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Coca Cola And Its Activities Marketing Essay
This report takes the reader through Coca-cola and its activities and how it has been able to maintain sales despite the economic recession. It examines how three aspects of consumer behaviour –motivation, attitude, the buying process have an effect on the sales of Coca-cola within the Europe market and thereby immune to the economic recession. Chapter one gives a background into Coca-cola’s history and operations both in the national and international market. It also presents an overview of the soft drink industry in Great Britain, concentrating on Coke as an industry leader. It further talks on the economic recession and its effect on Great Britain. Chapter two discusses three consumer behaviour aspects – motivation, attitude and the buying process- on how it made the coca-cola industry immune to the economic recession in the Great Britain. The conclusion of this paper ends with a summary that discusses the whole paper and propose recommendations for the brand as a whole.
A consumer is a person who spots a need or desire, and then looks for the best way to satisfy his or her need either by purchase or acquisition (Solomon et al, 2010). Consumer behaviour as defined by Solomon et al (2006) is “the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs or desires”. Customer retention is vital these days and organisations are looking for the best way to please and satisfy the interest of their consumers. According to Fill (2009), the understanding of the buyers’ behaviour makes marketing strategies and plan come out successful. The Coca-Cola Company is soft drink industry that has been able to build its brand loyalty with its consumers over its years of operation, despite the highly competitive market (Euromonitor, 2010). But this success would not have been realistic without understanding who the consumer is, what the consumer needs and how the consumer behaves. The Economic recession was a trying time for companies which led to the closures of some and loss for majority, the soft drink industry is not an exception and Coca- cola which falls under the soft drink industry will be analysed on how effective the management of their consumers was to in ensuring their survival in the recession.
1.1 A brief summary of The Coca- Cola operations
The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non alcoholic beverage, concentrates and syrups in the world. Coca-cola has a portfolio of more than 3,300 beverages, from diet and regular sparkling beverages to still beverages such as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-based beverages, which are now sold in more than 200 countries in the world. (Coca-cola, 2010).
Coca- cola first got to Britain in the year 1900, after Charles Candler brought a jug of syrup along on a visit to England. Soon after, in the early 1920s, it went on sale at the London Coliseum and in Selfridges. Since then coca-cola Britain has come up with innovative soft drinks namely: Coca-cola; Diet Coke; Coca-cola zero; Sprite; Sprite zero; Fanta;Fanta Zero; 5 Alive; Schweppes; Schweppes zero; Powerade; Powerade zero; Kia ora; Kia ora(no added sugar); Dr. Pepper; Dr. Pepper zero; Lilt; Lilt Zero; Oasis; Oasis extra light; Glaceau vitamin water and Relentless. (Coca-cola, 2010) With about 4,650 employees, Coca-cola GB claims to have sold 228million cases in 2008.
Pic. 1.1 - The Coca-Cola Company Great Britain brands
Available on this link- http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/brands/
1.2 An overview of the soft drink industry in Great Britain
Mintel (2010) stated that “close to one-quarter of companies in the UK soft drinks market is growing at more than 10% per year”. Some of the main players in the UK soft drink industry include Coca-cola, Pepsi cola UK, Tropical UK, Nestle UK etc to mention but a few. The British Soft Drinks Association's 2010 UK Soft Drinks Report found that the overall market grew by 1.7% in 2009, with total consumption reaching 14,140 million litres, at a retail value of £13.224 billion” (Mintel, 2010). The British Soft Drinks Assocaition (2010) stated that “it was encouraging to see that the soft drinks market was holding up during the economic downturn’’. According to mintel (2010), for the second year running, Coca-cola topped interbrand’s best global brands table, placing it above its competitors in the soft drink industry. The coca-cola company has continued to focus on expanding its business through taking tactical places in niche soft drinks producers, by purchasing a stake in UK smoothie producer, Innocent Drinks (Euromonitor, 2010).
1.3 The recession in United Kingdom
Recessions occur during the down or contraction phase of the business cycle. The term business cycle refers to the familiar ups and downs of economic activity. (Pearce and Michael 2006). Furthermore, Pearce and Micheal (2006) opined that recessions cause significant declines in resources available to the firm because customers spend less, lenders lend less, and competitive rivalry increases. Initially, the behaviour of consumers changes during recessions. They have less money to spend and cut back personal spending in response to the overall decline in economic activity. Industrial and business customers may become disloyal, demand renegotiated contract terms, and alter purchase patterns. Also by Pride and Ferrell (1995), recession is “a stage in the business cycle during which unemployment rises and total buying power declines, stifling both consumers and business peoples’s propensity to spend’’.
The UK economy was growing faster than the average for the Euro zone throughout most of this decade. However, an abrupt slowdown began in 2008 and the economy entered a recession in the third quarter. According to Euromonitor (2010), real GDP fell by 4.9% in 2009, making this the UK's longest post-war recession. The UK has been harder hit than many countries because of its large financial sector. The fiscal position has deteriorated over the past several years. The deficit was pushed even higher as a result of the bailout of large banks. The number of unemployed also rose by 50% during the recession with 800,000 jobs being lost (Euromonitor, 2010). The recession led to business closures, job losses and a lack of employment opportunities in the UK (Athey, 2009). This first global recession in the new era of globalization, started in the US, spread to Europe, and eventually became global; it’s the worst economic crisis since the great depression. (Stiglitz, 2009).
1.4 The Coca-Cola Company and the recession
TCCC’s gross profit margin decreased to 64.2 percent in 2009 from 64.4 percent in 2008, primarily due to foreign currency fluctuations, unfavourable geographic mix as a result of growth in their emerging and developing markets, and current focus to drive greater affordability initiatives across many key markets, unfavourable channel and product mix in certain key markets, and the sale of certain bottling operations in 2008 (Coca-cola, 2010).
Even though there was a slight decrease (0.2%) in their profit margin compared to the previous year, TCCC arguably performed well despite the economic downturn.
Coca-cola unit case volume is one of the measures of the underlying strength of the Coca-Cola system because it measures trends at the consumer level. In Europe, the sales volume of year ended 2009 versus year ended 2008 shows that the unit case volume in Europe decreased 1 percent, primarily attributable to the ongoing difficult macroeconomic conditions throughout most of Europe. These difficult macroeconomic conditions impacted a number of key markets and contributed to unit case volume declines of 8 percent in South and Eastern Europe, 4 percent in Iberia and 2 percent in Germany. The volume declines in these markets were partially offset by 6 percent unit case volume growth in France and 4 percent growth in Great Britain.(Coca-cola, 2010).
Great Britain which is the main focus of this study has shown that the recession did not affect the sales volume. Table below shows the financial data of The Coca-cola Company year ended December.
Table 1.1- Financial overview of The Coca-Cola Company
Year Ended December 31, 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
(In millions except per share data)
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
Net operating revenues $ 30,990 $ 31,944 $ 28,857 $ 24,088 $ 23,104
Net income attributable to shareholders 6,824 5,807 5, 981 5, 080 5, 872
GROSS PROFIT 19,902 20,570 18,451
GROSS PROFIT MARGIN 64.2% 64.4% 63.9%-----------------
PER SHARE DATA
Basic net income $ 2.95 $ 2.51 $ 2.59 $ 2.16 $ 2.04
Diluted net income 2.93 2.49 2.57 2.16 2.04
Cash dividends 1.64 1.52 1.36 1.24 1.12
BALANCE SHEET DATA
Total assets $ 48,671 $ 40,519 $ 43,269 $ 29,963 $ 29,427
Long-term debt 5,059 2,781 3,277 1,314 1,154
1.5 Scope of Study
The interest of this study lies mainly with The Coca-cola Company, focusing on Coca-cola Great Britain as the scope of study. This study also examines the level at which the recession affected the sales in coca-cola and the consumers attitude towards the purchase of coca-cola.
1.6 Definition of terms/operational definitions
To avoid ambiguity and distortions in meaning, the following terms are being described.
Ltd - Limited
Unit case-means a unit of measurement equal to 192 U.S. fluid ounces of finished beverage (24 eight-ounce servings); (Coca-cola, 2010)
Unit case volume- means the number of unit cases of Company beverage products directly or indirectly sold by the Company to customers. (Coca-cola, 2010)
TCCC- The Coca-Cola Company
2.0 Key Consumer Behaviour Aspects
According to British Soft Drinks Association, (2010), “Consumers are loyal to the drinks they know and trust but remain open to innovative products and brand extensions which meet their ever-evolving needs. The industry’s ability to provide the public with a wide range of enjoyable and affordable drinks will ensure it remains resilient despite the tough economic climate.”
Three key consumer aspects have been carefully selected from Jiang (2010) as explained in the Consumer Behaviour Lectures; The following aspect of the consumer behaviour may have influenced the continuous purchase of coca-cola products despite the economic downturn- the buying process, attitude and motivation.
2.1 The Buying process
“A buying decision making process is the selection of an option from two or more alternative choices” (Jiang, 2010). Coca-colas consumers can be explained in Consumer as a Problem Solver (Habitual Decision Maker). A habitual decision maker makes choices that are characterised by an impulse made with little effort and without conscious control (Solomon et al, 2006). Coca-cola’s brands are low involvement products and so require little information search. Most decisions made by people who consume coca-cola are with little or no conscious effort. Coca-cola consumers purchase Coke for example based on a habit that has been formed over time.
Also the Evaluation of alternatives can be used to explain the brands resistance to the recession, much of the consumers effort that goes into a purchase decision develops at the stage in which a choice must be made from the accessible alternatives (Solomon et al, 2006). In many cases, there are a number of alternatives (such as water, soft drink or alcohol) a consumer could consider in satisfying a biogenic need, i.e. to conquer thirst. A consumer that has formed a habit overtime to purchase Diet Coke for example will always have in mind a diet coke whenever he’s thirsty. The choice a consumer makes over other alternatives is determined by the product qualities. Branding can also be an influence on the evaluation of alternatives. In a survey of Global Brands, Inter Brand and Business Week identified the significance for companies to create communities around their products and services, which gives the customers the opportunity to feel as if they own the brand (Solomon et al, 2006). Fill (2009) also supported that “as a brand becomes established with a buyer, so the psychological benefits of ownership are preferred to competing offerings, and a form of relationship emerges” Coke is not only seen as a drink by its consumers, but seen in the light of its heritage and relationship with them( Payne,2007). Brands also create impressions and strong feelings so much that when people see the coke bottle with its red label, and the content, people suddenly feel thirsty and the need to have a drink (Riesenbeck and Perrey, 2007) According to Mintel, (2010), the Interbrand ranked Coca-cola as the number one global brand in the year 2009 and 2010 respectively. Brands can influence a consumers choice in a decision making process, in a study conducted, 51percent of consumers preferred Pepsi over Coke , while in an open test, only 23percent preferred Pepsi over coke(Jenkinson, 1995). In my opinion, Coca-cola consumers have developed a relationship with the brand, which makes them to choose coca-cola’s brands amongst all other alternatives even in a recession. The economic downturn did not affect consumers choices, habits did not change despite the recession; coca-cola consumers did not change their product preferences because a habit has been formed over time.
Table 2.1 - Buying Decision making process
After – purchase behaviour/feeling
Source- (Jiang, 2010)
2.2 Attitude Formation and change
“Attitude is a person’s learned predisposition, tendency to respond to an object in a consistently favourable or unfavourable way” (Allport, 1935) as cited by (Jiang, 2010). An attitude formed, lasts over a period of time, an attitude towards what a person eats or drink or developing an attitude towards different brands (such as drinking diet Coke rather than drinking diet Pepsi) or also having an attitude towards a general consumption pattern(such as eating twice to eating once in a day) (Solomon et al, 2006).
The Utilitarian Function which is related to the basic principles of reward and punishment will be used to explain why TCCC was not entirely affected by recession. Attitudes are formed based on the presumed product qualities (either pleasure or pain) (Solomon et al, 2006). Attitudes influence a consumer’s decision making and the goal of a marketer is always to create a positive attitude towards a product or change existing attitudes (Fill, 2009).
In a recent research conducted by TCCC to evaluate consumers’ attitudes towards its brands, it revealed that coca-cola is the brand most associated with happiness (Coca-cola, 2010). The result of the survey revealed that over a half of the people that participated in the research said ‘it’s the taste that makes them smile’ others said ‘sharing a bottle of coca-cola with family and friends can provide an opportunity to spend time together’ (Coca-cola, 2010). Coca-cola consumers have developed an attitude overtime, so the recession would not change their product preference but might just alter their consumption pattern (such as reducing the intake of one three bottles per day to two bottles per day). The theme of the TCCC also stresses straight forward benefits (Coca-cola....Open Happiness).
Attitudes towards coca-cola could also be formed by the yearly coca-cola adverts, as supported by Pearce and Micheal (2006) “aggressive marketing campaigns may be more effective during recessions, as competitors feeling the pinch might attempt to forestall losses by reducing their advertising”. During the recession, TCCC, engaged in massive paid advertising to reinforce their brands in the minds of the consumers. Also towards the end of each year, coca-cola does an advert, using the Christmas theme to convey its message to its viewers. The viewers’ feelings about the context in which an advertisement appears can also influence brand attitudes (Solomon et al, 2006). Liking this Christmas themed adverts would naturally link us to Attitude Formation (three hierarchies of effects), Affect, Behaviour and Beliefs. Affect (like the brand), behaviour (buy the brand), belief (feel satisfied with the brand) or belief (create awareness of the brand), behaviour (buy the brand), affect (like the brand) or belief (create awareness of the brand), affect (like the brand), behaviour (buy the brand).
Attitude formed over time influences a consumers purchase behaviour, in spite of the recession, it can be argued that the attitude of the coca-colas consumers did not change, and there was a continual process in consumers purchase pattern. Coca-cola was not so affected by the recession because of the consumers’ attitudes towards their products
Table 2.2 - Three Hierarchies of Effects
Attitudes based on cognitive information processing
Attitudes based on behavioural learning processes
Attitudes based on hedonic consumption
Source- (Jiang, 2010)
“Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action, this driving force is produced by a state of tension which exists as the result of an unfilled need” (Jaing 2010). Every action is done for a reason. Motivation refers to the process that cause people to behave as they do, motivation occurs when a need (Utilitarian-consumers practical benefits or Hedonic-consumers emotional benefits) is aroused that the consumers wishes to satisfy. The desired end- state is the consumers’ goal. The degree of arousal is called a drive (Solomon et al, 2006). The purpose of purchasing a drink would be to satisfy a biogenic need, i.e. to conquer thirst. For a consumer to now choose a diet coke because he’s thirsty is called psychogenic. Coca-cola motivates its consumers through its themed message (Open Happiness), and this can be explained in the hedonic needs (Consumers emotional benefits) The survey TCCC conducted for their consumers shows that the ‘taste’ of coca-cola makes them happy. What motivates a consumer might be different compared to the other consumer. A regular coke consumer willing to reduce his sugar consumption will be happy to switch to coke zero which has no sugar and less calories. Also viewing it from the Consumer involvement angle, TCCC also motivates its consumers by connecting with millions of them every day through their brands’ Facebook pages, Twitter and influential blogs, creating a dialogue that allows TCCC to build their brand assets and strengthen their consumer relationships. Solomon, (2006) defines” involvement as a person’s perceived relevance of the object based on his/her inherent needs, values, and interests”. Through this Fans page on facebook, consumers can access their advertisements, Coca-Cola applications and downloads, and get live updates from the Company. Also TCCC involves their consumers through the Coca-Cola Freestyle, this makes the consumers beverage innovators by giving them choices and variety to make more than 100 different branded beverages at the touch of a button, this provides fun, and a relationship that connects the company with its consumers. (Coca-cola, 2010). The recession did not really affect TCCC’s sales because of the motivation TCCC tries to create and the relationship they have been able to build with their consumers.
Understanding consumers’ behaviour is key for a successful company; marketers need to deepen their research on their consumers because the consumers are becoming aware of the important role they play in their consumption pattern. Competitors are always also looking for tactics to grow and influence new consumers, and any organisation that does not meet up with consumer’s expectations would be losing a consumer. Companies should look for ways to retain their current customers and also focus on getting new ones “attracting new customers should be a priority in a recession” (Pearce and Michael 2006). Organisations should actively engage their customers more than before.
There has been an ongoing concern about the impact of economic impact on the environment,(Peattie, 1995). Nations are getting aware of the need to save the planet, and make it conducive for both humans and the animals. “In the year 2000, the beginning of a new century, the nations came together to form the Millennium Development Goals and conducted a millennium Ecosystem Assessment (A four year research project to access the health of the natural environment, the impact of human development on natural systems and their ability to support life and provide ecosystem services)” (Belz and Peattie, 2009).
In 2005, the results of the United Nations’ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was released, this revealed that 60% of world ecosystem services have been degraded and species extinctions are running at between 100 and 1000 times “the natural background rate”, it was also revealed that they were losses in the diversity of life on earth but gains in human well-being and economic growth and the burning of Fossil fuels to provide much of the energy that drove our economies was the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.
Changes in our climate will have a profound impact on the distribution and availability of water supplies and food productions supplies and immense loss of species. (Belz and Peattie, 2009).
To save the planet, conscious efforts have to be made, and so industries, business, consumers and nations have realized that if we do not save the world, then one day the planet will not be able to save us.
Using the “Triple bottom Line” approach, discuss what is sustainability marketing and why should marketers be concerned with CSR and sustainability issues?
Before going into sustainability marketing we need to define marketing, “marketing consists of individuals and organisations on activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods and services and ideas” (Pride and Ferrell, 1993).
Sustainability marketing as defined by Belz and Peattie (2009) “refers to planning, organising, implementing and controlling marketing resources and programmes to satisfy consumers wants and needs, while considering social and environment criterion and meeting corporate objectives”
This definition is very broad because it has covered the “Triple Bottom line” People (consumers), Planet (Environment) and Profit (Corporate objectives). In straightforward terms, Sustainability Marketing has been defined by Belz and Peattie (2009) as “the building and sustainable relationships with consumers, the social environment and the natural environment.
The Triple Bottom line (3PL) is a very important approach when discussing sustainability “a positive 3PL reflects an increase in the company’s value, including both its profitability and shareholder value and its social, human and environmental capital” (Savitz and Weber 2006), they consists of Environmental Performance which is the planet and the way which we give and receive from the planet; Social performance, which is the people that constitutes the planet and consume different products and services, also emphasizes on satisfying different stakeholders, “Being connected and responsive to shareholders, suppliers, communities and customers is the foundation of sustainability” (Henrique and Richardson, 2004) and the; Economic performance or organisational goals which is the profit and the main aim of setting up an organisation (Leonidou, 2010).
A sustainability marketer’s aim is to meet the needs and wants of a sustainable consumer. Belz and Peattie (2009) supported this by saying “consumers purchasing behaviour will determine the success or failure of new products and services that are marketed on the basis of their sustainability performance”. Understanding the behaviour and buying process is also relevant for the sustainable marketer. The process which includes the recognition of need and want e.g. biological needs like food and drink to information search i.e. checking for information about the products, maybe its sustainable or not, to evaluation of alternatives i.e. a choice between two retailers to purchase i.e. buying of the product to the usage of the product (for a sustainable product, the use phase will generate more environmental impacts than non sustainable products) and finally post use which is the recycling, reselling or reproducing strategies, all used to reduce waste to land fill. (Belz and Peattie, 2009).
Segmenting and understanding the consumers is really important for a sustainable marketer. They must understand the consumer they are sending the message to, according to the segments as identified by Belz and Peattie (2009), they are the
Greens-this are the true greens, they understand and well educated about the sustainability issues and they consume green products.
Consumers with a conscience-they want to be seen as green
Wastage focused-they have good knowledge of pollution and wastage but lack awareness of other issues and behaviours and believe to be ethical
currently constrained-they like to be sustainable but can’t do much in their current circumstances,
Basic contributors-they have relatively little knowledge of interest in environment issues and behaviours,
Long term restricted- they have other priorities to consider before they can consider their environmental issues
Disinterested-they may be aware of the sustainability issues, but they cannot be bothered as this has not affected current decision making processes.
The segmentation allows a marketer to strategise a message to its different target so as to achieve its organisational goals.
The economic performance of a company is determined by the products and services offered to its consumers and how it has been accepted. The main of a company is to make profit, but the production process and post –post production process determines how sustainable a product/ organisation is. Belz and Peattie, (2009) further said that “The underlying values of sustainability marketing should reflect the visions, missions, philosophies or principles of the company”. Savitz and Weber (2006) identified 3 ways sustainability enhances your business (I) protecting the business-This includes risk of harm to the consumers, employees and the community, identifying emerging risks and management failures early. (II)Running the business-eco-efficiency, this includes reducing costs, improving productivity, eliminating needless waste and obtaining access to capital at a reduced cost, (III) growing the business-opening new markets and attracting consumers who are sustainable and increasing market share.
Environmental performance is the planet we occupy, and also the source of renewable (air, water, food) and non renewable resources (stone, metals, fossil fuel etc) (Belz and Peattie, 2009). Organisations are now more concerned with the use of critical substances and energy consumption, production processes, packaging and recycling of products to reduce the negative impacts the economy has had on the planet, solutions were implemented in the production process to reduce pollution and Co2 emissions.
Corporate social responsibility has defined by European commission in (Belz and Peattie, 2009) “is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with stakeholders on a voluntary basis”. In contrast to the definition above the World Business Council for sustainable Development separated the corporate social responsibility, corporate financial responsibility and corporate environment responsibility and put them under one umbrella which is Corporate Responsibility (Belz and Peattie, 2009).
CSR is now gaining momentum in different organisations and the need to showcase and publish their environmental and social acts is rising. Consumers are equally aware of these activities and tend to build their loyalty with socially responsible organisations.
Marketers now should be concerned with CSR and sustainability issues, because the world is moving and every consumer now is informed about the environment and how they need to be sustainable to save the planet. Harnes (1982) as cited in Peattie (1995) further explained that “the successful company is the one which is the first to identify emerging consumer needs and to offer product improvements which satisfy those needs; the successful marketer spots a new trend early and then leads it”. Marketers must key into this new trend which can be identified as CSR and sustainability, being socially and environmentally responsible is very important and marketers must continue to emphasize this in their organisation to the top management.
Sustainability and CSR should be involved in an organisation’s values and goals; it should not be seen as a tactic to manipulate consumers’ sustainability concern to just make profit (Peattie, 1995).
Critics of Sustainability
Savitz and Weber (2006) have identified critics of sustainability from two camps (The cynics and the sceptics). The cynics concluded that the “Sustainability movement as mere hype” The cynics would always want the government to take responsibility in the environment rather than depending on the corporations to change themselves. They also argue that the corporations deliberately improved their environmental performance mainly for financial purposes. The sceptics condemn the concept of sustainable business on the grounds that business leaders have no concern with environment or social responsibility, their goal is to make profit, and if their aim is not moved from that, the world will be better off.
From the criticism, no one can say whether the critics are right or not, even though today’s efforts towards sustainability seems to be inadequate, that doesn’t mean it should be stopped, sustainability has to work. The industries might be aiming at profit, it’s a step by step approach and no contribution is too small, if all industries are genuinely sustainable, the world will be a better place.
Analyse the factors that contributed to the marketing success of FIJI water?
Fiji Water’s (FW) expansion into US market was based on the successful marketing mix campaign to penetrate the market. At the time, it made its entry into the US market, there were top competitors such as Coca-cola and PepsiCo, and so a marketing strategy was developed to have an edge over all other 400brands of bottled water already existing in the US.
“Marketing has defined by Pride and Ferrell, (1993) “consists of individual and organisational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods and services and ideas” Marketing is basically to facilitate exchange between the organisation and the consumer. There are 4Ps in marketing-Price, Place, product and Promotion.
Product-products are created to meet a particular need or want. Fiji saw the need in the market for resource filled natural water and decided to create a product to meet this need.
Place- This is devising the most suitable channel to distribute your goods and services to the consumer. FW’s agreement in 2001 with Cadbury Schweppes was crucial to FW’s penetration and success in the US market.
Promotion-This is combining the marketing communication tools-advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing to increase the awareness of a product. FW integrated advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and word of mouth advertising to promote its products and increase awareness.
Price-This is formulating pricing policies and setting prices compared to the competitors. FW had a premium price policy to reinforce the product’s high quality image, it was higher than most of its competitors.
The following factors contributed to the marketing success of FW:
Positioning-As defined by Fill, (2009) “is the process whereby information about the organisation or product is communicated in such a way that the object is perceived by the consumer/stakeholder to be differentiated from the competition, to occupy a particular space in the market”. Marketers should be able to device means of successfully entering the competitive market and positioning their brands in the minds of the consumer. Fill (2009) further suggested that “the position an organisation takes in the minds of consumers maybe the only means of differentiating one product from the other. FW marketers understood this, they made emphasized on the intrinsic values of FW,” Purified, spring and artesian bottled water”, they also informed the consumers of the benefits, a high level of silica which is believed to promote rejuvenation and anti-aging. This positioned FW in the minds of the consumers, which made room for repeat purchase and this led to the success of FW.
Packaging-A good packaging can give the product an edge over its competitors, and also a shelf presence in a retail outlet. This is really important as it can affect positioning (Fill, 2009). FW used the packaging power to distinguish itself, by using a square bottled shape compared to its competitors that used round bottles. The packing of FW reflected prestige and consumers were easily attracted to the bottle. Fill (2009), said the shape of the packaging can be a form of packaging.
Pricing-This is devising a pricing policy, its includes cost of production and a measure of the products value (Pride and Ferrell, 1993). FW had a premium price considering the products high quality and distribution cost between Fiji and the US, so a medium low price policy was not an option. Consumers wanted to fit into the calibre of people that bought FW, so it also contributed to the success.
Distribution- an appropriate distribution channel was designed by FW to enable its products easily accessed by the consumers. In 2002, FW entered into an agreement with Cadbury Schweppes of an exclusive distributorship and this was responsible for the aggressive expansion and success in the US market.
Promotion-This is selecting the right marketing mix to build the products’ brand image and awareness. FW started with little paid advertising, it placed an advert in Air pacific in-flight magazine. The brand greatly benefitted from word of mouth advertising i.e. consumer to consumer marketing, free product placement in television programmes. It was also endorsed by the celebrities. In 2007, FW launched a new marketing campaign which consisted of advertising, public relations, direct marketing, product placement and event marketing to pass a message with the theme “untouched” to its consumers. The selected marketing tools were used to pass just one consistent message of the intrinsic and extrinsic value of FW which also contributed to its success.
Branding-Kotler (2000) as quoted in Fill (2009) defined branding “as a name, term symbol or design or a combination of these intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers, and to differentiate them from the competitors” The brand represents a product and helps to send a message to its consumers overtime. FW was perceived positively by the consumers and the branding was a major contributor. The brand name ‘Fiji Water’ immediately sends a message to the consumer (water gotten from Fiji natural artesian water), the brand had both the intrinsic and extrinsic values of the product in the brand name, symbol and style. This made FW so attractive and made it stand out amongst its competitors.
In conclusion, all the factors the marketers utilized to give a place to FW in the US market gave the product its renowned success. It made FW a celebrity drink that every consumer wanted to associate with, it was believed to be more than ordinary water but a promise of sophistication, well-being and superiority.
What is “green washing” and how can it be identified? Assess the credibility of FIJI water’s promotional campaign and suggest how this can be enhanced.
Green washing is
“There are more green products than ever before, there’s a little less green washing, and there is good evidence that companies – and big retailers – are learning with experience. Consumers are creating a gradually greener retail world” ( sinofgreenwashing.org, 2010).
There are 7 Sins of green washing which are available to the consumers for proof so as to identify genuine sustainable companies to those that are not.
Sin of the Hidden Trade-off A claim suggesting that a product is ‘green’ based on a narrow set of attributes without attention to other important environmental issues.
Sin of No Proof An environmental claim that cannot be substantiated by easily accessible supporting information or by a reliable third-party certification.
Sin of Vagueness A claim that is so poorly defined or broad that its real meaning is likely to be misunderstood by the consumer. ‘All-natural’ is an example.
Sin of Worshiping False Labels A product that, through either words or images, gives the impression of third-party endorsement where no such endorsement exists; fake labels, in other words.
Sin of Irrelevance An environmental claim that may be truthful but is unimportant or unhelpful for consumers seeking environmentally preferable products.
Sin of Lesser of Two Evils A claim that may be true within the product category, but that risks distracting the consumer from the greater environmental impacts of the category as a whole.
Sin of Fibbing Environmental claims that are simply false.
Source accessed on 20/11/2010- (www.sinofgreenwashing.org)
FW launched a ‘carbon negative’ PR campaign, in response to the environmentalists’ criticism, the campaign claimed it was the first bottled water to publish carbon footprint of its product. FW took the first step to managing and reducing carbon emissions, by measuring its carbon footprint, from its production process, packaging, distribution, storage, and post usage of the product. As part of the campaign, FW was planning to balance its total carbon footprint by 120%, so the company’s effect on carbon release would be negative.
The credibility of this campaign could not be measured by a consumer and according to the critics in the report, FW did not state the full account of the actual amount of its carbon footprint and its reduction by the measures that were promised to be implemented in the future. The campaign was also seen as a motive to label their product as green to mislead sustainable consumers into purchases, in other to increase profit. Some of the sins of Greenwashing could also be identified in the campaign- Sin of the Hidden Trade-off-, Sin of Irrelevance and Sin of Fibbing.
FW can overcome this greenwashing and live up to expectations by being honest and transparent in their carbon emission report and keep communicating and educating its consumers on sustainability values. At this point, FW cannot go back on its campaign because it will be seen as an unfocused company, they should keep looking for ways to achieve this campaign and avoid the sins of greenwashing. FW should also follow a continuous advancement in their carbon negative campaign across the entire lifecycle of the product and also encourage the consumers to participate.
FW should design and implement a sustainable strategy to help achieve its goal on being carbon negative by investing in a renewable energy production plant, keeping to its promises on packaging, distribution, planting of native trees and supporting recycling programs and also continue to invest in the environment of the community by being socially responsible.
In conclusion, whether a motive is good or bad, critics will always attack and look for the negative side of the motive, FW water has started being sustainable by taking a step, by learning to crawl in sustainability, sooner or later, they will learn to walk and possibly run. No effort is regarded as being small, but continuity is what makes it worthwhile. FW should not relent in its struggle towards sustainability, they should always say the truth and communicative effectively to their consumers.
Can you identify the main stakeholders of FIJI water? Critically evaluate the company’s efforts to manage stakeholder relationships and suggest how these can be improved.
The main stakeholders are the Government, consumers, local community,
AUTHOR; STILGLITZ, JOSEPH E.; SOURCE- Eastern Economic Journal; Summer2009, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p281-296, 16p; ISSN-0094-5056; TITLE-The current economic crisis and lessons for economic theory.
TITLE- Economic Development in the UK: Challenges During and After the Recession. AUTHORS- Athey, Glenn: SOURCE- Local Economy; Sep-Nov2009, Vol. 24 Issue 6/7, p604-611, 8p; ISSN- 0269-0942.
