics
Radio — the electronic technology if not the audio programming — has never been more popular than it is right now. In the 1930s and '40s, there was only one use for radio: broadcast audio signals. Today, audio broadcast over radio is as commonplace as ever, but the list of other types of information being broadcast by radio technology has skyrocketed.
Most people think of radio as wireless broadcast of sound, most often music and speech. But the term radio is actually much broader than that; the broadcast of sound is actually just one application of the extremely useful electrical phenomenon that is called radio.
Broadcast television is nothing more than the combination of audio and video broadcast over radio. Cellphones use radio to extend the world’s telephone networks. Then there was wireless networking and cellular data plans, which transmit Internet data over radio. And there are many other popular uses for radio technology, including radar, GPS navigation systems, and wireless Bluetooth devices.
Radio takes advantage of one of the most interesting of all electrical phenomena: electromagnetic radiation (often abbreviated EMR), which is a type of energy that travels in waves at the speed of light. EMR travels freely through the air and even in the vacuum of space.
EMR waves can oscillate at any imaginable frequency. The rate of the oscillation is measured in cycles per second, also known as hertz (abbreviated Hz). Instead, it honors the great German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who was the first person to build a device that could create and detect radio waves.
Radio is simply a specific range of frequencies of EMR waves. The low end of this range is just a few cycles per second, and the upper end is about 300 billion cycles per second (also known as gigahertz, abbreviated GHz.) That’s a pretty big range, but EMR waves with much higher frequencies exist as well, and are in fact commonplace.
EMR waves with frequencies higher than radio waves go by various names, including infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, and — most importantly — visible light.
That’s right; what we call light is exactly the same thing as what we call radio, but at higher frequencies. The frequency of visible light is measured in billions of hertz, also called terahertz and abbreviated THz. The low end of visible light (red) is around 405THz and the upper end (violet) is around 790 THz.
So here’s an interesting thought to ponder: Radio stations broadcast on a specific frequency. For example in San Francisco, there's a popular radio station called KNBR, which has been broadcasting on the frequency 680 kHz since 1922. There are plenty of other radio stations in the area, but only KNBR broadcasts at 680 kHz.
The term channel is often used to refer to a radio station broadcasting at a particular frequency.
Purple is the color we perceive when we see light whose frequency is right around 680 THz. There are many other colors, but only the color purple is at 680 THz.
In a way, color is the same thing as channel. If EMR waves are vibrating at 680 kHz, they are KNBR radio. If those same EMR waves are vibrating a million times faster, at 680 THz, they are the color purple.
An important concept that’s related to frequency is the idea of wavelength. The term wavelength refers to the distance between the crests of each cycle of EMR at a particular frequency. Because EMR waves travel at the speed of light, you can calculate the wavelength of a given frequency by dividing the distance that light travels in a single second by the number of cycles per second.
The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. The wavelength of most AM broadcast radio stations is a few hundred feet. The wavelength of visible light is a very small fraction of an inch. | <urn:uuid:535a5e7e-0bb7-49ff-b3c5-8d87d63cc186> | {
"date": "2016-06-28T22:57:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587587118148804,
"score": 3.953125,
"token_count": 813,
"url": "http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-basics-of-radio-electronics.navId-810951.html"
} |
Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).
Born in Grenoble, Isère, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, who had died when he was young. His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.
The military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire were a revelation to Beyle. He was named an auditor with the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the Napoleonic wars. He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of Napoleon's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia. | <urn:uuid:ff25b38a-a595-42b0-9635-cadbe593e06b> | {
"date": "2017-10-23T17:31:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00856.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9862543940544128,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 248,
"url": "https://www.upi.com/topic/Henri_Beyle/"
} |
Several parents have asked me over the years, “What did you do to fuel your son’s passion for science?”
As someone who became a math major in college with the hope of someday realizing my dream of working for NASA and the space program, I used to love watching my son develop an appetite for science. It was deeply satisfying for me to see him explore his personal interests in geology and paleontology – interests that would not only eventually become hobbies and science fair projects, but would also lead him to a career in these and other science-related areas when he grew up. Don’t we all yearn to have fun at our jobs?
A lot of his interest in science was originally sparked by taking him to the Museum of Science and to the Aquarium, where he was first introduced to the “ooo’s” and “aaaahhh’s” of biology, chemistry, astronomy, oceanography, electricity and… dinosaurs. What kid (or adult) isn’t fascinated with the Van de Graaff generator, the huge T-Rex, or real sharks in huge tanks?
It has been well documented that many students lose more than 2 months of knowledge over the summer. The courses my son took at the science museum and aquarium, on weekends and especially during summer when he was in elementary & middle school student, allowed him to have a hands-on experience in “the art of experimentation” with activities, materials and equipment that I couldn’t afford to supply at home, at an age when it could (and obviously did) make a lasting impression.
When it came time for him to start working on school science projects and his science fair projects, the contacts he had made at the Boston Museum of Science, in particular, were invaluable to opening many doors. The Museum staff not only helped him develop his project ideas, but helped him to find access to materials, labs and equipment not often available to someone so young.
The most valuable thing you can do to help your child start developing an interest in the fascinating world of science this summer is to encourage regular visits to a science museum, aquarium, zoo — or even your local library or bookstore where they host workshops, so your child can be introduced to the Science, Technology, Engineering & Math (STEM) subjects that most interest him or her.
When your child expresses an interest in a specific topic, nurture their natural curiosity until it blossoms into their own experiment or project. A museum course instructor or workshop leader may even agree to become a mentor to your child, and may be best equipped to help your child to expand upon ideas and interests.
Have a great summer! | <urn:uuid:bc11d1f1-2537-45c9-8448-1223d6458b50> | {
"date": "2019-08-23T05:05:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317847.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823041746-20190823063746-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9768699407577515,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 553,
"url": "http://mistersciencefair.com/tag/summer-brain-drain/"
} |
A parliamentary report of 1777 recorded parish workhouses in operation at Redruth (for up to 60 inmates), Gwennop [Gwennap] (50), and Guinear [Gwinear](40).
Redruth Poor Law Union was officially formed on 10th June 1837. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 29 in number, representing its 8 constituent parishes as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
Cornwall: Camborne (5), Gwennap (6), Gwinear (2), Gwithian, Illogan (4), Phillack (3), Redruth (6), Stythians (2).
The population falling within the Union at the 1831 census had been 38,695 with parishes ranging in size from Gwithian (population 539) to Gwennap (8,539) and Redruth itself (8,191). The average annual poor-rate expenditure for the period 1834-36 had been £8,485 or 4s.5d. per head of the population.
The Redruth Union workhouse was built in 1838 at Carn Brea near Redruth. It was designed by George Gilbert Scott and his partner William Bonython Moffatt who were also the architects for other Cornish workhouses in Liskeard, Penzance, St Austell, and St Columb Major. Intended to accommodate 450 inmates, the Poor Law Commissioners authorised the sum of £6,000 on its construction. The workhouse location and layout are shown on the 1906 map below.
Redruth followed Scott and Moffatt's typical design. It had a single-storey front block with a central entrance archway.
To the rear was the main accommodation block, now demolished. An infirmary block stood to the rear.
In 1897, the site was extended with the purchase of additional land costing £60 to the south-west of the workhouse. A new infirmary block for women was erected at a cost of around £2,700. The architect was Sampson Hill who, in 1912, provided the designs for an extension at the south of the building.
The former workhouse later became Barncoose Hospital. It is now the Camborne-Redruth Community Hospital.
- Cornwall Record Office, Old County Hall, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3AY. Holdings include Guardians' minute books (1855-1930); Indoor relief lists (1837-1930, with gaps); Admissions and discharges (1840-1934, with gaps); Index of inmates (1912-24); Creed registers (1910-30); Deaths (1837-67, 1901-39); etc.
Unless otherwise indicated, this page () is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. | <urn:uuid:cbec5306-60e1-40f7-8c8e-af0c01441890> | {
"date": "2016-02-12T12:02:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163729.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00277-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9486328959465027,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 602,
"url": "http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Redruth/"
} |
Category : EduEssays
Integrity Understanding.ASPASIAS RHETORIC.IS Revenue A Highly Effective MOTIVATOR In The Office?biology homework help
Felony proper rights is responsible for the obligation homework help 911 of making sure that offenders or legal system breakers adjusted from the official correctional usually means. In the act of solving them, unlawful proper rights learners can be serious to experience what sort of lawful process are undertaken, and in case you will find any integrity acted upon. After we take a look at legal proper rights methods as well as honest components, we initially needs to convey some inquiries to the fore.
To begin with, might it be ethically good to go across investigate a experience with the goal year 7 maths homework help of discrediting their worth in the event the legal practitioner has learned actually the fact that observe is revealing to truthfully? Subsequently, could it possibly be honest to use a observe give testimony should year 7 homework help the legal professional is familiar with very well that your experience will do perjury? (Henry M, 2006).Thirdly, might it be moral to have a attorney to signify a criminal arrest, although the legal representative is aware effectively the fact that charged has truly entirely commited an offence? On the pursuit to solution these issues, I make an attempt to examine the law apply regarding my moral reasoning.
It can be ethically incorrect one example is, to enjoy a legal professional which represents a illegal as he/she recognizes properly clearly which the charged undoubtably determined the offense. Legal professionals rehearse this by means of twisting the reality. Additionally try and discredit cpm homework help chapter 9 the worth of witnesses despite the fact that they already know that the observe year 7 history homework help is revealing to the reality. (Henry M, 2006). Numerous situations are received by means of this because so many witnesses will not be proficient in legalised concerns. It happens to be some type of coercion and intimidation by law firms as a way for their examples to move their way.
When taking care of 100 % legal is important with those that have unique interpretations of moral conduct, in accordance with offender proper rights job application, you must recognize the common point of view on abuse. This people thoughts and opinions is recorded homework help 8 tracks as a result of specifically what does the general public see of your consequence meted alongside legislation offenders, and the way will it go on the way to fixing them. What exactly is moral in a single network can be dishonest in some other town. So, the journey ought to be to achieve a center earth exactly grade 9 science homework help where the authorized modification means that you should not clash while using the public and honest perceptions for the inhabitants.
It is just a somewhat new training to look at women of all ages of all time as well as to investigate the potential influence within their womanly points of views. On your tails of Wonderful Individual Hypothesis which used the biographies of amazing males from the exclusion of other contributors, it truly is now significantly more tolerable to concentrate on social and green reasons that science homework help 7th grade motivated past and to use bill of beforehand excluded teams of persons, just like the efforts of girls. Believe that ofAspasiaand her persuasion on the ancient considering. When researching gals like Aspasia, we elevate an assortment of essential important questions regarding the impression of these womanly viewpoints, hypothesizing they voiced a womanly point of view by any means. Judging out of the pieces we have now on the market to us relating to Aspasia you can believe that she does bring in a sort of rhetoric that may be extremely science homework help 8th grade feminine.
Understanding Aspasias rhetoric for being primarily girl is often a advanced and esoteric progression: the case sits on implying that there exists a primarily lady technique of serious about a single thing. The quandary is more muddled by attempting to generate a reliable theoretical platform to compliment this say. Having said that, if you can recognize many different suppositions grade 7 science homework help in regards to the distinction between femaleness and maleness in communications types we are able to then proceed to check out Aspasias rhetoric and exactly how it suits the domain names of perhaps pattern.
Stereotypically communicating, feminine style and design is viewed as taking homework help grade 9 care of, helpful, communal and understanding of mother nature. This is simply not to speak about that somebody that is true this type have to be feminine. It is really efficient to think about female and strong traits using a continuum rather than witnessing them as binary alternatives. Also take into consideration that any human being can really exist everywhere about the continuum, from incredibly female to pretty assertive and there are several overlapping benefits that can be neither of them especially guy neither women.
Sociologists and Hr staff similar cpm homework help 7 grade are consistently trying to find new techniques to persuade folks on the job; the fascination to that topic is wholly clear, as empowered personnel are designed for building much more return to the enterprise than distressed products. The newspaper math homework help grade 8 and tv bombard everyone with vibrant tales of younger people operating 80- and 90-hr days for several months and several years with the hope of busting to the rates from the grade 9 homework help super-well-off. (Erez, p. 5) Nonetheless, it truly is clear that from a particular grade (with respect to kinds job), financial resources are not the best motivator at the job any further.
It can be practical to guess that effective personnel understand that they might have great results utilised by the companys neighborhood rival in addition, using the same paycheck quality, and begin to look at other variables in addition to revenue as conditions forever career. Naturally, funds are imperative that you me, staff will inform their staff during the talks checking their report, however its not it is important if you ask me. (Butkus and Eco friendly, p. 157 24/7 homework help) Even though last analysis in the community of member of staff drive centered typically on connecting benefits and conclusion, and explaining various things that control capabilities, seems like with me that management and business traditions with homework help year 7 history the firm at major is regarded as the most significant motivators for top information individuals.
As agencies are often looked at as solution/assistance/capital-generating units, their civilizations are inclined to go unseen by outdoors observers. (Larsen and Peck, p. 1) Yet, each one agency in most cases has distinctive business/commercial lifestyle, that packages the tempo for grade 9 english homework help that new hires and general borders for any companys our cash. A single meaning of company heritage is a combined development of your thought process which differentiates the people in just one firm from yet another (Chandler, p. 1). Once I look at it, it can be mostly the climate in the office that whether inspires or demotivates individuals homework helpers 9+ and has effects on their effectiveness correspondingly. Hospitable, relatives-like natural environment improves workers results and, in the course of their positions, gets to be more necessary than financial perks available because of the provider.
Financial resources are commonly found as among the most beneficial motivators via the analysts in hr supervision. Then again, it is really visible that immediately after specified part of the work of superior description qualified professional, financial advantages will not be effective from now on, and companys uppr grade managing need to sign up to initiatives with HR experts while focusing on boosting companies management and business traditions at sizeable. When they are efficient at generating family primary homework help henry 8th unit-like setting inside the office, greatest companys workers are unlikely to look for an alternate track of their own expert advancement. | <urn:uuid:6985b799-71df-42e3-9cac-18d0a944292c> | {
"date": "2019-01-23T22:18:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584415432.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123213748-20190123235748-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9620612263679504,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 1583,
"url": "http://odka.net/?cat=970"
} |
Life in a Drop of Water
by Mike Morgan
How often have we seen, in books aimed at the amateur microscopist, that one drop of sediment and water from the pond, would yield a wealth of organisms to view and wonder at?
I tried this, observing over a period of one hour, 25 microlitres of sediment/pond water.
Indeed there were a wealth of organisms to wonder at. I decided to split these observations into different articles, covering the types seen. The first will show the types of Rotifer observed and I will follow this with articles showing the protozoa and algae / desmids.
Three types of rotifer were seen. The most abundant was Brachionus sp. and I was able to see the rotifer both with and without her carrying her eggs (image above and left respectively).