Title-The World's Top 100 Food & Beverage Companies. (cover story) Authors-Rowan, Claire Source:Food Engineering; Jun2010, Vol. 82 Issue 6, p48-59, 8p
Author-Angus Jenkinson, Valuing your customers, from quality information to quanlity relationships throught the database marketing. (1995)
Author-Hajo Riesenbeck/ Jesko Perrey, Title- power Brands; measuring, making, managing brand success (2007) Wiley,
Author- Adrian Payne; customer relationship management;handbook of Customer relationship management: achieving excellence in customer mangement
Author- Willaim M. Pride and O. C Ferrell, title-marketin concept and strategies, 8th edition (1993)
. Title: Introduction: Financial crisis and renewal? Diversity and convergence in emerging markets. Author: Cerny, Philip G.1; Source: Review of International Political Economy; Aug2009, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p371-381, 11p; ISSN: 0969-2290
Available on this link-http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=202399/display/id=525659/display/id=202399&anchor=atom1/display/id=525659 (Accessed on 04/11/2010)
BSDA’s 2009 UK Soft Drinks Report, Jill Ardagh, Director General of the British Soft Drinks Association said: accessed on 24-11-2010
The Coca-Cola company
If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the UK Essays website then please click on the link below to request removal: | <urn:uuid:70f42913-5dc3-42b5-aaa9-e0c8c0874748> | {
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The litter layer of the soil is home to a myriad of small creatures. Most are familiar to the gardener, who has dug a little and turned over stones and compost piles. For the most part, these are unremarkable; the group includes worms (annelids), millipedes, centipedes, and roly-polys (a crustacean) that scurry for safety when uncovered. One creature that may not be so familiar is the pseudoscorpion.
Pseudoscorpions (order Pseudoscorpiones) are arachnids, as are spiders, ticks, mites, and true scorpions. Arachnids have eight legs, two body sections, and no antennae. They are close relatives to the insects, which have six legs, three body sections, and one pair of antennae.
Pseudoscorpions are tiny (2-4 mm; there are 24.5 mm/inch), and in a superficial way, they resemble their larger cousin the true scorpion but lack its stinging tail. Pseudoscorpions are not only small but secretive, and for these reasons, and perhaps because of taxonomic complexity made more problematic by their small size, pseudoscorpions have not been extensively studied. Compared with other arachnids relatively little is known about them. Pseudoscorpions are also a small (though well defined) group. Roughly 100,000 arachnid species have been described, and of these, only about 3000 are pseudoscorpions. In the continental USA and Canada, there are about 350 pseudoscorpion species.
Pseudoscorpions are “cosmopolitan”. In addition to the soil litter layer, they are found in a wide variety of habitats that include soil well below the litter layer; compost piles; tree hollows; rotting stumps; under bark and stones; caves; marine intertidal zones; in the nests of insects, birds, and mammals; and sometimes in houses.
They are predaceous, and have one pair of relatively large pincer-like claws (called pedipalps), hence the resemblance to true scorpions. In the interior of the pedipalps is a poison gland that pseudoscorpions use for defense and to capture prey. As with many arachnids, they inject their prey with digestive juices to predigest them before eating them. They feed on small soil invertebrates (mites and collembola–springtails) and various flies, ants, beetle larvae, booklice, and an occasional caterpillar. In houses, they kill and eat the cloth moth larvae that are so destructive to woolens.
Some pseudoscorpion species perform elaborate courtship “dances”, but male and female never touch during mating. For reproduction to occur, the male produces a spermatophore, which is capsule or mass containing sperm. The female searches for this and rubs over it to absorb the sperm that will fertilize her eggs. Pseudoscorpions have a silk gland. The females may store her eggs in a silk sac to protect them. When the eggs hatch, she will tend the young for a short time. She will have only one brood in a year with fewer than 25 young. In some pseudoscorpion species, males are very rare, suggesting that parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops without fertilization) may occur.
Pseudoscorpions, like all arachnids, are wingless. This has not inhibited their dispersal, though; they have evolved an effective method of getting around–they are “phoretic”, meaning that they hitch rides on other animals. They use flies, beetles, and wasps as well as small mammals and birds. Pseudoscorpions clinging to insects have been found preserved in 25 million year old fossilized Baltic amber.
Pseudoscorpions are harmless to people, and if you have seen a pseudoscorpion, it may well have been in your bathroom sink. One species–Chelifer cancroides–is common and often found in houses. It is attracted to the moisture of bathrooms. Once on the slippery porcelain of a sink, it may fall in and be unable to get out.
In a square meter of the litter of a temperate forest like those in the eastern USA, you might find as many as 5000 pseudoscorpions. But their distribution is spotty. One sample of leaf litter might yield dozens of pseudoscorpions, while another might have none.
If you’re inclined, an easy way to isolate pseudoscorpions is by means of a Berlese funnel, named for its inventor, Italian entomologist Antonio Berlese (died 1927). A Berlese funnel is easy to construct and use, and there are many internet sites that describe how to make and use one; the following site is one of many but has good illustrations: http://pnwsteep.wsu.edu/edsteep/SoilInvertebrates/Berlese.doc; verified 17 June 2010. Sample your compost pile or the leaf litter in a familiar woodlot. If you are successful and want to try identifying your finds, see Photographic Key to the Pseudoscorpions of Canada and the Adjacent USA (http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/b_10/b_10_main.html; verified 17 June 2010).
The general ecology of pseudoscorpions is another area that has not received much attention. Recent research, however, indicates that pseudoscorpions may be a good indicator of biological diversity. So if you find them in your garden or compost pile, consider that a good sign. | <urn:uuid:d00ecb12-5fac-4e2c-ad41-342a1739e8f5> | {
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If you are currently thinking about degree to pursue in college, one of the most important questions that you should ask yourself first is “What do I really want to end up doing for the rest of my life?”
College is meant to prepare you for your future and whatever educational path you decide to take will dictate your career path for the rest of your life. If you have always been more inclined to the field of engineering, you need to find out first the different types of engineering courses so that you know which one will suit you best. Here are some different types of engineering degrees and what they can do for you:
Have you always been fascinated about highways, bridges, sewage systems and tunnels among others? You might want to consider having a civil engineering career. This type of engineer stays out in the field, in the roads, and highways to construct these structures. They are engaged in every aspect of construction and that includes cost estimation, safety review, following federal regulations and taking care of environmental issues. If you are concerned about urban planning then this is the perfect course for you to take in college.
If you have always had the talent to fix things then you should harness your skill by taking a Mechanical Engineering course. Becoming a mechanical engineer would mean that you will end up in a career that lets you produce and design machines and engines. Most mechanical engineers have successful careers in the automotive industry. They design cars, planes and other modes of transportation.
Have you always wondered how tall buildings and skyscrapers were made? Have you always dreamed of changing the skyline of the city you live in by building your own structure? You just might be interested in becoming an architectural engineer. This particular aspect of engineering involves the design and conceptualization of residences, buildings, skyscrapers, bridges and just about any structure.
Your responsibility as an architectural engineer is to ensure that the structure is architecturally sound and that it meets both environmental requirements and aesthetic qualities. It will take you at most four years of undergraduate studies as well graduate studies to complete the educational requirements for this type of engineering.
If you have always enjoyed experimenting during your high school years and mixing chemicals has always fascinated you, you can consider enrolling in a chemical engineering course for college. These engineers will end up having careers in large food and beverage plants, government agencies, agricultural industries, pharmaceutical companies, as well as companies that manufacture pesticides and fertilizers.
Electrical engineers specialize in developing equipment that provide electricity. Many engineers of this type end up working in power companies and telecommunication companies. They work with power transmission systems, radar systems, electric motors and many other electrical equipment. Their responsibility is to develop and maintain electrical systems and to ensure that they are completely safe for use, they are sustainable and that they are practical especially when it comes to protecting the environment.
Advancements in technology have provided jobs and career opportunities for people who have degrees in computer engineering. The world is now relying more and more on computers, which is why jobs related to computers are very in-demand nowadays. As a computer engineer you will be responsible for designing software and hardware and in implementing these systems for use in homes, offices, schools and across different industries.
Having a degree in any type of engineering will ensure that you have a bright and exciting career ahead of you. You will have many opportunities to apply your skills and knowledge in different industries. More importantly, being an engineer will also provide you with excellent financial rewards as well as personal growth and fulfillment.
Ryan Ayers is a writer who creates informative articles in relation to education. In this article, he describes the different engineering careers available and aims to encourage further study with a civil engineering degree online.
Photo Credit: Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:b0df906a-3216-41fd-b5e6-af4c6bfc5c0e> | {
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be found because it could play a key role in the brain’s signal to limit food intake in response to leptin. Thus, the role of leptin in the development of obesity in the monkey remains unclear, but its identification has led to many new experimental approaches that might eventually facilitate a better understanding of the causes of obesity.
Studies have been done to identify the potential roles of expression of the nuclear hormone receptors, termed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR γ1 and PPAR γ2), in obesity in rhesus monkeys (Hotta et al., 1998). These transcription activators were selected for study because it was observed that they are highly expressed in adipocytes (Hotta et al., 1998), that thiazolodinedione ligands for the receptors are effective antidiabetics and sensitize target tissues to insulin (Kemnitz et al., 1994a), and that the ratio of PPAR γ1 to PPAR γ2 was altered in obesity in humans (Vidal-Puig et al., 1997), although not in rodents (Vidal-Puig et al., 1996). When the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of 28 normal, obese, and type II diabetic rhesus monkeys was examined, the mRNA abundance of PPAR γ did not correlate with body weight, but the ratio of PPAR γ1 to PPAR γ2 mRNA correlated highly with body weight and with fasting plasma insulin concentration (Hotta et al., 1998). The difference between the two forms of PPAR γ results from alternative splicing that modifies the n-terminal portion of the protein. The mechanism that leads to a difference in insulin sensitivity is not known. One study has shown that insulin sensitivity and blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, and lipids were reduced in a dose-dependent fashion in obese rhesus monkeys by pioglitazone, a member of the thiazolodinedione class of compounds (Kemnitz et al., 1994a). Those outcomes presumably result from the drug interactions with PPAR γ receptors—but, again, the mechanism(s) through which the various end-point alterations occur are not fully explained. PPAR γ responses to pioglitazone in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas might all contribute to the phenotype of the response.
Collectively, the studies done thus far suggest the presence of a molecular basis of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. However, the players and their interrelationships are not all determined. The use of mouse genetics, molecular biology to understand nuclear hormone receptors, and the monkey models of obesity and diabetes might well all be key components in the search that will eventually lead to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of these diseases. Appropriate nutrition of the research subjects will be essential for derivation of the needed information.
Alberts, S.C. and J. Altmann. 2001. Immigration and hybridization patterns of yellow and anubis baboons in and around Amboseli, Kenya. Am. J. Primatol. 53:139-154.
Armstrong, M.L. 1976. Atherosclerosis in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Prim. Med. 9:16-40.
Ausman, L.M., K.C. Hayes, A. Lage, and D.M. Hegsted. 1970. Nursery care and growth of Old and New World infant monkeys. Lab. Anim. Care 20:907-913.
Ausman L.M., K.C. Hayes, and D.M. Hegsted. 1972. Protein deficiency and carbohydrate tolerance of the infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) . J. Nutr.102:1519-1528.
Ausman L.M., D.L. Gallina, K.C. Hayes, and D.M. Hegsted. 1976. Hematological development of the infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Folia Primatol. 26:292-300.
Ausman L.M., D.L. Gallina, M. Camitta, L.C. Flath, and D.M. Hegsted. 1977. Acute erythroid hypoplasia in malnourished infant squirrel monkeys fed isolated soy protein. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30:1713-1720.
Ausman, L.M., K.M. Rasmussen, and D.L. Gallina. 1981. Spontaneous obesity in maturing squirrel monkeys fed semipurified diets. Am. J. Physiol. 241:R315-R321.
Ausman, L.M., D.L. Gallina, and R.J. Nicolosi. 1985. Nutrition and metabolism of the squirrel monkey. Pp. 349-378 in Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research, L.A. Rosenblum and C.L. Coe, Eds. New York: Plenum Press.
Ausman, L.M., D.L. Gallina, K.C. Hayes, and D.M. Hegsted. 1986. Comparative assessment of soy and milk protein quality in infant cebus monkeys . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:112-117.
Ausman, L.M., D.L. Gallina, and D.M. Hegsted. 1989. Protein-calorie malnutrition in squirrel monkeys: adaptive response to calorie deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:19-29.
Austad, S.N. 1997. Small nonhuman primates as potential models of human aging. ILAR J. 38:142-147.
Baer, D.J., M.A. Lane, W.V. Rumpler, D. Ingram, and G. Roth. 1998. Bioenergetics and aging in monkeys: is less more? Pp. 8-11 in Proc. 2nd Symp. Comp. Nutr. Soc., Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Blomquist, A.J., and H.F. Harlow. 1961. The infant rhesus monkey program at the University of Wisconsin Primate Laboratory. Proc. Anim. Care Panel 11:57-64.
Bodkin, N.L., H.I. Ortmeyer, and B.C. Hansen. 1995. Long-term dietary restriction in older-aged rhesus monkeys: effects on insulin resistance. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. 50A:B142-B147.
Bodkin, N.L., M. Nicolson, H.K. Ortmeyer, and B.C. Hansen. 1996. Hyperleptinemia: relationship to adiposity and insulin resistance in the spontaneously obese rhesus monkey. Horm. Metab. Res. 28:674-678.
Bowden, D.M. (Ed.). 1979. Aging in Nonhuman Primates. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Bowman, J.E., and P.C. Lee. 1991. A test of the threshold weaning weight among captive rhesus macaques. Am. J. Phys. Anthro. 14(Suppl.):52.
Bowman J.E., and P.C. Lee. 1995. Growth and threshold weaning weights among captive rhesus macaques. Am. J. Phys. Anthro. 96:159-175.
Brown, C. 1979. Hand-rearing Senegal bushbabies (Galago senegalensis) at the Wildlife Breeding Centre. Int. Zoo Yrbk. 19:261-262.
Brown, T., H.W. Clark, and J.S. Bailey. 1974. Natural occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in great apes—a new animal model. Pp. 43-79 in Proc. Zool. Soc. Philadelphia Cent. Symp. Sci. Res.
Buss, D.H. 1968a. Gross composition and variation of the components of baboon milk during natural lactation. J. Nutr. 96:421-426.
Buss, D.H. 1968b. Gross composition and variation of the components of baboon milk during artificially stimulated lactation. J. Nutr. 96:427-432.
Buss, D.H. 1975. Composition of milk from a golden lion marmoset. Lab. Prim. Newsl. 14:17-18.
Buss, D.H., and R.W. Cooper. 1970. Composition of milk from talapoin monkeys. Folia Primatol. 13:196-206.
Buss, D.H., and F.H. Kriewaldt. 1968. A machine for milking baboons. Lab. Anim. Care. 18:644-647.
Buss, D.H., and W.R. Voss. 1971. Evaluation of four methods for estimating the milk yield of baboons. J. Nutr. 101:901-910. | <urn:uuid:db014cd4-0a89-488e-b8f8-9676572a92c5> | {
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Visual Studio 2012 includes the filesystem library. It isn’t part of the C++11 standard but it’s one of the proposals for TR2. The proposal is based on the library included in boost.
The library provides a convenient (and cross platform, if supported by compilers) interface for file & directory traversing and manipulation, as well as querying filesystem information such as file sizes and disk space.
The main components of the library are:
- path objects
- directory iterators
- free functions
Path objects encapsulate filesystem paths and provide convenient ways of assembling paths and extracting their components.
Directory iterators allow you to iterate over directory contents, both recursively and non-recursively.
Free functions mainly operate on paths and provide all sorts of operations, from checking whether a file exists, to deleting a directory and its contents.
Let’s dive into some code to see the functionality of the library.
Checking if files exist & creating directories
It’s common that you need to create a directory (or a tree of them) to store logs, the output of your application etc.:
As you can see, you can use the convenient operator/ and operator/= to assemble paths from parts.
create_directories can create a number of directories along the path chain if they don’t exist (e.g. both logs and current in the example above).
Iterating over directory contents & moving files
The next thing you might want to do is move log files over the size of 100 MB from current directory to archive:
Note that you can’t use the range based for loop to iterate over the contents of a directory. This kind of iteration can only be used to extract the components of a path:
Iterating recursively & filtering files
It’s often necessary to traverse a directory tree to find files in sub-directories. The filesystem library has a really convenient
recursive_directory_iterator for this purpose.
It’s also a common task to look for files of particular type or with a name matching a mask. The filesystem library is of no particular help here, but it’s easy to do this by adding the regex library into the mix.
The example below shows how to do both of these things. It goes through all sub-directories of the kml directory and prints out the file names and last write times for all KML and KMZ files which have the string curletts in their name:
Checking available space
Finally, you may need to check the available space, e.g. when your application produces large output files. It’s easy to do:
As you have seen, the filesystem library provides a convenient interface for filesystem related operations, and allows you to handle real world tasks in just a few lines of code.
The library contains many more useful functions not shown in the tutorial. You can find the MSDN documentation for them here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh874694.aspx
The current Microsoft implementation is based on a 2006 proposal which is based on the Boost filesystem v.2. You can see this version of the proposal here: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1975.html
The proposal has later been updated to reflect the evolution of Boost filesystem to v.3. The latest version of the proposal can be found here: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3239.html. | <urn:uuid:2a261165-c15e-4b8a-a872-b6f6b6708e40> | {
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What comes to mind when you think of Chobani? Now, consider Dannon and what that brand means to you. The associations you made could lead to different types of attitudinal and behavioral responses and responses in social media. Perhaps you want a thick Turkish yogurt with clear bold flavors or a more traditional French yogurt? Maybe you are feeling like a little Paris in your life today?
Encouraging consumers to develop brand associations can help your social media marketing strategy by actually reducing communications costs. When people have a clear picture in their minds of what your brand represents you don’t have to spend as much time, effort and expense telling them. Not only that, but people may share their ideas and thoughts about your brand in social media matching the associations that are clear to them. That’s great for your earned media strategy right?
So what is the science behind these attitudinal processes? Basically it comes down to a type of learning called associative learning or classical conditioning. Market researchers have examined variations on Pavlov’s original research with dog saliva and applied it to consumer salivation.
When consumers develop associations between advertisements and brands two processes may take place: direct affect transfer or inferential belief formation. Direct affect transfer occurs when consumers feel positive about elements in an advertisement and transfer the feeling to the brand. Inferential belief formation is when consumers develop cognitive thoughts about a brand from a communication, which could arise from an association.
When the consumer actively considers the information presented to him or her through a process of elaboration, the person enters into the realm of cognition, the act of learning through thinking and reasoning. Marketers using social sites for engagement can attempt to influence customers through either direct affect transfer or inferential belief formation. Both types of learning and the subsequent attitude formation can take place through social media or mobile vehicles.
For example, Domino’s Pizza wanted to change consumer attitudes toward their product after discovering that people thought the pizza tasted like cardboard. After some soul searching and sincere focus groups with customers, Domino’s improved the product and released a YouTube video discussing their problem and highlighting their solution. The purpose of the video was to change people’s beliefs about Domino’s. On the other hand Coca-cola’s app contest resulted in “open happiness” a mobile app for iPhone, Android and Blackberry that generates positive feelings, but does not provide a specific brand message.
Brands Influencing Attitudes Through Social and Mobile
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National Park is spread at vindhya hills in Madhya Pradesh. Bandhavgarh National
Park consists of a core area of 105 sq km and a buffer area of approximately 400
sq km of topography varies between steep ridges, undulating, forest and open
meadows. Bandhavgarh National Park is known for the Royal Bengal Tigers. The
density of the Tiger population at Bandhavgarh is the highest known in India.
Bandhavgarh National Park was the former hunting preserve of the Maharaja of Rewa and at present is a famous natural hub for White Tigers. White Tigers, now a major attraction around the world's zoos, were first discovered in Rewa, not far from here. The terrain is broken, with rocky hill ranges, running roughly east west, interspersed with grassy swamps and forested valleys. . | <urn:uuid:06287033-8201-40e2-80f1-6194925a3330> | {
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Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for Food Security in a Changing Climate in Batanes, Philippines. Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture, 9, 111-119 (2014)
Authors / Editors: Talubo, J., & Hostallero, C. De Guzman, Lucille Elna P.
The climate of our planet, including that of the Philippines, has been changing significantly during the last century primarily driven by anthropogenic activities. This book contains comprehensive information about the changes in climate and their impacts on the country’s environment, natural resources, agriculture, ecosystem, biodiversity, weather, and the quality of life of its inhabitants. Risk management and resilience are discussed along with selected strategies for mitigation and effective adaptation especially in agriculture, forestry, grassland, livestock, fisheries, and health (source: http://press.up.edu.ph/). | <urn:uuid:364b7e49-8614-4e84-aaf5-6b729c125a4b> | {
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Posted 2 years ago
40th Anniversary of the Battle of Britain vase by Coalport. Hand painted Spitfire and Hurricane. Signed by Sir Douglas Bader.
Bader joined the RAF in 1928, and was commissioned in 1930. In December 1931, while attempting some aerobatics, he crashed and lost both his legs. Having been on the brink of death, he recovered, retook flight training, passed his check flights and then requested reactivation as a pilot. Although there were no regulations applicable to his situation, he was retired on medical grounds. After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, however, Bader returned to the RAF and was accepted as a pilot. He scored his first victories over Dunkirk during the Battle of France in 1940. He then took part in the Battle of Britain | <urn:uuid:323d1781-3f15-4537-9f5a-b561d6c281e4> | {
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Importance of sports in students life essayvital role of sports culture in students life advantage of sports,games for importance of sports in students life,child life. Importance of sports and games essay essay: importance of games and sports games and sports have an important role in the life of a young manthey are those. Essay on importance of sports essay of them but then realised importance of sports in our daily life to maintain importance of games and sports has. 482 words essay on the importance of sports for all but participation in games is not the duke of wellington emphasized the importance of sports in. Check out our top free essays on importance of games and sports in our life to help you write your own essay.
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Sports and games are very important for us they keep us healthy and fit they offer us a change from the monotony of daily life it is a useful means of. 1000 words essay on importance of games and sports where sports are given due importance along throughout the life ames and sports teach. | <urn:uuid:6b473eda-1961-4373-b620-3d8bb20f1cd7> | {
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Freedom of Information: Frequently Asked Questions
What is Freedom of Information?
The 2014 Freedom of Information Act is an Act of the Oireachtas effective in respect of access to HSE records from the 21st October 1998 and provides every person with the following legal rights:
- The right to access official records held by the FOI Bodies listed in the Act, e.g. the HSE and Local Authorities.
- The right to have personal information amended where such information is incomplete, incorrect or misleading; and
- The right to be given reasons for decisions taken by public bodies that affect them.
These rights mean that from 21st October 1998, members of the public may seek access to personal information held on them, no matter when the information was created, subject to its certain exemptions designed to protect the public interest and the right to privacy
How does it work?
The Act requires public bodies to respond to requests from the public for information they hold. Public bodies must give their decision on a request within 20 working days of receiving it. Staff of Public Bodies must also assist members of the public seeking access to information.
How do I make a request under the Act?
- Put your request in writing.
- State what records you are seeking, supplying as much detail (i.e. service location, dates of treatment etc) as possible.
- State the manner in which access is sought e.g. inspect the originals, obtain photocopies, hear / view audiovisual record, obtain a copy of a computer disk or other electronic device etc.
- Supply proof of identity in the case of personal information.
Can other people gain access to my personal records?
No, only you can gain access to your personal records, unless you give your authorisation for someone else to access them on your behalf.
After my death who can access my personal records?
A deceased person’s records may be accessed by Next of Kin, Legal Personal Representativies and other persons identified in the Regulations SI 47 of 1999.
Can I get access to any information that I seek?
Access to any official information held by the HSE can be sought under the Act. However, in certain defined circumstances it will sometimes be necessary to exempt from release certain types of information. These exemptions are set out in the Act. Some key exemptions which may be used relate to:
- Personal information (other than information relating to the person making the request).
- Information supplied to the HSE in confidence.
- Law enforcement and Public Safety
- Commercially sensitive information
- Deliberations of Public Bodies
- Functions and Negotiations of Public Bodies.
While the HSE will seek to protect the privacy of individuals and information supplied in confidence, in certain circumstances it may be in the public interest to release such information.
Is there a charge for accessing information under the F.O.I. Act?
- There is no initial application fee under the Freedom of Information Act 2014 (14th of October 2014).
- Non personal information: Search, retrieval and copying fees, these can only be charged in respect of records actually released.
- minimum threshold of €100 below which no search, retrieval and copying fees can be charged. Once the charge exceeds €100, full fees apply;
- a cap on the amount of search, retrieval and copying fees that can be charged of €500;
- a further upper limit on estimated search, retrieval and copying fees at €700 above which an FOI body can refuse to process a request, unless the requester is prepared to refine the request to bring the search, retrieval and copying fees below the limit;
- Internal review under Section 21 is €30 (€10 for medical card holders and their dependants)
- Appeals to the Information Commissioner under Section 22 is €50 (€15 for medical card holders and their dependants).
What can I do if I am unhappy with a decision on my request, e.g. where access has been refused, deferred or only partially granted?
- You may appeal the decision to a HSE Internal Reviewer.
- You may appeal to the Information Commissioner against the decision of the HSE Internal Reviewer.
- You may appeal to the High Court on a point of law only.
How do I request an Internal Review?
If you are unhappy with the decision made on your F.O.I request you may appeal to the Internal Reviewer named in the Decision Letter within 4 weeks of the initial decision.
This review is independent of the initial Decision Maker’s decision. You will receive an acknowledgement from the Internal Reviewer of receipt of the review within 5 working days and a completed decision within 15 working days.
How do I request an External Review?
If you are unhappy with the Internal Reviewer’s decision you may appeal directly to the Information Commissioner where an independent review of the matter will be carried out. You must apply for an external review within six months of the internal review decision being made. The Information Commissioner will then examine firstly, how the application was handled in the HSE and secondly, the records involved in the request. The Information Commissioner has to make a decision on the appeal within 4 months.
The Commissioner can be contacted at :
Office of Information Commissioner
18 Lower Leeson Street,
Tel: 01 639 5689
Fax: 01 661 0570
Is it always necessary to make a FOI request to get information from public bodies?
No - You may be able to obtain the information you require by other means such as:
- By discussion with the relevant member of the HSE’s staff.
- By information leaflets, annual reports, etc. which the HSE publishes.
- By administrative access, i.e. by writing to the appropriate Officer of the HSE stating the information/record requested.
What information publications/leaflets are available?
As required by the Freedom of Information Acts 2014 the HSE has produced information leaflets on specific services provided to the public. These leaflets can be picked up at the HSE location providing the particular service. | <urn:uuid:cb6b2559-b7da-49e5-bf35-1315e9903fbc> | {
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The Martin Jetpack, really a piston-engine pack powered by a derivative of a Mercury motorboat engine, has reached 5,000 feet above New Zealand with a mannikin simulating the pilot. It should be ready for delivery, the company says, in 18 months. However, it came to Oshkosh in 2008 able to hover at only a few feet with two assistants to steady it, and the promise then was that it was ready for delivery in 2009. See it fly here, and parachute back to Earth. I recall doing an interview with the developer’s high-school-age son, then the company test pilot, and asking him why he didn’t fly higher than a few feet. “Because I don’t want to fall and I don’t want to hit the ground,” he said then. The developer’s first test pilot was his dedicated and supportive wife. It descends under a parachute, although the design calls for it to land under its own power. The developer, Glenn Martin, said use of the chute was a test of the emergency landing system, but the video was cut so as not to show the actual impact of landing. The machine was damaged–the mannikin had no comment. | <urn:uuid:ecb0f1ef-b3c7-4f7b-8479-90827bcba2cc> | {
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Math minute worksheets - mad minutes - basic facts, Minute math drills, or mad minutes, are timed basic fact worksheets to help students improve speed and accuracy with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.. Math fact cafe® official site | -5 math worksheets, Math fact cafe provides the best free and printable k-5 math worksheet generators for flashcards, time, money, word problems, games, and more.. Multiplication math activity worksheets, Free division math printable activity worksheets. grade one. grade two.
Puzzle pics multiplication | mathplayground., Play puzzle pics multiplication mathplayround.! find product complete mystery picture.. http://www.mathplayground.com/puzzle_pics_multiplication.html Multiplication puzzles:, Useful memorizing multiplication facts. page converts / messages arithmetic problems. enter line1, line2 line3.. http://www.softschools.com/math/multiplication/puzzles/ Holiday fun - free online math game | multiplication., Build gingerbread house practicing multiplication facts. fun learning times tables.. http://www.multiplication.com/games/play/holiday-fun | <urn:uuid:e4293b18-42c7-4c65-90ee-b5f2998e81a5> | {
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According to archeologists and historians, man has used domesticated canines to hunt wild game for as long as 15,000 years. When European settlers reached North America in the 1600s, they brought their hunting dog traditions with them. Experts believe that the first authentic pack of hunting dogs in the colonies was established by Robert Brooke of Maryland in 1650.
But hunting with dogs in early North America represented a tectonic cultural shift away from the European style of hunting. For centuries in Europe, hunting wild game was a diversion available only to the rich and powerful. Game animals traditionally belonged to royalty and the landed gentry. Peasants caught “poaching the King’s deer” often met their fate at the end of a hangman’s noose.
In the colonies and later in the newly independent United States, wild game belonged to all free white males, regardless of their wealth or social class. Unfortunately, women and people of color had no similar rights, but that injustice was eventually rectified. The influx of Scotch-Irish immigrants to America in the mid-1700s ushered in the use of trained hounds to hunt so-called “Virginia deer” in Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
But storm clouds began to gather early for dog-hunting in America. (Note: Hunting deer with dogs is commonly referred to as “dog-hunting.”) In 1738, the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a law that required owners of deer dogs to keep their animals confined except when they were actually involved in a deer hunt. In 1876, Wisconsin became the first state to ban dog-hunting altogether. The bitterly debated Adirondack Deer Law of 1888 imposed tight strictures on dog-hunting in New York. By 1920, all of the Northeastern states had outlawed dog-hunting for deer.
DOG-HUNTING IN THE DEEP SOUTH
As many deer hunters know, dog-hunting can be highly effective. By 1900, whitetail numbers were at an all-time low. Thanks to conservation efforts, the ever-resilient whitetails made a dramatic recovery in the last century. Now there are an estimated 30 million “Virginia deer” spread across 45 states.
Today, 11 states still allow deer hunting with dogs. However, two of the states, California and Hawaii, have no whitetail populations, and state game management officials tightly control the use of dogs to hunt axis, blacktail and mule deer. So the last bastion of dog-hunting for whitetails is found in nine states that were once part of the Old Confederacy: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. Another former Confederate state, Texas, allowed dog-hunting until 1990, when it was banned due to a flood of complaints from landowners and non-hunters. Incidentally, Texas now has an estimated 4 million whitetails, which is the largest population in any individual state or Canadian province.
Deer hunters who believe that their sport is under attack may be surprised and pleased to learn that the country as a whole still overwhelmingly supports the preservation of our hunting tradition. An extensive 2008 public opinion survey indicated that 78 percent of Americans approve of continued legal hunting for wild game. Unfortunately, the same poll showed that support for dog-hunting is dangerously low.
The following information represents an overview of dog-hunting regulations, the current status of dog deer hunting, and likely future prospects for this traditional hunting method in several dog-hunting states in the South.
Dog-hunting rights have seriously eroded in Alabama. Of the 67 counties in the state, 35 have completely or partially banned dog-hunting. U.S. National Forest Service land in 13 Alabama counties is also closed to dog-hunting. Of the counties that still allow dog deer hunting, five have established regulations to govern hunting clubs. The clubs can be placed on probation or have their dog-hunting permits revoked by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) for violation of state hunting regulations, or if the number of public complaints becomes excessive. An ADCNR spokesman said that violations of hunting regulations and the number of public complaints have been noticeably reduced in the five counties that adopted permit requirements for dog-hunting clubs.
Don Knight, president of the Alabama Dog-Hunters Association, is an eloquent spokesman for dog-hunters across the South, not just in his native Alabama. “I am fighting for all hunters,” Knight insisted. “I have eight grandchildren who I truly hope will get the opportunity to choose if they want to hunt or not. . . .
“Each year, the ADCNR closes more counties or parts of counties to dog-hunting. This makes a few people happy, but it puts more people out of hunting. This keeps young people from having a chance to see if they like hunting. In Alabama, less than 6 percent of the people buy hunting licenses, and that number is dropping each year. We all must give up a little to preserve the future of hunting. Our forefathers set our country up so that the game belongs to all of the people, not just the landowners. People who think that dog-hunting should be prohibited need to realize that they are killing off all hunting, and not just one hunting method.”
While Florida still allows dog-hunting throughout much of the state, even the Florida Wildlife Commission (FWC) has had to bend to the will of dog-hunting opponents in recent years. In 2005, the FWC introduced mandatory registration for deer-hunting dogs and the parcels of land where they are used. The registration permits are issued to private landowners and deer hunting clubs.
No registration is required to hunt deer with dogs on public land, such as the sprawling Ocala National Forest. Deer dog collars must display the registration numbers, and hunters controlling dogs must have registration permits in their possession. The registration permits also specify which dogs are allowed to hunt on particular tracts of land. FWC officials said that dog trespassing complaints have fallen significantly since the registration requirement was instituted.
In spite of these improvements, said FWC spokesman Tony Young, “Dog-hunting is one of the hunting methods that has the greatest potential to produce future negative legislation in the Florida Legislature.” Young acknowledged that only a small percentage of dog-hunters are guilty of unethical or illegal behavior. But he added, “Some folks’ perception is that all dog-hunters have little regard for landowners’ rights. When this happens, all hunters lose support from the non-hunting public. Dog-hunters must regulate themselves and encourage their peers to hunt ethically and responsibly. Otherwise, they could be helping to destroy the sport that they love.”
A number of informed observers of the Southern dog-hunting controversy have pointed to the so-called “Georgia model” as a possible overall solution for the problem. Prior to 2003, confrontations between dog-hunters and landowners had reached such a fevered pitch that as many as 10 counties, representing 25 percent of the state’s dog-hunting land, were prepared to ban dog-hunting outright. Fortunately, the Georgia Dog-Hunters Association demonstrated rare political savvy by brokering a deal in the state Legislature that would preserve dog-hunting by making it subject to new regulations.
On July 1, 2003, Georgia House Bill 815 (HB-815) took effect. The new law contained three fundamental provisions: 1) Landowners who want to hunt deer with dogs on their property are required to obtain a permit from the Georgia Wildlife Resources Division (GWRD). 2) The permitted property must consist of at least 1,000 contiguous acres (later reduced to 250 acres). 3) All dogs and vehicles used to hunt deer on permitted property must be identified with a permit number.
Two years later, John W. Bowers and H. Todd Holbrook of the GWRD told the Southeast Deer Study Group, “The GWRD has issued permits to 358 dog deer hunting clubs, covering more than 1.7 million acres. Of those clubs, 75 percent had no significant problems or violations; 19 percent had minor problems; and 3 percent had significant problems or violations. Only two clubs had their permits revoked.”
Bowers and Holbrook cautioned that, even after the enactment of HB-815, “considerable opposition still exists and additional law changes are likely. However, the new . . . regulations hold the potential to eliminate aggressive, non-compliant clubs, thereby protecting hunting opportunities for law-abiding, ethical dog clubs, even in the presence of majority . . . public opposition.”
Dog-hunting in Cajun country has very few neutral observers. “This issue has caused and continues to cause controversy in the state,” said Scott Durham of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fish (LDWF). For purposes of deer hunting regulation, the LDWF divided the state into eight zones. In five of the zones, dog-hunting is allowed during seasons that do not coincide with still-hunting for deer. In the remaining three zones, dog-hunting is not permitted. The LDWF retains the final legal authority to establish or amend all dog-hunting regulations.
Louisiana’s most heated dog-hunting dispute centers on the 640,000-acre Kisatchie National Forest (KNF). The forest is unique, because it comprises five non-contiguous parcels (called ranger districts) that are spread across seven parishes. “The Kisatchie is a favorite hunting destination, and we are very proud of that fact,” said USFS spokesman Jim Caldwell. “We promote hunting in the KNF, and many of our hunters use dogs. We know that dog-hunting is a traditional sport in the South, but we are concerned about dog-hunting (and the public complaints it generates).”
The state’s colorful political machine appears to have lined up on the side of the dog-hunters. Governor Bobby Jindal, Senator Mary Landrieu, several members of Congress, and a number of state legislators all have expressed their support for continued dog deer hunting in the KNF. The USFS has proposed to ban dog-hunting in the KNF during the 2009-2010 hunting season, but the influential Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission (LWFC) voted unanimously to allow eight days of dog deer hunting in the KNF this season. Traditionally, it is USFS practice to follow state hunting and firearms regulations in national forests, but after the LWFC vote, the local USFS official would say only that he planned to consult with his superiors in Washington before making any statements or taking any action. | <urn:uuid:d9d68021-c961-4a41-a831-85bea28824b1> | {
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August, 2006 -- March, 2013.
Spherometers are small precision instruments for measuring the radius of curvature of spherical surfaces. The term may also be spelled as a "spheremeter" or "sphereometer". The most common application of a spherometer is the measurement of an unknown lens shape, in order to study its optical characteristics. This is the application I had in mind in designing these instruments, and they are scaled in size accordingly.
While spherometers have been around for centuries, and are commercially available today (surplusshed.com specimen, search eBay) my designs are novel in that they are fixtures which work with standard digital calipers and a flatness reference, instead of the usual design which incorporates a micrometer. Thus they are easily made in the machine shop, and need not be fabricated in high precision, but still produce precise measurements. Since an optics laboratory is likely to be equipped with calipers and flats already, the addition of a spherometer may be nearly free.
The principle of metrology in the spherometer is simple: the tips of 3 legs, or the rim of a conical projection, are held in a fixed plane and rested on the subject surface. The chordal distance from the center of these sample points to the surface is measured, and by geometry the radius of the sphere is known from the chordal distance and leg space or rim diameter.
See the CAD models and drawings (223 KB PDF file). The drawings should be sufficient for a machinist to fabricate the complete assembly.
The rim type spherometer is cut from aluminum, steel, or brass with a single fixturing procedure on a lathe. This design suffers from over-constraint in the sense of kinematic design principles, but it is easier to make. In contrast, the 3-leg sphereometer is kinematically sound, and with proper calibration is capable of the best precision attainable in this type of instrument.
The 3-leg type is likewise made from metal, and requires drilling and tapping holes which should be located precisely as possible in a piece of metal plate, The metal plate need not be any particular shape, such as the disc shown in the drawings, as long as the holes are properly placed. These holes could be placed directly with a milling machine, or with a drill press by first scribing and center-punching the centers. The 3-leg screws can be accurately pointed in a lathe, but this could also be roughly improvised by hand filing. In principle the 3-leg spherometer fixture could be made with nothing but hand tools.
You can correct any inaccurate hole placement or screw symmetry by precisely measuring the screw tip spacing (such as by using the calipers) and adjusting radius in the formula accordingly. Or, you can measure a surface of known precise curvature, and invert the formula to learn the effective 3-leg radius.
The calipers required are of the standard digital type (inexpensive example) which measure to a precision of about 0.01mm. The flatness reference can be any hard, precisely flat item, such as an optical flat, a granite surface plate (inexpensive example), metalworking gage block, machine tool table or way, etc.
To calibrate (zero) the spherometer, you place the 3-legs (or rim of the cone in the cone type) onto the flatness reference. Insert the depth probe of the calipers through the center hole of the fixture, as if to measure the depth from the top of the fixture to the reference surface, and push the "zero" button to set the digital calipers to read zero at that depth. You can also zero to a lens of known precision curvature, and add the corresponding depth to subsequent measurements.
To measure a convex curvature, you probe the depth again with the digital calipers, this time to the subject lens surface from the top of the fixture, and record this distance. The radius of curvature is then R = r^2/2h + h/2, where r is the radius of the bolt circle (tips of the screws in the 3-leg design, or radius of the rim in the round type), and h is the depth measurement.
The bolt-circle diameter on the 3-leg spherometer is adjustable between 3 selections of 15mm, 30mm, or 50mm. To change the diameter, you simply remove the screws from one set of holes and insert them in the other. For best accuracy, you should use the largest diameter that is still smaller than the lens being measured. I chose 50mm as the largest size because that is about the largest diameter of lenses I work with. The design scales proportionately to larger sizes if needed.
Measuring a concave curvature is similar, except you may need to manipulate a small precision ball bearing of known diameter between the caliper depth probe and the surface under test (having likewise zeroed the calipers to the ball bearing against the flatness reference).
The instrument also allows quick comparisons of lenses by setting the curvature depth of one lens to zero on the calipers, and then probing other lenses. | <urn:uuid:7ecbd70d-78e5-49f9-adec-380360ad94e8> | {
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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
An act of starting an engine or other machine at the ambient temperature.‘electronic injection control makes cold starts easier’
- ‘After the ready light comes on and before the engine starts, the heated coolant is released into the head, substantially increasing the core temperatures in the head avoiding turn condensation during cold starts.’
- ‘And cold starts are also a problem because of the leaner mixture.’
- ‘Enginion says it takes an engine 30 seconds to reach maximum power from a cold start, though the car can drive away before then.’
- ‘Where a precise injection process can be freely varied to a considerable extent, faster warming up of the catalytic converter and lower hydrocarbon emissions during cold start are achievable.’
- ‘A small auxiliary throttle is used as a fail-safe should the Valvetronic system fail, to control fuel tank ventilation, and to improve cold starts.’
- ‘Several short trips taken from a cold start can use twice as much fuel as one trip covering the same distance when the engine is warm.’
- ‘Now, according to Mercury, carbureted engine owners no longer have to suffer this fate with their new ‘Turn Key Start’ or TKS system, which promises consistent and instant cold starts.’
- ‘On the other hand, we know there are still deficits regarding reliability and cold start.’
- ‘For example, one or two pre-injections of fuel prevent the emission of white and blue smoke just after a cold start and combustion noise is reduced.’
- ‘Manage cold starts so that excessive wear is avoided.’
- ‘When we relate this to the average distance travelled, cold starts represent between 28% and 40% of vehicle kilometres (the worst situation being 1981).’
- ‘The hot coolant is dumped into the engine when there's a cold start.’
- ‘This deals with the heavier demands placed on a car in winter conditions, as cold starts plus increased use of heater systems, headlights and rear demisters all take their toll.’
- ‘Secondary air delivered by an electric pump after a cold start was added to speed warm-up of the RX - 8's catalytic converter.’
- ‘Drives have a 50K power cycle rating and spin up in 8 seconds from cold start.’
- ‘‘This means an electrically driven unit can provide boost from a cold start, just off idle, or in transient response conditions, making boost totally independent of engine speed,’ says Gillette.’
- ‘Other improvements to the MPT vehicles include improved engine performance and enhanced clutch design for better hill climbing and better cold starts.’
- ‘Adding one or two pre-injections stops smoke generation just alter a cold start, ‘which also reduces combustion noise.’’
- ‘Temperature behavior and power consumption of the glow plugs is adjusted to the actual requirements of the engine, and voltage during cold start is regulated in four distinct phases.’
[with object] Start (an engine or machine) at the ambient temperature.‘it is possible to cold-start the unit in one hour’
- ‘He cold-started the pulse drives, which was usually a very, very bad idea in a populated area.’
- ‘For short distance travel, the public should be encouraged to walk or go cycling instead of ‘cold-starting’ their vehicles which is highly polluting.’
Are you looking for a word for a foolish person? We explore twelve interesting words to describe the dunderheads in your life.
Before you run for the hills, let’s run through a list of ‘run’ expressions that are running through our minds.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:c6ef5c52-e33d-4d2a-9b0a-4b38845c4ce2> | {
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Steps to write introduction to dissertation
Best resume writing services in atlanta ga 2014 steps to writing a dissertation essay writing service turnitin family fun homework help introduction, body and. How to write introduction for dissertation: step by step guide once you have set yourself for efficient work, define what exactly your introduction must include. Step 6: write introduction and conclusion argument or case you’ve presented adequately supports your thesis statement, you’re now ready to write your. Writing a dissertation introduction for you, our writers are going to include: the next step of the long process of writing is methodology. Click here click here click here click here click here steps to write introduction to dissertation dissertation editing — phd experts in all academic areas.
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Steps in writing the essay: essay introduction some people can not apprehend the aim of the introduction for writing an the essay are built on the thesis. How to write a thesis 1 introduction 1 introduction this is a working guide on writing a thesis it is intended to assist final year and post-graduate students in. Writing the dissertation1 introduction by the time you start to write the first draft of your dissertation, you will probably already have accumulated a wealth of. After writing the introduction but are the ones chosen by the author to fit her own needs in the thesis now complete this step in your planning. Top tips for writing your dissertation introduction chapter how to write the perfect first chapter writing help from professional writer.
A brief overview of the three major steps involved in writing a dissertation. In part 2 of our series, we look at how to communicate your ideas effectivelypart 1: how to plan your dissertation how to write your dissertation.
Writing a dissertation is the culminating the first step of your dissertation proposal process is—brace tense and should contain an introduction. Developing your dissertation introduction dissertation proposal writing help chances are that if you have successfully completed the dissertation steps needed. How to write a dissertation making these significant contributions and your dissertation will be your first major step with an introduction to the. How to write a dissertation or write the introduction next finally, complete an abstract key to success: by the way, there is a key to success: practice. | <urn:uuid:3e611fa0-27fd-4645-b4b2-9f62018054bf> | {
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Multiply by 2
In this multiplication worksheet, students multiply the number 2 by the numbers 0 through 9. Students complete 25 multiplication problems.
3 Views 1 Download
Identify and Describe Geometric Figures
In search of a comprehensive geometry resource to supplement your elementary math instruction? Look no further. This geometry chapter, taken straight out of a math textbook, provides everything you need to begin teaching young...
2nd - 6th Math CCSS: Adaptable
Smiling at Two Digit Multiplication!
How do I solve a two-digit multiplication problem? Your class tackles this question by walking through problem solving methods. They first investigates and applies traditional multiplication methods, and they then compare those with...
3rd - 4th Math CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:32742d66-546c-432f-b3b7-72ddb34a100c> | {
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The dog days of summer are here and it’s getting hot out there. But did you know that your dog needs protection from the sun just like you do? It’s true – the sun’s exposure can be dangerous and deadly for your pets. If you’re armed with the right information, you can make the summer safe and enjoyable for your pup.
Just because a dog has a coat of fur, it doesn’t mean that it is protected from the sun’s rays. Even a thick fur coat isn’t enough protection. Constant sun exposure can result in painful sunburns, skin ulcers, cancer and permanent skin damage. Some breeds are more susceptible to sunburn, like those that are fair skinned, white haired, short haired and have light colored noses.
Here are a few things you can do when it comes to sun protection for dogs:
1. There is sunscreen that’s made just for your dog. If your dog is outside during peak sunlight hours, use a non-toxic dog specific sunscreen that has an SPF of 15 or higher. Be sure to apply it to sunburn-prone areas such as the tips of ears, the bridge of the nose, groin area, inside the legs and underbelly. As with any product you apply to your dog’s skin, read the ingredient label carefully. If you’re using a sunscreen made for humans (which we do not recommend), avoid ones with PABA or zinc – these ingredients are toxic to your dog if ingested or licked. However, baby sunscreen is a safe alternative for your dog (as long as it doesn’t have zinc in it). Remember to reapply sunscreen to your dog every 4 to 6 hours or after a long time in the water.
2. Get some shade. Whether you’re on the beach, in the backyard or out in the park, make sure there’s enough shade available when it’s time to take a break from the sun. During peak direct sunlight hours (10 am and 3 pm), having a shaded area is vital for both dogs and humans.
Read the entire Hot Tips on Sun Protection For Dogs article on PetGuide.com. | <urn:uuid:e6c04770-f7e7-479c-9140-7cc0adf0625e> | {
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The Unlikely Medical History of Chocolate Syrup
At first glance, nothing seems particularly odd about the December 1896 edition of The Druggists Circular and Chemical Gazette, a catalog of products that any self-respecting pharmacy ought to carry. But look closer: Hiding among medical necessities like McElroy's glass syringes and Hirsh Frank & Co's lab coats, you’ll find some more curious finds—including Hershey's cocoa powder.
"Perfectly soluble,” boasts the ad in bold, capital lettering. “Warranted absolutely pure.” It reads as if it was peddling medicine—and in fact, it sort of was.
Druggists of the day often used the dark powder to whip up a syrup sweet enough to mask the flavor of objectionable remedies, explains Stella Parks, a pastry chef with the food and cooking website Serious Eats. Parks happened upon these vintage advertisements while she was researching her new book, BraveTart: Iconic American Desserts, which features lesser-known histories of our favorite sweet treats.
The Hershey's ad intrigued her. "What in the world are these guys doing advertising to druggists?" she recalls wondering at the time. By digging into the history and tracking down more pharmaceutical circulars and magazines, she discover the rich history of chocolate syrup, which began not with ice cream and flavored milk—but with medicine.
Our love of chocolate goes back over 3,000 years, with traces of cacao appearing as early as 1500 B.C. in the pots of the Olmecs of Mexico. Yet for most of its early history, it was consumed as a drink made from fermented, roasted, and ground beans. This drink was a far cry from the sweetened, milky stuff we call hot chocolate today: It was rarely sweetened, and likely very bitter.
Still, the roughly football-sized pods that cradled the beans were held in high esteem; the Aztecs even traded cacao as currency. Chocolate didn’t become popular overseas, however, until Europeans ventured into the Americas at the end of the 15th century. By the 1700s, the ground beans were avidly consumed throughout Europe and the American colonies as a sweetened, hot drink that was vaguely reminiscent to today’s hot cocoa.
At the time, chocolate was touted for its medicinal properties and prescribed as treatment for a range of diseases, says Deanna Pucciarelli, a professor of nutrition and dietetics at Ball State University who researches the medicinal history of chocolate. It was often prescribed for people suffering from wasting disease: The extra calories assisted in weight gain, and the caffeine-like compounds helped perk patients up. "It didn't treat the actual illness, but it treated the symptoms," she explains.
Yet for pharmacists, it wasn’t only the supposed health benefits but also the rich, velvety flavor that held such appeal. "One thing about medicines, even going way back, is that they are really bitter," says Diane Wendt, associate curator of the division of medicine and science at Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Many medications were originally derived from plants and fall in a class of compounds known as alkaloids, which has an acrid, mouth-puckering flavor. The first of these alkaloids, isolated by a German chemist in the early 1800s, was none other than morphine.
Chocolate, it turns out, effectively covered the toe-curling taste of these foul flavors. "Few substances are so eagerly taken by children or invalids, and fewer still are better than [chocolate] for masking the taste of bitter or nauseous medicinal substances," according to the 1899 text, The Pharmaceutical Era. | <urn:uuid:eaf18499-8fb5-4388-959d-5de57adcd8d4> | {
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The Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division holds panoramic maps done by Albert Ruger, Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler, Lucien R. Burleigh, Henry Wellge, and Oakley H. Bailey who were among the most prolific and successful panoramic map artists. Such well known print makers as Currier & Ives also made panoramic maps. Although this was not a leading panoramic mapmaking firm, this company's distinctive views were primarily of large cities. Most post-Civil War panoramic maps were of parochial interest, highlighting small cities and towns, and were more detailed than the average Currier & Ives' city perspective.Albert Ruger (1829-1899)
Albert Ruger was the first to achieve success as a panoramic artist. The collections of the Library's Geography and Map Division contain 213 city maps drawn or published by Ruger or by Ruger & Stoner. The majority came from Ruger's personal collection, which the Library purchased in 1941 from John Ramsey of Canton, Ohio. Before this accession, there were only four Ruger city plans in the Geography and Map Division. Born in Prussia in 1829, Ruger emigrated to the United States and worked initially as a mason. While serving with the Ohio Volunteers during the Civil War, he drew views of Union campsites, among them Camp Chase in Ohio and Stephenson's Depot in Virginia. He continued to draw after the war, and his prints include a famous lithograph of Lincoln's funeral car passing the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio.1
By 1866, Ruger had settled in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he began his prolific panoramic mapping career by sketching Michigan cities. Full descriptions of many Ruger views of Michigan cities are contained in John Cumming's A Preliminary Checklist of 19th Century Lithographs of Michigan Cities and Towns. Urban communities in some twenty-two states and Canada, ranging from New Hampshire to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Alabama, were sketched by Ruger. He continued his activity into the 1890s, moving his business to Chicago, Madison, and St. Louis as he sought new markets. In the late 1860s, Ruger formed a partnership with J. J. Stoner of Madison, Wisconsin, and together they published numerous city panoramas. Ruger was particularly productive during the 1860s; in 1869 alone, he produced more than sixty panoramic maps. In addition to city plans, he drew views of university campuses, among them Notre Dame, Shurtleff College, and the University of Michigan. Albert Ruger died in Akron, Ohio, on November 12, 1899.Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler (1842-1922)
The name which appears on the greatest number of panoramic maps in the collections of the Library of Congress is that of Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler. He was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1842, and ran away from home at the age of fifteen. When the first call for military volunteers for the Civil War was issued by President Lincoln, Fowler was in Buffalo, New York. Although initially rejected because he was underage, after some maneuvering Fowler was sworn into the 21st Regiment of the New York Volunteers at Elmira, New York, in May 1861. He received an ankle wound at the Second Battle of Bull Run and was honorably discharged at Boston in February 1863, leaving the hospital on crutches after refusing amputation. He then visited army camps where he made tintypes of soldiers. In 1864, Fowler migrated to Madison, Wisconsin, where he worked with his uncle J. M. Fowler, a photographer. He established his own panoramic map firm and in 1870 produced a view of Omro, Wisconsin. This was followed the next year by panoramas of Peshtigo, Sheboygan Falls, and Waupaca, Wisconsin.2 The Boston Public Library has six views drawn and published by Fowler in the 1870s. During that decade, he was employed as an artist by J. J. Stoner. Fowler moved from Madison around 1880 to northern New Jersey, first to the Oranges and later to Asbury Park. A panoramic map of Stewart, Ohio, which appears in D. J. Lake's Atlas of Athens Co., Ohio, is the earliest Fowler view in the Library of Congress's collections.3 Between 1881 and 1885, Fowler was located successively in Lewisburg and Shamokin, Pennsylvania, and in Trenton, New Jersey. On April 1, 1885, he moved with his family to Morrisville, Pennsylvania, where he maintained his headquarters for twenty-five years. One of the inconveniences of his profession was the recurring need to find new territory for his artistry. In a 1913 request for an increase in his military pension, Fowler noted that "although claiming home where my family was located--I was on the road as Publisher and Canvasser ever since the war.''4
Morrisville served as a convenient operating center as Fowler began to draw and publish views of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio cities. His production of Pennsylvania panoramas was greater than that of any other artist for a particular state. In the Library of Congress's collections, there are 220 separate Fowler views of Pennsylvania, representing 199 different towns. There are, moreover, an additional 165 Fowler views of Pennsylvania towns in the Pennsylvania State Archives and at Pennsylvania State University. This is an outstanding production record.
At various periods during his career, Fowler was associated with other panoramic artists. The association with James B. Moyer, of Myerstown Pennsylvania, from 1889 to 1902 was particularly extensive and productive. Some city maps were also published under the imprints Fowler & Kelly, Fowler & Albert E. Downs, and Fowler & Browning. After 1910, Fowler prepared panoramic maps of cities in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York for Oakley H. Bailey, who marketed his prints as "aero views".5
Throughout his career, which extended over fifty-four years, Thaddeus Fowler never ceased to find pleasure in drawing and publishing panoramic maps. In a letter to his granddaughter written in 1920, he said that he felt "an unadulterated joy"6 while sketching a view of Middletown, New York This was the expression of a man who at that time had been working at his profession fifty years! In the same letter, Fowler alluded to some of the problems viewmakers encountered. He was in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1918, he recalled, preparing an aero view of the city, probably in association with Oakley H. Bailey. Airplanes and a dirigible circling the city were included in the trademark of the aero view to give the impression that some of the information was derived from aerial reconnaissance, which, of course, was not true. Some Allentown citizens noticed the view with the planes on the manuscript map. In the excitement engendered by World War I, Fowler was accused of being a German spy and was jailed. Members of his immediate family drove from Morrisville to identify their father, who suffered injury only to his pride in the incident. In the 1920 letter previously cited, Fowler also noted that Oakley H. Bailey had taken up my job at Allentown where I left off. The Sec'y of the Chamber of Commerce was very much taken with the drawing as far as I had it done and promised to help. Mayor Gross was very gracious and also favored the idea very much. Quite a different reception Bailey had to mine. There's no doubt we will do well there. 7
The Allentown panorama, the largest extant Fowler view, apparently was never published. The original drawing was presented to the Library in 1970 by his daughter-in-law, Mrs. T. B. (Roxana) Fowler. The magnificent pen-and-ink manuscript with grey wash, which measures 28 by 71 inches, engaged Thaddeus Fowler and Oakley H. Bailey for over four years. A feeling of the city's vitality was expressed by drawings of operating industrial plants, trains in motion, city thoroughfares filled with automobiles and pedestrians, and a group of fans watching a baseball game. The Allentown map was one of the last to which Fowler contributed. He died in March 1922 in his eightieth year, following a fall on icy streets incurred while preparing a panorama of Middletown, New York. Fowler's career spanned the entire period of panoramic map production, and only Oakley H. Bailey shares this distinction.
The views of Thaddeus Fowler include cities and towns in at least twenty-one states and Canada.8 To date, 411 separate Fowler panoramas have been identified. Of the 324 in the Library of Congress, the majority were acquired on copyright deposit. In 1943, 60 Fowler views of Pennsylvania and West Virginia were purchased from the Laurel Book Service, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, among which are 11 of the Library's 28 Fowler views of West Virginia. In 1970 and 1971, the artist's daughter-in-law Mrs. T. B. (Roxana) Fowler and her family presented to the Library a collection of over 100 of his maps, 46 of them not previously in the Library's collections. This group has been kept together by the Library as the Fowler Map Collection.
An analysis of Fowler views of Pennsylvania towns suggests that the panoramic artist concentrated on a specific geographical area in a given year, very likely to minimize transportation problems.9 From 1889 to 1894, for example, he sketched cities in eastern Pennsylvania. In 1889, he focused on Schuykill County; from 1890 to 1892, he focused on the Scranton and Wilkes-Barre area; and in 1893, he mapped the area north of Philadelphia. He made views of cities between Morrisville and Chambersburg in 1894, and from 1895 to 1897, he worked in the western part of the state, especially around Pittsburgh and in the northwest sector of Pennsylvania. In 1898 and 1899, Fowler sketched West Virginia towns, and from 1900 to 1903, he was back in western Pennsylvania. Subsequently, he made trips to Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia to draw city plans and to investigate the possibility of expanding his trade into the South, which proved unsuccessful.
Fowler gained commissions for city plans by interesting citizens and civic groups in the idea of a panoramic map of their community. After one town had agreed to having a map made, he would seek to involve neighboring communities. By noting that he had already secured an agreement for a view from one town in the area, he would play on the pride, community spirit, and sense of competition of adjacent communities. By such promotional procedures, he garnered commitments for panoramic maps from a limited geographical area, thus reducing travel expenses. Similar methods were employed by Ruger, Stoner, and Burleigh.Oakley H. Bailey (1843-1947)
Oakley H. Bailey, another outstanding panoramic map artist and publisher and a close friend of Thaddeus Fowler, was born of Quaker parents June 14, 1843, in Mahoning County, Ohio. He enrolled in Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, in 1862. His studies were disrupted temporarily in 1864, while he served with the 143d Ohio Volunteer Militia, Company F, but he returned to school after his service obligation and graduated from Mount Union in 1866. He taught briefly in the area school system, but in 1866 he left Ohio and entered business with his brother H. H. Bailey and edited a business directory of Ohio. His territory reached as far as Chicago, Indianapolis, and Minneapolis. In 1871, he turned to the profession of making panoramic maps. Bailey's career began in Madison, Wisconsin, but by 1874, he had moved to Boston. From headquarters there and in New York City, Bailey published panoramic maps of American cities until the late 1920s, first under the name "bird's-eye views" and later as "aero views".10 His brother H. H. Bailey, who also drew views, was Oakley's partner for many years.
There are 127 Bailey items in the Library of Congress, and the Boston Public Library has 242 views drawn or published by Bailey between 1874 and 1891. A Bailey drawing of Atlantic City, measuring over seven feet in length, shows five or six miles of the famous boardwalk, myriad hotels, other buildings, and the ocean front. His maps were issued under the imprints of Oakley H. Bailey, Oakley H. Bailey & Co., O. H. Bailey & J. C. Hazen, Bailey & Fowler, Bailey & Hughes, Bailey & Moyer, Fowler & Bailey, and Hughes & Bailey. In the 1920s, the firm of Hughes & Cinquin produced panoramic maps under the sponsorship of Oakley H. Bailey, who had retired in 1927. Perhaps by that time Bailey's eyesight had become too weak to permit him to continue the tedious, close work required of a panoramic artist. He died on August 13, 1947, in Alliance, Ohio, at the age of 104.
When asked in 1932 why he had gone into the panoramic map business instead of farming, Bailey replied that at an early age he had realized that pastoral pursuits were filled with too many uncertainties. He chose instead the career of panoramic map publishing and remained active in it for fifty-five years, drawing and publishing maps of cities in some twenty northern states and Canada.11 In a 1932 interview, he further noted: The business has been practically without competition as so few could give it the patience, care and skill essential to success. But now the airplane cameras are covering the territory and can put more towns on paper in a day than was possible in months by hand work formerly.12Lucien R. Burleigh (1853-1923)
Equally as prolific as Bailey in publishing maps of northeastern U.S. cities was Lucien R. Burleigh of Troy, New York. During the 1880s, Burleigh's views of New York and New England were particularly popular. The Library of Congress has 163 Burleigh panoramic city plans. State and local archives in New York may contain even more of Burleigh's views. An 1883 Troy city directory listed Burleigh as a civil engineer. By 1886, he had become a lithographer and view publisher, publishing under the name Burleigh Lithographing Company. An advertisement in the 1886 city directory stated that the firm did fine work in all branches of engraving and printing, with "views of buildings and villages a specialty."13 Burleigh published panoramic maps as late as 1892, but his most productive years were from 1885 to 1890. Views were published under his personal name and under the imprint Burleigh Lithographing Company or Burleigh Lithographing Establishment.Henry Wellge (1850-1917)
Henry Wellge, like Albert Ruger, was a midwestern panoramic map artist and publisher. He worked initially for J. J. Stoner, but in the 1880s, he established his own company. His views of towns in twenty-four states were issued under several imprints--Henry Wellge & Co., Norris, Wellge & Co., and the American Publishing Co.Other Panoramic Artists
Among other noteworthy panoramic map artists were Herman Brosius, Rene Cinquin, Albert E. Downs, Eli S. Glover, Augustus Koch, George E. Norris, and George H. Walker. The latter was also a successful publisher of atlases and maps.Publishers of Panoramic Maps
The urban areas in the midwestern and eastern United States were of primary interest to panoramic map artists. Several of the artists began their careers in the midwest, particularly in Madison, Wisconsin. During the 1860s and 1870s, a large number of panoramic maps of midwestern cities and towns appeared. By the late 1870s, the Madison group had dispersed. Ruger and Stoner remained in that city, but Bailey and Fowler moved eastward to virgin territory. The latter two and Lucien Burleigh made the Middle Atlantic and New England states the chief production center for bird's-eye views during the 1880s and 1890s. It was in these areas, moreover, that the panoramic map business had its final flurry of activity in the 1920s.