Next to appear was Anuraeopsis. There is only one British and Irish species of this rotifer, i.e. Anuraeopsis fissa. The asexual eggs are very distinctive in being tear-drop shaped and are carried attached to an anal appendage or egg carrier.
The third rotifer observed was Rotaria neptunia. The telescopic nature of the rotifer's movement was clearly seen, as were the 3 toes and 2 spurs on the foot.
The more observant may notice a few other organisms, captured alongside the rotifers. The ubiquitous Paramecium, for one! My next two articles will cover the various protozoa and algae seen in what, for me, was a very exciting hour's viewing of that "drop of water".
Further reading: A Key to British Freshwater Planktonic Rotifera by Rosalind M Pontin. Freshwater Biological Association.
See a video clip showing the birth of a live rotifer of the genus Rotaria.
Please report any Web problems
or offer general comments to the Micscape Editor,
via the contact on current Micscape Index.
Micscape is the on-line monthly
magazine of the Microscopy UK web
site at Microscopy-UK | <urn:uuid:a44a773f-637f-42d1-b914-0a09e9f21b2d> | {
"date": "2013-12-07T10:58:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054000/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9536852240562439,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 440,
"url": "http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art97/mmpond.html"
} |
Riot in 1877
From the book titled "Historical and Biographical Annals of Berks Conty Pennsylvania," by Morton L. Montgomery. Published by J. H. Beers Co., Chicago, 1909.
The great riot in 1877 at Reading was an extraordinary event in the history of our community. On Saturday, July 21, 1877, great excitement prevailed in the city, owing to the general strike of railroad trainmen in the following States: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. The central point of excitement here was at Seventh and Penn streets, where many men gathered to discuss the situation. At that time the excitement at Pittsburg was intense, ending shortly thereafter in the great destruction of railroad property, which consisted of buildings, cars, etc., and in the loss of at least a score of lives.
On the next day, the situation was naturally worse owing to the news from Pittsburg, and more men crowded at the point named; but there was no disorderly demonstration of any kind during the day. By 10 o'clock in the evening, the crowd had moved to the passenger station, where the men greeted the last train from Philadelphia (10:30) with shouts and yells. Then the excitement became uncontrollable. The crowd moved westward on the Lebanon Valley railroad, and fire and destruction of property followed. Railroad tracks were torn up, and certain cabooses and freight cars were set on fire which resulted in a general alarm of fire, and the response of the fire department; and during the terrible excitement in and about the "cut," near Sixth street, whither all attention had been directed, the costly railroad bridge, which spanned the river within a mile to the west, was set on fire and entirely destroyed. The bright flames, which flashed high into the darkness of the night, attracted thousands of people to the place.
The news shocked the whole community. Crowds had gathered on Saturday, innocently, apparently, but unlawfully, without any earnest movement from the police to disperse them, and property had been destroyed on Sunday. On Monday, the newspapers were almost wholly, taken up with vivid descriptions of the excited condition of the community and of the destructive work of incendiaries. Throughout the day, great excitement prevailed, and as the night approached it grew greater. The four corners of Seventh and Penn streets were again crowded hour after hour, subject to a weak protest; but without any determined effort from municipal or county authorities to clear the highway. Trains were stopped, coal cars detached and many tons of coal dumped upon the track for several hundred feet.
With this state of affairs, the 6 o'clock passenger train approached the city around the bend of "Neversink," and the shrill whistle of the engine never sounded in such a piercing manner. The engineer remained bravely at his post; the command was given to proceed forward at full speed, and forward indeed he directed his engine at the rate of forty-five miles an hour over the blockaded track. Fortunately the train passed through safely, but the people scattered for their lives, coals were thrown high into the air, and a dense cloud of black dust obscured everything round about for a time. At the passenger station, great excitement arose immediately after the arrival of this train. The next down train was stopped in the cut, and this daring proceeding drew the crowd from the depot and intensified the excitement at Seventh and Penn streets. And the people remained at that point, immovable. Proclamations by the sheriff and earnest appeals by the policemen did not make the slightest impression upon them. The vast multitudes were in sympathy with the riotous demonstrations. And so matters remained for nearly two hours, apparently growing worse as the darkness of night fell upon the community. Then, however, a sudden change arose. And what agent was this that could, as it were, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, separate a maddened, threatening crowd, when sober, sensible appeals to citizens who had theretofore been a law-abiding people, were wholly unavailing? It was the bullet. This acted upon them as effectually as the lightning upon restless, thickening clouds in a portentous sky.
About 8 o'clock, seven companies of the 4th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, numbering about two hundred men, under the command of Gen. Franklin Reeder, arrived at the railroad station in the city, viz.:
Company B, Allen Rifles, Allentown; Company D, Allen Continentals, Allentown; Company E, Blue Mountain Legion, Hamburg; Company F, Easton Grays, Easton; Company H, Slatington Rifles, Slatington ; Company I, Catasauqua; Company K, Portland, Northampton county.
After some consultation they were marched down the railroad and through the "cut" toward Penn street to liberate the train there. On the way, they were attacked by persons on the elevated pavements who threw stones and bricks upon them. They did not fire in self-defense, but moved on bravely. Nearing Penn street, the situation became so dangerous that some of the men, by some order or mistaken command, shot off their rifles. Bricks and stones were thrown with increased energy, and many shots followed. The crowd immediately scattered, and men were seen bearing away the wounded and killed. With the dispersing crowd, the soldiers also became disordered, and the companies disorganized. Their conduct was disgraceful, and the whole community, and especially the management of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, lost confidence in them as a means of restoring order or preserving peace. A battery of United States Regular Artillery, equipped as infantry, then came here shortly afterward, under the command of General Hamilton, and remained until peace, order and safety were assured. The fidelity of G. A. Nicolls and George Eltz as officials of the railroad at this point, in the perilous situation of affairs then existing, was highly commendable.
Photo of north entrance of the 7th Street Cut, a manmade ravine created for railroad tracks to run level, rather than climbing and descending a steep hill. The Cut was the scene of the Reading Railroad Massacre in 1877: Pennsylvania militia were marched into the north end of the Cut in order to free a train blocked by strikers; the ended up shooting into a crowd gathered at the south end of the cut, killing 10. This photo was shot in 1999. Though at that time only one set of tracks ran through the Cut, at the time of the Massacre two sets of tracks - one northbound, one southbound - were there.
This riot resulted in the killing of ten citizens (Milton Trace, James J. Fisher, Ludwig Hoffman, John H. Weaver, Lewis A. Eisenhower, John A. Cassidy, John A. Wunder, Daniel Nachtrieb, Elias Shafer and Howard Cramp) ; and the wounding of twenty-seven persons (including four policemen) and twelve soldiers.
Dr. George S. Goodhart, the coroner of the county, then held an inquest to inquire into the loss of life; and after hearing a number of witnesses reported on Aug. 7, 1877, that the death of the persons named was caused by the military who were here by direction of the State authorities firing upon the rioters, and the terrible tragedy was directly attributed to the lawless assembling of persons at Seventh and Penn streets.
Many men were arrested and indicted for alleged implication in this riot. Two of them pleaded guilty and were sentenced to imprisonment for five years. There was a hotly contested trial of another, from Oct. 2nd to the 6th, but he was acquitted. The following week, fourteen were tried and all were acquitted excepting one, who was convicted of inciting to riot; and the third week, forty were called for trial but the prosecution was abandoned. These trials caused great excitement. F. B. Gowen, the president of the P. & R. R. Co., conducted the prosecution of these cases in person. | <urn:uuid:01533801-842e-461d-824c-f3ff5d697c9e> | {
"date": "2017-04-24T06:03:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119080.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00292-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9788859486579895,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 1665,
"url": "http://www.goreadingberks.com/articles/article.php?articleID=14"
} |
A new study published today in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute points to a link between alcohol consumption and a greater risk of cancer in females.
Researchers say that even moderate alcohol consumption can significantly increase the chances a woman will get cancer. These findings come after years of doctors suggesting that a drink a day can be good for women's heart health. Find out the latest advice.
The study looked at more than 1 million middle-aged women and found that alcohol consumption may cause 13 percent of all breast, liver, rectal and esophageal cancers. Women who have just three to six drinks a week have a 2 percent greater risk of cancer; women who have seven to 14 drinks a week have a 5 percent increased risk of cancer; and for those who have 15 or more drinks a week, their risk of cancer jumps to 15 percent.
"Women who are very worried about cancer may not want to drink anything," said Dr. Therese Bevers of the Anderson Cancer Center. "Women who like to drink may want to reduce the amount they drink."
The American Heart Association recommends that both women and men drink only in moderation. For women, that means no more than one alcoholic beverage per day. Since drinking can increase risks of high blood pressure, heart failure and breast cancer, they suggest that people who don't already drink do not begin drinking.
The American Cancer Society agrees that the more alcohol an individual consumes, the higher her risk of developing certain types of cancer. Experts there suggest reducing the amount of alcohol you drink -- for women, that's one drink per day. Check out their fact sheet on alcohol and cancer, where they outline what they know about this connection and the combined risks of using both alcohol and tobacco.
While a drink a day raises the risks of certain cancer, there is also scientific evidence that it can lower a woman's risk of heart disease by improving cholesterol levels and reducing the chances of blood clots. However, in light of today's study, experts say that women can improve heart health without alcohol. They recommend avoiding habits like smoking and turning to diet and exercise instead. | <urn:uuid:763962a2-d08c-4bd9-91fd-a7a5815d45ce> | {
"date": "2014-03-09T07:46:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999675557/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060755-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9644623398780823,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 427,
"url": "http://abcnews.go.com/WN/story?id=6949826"
} |
To figure out the equation, start doing the computations for the first few bounces.
When there had been zero bounces (that is, when the ball hadn't been dropped yet), the height h was 200.
Since thirty percent of this height was lost on the first bounce, then the first bounce reached only seventy percent of the first height. What then was the height after x = 1 bounces?
After the second bounce, the ball reached only seventy percent of the height after the first bounce. What was the height h after x = 2 bounces?
And so forth, until you notice the pattern, and create the formula. | <urn:uuid:8e9cfd0c-fd28-4ef6-b2e8-0eed4de198ce> | {
"date": "2015-03-01T12:35:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462331.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00235-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9695385694503784,
"score": 3.578125,
"token_count": 128,
"url": "http://www.purplemath.com/learning/viewtopic.php?p=2446"
} |
November 5, 2010
OLR BACKGROUNDER: BLOOD PRESSURE, BATTING AVERAGES, AND THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
By: John Rappa, Chief Analyst
What is the unemployment rate? What does it measure?
The unemployment rate is the share or portion of current and potential workers who are unemployed. Consequently, it is expressed as a percent, but it could also be graphically depicted as a pie chart showing the relative shares of employed and unemployed workers.
Who calculates the rate?
The federal Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) calculates the rate by dividing the number of unemployed workers by the total number of employed and unemployed workers. The latter constitutes “the labor force,” and the bureau uses that total to determine the percent of the work force that is unemployed.
Does the bureau ask everyone if they are unemployed and, if so, looking for work?
No, the U.S. Census Bureau surveys a sample of about 60,000 households (about 110,000 people) every month to determine the number of members 16 years or older who worked during the prior week. It selects the sample so that it reflects the general household characteristics across the nation and interviews each household member about their work activities. (see How the Government Measures Unemployment, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
To review, BLS determines the rate based on a sample of households and their responses to the Census Bureau's questions about their employment status. Based on the responses, BLS determines the “labor force,” which includes employed and unemployed people and calculates the percent unemployed.
Why does the bureau include unemployed people in the “labor force?”
The bureau includes unemployed people in the labor force if they intend to find work.
People who tell the bureau they are unemployed but looking and available for work are potentially part of the workforce. Consequently, they are different than those who tell the bureau they are unemployed but not looking for work.
Is it correct that the unemployment rate does not reflect the number of people who are unemployed and not looking for work?
Yes. Let's put this in context. The bureau sorts the household members into three groups based on their responses:
1. members with jobs (the employed);
2. members without jobs but who say they are looking, and available for work; and
3. members without jobs but who say are not looking for work.
The bureau then divides the total for the second group—members without jobs who are looking and available for work—by the totals for this group and those with jobs (i.e., the labor force). The results measure the unemployment for the actual and potential labor force. Here's the formula:
Unemployed and Looking and Available for Work
Unemployment Rate = Employed + Unemployed Looking and Available for Work
Assume there are 100 people who are unemployed and looking for work and 900 people who are employed. The total workforce—employed and unemployed and looking for work—is 1,000. The unemployment rate for this group is 10%.
100 (Unemployed and Looking and Available for Work)10% = 900 (Employed) + 100 (Unemployed and Looking and Available for Work)
Who comprises “the unemployed and not looking for work” group?
This category includes several different groups, including people most of us would not include in the potential labor force—seniors, full-time students, homemakers, patients, prisoners, and active duty military personnel. But it also includes people who simply stopped looking for work because they say:
1. they do not qualify for the available jobs;
2. they have not found work;
3. they lack the necessary skills, training, and experience for the jobs that are available; or
4. employers discriminate against them for various reasons, including their age.
The bureau refers to these household members as “discouraged workers.”
How does the bureau treat part-time, temporary, and seasonal workers? Are they reflected in the rate?
The bureau includes these workers in the employed group. It also includes in this group people who worked at least 15 hours without pay in a family business or farm and those who work one or two part-time jobs to recover some or all of the income they lost after being laid off.
How do part-time and discouraged workers affect the rate?
The rate would increase if the number of part-time workers were subtracted from the labor force, which is the denominator for calculating the rate. Subtracting these workers from the labor force increases the share of unemployed workers. (The share would increase even more if temporary and seasonal workers were also subtracted from the labor force.) Figure 1 shows how subtracting part-time workers from the labor force affects the rate.
Figure 1: How Part-Time Workers Affect the Rate
The rate would also increase if the total number of part-time workers were not subtracted from the base but added instead to the total unemployed. This adjustment would increase the share of unemployed by increasing the total. The BLS calculates an “alternative labor utilization” rate by adding part-time workers to the unemployed total, plus the other unemployed groups it does not include in the unemployment calculation. The seasonally adjusted rate for the United States in September 2010 was 17.1%, 7.5% higher than the official 9.6% unemployment rate.
But subtracting part-time workers from the base or adding them to the unemployed seems to change the statistic's meaning. After all, part-time workers are employed and working. If the purpose is to show how many people are working part-time, temporary, and seasonal jobs to
make ends meet, then another statistic must be constructed. One way to do that is to calculate a part-time employment rate by dividing the total number of part-time workers by the total number of part-time and full-time ones.
Including discouraged workers—the other group that is not consider unemployed—in the labor force also increases the unemployment rate, as Table 1 shows.
Table 1: Effects of Including Discouraged Workers in the Unemployment Rate
Current Rate Calculation Formula
Unemployed Looking &
Available for Work
Employed + Unemployed Looking & Available for Work
Unemployed Looking & Available for Work +
Employed+ Unemployed Looking & Available for Work+ Discouraged Workers
● 10 unemployed looking & available for work
● +90 employed
100 total labor force
● 10 unemployed looking & available for work
● 5 discouraged workers
● +90 employed
105 total labor force
Rate: 15 (10+5)/105=14.3%
When BLS added discouraged workers to the unemployed and the labor force, the seasonably adjusted unemployment rate for September 2010 increased from 9.6% to 10.3% (http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/news.release/empsit.t15htm).
Lastly, what happens to the rate if a large number of unemployed workers either become discouraged or retire?
The rate would drop if a large number of unemployed workers stopped looking for work because they cannot find jobs (i.e., discouraged workers), retired, went back to school, or did any of the other things that meet the bureau's criteria of “unemployed, not in the workforce.” But the rate alone does not show changes in the base that could cause the drop. In fact, some might conclude that a drop in the rate means that businesses are expanding and the economy is growing.
Such conclusions can be tested by looking beyond the rate to changes among the groups the bureau defines to calculate the rate. As Figure 2 shows, the bureau's classification scheme suggests that people cycle through three stages—employed, unemployed and looking for work, and unemployed and not looking for work.
Figure 2: Labor Force Stages
The rate could change if a large number of unemployed workers stopped looking for work and left the labor force. In fact, such a shift kept the U.S. unemployment rate from climbing to 10.4% in December, 2009, according to Bloomberg Businessweek (January 9, 2010). That month, the labor force decreased by over 600,000 workers. The rate could climb to that level or higher if these workers decide to reentry the labor force by telling the Census Bureau they are looking and available for work. | <urn:uuid:e3eb12aa-9533-4f22-8cef-0f74ba62829a> | {
"date": "2014-03-11T02:22:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011094911/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091814-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9577474594116211,
"score": 3.640625,
"token_count": 1742,
"url": "http://cga.ct.gov/2010/rpt/2010-R-0421.htm"
} |
Abacus is the device that has been around for many millenniums and has played a significant role in our educational lives and also in our practical lives. It is such a remarkable achievement of human race that it has made us proud.
For centuries every child is taught about this great tool at some stage of his or her life. Even if someone is not taught to work on it, he is still told something about it. This is because it has played the most important role in the mathematical sides of our culture and has helped the mankind for centuries in their conquest of numbers. Abacus is still used in various fields of modern world.
Abacus is widely used in teaching young children. Young children are not fully aware of the number system and find it very difficult to solve arithmetical problems. They feel comfortable when they calculate using abacus. In the modern days children use abacus as their playing tool therefore when they are taught to solve problems on their playing toy they find it fun and learn eagerly.
Some of the calculations are really difficult to perform for children. Simple arithmetic problems might feel easy to the grown up mind but they create a lot of difficulties for the first time solving children such as the multiplication is difficult to perform and it could be done with more accuracy and precision with the help of abacus.
Abacus has also been proved beneficial for teaching blind children how to perform arithmetical functions. Its structure with the rods and beads on those rods help blind students to understand the process of calculations and allow them to calculate things themselves. Abacus is still considered worth teaching and even in these days some schools in Asia and North America teach their students how to perform calculations on the abacus.
Some businessmen, bankers and people related to other fields as well to perform their calculations, also use abacus. People who use abacus prefer it to any other calculating device.
Abacus has been used in architecture for many centuries and is still in use in many parts of the world. It enriches the concept of architecture. Abacus aids the designs used by the architects in designing the buildings. They still use it to measure the dimensions and the sides of the buildings. Very beautiful architectural buildings have been carved with the help of this tool. Next Page: Art Work | <urn:uuid:135eec5f-8756-427a-b41b-4ecbe99ed407> | {
"date": "2016-07-24T08:41:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823989.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00132-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9800896048545837,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 460,
"url": "http://www.abacuslessons.com/modern-applications-of-the-abacus.html"
} |
Here’s another futuristic invention that could completely change the future of agriculture in a desertifying world. Substituting an industrially produced hydrogel for soil makes it possible to farm on sterile desert sand. Similarly to Pink LEDs Grow Future Food with 90% Less Water, this amazing sci fi technology allows the farming of the desert, with 80 percent less water than needed in traditional farming.
The hydrogel technology is the invention of Waseda University Visiting Professor Yuichi Mori, who has years of experience in developing polymeric membranes for use in medical technologies such as blood purification and oxygen enrichment.
But Mori saw the greatest need was in desert farming in a future world faced with explosive population growth, but diminishing potential for traditional soil-based agriculture due to soil degradation, erosion, and drought.
His hydrogel membrane–based plant cultivation technology has a unique membrane technology [PDF]. The simple system is much more portable than traditional hydroponics.
Mori has launched a company, Mebiol, to commercialize the technology, which solves many of the farming problems found in deserts, the age-old agricultural problems due to the unpredictability of water supplies.
The plants grow on a thin hydrophilic film made of hydrogel, which allows the passage of water and nutrients such as various ions, amino acids and sugars but not bacteria, fungi and viruses. This protects plants from diseases; use of pesticide is minimized.
The membrane looks like a plastic sheet allows for no-soil and low-soil farming, with the water and fertilizer separate from the plants roots. The roots remain dry while drawing water and nutrients from below the membrane, and oxygen from the air. Lettuce and other leaf vegetables can be grown with no soil.
Hydrogels are networks of hydrophilic (which means “water-loving”) polymer chains, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. The hydrogel membrane in the Imec technology is only microns thick.
Mebiol is the first and only company globally to have commercialized this kind of membrane for plant cultivation. Advanced membrane technologies are used in the medical and water purification field, but not in agriculture.
Other formulations of hydrogels have uses in medical treatment for blood purification and oxygen enrichment, and in water treatment for desalination and purification.
In agriculture use, along with eliminating the soil contamination that affects productivity and the quality of crops, one of the interesting side effects is that the plants synthesize a lot of sugar. The “water stress” the Imec membrane creates induces crops like tomatoes to synthesize large amounts of sugar, lycopene and other beneficial elements, leading to greater sweetness and higher nutritional value.
After testing the technology successfully in Dubai, one of the world’s most inhospitable environments for agriculture, the Sahara could be next.
And once he makes the desert bloom, Dr Mori believes that even less likely conditions could be roped in for producing crops for a rapidly growing world population.
The technology will even allow cultivation on ice – or concrete!
Read more on growing in desert climates: | <urn:uuid:372d7021-7cc4-4c42-a2e6-d41e68e89248> | {
"date": "2017-07-21T10:41:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423769.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721102310-20170721122310-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9261227250099182,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 653,
"url": "https://www.greenprophet.com/2012/05/a-futuristic-hydrogel-to-grow-food-on-desert-sand/"
} |
The Meadows specializes in treating trauma. Abuse is one form of trauma. Often times, childhood trauma that occurred because of child abuse is overlooked as a core issue when people enter treatment for addictions or other mental health disorders. Sometimes people minimize what they experienced as children, deny that they were abused, or believe that it happened so long ago that they are (or that they should be) “over it” or it is no longer relevant.
What exactly is child abuse?
What exactly is child abuse? There are many definitions out there and most answers to the question are quite complex. The Meadows uses Senior Fellow Pia Mellody’s simple, yet broad definition: child abuse is any action or inaction, by a parent or other major caregiver, that is less than nurturing or experienced as shaming by a child. This is my favorite definition since it does not minimize based on intent and it allows for the child’s experience of the action or inaction to be the primary defining factor. It also eliminates issues around what was “acceptable” in society at any given time. Just because something was accepted in society, it does not mean that it was healthy or ok. Society makes many mistakes.
While this is not even close to being an exhaustive list, here are some examples of child abuse (adapted from Pia Mellody’s book, Facing Codependence):
⦁ Hitting, kicking, punching, pinching, burning, etc.
⦁ Failure to provide adequate physical needs (food, shelter, clothing, medical, etc.)
⦁ Lack of appropriate physical nurturing (too much or not enough)
⦁ Forced to watch or listen to someone else being abused
⦁ Any sexual contact between an adult and a child (or two children with a power differential such as age difference or more than three years) including, but not limited to, sexual intercourse, oral sex, anal sex, touching of genitals or other private areas
⦁ Poor sexual boundaries with children (not monitoring exposure, objectification, rigid or uncontained sexual attitudes, inappropriate sexual talk in front of children, etc.)
⦁ Failure to protect a child from sexual abuse when the risk is known or should reasonably be known (a family member who has been accused of sexually abusing a child is permitted to babysit)
⦁ Lack of sexual information, too much sexual information or sexual misinformation given to children
⦁ Failure to provide emotional nurturing (ignoring, neglecting, abandoning, etc.)
⦁ Refusing to allow a child to express their feelings (“stop crying or I will give you something to cry about”, “get over it already”, etc.)
⦁ Demonstration of improper expression of feelings by caregivers (yelling, belittling, sarcasm, ridiculing, demeaning, raging, silent rage, side-ways anger, guilting, etc.)
⦁ Overindulging or overprotecting⦁ No accountability or limits set
⦁ Emotional isolation or forced to keep unhealthy secrets
⦁ Attacking or shaming a child’s thought process
⦁ Ridiculing for being “too smart” or “not smart enough”
⦁ Failure to provide education
⦁ Failure to support a child with a learning disability or who is gifted
⦁ Demanding perfection
⦁ Over-controlling or forcing religious beliefs
⦁ Failure to provide spiritual nurturing
⦁ Any abuse by a spiritual leader
⦁ Using spirituality to instill fear
⦁ Occult or radical religious practices
Peer or Social Abuse:
⦁ Bullying or being teased by siblings or other peers
Why does it still matter when I am an adult?
Trauma impacts the brain. Children have brains that are not fully developed. When children are abused their brains are forced to develop in a stressed or dysregulated state. This can lead to a lifetime of challenges with self-regulation. Childhood abuse can lead to an increased likelihood of unhealthy relationship patterns, addictions, anxiety, depression, obesity, suicide attempts, chronic health issues, and sexually transmitted diseases. That last list could just as easily begin with, “People most frequently seek treatment for…”. While the majority of people are motivated to therapy or treatment for symptoms, the best treatment also addresses the underlying and historical issues that pre-date the symptoms. Symptoms are often a result of a person’s maladaptive attempts to cope with stress and dysregulation. When underlying issues are not addressed, symptoms may return or new symptoms may surface to replace the ones that were treated.
Do I need to seek treatment?
Some people need to seek inpatient or intensive outpatient treatment when their symptoms are so disruptive to their lives that day-to-day functioning is impaired. Some people require less intensive treatment but still want something that is specialized and focused on how to deal with their core issues and childhood trauma. The Meadows and its sister programs offer highly individualized treatment services encompass trauma and related mental health conditions on many different levels. Childhood trauma can be addressed at all of The Meadows’ programs.Survivors is The Meadows signature workshop and an essential component of its inpatient treatment programs. It is an intensive workshop focused on addressing childhood trauma. The Survivors workshop is also offered as a stand-alone intensive for people who are not in need of long-term treatment. Rio Retreat Center at The Meadows offers a five-day Survivors workshop for anyone who is interested and who meets the criteria for admission. For more information on enrolling in a Survivors workshop experience or for any of our treatment programs, please call our intake department at 1-800-244-4949.
April is National Child Abuse Prevention Month. For more information, go to April is National Child Abuse Prevention Month. For more information, go to https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/preventionmonth/
Dr. Georgia Fourlas, LCSW, LISAC, CSAT-S Dr. Georgia Fourlas, LCSW, LISAC, CSAT-S Clinical Director of Workshops, Rio Retreat Center at The Meadows | <urn:uuid:c4d40406-7bac-431a-9d6d-3a42e6e1f4c9> | {
"date": "2019-03-19T10:37:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9394084811210632,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 1295,
"url": "https://www.meadowsranch.com/what-is-child-abuse-and-why-does-child-abuse-still-matter-in-adulthood/"
} |
After years of isolation and sanctions, US-Burma relations have seen improvements
in recent months. What prospects does this rapprochement have? This article
analyzes the bilateral relationship in historical perspective.
US-Burma relationship was mostly cordial in the years following Burma’s
independence from the British in 1948. It strained with the Burmese military
coup in 1962, and worsened in the aftermath of the 1988 mass uprising and the
subsequent 1990 general election.
The uprising and general election
marked the beginning of the United States’ isolationist policy from Burma. The
massacre of thousands of demonstrators and the nullification of the election
result in Myanmar stood in stark contrast to America’s fundamental diplomatic
goals of spreading and promoting democracy and human rights.
consequence of diplomatic fall-out was evidenced by the downgrading of the US
representative in Burma from “ambassador” to “charge d’affaires.”
mission of the last ambassador, Burton Levin, was terminated in September 1990,
four months after the May general election. Ambassador Levin was replaced by
Charge d’Affaires Franklin P. Huddle Jr., and since then no full diplomatic
relationship has been resumed.
Successive US governments, under both
republican and democratic administrations, maintained limited contact with the
Burmese government. This began with the administration of president George
Bush, and continued during the Clinton administration.
troubles in the relationship were exacerbated by the imposition of a broad range
of sanctions, primarily during the administrations of presidents Clinton and
George W. Bush in the 1990s and the 2000s respectively. The incumbent President
Obama renewed sanctions after he assumed office in January 2009.
actions of the executive branch have been overwhelmingly endorsed by the
legislative branch, and vice-versa. Since the sanctions were first imposed,
there has been no tangible disagreement among US lawmakers over the question of
renewing them, despite other ideological and strategic differences along party
lines. Campaigns by advocacy groups, and the situation inside Burma, provided
adequate empirical evidence to justify continued sanctions.
behind the US sanctions policy is to punish the Burmese military government for
its gross human rights violations, and for not honoring the results of the 1990
elections. Through sanctions, the US government intended to pressure the Burmese
government to pursue the path of democratization.
While the US pursued an
isolationist approach, the Burmese government leaned toward other international
actors in the region, such as China, India, and members of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to sustain its rule and for economic
Besides economic and military reasons, the Burmese government
also befriended China and Russia for their veto power at the UN Security
The Burmese government’s policy was to hold on to power for as
long as it could despite sacrificing the benefits that would possibly accrue
from cooperating with the Western nations, particularly the US and the
While the US and the EU kept Burma at arm’s length, the economic and
strategic interests of several Asian countries led the latter to engage with
Burma, in defiance of the US. Such conflicting interests and approaches from the
international community well served the needs of the Burmese military
The US-Burma policy entered an important chapter when the Obama
administration announced its official policy in September 2009. President Obama
adopted a dual-track policy: maintaining sanctions while simultaneously engaging
the Burmese government at senior-level dialogues.