During the 1860s and 1870s, the major publishers and lithographers of panoramic maps were concentrated in the Chicago-Milwaukee area because of the proximity to the artists' center of Madison. Beck & Pauli Lithographers (Milwaukee), Joseph J. Stoner (Madison), and Merchants Lithographers and Chicago Lithographers (Chicago) were responsible for a large percentage of the panoramas. Adam Beck and Clemens J. Pauli operated one of the most active lithographic firms in this area, producing views drawn in thirty states and Canada. Beck and Pauli printed views from 1878 to 1889, being most active during the mid-1880s. Clemens J. Pauli tried his own hand at drawing and printing views in 1889.
Another active producer was Charles Shober, whose panoramas appeared under several imprints, including Charles Shober & Co., Shober & Carqueville Lithographing Co., and the Chicago Lithographing Co. Joseph J. Stoner was the Madison publisher most identified with the Milwaukee-Chicago area panoramic map business. Every major view artist except Lucien R. Burleigh had works published at one time or another by Stoner. By the 1880s, publishers and lithographers on the east coast of the United States rivaled the midwestern companies.
In the Far West 14 and the South, panoramic maps never attained the popularity they achieved in the area north of the Mason-Dixon line, between Maine and Minnesota. Attempts to extend the industry to the South and the West were not particularly successful, although panoramic maps of a few cities in Alabama, Arkansas, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Colorado were produced. Views of communities in the state of Washington were drawn by Eli S. Glover and Henry Wellge in a span of one or two years in the 1870s or 1880s. Wellge's views of the state, for example, were all drawn in 1884. The South was economically unable to support views of their cities during Reconstruction, and northern canvassers probably would not have been welcome. More significantly, perhaps, the focal point of life in the South was the farm or plantation, not the village or town as in the midwestern and the northeastern states.
Similarly, the panoramic map business never gained in popularity Canada. The Library's collections contain only 36 panoramic maps of Canadian cities. The Public Archives of Canada has 112 unique panoramic maps of which 48 are original views.
John R. Hébert and Patrick E. Dempsey, Panoramic Maps of Cities in th e United States and Canada
Cumming, comp., A Preliminary Checklist of 19th Century Lithographs
of Michigan Cities and Towns (Mount Pleasant, Michigan: Clarke Historical
Library, Central Michigan University, c1969), p. iii.
BACK TO TEXT
2. Five of the six
Fowler views of Wisconsin (Oconomowoc 1870, Omro 1870, Peshtigo 1871, Sheboygan
Falls 1871, and Waupaca 1871) are in the collections of the State Historical
Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; the sixth Fowler view (Burlington
1871) is in the collections of the Burlington Historical Society, Burlington,
BACK TO TEXT
3. The 1870 Fowler view of Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, included
in the Library's list of panoramic maps predates the 1875 Ohio view. However,
it is a positive photostatic reproduction of an original in the State Historical
Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
BACK TO TEXT
4. From Thaddeus Fowler's military pension
records, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
BACK TO TEXT
5. Information on Fowler from his military pension record, National
Archives, and from an unpublished
account of his life by his son, Thaddeus B. Fowler. A copy of the son's
recollections was given to the author by James Raymond Warren, Sr. From
that same source we learned that Fowler married Elizabeth Anna Dann in
1875 in Madison, Wisconsin. Five children came of this union.
BACK TO TEXT
6. Fowler to Ruth Fowler, April 11, 1920. Ruth Fowler later became
Sinclair, Morrisville, Pennsylvania.
BACK TO TEXT
BACK TO TEXT
8. To our knowledge, his Canadian views include Windsor, Nova
Scotia, and Windsor, Ontario, in 1878;
Kentville, Nova Scotia, in 1879; Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1880; Norwich, Simcoe,
and Tilsonburg, Ontario, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1881.
BACK TO TEXT
to James R. Warren, an acknowledged expert on Fowler, at least fifty
maps covering five states held in the collections of the Boston Public
Library which are signed "O. H. Bailey & Co." are, in fact,
maps drawn by Fowler in the early 1880s. Warren asserts that the maps were
left unsigned because Fowler did not want his creditors to know his whereabouts
and so had no fixed abode although he was moving from town to town in the
provinces of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The maps contain
many of Fowler's conventional artistic trademarks including the slanted
lettering, the back slanted figures 1 and 7, and smoke emitting from steamships,
railroads, and factories. Fowler would oftentimes include his own image
in the views.
BACK TO TEXT
10. "A 'Young' Old Timer," Sebring (Ohio)
BACK TO TEXT
BACK TO TEXT
BACK TO TEXT
13. Troy, New York, Directory. . . 1886.
(Sampson, Murdock & Co.), p. 558.
BACK TO TEXT
14. George Henry Goddard drew low
oblique angle views of California towns in the 1850s. John W. Reps' Cities
of the American West (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,
c1979) cites over three dozen panoramic maps of California towns as well
as many other towns in the Far West published between 1865 and 1900.
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The Dark Side of Compliance
Cambridge Handbook on Compliance (Forthcoming)
18 Pages Posted: 16 Sep 2019 Last revised: 8 Nov 2019
Date Written: September 10, 2019
Compliance — from the root “to comply” — is “the set of rules, principles, controls, authorities, offices, and practices designed to ensure that the organization conforms to external and internal norms.” But towards what ends does management use an organization’s compliance system?
Compliance ideally has aspirations to at least discourage outright violations of the law, if not to encourage ethical behavior more generally. The methods through which management enforces compliance, however, can increase unethical behavior within the corporation and have, in some cases, incubated and helped perpetuate illegal behavior. The paper explores this dark side of compliance, and how using tools of compliance can go wrong.
Keywords: compliance, data, monitoring, culture, norms, wrongdoing, wide-spread, corporate, corporations, board of directors, management, compliance officers, control, methods of control, pressure, incentives, goals
JEL Classification: K24, K20, K22, K29, K40, L21, L29, L50, L59
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What do you see in this satellite photo?
We continue our trip up western North America to find a convergent plate boundary where oceanic crust subducts beneath oceanic crust. North of the contiguous U.S. lies Canada, and north of Canada lies Alaska. A line of volcanoes, known as the Aleutian Islands, is the result of ocean-ocean convergence. In this satellite image is an erupting volcano, topped by snow or ice, and surrounded by seawater - a member of the Aleutian chain. Let’s take a look at this boundary and the volcanic arc.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
When two plates converge, what happens depends on the types of lithosphere that meet. We explored what happens when oceanic crust meets continental crust. Another type of convergent plate boundary is found where two oceanic plates meet. In this case the older, denser slab of oceanic crust will plunge beneath the less dense one.
The features of a subduction zone where an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate are the same as a continent-ocean subduction zone. An ocean trench marks the location where the plate is pushed down into the mantle. In this case, the line of volcanoes that grows on the upper oceanic plate is an
. Do you think earthquakes are common in these regions (
Subduction of an ocean plate beneath other oceanic crust results in a volcanic island arc, an ocean trench, and many earthquakes
In the north Pacific, the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the North American Plate just as it was off of the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The difference is that here the North American plate is covered with oceanic crust. Remember that most plates are made of different types of crust. This subduction creates the Aleutian Islands, many of which are currently active (see
). Airplanes sometimes must avoid flying over these volcanoes for fear of being caught in an eruption.
The arc of the island arc that is the Aleutian Islands is easily seen in this map of North Pacific air routes over the region.
If the two plates that meet at a convergent plate boundary both are of oceanic crust, the older, denser plate will subduct beneath the less dense plate.
The features of an ocean-ocean subduction zone are the same as those of an ocean-continent subduction zone, except that the volcanic arc will be a set of islands known as an island arc.
The older plate subducts into a trench, resulting in earthquakes. Melting of mantle material creates volcanoes at the subduction zone.
Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
Describe a subduction zone.
What forms this subduction zone?
Where and why does melting occur?
What is formed on the continental plate?
Where can an example of this plate boundary be found?
Why do arc volcanoes appear in a line?
Why are there volcanoes near subduction zones?
Compare and contrast the features of an ocean-ocean convergent plate boundary with the features of an ocean-continent convergent plate boundary.
How do the Aleutian volcanoes differ from the Cascades volcanoes?
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Single-channel video artworks are created using technologies that were originally designed to be ephemeral. The video signal itself, of course, began its technological life as television, a medium designed for the live transmission of images, not their permanent retention. Videotape, introduced in 1956, was developed specifically to record live television programs for rebroadcast in later time zones; tapes generally didn't need to survive longer than a few hours. DVDs, though often touted as permanent, have stability problems that are only beginning to become apparent. In recent years, changing display technology has complicated the problem: many video works were created with the specific qualities of the cathode ray tube (CRT) in mind. CRTs are rapidly becoming obsolete, and soon will be commercially unavailable. Yet basic preservation actions-and thoughtful long-term planning-can insure that video artworks survive for generations to come. This section will explore the issues related to the preservation of video materials-information that will also be of use for many computer-based or installation works as well.
© 2006-2009 | Independent Media Arts Preservation, Inc. | <urn:uuid:04704e03-f9ae-446c-be1b-e0cdcc25e4c1> | {
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Posted 2 years ago on April 23, 2012, 2:45 p.m. EST by niphtrique
from Sneek, FR
This content is user submitted and not an official statement
When interest on money is charged, money in the future is worth less than money now. This has a major impact on investment choices. Interest promotes investments that are unsustainable and wasteful. If no interest was charged, sustainable investments would be more attractive. The following example comes from Poor because of Money from Strohalm:
Suppose that a cheap house will last 33 years and that it will cost 200,000 Euro to build. The yearly cost will be 6,060 Euro (200,000 divided by 33). A more expensive house costs twice as much (400,000 Euro) but will last a hundred years. This house will cost only 4,000 Euro per year. For two thousand Euro per year less, it is possible to build a house that is not only more pleasant to live in, but will also cost less in energy use.
After going to the bank for a mortgage application the math changes, because the bank calculates interest. If the interest rate is 10% then the expensive house will not only cost 4,000 Euro per year on write-offs, but during the first year there will be an additional interest charge of 40,000.00 Euro (10% of 400,000.00 Euro).
The long lasting house now costs 44,000.00 Euro in the first year. The cheaper house now appears less expensive again. There is the yearly write off of 6,060.00 Euro but during the first year there is only 20,000.00 Euro in interest charges. Total costs for the first year are only 26,060 Euro. During the following years, lower interest charges still make the less durable house cheaper.
This example shows that without interest charges there is a tendency to select long-term solutions while with interest charges short-term solutions will be preferred. Interest charges make long-term solutions uneconomical. This is also true on a larger scale. Natural resources such as rainforests are squandered because of a short term profit. Intelligent forest management could earn a profit for centuries to come but within the present money system it can be more profitable to cut down the rainforest now and put the money in the bank to earn interest. | <urn:uuid:0cc1e796-aabe-418b-be08-6db35771b01e> | {
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Our 45-Day Money Back Guarantee makes ordering risk free!
Confederate States of America
After the election of Abraham Lincoln, 7 states seceded from the Union. Soon others joined, forming the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy issued currency from 1861-1864 – notes that to this day are relics of that historic era.
Products: ( 1 - 16 of 16 ) | <urn:uuid:2a972d06-a697-4592-a2a3-cada7020afff> | {
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Doppler Effect The Doppler shift (sometimes called the Doppler effect) is a change in frequency of emitted waves produced by motion of an emitting source relative to an observer. The Dutch meteorologist Buys-Ballot conducted one of the most famous experiments to confirm the Doppler shift. He put a group of musicians on a train and took up his position on a station platform. He asked the train driver to rush past him as fast as he could while the musicians played and held a constant note, and was able to detect the Doppler shift (as a change in pitch) as the train passed him (Filkin and Hawking 1997, p. 65).
Let the source be in the frame, moving right with velocity towards the stationary frame. Let the observer be in the A frame, moving right with the velocity away from the source, | <urn:uuid:cb7695c4-b612-4f84-a8af-dd82416de343> | {
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Internet & the World Wide Web
What is the Internet?
In the late 1960s, the United States Department of Defense (DOD) developed an experimental communication system called ARPANet. This network initially linked computer networks at U.S. military bases. It was later extended to include defense-related companies and research institutions. In the early 1980s these interconnected networks spread widely to include universities and other organizations. With the advent of personal computers, this network of networks spread rapidly worldwide. This phenomenon of expanding networks became known as the Internet.
Today, the Internet exists globally.
What is the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web, also known as the Web, is an architectural framework for accessing hypertext documents spread out over millions of computers all over the world. Historically, the Web started in 1989 at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. At this lab, large teams of scientists had worked together to carry out research on particle physics. These teams' members were located all over the European countries. Because of the need to share scientific documents and data, the Web was borned.
Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the Web, proposed to link the hypertext documents for this lab in March 1989. In December 1991, a public demonstration of the Web was given at the Hypertext '91 conference in San Antonio, Texas. In February 1993, the first graphical interface browser, Mosaic was released.
More information can be found in the World Wide Web Consortium, www.w3.org/WWW/.
PLEASE HELP US KEEP THIS SITE CURRENT. To be effective, this site, as well as sites it refers to, must be updated frequently. We hope you, the users, will help us in this task. If you feel something here has not helped you, or that you have found a site elsewhere that covers the instructional material better, please let us know.
Last updated (bc) 8/30/98 | <urn:uuid:cf618049-3077-4ee2-b4fb-4859b47f515c> | {
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Fatty liver disease is a condition marked by fat accumulation in the liver that can occur in drinkers and nondrinkers alike. While some liver fat is common, too much fat in the liver can cause inflammation and scarring that eventually progresses to total liver failure. Anemia, a deficiency of red blood cells, often accompanies fatty liver disease.
Your liver works as a sort of filter for your blood, cleansing it of impurities and extracting nutrients and other substances like medications for processing. At any given time, your liver holds about one pint, or about 13 percent of your total blood supply, according to the Ohio State University Medical Center. Blood flows into your liver via the hepatic artery from the stomach and intestines. In your liver, nutrients and other substances are broken down so they can be more easily used by or eliminated from the body. Your liver produces bile, which breaks down fats and carries away waste products. It also stores iron and processes hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a condition in which your liver has difficulty breaking down fats, causing them to build up in your liver tissue. The exact cause of fatty liver disease is uncertain. However, obesity, high cholesterol, high triglycerides and metabolic syndrome are all risk factors. Fatty liver is common in individuals who abuse alcohol. Alcohol-induced fatty liver causes inflammation that leads to scarring, which may in time degenerate to cirrhosis, an end-stage liver disease marked by decreased liver function and eventually failure.
Fatty Liver and Anemia
Anemia occurs in about 75 percent of patients with chronic liver disease, according to a Spanish research report published in the October 2009 issue of the "World Journal of Gastroenterology." Anemia is a condition in which your body is deficient in red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body. It is caused by either inadequate red blood cell production, bleeding that causes loss of red blood cells, or the destruction of red blood cells faster than your body can make them. In the case of liver disease, hemorrhage of blood into the gastrointestinal tract is a major cause of anemia.
The first line of treatment for alcohol-induced fatty liver disease entails abstaining from alcohol consumption. Depending on the extent of liver damage, your health care provider may recommend other interventions as well. For nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, interventions include lifestyle changes like weight loss; exercise; a diet rich in natural fruits, vegetables and whole grains; increased consumption of healthy fats contained in fish, nuts and olive oil; and a reduction in saturated fat consumption. | <urn:uuid:ef22261f-25d8-4cb7-a4aa-6d4c13bc8cad> | {
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How much does your rubbish reveal about you? Plenty, say researchers, who are methodically going through garbage bags to find out what the Swiss throw away.
Rubbish researchers, kitted out in orange overalls and plastic aprons, will be sifting (by hand) through household trash until June, as part of an investigation by the Federal Office for the Environment.
The government is trying to find out what the Swiss throw out, and how much refuse they generate. It is especially keen to see whether the famously fastidious Swiss really separate their rubbish so that things like glass, paper and reusable plastic are recycled.
Recently a second round of sifting started with 16 volunteers separating Swiss household waste into different categories such as textiles, cardboard and organic matter. They spend five hours a day rifling through garbage.
Range of garbage sources
The rubbish bags come from 34 different communities across the country, ranging from the inner cities to rural towns and villages.
The project, in conjunction with the Lucerne-based environment advisers, Ökomobil, got underway in November 2001.
The first findings show that more than quarter of all household waste was made up of biodegradable waste, 16 per cent was paper, which could have been recycled, and 14.5 per cent was non-essential packaging material, such as boxes.
Although these are preliminary findings, the rubbish sifters are 100 per cent positive about one thing- in areas where consumers have to pay a fee every time they want a rubbish bag collected, the volume of waste per bag is greater and more tightly packed than in areas where garbage collection is free.
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There is a clinical unmet need to develop a more safe solution to help reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels without the side effects of current available therapies.
Dyslipidemia is responsible for nearly 20% of the global burden of cerebrovascular disease.
The burden of morbidity, mortality, and the medical costs arising from Dyslipidemia is substantial – Dyslipidemia is responsible for nearly 20% of the global burden of cerebrovascular disease, and 60% of the global burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD), which corresponds to 4.4 million deaths annually (WHO, 2002).
Yet, 30% of the population remains untreated.
As much as 50% of the adult population worldwide suffer from some kind of Dyslipidemia.
Dyslipidemia is a condition in which one or more of the serum lipid (LDL cholesterol and triglycerides) levels are abnormal.
Its prevalence is very common and as much as 50% of the adult population worldwide suffer from some kind of dyslipidemia.
When lifestyle changes are insufficient to reduce lipid levels, statins is the most common treatment to treat high cholesterol levels.
While statins are highly effective, they often cause side effects including:
digestive problems and
They also might cause liver damage.
In addition, statins and other treatment options are usually prescribed only to patients with cholesterol over 190 mg/dL or with existing heart disease or diabetes type 2.
Borderline-high levels of LDL cholesterol:
Many people with borderline-high levels of LDL cholesterol (130-170 mg/dL) and are not in Statins treatment are looking for safer ways ways to decrease their cholesterol level.
Triglyceride-lowering drugs have been available for some time.
The effects of these drugs are somewhat controversial, as several trials showed no benefit from these therapies in preventing heart disease events and caused troublesome side effects, such as flushing of the skin, an increased risk of infections and more. | <urn:uuid:d125e5ee-4263-4101-83a6-3c3315e3e4d0> | {
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“Manners are kindnesses.” Audrey Hepburn
Actress and humanitarian Audrey Hepburn’s definition of manners came from her mother. Learning about kindness, empathy and resilience are among the most important lessons we can teach as parents, educators and citizens.
PBS LearningMedia’s collection for PreK-5 and 6-12, Kindness, Empathy and Resilience, is about kindness, empathy, and the importance of practicing mindfulness. These resources help educators foster resilience in students of all ages and include strategies to help children and teenagers cope with the stresses of everyday life, as well as specific challenges. We hope you’ll explore the collection. | <urn:uuid:89325f98-7f24-4ac6-aa64-d70d754937ed> | {
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The Atkins diet might chase away more than just unwanted pounds — it could lead to bad breath that chases away your friends. But there are ways to battle halitosis caused by low-carb dieting, says the Academy of General Dentistry.
Low-carb diets work by getting the body to burn stored fat as fuel rather than carbohydrates. As that fat burns, chemicals known as ketones build up in the body. They are released through the breath and urine, and they can be smelly.
The types of food ingested also play a role, academy spokesman Dr. Bruce DeGinder said in a prepared statement.
“Most cases of bad breath originate from the breakdown of food particles that produce sulfur compounds, and from bacteria on the gums and tongue,” DeGinder said. “High protein foods can produce more sulfur compounds, especially overnight on the surface of the tongue when saliva production is diminished.”
To combat this bad breath, the academy suggests that dieters:
– Drink plenty of water to wash away germs in the mouth.
– Chew sugarless gum or parsley.
– Keep a toothbrush handy and brush after every meal.
– And if the bad breath persists, see a doctor. Halitosis can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as diabetes.
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Sub-editorBad Breath :: Low Carb Diets Can Cause Bad Breath
by Sub-editor ( Author at Spirit India )
Posted on June 10th, 2005 at 8:59 pm.
Find more from SpiritIndia on: Health | <urn:uuid:cdc3e0fe-541c-4baa-b8a6-1783ca3e541c> | {
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|Searched for: Resource Type is Science Materials
|Results 7946 - 7950 of 11718
Chaos is an interdisciplinary science founded on the idea that nonlinear deterministic systems can behave in an apparently unpredictable and chaotic manner. The department's homepage has information on people, research...
The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is an international nonprofit scientific and educational organization founded in 1889 that works to increase understanding and appreciation of astronomy. The Astronomical Society...
Launched from the Kennedy Space Center on October 18th, 1989, the Galileo spacecraft "changed the way we look at our solar system." This is NASA?s website for the Galileo spacecraft's mission to Jupiter. Galileo was t...
The Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute has as its mission to explore, understand and explain the origin, nature, prevalence and distribution of life in the universe. The Web site contains the...
Workshop Physics is an activity-based approach to teaching calculus-based introductory physics in which traditional lectures are replaced by student investigation. Students do experiments in which they make predictions...
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This post will aim to answer the following questions:
- How is exome sequencing accomplished?
- Why is exome sequencing still a commonly used alternative to increasingly cheap whole genome sequencing?
- What are the particular challenges of working with exome data and how can these be mitigated?
- What can be achieved with exome data?
How is exome sequencing accomplished?
The most popular method is in-solution capture, also known as liquid hybridization. This technique relies on the fact that, at this point in human history, we already have a pretty good idea of what parts of the genome are exomic. A few companies (Agilent, Roche NimbleGen — see Sulonen 2011) offer solution-based exome capture kits which contain probes complementary to subsequences of (almost) every known exomic region of the human genome. That’s right, we’re going in with an a priori idea of what regions are exomic and we’re only going to capture those for sequencing. So this technique would never, for instance, discover new exomic regions not previously known to be expressed.
Moreover, it’s not necessarily perfectly known or agreed which regions are exomic, and the answer also depends on if you only want protein-coding sequences or also miRNA sequences. Teer & Mullikin (2010) provide the follwoing discussion of this issue:
The term ‘whole human exome’ can be defined in many different ways. Two companies offer commercial kits for exome capture and have targeted the human consensus coding sequence regions (28), which cover ∼29 Mb of the genome. This is a more conservative set of genes and includes only protein-coding sequence. It covers ∼83% of the RefSeq coding exon bases. Both companies also target selected miRNAs, and extra regions can sometimes be added (Agilent). Although still a subset of the genome, exome capture allows the investigation of a more complete set of human genes with the cost and time advantages of genome capture.
The probes are added to a solution of fragmented genomic DNA and they hybridize to their complement sequences. The primers themselves might be RNA or DNA (again see Sulonen 2011). The primers are biotinylated, and biotin binds to streptavidin beads, so once you’ve got the primers hybridized to the genomic DNA fragments of interest, you add the beads, then wash the bead-bait complexes to remove the undesired (non-exomic) DNA, and elute the DNA. Teer & Mullikin (2010) offer the best diagram I’ve seen of this process.
At this point, you have a solution full of only the exomic DNA you’re interested in sequencing. Now you just sequence it the same way you would if you were doing whole-genome sequencing. Most likely using the Illumina method, which Illumina summarizes as follows:
TruSeq technology supports massively parallel sequencing using a proprietary reversible terminator-based method that enables detection of single bases as they are incorporated into growing DNA strands. A fluorescently-labeled terminator is imaged as each dNTP is added and then cleaved to allow incorporation of the next base. Since all four reversible terminator-bound dNTPs are present during each sequencing cycle, natural competition minimizes incorporation bias. The end result is true base-by-base sequencing that enables the industry’s most accurate data for a broad range of applications.
Illumina’s video explains this a lot more clearly, particularly the part from 5:13 – 6:06:
An important thing to keep track of is your coverage or call depth. This means how many reads per base pair sequenced. Typical numbers seem to range from 20x to 80x (for instance, 23andme’s personal exome product boasts 80x coverage). But the figure won’t be uniform across the genome, so you end up with sentences like this one: “Exome capture produced 1x coverage of 97% of the exome; 30x coverage was 74%” .
By the way, there do exist other methods for exome capture. Teer & Mullikin (2010) discuss some of them, as does Wikipedia, but word on the street is that no one uses the other methods anymore; as of August 2012, it’s all in-solution capture.
Why is exome sequencing still a commonly used alternative to increasingly cheap whole genome sequencing?
tl;dr: It’s still cheaper, both in terms of direct cost to sequence, and in terms of your time and computing power to deal with the data.
Genome Biology asked experts Biesecker, Shianna and Mullikin to discuss this among other issues. As of September 2011, all three experts stated that whole exome sequencing is still a lot cheaper (~1/6) than whole genome sequencing, and that cost is still a limiting factor in terms of how much sequence data they can generate. They also said you wait longer for your sequence data to be ready if you are getting a whole genome than just an exome, and then you also have loads more data to store and process (the exome is about 30 Megabases, the (haploid) genome is about 3.2 Gigabases)
Protein coding genes constitute only approximately 1% of the human genome but harbor 85% of the mutations with large effects on disease-related traits.
What are the particular challenges of working with exome data and how can these be mitigated?
Most obviously, the exome isn’t everything. Mutations in splice sites, promoter regions and other non-exomic regions matter too. The fact that exome sequencing misses non-coding regions is clearly a limitation, but that’s what exome sequencing is; this is sort of a “known unknown.” Perhaps more troubling is the fact that there are probably also some coding regions that we haven’t yet identified as coding regions and so we’re missing them. Because this is an “unknown unknown” it bothers me a bit more. Biesecker and Mullikin touch on this issue:
Also, our current understanding of the genome limits our exome interrogation – nucleotides in regions of the genome not currently recognized to be a gene will be missed by exome approaches.
The blog at Scientific American lists ten things exome sequencing doesn’t capture. This was a nice, concise introduction to the issue. I’d take a few things with a grain of salt– the list includes “gene-gene (epistatic) interactions”, but that’s just a limitation of our scientific understanding, not of exome sequence data, and moreover, it’s precisely the sort of science that exome sequencing will help to advance. But this list was useful and it did alert me to an important issue: exome sequencing (whole genome sequencing, too) cannot detect the length of CAG repeats in HTT. This is because standard read lengths from, say, an Illumina HiSeq machine, are about 150bp long. To determine the length of CAG repeats in HTT, you’d need a read that starts with about 20bp that you can uniquely align to HTT, then the entire CAG repeat region, then at least 3 or 4 bases at the end that are not CAG, to show you that the repeat region has ended. Huntington’s disease is caused by repeat lengths from about 40 on up, with cases in the 100s. At the low end of 40, you could just barely fit the entire CAG repeat region into one read: 20 + 40*3 +4 = 144 < 150. Longer repeats won’t fit in one read length.
You might think you could overcome this, if you had enough resolution, by measuring the quantity of all-CAG-repeat reads, but other genes besides HTT also have CAG repeat regions, so you would not know where those reads fit into the genome.
An added problem is that, just as CAG repeats have a tendency to lengthen due to slippage during replication in gamete production, particularly spermatogenesis (giving rise to anticipation), they also have a tendency to lengthen during PCR, which means you can’t accurately amplify HTT DNA.
I asked around and apparently the standard way that clinical genetic diagnostics of Huntington’s are done is to use restriction enzymes to cleave DNA immediately on either side of the expanded repeat region and then perform gel electrophoresis on the cleaved region and simply measure how long it is (based on how far it travels on the gel).
What can be achieved with exome data?
The web is littered with references to what seem to be the two most famous examples of successful applications of exome data: one in which genome-wide association study was used to find the mutation responsible for a familial syndrome (Miller syndrome) which had already been characterized but whose cause was unknown, and one in which the exome data was used as a diagnostic tool, scanning a patient’s exome for any known deleterious mutations in order to identify the cause of the patient’s symptoms (revealed to be congenital chloride diarrhea).
1. Identifying the mutation responsible for a familial syndrome. Ng & Buckingham 2009 in Nature Genetics used exome data from just 4 cases and 8 controls to pinpoint the gene (DHODH) in which mutations are responsible for Miller syndrome. The filtering and modeling they did was pretty remarkable in its elegance and power. Two of the four cases were siblings, so they reasoned that the two siblings must share the same mutation and, because Miller syndrome is so rare, it must be a variant not observed in any of the controls nor in dbSNP129 (a database of SNPs, as it sounds like). They also hypothesized the variant would be recessive, so that meant that each case had to be homozygous for the given mutation. These few filters alone reduced the pool of candidates to just 9 genes. Comparison to just 1 of the other unrelated cases reduced the pool to 1 gene, DHODH. Even with the Bonferroni correction, this result was highly statistically significant. The researchers then sequenced DHODH in several other Miller syndrome cases and found mutations there as well, thus validating their finding.
2. Diagnosing a patient’s by discovering that they have a mutation already known to cause a particular syndrome. Choi 2009 performed exome sequencing on a patient with an unidentified ailment. Due to consanguinity the researchers hypothesized a homozygous recessive mutation. They found 2,405 homozygous variants, including 668 non-synonymous substitutions (i.e. missense), of which 29 were novel. Reasoning that mutations in highly conserved loci are more likely to cause disease, they ranked the novel missense variants by phyloP score (a measure of how highly conserved that locus is across species) and found 10 variants with a score above their chosen threshold of 2. It appears the final step was simply to look at these 10 and reason about which one made the most sense as an explanation for the patient’s symptoms. A mutation in SLC26A3 stood out because the locus was very highly conserved, the read quality was very good, and the gene was known to be related to congenital chloride-losing diarrhea, which would match the patient’s symptoms.
A third application is the use of exome data for genome-wide association studies – in other words, searching the whole exome for variants correlated with a given phenotype. These types of studies will be the subject of my next post. | <urn:uuid:fde309f5-12ce-472d-a941-c8353736f4fb> | {
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Country of Origin: The Japanese Akita (also known as ‘Akita Inu’ or just ‘Akita’) is one of the best known Japanese breed. The Japanese Akita was bred as a fighting dog in medieval times, and redeveloped in the 1800’s as part of an effort to restore several ancient Japanese breeds. In 1918, the Akita Inu Hozankai Society of Japan was created to preserve the breed, which was subsequently designated a natural Japanese monument in 1931. In 1937, Helen Keller’s guide dog became the first Japanese Akita to arrive in the United States. The Japanese Akita grew in popularity in America after World War II, when many soldiers returned home from Japan with them. Today, they are popular American pets and serve as guard and police dogs in Japan. The world’s most famous Japanese Akita, Hachiko, greeted his owner at a train station after work every day. After his owner’s death, Hachiko continued to faithfully visit the train station every day to wait for his owner, until he died nine years later. Today a statue of Hachiko stands at the train station and an annual ceremony is held in his honor.