The engagement policy
provided a platform for the US to work with both pro-sanctions and
pro-engagement groups. The engagement policy was boosted by the confirmation of
Derek J. Mitchell as special representative and policy coordinator for Burma in
August 2011. His appointment created the opportunity for more high-level
meetings between the two nations, and a venue for building mutual
The progress of bilateral relationship was contingent upon
political development inside Burma. The first sign of political thaw emerged
when President Thein Sein invited Aung San Suu Kyi, then general secretary of
the National League for Democracy (NLD), for a meeting in August 2011. The
meeting was followed by NLD’s re-registration (it had been disbanded in
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s visit to Burma in December
2011 significantly boosted the engagement strategy. This top diplomatic visit,
the first since the one made by John Foster Dulles in 1955, was arranged after
the Burmese government implemented a series of tangible democratic reforms, such
as reaching cease-fire agreements with armed ethnic groups, reconciliation with
the NLD, and the releasing of political prisoners.
After the successful
by-election in April 2012, the US reciprocated with some key initiatives,
including Washington’s intention to re-establish the US Agency for International
Development (USAID) mission to Burma, and to lend support for a normal UN
Development Program (UNDP) country program.
The Obama administration also
plans to authorize funds to be sent by private US entities to Burma for
non-profit activities, to facilitate travel to the US for select Burmese
officials and parliamentarians, and to begin a process of easing bans on the
exportation of US financial services and investment.
announcement of these key steps on April 4 by the secretary of state, the United
States Treasury Department has issued a general license authorizing certain
financial transactions in support of humanitarian, religious, and other
not-for-profit activities in Burma, including projects for government
accountability, conflict resolution and civil society development.
developments are indicative of the improvement in the bilateral
Despite this, some fundamental questions remain unanswered.
For example, will the present Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)-led
government be willing to amend a constitution that guarantees military
dominance, including the reservation of 25 percent of seats in the parliament?
Will the central government be willing to grant autonomy to ethnic minorities,
which has been the root cause of the country’s insurgency problems? Will the
government hold a free and fair election in 2015? If so, will the result of such
an election be honored? Until these core issues are addressed, the political
problems in Burma will persist. Without their proper resolution, Burma can
revert to either military dictatorship or another form of authoritarianism. A
political environment of this nature will only be a hindrance to the full
normalization of the US-Burma diplomatic relationship.
The writer is
general secretary of the US-based Kuki International Forum. His general research
interests include political transition, democratization, human rights, ethnic
conflict and identity politics. His research focuses on the politics of South
and Southeast Asia, with a concentration on Burma/Myanmar. He has written
numerous academic (peer-reviewed) and non-academic analytical articles on the
politics of Burma and Asia that have been widely published internationally.
Kukiforum News www.kukiforum.com | <urn:uuid:aa244aa7-4e2c-4a10-b1e9-86c7550e6f8d> | {
"date": "2015-08-05T08:58:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043062723.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002422-00128-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9286185503005981,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 1500,
"url": "http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/US-Burma-relations-From-isolation-to-engagement"
} |
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of blood disorders that cause your bone marrow to produce too many blood cells. These cells are often unhealthy (dysplastic) and are destroyed soon after leaving the bone marrow. People with MDS feel very tired, weak and bleed or bruise more easily because they cannot produce enough healthy blood cells.
Although MDS are not cancers themselves, they can sometimes develop into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). All types of MDS are placed into low and high risk groups based on how likely this is to happen. It also helps your doctor select the most effective treatment option for you.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Bone marrow and its production of blood cells
Roughly 1 in 20,000 people develop MDS
261 in 2018
More common in people over 70
Blood transfusions and possibly a stem cell transplant in aggressive cases
Not classed as a blood cancer but can develop into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
If you have low risk MDS, you may not need treatment straight away but regular blood transfusions and medication can help manage your symptoms. Some people with more severe MDS have chemotherapy and a small number of people may need to have a stem cell transplant. This will be an allograft transplant – when your new stem cells are donated by someone else.
‘You need to make the most of the days when you’re feeling good, instead of giving in to your condition. It can be all too easy to let someone else do all the hoovering and cooking, and just sit on the sofa, instead of getting out for a walk or a run.’
Emma has had two stem cell transplants to treat her MDS. You can read about her story here
Some of our transplant recipients have also been kind enough to share their experience of treatment for MDS. You can read their stories here: | <urn:uuid:2588cf11-d880-4e91-9e66-0eaa66dbb784> | {
"date": "2020-01-19T11:29:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9491042494773865,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 413,
"url": "https://www.anthonynolan.org/patients-and-families/blood-cancers-and-blood-disorders/what-blood-disorder/myelodysplastic-syndrome"
} |
Bronze Age Stone Circle
West of Fernworthy Forest, Dartmoor, Devon OS Map Ref SX63878315
OS Maps - Landranger 191 (Okehampton & North Dartmoor), Explorer OL28 (Dartmoor)
Looking east across the Grey Wethers from the foot of Sittaford Tor
This magnificent double stone circle is located at the foot of Sittaford Tor on a bridge of land between a pair of valleys formed by tributaries of the North Teign River to the north and the East Dart River to the south. Standing 4.5 metres apart, the northern circle consists of 20 upright granite slabs forming a circle of about 32 metres in diameter while the southern circle has 29 stones and is slightly larger at 33 metres. A survey of the site in 1879 gave their diameters as 31.6 metres (north) and 35.5 metres (south), this difference being could accounted for by the fact that the circles were restored in 1909. Between these two dates the circles were excavated by the Dartmoor Exploration Committee who reported a thick layer of charcoal covering the interior area in a similar fashion to Fernworthy Circle which stands just over a mile to the north east. Indeed a photograph of Fernworthy taken in 1907 bears a striking resemblance to the Grey Wethers but whereas the stones of Fernworthy seem to have been shaped in a very basic way (if at all) and vary quite widely in size and shape, here they are much more uniform and all measure between 1 metre and 1.4 metres in height.
The question as to why there are two circles here remains unanswered, could the fact that they stand on an almost north-south axis be important, or was it that the two valleys on either side marked an ancient trackway or trade route with each valley belonging to separate family or tribal group? Did they form the separate meeting place for men and women before some kind of wedding ceremony, perhaps on Sittaford Tor, or were they a place where the recently deceased passed from the land of the living in one circle to the realm of the ancestors in the other? This is a site that poses many more questions than it answers.
Suggested Date : Bronze Age
360 Degree Panoramas
From between the circles South circle | <urn:uuid:f04d25d1-aae9-4a55-bc0a-85151dd5a82f> | {
"date": "2016-07-01T13:22:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9642378091812134,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 470,
"url": "http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/greywethers.htm"
} |
Rembrandt's Top 9 Matches
About Rembrandt Peale
Wikipedia Biographical Summary:
"...Rembrandt Peale (February 22, 1778 – October 3, 1860) was an American artist and museum keeper. A prolific portrait painter, he was especially acclaimed for his likenesses of presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Peale's style was influenced by French Neoclassicism after a stay in Paris in his early thirties..."
"...Rembrandt Peale was born the third of six surviving children (eleven had died) to his mother, Rachel Brewer, and father, Charles Willson Peale in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on February 22, 1778. The father, Charles, also a notable artist, taught all of his children to paint scenery and portraiture, and tutored Rembrandt in the arts and sciences..."
"...At the age of 20, Rembrandt married 22-year-old Eleanor May Short (1776–1836) at St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Philadelphia. During their marriage, Rembrandt and Eleanor had nine children: Rosalba, Eleanor, Sarah Miriam, Michael Angelo, and Emma Clara among them..."
"...Peale went on to create over 70 detailed replicas, including one of George Washington in full military uniform that currently hangs in the Oval Office..."
"...Rembrandt Peale completed over 600 paintings. He painted portraits of many notable people, including American presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, Chief Justice John Marshall, and John C. Calhoun. His paintings are in many public collections..."
SOURCE: Wikipedia contributors, 'Rembrandt Peale', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 30 March 2011, 05:14 UTC, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rembrandt_Peale&oldid=421438113> [accessed 9 May 2011] | <urn:uuid:f0199ac3-2561-4d99-b0d3-cbe1de33c8fb> | {
"date": "2013-12-09T19:20:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163996785/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133316-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9656241536140442,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 393,
"url": "http://www.geni.com/people/Rembrandt-Peale/6000000008391398355?tracking_source=records"
} |
I have a got a new interesting post for you! Many people would like to know if the Auroras will show up in the skies when they visit Lapland. Certainly, it is a noble wish! However, sometimes it is difficult to give definitive answers, because predicting Aurora Borealis is a tricky business. Aurora Forecast is always an estimate, which sometimes works and sometimes doesn’t. Here are all the useful tips and internet sources that will help you find answers to your questions!
Aurora Borealis is still a very mysterious and fascinating subject. Despite being studied and explained, there are so many things that we don’t know about it and its main creator – the sun.
Aurora Borealis is caused by the solar wind, bumping into the Earth’s magnetic field. It surrounds our planet and protects it from the cosmic radiation. However, at its weakest points, North from Arctic Circle, and South to the Antarctic Circle, the magnetic field lets some of this radiation pass through.
When the solar wind reaches the upper layers of our planet’s atmosphere, it excites the protons and electrons of Oxygen and Nitrogen, charging them with energy. They release this energy in the form of photons, light, which we call the Aurora Borealis!
Not many people know, that Aurora Borealis exist all year round, not only in winter. Naturally, we cannot see it in Summer, because here, in Lapland, we have the Midnight sun – a period of several months when it doesn’t get dark at night. Certainly, daylight is a much more powerful source of light, which prevents us from seeing the Auroras.
The season of Aurora Borealis lasts from the end of August, when the nights become dark again, until the end of April, when the night literally “ends” in Lapland.
Autumn actually, September and October, is usually a good time to see Northern Lights, because the skies often remain clear at night.
Also, for some unknown reason Auroras love equinoxes and appear more often in October and March. Certainly, you can see them also throughout the Winter and Spring, providing that the skies are clear.
Thus, weather forecast is probably going to be your most important tool to estimate the possibility to see Auroras. The sky needs to be at least somewhat clear!
The activity of our Sun respects the so-called “solar cycles”. Each cycle last about 11 years, however that number is known to vary between 9 and 12 years. At the height of the cycle the sun is very active, producing many sunspots. However, at its lowest point which lasts a couple of years, there are fewer sunspots, meaning – there are fewer Auroras.
It is not the absolute truth though and Auroras can appear also at times of lower solar activity, especially around the “Aurora Belt” – a region in Northern Scandinavia which includes Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish Lapland, as well as Russia’s Kola peninsula.
Northern Finland is known as a great place to spot Auroras because of its convenient location under the Aurora Belt and high quality and affordable services, such as accommodation and guided tours. The current 24th Solar Cycle is coming to an end, meaning that seeing Auroras is still likely in couple of years to come, however it will be relatively quiet around 2019–2020. If you wish to see Auroras during those years, you better find yourself at the Aurora Belt!
The main reason, causing Aurora Borealis, is the sunspots. These are the places with lower temperature on the “surface” of the sun, which often produce solar flares and so called “Coronal Mass Ejections” (CMEs). This basically means magnetic field and plasma, travelling away from the sun. It is important that the erupting sunspots are at least loosely positioned against Earth, because if they are situated, for example, at the sun’s edge, the explosion will probably miss Earth.
It takes a CME about 2–4 days to reach Earth. Normally this is the average time period that Aurora forecasts are made. We can assume that if there was a CME, there might be some Auroras after 2–4 days, but this is just a guess.
The confirmation of CMEs arrival can be acquired only and 1 hour before its contact with Earth. This is because there is no way for us to track its movement, until it reaches a point where the Earth’s and Sun’s gravitational effect become equal (known as Lagrange points). This is a great place for us, humans, to place our tiny satellites, which observe the sun and measure its activity. This point, however, is about 90 times closer to the Earth than the Sun, meaning that there is not too much time to react. There are several NASA satellites there which measure the Sun’s activity. The newest is the DSCOVR satellite, launched in 2015.
The data from these satellites is available for free at the of Space Weather Prediction Center of National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (USA). There are also many sites, which use this data and give their free forecasts about the Aurora Borealis. One of the most know sites is SpaceWeatherLive.com. There you can see some nice visualisations of this data and sun’s activity in general.
Another great site, which I often visit to see forecasts about Auroras is SpaceWeather.com. They usually give a short estimate about Aurora Borealis and Sun Flares, as well as discuss other interesting weather phenomena.
The Aurora sites and communities draw their own conclusions about the data, received from satellites. Usually they make pretty accurate Aurora forecasts, however, occasionally they are also wrong. You have to treat these forecasts with a little bit of caution.
Northern Lights can skip the party in spite of promising forecasts and sometimes they can also appear out of the blue even when the estimate is average or low.
The thing is – there are still so many things we don’t know about the world which surrounds us…
A great tool to know when to go out and enjoy Northern Lights is the web cameras of the night sky. One of the sites, which shows webcams above Finland, is Auroras Now! – the site of Finnish Meteorological Institute.
There is a difference which webcam to look at. Kilpisjärvi, for example, is situated at the extreme North of Finland and if you are a couple of hundred kilometers away, you still might not see Auroras. Webcam above a city called Sodankylä is normally a good reference for all Lapland. It is highlighted with blue frame on the screenshot below.
In addition to webcams, the site has a 1 hour estimate of Auroras (remember that it’s all we’ve got after the sun burst passes our satellites), as well as a report about Aurora activity for the past two days.
There are also some mobile applications which provide some Aurora predictions. Remember, they are all using the same data from NASA satellites, so they cannot make wonders. Most of the apps are free, but in some apps you can choose to pay for notifications, if the Aurora Borealis will reach a certain level of activity.
In Rovaniemi area there is also an interesting service which notifies you about the coming of Auroras. This service is called AuroraAlert. Contrary to the resources, mentioned above, this service uses its own sensors, situated in Rovaniemi area. When the Auroras come, they react immediately and the service sends you an SMS and email. It also takes into account the weather and will not bother you, if the sky is too cloudy to see Auroras. I have tested this service for two weeks and can confirm that it works like a clock. You have to pay to use the service though and currently you can buy a ticket with activation code at most of Rovaniemi hotels, as well as Lapland Safaris office in Rovaniemi. In addition to the realtime alerts the service provides a forecast about the nights’ Aurora activity via email. Aurora Alert has already finished its Spring 2016 season and will be back Winter 2016–2017.
Well, that’s about it for this time. If there are some questions left unanswered, you can leave it in the comments below! Good luck hunting Auroras! | <urn:uuid:9b8cc73e-2d83-47a2-afa3-7b1499c460cd> | {
"date": "2019-07-22T01:49:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527458.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722010436-20190722032436-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9599507451057434,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 1756,
"url": "https://www.laplandthemagazine.com/aurora-borealis-forecast-in-lapland/"
} |
Even at a very early age, children like to emulate activities of both parents and their older siblings. We've all seen a two year-old try to sweep the floor or help mix cupcake batter. What better time to start nurturing this almost innate sense of family.
It is never too early to help your child develop a real sense of family responsibility. We all know kids in their teens, and even twenties, that feel a sense of 'entitlement' about everything. They act like everyone owes them and that they don't need to do their part in the family. If children are taught, as young children, that they are an integral part of the family and, as such, they have an important part in the family, then this will help them to develop a greater family bond.
By letting young children help to do things, such as dusting, sweeping with a little broom, wiping out sinks and baking cooking, it will give them a feeling of accomplishment and pride in doing a good job. Always be sure to praise your child, letting them know what a wonderful job they have done.
As far as giving an allowance to a child, it is probably best to start this practice after the child is of school-age. It is more important to really stress the issue of family responsibility prior to that age. If, and when, you start giving an allowance, it is essential that your child realize that the allowance is not being given for a specific job. Rather, you have chosen to pay an allowance for a combination of things, such as good behavior, good schoolwork, doing chores and family cooperation. Explain that you want them to learn about handling their own money and the choices it entails. This would also be an opportune time to reinforce the value of family and helping each other out whenever possible.
As you encourage your young child in learning about family responsibility with little jobs around the house, remember that the values you teach will travel with your child throughout his life. | <urn:uuid:94ce1878-8b0a-4a41-a008-7901d2bec0c8> | {
"date": "2015-08-29T14:42:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064503.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00349-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9805780053138733,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 404,
"url": "http://www.ziggityzoom.com/print/content/childhood-chores-teach-family-responsibility"
} |
August 16, 2011
County, state and University of California officials plan to hold a meeting Aug. 18 to update the public, the nursery industry, landscapers and arborists about the troubling discovery of exotic weevils that threaten several species of crop-bearing and landscape palms.
The County’s Department of Agriculture, Weights and Measures, the California Department of Food and Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture are closely watching the weevil situation. Eight South American palm weevils were discovered in the last few weeks in the San Ysidro area near the U.S. – Mexico border. The seriousness of this species is not fully known. Meanwhile, a close relative, the red palm weevil, dubbed the “world’s worst pest of palms” was discovered in August 2010 for the first time ever in the U.S. in a palm tree in Laguna Beach.
The informational meeting will run from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. at the San Diego County Farm Bureau offices at 1670 E. Valley Parkway in Escondido. Officials will present the latest information about the weevil discoveries, what agencies are doing, what actions they might take, how to identify the pests and what people can do to help.
Finding out how far the weevils have spread is crucial in planning a response. Anyone seeing a weevil 1 ½ inch to 2 inches long with a long, pronounced “snout” should report it. Weevils smaller than 1 ½ inches are not a concern. Officials said it is difficult to detect weevil infestations because they live inside palms, but that infested palms will often suffer notched new fronds or damage to the top of the crown.
Palms that the South American palm weevil threatens includes: date palms, Canary Island date palms, coconut palms, African oil palms, sago palms and Washingtonia fan palms. Adult South American palm weevils are black and sometimes have a velvety appearance.
People who believe that their palms may have South American palm weevils are being asked to call the California Department of Food and Agriculture’s toll-free pest hotline at 1-800-491-1899, or at 619-698-1046.
County Department of Agriculture, Weights and Measures
California Dept. of Food and Agriculture Red Palm Weevil information | <urn:uuid:796f2cb9-4592-45f3-9591-ffe77b4c434a> | {
"date": "2014-07-25T08:58:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894140.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00072-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9169691801071167,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 493,
"url": "http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/Portal/News/2011/Aug/081611weevil.html"
} |
Mathematical Charts and TablesCharts and Tables for Instruction
Charts and Tables for Instruction
Ancient Babylonian scribes learned to record numerical tables on clay tablets. If a schoolroom or library burned, the tablets baked hard, and might survive for millennia. Several such tablets are preserved in libraries today, and the replica of one of these at the Smithsonian reminds us of the long history of these objects.
In the 19th century, new European ideas about teaching arithmetic to very young children reached the United States. In 1831, the Boston firm of Munroe & Francis published a series of some fifty “infant school cards,” designed to teach subjects ranging from arithmetic to reading to natural history. Teachers were to use the arithmetic cards in conjunction with another piece of apparatus newly introduced in Western Europe and then in the United States, the teaching abacus or numeral frame.
Charts also were used to teach about weights and measures. In the wake of the French Revolution of 1789, the French developed an entirely new system of measuring distance, area, volume, temperature, and even time. By the 1860s, several European countries had adopted a revised version of this metric system, and metric weights and measures were legalized in the United States. An organization known as the American Metric Bureau began to distribute metric demonstration apparatus for the classroom. In the 1890s, the American Metric Bureau began to sell a metric chart for educational use.
Within the decade, the metric system was but one of several topics illustrated in a set of charts copyrighted by R. O. Evans of Chicago. Evans’ set of twenty charts illustrated such wide ranging topics as counting and writing numbers, arithmetic operations, fractions, the area of surfaces and the volumes of solid, business methods, and surveying.
In the first half of the 20th century, machines that could do ordinary arithmetic became common in the store and the office, and inexpensive adders were available for consumers. In the years following World War II, educators placed new emphasis on understanding the principles underlying arithmetic. Charts such as number lines sold for classroom use.
"Mathematical Charts and Tables - Charts and Tables for Instruction" showing 1 items.
- Both written language and written tables originated in the ancient Middle East. Scribes kept lists of numerical data, such as the number of sheep and goats transferred on different days of the month. A few of the clay tablets on which they wrote survive to this day. A tiny number of these tablets have rows and columns arranged in tables.. The rows may give totals of number of various forms of livestock transferred over time, with a column for the animals that were the responsibility of each person charged with such matters. Such documents date from around 2020 BCE.
- Those learning and teaching mathematics in ancient Iraq rarely displayed information in tabular form. However, in 1922 the American collector George Plimpton purchased such a tablet. This replica of that unusual object was made in 1957 by L. C. Eichner. Plimpton donated the original object to Columbia University in the 1920s. The original dates from about 1800 BCE, and reportedly was excavated in what is now Iraq at the side of the ancient city of Lasra. The portion of the tablet that survives has four columns of numbers written in the sexagesimal (base 60) system of numbers.
- Otto Neugebauer and A. J. Sachs offered a modern mathematical interpretation of the tablet in 1945. They noted that the numbers in the second and third columns of the table might represent the squares of the length of the shortest side and of the hypotenuse of right triangles, and interpreted the table as relating to Pythagorean triples. As the name Pythagorean suggests, such numbers had previously only been associated with later Greek mathematics. Other scholars have suggested that this was a part of a larger table of reciprocal numbers and related geometric figures, compiled by a teacher wishing to have examples of such reciprocals available for use in assignments.
- A. Aaboe, Episodes from the Early History of Mathematics, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964, pp. 30–31.
- O. Neugebauer and A. J. Sachs, Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, New Haven: American Oriental Society and American Schools of Oriental Research, 1945.
- O. Neugebauer, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press,1957, pp. 36–40 and Plate 7a.
- E. Robson, “Neither Sherlock Holmes nor Babylon: A Reassessment of Plimpton 322,” Historia Mathematica, 28 (2001), pp. 167–206.
- E. Robson, “Words and Pictures: New Light on Plimpton 322,” American Mathematical Monthly, 109 (Feb 2002), pp. 105–120.
- E. Robson, “Tables and Tabular Formatting in Babylon and Assyria, 2500 BCE–50 CE,” The History of Mathematical Tables from Sumer to Spreadsheets, eds. M. Campbell-Kelly, M. Croarken, R. Flood and E. Robson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 18–47.
- Currently not on view
- date made
- L. C. Eichner Instruments
- ID Number
- catalog number
- accession number
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center | <urn:uuid:c972fea1-9b3c-497c-9a83-1ace638eeb71> | {
"date": "2016-02-14T12:40:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701962902.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195242-00250-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9285045266151428,
"score": 3.84375,
"token_count": 1138,
"url": "http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/mathematical-charts-and-tables?ogmt_page=charts-and-tables-for-instruction&edan_start=0&ogmt_view=list&edan_fq=name%3A%22L.+C.+Eichner+Instruments%22"
} |
Generally called Galileo, b. at Pisa, February 18, 1564; d. January 8, 1642
Galilei, GALILEO, generally called GALILEO, b. at Pisa, February 18, 1564; d. January 8, 1642. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, belonged to a noble family of straitened fortune, and had gained some distinction as a musician and mathematician. The boy at an early age manifested his aptitude for mathematical and mechanical pursuits, but his parents, wishing to turn him aside from studies which promised no substantial return, destined him for the medical profession. But all was in vain, and at an early age the youth had to be left to follow the bent of his native genius, which speedily placed him in the very first rank of natural philosophers.
It is the great merit of Galileo that, happily combining experiment with calculation, he opposed the prevailing system according to which, instead of going directly to nature for investigation of her laws and processes, it was held that these were best learned by authority, especially by that of Aristotle, who was supposed to have spoken the last word upon all such matters, and upon whom many erroneous conclusions had been fathered in the course of time. Against such a superstition Galileo resolutely and vehemently set himself, with the result that he not only soon discredited many beliefs which had hitherto been accepted as indisputable, but aroused a storm of opposition and indignation amongst those whose opinions he discredited; the more so, as he was a fierce controversialist, who, not content with refuting adversaries, was bent upon confounding them. Moreover, he wielded an exceedingly able pen, and unsparingly ridiculed and exasperated his opponents. Undoubtedly he thus did much to bring upon himself the troubles for which he is now chiefly remembered. As Sir David Brewster (Martyrs of Science) says, "The boldness, may we not say the recklessness, with which Galileo insisted on making proselytes of his enemies, served but to alienate them from the truth,"
Although in the popular mind Galileo is remembered chiefly as an astronomer, it was not in this character that he made really substantial contributions to human knowledge, as is testified by such authorities as Lagrange, Arago, and Delambre, but rather in the field of mechanics, and especially of dynamics, which science may be said to owe its existence to him. Before he was twenty, observation of the oscillations of a swinging lamp in the cathedral of Pisa led him to the discovery of the isochronism of the pendulum, which theory he utilized fifty years later in the construction of an astronomical clock. In 1588, a treatise on the center of gravity in solids obtained for him the title of the Archimedes of his time, and secured him a lecture-ship in the University of Pisa. During the years immediately following, taking advantage of the celebrated leaning tower, he laid the foundation experimentally of the theory of falling bodies and demonstrated the falsity of the peripatetic maxim, hitherto accepted without question, that their rate of descent is proportional to their weight. This at once raised a storm on the part of the Aristoteleans, who would not accept even facts in contradiction of their master's dicta. Galileo, in consequence of this and other troubles, found it prudent to quit Pisa and betake himself to Florence, the original home of his family. By the influence of friends with the Venetian Senate he was nominated in 1592 to the chair of mathematics in the University of Padua, which he occupied for eighteen years, with ever-increasing renown. He afterwards betook himself to Florence, being appointed philosopher and mathematician extraordinary to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. During the whole of this period, and to the close of his life, his investigation of Nature, in all her fields, was unwearied. Following up his experiments at Pisa with others upon inclined planes, Galileo established the laws of falling bodies as they are still formulated. He likewise demonstrated the laws of projectiles, and largely anticipated the laws of motion as finally established by Newton. He studied the properties of the cycloid and attempted the problem of its quadrature; while in the "infinitesimals", which he was one of the first to introduce into geometrical demonstrations, was contained the germ of the calculus. In statics, he gave the first direct and entirely satisfactory demonstration of the laws of equilibrium and the principle of virtual velocities. In hydrostatics, he set forth the true principle of flotation. He invented a thermometer, though a defective one, but he did not, as is sometimes claimed for him, invent the microscope.
Though, as has been said, it is by his astronomical discoveries that he is most widely remembered, it is not these that constitute his most substantial title to fame. In this connection, his greatest achievement was undoubtedly his virtual invention of the telescope. Hearing early in 1609 that a Dutch optician, named Lippershey, had produced an instrument by which the apparent size of remote objects was magnified, Galileo at once realized the principle by which such a result could alone be attained, and, after a single night devoted to consideration of the laws of refraction, he succeeded in constructing a telescope which magnified three times, its magnifying power being soon increased to thirty-two. This instrument being provided and turned towards the heavens, the discoveries, which have made Galileo famous, were bound at once to follow, though undoubtedly he was quick to grasp their full significance. The moon was shown not to be, as the old astronomy taught, a smooth and perfect sphere, of different nature to the earth, but to possess hills and valleys and other features resembling those of our own globe. The planet Jupiter was found to have satellites, thus displaying a solar system in miniature, and supporting the doctrine of Copernicus. It had been argued against the said system that, if it were true, the inferior planets, Venus and Mercury, between the earth and the sun, should in the course of their revolution exhibit phases like those of the moon, and, these being invisible to the naked eye, Copernicus had to advance the quite erroneous explanation that these planets were transparent and the sun's rays passed through them. But with his telescope Galileo found that Venus did actually exhibit the desired phases, and the objection was thus turned into an argument for Copernicanism. Finally, the spots on the sun, which Galileo soon perceived, served to prove the rotation of that luminary, and that it was not incorruptible as had been assumed.
Prior to these discoveries, Galileo had already abandoned the old Ptolemaic astronomy for the Copernican, but, as he confessed in a letter to Kepler in 1597, he had refrained from making himself its advocate, lest like Copernicus himself he should be overwhelmed with ridicule. His telescopic discoveries, the significance of which he immediately perceived, induced him at once to lay aside all reserve and come forward as the avowed and strenuous champion of Copernicanism, and, appealing as these discoveries did to the evidence of sensible phenomena, they not only did more than anything else to recommend the new system to general acceptance, but invested Galileo himself with the credit of being the greatest astronomer of his age, if not the greatest who ever lived. They were also the cause of his lamentable controversy with ecclesiastical authority, which raises questions of graver import than any others connected with his name. It is necessary, therefore, to understand clearly his exact position in this regard.
The direct services which Galileo rendered to astronomy are virtually summed up in his telescopic discoveries, which, brilliant and important as they were, contributed little or nothing to the theoretical perfection of the science, and were sure to be made by any careful observer provided with a telescope. Again, he wholly neglected discoveries far more fundamental than his own, made by his great contemporary Kepler, the value of which he either did not perceive or entirely ignored. Since the first and second of his famous laws were already published by Kepler in 1609 and the third, ten years later, it is truly inconceivable, as Delambre says, that Galileo should not once have made any mention of these discoveries, far more difficult than his own, which finally led Newton to determine the general principle which forms the very soul of the celestial mechanism thus established. It is, moreover, undeniable, that the proofs which Galileo adduced in support of the heliocentric system of Copernicus, as against the geocentric of Ptolemy and the ancients, were far from conclusive, and failed to convince such men as Tycho Brahe (who, however, did not live to see the telescope) and Lord Bacon, who to the end remained an unbeliever. Milton also, who visited Galileo in his old age (1638), appears to have suspended his judgment, for there are passages in his great poem which seem to favor both systems. The proof from the phenomenon of the tides, to which Galileo appealed to establish the rotation of the earth on its axis, is now universally recognized as a grave error, and he treated with scorn Kepler's suggestion, foreshadowing Newton's establishment of the true doctrine, that a certain occult influence of the moon was in some way responsible. In regard to comets, again, he maintained no less erroneously that they were atmospheric phenomena, like meteors, though Tycho had demonstrated the falsity of such a view, which was recommended only as the solution of an anti-Copernican difficulty.