Size: The Japanese Akita has a shoulder height of 61-71 cm (24-28 in) and weighs 35-50 kg (75-120 lbs). Japanese Akitas have small, triangular shaped eyes, flat skulls, and a level back. Their ears are small, angled, and erect. The Japanese Akita has a large, full, curly, tail which dips above or below the back. Japanese Akitas have webbed feet which make them effective swimmers.
Coat: The Japanese Akita has a double coat—the outer coat composed of straight and coarse hair, and the undercoat soft and dense. The hair on the head and legs is short. Permitted colors for Japanese Akitas are red, white, and streaked. Pinto is not accepted. The Japanese Akita sheds its coat twice a year.
Character: Japanese Akitas have a strong hunting instinct and are calm, spontaneous, and intelligent, making good watchdogs. They are quiet and dignified, with great power and attentiveness. Japanese Akitas are noble and kind, making excellent companions. They are generally obedient. Barking is infrequent; however they tend to make a mess when drinking!
Temperament: The Japanese Akita is brave and smart, and requires a lot of human companionship. Japanese Akitas should be allowed to live indoors (though they can tolerate the outdoors in cool climates) and given plenty of attention. They are highly protective and territorial. Japanese Akitas prefer not to have other dogs around, and should become acquainted with cats and other household pets early in life to avoid aggressive behavior. They get along with children, preferably older children, but they must be given personal space. The Japanese Akita is not fond of strangers.
Care: The Japanese Akita should be brushed weekly to remove dead hair, and should be groomed with a metal-toothed comb twice a year, when it is shedding. To avoid removing natural oils from the coat, it should be bathed lightly with a mild shampoo only when absolutely required. The hair on the bottom of the webbed feet should be trimmed occasionally. Japanese Akitas are prone to hip dysplasia and may encounter eye and knee problems. Japanese Akitas have litters of 5-7 pups and a life span of 9-11 years.
Training: A confident and consistent approach is required to train a Japanese Akita. Repetitive drills or overly harsh training hinder the process. Japanese Akitas are easily housetrained. They must be socialized young if they are to live with other pets.
Activity: Japanese Akitas have considerable stamina and should be physically and mentally stimulated as much as possible. They should be walked on a leash or provided an enclosed area for activity. Japanese Akitas enjoy active playtime with family. They can adapt when not exercised for a time, but may be less quiet and obedient. Japanese Akitas can tolerate apartment life provided they receive sufficient exercise.
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Popular Dog Breeds
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more dog breeds... | <urn:uuid:c7083ad4-f0a9-4651-868b-5d89e59842cc> | {
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Growing An Indoor Herb Garden
By: Kate Gilby
If you live in the northern hemisphere, then it is likely that your garden is tucked up for the winter. However, this doesn't mean you can't enjoy freshly picked herbs. Many varieties will grow quite happily indoors on a sunny window ledge or porch. In addition to providing a source of fresh herbs, an indoor garden can look extremely attractive, and they are a wonderful introduction to gardening for children.
Herbs which will grow indoors:
You will need to find a sunny, well lit spot to grow your indoor herb garden. Ideally, it should be south facing, but if this isn't possible choose a situation that will receive plenty of light through out the day. Try to avoid a north facing place because it is unlikely the plants will receive enough light to grow properly.
What you will need:
- Herbs, either plants or seeds
- Good quality compost
- Suitable containers
Buy your herbs from reputable suppliers, don't buy seed packets which are out of date, and avoid any straggly or unhealthy looking plants. The same is true for compost, choose a good all purpose compost, your herbs will be relying on it for nutrition for some time.
The containers are easier to select. You will find a wide range at garden centers and nurseries. Alternatively, you can use ones you already have, or adapt other objects. I grow my geraniums in a old mop bucket, and my lemon mint is growing in a teapot with a broken handle.
If your children are helping with your indoor garden, a nice idea is to take some plain plant pots, and let the kids decorate them with paint, paper etc. to produce their own unique pots.
Once you have planted your garden, it will need some care. Remember, indoor plants rely on you totally. Water regularly, but be careful not to over-water, this is the main cause of death for most indoor plants. No more than once a week should be sufficient, I water once every two weeks. Check the compost before watering, if it still feels moist wait and check again the next day. If you have used a good compost, and your winter is relatively short you will probably only need to feed your plants once. If you have a longer cold season, it might be an idea to use the slow release pellets you can buy in garden centers.
© Kate Gilby 2003
Kate Gilby lives in the UK, and is the editor of kate blogs: http://kategilby.co.uk a blog devoted to writing, web and graphic design. She is also the owner of the home business portal, kate-blogs biz: http://kate-blogs.kategilby.co.uk, in addition to the home and garden sites More Than Mint: http://more-than-mint.kategilby co.uk and Decorating Divas: http://decorating-divas.kategilby.co.uk/ Her spare time is devoted to knitting fog and performing random acts of silliness. | <urn:uuid:3f4f689d-db89-47aa-832a-71db3c69b06f> | {
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USB and PIC Microprocessors 16C745 and 18F2455
This page describes a project a colleague and I completed between September, 2000 and March, 2001 as part of the Engineering Physics degree program at the University of British Columbia. In summary this project involved building a USB device using the PIC 16C745 microprocessor from Microchip. The USB device consisted of a microphone, the microprocessor and other hardware and the device sent audio data to the host computer.
This page contains notes, links and code extracts from this project relating to USB, USB Human Interface Devices, the 16C745 microprocessor, and specifics of this project. Hopefully this information will be helpful to your project.
Table of Contents
- Results - the project worked! (sortof)
- USB Spec - discussion of USB and the hardware and software components
- USB HID - USB Human Interface Devices
- 16C745 - using the PIC 16C745 microprocessor with USB
- Host Computer - Visual C++ code for accessing USB devices
- Example Code - C/C++ code for accessing USB devices
- Hardware - Wiring diagrams for USB and 16C745
- Links & Resources
We achieved our goal and built a working device. This involved building the device hardware (microprocessor, microphone, and supporting electronics) and software (microprocessor code and host computer code). Unfortunately, the relatively low sampling rate by the microprocessor in the analog-to-digital conversion process mangled the audio signal to make it indecipherable at the host computer, but loud/soft transitions were easily detected.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol that allows two way communication between peripheral devices and a host computer. It is hot pluggable, allowing the device to be connected and/or removed while the computer is running. There are lots of other features of USB.
The specifications for USB are available at www.usb.org. Be warned that while this information is very thorough, it is not very practical for developing a device or software. Technical documents are available at www.usb.org/developers/docs.html.
Here is a quick overview of what is involved in USB.
- The Hardware:
- A USB cable has four wires: power, ground, D+ and D-. The signal wires usually operate in differential mode (one is high while the other is low).
- There are two types of USB devices: high speed and low speed. There are differences in the type, length and connectors that can be used with the two types. Generally the requirements are stricter for high speed devices. A high speed device can transfer data at a maximum of 12 Mbs while low speed is limited to 1.5 Mbs. The PIC 16C745 can only operate at low speed standard.
- The connector at the computer (A End) is a flattened rectangle while at the device (B end) the connector is square with two cut-off corners (necessary to be compliant with the high-speed standard but optional for low speed devices).
- Each USB device is able to draw 100mA from the cable which allows a device to be bus powered. A device can negoiate up to 500mA once connected to the USB cable but this power may not be available. If the power is unavailable the device must stay in a low power setting. Obviously devices can be powered externally as well.
- The Software:
- When a device is connected, the computer (or a hub) detects the device by a pullup resister (see circuit). A pullup resister on the D- wire signals a low speed device, while a high speed device has a pullup on the D+ wire. When detected a series of enumeration steps are started.
- The enumeration process assigns an identifier number to the device (there can be a maximum of 127 devices on a network) and also tells the host computer what sort of capabilities a device has (input, ouput, etc). The device also informs the computer of its name (Vendor, Product, Version and Serial Number).
- If the device identifies itself as a HID (Human Interface Device) then the device describes how the data should be interpreted. See the section on HID.
Human Interface Devices (HID) are a class of USB devices that give structure to the data that will transfered between the device and the host computer. During the enumeration process, the device describes the information that it can receive and send. This allows a host computer to handle the data being received from the USB device without requiring a specially designed device driver.
The HID class is supposed to include devices such as a mouse, joystick, keyboard, etc. Because the host computer knows what the data means a device driver is not necessary for HID devices, the operating system can supply a generic HID driver. For instance, if you plug in a USB Mouse, it will immediately work because the OS knows how to interpret information received from a mouse.
Information on the HID
can be found at www.usb.org/developers/hidpage.
You can see examples of HID descriptors starting on page 89 of the HID
1.1 spec from usb.org.
A very useful tool for designing HID class devices is the HID Descriptor Tool also available from usb.org. This tool allows you to put together the HID description and run it through the HID parser.
Some other useful tools are available from Intel University Press. They include 'USB Single Step', 'USBView', 'HIDView' and the HID Descriptor Tool described above.
If you are using Visual C++, then the 'hview' sample program that comes with the Windows DDK is good for examining the HID descriptor and values. Unfortunately the program is more complicated than it needs to be and is not a good example of using the USB functions.
I used the PIC 16C745
as the USB interface microcontroller. This chip belongs to a two chip
family (along with the 16C765) called the 16c7xx.
The 16C745 is a 28 pin microprocessor operating at 24 Mhz. It has 8K of program memory, 256 bytes of RAM and 5 x 8bit analog inputs (the 16C765 has 40 pins and 8 analog inputs). The specifications are available from Microchip. The reference manual for the mid-range microprocessors is also useful.
Download the development environment from Microchip called MPLAB (freely available from Microchip's web site). Another necessary component is the USB firmware. The support files that I used seem to no longer exist on the Microchip web site being replaced by a more sophisticated USB example. The firmware includes the following pieces:
- The 'Chapter 9' standard protocol support. The name comes from the set the messages being described in Chapter 9 of the USB specification. This is a file called usb_ch9.asm.
- The HID interface support. This file handles requests for information relating to the HID specification. This is a file called hidclass.asm.
- The device descriptor. This file contains the data that will be sent to the host during the enumerator process. Most of the values are fully specified by the USB spec but the vendor id, product id and version number all specified here. Importantly, the HID descriptor is stored in this file. This file is called descriptors.asm (also known as usb_mouse.asm). The version you download identifies the device as a mouse to the host.
- The demo program. This program sets up the interrupts and initializes the USB code. It also runs through a loop that causes the cursor to move in a box shape on the screen. This program demonstrates how you use the USB specific functions to communicate with the host. This file is called main.asm (also known as usb_main.asm).
- There is also a definitions include file called usb_defs.inc.
- The entire project has
an MPLAB project file (usbmic.pjt)
Try to understand how the usb_main.asm file works. A couple of gotchas that you should watch out for are:
- Triple check that the HID descriptor you are using matches the one you design in the HID Descriptor Tool. Even a single difference in a hex value will cause a failure in the enumeration process.
- If you are using a HID descriptor, make sure that the number of bytes described in your descriptor is exactly the same as the number of bytes you are actually sending.
Once a have is connect,
want to send and receive data from your applications. This document
describes how you can do with using C in Visual C++. It is also
possible to do this in Visual Basic (see below)
The following examples assume you are using Windows 2000. It should also work on Windows 98 but I'm not sure what the differences might be. Windows 95 did not fully support USB. Linux also supports USB HID.
More information on these Windows API calls are available on the Microsoft web site. I used to have links directly to the appropriate page on the Microsoft MSDN website but Microsoft, in their wisdom, rearrange their website every 6 months or so, breaking all the links. Compiling code to use these function calls requires that you install the Windows DDK (Device Development Kit) which used to be freely available from the Microsoft website (see below obtaining copies of the required dlls and header files.)
- HidD_GetHidGuid (GUID *hidGUID)
- HDEVINFO SetupDiGetClassDevs (GUID hidGUID, PSTR *filterString, hwndParent, DWORD flags)
- BOOL SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces (infoset, infoData, interfaceClassGuid, index, deviceInterfaceData)
- BOOL SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail (infoSet, deviceInterfaceData, interfaceDetail, interfaceDetailSize, requiredSize, infoData)
- HANDLE CreateFile (name, access, sharemode, security, creation, flags, template)
- BOOL HidD_GetAttributes (deviceHandle, &deviceAttributes))
See the example code below for details on using these methods.
To top.1]. The files HIDinterface.bas and OSinterface.bas available from the book's web site demonstrate using the API calls in Visual Basic.
I have put together some library code which uses the above api's to connect to available HID USB devices. The code returns a file handle to the USB device which allows a program to read and write data with the device just like with a regular file handle. Note that this code is not a fully working program - it requires, at the minimum, a main function.
These file are known to compile under Visual C++ 5.0 on Windows 2000 with the Windows DDK installed. Make sure that the path to the file 'setupapi.h' is in your header file path (Project->Settings). You will also need to add 'setupapi.lib' and 'hid.lib' to list of libraries and ensure the path to these files is added to the library path for your project.
The code samples are:http://www.microsoft.com/ddk/W2kDDK.htm or download just the few files actually needed for the sample code. These are from the Microsoft DDK which used to be freely available.
- HID.LIB(28 kb)
- HIDPI.H(47 kb)
- HIDSDI.H(6 kb)
- HIDUSAGE.H(11 kb)
- SetupAPI.H(138 kb)
- SetupAPI.LIB(340 kb)
A visitor to my site, Jim Koornneef, has provided a C++ class wrapper for my code that you can download from usb.h and usb.cpp. This class encapsulates the functionality in my code but also provides read/write methods and automatic connect/disconnect functionality.
This section describes the hardware specific to my project. Please note that the focus of this page is on the USB aspects of the project. My understanding is that the analog circuity for the microphone is not well designed.
The analog signal from the microphone was amplified using an op-amp and then digitized using the 16C745's analog-to-digital feature. If you are reproducing this project, I would recommend putting in a filter to remove the frequencies higher than the microprocessor's sampling rate. The digital data was buffered in the microprocessor and then set to the host computer over the USB connection. Since 'interrupt' method of transfer only allows 8 bytes of data transfered every 10ms, this limited the amount of data that could be transfered.
The following circuit
the PIC to the usb cable. It is designed to be powered off the USB
cable. The 6 MHz clock controls the internal oscillator.
The 'reset' switch, causes a reset condition which should cause most of the special registers to clear and the program to start again.
The value of R1 is not critical since it is only used as a pull-up for the MCLR (master clear) pin. The R2 resister is required by the USB specification and should be 1.5 kOhms. The capacitor C3, is not critical and simply stabilizes the Vusb pin voltage. The values of the capacitors, C1 and C2 can be in a range specified in the 16C745 specification (15pf - 69 pf) and may depend on the crystal that you use.
Check that USB power and ground connections are correct before connecting the chip. It is easy to get turn around between the cable pinout and the socket pin out.
The following circuit is
to power the electret microphone and then amplify the signal. The
output signal is connected to one of the analog pins of the 16C745, we
used pin 2, corresponding to AN0 (analog pin 0).
The components are
- OP1 - a TLE2141 Op Amp. This comes in an 8 pin package with GND at pin 4, Power at pin 7, IN- at pin 2, IN+ at pin 3, and output at pin 6.
- R1 - 1 kOhm resister
- R2 - 3.2 kOhm resister
- R3 - 1 kOhm resister
- R4 - 500 kOhm resister
- C1 - 0.005 uF capacitor
- MIC1 - a electret microphone
The left side of the circuit is copied from http://www.hut.fi/Misc/Electronics/circuits/microphone_powering.html and the right side amplifies the signal 500 times (1 + R4/R3) using the op amp.
Update: a visitor to the site made the following suggestion to improve the circuit to allow the Op Amp to amplify the negative portion of the signal. 'Romano' said, "You should (if you want, of course), put a resistor between (+) of op-amp and Vcc, call it R2a, 6.8kohm will be good. R2 should be 6.8k again, so without mic signal you will have Vcc/2 at (+). Finally disconnect R3 from GND and put a capacitor (1uf or more) between R3 and GND. Without signal you will get Vcc/2 at the input of A/D."
Further update (06/09/27): Tito wrote me to suggest improvements to the amplifer. He made the following suggestion, "I noticed that your audio amplifier is not well polarized. I think it has big distortions because it only amplifies the positive part of the signal. I recommend using a negative amplifier configuration for the OPAMP. You just need to add a voltage divisor and a filter to polarize the OPAMP inputs."
- The book USB by Example by John Hyde. The companion web sites are at www.usb-by-example.com and http://www.intel-u-press.com/usb_dbe/ have lots of examples.
- The book USB Complete by Jan Axelson. This book covers similar material as above but has more on the HID class. The companion web site has lots of example code and further references. | <urn:uuid:86c4b7ae-a814-4a9e-9dcc-917a6f24df97> | {
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This program covers:
- A definition of Bloodborne Pathogens
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis B
- How infection occurs
- Control of hazards
- Clean up of blood and body fluid spills
- Use of gloves and hand washing
- What to do if you have been exposed
The objective of this program is to increase awareness of Bloodborne Pathogens and by so doing, increase awareness of the standards for worker responsibility in observing and being active in daily safety procedures.
Bloodborne Pathogens can cause disease but the risks should not be overdramatized. Following procedures that have been laid down will go a long way to protect you from infection.
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he basis of poor relief in Britain continued to be that of the 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law until 1834, although there had been some modifications such as the 1662 Settlement Act. Another modification was the passing of Gilbert's Act, which was intended to provide a more humane method for the relief of poverty than that of the 1723 Workhouse Test Act. During the 1780s there was an increase in under- and un-employment in rural areas because of high food prices, low wages and the effects of enclosure. Agricultural labourers were hard-hit and claimed on the poor rates for survival. As a result, poor rates increased rapidly, which was unacceptable to the landowners.
Thomas Gilbert (1720-98) failed to have passed his Act 'for the Better Relief and Employment of the Poor' in 1765 because Gilbert was a supporter of the Duke of Bedford. The Prime Minister, Charles Watson Wentworth, second Marquis of Rockingham opposed the legislation on factional grounds since he and Bedford were political opponents. Gilbert spent the next 17 years attempting to have his Bill passed. He finally succeeded in 1782, ironically, during Rockingham's second ministry.
The legislation made provision for groups of parishes to form unions so that they could share the cost of poor relief through 'poor houses' which were established for looking after only the old, the sick and the infirm. Able-bodied paupers explicitly were excluded from these poor-houses: instead, either they were to be provided with
- outdoor relief
- employment near their own homes
Land-owners, farmers and other employers were to receive allowances from the parish rates so they could bring wages up to subsistence levels.
Gilbert's Act is often used to demonstrate the government's humanitarianism but it was even more important in expanding the scope of poor relief and attempting to bring the gentry into closer involvement in poor relief administration. Gilbert's legislation of 1786 (26 Geo. III, c. 58) supplemented another Act (22 Geo. III, c. 56), requiring that parishes should provide accurate figures on both poor law expenditure and charitable payments to the poor during the previous three years. These so-called 'Gilbert Returns' show the close connection in the minds of reformers between public and private charity and represent the attempt to legislate on the basis of quantifiable data.
The next major change to the method of poor relief came with the implementation of the 'Speenhamland System': this was not a piece of legislation and was not really a 'system'; it did provide the poor with a subsistence level of food and possibly prevented revolution during the French Wars.
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Flashcards in Chapter 18 Deck (22):
What is Reconstruction?
Rebuilding the former confed states and readmitting to union
Compare Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan with the Radical Republican plan.
Lincoln- forgiving south
Radical- harsher readmission process
What was the Freedman’s Bureau?
Agency that helped A-A make the transition to freedom
Where was Lincoln assassinated?
Who assassinated President Lincoln?
What building was the location where Lincoln died?
Who becomes the 17th President of the United States?
What was the significance of the 13th Amendment?
Abolished slavery in 1865
What was the significance of the 14th Amendment?
Full citizenship to anyone in US including A-A's in 1866
What was the significance of the 15th Amendment?
Gave A-A men right to vote in 1870
What did 14 African Americans do in Tennessee in the late 1800's?
Served in states general assembly state senate and rep
Who won the Election of 1868?
Ulysses S grant
What were carpetbaggers?
Northerners that moved to the south during reconstruction to find wealth by bringing industry to region
What did the name scalawags mean?
Describes white southerners that were pro- union
What was the largest terrorist group in America that was against African-American
What was unique about Rutherford B. Hayes' victory in the Election of 1876?
More electoral then popular votes
What were the purpose of poll taxes and literacy tests in many Southern states?
Requirements for voting in many southern states to keep A-A's from voting
What is segregation?
What were Jim Crow Laws?
Required A-A's and whites to be separated in public
What did the court case Plessy v Ferguson say about segregation?
Segregation legal as long as it was equal
What was an exoduster?
A-A that left south after war | <urn:uuid:37064f20-2dda-4499-832c-3d1ac5be1e56> | {
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And the facts? They aren't enough. "You need to help students make sense of why they are learning these facts, why this is relevant, why is this is important," she says. "Yeah, textbook publishers are in an incredibly hard position. So are teachers. Their interpretation of why these facts matter or are important can be totally different than the students' parents' interpretation. But, just because it's hard and risky doesn't mean that teachers can avoid it. It's part of what it means to be an educated citizen."
On September 7, Levinson moderated a panel at Harvard called "Teaching 9/11." The only schoolteacher invited to speak was Chris Ougheltree, an animated Social Studies teacher at Cranston High School East in Rhode Island.
On September 11, 2001, Ougheltree was in his classroom teaching when the first plane hit. "My department head came in and told us what had happened. We all watched it on TV. I made it a conscious effort that I'd always teach about it ever since that day, that's what's motivated me. There's so much to talk about. It was a turning point in history."
For the last several years, he and his seniors have visited the World Trade Center site, and he's instituted a community-service component to commemorate the anniversary this year.
"The first day, I ask them how has 9/11 affected their lives," he says. "The standard answer is 'Taking [my] shoes off at the airport.' "
Ougheltree decided to interpret the teaching standards in such a way that he could rearrange his classes to focus on 9/11 for "a few weeks" as a lens in which to teach civics and good citizenship, critical thought, and compassion. He encourages the students to connect emotionally to the events of those days, and to question the implications 9/11 has had for US foreign policy, Guantánamo, and Abu Ghraib. He says that, this year, he wants to discuss the way people celebrated bin Laden's death. "What we want to teach kids in a social studies class is to think for themselves," he says.
He says that attending a teaching conference this summer was the first time that he realized how much teachers struggle with 9/11 as a topic. "Most people aren't [teaching it], for not knowing how to, I guess," he says, his voice like a bewildered shrug.
Ougheltree says that soon he'll be showing his seniors an HBO documentary called In Memoriam — New York City, 9/11/01, just like he does every year. He'll tear up as they watch footage of the planes hitting the towers, the people looking for lost family members, the jumpers.
"I do tell the kids it would be quite natural to cry," he says, "and there are some students that do cry, and I say how I cry. There is that trust, we can have open discussions." And then they'll write reflective essays and begin a multi-week discussion that Ougheltree hopes his students will take with them into the rest of their lives. "Those values that make up a good citizen — a productive, thoughtful citizen that can take a look at different sides and form their own opinions — that's what we want students to do, right?" he says.
I think back to my summers a few years ago, about the students' outrage and empathy and patriotism as they learned about 9/11 in depth for the first time, and I let the question hang between us.
Thomas Page McBee can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:0cd94efd-ff61-4ef6-bb9f-6bc5b421da09> | {
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Free Newsletters - Space - Defense - Environment - Energy - Solar - Nuclear
by Staff Writers
Akron, OH (SPX) Nov 23, 2012
Working in the lab for the last few years, three generations of University of Akron polymer scientists say their mutual and passionate curiosity about science has led to their discovery of a first-of-its-kind, easily adaptable biocompatible polymer structure able to fight infection, filter water and perform a host of other functions.
Darrell Reneker, 82, distinguished professor of polymer science; Matthew Becker, 37, associate professor of polymer science; and Jukuan Zheng, a 25-year-old graduate student, developed what they call a one-size-fits-all polymer system that can be fabricated and then specialized to perform healing functions ranging from fighting infection to wound healing.
The research, "Post-Assembly Derivatization of Electrospun Nanofibers via Strain-Promoted Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition," is published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Material can be adapted to the need
The possibilities for application should pique interest among developers and clinicians, say the scientists. Consider, for instance, Teflon-based vascular grafts used for aneurysm surgery since WWII being replaced by a strong, durable polymer structure with surface proteins that function as healthy blood vessels.
"We can design a blood vessel that can be put in different places and coated with different materials - specific for the heart, specific for vascular, specific for the brain," Becker says.
Through the development, scientists for the first time place small molecules such as peptides, proteins, drugs and carbohydrates, which normally influence how cells behave, and attach therapeutic concentrations of chosen bioactive substances to the surfaces of an implant, after it has been fabricated.
The bioactive efficacy and biocompatibility of the base surface then enables it to be implanted into the human body and perform healing functions that can save lives.
Process efficient and effective
"This chemistry will be very useful in that you can manufacture many different implant products that contain the same kind of sites for attachment and put any of a wide variety of bioactive substances on the same kind of attachment site."
An unlimited number of biologic molecule types can be attached to the surface of a fibrous system, from antibiotics to fracture-healing vitamins.
"Imagine an emergency combat medic carrying around a box of bulky bandages to provide exactly the needed function from a larger number of possible needs," Reneker says. "This system provides choice without bulk."
Jukuan adds that he envisions the multifunctional development transitioning into an easy-to-use formula.
"This material will make life easier," he says. "People will just open a package, mix two ingredients and it will be ready to use."
University of Akron
Water News - Science, Technology and Politics
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:f429a5ee-40ae-4aad-891e-ffd13a0e90c8> | {
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Students in all grades are gearing up for nonfiction reports.
Fifth grade students have various research papers due. They have been learning about plagiarism and how to cite their sources. This is a very challenging topic. However, students have been very patient hard workers.
Fourth graders have been creating a report about a California Landmark/Place to visit. They have used Google Slides to create their presentations. Reports will be presented beginning next week.
The students in both second and third grade have been looking at nonfiction text features. They are discovering how to quickly find information and to be efficient when using these nonfiction tools.
The first grade students are also learning about nonfiction text. They are discovering the parts of a nonfiction book.
Transitional Kindergarteners are learning about animals as we read animal books, practice animal yoga, and create animal pictures.
Everyone is working hard at this time. | <urn:uuid:6004992d-c0a6-4565-bf42-9194ca3d1837> | {
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In the 1800s slavery in America was very normal, nobody looked in on. The slaves often came from Africa where they were picked up by boat and were brought to America. They were in America on the slave market to people sold into slavery, which they then had to work. The slaves had no rights and nothing to say. This went on for years like this. More and more people used their minds and there were also whites disagreed. There were people in revolt in 1860 and caused a civil war to liberate the slaves. Before the end of the civil war in 1863 President Abraham Lincoln
abolished slavery. The black still had many problems in life. As they were much poorer than whites and were less and other rights they had were for example in some places not come. The black were seen as inferior. Also, they were often threatened or attacked by whites. Usually they were a member of whites than whites club called Ku Klux Klan, that society was against black people. Black was wrong according to their species / breed, so they were often threatened and discriminated against by the whites. Some examples of these measures against black: The training was for black people often less than the programs of the white people. She also had a different school than the white man, who was usually a worse school, which had a lower level. Many public places were forbidden for black people as I have mentioned such as cinemas, parks, etc. Even at the oddest places and you saw a difference against the black, for example, the toilets were of black and whites were separated so much bad for black than of whites. Also, the stores where no black people were allowed, they were such as to another shop for clothes when they had money for. This went on for years like this until finally there was a man who stood for the rights of people and especially the black Martin Luther King (Jr.).
2. Who is Martin Luther King (Jr.)?
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Martin Luther King (Jr.) was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta (Georgia) in the United States of America. His parents were both learned men. His mother was Alberta Christine Williams and his father was named Martin Luther King.
His father was a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church, there met his wife know. He was also a civil rights activist. The King family was a good and wealthy black family from Atlanta. The father of Martin Luther King could not racism against the black bear. He taught his children than that racism was bad and that everyone was equal. This anti-racist education was critical of Martin Luther King Jr..'s Further life. Martin was at a younger age preoccupied with religion and found it very interesting. He wanted to become a pastor himself, but really wanted more he wanted people to think. On July 18, 1953 married Martin Luther King (Jr.) with Coretta Scott she is a musician and she was also someone who advocated equal rights and follower of the work of her husband. Together they had children too Yolanda Denise (1955), Martin Luther III (1957), Dexter Scott (1961) and Bernice Albertine (1963). In 1955 after he had finished his studies, he became minister in Montgomery, Alabama city. This is one of the southern states where the difference between black and white was well made. Scott Correta his wife had really not looking to go back to the southern states, because she was sick of it. She grew up with apartheid and hatred of the negro. But
ÂÂ Martin Luther King (Jr.) considered it his duty to the south to work hard. He wanted to make sure the black people a better future. His stay in Montgomery led him straight into the everyday problems of black people, he was also only 26year. In 1960 he returned to Atlanta, where it came from. In October 1960 he was arrested in a sandwich shop, but not because of his actions, but for a trivial traffic violation. He was imprisoned. This case has received attention across the country eventually did Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy free. He also had a few awards such as Nobel Peace Prize (1964), received by Pope Paul VI in Rome, man of the year by Time Magazine (1963), statue in New York, National Day in USA (Martin Luther King day) and many honorary degrees worldwide.
3. Position and the followers of Martin Luther King & Criticism (Jr.).
Always on Time
Marked to Standard
Martin Luther King (Jr.) fought for the civil rights of the people. He was sure that every person was equal and the same rights, meaning that while blacks and whites who wanted equal. He also had a great example that was Mhatma Gandhi from India who was also against violence was. The Indians came in opposition to the British under the leadership of Gandhi, because India was formerly a colony of England. The Indians had to work hard and really made use of the English. Gandhi was right that they fought against it, but wanted it without violence, nonviolent resistance So, like King did. King has worked on include the abolition of apartheid in the bus (bus boycott) and in public places. Through the good speeches and sermons of Martin Luther King (Jr.) wanted a lot of people both black and whites to campaign they were hopeful of him. Martin Luther King (Jr.) was for nonviolence and against discrimination and found that blacks and whites were equal. That was his dream.
The supporters of King were especially poor black people. They saw King as their leader and gave their hopes for their rights arose. King by his actions, people could express their rage and show that they disagreed. The supporters were therefore often very poor and had no money. The children were raised by only their mother, because fathers often had to fight in the Vietnam War. The women often work, but were very poorly paid. Mostly clear was their boss and then as their inferior, and then was underpaid. Usually attended the black together together together in a neighborhood, a slum. Where no white people in sight, the black and whites lived are often separated. Also, the white people who join the thinking of Martin Luther King (Jr.) that also put their thinking. But it is mainly black supporters were in bad conditions, they relied on King, he was their hope.
Despite the great King aanhand there was indeed critical. People were angry with him because actions often students who left school and participate in its actions. Sometimes children or young children of primary schools involved. Around 1961 and 1962 was marching through the streets of Albany (Georgia). As someone who march on Martin Luther King asked why he used children in the demonstrations that answer: that children have to express themselves and to demonstrate against the injustice done to all of their birth. It was also particularly about the future of the children. There was also criticism among blacks, who felt that everything should go faster. She wanted more rapid improvements in their situation. She wanted to use force, because they thought it might be faster. King continued to stand behind his position. He continued to believe that nonviolent resistance was the best thing they could do. Violence would only bring more violence and hatred would arise. Despite continued criticism by King fight.
4. What did Martin Luther King (Jr.) for the black stuff and what did he outside de U.S.A?
Martin Luther King (Jr.) demanded of the black that they used no violence, that nonviolent resistance was the best. It was difficult for black people angry to calm and quiet, but he managed with difficulty. He taught them some violent resistance was.
1. It's really any resistance. It takes courage, not for the fainthearted.
2. It is not intended to defeat your opponent, but your opponent will understand.
3. The attack is focused on the injustice done in the world. Not against the people.
During a speech in Chicago, said Martin Luther King (Jr.): "The violent man not only refuses to shoot his opponent but he refuses to hate him. That the Americans found strange. The man who lets his enemy will not return, according to him eventually win the battle, it believed Martin Luther King (Jr.).
Why did King's nonviolent resistance so important? Well he felt like his white opponents had shot that had no understanding among white people. If you object to violence only creates more violence and that solves nothing. The black would still have lost the battle because the whites were much more powerful. Through his non-violent resistance was also white on his side, got his way of handling things better understanding of the disparity between black and a white population. He undertook many actions in the United States of America, which you can read the next chapter actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.). He also made trips abroad. The mayor of Berlin invited him to do a speech for a large crowd in Berlin. Pope Paul VI received him in Rome. He also visited the Netherlands. In 1965 he was in Amsterdam to talk to people. Very important was his trip to India, the land of Gandhi. As you could read in Chapter 3, people in India were in revolt against the British led by Gandhi, but he pleaded like King for nonviolent resistance was therefore also the biggest example of Martin Luther King (Jr.). Gandhi was due to his opposition in jail. He did 3 weeks of hunger strike and other so long that the Indians were free. On August 8, 1948, India became independent. Unfortunately, who can not experience, 30januari he was shot by an Indian who saw nothing in nonviolent resistance that he found weakness. When King was still a student who has read books about Gandhi, so he learned how to organize nonviolent opposition had. That what he learned about nonviolent resistance he wanted black people to learn. Example, holding marches, which is a procession with people. What's happening in Montgomery, said many black students, but also white students mostly from North Carolina. Since the students wanted an end to apartheid in snack bars and restaurants. She went right in, even though they were refused, they went down there and demanded to be served. It was days like this, every day. This became known as sit-ins. This action ensured that more equality in hundreds of places created / came. Through his many speeches and actions, the support, but also enemies. He found that he could get problems with the whites. He and 3000 people were detained and arrested by a police commissioner, Eugene Conor. He was strongly against the actions of the protesters and against people like Martin Luther King (Jr.). The police went very rage against the demonstrators, mostly black. There were in America, images and people are really shocked. There were angry reactions from the country not only of blacks but also whites of the population. This provoked the anger forced the city to racial segregation in parks and cinemas and other public places should be abolished. And there were black are employed in the department store. There were more demonstrations in action. When his influence peaked in 1964 had won, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. Martin Luther King (Jr.) was seen as a man who could save the black community. He taught black people so violent resistance, but he also speeches abroad, where he also played on information, its most important trip was to India.
5. Actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.)
This Essay is
a Student's Work
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.Examples of our work
This chapter discusses the two main actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.) supply, the bus boycott and the march to Washington DC. I had in the previous chapter described some smaller actions and demonstrations, but I feel that these are the two most important and famous.
The first major action of Martin Luther King (Jr.) was the bus boycott. The reason was that the action of Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery. Montgomery was required that as a black on the bus to a white face. Rosa Parks later said: "I really do not know why I did not rise. I had nothing special planned. I was just tired from shopping and feet hurt. "After the police arrived there was Rosa, she was arrested and fined 10dollar. When the black population of Montgomery heard that they were very angry and decided to hold a meeting. They made a plan and that plan had become a general boycott of the bus. This came forward a committee led by Martin Luther King (Jr.). The text that was made for the protest was "do not take the bus to work, to town and from school etc. 5december. There is another black woman was arrested, said since refused to stand in the bus for a white man. Prefer to go anywhere, if you really need to work, take a taxi or ride with someone with you or walk. Come Monday at a mass meeting at 19:00 Molt Street Baptist Church for more information. "On that day - Monday 5december 1955 - there were almost no black on the bus. The bus boycott went so very well. They never imagined that it would go so well. The protesters had a committee had to be remembered as a name that was: Montgomery Improvement Assocation, abbreviated MIA. King was the president so that night was a speech that she had made that afternoon. In the speech King would tell how he wanted to solve the racial problems, with violent protest and put pressure on the authorities. He wanted the black population was a unit together and revolt. The bus boycott was more comprehensive, they asked the people taking the bus again only if there were changes. The whites not picked a rose up and pulled the black neighborhoods and black people went there to bother. They wanted action but it did not stop. They were Martin Luther King (Jr.) is in prison, but that produced nothing, because they quickly released because the deposit paid. The bus was very angry because the black is no longer the bus came, they earned much less. Despite everything the police did nothing. There were many setbacks, but the black fought together. Also Martin Luther King (Jr.) went through despite a bomb attack on his house, he was not there but his wife and daughter were at my home, but were unharmed. Another setback was a Saturday afternoon in 1958 when Martin Luther King (Jr.) in a harem, King was a department store there in the book "Stride Toward Freedom" at the signing. The book was about the bus boycott in Montgomery. Then suddenly, and woman named Izola Ware Curry and asked King if he was Martin Luther King, where he 'yes' answers. But at that moment was not looking, because a signature, she stuck him with a letter opener. King survived happily for the event. What began as a strike of 24 hours into a strike of one year. Because the black continued until they had achieved what they wanted to achieve. What finally worked. Supreme Court decided in 1956 that segregation on buses had to be shaved. This success came more and more protests and strikes, with the goal: equal rights for blacks.
King had organised many marches, the most famous of these was the March to Washington DC.
The march on Washington was held at 28augustus 1963, under the leadership of Martin Luther King (Jr.). The black population is now thought that they had waited long enough. She wanted to go but once freedom. In order to reach it, they had to perform actions. One of the black leaders, A. Philip Randolph, came up with an idea. He thought for a march to Washington and proposed to keep that. A few other black leaders doubted whether it would succeed. Suppose now is like walking out of hand and there are fights or there is no case, it would be completely wrong. The rest of the leaders had confidence in it and so was everybody, white and black, called to participate in the march on Washington. Then everyone could see that they were for freedom and equal rights for whites and blacks did. On 28augustus there were more people than they had thought there were as many as 250,000 people to the memorial of Abraham Lincoln, there would begin the march. 60,000 of those people were white. They also found that black should have equal rights as their. The whole march went well, there were no problems. Martin Luther King (Jr.) had to march a speech. He had prepared the speech in New York. During the speech, which was about the continuation of violent resistance, etc. Did he suddenly returned to his speech in June, while he used the words' I have a dream ". His speech was not as thought, but suddenly had a twist. Then came his most famous speech ever. Through this speech were more people standing behind King. Many whites were against racism and for equal rights were. There was also the media attention to the speech. That was very rare for the actions of blacks, there is usually only something in a newspaper when something has happened in such a violent action, but this time the newspapers were full of it. The march and speech "I Have a Dream" came on television. Other countries were themselves more concerned, the action was therefore greater than ever. The black freedom and would no longer be seen as a slave. And so did this action, because finally something was going to change.
These were the two most important and biggest and most famous actions that Martin Luther King has been done with them or
6. The assassination of Martin Luther King (Jr.).
Martin Luther King (Jr.) always had many opponents. Many whites took his opinion stupid or bad, they could not like. He stood up for equal rights for black people. King had been threatened several times, as an autograph session that he was stabbed with a letter opener. This time he was lucky and was quickly out of the hospital. This was not his only setback in his life. There have also been several bomb attacks on his house, lucky there was rarely anyone at home or they were lucky and were unharmed. A time bomb was so bad that his house was completely destroyed. The perpetrators were found in whites racists. People who thought themselves better than other races or are black people. He also repeatedly seriously assaulted or attacked by racist opponents. It is also a few times that he was arrested and imprisoned, because they came out for equal rights for black people and white people. When he received the Nobel Prize for peace, he was arrested again 60 days later. Action because he wanted to defend the black. There was a law established that black could vote. But if black people wanted to register so they could vote for what they never heard back. Whites people were too poor for black people to vote. There were laws, but they were hardly implemented.
In 1968 4april fired a white man from a racist family, the fatal gunshot. Later it became known that James Earl Ray was. It was a sniper in front of the apartment at the motel across from the room of Martin Luther
King (Jr.). He only needed one shot to shoot King. It all happened in Memphis, Tennessee. That same day, Martin Luther King said in a speech in the church, "it is spoken about threats on the part of our white brothers. I would like to live long, but I'm not worried about that now. I'm worried about nothing. " The news of the death of Martin Luther King (Jr.) was really a great message to the world very quickly spread throughout America and the rest of the world. The president, President Johnson came right on television, how he felt about the murder of King, he thought it was awful. He asked every citizen the violence King had fallen victim to reject. The speech came too late because within 24 hours after the announcement of the death of Martin Luther King had already struck the violence in Memphis. Snipers fired at the police and riots were conducted and shops looted. The pain was quickly transferred to other cities. Martin Luther King has given his life for his ideal: equal rights for black people and white people. Unfortunately, this ideal is not reality. Always get the black people seen as an inferior race. That just because a black / dark-skinned slaves in history. Yet King's life for no nothing. He has put a lot of people think about, inequality and violence. He was buried in Atlanta 9april 1968. He had a funeral as slaves in those days before two donkeys pulled a cart containing the coffin was alone this time behind the procession walked thousands of times larger. There were about 15,000 people participated in the procession, most of which were white. The true facts of the murder was never known. James Earl Ray, the assassin, caused a new wave of attention on the place of Martin Luther King (Jr.) had. His comments and thoughts are still many people a source of inspiration. There is also a beautiful sentence on his tombstone:
"Free at last Free at last. Thanks God Almighty. I am free at last. "
That means: "Free at last free at last. Thank you Almighty God. At last I am free.
While making this piece, I learned a lot about Martin Luther King (Jr.). I admire him for how he helped people and that what she did. Me it was a beautiful story of what he did pity the poor run off and get shot. I thought it was an educational mission. I did not always make much sense to make it, yet I am wiser or it is today. It was sometimes a difficult task to find the information. Unfortunately I have nothing to do with myself in pictures or the like. Because never in the square in Washington would've been just once want to go to see where Martin Luther King (Jr.) has done well his speech. Hopefully you will find it a good piece. | <urn:uuid:7bfad323-1b31-4fa8-b298-9d67abffebe0> | {
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One year ago this month, the RU 27, an eight-foot underwater glider, also called Scarlet Knight, completed a 221-day journey across the Atlantic Ocean. The torpedo-shaped, autonomous vehicle broke the record for the longest underwater trip by a glider in history. Last Thursday, the record-breaking glider was put on display for all to see in the Natural History Museum's Sant Ocean Hall.
The story of Scarlet Knight begins with a challenge. In 2006, Dr. Richard Spinrad of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) met Rutgers University professors Scott Glen, Oscar Schofield and Josh Kohut at a workshop on international oceanic collaboration in Lithuania. Since 1998, the Rutgers team had been using gliders like Scarlet Knight to sample the salinity and temperature of the ocean in the coastal waters of Florida, Hawaii, New Jersey and the Mediterranean. The gliders were being employed for short distances of up to 30 miles. Spinrad, over a few bottles of wine, no less, posed a formidable challenge to the team—to send a glider all the way across the Atlantic.
The team accepted, and assembled a class of undergraduate students from a variety of disciplines to meet the challenge head-on. " brought together engineers, computer scientists, oceanographers, as well as people who were just interested. They walked away with an appreciation of how important the ocean is, and I think that's the really exciting part," said Zdenka Willis of NOAA at Thursday's unveiling.
The glider used the equivalent power of just three Christmas tree lights to undulate in a series of 10,000 continuous dives and ascents over a span of more than 4,500 miles. To dive, the glider would draw about one cup of water into its nose, causing it to sink forward. Once the glider slowed, it would spit out the water, propelling it forward in an upward motion.
Scarlet Knight's journey started off in New Jersey on April 27, 2009, and ended in the town of Baiona, Spain, just north of the Portuguese border on the Atlantic coast. Its path loosely followed the route taken by Columbus' ship, the Pinta, when it returned to Spain 517 years ago, immediately after the discovery of the New World. The Rutgers team collaborated with several Spanish schools and worked with the Spanish port authority. "This was a wonderful opportunity to participate in this adventure, this mission that epitomizes partnership," says Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, of the Spanish port authority.
The glider didn't go very fast. It traveled only about one mile per hour, but the Rutgers team didn't have the need for speed. They were only interested in data-collection. "We're pushing technology in the gliders to allow them to go deeper and further as well as pushing the edge on the technologies so we can look at everything from hurricane intensity forecasting to fisheries management to the general ecosystems, as well as that physical oceanography that's really the bread and butter," says Willis.
Most recently, autonomous gliders with similar technology were used to collect data at the Gulf oil spill cleanup.
Rutgers professor Scott Glenn, who spearheaded the project, sees the Scarlet Knight as an educational venture above all else. "I saw gliders as a new platform for exploring the ocean, something we've never been able to do before," he says. "But the main purpose of this was educational. Yeah, we flew the glider across the ocean, but the main thing was we developed new education programs for our students." The glider will be on display at the Natural History museum complete with photos, maps, and visuals in the Sant Ocean Hall through mid-2012. | <urn:uuid:f097785b-7e6f-41d7-85a6-b54d0265a11c> | {
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Sutton Council has launched its Environment Strategy to co-icide with World Environment Day.
The strategy has been developed and directly influenced following more than 800 people responding to the council’s consultation last summer.
The vision of the strategy includes:
Cleaner air with more people travelling by bike, public transport or on foot
Protecting green spaces and creating new green space where it is currently lacking
Reducing the council’s carbon emissions as well as energy use per household, with more energy coming from renewable or low-carbon sources, such as solar
Fewer people living in fuel poverty
The borough being a testbed for the circular economy, which means keeping items in good condition and use for as long as possible, through reuse or repair
The borough being resilient to the impact of climate change, such as heatwaves, droughts and flooding
Using less water
Everyone playing their role in reducing their impact on the environment
“The council recognises the need to work with neighbouring boroughs and other partners to bring changes that extend beyond London. There has already been unanimous agreement from councillors to remove single use plastics from council operations and contracts,” said a spokesperson.
Other actions the council is taking this year include:
Signing up to be a Smart Energy GB Employer and promoting smart meters for local households, from autumn 2019
Introducing refill stations at council sites and offices, where people can refill their water bottles, by summer 2019
Installing rain gardens and planters in three Carshalton primary schools to help reduce local flood risk, by summer 2019
Exploring a ‘community repaint’ initiative where unwanted paint can be shared with people who do want it, from autumn 2019
The Environment Strategy is available to read in full at www.sutton.gov.uk/environmentstrategy | <urn:uuid:b19a2f5c-cd80-4c42-98bf-cee2b571d897> | {
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Female silkworm moth on a cocoon. Some transgenic silkworms spin industrial-strength fibers. Photo: Fastily, Creative Commons.
A transgenic organism is any living creature, such as a bacterium, plant, or animal that has received a foreign gene by means of genetic engineering. There are many applications for transgenic organisms in the health and food industries. Scientists have developed a variety of transgenic silkworms that spin industrial-strength or glow-in-the-dark fibers, for example, or make silk with human proteins. A mosquito may soon be engineered to be unable to carry one type of malaria parasite. Field tests are underway to determine the safety of using transgenic pink bollworms, designed to spread sterility to wild bollworms, to protect agricultural crops. Most transgenic research is still in the development phase, and now is the time to address the impact of transgenics on the environment, crop production, and animal and human health.
What are transgenic insects?
Insects are made transgenic when one or more DNA sequences from other organisms are inserted into their genome. The accepted method for making transgenic insects is to splice the DNA intended for insertion into a mobile element, also known as a “jumping gene.” A jumping gene is a segment of DNA that can be integrated at many different sites along a chromosome. In our lab we use a mobile element, called piggyBac, that was discovered by Malcolm Fraser at the University of Notre Dame.1
Interestingly, when the human genome was finally sequenced, many copies of an inactive mobile element from bacteria, calledmariner, were found. Several copies of a piggyBac homolog named looper were also identified. How many other similar genes might be present is not known because they are not easy to identify and characterize; however, one current theory suggests these jumping genes play a role in human evolution.2
Agricultural uses for designer insects
The first application of the new transgenic insect technology is likely to be improvements in the sterile insect technique (SIT). SIT was developed by Edward F. Knipling from peaceful uses of atomic energy. The method employs
- mass rearing of pest insects
- exposing them to damaging radiation at levels that cause sterility
- releasing them over infested areas so that they swamp out reproduction in wild populations
SIT programs have been used for a variety of insects, including Medfly, codling moth, and pink bollworm.3-5 However, some obstacles must be overcome:
- Some insects can’t be mass reared.
- Mass rearing sometimes adds to improved population numbers but at the expense of fitness. (Fitness is the ability of an organism to adapt to its environment.)
- Currently the technique involves sterilization of insects with radiation, which further reduces their fitness.
To make pink bollworms sterile using SIT, the pupal stage is exposed to gamma rays, causing massive chromosome breakage that the cells then attempt to repair by natural mechanisms. The result is the main functions of the cells are retained and the resulting adults are sterile. A side effect of the process is lower competitive mating behavior in the transgenic insects as compared to non-irradiated ones. To compensate for this, very large numbers of SIT insects are released in an attempt to counteract the mating vigor of the wild populations; in pink bollworm SIT, the ratio of sterile to wild insects is 60:1 (by contrast, the ratio is 100:1 in Medfly SIT). The pink bollworm SIT program is ongoing in California (Figure 1).
Map of California and its counties shows the main cotton growing areas (green) and the pink bollworm quarantine zone (red). Pink bollworm is established in the two counties shown in red but not in the large green area in the Central Valey. An SIT program aimed at preventing the spread of pink bollworm from the infested areas into the Central Valley has been in operation since 1969. SIT pink bollworms are shipped daily from mass-rearing facilities in Phoenix, AZ, for release in central California’s uninfested areas.
The next step in controlling pink bollworms is to create a transgenic insect that can breed with, and transfer sterility to, wild insects. How do you breed sterile transgenics? Insertion of a single “conditional” lethal gene into pink bollworms eliminates their susceptibility to radiation’s side effects under certain conditions. Notch is the first conditional lethal gene to be discovered that allows mass rearing of insects. Our lab found the Notch gene in Drosophila melanogaster, the vinegar (fruit) fly, in 1994.6 For an unknown reason the Notch protein works above room temperature to help the embryo develop, but it interferes with embryonic development below room temperature and is therefore conditionally lethal. By mixing a strain of Drosophila melanogaster having two copies of the Notch mutation with an equal number of wild types, we caused the population to collapse in three generations. When we attempted to insert Notch into pink bollworms, however, we ran into the first major problem. Genetic elements that work perfectly well in Drosophila, a fly, do not necessary work the same way or work at all in distantly related insects such as the pink bollworm, a moth. This process is still in development.
The second lethal gene, nipper, also from the vinegar fly and also a developmental gene, was discovered by Luke Alphey of Oxford University, UK. Alphey and his company, Oxitec, UK, made a more elaborate lethal construct that they hope will be used for a number of pest control cases. In transgenic pink bollworms, the lethal effects of nipper are switched off in the presence of the antibiotic, tetracycline, which is used in mass rearing to suppress bacterial infections. When released in the wild, where no tetracycline is available, adult pink bollworms mate and pass on the lethal effect to the next generation of the field population, making them perfect candidates for the new SIT. Alphey and his colleagues at Oxitec are also working to solve the problem of making genes from the vinegar fly work in other insects.7
The problem of transgenic insect fitness
Laboratory rearing of insects naturally selects for traits and behaviors that are not compatible with competitive behavior in the wild, which is one of the dilemmas of the SIT approach. Occasionally lab strains are outcrossed with wild strains to counteract the effects of inbreeding and lack of competition.
The process of making transgenic organisms introduces another form of fitness loss. The act of introducing a new gene, even when inserted by the “natural” mechanism using mobile elements, always leaves the recipient weak, in most cases fatally weak. Of the hundreds of trial insertion events only a few transgenic individuals are able to survive. Fitness is improved by breeding with healthy stocks and then selecting pure strains.
Any attempts to release transgenic insects into the wild would encounter these same issues, that is, reduced fitness compared to wild types because of lab rearing and gene insertion. The first experiment in which transgenic mosquitoes (with fluorescent protein gene markers) were allowed to mix with wild populations in a confined cage study showed the transgenes to naturally decline quickly over time. This is exactly what happens with transgenic pink bollworms. And yet, surprisingly, it took from 4 to 16 generations for any vestiges of the transgenes to finally disappear. I expected reversion to wild type to occur more quickly, and perhaps in the wild it would.8
Designing symbionts for control of plant diseases
Paratransgenesis, another use of transgenic technology in crop protection, is the technique of inserting genes into symbionts that live in host organisms. A symbiont is an organism that depends on another organism (the host) to survive; an example is a clownfish that finds shelter and food in the tentacles of the sea anemone.
In the Chagas disease model, used here to illustrate symbiotic control, the insect vector is a ‘kissing’ or blood-sucking bug that transmits the blood-borne disease from wild and domestic animals to humans; a protozoan is the pathogen and a bacterium is the symbiont (colored circles in the insect’s gut). The first step in symbiotic control is to pick a symbiont that is already present in the vector insect (red circles, step 1 on the drawing). Next, genetically alter the symbiont (purple circles, step 2) to carry a gene product that is lethal to the pathogenic agent. Then insert the altered symbiont back onto the vector insect (step 3) to spread the lethal gene to any protozoans encountered when the inset ingests a blood meal.
Paratransgenesis was pioneered by Frank Richards at Yale University, and our lab borrowed its principles to develop a method to counteract the threat of Pierce’s disease in California.
- The key feature of symbiotic control, which uses symbionts to control pests or disease, is identifying a symbiont that has both an intimate relationship (called mutualism) with a diseased host and access to the pest or pathogen attacking it.
The difference between symbiotic control and biological control, which uses organisms such as parasites or predators to control pests or disease, is the transgenic pest organism acts as a symbiotic control agent itself rather than parasites or predators acting to control the pest.
Symbiotic control is different from ordinary microbial pesticides, which are used the same as commercial insecticides, in having greater selectivity and fewer side effects. The symbiotic agent can be designed to affect only the pathogen causing the given disease (Fig. 2).
Chardonnay grape leaves in a commercial vineyard in Temecula, CA, show signs of Pierce’s disease. This grapevine is near a field plot where a method to control Pierce’s disease is being tested. Note that grapes are still being produced in the presence of the disease. Photo: © 2004, Blake Bextine.
Pierce’s disease is caused by a strain of a bacterium called Xylella fastidiosa (XF). XF originated on the Gulf of Mexico 150 years ago and came to California probably in infected grapevines. Historically, Pierce’s disease occurred on rare occasions in California and disappeared equally quickly because the native leafhoppers are poor at spreading the pathogen.
More recently, in the mid 1980s, the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), a leafhopper native to southeastern United States where Pierce’s disease is endemic, arrived in California. The new arrival changed everything because it is very efficient at spreading the pathogen that causes Pierce’s disease. Other strains of XF bacterium were also spread such that southern California is now suffering from an epidemic of oleander leaf scorch and similar diseases in ornamental trees.
Symbiotic control is one biotechnology choice for controlling Pierce’s disease. So far in our experiments:
- Carol Lauzon found a symbiont, tentatively identified as Alcaligenes xylosoxidans var. denitrificans (Axd), from the foregut of the glassy-winged sharpshooter10
- David Lampe inserted fluorescent marker genes into the chromosome of Axd (RAxd)11
- Blake Bextine worked out methods of following the movement of symbionts from sharpshooters to host plants12
Confined field trials in commercial vineyards, supported by a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have shown that RAxd:
- does not move into the berries or stems of the developing grapevines
- does not survive in the soil
- is replaced rapidly by non-transgenic wild populations of Axd and other symbionts that are a natural part of the ecosystem
More recently, Lampe produced Axd with a marker gene and a gene product that tested lethal to the pathogen. We’ve called it S1RAxd. Bextine is busy testing the new organism for its ability to cure grapevines of Pierce’s disease and prevent transmission of the pathogen. So far these are all strictly laboratory experiments. We have not received the necessary approval to conduct open field trials. The confined field trials mentioned above were conducted in commercial vineyards with the plants bagged to prevent access by wild insects, and the plants were destroyed at the end of the experiments.
State and federal programs have kept Pierce’s disease muted in southern California so far by quarantine restrictions and by insecticide treatments of GWSS in over-wintering host citrus orchards. The grape and wine industry has signaled that they will not accept a transgenic grapevine solution to this threat, thus taking a major biotechnology tool away. A transgenic insect approach is not practical because GWSS cannot be cultured in large numbers in the laboratory, and classical biological control with parasites and predators can suppress the GWSS but not below the economically tolerable disease threshold of one GWSS per plant. And the grape and wine industry has not yet indicated its position on symbiotic control.
Regulation of transgenic and paratransgenic insects
The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology has called for adoption of strict regulations of genetically modified insects in its January 2004 report.13 The EPA calls the new S1RAxd organism a “microbial pesticide,” and while this application of symbionts is new, there are laws already in place for regulating it.
The major concern with Axd is it is related to a bacterium, if not the same bacterium, that causes nosocomial infections, meaning infections contracted in hospitals, especially, in this case, in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Thus, before any registration would be permitted for a microbial pesticide to be used to control Pierce’s disease in vineyards, this issue would have to be dealt with.
The regulatory process involves science-based risk assessment and uses the public forum as a sounding board and to uncover potential issues the public might have with registration and use. The genetically modified pink bollworm project uncovered an attitude in some individuals and groups that we “should not be doing this,” and this view was officially adopted by the California Fish and Game Commission.
Regulatory officials have to respond to objections to the application of new technologies. They cannot respond to vague misgivings; the law does not allow them to do that. But they can measure and deal with safety issues, such as Axd’s alleged nosocomial property. The use of transgenic insects to improve SIT is seen by many as the least risky test of this new technology because the aim is population collapse rather than the spreading of genes through a population.14
Is man in control of nature or the other way around?
The two agriculture pest problems outlined above, pink bollworm and Pierce’s disease, were both caused by human activities. Initially, pink bollworms, which originated in India, were unknowingly dispersed globally as contaminating larvae in cotton seed shipments. Cotton growers thought it would improve their yields; instead they got a major crop pest. The pathogen causing Pierce’s disease and later the glassy-winged sharpshooter were carried to California inadvertently and now threaten crops and ornamentals alike.
Accidental introduction of the pink bollworm illustrates the fallacy in the common notion that humans are in control of nature. However, recombinant DNA technologies are considered by some to be dabbling with creation.
Certainly, inserting genes into insects or their symbionts raises the issue that genes may move horizontally between species, as well as human safety and ethics concerns. However, the transgenic insects are not fully competitive with the wild type, although they are competitive enough to decrease reproduction of pests. In addition, they lose in competition with wild types and self-destruct in a few weeks. Given that reality, it is hard to understand why these laboratory creations are going to be a problem. You don’t get more vigorous organisms unless you allow selection to occur in nature. Nothing coming out of a laboratory is going to be able to compete with the natural process because an artificial environment lacks full selection criteria.
The fact that transgene fragments can survive as long as they do is somewhat puzzling, but it makes sense if nature has a method of saving spare DNA parts for possible later use. When pest insects develop resistance to insecticides, or when microbes develop resistance to antibiotics, and the pesticides or antibiotics are withdrawn, the organisms revert back to susceptibility. But upon reintroducing the same products later, we find resistance occurs much faster the second time around. This is a form of a population saving “remnants” for later use (in this case insecticide resistance to the first compound) at the DNA level. It is a glimpse of the powerful drive for successful DNA replication, but it suggests we may never be able to completely control a population.
© 2004, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Educators have permission to reprint articles for classroom use; other users, please contact [email protected] for reprint permission. See reprint policy. | <urn:uuid:c43d5084-72ce-4244-a8e8-7e3482f0d56a> | {
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The Power of Women
Horrible crimes are committed against women and girls in Afghanistan every week. Recently, a 20-year-old woman was beheaded by a relative. The young woman is said to have refused to obey her mother-in-law's demand that she turn to prostitution. Only a tiny fraction of the many similar cases ever come to the attention of the international media. The fact is, however, that 80 percent of all Afghan women, regardless of their age, face violence on a daily basis, administered in most cases by their husbands, brothers, or uncles. Yet, they are also hit even by their mothers and other female relatives.
All this should come as no surprise. After decades of war, terror, and being uprooted and dehumanized, Afghan society is deeply traumatized. It will not only take a great deal of time for the society to recover, but, most of all, elaborate assistance in order to build up external structures and foster the internal strength necessary for a post-war society to find its own autonomous path that includes equal rights for all. But what happens when those offering assistance are primarily interested in their own agenda, rather than in promoting development in line with the local population's needs?
Nonetheless, not everything was and is bad in Afghanistan. Since the overthrow of the Taliban, there are women (and even a few men) who have shown much courage in working towards a true peace. They are hardly visible, yet one of them is now in the spotlight – the Afghan doctor and women's rights activist Sima Samar.
In early December, she will be awarded the Alternative Nobel Prize in Stockholm for her "courage and decisiveness in the struggle for human rights and the rights of women." As a doctor and women's rights activist, she knows very well the suffering of Afghan men and women. During the time in which she served as Minister for Women's Affairs, she experienced the rigidity of her corrupt, backward-looking, and power-hungry colleagues in parliament.
As Chairwoman of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHCR), she has fought for years against those attempting to prevent the disclosure and prosecution of war crimes committed over the past three decades. These individuals would stop at nothing to keep from being incriminated, even if it meant committing new murders.
Since the mid-1980s, in whatever activity she undertook, Samar dedicated herself to working for the improvement of living conditions for women and girls in Afghanistan. Eleven years after the invasion of Afghanistan by NATO forces, they are still suffering under repressive structures, and are being tortured, raped, and suppressed.
It is therefore all the more vital for the international community to finally show cohesion and decisiveness by condemning violence against women and by supporting women's right to participate in the Afghan peace process as members of civil society. This is particularly relevant, as NATO has repeatedly used the issue of the "liberation of Afghan women" as a main argument for their policies in Afghanistan since 2001.
Liberation only on talk shows
Even here in Germany, politicians have shown no hesitation in repeatedly referring to "the girl schools and the poor women in burkas" on an endless number of talk shows in order to justify the costs of the Afghanistan expedition to the German taxpayer. Yet, a closer examination of these costs reveals contradictions. German expenditures for civilian reconstruction in Afghanistan until 2010 consisted of only a quarter of the total costs – far less than military expenditures and only one percent (!) of these funds were invested in women's projects.
Instead of revising its previous policies and, although somewhat belated, at least now begin to address the necessary priorities of promoting and protecting human rights in Afghanistan, the German government has instead reached a completely different conclusion. According to its new general guidelines, which since September now determine how all government agencies should deal with what are defined as "fragile states" such as Afghanistan, more consideration will be given to local traditions and power structures! This is what I call a truly grandiose tactic of renewed obfuscation.