In spite of all deficiency in his arguments, Galileo, profoundly assured of the truth of his cause, set himself with his habitual vehemence to convince others, and so contributed in no small degree to create the troubles which greatly embittered the latter part of his life. In regard to their history, there are two main points to be considered. It is in the first place constantly assumed, especially at the present day, that the opposition which Copernicanism encountered at the hands of ecclesiastical authority was prompted by hatred of science and a desire to the minds of men in the darkness of ignorance. To suppose that any body of men could deliberately adopt such a course is ridiculous, especially a body which, with whatever defects of method, had for so long been the only one which concerned itself with science at all. It is likewise contradicted by the history of the very controversy with which we are now concerned. According to a popular notion the point, upon which beyond all others churchmen were determined to insist, was the geocentric system of astronomy. Nevertheless it was a churchman, Nicolaus Copernicus (q.v.), who first advanced the contrary doctrine that the sun and not the earth is the center of our system, round which our planet revolves, rotating on its own axis. His great work, "De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium", was published at the earnest solicitation of two distinguished churchmen, Cardinal Schomberg and Tiedemann Giese, Bishop of Culm. It was dedicated by permission to Pope Paul III in order, as Copernicus explained, that it might be thus protected from the attacks which it was sure to encounter on the part of the "mathematicians" (i.e. philosophers) for its apparent contradiction of the evidence of our senses, and even of common sense. He added that he made no account of objections which might be brought by ignorant wiseacres on Scriptural grounds. Indeed, for nearly three quarters of a century no such difficulties were raised on the Catholic side, although Luther and Melanchthon condemned the work of Copernicus in unmeasured terms. Neither Paul III, nor any of the nine popes who followed him, nor the Roman Congregations raised any alarm, and, as has been seen, Galileo himself in 1597, speaking of the risks he might run by an advocacy of Copernicanism, mentioned ridicule only and said nothing of persecution. Even when he had made his famous discoveries, no change occurred in this respect. On the contrary, coming to Rome in 1611, he was received in triumph; all the world, clerical and lay, flocked to see him, and, setting up his telescope in the Quirinal Garden belonging to Cardinal Bandini, he exhibited the sun-spots and other objects to an admiring throng.
It was not till four years later that trouble arose, the ecclesiastical authorities taking alarm at the persistence with which Galileo proclaimed the truth of the Copernican doctrine. That their opposition was grounded, as is constantly assumed, upon a fear lest men should be enlightened by the diffusion of scientific truth, it is obviously absurd to maintain. On the contrary, they were firmly convinced, with Bacon and others, that the new teaching was radically false and unscientific, while it is now truly admitted that Galileo himself had no sufficient proof of what he so vehemently advocated, and Professor Huxley after examining the case avowed his opinion that the opponents of Galileo "had rather the best of it". But what, more than all, raised alarm was anxiety for the credit of Holy Scripture, the letter of which was then universally believed to be the supreme authority in matters of science, as in all others. When therefore it spoke of the sun staying his course at the prayer of Josue, or the earth as being ever immovable, it was assumed that the doctrine of Copernicus and Galileo was anti-Scriptural, and therefore heretical. It is evident that, since the days of Copernicus himself, the Reformation controversy had done much to attach suspicion to novel interpretations of Holy Writ, which was not lessened by the endeavors of Galileo and his ally Foscarini to find positive arguments for Copernicanism in the inspired volume. Foscarini, a Carmelite friar of noble lineage, who had twice ruled Calabria as provincial, and had considerable reputation as a preacher and theologian, threw himself with more zeal than discretion into the controversy, as when he sought to find an argument for Copernicanism in the seven-branched candlestick of the Old Law. Above all, he excited alarm by publishing works on the subject in the vernacular, and thus spreading the new doctrine, which was startling even for the learned, amongst the masses who were incapable of forming any sound judgment concerning it. There was at the time an active sceptical party in Italy, which aimed at the overthrow of all religion, and, as Sir David Brewster acknowledges (Martyrs of Science), there is no doubt that this party lent Galileo all its support.
In these circumstances, Galileo, hearing that some had denounced his doctrine as anti-Scriptural, presented himself at Rome in December, 1615, and was courteously received. He was presently interrogated before the Inquisition, which after consultation declared the system he upheld to be scientifically false, and anti-Scriptural or heretical and that he must renounce it. This he obediently did, promising to teach it no more. Then followed a decree of the Congregation of the Index dated March 5, 1616, prohibiting various heretical works to which were added any advocating the Copernican system. In this decree no mention is made of Galileo, or of any of his works, neither is the name of the pope introduced, though there is no doubt that he fully approved the decision, having presided at the session of the Inquisition wherein the matter was discussed and decided. In thus acting, it is undeniable that the ecclesiastical authorities committed a grave and deplorable error, and sanctioned an altogether false principle as to the proper use of Scripture. Galileo and Foscarini rightly urged that Holy Writ is intended to teach men to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. At the same time, it must not be forgotten that, while there was as yet no sufficient proof of the Copernican system, no objection was made to its being taught as an hypothesis which explained all phenomena in a simpler manner than the Ptolemaic, and might for all practical purposes be adopted by astronomers. What was objected to was the assertion that Copernicanism was in fact true, "which appears to contradict Scripture". It is clear, moreover, that the authors of the judgment themselves did not consider it to be absolutely final and irreversible, for Cardinal Bellarmine, the most influential member of the Sacred College, writing to Foscarini, after urging that he and Galileo should be content to show that their system explains all celestial phenomena—an unexceptional proposition, and one sufficient for all practical purposes—but should not categorically assert what seemed to contradict the Bible, thus continued: "I say that if a real proof be found that the sun is fixed and does not revolve round the earth, but the earth round the sun, then it will be necessary, very carefully, to proceed to the explanation of the passages of Scripture which appear to be contrary, and we should rather say that we have misunderstood these than pronounce that to be false which is demonstrated."
By this decree the work of Copernicus was for the first time prohibited, as well as the "Epitome" of Kepler, but in each instance only donec corrigatur, the corrections prescribed being such as were necessary to exhibit the Copernican system as an hypothesis, not as an established fact. We learn further that with permission these works might be read in their entirety, by "the learned and skillful in the science" (Remus to Kepler). Galileo seems, says von Gebler, to have treated the decree of the Inquisition pretty coolly, speaking with satisfaction of the trifling changes prescribed in the work of Copernicus. He left Rome, however, with the evident intention of violating the promise extracted from him, and, while he pursued unmolested his searches in other branches of science, he lost no opportunity of manifesting his contempt for the astronomical system which he had promised to embrace. Nevertheless, when in 1624 he again visited Rome, he met with what is rightly described as "a noble and generous reception". The pope now reigning, Urban VIII, had, as Cardinal Barberini, been his friend and had opposed his condemnation in 1616. He conferred on his visitor a pension, to which as a foreigner in Rome Galileo had no claim, and which, says Brewster, must be regarded as an endowment of Science itself. But to Galileo's disappointment Urban would not annul the former judgment of the Inquisition. After his return to Florence, Galileo set himself to compose the work which revived and aggravated all former animosities, namely a dialogue in which a Ptolemist is utterly routed and confounded by two Copernicans. This was published in 1632, and, being plainly inconsistent with his former promise, was taken by the Roman authorities as a direct challenge. He was therefore again cited before the Inquisition, and again failed to display the courage of his opinions, declaring that since his former trial in 1616 he had never held the Copernican theory. Such a declaration, naturally, was not taken very seriously, and in spite of it he was condemned as "vehemently suspected of heresy" to incarceration at the pleasure of the tribunal and to recite the Seven Penitential Psalms once a week for three years.
Under the sentence of imprisonment Galileo remained till his death in 1642. It is, however, untrue to speak of him as in any proper sense a "prisoner". As his Protestant biographer, von Gebler, tells us, "One glance at the truest historical source for the famous trial, would convince any one that Galileo spent altogether twenty-two days in the buildings of the Holy Office (i.e. the Inquisition), and even then not in a prison cell with barred windows, but in the handsome and commodious apartment of an official of the Inquisition." For the rest, he was allowed to use as his places of confinement the houses of friends, always comfortable and usually luxurious. It is wholly untrue that he was—as is constantly stated—either tortured or blinded by his persecutors—though in 1637, five years before his death, he became totally blind—or that he was refused burial in consecrated ground. On the contrary, although the pope (Urban VIII) did not allow a monument to be erected over his tomb, he sent his special blessing to the dying man, who was interred not only in consecrated ground, but within the church of Santa Croce at Florence. Finally, the famous "E pur si muove", supposed to have been uttered by Galileo, as he rose from his knees after renouncing the motion of the earth, is an acknowledged fiction, of which no mention can be found till more than a century after his death, which took place January 8, 1642, the year in which Newton was born.
Such in brief is the history of this famous conflict between ecclesiastical authority and science, to which special theological importance has been attached in connection with the question of papal infallibility. Can it be said that either Paul V or Urban VIII so committed himself to the doctrine of geocentricism as to impose it upon the Church as an article of faith, and so to teach as pope what is acknowledged to be untrue? That both these pontiffs were, convinced anti-Copernicans cannot be doubted, nor that they believed the Copernican system to be unscriptural and desired its suppression. The question is, however, whether either of them condemned the doctrine ex cathedra. This, it is clear, they never did. As to the decree of 1616, we have seen that it was issued by the Congregation of the Index, which can raise no difficulty in regard of infallibility, this tribunal being absolutely incompetent to make a dogmatic decree. Nor is the case altered by the fact that the pope approved the Congregation's decision in forma communi, that is to say, to the extent needful for the purpose intended, namely to prohibit the circulation of writings which were judged harmful. The pope and his assessors may have been wrong in such a judgment, but this does not alter the character of the pronouncement, or convert it into a decree ex cathedra.
As to the second trial in 1633, this was concerned not so much with the doctrine as with the person of Galileo, and his manifest breach of contract in not abstaining from the active propaganda of Copernican doctrines. The sentence, passed upon him in consequence, clearly implied a condemnation of Copernicanism, but it made no formal decree on the subject, and did not receive the pope's signature. Nor is this only an opinion of theologians; it is corroborated by writers whom none will accuse of any bias in favor of the papacy. Thus Professor Augustus De Morgan (Budget of Paradoxes) declares "It is clear that the absurdity was the act of the Italian Inquisition, for the private and personal pleasure of the pope—who knew that the course he took could not convict him as pope— and not of the body which calls itself the Church." And von Gebler ("Galileo Galilei"): "The Church never condemned it (the Copernican system) at all, for the Qualifiers of the Holy Office never mean the Church". It may be added that Riccioli and other contemporaries of Galileo were permitted, after 1616, to declare that no anti-Copernican definition had issued from the supreme pontiff.
More vital at the present day is the question with which we commenced: "Does not the condemnation of Galileo prove the implacable opposition of the Church to scientific progress and enlightenment?" It may be replied with Cardinal Newman that this instance serves to prove the opposite, namely that the Church has not interfered with physical science, for Galileo's case "is the one stock argument" (Apologia, c. v). So too Professor De Morgan acknowledges ("Motion of the Earth" in "English Cyclopiedia"): "The Papal power must upon the whole have been moderately used in matters of philosophy, if we may judge by the great stress laid on this one case of Galileo. It is the standing proof that an authority which has lasted a thousand years was all the time occupied in checking the progress of thought."—So Dr. Whewell speaking of this same case says (History of the Inductive Sciences): "I would not be understood to assert the condemnation of new doctrines to be a general or characteristic practice of the Romish Church. Certainly the intelligent and cultivated minds of Italy, and many of the most eminent of her ecclesiastics among them, have been the foremost in promoting and welcoming the progress of science, and there were found among the Italian ecclesiastics of Galileo's time many of the earliest and most enlightened adherents of the Copernican system." | <urn:uuid:9d274385-7256-41df-ab66-36d5e10022b8> | {
"date": "2015-10-04T03:17:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736672328.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215752-00056-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9832070469856262,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 5104,
"url": "http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Galileo_Galilei"
} |
The Bipolar Child (Demitri Papolas, MD)
Early onset bipolar disorder is certainly not a new disorder, but only recently has it been identified and recognized. It still doesn’t get the attention it needs—it is all-too-often misdiagnosed and mistreated. This book is the first to address the disorder in a comprehensive manner. It details diagnosis, tells how to find good treatment and medications, and advises parents about ways to advocate effectively for their children at school. Written with a great deal of understanding, The Bipolar Child reaches out a warm helping hand to families who otherwise may feel all alone in dealing with this devastating disorder.
The Bipolar Child: The Definitive and Reassuring Guide to Childhood’s Most Misunderstood Disorder | <urn:uuid:d2dba1ca-db63-4e16-be6f-2b4270cfda81> | {
"date": "2018-01-23T09:32:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891886.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123091931-20180123111931-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9272398352622986,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 157,
"url": "https://www.sunbox.com/shop/light-therapy-books/the-bipolar-child-demitri-papolas-md/?add-to-cart=1054"
} |
The area of a segment in a circle is found by first calculating the area of the sector formed by the two radii and then subtracting the area of the triangle formed by the two radii and chord (or secant). In segment problems, the most challenging aspect is often calculating the area of the triangle. Related topics include area of a sector, area of a circle and area of an annulus.
Sample Problems (2)
Need help with "Area of a Segment" problems? Watch expert teachers solve similar problems to develop your skills. | <urn:uuid:379ccebe-858b-42d6-8744-52520180137a> | {
"date": "2014-09-01T13:51:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919066.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014519-00464-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9436265230178833,
"score": 3.953125,
"token_count": 112,
"url": "http://www.brightstorm.com/math/geometry/area/area-of-a-segment/all"
} |
WHAT IS BSE?
BREAST SELF EXAMINATION
Beginning in their 20s, women should be told about the benefits and limitations of breast self-exam (BSE). Women should know how their breasts normally look and feel and report any new breast changes to a health professional as soon as they are found. Finding a breast change does not necessarily mean there is a cancer.
A woman can notice changes by being aware of how her breasts normally look and feel and by feeling her breasts for changes (breast awareness), or by choosing to use a step-by-step approach (see below) and using a specific schedule to examine her breasts.
If you choose to do BSE, the information below is a step-by-step approach for the exam. The best time for a woman to examine her breasts is when the breasts are not tender or swollen. Women who examine their breasts should have their technique reviewed during their periodic health exams by their health care professional. (cancer.org)
Some tips for BSE:
• Try to get in the habit of doing a breast self-examination once a month to familiarize yourself with how your breasts normally look and feel. Examine yourself several days after your period ends, when your breasts are least likely to be swollen and tender. If you are no longer having periods, choose a day that's easy to remember, such as the first or last day of the month.