From the very start, efforts towards building a real democracy in Afghanistan were laughable and half-hearted. In the final analysis, this merely served as the justification of a policy of maintaining loyalty to the NATO alliance, which had to be sold to the electorate in most attractive package possible. And now this is the time for more democracy and not less, as only democracy can solve the problems. Yet, we are instead presented with nebulous new guidelines.
NATO's lack of success
Berlin will now rely on local notions of legitimacy and on traditions to help stabilize fragile states. What will this mean, however, for Afghan women, who until now have been dramatically underrepresented in all government bodies, and whose desire for political participation is openly met with insult, persecution, and violence? These women suffer daily under the strict conservative and patriarchal structures of society. In the name of a just social peace, it should be a matter of fighting against such structures rather than accepting them.
Who, of all people, need the return to old tradition? Perhaps those who do not wish to assume responsibility for the new? More important than anything else, though, is to provide support for those in Afghanistan who have already long been courageously working for changes and offering alternatives – smart, self-aware women like the prize-winner Sima Samar.
Yet, what chance do women like Samar have with their ideas of equal rights for women in a this society, when, at the local level and even in the international community, existing power structures are not only accepted as a cultural given, but are being consolidated as well?
The eleven years since the start of this unsuccessful NATO mission have clearly proven one thing. The form of assistance offered to date has not proved helpful and existing conceptions with respect to political legitimation and roles for the various parties involved have not brought about a sustainable peace. It is time for something new. Afghan women are ready. Are Western politicians ready as well?
© TAZ/Qantara.de 2012
Monika Hauser is a gynaecologist and founder of the women's rights organization medica mondiale. In 2008, she was the recipient of the Alternative Nobel Prize. On 19 November, Hauser will be awarded with the North Rhine-Westphalia State Prize.
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In the human body there is not a single organ that is not damaged by one or another pathology. Even in intimate places can cause problems. Diseases of the large or small labia are usually accompanied by pain, itching, burning, or, conversely, are completely asymptomatic. In case of any discomfort in the region of the labia, it is worthwhile to consult a doctor in time to find the cause and eliminate it. What diseases affect the female genital organs? What are the symptoms and causes of their provoking?
Types of pathologies
Any, even the slightest damage, redness or irritation can be a signal that the female genital organs are affected by a disease that has surrendered to an infected partner. Below we list the diseases that are often found in the history of women who do not take care of themselves and have several sexual partners at once.
- Chancroid. In other words – venereal ulcer. This pathology is very rare. Its causative agent is the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. The incubation period takes up to 3 weeks, but after a few days after the infection enters the body, a small red spot can be seen on the labia, which gradually begins to grow.
- Genital herpes. This disease is often accompanied by pain, so miss it in the early stages will not work. Also on the genital lips appear rash in the form of bubbles, they help to quickly diagnose pathology.
- Contagious mollusk. This is a viral skin infection, its causative agent is a virus from the group of smallpox. In women, small nodules appear on the surface of the lips, which can spread to other organs, continuing to multiply on the thighs, abdomen and beyond, if you do not start timely treatment.
- Syphilis. This is a venereal disease affecting the mucous membrane, skin, bones, internal organs. Infection, a provoking disease – bacteria from the order spirochaete.
All the diseases described above are transmitted from an infected partner, so in order to protect yourself, you need to monitor your health, have one partner and regularly visit a doctor. The following diseases of the large or small lips of the genital lips are not related to sexual contact.
- Vulvar dysplasia. With this type of disease, white, red or brown spots may appear on the external genitals. The vulva can also develop into cancerous growths – melanoma, basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma.
- Atopic dermatitis. This genetically caused disease affects the skin. Most often, the pathology develops in those who are genetically located to atopy. The main symptom of the disease is unbearable itching. Often it can cause food allergens. At the first symptoms of the disease, an urgent need to consult a doctor to confirm the diagnosis and begin therapy.
- Contact dermatitis. This disease of the skin of the labia is caused by exposure to an allergen. Symptoms resemble allergies.
- Nonspecific vulvovaginitis. This pathology simultaneously affects the vulva, vulva and vagina. Most common in young girls. In women, the disease begins with inflammation of the vagina. Lack of hygiene can lead to such a disease; mechanical factors are also the cause. Symptoms: itching, abundant leucorrhea, very similar to purulent, sometimes with blood; the vulva swells and the vaginal mucosa is affected by hemorrhages.
But besides these, other diseases are also common. Every woman should know about them in order to see a doctor at the first symptoms and prevent serious consequences.
- Benign cysts. Education data can be found in any woman. They are able to disappear on their own during several menstrual cycles. There are many types of such cysts, but they are not considered tumors. They appear as a result of failures in the process of follicle development or due to inflammation of the lips / vagina.
- Bartholin cyst gland. This pea-sized (or larger) formation appears mainly at the bottom of the large lips. It develops due to the fact that the excretory duct of the gland is growing. Often accompanied by suppuration. As a result, the woman fever, there are pain and hyperemia. It is necessary to treat such a cyst operatively and only according to the scheme prescribed by the doctor.
- Vaginal cysts. These neoplasms can have different shapes and a tough-elastic consistency. Their location is superficial. They require surgical treatment.
- Ovarian cysts. They appear due to the fact that a secret accumulates in the cavity and its number is constantly increasing.
- Bartholin gland abscesses, or Skin’s cysts. Most often, the disease begins with a small cyst in the region of the labia, and then, if no measures are taken in time, an abscess develops, which can be eliminated only with the help of surgery and further therapy. It is the treatment after surgery that will help to completely eliminate the disease and prevent its recurrence.
Diseases affecting the vagina, the region of the labia and other parts of intimate places may have pronounced symptoms or may be completely asymptomatic. Some of them can be recognized independently, but there are also those that can be detected only by the doctor after the diagnosis.
Diagnosis, therapy and care at home
Fully cure diseases of the genital lips of the house will not succeed. The symptoms can only be alleviated, but the doctor should prescribe and control the treatment.
Infection in the labia can affect both the vagina and the uterus. Without diagnosis and complex therapy in such a situation can not do.
At home, it is acceptable to relieve itching and pain, a sit-in bath with chamomile or a string helps a great deal. If ulcers appear, you need to start treatment together with your partner, and a specialist should select it. If the following symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to protect yourself from serious and irreversible processes:
- any incomprehensible lesions on the genitals;
- persistent and disturbing itching;
- the appearance of pain, discomfort and discharge, fever.
The doctor must conduct a comprehensive diagnosis, examination on the gynecological chair. You may also be asked questions about the disease and intimate life:
- what hurts and what pain: dull or acute;
- one symptom has appeared or there are others;
- in which area pain and itching is felt;
- when the first time there was discomfort;
- whether such diseases have been previously observed;
- how regular is the patient’s sex life;
- Does urination bother you;
- Are there any pain during sex;
- Has the patient experienced abnormal vaginal drainage?
Answers to all these questions will help to make the correct diagnosis, but they still may not be enough to identify a disease that has been troubling for a long time. Therefore, the doctor may prescribe additional studies:
- general urine analysis;
- differential blood count;
- biopsy (a piece of skin, a drop of liquid or mucous membrane).
To treat diseases affecting intimate places, you can with the help of medicines, surgery or popular methods. But most often, experts combine all these treatment options – only in this way can good results be achieved. Surgical intervention will not be effective if after it you do not take a course of treatment with drugs, and traditional methods will not be able to destroy the infection. Self-medication can become dangerous, so the first thing to do when symptoms appear is to see a doctor. | <urn:uuid:adbe8ade-a7f1-4c84-8124-2b29524781d4> | {
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UNICEF & The Orange Box
Although Halloween is a fun time to dress up in your scariest costumes and get sweet treats, it's also a time to bring out that orange UNICEF box and collect money to help sick and starving kids around the world.
Helping Kids in Need
The United Nations created UNICEF in 1946 to provide food, clothing and health care to European children who were faced with famine and disease after World War II. UNICEF now works in 191 countries around the world to give children the best life possible, particularly when it comes to education, child protection, proper nutrition and immunizations to prevent illnesses.
Trick-or-Treating for UNICEF
So what's the deal with those orange UNICEF boxes? Well, it all started back in 1950 when a group of kids in Philadelphia went trick-or-treating with their church pastor. They opened their bags for candy, but also held out empty milk cartons to collect donations for overseas children in need. They collected $17, sent it to UNICEF and the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF program was created! Since then, kids in the US have raised more than $188 million to help needy children around the world! Good job!
Did You Know?
- UNICEF used to stand for the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, but has now been shortened to the United Nations Children's Fund.
- Donating $1 to UNICEF can protect a child from polio for life. Although it's under control in North America, polio still strikes kids in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
- Donating $1 to UNICEF can immunize a child against measles, which claims more children's lives each year than wars, famines and natural disasters combined!
- Check out www.unicef.org to learn more about UNICEF and how it's dedicated to helping kids in need. | <urn:uuid:db3a5e7f-9b38-4960-a0dd-ed6f23ea2c21> | {
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There’s an epidemic taking hold and it’s one you might not be aware of. This condition goes by several names, including metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, or syndrome X. Around 35% of people are impacted by this disorder and many don’t know it. According to the National Institutes of Health, metabolic syndrome is set to overtake smoking as the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome refers to a constellation of signs and symptoms that include:
· Elevated blood pressure
· A low HDL-cholesterol
· High triglycerides
· Borderline high fasting blood sugar
· A large waistline due to excessive fat storage around the middle
· If you have three or more of these signs and symptoms, you meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic syndrome and its manifestations are characterized by insulin resistance. When you’re insulin resistant, the receptors on cells that use insulin don’t respond as readily to the insulin your pancreas produces. Since the receptors don’t “unlock” as easily, less glucose enters cells and some stays in the blood stream. In response, your pancreas produces more insulin to try to push the glucose in. This places strain on your pancreas and may eventually lead to pancreas burnout. That’s when metabolic syndrome turns into type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is also a strong risk factor for heart disease. In fact, metabolic syndrome is a ticking time bomb that will likely lead to future health problems.
Fortunately, you can reverse metabolic syndrome and lower your risk of getting it in the first place through lifestyle. One of the most fundamental risk factors for metabolic syndrome is aging. Insulin resistance increases with age and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and the health problems that go with it rises too. So, it’s important to track your blood pressure, blood sugar, lipid levels, and the size of your waistline as you age. Even in the early stages, metabolic syndrome can cause damage. That’s why you want to protect yourself against it as much as possible. How can you do that?
Lose Weight if You’re Overweight
Excess body fat is a major contributor to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The link is strongest for people who carry a high level of body fat in the midsection, around the upper abdomen and waist. It’s this pattern of obesity that’s sometimes referred to as “apple-shaped” and is usually associated with higher levels of deep abdominal fat called visceral fat. This type of deep tummy fat releases chemicals called cytokines that trigger inflammation and contribute to insulin resistance, the underlying driver of metabolic syndrome. So, the first order of business if you’re at high risk for metabolic syndrome is to get down to a healthy body-fat percentage.
One of the many benefits of exercise is that it improves insulin sensitivity. That’s important since insulin resistance is what drives metabolic syndrome. Both aerobic exercise and strength-training boost insulin sensitivity and, based on one study, there is no clear advantage of one over another. Although training with resistance improves insulin sensitivity short-term, the additional muscle you build also enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation. Think of strength-training as a long-term investment in metabolic health. Make sure you’re doing both aerobic and resistance training since each offers different benefits.
Many experts believe the epidemic of metabolic syndrome is partially fueled by the rise in popularity of processed foods and sugar. Eliminating these dietary components improves insulin sensitivity by reducing rapid rises in blood sugar and by helping with weight control. Stick to a nutrient-rich diet consisting of whole foods and pattern your diet around the Mediterranean eating plan. Studies show this type of diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, and healthy fats, like olive, oil can reverse metabolic syndrome as well as lower mortality. In addition, a Mediterranean-style diet is diverse and flavorful. It’s one you can stick with longer term.
Sleep and Stress Control
Emotional or physical stress and inadequate sleep can trigger a rise in cortisol, the so-called stress hormone. Unfortunately, cortisol opposes the action of insulin and makes cells MORE insulin resistant. That’s why preventing and dealing with metabolic syndrome involves more than just changing your diet and level of physical activity. Even if you exercise and eat a healthy diet, stress and lack of sleep can harm your metabolic health.
Also, remember that stress and lack of sleep can worsen insulin resistance by triggering sugar cravings – and it can turn into a vicious cycle. To improve your metabolic health, head to bed as early as possible, sleep in a completely dark room, and avoid exposure to blue light from electronic devices. Yoga, meditation, deep breathing, and other stress-relief exercises can help you better deal with emotional stress and lower cortisol.
Vitamins and Minerals
It’s important to get a diverse array of nutrients by eating whole foods. One mineral to be mindful of is magnesium. A study showed people who consumed more dietary magnesium had a 31% lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome. A variety of whole foods are rich in magnesium, including green, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, whole, grains, and dark chocolate. Also, ask your health care provider to check your vitamin D level. Several studies show a link between low vitamin D and worsening blood sugar control.
The Bottom Line
Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are at epidemic proportions in Western countries, partially due to rising rates of obesity, the popularity of processed foods, and sedentary lifestyles. Thankfully, you can greatly lower your risk through diet and lifestyle changes. Now, you have a better idea on how to do that.
NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. “What Is Metabolic Syndrome?”
CJASN May 2007 vol. 2 no. 3 550-562.
Obes Rev. 2015 Nov;16(11):942-61. doi: 10.1111/obr.12317.
PLOS One. “High-Intensity Interval- vs Moderate Intensity- Training for Improving Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight or Obese Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial” October 21, 2016.
Medscape. “Mediterranean Diet Reverses Metabolic Syndrome in PREDIMED” October 14, 2014.
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To Kill A Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in a small southern town, and in that small town lives a girl named Scout Finch. This girls has three influential people in her childhood. The people who influenced Scout make her think differently about the way people live. Dolphus Raymond is the town drunk and he is not really as he appears. Mrs. Dubose was always cranky but she only wanted a pure soul when she died. Boo Radley may be six and a half feet tall, and he may eat squirrels, but he is very kind and thinks good of other people. Those characters have made a change in Scout Finch's life by the way she thinks of other people.
One character from whom Scout Finch learns that people are not always as they seem is Dolphus Raymond. Dolphus has a reputation of being the town drunk.
Dolphus carries around a brown paper sack with a straw in it. He pretends to be drinking whisky from the sack and therefore he pretends to be drunk. Mr. Raymond's mistress is "black"ÃÂ and his children are "mixed"ÃÂ. Dolphus is "white"ÃÂ As Dill and Scout are outside the courthouse, they meet Mr.
Raymond. He offers Dill his paper sack, telling him it is only Coca-Cola in the bottle. Dolphus Raymond explains his reasoning for pretending to be drunk. He tells them that his acting drunk gives some folks a explanation why he likes to sit with other blacks and why he lives with a black women. The town thinks that because he is in the clutches of whisky, he won't change his ways.
People don't understand that he lives the way he does because he likes to. Mr. Raymond trusts Scout with his secret because she is innocent and she understands. She doesn't have her own opinion of him, she only knows by how other people see him. Scout learns that Dolphus Raymond pretends to be drunk because some people give others heck without ever thinking that they are people too. Dolphus is one character from whom Scout learns that people aren't always what they seem.
A second character from who Scout learns that people aren't always what they seem is Mrs. Dubose. Mrs. Dubose lived alone except for a "black"ÃÂ in constant attendance. Mrs. Dubose was very old. She spent most of her days in a wheelchair and in a bed. When Jem and Scout would walk by, she would be sitting on her front porch and bug them regularly on their behavior.
They could never do or say anything to please her. Scout hated Mrs. Dubose. Jem was made to read to her everyday because he had cut the tops off all her flowers. Everyday Mrs. Dubose would set her alarm clock for a later time. When the alarm clock would go off, Scout and Jem could go home. After five weeks, she was off taking morphine. Mrs. Dubose was addicted to taking morphine and wanted to clear her habit before she died, She wanted to die with a pure soul. Everyday she eased off the morphine until she had stopped her addiction. Jem reading to her was a distraction from the pain she was in. When Mrs. Dubose died, she had her caretaker take a camellia over to Jem. The camellia was a symbol of her death. Scout learned what real courage Mrs. Dubose had to take action on her promise to herself, to die free of morphine. Clearly a second character from whom Scout learned that people aren't always as they seem is Mrs.
A last character from who Scout learned that people aren't always as they seem is Boo Radley. Boo Radley was about six and a half feet tall, and he ate raw squirrels and any cats he could find, and his hands were always blood stained. The children thought the Radley place was fascinating. Boo Radley was referred to as a violent male phantom., whom Scout had never seen.
The Radley's were welcomed anywhere in town, but they kept to themselves, and were thought to only go out at night. Boo never had a childhood because his parents locked him in the basement, Boo liked the contact with Jem and Scout. While Jem, Scout and Dill were playing with the tire, Boo was in the window laughing. He tried to tough Jem's head when he was on the Radley porch, but declined when he sensed Jem's fear. Boo put many things in a tree for the kids to collect. He put gum, two soap dolls, two shiny pennies, a watch, a chain, and a spelling metal inside the tree. These objects show that Boo is talented and intelligent. Scout appreciated the objects. During the fire at Mrs. Maudie's house, Boo displays courage when he put a blanket over Scout because he risked being seen by the public to protect her. Boo Radley plays the role of a caretaker and a protector. If Boo is seen, then he has to move into society. When Bob Ewell was after Jem and Scout on their way home from a school recital, Boo saved the children from Bob and carried Jem home, as Jem was unconscious. Bob could have killed the kids if Boo didn't help them. Scout met Boo and he finally got to touch Jem's head. Scout walked Boo home that night and she realized Boo was just an ordinary person, but a special man. Boo helped Scout learn that people aren't always as they seem.
Dolphus Raymond, Mrs. Dubose, and Boo Radley are characters from this novel who influence Scout. Scout Finch learned from these people that people aren't always as they seem. | <urn:uuid:6c8064f4-65b3-4478-b86d-f793ac7275d3> | {
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I am not one of those who believe that the voice of the people is, without exception, the voice of God. It was not so at the Deluge, but quite the reverse. It was not so when Israel clamored for a king—not in mercy but in anger, God gave them their request. It was not so when Absalom stole the hearts of the people, and stirred up rebellion against his father. And yet, when a nation, independent of party, free from the excitements of momentary interest, without the influence of ambitious leaders, under the calm guidance of reason, history, and the spirit of the age,—rises spontaneously against oppression, against iniquity, and demands just laws; rights for all; free thought, free speech, free labor, free worship; when compacts are not violated; when moderation is maintained; when the spirit of humanity is preserved,—then, I believe, “the voice of the people is the voice of God.” I have no question that, in the great principle, Cromwell and his puritan hosts were right in their revolutionary action. I could never doubt that our fathers did a noble, glorious, and Christian deed in throwing off the yoke of Britain, and proclaiming a new government for themselves and their posterity. It was right to contend and bleed for equal representation, for freedom of conscience, and for an independent nationality in which these high ends could be secured.
The first government of which we have account was a Theocracy—that is, “the government of God.” He was the only King. He revealed the law, appointed leaders, gave rules for worship, instruction and warfare. Thus in the outset did he set up his claims among men. He established the great precedent, which men ought to have followed, which the world has ignored; but to which the thoughts and the will of the race shall ultimately return. It is true now that government, as such, is ordained of God. All government, in its elemental authority, is a theocracy. All power is of God; he ordains law. He originates the idea of civil compact. While, therefore, the principles of governments among men may be defective, and the administration wrong and hurtful, the great fact of government is a Divine fact. Good government is emphatically God’s government—intended to suppress evil, to promote holiness and happiness. “The powers that be are ordained of God.” “Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance | <urn:uuid:f8fa6db9-cb8a-41d0-80d3-a11c3301b91f> | {
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Natural resource wealth has often turned out to be a ‘curse’ rather than a ‘blessing’ for developing countries. Growth based exclusively on natural resources—such as oil, gas, and minerals—is often of a very narrow kind which lacks opportunities for including the poor. This condition—also called ‘the natural resource curse’ is on the focus of this project.
Management is key to turning curse into blessing
Natural resource wealth needs to be carefully managed if inclusive growth is to be achieved in low- and middle-income countries. Natural resources can also negatively affect the democratic process—the sector has often been associated with corruption and the non-transparent use of resource revenues for private gain instead of national development.
The project focuses on the implications of natural resources and their management for economic development—aiming to find ways in which resource wealth could be managed successfully in developing countries; for instance by using the revenues from oil, gas and minerals for development and poverty reduction.
In the light of more recent findings, the research also re-examines the notion of resource wealth as a curse in order to provide some counterbalance to the more fatalistic negative conclusions.
Knowledge to inform policy
The project will bring together a network of researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to share accumulated knowledge on the issue. By comparing experiences of resource wealth across countries, both successes and failures, the project will build and communicate a body of knowledge which will help national policy makers and their international partners.
The project is part of a larger research project Macro-economic management (M-EM) which explores policy priorities as the global economy undergoes transformation with more countries moving from low- to middle-income status. | <urn:uuid:def9db79-1418-4abf-8258-f86185170f4b> | {
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look it up on da computa
Darts, pleats, tucks, gathers, shirring, easing and casing
what is disposal of fullness
what are 5 reasons for disposal of fullness on garments?
Clothing & Textile - 1. Define the term "Disposal of fullness" 2a.four methods ...
Home Economics(sewing) - 1)what does the term "disposal of fullness" mean? 2)...
home economics - What is disposal of fullness
home economics - mention the types of disposal of fullness?
home economics - describe disposal of fullness - gathering, easing, topstitching
home economics - resaerch pictures in books and magasines showing other methods ...
home economics - definition of clothing and textiles
Clothing and textiles - What does Disposing Fullness means?
clothing and textiles - what do they by the term controlling or disposing of ...
clothing and textile - 1 what does disposal of fullness means | <urn:uuid:3ee11b51-698c-4f0e-993d-371f23e474dd> | {
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There are dozens of species of songbirds across North America that rely on berries and fruits to help see them through the winter. We gardeners play an important role in supporting these beautiful birds. Planting a variety of native, berry-producing shrubs is one simple way to lend our feathered friends a helpful hand.
A favorite of both the birds and the people in my garden is possum haw, Viburnum nudum. This North American shrub is hardy from Zone 5 to 9 and has plenty to delight the eye in every season. Each fall, possum haw has a collection of colorful berries at the tip of every branch. When the berries are young, they’re a soft pink, but as they mature, they change to a deep purple-black. The display is simply stunning!
The straight species of this shrub grows up to eight feet tall, but there are some shorter cultivars on the market as well. No matter which cultivar you choose, when autumn temperatures drop the glossy green foliage turns to a dark maroon, further helping highlight the gorgeous berries. And, to add the proverbial icing to the cake, the fragrant white flowers of possum haw are very attractive to butterflies and other pollinators. To optimize berry production, be sure to plant several bushes. This increases pollination and fruit set. Possum haw is definitely one shrub that deserves a home in every garden!
What berry-producing shrubs do the songbirds favor in your backyard? Tell us about them! | <urn:uuid:a1a3f83e-2aff-4cd9-9d6c-e26d8ed12a59> | {
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Today, there are 4 types of parenting styles which are recognized. They are:
Your parenting style is simply the strategy which you use in raising your children. Your parenting style can affect the way your children mature into adults. In this article, we shall be evaluating the four parenting styles and the effects of each of them on kids.
Authoritarian Parenting Style
This type of parent believes that the child should be punished always. There is little or no negotiation done with the children. It is always their word or nothing. Here, the feelings of the child are not taken into consideration, and parents are less nurturing. Also, the expectations placed on the child are usually very high, with communication being strictly on a one way basis, ie parent to child.
An authoritarian parent uses punishment often and so, rather than teach a child to make better choices, they teach the child to be sorry for their mistakes.
Children under this kind of parenting, often grow up to be good liars, because of the level of strictness applied by the parent. They may also become hostile and aggressive.
Permissive Parenting Style
These parents are very indulgent and let their children do whatever they want with little guidance. Expectations are not set by the parents, and the children are never disciplined. When rules are set, they are rarely enforced. The communication is very relaxed but the parent offers little or no guidance.
Children under this kind of parenting grow up to not appreciate authority. They may also develop health problems like obesity.
Uninvolved Parenting Style
This type of parent does not care. The children never receive parental guidance, and attention. They expect the children to raise themselves. Communication is limited because they are never there. The parents are often times swamped with work or household problems.
Children who grow under this kind of parenting method are likely to perform very poorly in school.
Authoritative Parenting Style
Here, the parents are nurturing, and very reasonable. Communication is two way and frequent. These parents put a lot of effort in maintaining a relationship with their child. Rules are made, enforced and have consequences for disobedience which are well explained to the child.
Children who mature under this kind of parents are likely to be responsible adults and have high self esteem. | <urn:uuid:14f59b82-5670-40dc-91b6-6628464ef5a6> | {
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Search for books, articles, ebooks, databases, journal titles and other useful sources and resources for your study and research, both online and in the library.
Try out Connected Histories, providing a wealth of information about Early Modern and c19th Britain
Have you taken a look at Connected Histories?
Connected HIstories includes a fascinating range of primary resources, from 1500-1900. It includes research guides on subjects such as Poverty and Poor Relief, Crime and Justice and the History of London.
You can search each of the many resources contained in Connected Histories separately, or do a broader search across all of them.
Read about Witches in Early Modern England, look at images from the British Museum and discover how early convicts were transported to Australia, or follow your own research interests to see what you find..
Try using Connected Histories and let us know what you think.
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Read journals on your tablet - try BrowZine
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The BrowZine app is free to download from the Apple and Amazon App Stores and from Google Play. Click on the appropriate link here to start your download.
When initially launching BrowZine, select University of Sussex from the drop down list, then, enter your ITS login information to access the library's content in BrowZine. | <urn:uuid:10ed5e22-4bd5-41e0-89d5-fdd050700bc3> | {
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It is said that the Buddha gave 84,000 discourses over the 45 years of his teaching of the Dhamma. At the core of all his teachings was mindfulness. The mindfulness that the Buddha taught was not an analytical deconstruction of conditioned thinking, mundane experiences, or physical objects. Mindfulness as taught by the Buddha is a deep and abiding awareness of the impermanence and interconnectedness of all things in the phenomenal world.
Most importantly, the Buddha taught that we should be mindful of the interconnectedness of the Dhamma, the true nature of reality, in all aspects of our lives. This means to be mindful that the dhamma is expressed in all things and all experiences. Developing the mindfulness of a Buddha is holding in mind the understanding and freedom gained from the development and integration of the Four Noble Truths.
- Satipitthana Sutta – The Four Foundations of Mindfulness
- Mindfulness of the Breath in the Body
- Mindfulness is Recognition and Renunciation
- Mindfulness and Munindra
- Right Mindfulness and The Eightfold Path
- Hindrances to Mindfulness
- A Complete Practice of Mindfulness in Anicca
Mindfulness of The Four Noble Truths is in first draft and awaiting cover design. Expected publication is in the spring/summer of 2015. | <urn:uuid:31db883d-e260-43d4-928d-bc7363f40a35> | {
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Slater (woodlouse), native beech forest, New Zealand.
Common name: slaters, pill bugs, sow bugs, woodlice, Maori papapa.
Scienific name: phylum Arthropoda, class Crustacea, Order Isopoda, Suborder Oniscoidea. From Greek “iso”, equal, and “poda”, legs.
Slaters belong to the order Isopoda, which is a part of the arthropod class Crustacea. Most crustaceans – shrimp, crabs, lobsters, as well as many Isopoda – are marine dwellers, but slaters (suborder Oniscoidea) have become fully terrestrial. Terrestrial Isopoda vary slightly in appearance, but most are conspicuous and easily recognised by their elliptical, flattened segmented bodies, and seven pairs of legs.
Their colour is usually in the shades of grey, from dark to light, often mottled with green and yellow. Often there is a lot of variation in colour and pattern between individuals of the same species. The New Zealand slaters range in size from several millimetres to more than 2 cm, but most are 1.0-1.5 cm in length.
Slater rolled into a ball.
Slater bodies are heavily armoured with
calcium carbonate and are quite rigid. The body is divided into
three regions - head, thorax, and abdomen, but these are far
less distinct than the head, thorax, and abdomen of insects.
Overall, the body has a smooth, rounded outline. The head
is small and covered with a single shield, sometimes with
rounded lobes or processes on the front margin. The head appears to
bear one pair of antennae, although there are actually two
pairs. The first two antennae are very small, inconspicuous,
and are thought to have a chemosensory function (smell and taste).
The second antennae are large and prominent, and have a tactile
function. On the sides of the head two eyes are visible; in some species the
eyes are composed of either a single ocellus (simple eye), in other species the eyes are larger, and have many closely associated ocelli (compound eye). Occasionally (e.g., in cave dwelling species), the eyes are absent. Chewing mouthparts
are located ventrally.
The largest part of the body is the thorax.
It is comprised of seven segments and covered with seven broad
overlapping dorsal plates (tergites), often with projections
at the sides. On the underside, each segment bears a pair
of walking legs. All legs are of similar size and structure,
hence the name Isopoda. The smaller hindmost region, not
always distinct, is the abdomen. The abdomen has 5 segments
(although only four plates are visible), and ends with a triangular
plate called the telson. Each abdominal segment also bears
a pair of legs, which are flattened and modified for respiration.
In male Isopoda the first pair of abdominal legs is modified
into copulatory organs. The last plate, the telson, bears a pair of short stout legs called uropods, which resemble
two short tails.
, an introduced species now common
throughout New Zealand. Porcellio
don't roll into a ball.
When disturbed, some terrestrial Isopoda – the "pillbugs" – will roll themselves
into a ball, protecting the vulnerable ventral surface. You can
predict the ability of a slater to roll into a ball by looking
at its posterior body outline. If the prominent uropods are
visible, this slater probably does not roll into a ball, while
the ones with reduced uropods and smooth body outline do.
The New Zealand pillbugs can be confused with pill millipedes
(Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida). Unlike Isopoda, pill millipedes
have 2 pairs of legs on each body segment, and are typically
shiny brown in colour.
Notes on biology
Slaters are mainly scavengers. They are
omnivorous, feeding on a variety of decaying vegetation,
tree bark, rotting wood, etc. Slaters may also graze on fungi
associated with decay, or consume dead animal matter, such
as dead insects or larger animal carcasses. Ant associates
feed on ant droppings and fungi. Although slaters usually
feed on dead and decaying vegetable matter and do not attack
living plants, they can sometimes eat seedlings and root vegetables,
or take advantage of fallen fruit previously damaged by birds
or insects. Chemical control against isopods is not necessary
– frequent removal of decaying plants and other hiding
places will keep them away.
Many animals – small mammals, birds,
centipedes, ground beetles – will eat terrestrial isopods.
The spider Dysdera crocata, often found in New Zealand
gardens, is said to prey on slaters almost exclusively. In defence,
some slaters secrete a noxious fluid, which makes them distasteful
and repels predators.
The isopod abdominal legs (pleopods) are
modified to form thin, plate-like gills. To function, these
gills need to remain covered with a thin film of water, which
is why slaters prefer damp, sheltered environments. The slaters
also lose water through the cuticle easily, and are very sensitive
to desiccation. Some species have internal breathing structures
called pseudotracheae (seen as small white patches on the
ventral side), and are more tolerant of dryness.
New Zealand Isopoda, side view.