• Don’t panic if you think you feel a lump. Most women have some lumps or lumpy areas in their breasts all the time. In the United States, only 20% of women who have a suspicious lump biopsied turn out to have breast cancer.
• Breasts tend to have different “neighborhoods.” The upper, outer area — near your armpit — tends to have the most prominent lumps and bumps. The lower half of your breast can feel like a sandy or pebbly beach. The area under the nipple can feel like a collection of large grains. Another part might feel like a lumpy bowl of oatmeal.
• Start a journal where you record the findings of your breast self-exams. This can be like a small map of your breasts, with notes about where you feel lumps or irregularities. Especially in the beginning, this may help you remember, from month to month, what is “normal” for your breasts. It is not unusual for lumps to appear at certain times of the month, but then disappear, as your body changes with the menstrual cycle (if you are still menstruating). Only changes that last beyond one full cycle, or seem to get bigger or more prominent in some way, need your doctor's attention. | <urn:uuid:438f22bb-e131-432f-945d-56fc13af5966> | {
"date": "2016-12-06T17:54:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541950.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00504-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9590619206428528,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 565,
"url": "http://www.asu.edu/courses/css335/jcBSE.html"
} |
The leaves of figs make miracles in your body
Although the fig is one of the most loved fruits in our country, few are the ones who take into account the health benefits of fig leaves.
Fig leaves are of great benefit to diabetics, as tea or the extract of them greatly reduces blood sugar levels and thus the body needs less insulin.
The leaves of figs reduce the dangerous fats in the blood – the so-called Triglycerides.
The production of a large amount of these fats from the body leads to the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.
The taking of raw fig leaves or tea from them decreases this index significantly.
Fig leaves also perform miracles in Buerger’s disease (blockage of blood vessels) and in bronchitis and asthma. Their beneficial properties for health are far from exhausted. Taking raw fig leaves is a popular remedy for folk remedies for ulcer.
Applied as a compress are able to heal almost nasty pores, subcutaneous buds and get rid of various skin dirt. In addition, fig leaves are a wonderful, natural antioxidant.
What we do not know about the fig leaves is, that they rank second after the orange with calcium content. Potassium, which helps to regulate blood pressure, is inadequate in almost everyone. Fig leaves and fruits, are an excellent way to get it naturally
It turns out that the fig leaves are the most fiber-rich food and for this reason have a strong slimming effect | <urn:uuid:a3d39e42-e10d-4be4-a6cf-3250d6ead40a> | {
"date": "2017-10-19T07:06:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9483274221420288,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 303,
"url": "http://www.feelhealthylife.com/2017/07/if-you-know-how-useful-their-leaves-are-you-will-never-throw-them-out/"
} |
Marfan syndrome an inherited disorder of connective tissue occurring once in every 10,000 to 20,000 individuals.
What is Marfan syndrome?
Marfan syndrome is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue. It is an autosomal dominant condition occurring once in every 10,000 to 20,000 individuals. There is a wide variability in clinical symptoms in Marfan syndrome with the most notable occurring in eye, skeleton, connective tissue and cardiovascular systems.
Marfan syndrome is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene. FBN1 mutations are associated with a broad continuum of physical features ranging from isolated features of Marfan syndrome to a severe and rapidly progressive form in newborns.
What are the symptoms of Marfan syndrome?
The most common symptom of Marfan syndrome is myopia (nearsightedness from the increased curve of the retina due to connective tissue changes in the globe of the eye). About 60 percent of individuals who have Marfan syndrome have lens displacement from the center of the pupil (ectopia lentis). Individuals who have Marfan syndrome also have an increased risk for retinal detachment, glaucoma and early cataract formation.
Other common symptoms of Marfan syndrome involve the skeleton and connective tissue systems. These include bone overgrowth and loose joints (joint laxity). Individuals who have Marfan syndrome have long thin arms and legs (dolichostenomelia). Overgrowth of the ribs can cause the chest bone (sternum) to bend inward (pectus excavatum or funnel chest) or push outward (pectus carinatum or pigeon breast). Curvature of the spine (scoliosis) is another common skeletal symptom that can be mild or severe and progressively worsen with age. Scoliosis shortens the trunk also contributes to the arms and legs appearing too long.
Cardiovascular malformations are the most life threatening symptom of Marfan syndrome. They include dilated aorta just as it leaves the heart (at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva), mitral valve prolapse, tricuspid valve prolapse, enlargement of the proximal pulmonary artery, and a high risk for aortic tear and rupture (aortic dissection).
How is Marfan syndrome diagnosed?
The diagnosis of Marfan syndrome is a clinical diagnosis that is based on family history and the presence of characteristic clinical findings in ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. There are four major clinical diagnostic features:
Dilatation or dissection of the aorta at the level of the sinuses of Valsava.
Ectopia lentis (dislocated lens of the eye).
Lumbosacral dural ectasia determined by CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Four of the eight typical skeletal features.
Major criteria for establishing the diagnosis in a family member also include having a parent, child, or sibling who meets major criteria independently, the presence of an FBN-1 mutation known to cause the syndrome, or a haplotype around FBN-1 inherited by descent and identified in a familial Marfan patient(also known as genetic linkage to the gene).
The FBN1 gene is the gene associated with the true Marfan syndrome. Genetic testing of the FBN1 gene identifies 70 - 93 percent of the mutations and is available in clinical laboratories. However patients negative for the test for gene mutation should be considered for evaluation for other conditions that have similar features of Marfan syndrome such as Dietz syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, and homocystinura. To unequivocally establish the diagnosis in the absence of a family history requires a major manifestation from two systems and involvement of a third system. If a mutation known to cause Marfan syndrome is identified, the diagnosis requires one major criterion and involvement of a second organ system.
To establish the diagnosis in a relative of a patient known to have Marfan Syndrome (index case) requires the presence of a major criterion in the family history and one major criterion in an organ system with involvement of a second organ system.
What is the treatment for Marfan syndrome?
Individuals who have Marfan syndrome are treated by a multidisciplinary medical team that includes a geneticist, cardiologist, ophthalmologist, orthopedist and cardiothoracic surgeon.
Eye problems are generally treated with eyeglasses. When lens dislocation interferes with vision or causes glaucoma, surgery can be performed and an artificial lens implanted.
Skeletal problems such as scoliosis and pectus excavatum may require surgery. For those individuals who have pes planus (flat feet) arch supports and orthotics can be used to decrease leg fatigue and muscle cramps.
Medication, such as beta blockers, is used to decrease the stress on the aorta at the time of diagnosis or when there is progressive aortic dilatation. Surgery to repair the aorta is done when the aortic diameter is greater than 5 cm in adults and older children, when the aortic diameter increases by 1.0 cm per year, or when there is progressive aortic regurgitation.
Cardiovascular surveillance includes yearly echocardiograms to monitor the status of the aorta. Currently the use of beta blocker medications has delayed but not prevented the need to eventually perform aortic surgery.
Recent work on Angiotensin II receptor blockers, another blood pressure medication like beta blockers, has shown additional promise to protect the aorta from dilatation. Clinical trials will be starting soon to see if this drug can prevent the need for surgery better than beta blockers have.
Individuals who have Marfan syndrome are advised to avoid contact and competitive sports and isometric exercise like weight lifting and other static forms of exercise. They can participate in aerobic exercises like swimming. They are also advised to avoid medications such as decongestants and foods that contain caffeine which can lead to chronic increases in blood pressure and stretch the connective tissue in the cardiovascular system.
Is Marfan syndrome inherited?
Marfan syndrome is inherited in families in an autosomal dominant manner. Approximately seventy-five percent of individuals who have Marfan syndrome have a parent who also has the condition (inherited). Approximately 25 percent of individuals who have Marfan syndrome, have the condition as a result of a new (de novo) mutation. When a parent has Marfan syndrome, each of his or her children has a 50 percent chance (1 chance in 2) to inherit the FBN1 gene. While Marfan syndrome is not always inherited, it is always heritable.
When a child with Marfan syndrome is born to parents who do not show features of the Marfan syndrome, it is likely the child has a new mutation. In this family situation, the chance for future siblings (brothers and sisters of the child with Marfan syndrome) to be born with Marfan syndrome is less than 50 percent. But the risk is still greater than the general population risk of 1 in 10,000. The risk is higher for siblings because there are rare families where a Marfan gene mutation is in some percentage of the germline cells of one of the parents (testes or ovaries).
Prenatal testing for Marfan syndrome is available when the gene mutation is known, and also using a technique called linkage analysis (tracking the gene for Marfan syndrome in a family using genetic markers).
Additional Resources For Marfan Syndrome
Last updated: May 30, 2017 | <urn:uuid:8765547e-4fed-404f-972c-4ddad8bf5023> | {
"date": "2019-12-10T23:48:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529516.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210233444-20191211021444-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9314879179000854,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 1551,
"url": "https://www.genome.gov/es/node/15081"
} |
- Word Combinations (adjective), Word Explorer
|part of speech:
||having little value or importance; insignificant.
There had been a few trivial complaints, but most people seemed to be happy with the library's renovation.After reading many trivial student essays, the instructor was pleased to find one with a good deal of substance.She thought her symptoms were trivial and had not believed it necessary to see a doctor.
- insignificant, petty, slight, small, trifling, unimportant
- big, grave, grievous, gross, important, momentous, serious, weighty
- similar words:
- dinky, frivolous, futile, idle, incidental, inconsequential, indifferent, lightweight, meaningless, mickey mouse, minor, negligible, niggling, nugatory, paltry, picayune, piddling, vain, worthless
||empty, flimsy, insignificant, light, nonessential, pitiful, puny, scrub, shallow, slight, slim, superficial, surface, vile
||trivially (adv.), trivialness (n.) | <urn:uuid:07d818c2-39a4-46f8-9cc9-b6bf78cf6d25> | {
"date": "2015-05-05T11:19:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430456100475.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501045500-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.854041576385498,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 226,
"url": "http://www.wordsmyth.net/?rid=43998"
} |
Original McGuffey’s Readers
How would McGuffey teach reading if he were here today? His first concern would be that the content should promote moral growth and excellence of mind in habits, attitudes, and literary tastes. And Bible selections would be at the top of his reading list.
McGuffey also believed in phonics for beginning reading. Methods and timing should be adapted to the individuality of each child. Parents should not send their dearest treasure off to school too early in life, but should proceed at the child’s own pace. This preserves the vigor of his mental action.
McGuffey believed in memorizing as a way to develop habits of attention that promote understanding and mastery of ALL learning, even those studies which are not memorized.
McGuffey believed that an obvious result of a cultivated mind is a wide vocabulary. And the best way to cultivate a wide vocabulary is to learn words in their context, as in studying the important ideas and noble thoughts presented in the Readers.
These principles produce the education that shaped American character, particularly in the West, for over one hundred years. It’s the kind of education the majority of Americans want and need today.
William Holmes McGuffey (1800-1873) was a “born” educator. Beginning by teaching his younger brothers and sisters, William McGuffey accepted his first teaching position at 13 in a one-room school with 48 students. After graduating from Washington College and being ordained as a Presbyterian minister, he taught moral philosophy at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio for almost ten years. It was during this period that McGuffey wrote and compiled the Readers that made him famous. Later McGuffey rose to the rank of university president, serving Cincinnati College and Ohio University. He spent the final third of his life teaching moral philosophy at the University of Virginia.
McGuffey’s Readers are available in the Mercantile.
Ray’s Arithmetics students learn arithmetic, increase their reading comprehension skills, and learn to think rather than plod through page after page of addition or subtraction problems with a one-line direction at the top of each page. A student raised on Ray’s will not even know he should be fearful of “story problems” because from day one every problem is posed in a sentence format.
Most early work is to be done with real objects such as fruit, counting blocks, or marbles. Later it is to be done in the head with mental images of the objects. When children are ready to think symbolically, they gradually drop their use of objects and images and learn to compute quickly with digits. Thus the child is carefully led through three growth states in arithmetic: 1) the manipulative stage, 2) the mental image stage, 3) the abstract stage.
Over 120 million copies were sold in American education’s golden age. Many millions of children used these Arithmetics in the generations that produced Edison, Bell, and Ford. Now it’s your turn.
What Arithmetic Teachers have said about Ray’s …
“Rediscovering Ray’s is the best thing that’s happened to arithmetic in a hundred years.”
“These books produce superior math students.”
“Their use of story problems develops thinking right from the start.”
“They are psychologically right in starting with concrete and mental arithmetic before introducing symbols.”
“Using Ray’s this year has definitely improved the achievement test scores in our schools.”
Please Note: Due to the rising costs of producing hardbound books the publisher is switching the Ray’s Series over to Paperback. This will allow the company to not have to raise their prices. Changing to paperbacks will also affect the sets which will contain both Hardbound and Paperback versions until all volumes have been changed over to Paperback.
Ray’s Arithmetics are available in the Mercantile. | <urn:uuid:acc94cf4-715f-44dc-89aa-4c5c4771dbc2> | {
"date": "2019-10-19T18:27:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697439.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019164943-20191019192443-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587947726249695,
"score": 3.46875,
"token_count": 828,
"url": "https://oldwaysmadenew.com/homeschool/eclectic-series-and-the-3rs/"
} |
Tech moves fast! Stay ahead of the curve with Techopedia!
Join nearly 200,000 subscribers who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia.
The process of boosting involves improving the power of a machine learning program by adding more complex or capable algorithms. This process can reduce both bias and variance in machine learning, which helps to create more effective results.
Boosting processes are aimed at creating better overall machine learning programs that can produce more refined results. One way to look at this concept is in the context of weak and strong learning – where data scientists posit that a weak learner can be turned into a strong learner with either iteration or ensemble learning, or some other kind of technique. For example, stringing together several weaker algorithms can result in a stronger result.
Specific algorithms like AdaBoost or adaptive boosting use items like decision trees to creatively cobble together a stronger learning paradigm. That is the idea behind boosting, and it is something that is being used commonly in the evolution of machine learning technology. | <urn:uuid:872d7ab1-731a-423e-90fa-c2ea1ed40d8f> | {
"date": "2018-11-13T05:12:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741219.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113041552-20181113063552-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9238021969795227,
"score": 3.828125,
"token_count": 206,
"url": "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/33212/boosting"
} |
A Short History of Batsto Village:
Historic Batsto Village, a nationally recognized historic site,
is located in Wharton State Forest in
Southern New Jersey. The Village has changed and survived during several
different periods of American history. Archeological investigations have also
discovered evidence of Prehistoric life in the Batsto area. Evidence shows land
use dating back several thousand years.
Early Iron Years:
Charles Read is credited with building the Batsto Iron Works
along the Batsto River in 1766. Batsto had the natural resources necessary for
making iron. There was bog ore which was
"mined" from the banks of the streams and rivers, wood from the
forests became the charcoal for fuel, and water became the power for
manufacturing. John Cox, a Philadelphia business man, became part owner in 1770
and full owner by 1773. The Iron Works produced household items such as cooking
pots and kettles. During the Revolutionary War years, Batsto manufactured
supplies for the Continental Army. Manager Joseph Ball became owner of Batsto
Iron Works in 1779.
In 1784, William Richards, uncle of Joseph Ball, became a major
owner of The Iron Works. This began the Richardsí era at Batsto which would
last for 92 years. William was ironmaster until he retired in 1809. Son Jesse
was in charge until his death in 1854; and he was followed by his son Thomas H.
By the mid 1800ís, iron production declined and Batsto became a glassmaking
community known for its window glass. Soon the glass business was also finished,
and Batsto was in receivership.
Joseph Wharton, a Philadelphia businessman, purchased Batsto in
1876 at a Masters Sale. Wharton continued to purchase property in the area
surrounding Batsto. He made improvements on the mansion,
and on many of the village buildings. He was also involved in a variety of
forestry and agricultural endeavors. Joseph Wharton died in 1909. From his death
until 1954, the Wharton properties in the Pine Barrens were managed by the
Girard Trust Company in Philadelphia.
New Jersey purchased the Wharton properties in the mid 1950ís.
The state began planning for the use and development of the property. The few
people still living in the Village houses remained as long as they wanted. It
was in 1989 that the last house was vacated. Today Batsto Village is a New
Jersey Historic site and is listed on the New Jersey and National Registers of | <urn:uuid:fb6cc7e6-8ec8-4f6b-a2f3-d0e1a303501e> | {
"date": "2015-11-28T14:47:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453553.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00206-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9721078872680664,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 547,
"url": "http://www.batstovillage.org/history.htm"
} |
We know that Mars once had lots of water, considered a prerequisite for habitability. What hasn't been known, however, is just how friendly — or unfriendly — this water might have been to life, as the temperature and chemical conditions of ancient Martian water has remained a complete mystery. But as a new analysis of Martian meteorites has revealed water temperatures on the Red Planet once ranged between 50°C to 150°C (122°F to 302°F) — temperatures that we know are most certainly hospitable to microbial life.
Biologists who study extremophiles on Earth have discovered many microorganisms that can survive and thrive in some of the most extreme environments. As an example, microbes have been found in the volcanic thermal springs at Yellowstone Park — water sources that, as we now know, are comparable in temperature to what was once found on Mars.
To make this determination, John Bridges from the University of Leicester Space Research Centre, took a closer look at a special class of Martian meteorites found only in impact craters. Called nakhlites, these rocks are characterized by an intricate series of small veins which are filled with minerals formed by the action of water near the surface of a planet.
By using an electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope, Bridges and his colleagues studied the peculiar alterations found in eight different samples. They discovered that the first mineral to grow along the walls of the vein was iron carbonate, which would have been formed by carbon dioxide-rich water at around 150°C. Then, after cooling to about 50°C, it formed clay minerals, followed by an amorphous phase that gave it the same composition as clay.
Fascinatingly, microbes use these exact reactions during mineral formation to gain energy and elements required for their survival.
"The mineralogical details we see tell us that there had been high carbon dioxide pressure in the veins to form the carbonates," noted Bridges through the official release. "Conditions then changed to less carbon dioxide in the fluid and clay minerals formed. We have a good understanding of the conditions minerals form in but to get to the details, chemical models are needed."
And indeed, subsequent analysis by Susanne Schwenzer, Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of Physical Sciences at The Open University, confirmed that this order-of-operations in mineral formation was what truly happened. As a result, Bridges and Schwenzer were able to predict water conditions on Mars. At first, the water was around 150°C and contained a lot of CO2 (forming the carbonates), and then cooled to about 50°C (thus forming the clays).
Interestingly, the driving force responsible for heating the water would have likely been asteroid impacts on the surface. Given just how pockmarked the planet is, there's a good chance that Mars once featured many of these warm reservoirs.
The entire study can be found at Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
Top image via; inset image via University of Leicester. | <urn:uuid:4fc101bb-27aa-4538-bbe3-d85bd8167fff> | {
"date": "2014-03-10T09:30:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010722348/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091202-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9686837196350098,
"score": 4.28125,
"token_count": 611,
"url": "http://io9.com/5961773/mars-once-had-water-warm-enough-to-sustain-life?tag=space"
} |
Zygomycetes are microfungi that decompose dead plant material. They grow well on sidestreams from forest and agricultural industry, providing a nutritious and environment-friendly biomass suitable as fish feed.
The Gothenburg-based biotech company Cewatech has developed technology to grow edible zygomycetes microfungi in sidestreams from paper pulp or starch production. The nutrient-rich product can be used as fish feed, and is a good replacement for fish meal in fish aquaculture.
”The first application of the technology is using waste lye from Nordic Paper’s pulp mill in Säffle. Fish feed produced from such feedstocks would increase growth rate of fish, improve the environment, generate revenue for paper mills and save wild catch which would otherwise go into fish meal production”, says Lars Edebo, Head of Research and Development at Cewatech.
Aquaculture – a growing industry
The total production of fish in the world is approximately 158 million tonnes per year, and we eat on average 19 kg per year (more in Asia). More than 42 percent of the fish production is farmed in aquaculture. Since the 1950s, there has been an eightfold increase in the amount of farmed fish. This makes aquaculture the fastest growing segment of the food industry. According to FAO (the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), fish farming will overtake commercial fishing in production volume within the coming decade. It is likely that aquaculture will remain one of the most important ways to supply the growing world population with high quality protein.
In Sweden, fish farming has been on the rise since the 1980s but growth has slowed down in later years. Current production is approximately 12 000 tonnes annually (2013). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis) makes up more than 80 percent of the volume.
Large scale fish farming comes with challenges, both for the farmer and the environment. The feed for the cultures is often of marine origin – fish meal and fish oil. This practice is costly and environmentally dubious, and there are widespread efforts to find alternative sources of fat and protein. One possible fish meal substitute is nitrogen-rich oil crops, but this option has drawbacks related to the feed’s composition and the way it is produced. Feeds of animal origin can also be used, both aquatic and terrestrial. The arctic crustacean krill is one such candidate, but supply is limited and cost is high.
It would be better if aquaculture feed did not compete directly with food resources. This is what makes Cewatech’s technology so interesting to the aquaculture industry, since the microfungi is grown purely on waste streams, turning residue into valuable resource.
Fungal biomass high in protein
”We are focusing on waste and recycling, primarily. We can use agricultural and paper pulp sidestreams to grow edible microfungi (zygomycetes). Waste streams from the food industry is another possible feedstock. The high content of protein, aminosugar and vitamins makes the fungus biomass ideal to use as ingredient in commercial aquaculture fish feed. The content of amino acids and aminosugars is almost identical to the crustaceans which are a basic feed for predatory fish fry”, Lars Edebo says.
”Zygomycetes can also be used as food. Since hundreds of years zygomycetes have been eaten by millions of people in East Asia, in the form of tempe. Tempe is like a Camembert cheese with the fungus growing on crushed soybeans instead of whey”.
According to Lars, zygomycetes have attractive properties as fish feed and provides environmental advantage:
- They help to reduce the overfishing of the seas by replacing fish meal from wild catch.
- They are free of environmental poisons which are present in fish through bioaccumulation.
- The biomass contains proteins with favourable amino acid composition, lipids with favourable unsaturated C18 fatty acids and vitamins. It also contains hexosamines, which are useful for the protective mucus layer on the skin and the mucosal membranes.
- The fungi reduce eutrophication since the cell walls are not opened up until digested in the fish gut.
”At Nordic Paper’s paper mill in Säffle, the fungus is grown on sugar-rich sulfite waste liquor. The sulfite residue would otherwise be incinerated to recover energy, but producing fish feed is more cost efficient. The pilot studies have shown that the method is efficient and stable. The biomass has been tested by the third largest fish feed producer in the world, as a replacement for fishmeal in feed to rainbow trout. The specific growth rate improved. The feed is also excellent for salmon, char and bass”, Lars says.
”The pilot facility has given us a better understanding of the process, and we are now able to deal with problems such as foaming, pH fluctuations and contamination. And we can do the cultivation without having to sterilize the feedstock, which saves a lot of energy. The fungus biomass is easily harvested, drained and dried in the existing facility. We can use waste heat, and our production costs are competitive. Large-scale production would pose additional challenges regarding cultivation, harvesting, washing and drying, and we are working together with Karlstad university to address these issues”.
Lars Edebo used to be head of the Clinical Microbiological Laboratory at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, with aggressive fungal infections as his field of expertise. He is working together with his son, the surgeon Anders Edebo, to develop medical applications to harness the positive properties of the fungus.
”The fungus biomass can also be refined into chitosan-rich cell wall material (CWM), which contains positive charges and has antibacterial properties. We will try to use this for wound treatment and to prevent the dreaded multiresistant bacteria (MRSA) and ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae from spreading in medical and elderly care. There is also interest in testing it as an adjuvant (vaccine efficacy enhancer) for mucosal vaccination, and as a sustained release drug delivery system. When CWM is gathered, the other components of the biomass can still be used in fish feed, improving production economy and minimizing emissions”, Lars Edebo says.
The article was published in October 2016. | <urn:uuid:2e6fc88c-9ab4-4b15-8ff0-934252eaec56> | {
"date": "2018-05-24T21:28:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866870.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524205512-20180524225512-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9454418420791626,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 1357,
"url": "http://advantage-environment.com/food/svampbiomassa-far-fisken-att-vaxa/"
} |
Get ready for Comet PANSTARRS — 2013's first naked-eye comet
Comet PANSTARRS promises to be the brightest comet in six years when it peaks in March.
February 26, 2013
Luis Argerich from Buenos Aires, Argentina, captured Comet PANSTARRS in the sky above Mercedes, Argentina, on February 11, 2013. The comet shone at magnitude 4.5 to the left of an Iridium flare.
I’m here today to talk about what promises to be the brightest comet during the first half of 2013 and likely one of the brightest comets of the 21st century — so far. Comet PANSTARRS (C/2011 L4) will peak in March and remain bright well into April. If predictions hold, it should be an easy naked-eye object and will look great through binoculars for several weeks.
Astronomers discovered this comet June 6, 2011. As the fourth new comet detected during the first half of June that year, it received the designation “C/2011 L4.” And because researchers first spotted the object on images taken through the 1.8-meter Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System on Haleakala in Hawaii, it received the instrument’s acronym, PANSTARRS, as a secondary name. Astronomers credit this scope with more than two dozen comet discoveries, so the “C/2011 L4” designation is more precise even though it’s much easier to say “PANSTARRS.”
The comet is making its first trip through the inner solar system. Its journey began eons ago when a star or interstellar cloud passed within a light-year or two of the Sun. This close encounter jostled the so-called Oort Cloud, a vast reservoir of icy objects that lies up to a light-year from the Sun and probably holds a trillion comets. PANSTARRS has been heading toward the Sun ever since.
For complete coverage of Comet PANSTARRS, visit www.astronomy.com/panstarrs.
Southern Hemisphere observers had the best comet views during February. But by early March, PANSTARRS veers sharply northward and gradually becomes visible in the evening sky for Northern Hemisphere observers. The earliest views should come around March 6 or 7, when it appears a degree above the western horizon 30 minutes after sunset. Each following day, the comet climbs a degree or two higher, which dramatically improves its visibility.
It comes closest to the Sun (a position called “perihelion”) the evening of March 9, when it lies just 28 million miles (45 million kilometers) from our star. It then appears 7° high in the west 30 minutes after sunset. If predictions hold true — never a sure thing when it comes to comets making their first trip through the inner solar system — the comet will be a superb object through binoculars and probably an impressive naked-eye sight. Astronomers expect it to reach magnitude 0 or 1 at perihelion, although no one would be too surprised if it ends up one or two magnitudes brighter or dimmer.
From perihelion to the end of March, the comet moves almost due north through Pisces and Andromeda while its brightness drops by about a magnitude every five days. In the admittedly unlikely event that the tail of PANSTARRS stretches 10° or more March 13, it will pass behind a two-day-old crescent Moon. The comet should glow around 4th magnitude in early April, which would make the extended object visible only through binoculars or a telescope. It passes 2° west of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) on the 3rd, then crosses into Cassiopeia on the 9th. During the third week of April, the comet fades to 6th magnitude and is visible all night for those at mid-northern latitudes, where it appears highest before dawn.
If Comet PANSTARRS lives up to expectations, it should show two tails emanating from a round glow. The photograph at right shows Comet Hale-Bopp from 1997. Although PANSTARRS likely won’t get as bright as Hale-Bopp was, it lets us see the major components of a comet.
If Comet PANSTARRS lives up to expectations, it should show two tails emanating from a round glow. Although PANSTARRS likely won’t get as bright as 1997's Comet Hale-Bopp (pictured) did, it lets us see the major components of a comet. // Tony Hallas
The circular head, known as the “coma,” masks the comet’s nucleus. The nucleus is a ball of ice and dust that typically measures a mile or two across. As sunlight hits the nucleus, the ices boil off, and the process liberates dust particles. This cloud of gas and dust forms the coma, which can span a million miles or more. Sunlight removes electrons from the ejected gas molecules, causing then to glow with a bluish color. The solar wind carries this gas away from the comet, creating a straight bluish gas tail. The ejected dust gets pushed away from the Sun more gently, so it forms a curving tail. The dust particles simply reflect sunlight, so the dust tail has a white to pale-yellow color. Although Comet McNaught didn’t show much of a gas tail when it achieved fame in 2007, it more than made up for it with a 30°-long curving dust tail.
Will PANSTARRS rival Hale-Bopp or McNaught? The best way to find out is to plan a few observing sessions for this March and April. Even if PANSTARRS falls short of greatness, goodness is a fine attribute when it comes to comets. And remember that 2013 isn’t over yet. November and December should provide exceptional views of Comet ISON (C/2012 S1), which could be 100 times brighter than PANSTARRS. I’ll be back later this year with more details on viewing Comet ISON.
Expand your observing with these online tools from Astronomy magazine
- Special Coverage: Find everything you need to know about Comet PANSTARRS in Astronomy.com's Year of the Comet section.
- StarDome: Locate Comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) in your night sky with our interactive star chart. To ensure the comet is displayed, click on the "Display..." drop-down menu under Options (lower right) and make sure "Comets" has a check mark next to it. Then click the "Show Names..." drop-down menu and make sure "Comets" is checked there, too.
Images: Submit images of Comet PANSTARRS to our Online Reader Gallery.
Discussion: Ask questions and share your observations in our Reader Forums.
- Sign up for our free weekly e-mail newsletter.
Look for this icon. This denotes premium subscriber content.
Learn more » | <urn:uuid:e69a0af5-424d-41c4-ae2e-f8bcfbc644b5> | {
"date": "2013-05-22T00:15:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9135695695877075,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 1443,
"url": "http://www.astronomy.com/en/Columnists/Bob%20Berman/2012/09/~/~/link.aspx?_id=AC9F90EA366543F8A596D6C71B602F54&_z=z"
} |
Subsets and Splits