Most species reproduce sexually. Male and
female slaters mate during warm times of the year; the males
use modified abdominal legs to transfer sperm. The females
carry the eggs in a fluid-filled brood pouch between the bases of the legs, which protects the eggs and the
newborns from drying out. The eggs remain in the brood pouch
for a few weeks, the young slaters hatch within the pouch and
are released a few days later. The newly hatched slaters are
soft, white, and have only 6 pairs of legs. They gain the
7th pair of legs after their first moult. Like all arthropods,
slaters grow through a series of moults, expanding their body
while the new cuticle is still soft. Juvenile slaters resemble
adults, and moult at regular intervals until they reach sexual
maturity, usually within 1-2 years. The adult slaters continue
to moult, although less frequently. Slaters can live for
2-4 years, although most die as juveniles. The development
time and frequency of breeding differ between species.
Terrestrial Isopoda play an important role
in soil ecosystems. They shred dead and decaying organic matter,
mix the litter, disperse fungal spores, and produce numerous
faecal pellets. These activities enhance the decomposition process,
and speed up the recycling of soil nutrients. Most slaters in New
Zealand remain active throughout the year, but in
cold climates they may burrow down into the leaf litter, soil
or rotting wood to protect themselves from the frosts.
Where to find them?
Slaters (woodlice) in a native beech forest, New Zealand.
Terrestrial Isopoda are among the easiest
soil animals to find and collect. They occur in a wide range
of habitats, and are particularly abundant in lime-rich soils,
as they need calcium to build their hard cuticle. Slaters
can be found in dark, damp, sheltered places in almost any
kind of environment. They spend the daylight hours congregated
under shelters, sometimes in large numbers; at night they
wander around in search of food, and even climb tree trunks. Look for them under logs,
in leaf litter, in rotting wood, under loose tree bark, under
garden debris, in compost heaps, under animal carcasses, under
rocks and bricks. Once uncovered,
slaters will try to escape the light, but they are not very fast
runners. Slaters do not bite.
If dried, slaters become very brittle and
will fall apart. If necessary, slaters can be preserved in
75% alcohol, although this will discolour them. Most species
will survive for many days in a sealed container with soil,
leaf litter, pieces of tree bark, or moss, placed in a cool
dark area (for example, the veggie section of the refrigerator).
Distribution and conservation
About 3,500 species of terrestrial Isopoda
have been described worldwide; many more species are probably
still undiscovered. Slaters have colonised some of the most
extreme environments, including Antarctica and Australian
deserts. In New Zealand, about 36 species of terrestrial Isopoda
are known. Slaters in New Zealand are common inhabitants of
nearly all environments. Native species can be found in forested
areas, grasslands, coastal dunes; several introduced species
are inhabitants of disturbed areas and are very common in
parks, gardens, and on farmlands. A pale coloured Trichoniscus
commensalis lives in ant nests.
Slaters are easily transported with plants,
soil, and garden materials. Several common European species
are synanthropic (prefer human-modified habitats), and have
become well established in gardens and farmlands of New Zealand.
Two introduced species, Armadillidium vulgare and
Porcellio scaber, are particularly common around
New Zealand. European Oniscus asellus has been placed
on the New Zealand list of invasive species as a regulated pest.
Many of the native species are probably confined to protected
native forests. Currently, there is no conservation program
directed on terrestrial Isopoda in New Zealand.
- Family Porcellionidae
- Porcellio scaber (Latreille, 1804)* - Rabbit Island, NN, South Island
- Porcellio scaber (Latreille, 1804)* - Kaiteriteri Road, NN, South Island
- Unidentified species - Kaikawa scenic Reserve, ??, North Island (2 images)
- Unidentified species - Ohinetonga Scenic Reserve, TO, North Island
- Unidentified species - Rimu Valley Walk, SD, South Island (2 images)
- Unidentified species - Nelson, NN, South Island (3 images)
- Unidentified species - Blue Duck Reserve, KA/NC, South Island
- Unidentified species - Kawhatau Base, RI, North Island
- Unidentified species - Peel Forest, Dennistoun Bush, SC, South Island (3 images)
- Unidentified species - Temple Valley, Lake Ohau, MK, South Island
- Unidentified species - Tautuku Estuary, Caitlins, Southland, SL, South Island (3 images)
- Unidentified species - Trounson Kauri Park Northland, ND, North Island (2 images)
- Unidentified species - Palmerston North, WI, North Island (2 images)
- Unidentified species - Palmerston North, WI, North Island (2 images)
- * - species exotic in NZ
Further information on New Zealand
Chilton, C. 1901. The terrestrial Isopoda
of New Zealand. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London,
2 (Zoology) 8, p. 99-152.
Hopkin, S.P. 1991. A Key to the Woodlice
of Britain and Ireland. 56 p.
Hurley, D.E. 1961. A Checklist and Key
to the Crustacea Isopoda of New Zealand and the Subantarctic
Islands. 34 pp.
Lewis, F. 1998. New genera and species
of terrestrial Isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) from Australia.
Journal of Natural History 32(5), p. 701-732.
Pugh, P.J.A., Dartnall, H.J.G, Mcinnes,
S.J. 2002. The non-marine Crustacea of Antarctica and the
Islands of the Southern Ocean: biodiversity and biogeography.
Journal of Natural History 36(9), p. 1047-1103.
Isopoda Resources on the Web
Online, maintained by Greg McKenzie, includes information
on taxonomy, life cycle, habitat and behaviour of Porcellio
scaber in New Zealand, as well as identification keys for
common European and North American species, the list of New
Zealand species, and many good links.
Woodlice page, by Gordon Ramel, contains facsinating facts
on biology of terrestrial Isopoda, including instructions
on how to keep Isopoda as pets.
Weird and Wonderful World of Woodlice, by Julie Curl,
information on their history, predators, physiology, and behaviour.
and Provisional Atlas of the Terrestrial Isopoda of the Netherlands,
by Matty Berg, Vrije University, check-list, taxonomy, and
of Hawaii - Images, includes links to images of terrestrial
isopods of Hawaii on the Internet.
Slaters, CSIRO, short description of morphology, life
cycle, and ecology of slaters. Includes dictionary of terms.
Tree of Life: Isopoda, description of phylogenetic relationships
within Isopoda, their morphology and ecology; mostly dedicated
to marine species.
Literature on Terrestrial Isopods, by Martin Zimmer
Isopod Sites of Interest, compiled by Buz Wilson, links
to various Internet sites on marine and terrestrial Isopoda. | <urn:uuid:cd76f15f-0236-41b5-b066-99bde0459d46> | {
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There is a strong link between anxiety and long-term mental abuse. Chronic stress and trauma lead to various mental disorders, one of which is anxiety. However, many people overlook the serious negative effects of mental abuse, but it is actually on the same level of harmfulness as physical abuse.
People can suffer a lot due to being yelled at, insulted, and disrespected. Scientists explain that cyberbullying and real-life verbal abuse are seriously dangerous, as they affect both hemispheres of the human brain, and lead to numerous health issues.
According to Sherri Gordon, a published author, and a bullying prevention expert:
“Because verbal abuse isn’t as clear-cut as other forms of abuse and bullying, like physical bullying and sexual bullying, it can be hard to identify. But that doesn’t make it any less real.
Typically, verbal abuse involves some sort of verbal interaction that causes a person emotional harm. For instance, when someone is being downright critical, acting out in anger, and using words to try to control another person, this is verbal abuse.
This, in turn, leaves a victim questioning who they are. In fact, it is not uncommon for a victim of verbal abuse to feel inadequate, stupid, and worthless. After all, they are being defined by a verbally abusive person.
If verbal abuse occurs in a dating relationship, it can be particularly confusing because the partner is likely not abusive all the time. As a result, when the abuser is loving and gentle the victim can forget all the about the negative behavior.
Ultimately, the victim ends up ignoring the pattern of verbal abuse or makes excuses for the behavior saying things like he is just stressed out or he is going through a tough time right now.”
Verbal abuse can lead to the following:
Lack of enthusiasm and low self-esteem
Verbal abuse can be manifested through various kinds of behaviors, and the following can be clear signs of it:
1. Mood Killer
Abusers need to be in control of the situation, so they make you feel bad and spoil your good mood whenever possible since they feed when you are sad.
Name-calling is a way to manipulate others and harm the victim.
3. Abusers Are Always Right
Abusers never apologize or enter a discussion about their behavior, as they believe they are never wrong.
Abusers blame other people for everything, in order to make them feel guilty and never good enough.
If done without consent and permission of the other, joking can cause harm to the person affected.
6. Attack Interests
Abusers usually attack the hobbies, and interests of other people, making them feel worthless, and even end up lying.
Abusers usually disrespect others and do not appreciate anything other people do, making them feel useless and empty.
8. Behind Closed Doors
Abusers usually torment their victims behind closed doors, when no one can see them. Verbal abuse can happen at school, work, and at home, leading to severe trauma.
Abused people often live isolated and avoid socializing, in order to protect themselves. They feel anxious when with other people since they lack self-confidence. In case you notice this, do your best to help this person. | <urn:uuid:f01dcc5e-e65c-472e-8202-df6f2fca2319> | {
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NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search
Measurement and Evaluation Methods for Worksite Stress Management Programs.
NIOSH 1987 May:109-147
A comprehensive review of the methods of measurement and assessment of worksite stress management programs was presented. The definitions of measurement and evaluation were discussed together with their purpose. The steps of program planning were listed and discussed. The three basic steps were: conducting a needs assessment, establishing priorities, and specifying goals and objectives. It was considered an important step in planning an evaluation to consider and decide upon standards of acceptability. A model for the planning of program evaluation was discussed. The three basic levels of evaluation were process, impact, and outcome. These concepts were defined and discussed, and a number of different evaluation approaches were listed. It was stressed that the relevance of the evaluation measure was the first factor that should be considered. Following that, technical features and reliability should be considered. It was noted that stress could be measured in various ways; a conceptual model for the study of stress was proposed. The model contained four major domains: stressors, reactions, consequences, and mediators. The sources of stress were discussed in terms of individuals and organizations, and the reactions to stress were described. Finally, the cost benefit and cost effectiveness of stress evaluation programs were analyzed.
Occupational-sociology; Occupational-health; Psychological-stress; Mental-stress; Workplace-studies; Job-stress; Worker-health; Analytical-methods; Physiological-response;
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-111
Stress Management in Work Settings
Page last reviewed: April 12, 2019
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Have you ever seen a golden raccoon?
Everyone has probably at least seen a photo of an albino or mostly white raccoon circulating on the internet. But did you know they sometimes appear in other, rarer color phases?
The Iowa Department of Natural Resources almost always has something interesting to share on its Facebook page, and this week it's a trail camera photo of a golden (or blonde) raccoon. Dave Roth of Madison County submitted this photo.
"Yes, that's a raccoon! Golden or blonde raccoons are just a different shade--but something that's a bit rare to see!" the photo caption reads.
Out of curiosity, I did a bit of research to try and learn more about how rare this is, but I was unable to turn up any scientific numbers on how rare this color phase is. Considering about one in every 750,000 raccoons is albino, it's safe to say these aren't seen everyday.
This condition is caused by a lack of pigment, much like an albino or leucistic animal. I knew black bears sometimes appear in a golden phase like this, but I didn't know about raccoons.
Whatever the cause may be, it sure is interesting. Thanks for sharing, Iowa DNR! | <urn:uuid:a29e07f3-0d90-43d1-b769-88c0b59bb730> | {
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Expression of a variable from formula - math word problems - page 4
- Rectangular trapezoid
The rectangular trapezoid ABCD is: /AB/ = /BC/ = /AC/. The length of the median is 6 cm. Calculate the circumference and area of a trapezoid.
- Trapezoid ABCD v2
Trapezoid ABCD has length of bases in ratio 3:10. The area of riangle ACD is 825 dm2. What is the area of trapezoid ABCD?
The triangle is one outer angle 158°54' and one internal angle 148°. Calculate the other internal angles of a triangle.
- Quadrangular prism
The quadrangular prism has a volume 648 cm3. Trapezoid which is its base has the dimensions bases: a = 10 cm, c = 5 and height v = 6 cm. What is the height of the prism?
- RT 11
Calculate the area of right tirangle if its perimeter is p = 45 m and one cathethus is 20 m long.
- Euclid theorems
Calculate the sides of a right triangle if leg a = 6 cm and a section of the hypotenuse, which is located adjacent the second leg b is 5cm.
- Square pyramid
Calculate the volume of the pyramid with the side 5cm long and with a square base, side-base has angle of 60 degrees.
- Volume and surface
Calculate the volume and surface area of the cylinder when the cylinder height and base diameter is in a ratio of 3:4 and the area of the cylinder jacket is 24 dm2.
We see Moon in the perspective angle 28'. Moon's radius is 1740 km at the time of the full moon. Calculate the mean distance of the Moon from the Earth.
Area of trapezoid is 135 cm2. Sides a, c and height h are in a ratio 6:4:3. How long are a,c and h? Make calculation...
If the length of the sides of the square we decrease by 25% decrease the content area of 28 cm2. Determine the side length of the original square.
Rectangular playground is fenced with 38 m long netting. Its width is 7 m. Calculate its length.
- Circle sector
Circular sector with a central angle 80 ° has area 1257 cm2. Calculate its radius r.
- Flowerbed 2
Around the square flower bed in a park is sidewalk 2 m wide. The area of this sidewalk is 243 m2. What is the area of the flowerbed?
- RT and ratio
A right triangle whose legs are in a ratio 6:12 has hypotenuse 68 m long. How long are its legs?
A child weighing 12 kg is sitting on a swing at a distance of 130 cm from the axis of rotation. How far away from the axis of rotation (center) must sit down his mother weighs 57 kg if she wants to be swing in balance?
- Cone container
Rotary cone-shaped container has a volume 1000 cubic cm and a height 12 cm. Calculate how much metal we need for making this package.
Aviator sees part of the earth's surface with an area of 200,000 square kilometers. How high he flies?
- Isosceles triangle
The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 112 cm. The length of the arm to the length of the base is at ratio 5:6. Find the triangle area.
The length of the rectangle is 8 smaller than three times the width. If we increase the width by 5% of the length and the length is reduced by 14% of the width, the circumference of rectangle will be increased by 30 m. What are the dimensions of the rectan | <urn:uuid:00bfc08c-caaf-45e5-9827-5185d05f352b> | {
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Plant Taxonomy of Pasque Flower:
classifies Pasque flower as Pulsatilla vulgaris
. Another common name for this plant is "Easter flower," not to be confused with Easter lily
Characteristics of Pasque Flower:
is a low-growing perennial (8-12 inches high). The plant forms a clump that spreads over time. Blooms precede most of the foliage in spring; besides the lavender flowers
seen in my picture above, there are cultivars
that offer other color choices, including white and reddish-purple. Leaves are grayish-green and lacy. Silky hairs cover not only the leaves but also the stems and buds of Pasque flower. The wispy seed heads that succeed the flowers are attractive in their own right.
to open areas of Europe and Asia, Pulsatilla vulgaris
can be grown in planting zones
4-8. Anemone patens
is a similar plant native to northern Eurasia; it is also a native wildflower on the North American prairie, where it grows with such plants as plains coreopsis
Sun and Soil Requirements for Pasque Flower:
Plant this perennial in full sun to part shade and in a well-drained, sandy or humusy
soil with an alkaline
or neutral pH
Of its many fine qualities, I'd say the outstanding feature of Pulsatilla vulgaris
is that it's an early bloomer, rivaling spring bulbs
such as snowdrops
. There's something special about the first blooms that greet us in early spring after a long winter!
With its short stature, clumping growth habit and need for good drainage, Pulsatilla vulgaris
was made for rock gardens
. Pulsatilla vulgaris
is suitable for xeriscaping
once established. Although the plant has been used medicinally (e.g., as a sedative, according to "Henriette's Herbal") by trained herbalists, Drugs.com warns that Pulsatilla vulgaris
is a poisonous plant
, noting that it "is extremely toxic and should not be ingested or applied to the skin."
Meaning of the Name: The Easter Flower:
As mentioned above, another common name for Pasque flower is "Easter flower." Pasque is the Old French spelling for "Easter," and it is around that time of year that the plant blooms, in some regions. According to Botanical.com, the famous herbalist, John Gerard, "informs us that he himself was 'moved to name' this the Pasque Flower, or Easter Flower, because of the time of its appearance, it being in bloom from April to June."
Back to => Spring Flowers | <urn:uuid:aa0f1f80-545c-4c60-af79-87a02f1f7c4a> | {
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Shin Splints: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, And Prevention
Shin Splints: Causes And Treatments
Shin splints are a very common problem with runners. Especially if they take on too much, too soon. It’s characterized by pain from the lower leg. If you do have shin splints, don’t worry, there are simple things you can do at home to treat the issue. You would also need to follow certain precautions to prevent shin splints in the future.
New to running? Or dancing? If you are, you might have noticed a strange pain from your lower leg every now and then during a sprint. And if you, like most people, choose to ignore this occasional tugging at your lower leg, you might be in for a few weeks of agony. The condition is known as medial tibial stress syndrome or what people generally refer to as “shin splints.”
Shin splints occur when the muscles around the inner edge of the tibia (the longest bone in your lower leg, responsible for carrying your body weight) are over-exerted and inflamed. The stressed out muscles tug at the tibia causing you pain and discomfort. The “overloaded” issue is one of the most common sports injuries.
What Causes Shin Splints
Dancers, track athletes, and people who are physically active are bound to experience shin splints.1 One study found out that new military recruits had shin splints in the first 8 – 12 weeks of training. Any activity that makes you run or instantly start and stop movement can get you shin splints.2 3
Running – Too Fast Too Soon: If you are a new runner (congrats about trying to get fit!), the sudden movement is going to shock your body. It causes a lot of exertion on your leg muscles, particularly the lower half. And if you take on more than you could, stress builds up on the tibia and it leads to muscle inflammation. The tibia bone and muscles haven’t adapted to this new situation and you end up with a shin splint. It could happen in the anterior or posterior region. In fact, running coaches claim about 30 – 40% of beginners they train, experience shin splints.
One study found out inexperienced runners with shin splints had low bone density around the pain. After treatment, the low bone density had disappeared.4 The issue with bone density occurs from continuous strain due to a high impact activity. This coupled with the slight bending of the tibia during an activity causes shin splints.
On the other hand, experienced runners, over a course of time, build their tibia stronger and more resistant to stress. Hence they had no bone density issues.5
Even walking faster than usual can cause shin splints. Walking uphill and downhill, climbing stairs – any action that requires your shins to work overtime, can lead to shin splints. Also, if you have been walking too much on a hard or uneven surface, it adds pressure to your shins.6
Read Your Feet: A study revealed that sometimes the structure of your foot and leg could play a role in shin splints.7 People with flat feet or rigid feet might have a higher chance of getting it because there is excessive motion involved.8 Another study revealed that people with shin splints had a higher Achilles tendon angle during running.9
Take A Look At Your Shoes: If the cushioning of your shoes are ruined, toss them out immediately. Walking in worn out or poorly-fitting shoes over a period of time can sometimes cause shin splints. Shoes are built to provide proper support for your feet. It helps to cushion your foot’s impact on the ground. If you have flat feet, the perfect shoe can decrease your chance of getting shin splints.10
Measure Your Calf Muscles: One study revealed that women runners with weak and small calf muscles had higher chances of developing stress fractures. If you are prone to tibial stress fractures, you are prone to shin splints.11
Signs And Symptoms You Need To Look For
Diagnosing shin splints can be a little tricky since it shares similar signs with other issues like compartment syndrome and a stress fracture.
The major sign of a shin splints is a pain in the lower part of your leg, the region between your ankle and knee. In most situations, it would be concentrated on one leg. Most people have a dominant leg during walking or running, and this leads to more strain on a particular leg.
Also, the pain you feel isn’t limited to a specific spot on your leg, it is more generalized. The area feels sore and hurts more when you try lifting a foot and flexing it. If you think the pain is fixed to a particular area, it would probably be a stress fracture (a much serious issue).12 Another thing to watch out for is increased pain in the morning. This happens because the soft tissue around the lower leg hardens during sleep.
In the case of an anterior shin splint, the pain would radiate from the front area of your lower leg. If you have difficulty in raising your toes with your foot firmly on the ground, it could be an anterior shin splint.
In the instance of a posterior shin splint, the pain would feel like it’s coming from inside the surface of the tibia. The muscles that are linked to the inside edge of your shin bone are inflamed.
People tend to confuse compartment syndrome with shin splints since both deal with a sore lower leg. Compartment syndrome is a result of pressure buildup in a group (or compartment) of muscles.
How To Treat Shin Splints At Home
The first thing you need is to give to your body a break. Painful shins need rest for about 5 – 6 weeks or maybe more. Some people even take two months to completely recover. Needless to say, when you’re trying to recover, do not try to attempt the activity that gave you shin splints. Listen to your body and let the pain subside. This will allow your shins to heal.
Ice is your friend during this time. Just wrap a few ice cubes in a towel and gently pat it onto your shin. It should reduce the inflammation.13 You could do this multiple times a day for about 10 minutes.
If you’re up for low-intensity exercises, choose swimming or yoga. These can help heal shin splints faster because it doesn’t apply a lot of pressure to your shins and joints.14 Again, don’t overdo it. Cross-training is another great option to get those leg muscles to relax.
Yoga Poses For Shin Splints
1. Vajrasana Or Diamond Pose
The Vajrasana pose will relax and stretch your shin muscles. All you need to do is sit on your heels, making sure your back is straight. Do this for 2 – 3 minutes.
2. Viparita Karani Or Legs Up The Wall Pose
Another great way to get those shin muscles to loosen up is to practice viparita karani. Lie on your back and raise your legs up, using a wall as a prop. Let it rest for 5 minutes. With regular practice, you could do the pose without the support of a wall.
Do not let the fear of shin splints stop you from running or any other activity you enjoy. Running has proven to be one of the best ways to keep your leg muscles and bones in excellent health.15 Here’s what you need to do to prevent shin splints in the future.
- Get Equipped: If you want to run, you need the right things. Pick out running shoes that will give proper cushion and support. Treat them like an investment and take time to pick out the right shoe.16 Make sure to throw the shoes after you complete 500 miles in them. Also, use trainer’s tape as part of your activity. The tape helps to limit the strain felt on your lower leg.
- Start Slow: Remember, when you return to running after recovery, do not begin at the pace that got you shin splints. Increase your mileage at 10% weekly.
- Pace Yourself: Don’t take on exercises too quickly. Gradually build up speed and intensity. You need to train your legs to become stronger. Strength training is one way to build your calf muscles. These muscles are responsible for making your shin more resistant to injury.
- Stretch, stretch, and stretch!: You need to do this before you begin running for the day or any exercise. In fact, you need to stretch your muscles daily to keep them healthy and fit.17 Calf raises are one of the best ways to stretch and build leg muscles. Simply raise your heels slowly and stand on your toes. Return to a normal position after a few seconds. Do at least 15 reps.
Remember, do not let shin splints overwhelm you from doing what you love. Just follow these steps and be patient with your body. Happy running!
References [ + ]
|1.||↑||Watson, Michael D. “Incidence of injuries in high school track and field athletes and its relation to performance ability.” The American journal of sports medicine 15, no. 3 (1987): 251-254|
|2.||↑||Heir, Trond. “Musculoskeletal injuries in officer training: one-year follow-up.” Military medicine 163, no. 4 (1998): 229|
|3.||↑||Powell, Kenneth E., Amanda E. Paluch, and Steven N. Blair. “Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How intense? On top of what?.” Annual review of public health 32 (2011): 349-365|
|4.||↑||Magnusson, H. I.; Ahlborg, H. G.; Karlsson, C.; Nyquist, F.; Karlsson, M. K., Low regional tibial bone density in athletes with medial tibial stress syndrome normalizes after recovery from symptoms. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2003, 31 (4), 596-600|
|5.||↑||Magnusson, H. I.; Ahlborg, H. G.; Karlsson, C.; Nyquist, F.; Karlsson, M. K., Low regional tibial bone density in athletes with medial tibial stress syndrome normalizes after recovery from symptoms. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2003, 31 (4), 596-600.|
|6.||↑||Vasiliadis, Angelo V. “Common stress fractures in runners: An analysis.” Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine 17, no. 1 (2017): 1|
|7.||↑||Kaufman, Kenton R., Stephanie K. Brodine, Richard A. Shaffer, Chrisanna W. Johnson, and Thomas R. Cullison. “The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 5 (1999): 585-593|
|8.||↑||Slocum, Donald B. “The shin splint syndrome: medical aspects and differential diagnosis.” The American Journal of Surgery 114, no. 6 (1967): 875-881|
|9.||↑||Vtasalo, Jukka T., and Martti Kvist. “Some biomechanical aspects of the foot and ankle in athletes with and without shin splints.” The American journal of sports medicine 11, no. 3 (1983): 125-130.|
|10.||↑||Donatelli, Robert. “Abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle.” Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 9, no. 1 (1987): 11-16|
|11.||↑||Popp, Kristin L., William McDermott, Julie M. Hughes, Stephanie A. Baxter, Steven D. Stovitz, and Moira A. Petit. “Bone strength estimates relative to vertical ground reaction force discriminates women runners with stress fracture history.” Bone 94 (2017): 22-28|
|12.||↑||Milgrom, C., M. Giladi, M. Stein, H. Kashtan, J. Margulies, R. Chisin, R. Steinberg, A. Swissa, and Z. Aharonson. “Medial Tibial Pain: A Prospective Study of Its Cause Among Military Recruits.” Clinical orthopaedics and related research 213 (1986): 167-171|
|13.||↑||van den Bekerom, Michel PJ, Peter AA Struijs, Leendert Blankevoort, Lieke Welling, C. Niek Van Dijk, and Gino MMJ Kerkhoffs. “What is the evidence for rest, ice, compression, and elevation therapy in the treatment of ankle sprains in adults?.” Journal of athletic training 47, no. 4 (2012): 435-443.|
|14.||↑||Galbraith, R. Michael, and Mark E. Lavallee. “Medial tibial stress syndrome: conservative treatment options.” Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine 2, no. 3 (2009): 127-133.|
|15.||↑||Popp, K. L.; Hughes, J. M.; Smock, A. J.; Novotny, S. A.; Stovitz, S. D.; Koehler, S. M.; Petit, M. A., Bone Geometry, Strength, and Muscle Size in Runners with a History of Stress Fracture. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2009, 41 (12), 2145-2150.|
|16.||↑||Gross, Michael L., Lance B. Davlin, and Philip M. Evanski. “Effectiveness of orthotic shoe inserts in the long-distance runner.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 4 (1991): 409-412.|
|17.||↑||The importance of stretching. Harvard Health Publications.|
Disclaimer: The content is purely informative and educational in nature and should not be construed as medical advice. Please use the content only in consultation with an appropriate certified medical or healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:0d2b5100-2e04-45ba-b75a-55b5e860e1a2> | {
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in a bad light(redirected from see in a bad light)
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in a (kind of) light
Depicted or shown in a particular way, or from a particular perspective (i.e., good, positive, favorable, bad, negative, etc.). He was angry because the film didn't portray him in a favorable light. I'm flattered that he based a character in his novel on me, but I think I was shown in a bad light. A candidate's policies are important, but during an election, it matters more for voters to see them in a good light.
See also: light
in a bad light
Negatively; under unfavorable circumstances. (Typically used with the verbs "see" or "show," or some similar variation.) I'm flattered that he based a character in his novel on me, but I think I was shown in a bad light. The once-beloved mayor has been seen in a bad light ever since news of his tax-evasion scandal came to public attention. | <urn:uuid:c1a85ba0-a7dc-46df-9598-86c9e550e5c0> | {
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Know how to use "fewer" and "less"? Find out.
masc. proper name, in Old Testament, the name of a high priest of Israel, teacher of Samuel, from Hebrew, literally "high."
ascent, the high priest when the ark was at Shiloh (1 Sam. 1:3, 9). He was the first of the line of Ithamar, Aaron's fourth son (1 Chr. 24:3; comp. 2 Sam. 8:17), who held that office. The office remained in his family till the time of Abiathar (1 Kings 2:26, 27), whom Solomon deposed, and appointed Zadok, of the family of Eleazar, in his stead (35). He acted also as a civil judge in Israel after the death of Samson (1 Sam. 4:18), and judged Israel for forty years. His sons Hophni and Phinehas grossly misconducted themselves, to the great disgust of the people (1 Sam. 2:27-36). They were licentious reprobates. He failed to reprove them so sternly as he ought to have done, and so brought upon his house the judgment of God (2:22-33; 3:18). The Israelites proclaimed war against the Philistines, whose army was encamped at Aphek. The battle, fought a short way beyond Mizpeh, ended in the total defeat of Israel. Four thousand of them fell in "battle array". They now sought safety in having the "ark of the covenant of the Lord" among them. They fetched it from Shiloh, and Hophni and Phinehas accompanied it. This was the first time since the settlement of Israel in Canaan that the ark had been removed from the sanctuary. The Philistines put themselves again in array against Israel, and in the battle which ensued "Israel was smitten, and there was a very great slaughter." The tidings of this great disaster were speedily conveyed to Shiloh, about 20 miles distant, by a messenger, a Benjamite from the army. There Eli sat outside the gate of the sanctuary by the wayside, anxiously waiting for tidings from the battle-field. The full extent of the national calamity was speedily made known to him: "Israel is fled before the Philistines, there has also been a great slaughter among the people, thy two sons Hophni and Phinehas are dead, and the ark of God is taken" (1 Sam. 4:12-18). When the old man, whose eyes were "stiffened" (i.e., fixed, as of a blind eye unaffected by the light) with age, heard this sad story of woe, he fell backward from off his seat and died, being ninety and eight years old. (See ITHAMAR.) Eli, Heb. eli, "my God", (Matt. 27:46), an exclamation used by Christ on the cross. Mark (15:34), as usual, gives the original Aramaic form of the word, Eloi. | <urn:uuid:a4b0deff-f69a-4e75-8260-6bf4b91830b9> | {
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• 100 full colour re-usable pupil work books
• Matched to iCompute's programming units for Key Stage 2
• 25 copies of each Book 1, Book 2, Book 3 and Book 4
• Books are numbered 1-4 for flexible use across the years
25 re-usable copies of each full colour workbook
LEARN PROGRAMMING WORKBOOKS FOR KEY STAGE 2
Learning to program is easy with iCompute. Our colourful, engaging, pupil workbooks are designed to complement our best selling whole-school computing scheme of work - iCompute for Primary Schools. They are matched to our Key Stage 2 programming curriculum but can be used independently and flexibly to suit the needs of your pupils.
The four workbooks in the series are loosely based on computing progression from Year 3 to Year 6 in Primary Key Stage 2.
Following the creative and fun activities enables children to practice what they have learned, develop and consolidate their computational thinking and coding skills.
They can be used on their own or as a valuable addition to iCompute's comprehensive .
WHAT YOU GET
or buy individually | <urn:uuid:5294427f-8700-492f-a365-bdeb57180cb9> | {
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By Vanessa Rasmussen
Fine motor skills are those skills which require a child to manipulate and gain control over a range of materials and tools. Fine motor control is the coordination of muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions used to produce precise movements (such as pointing to a small item with one finger instead of waving an arm toward the general area). These skills are often for communication purposes, both functional and expressive. For example, writing a name or message, manipulating a computer mouse, creating a sculpture, and soon.
The development of fine motor control in children is used to determine the developmental age of a child. Fine motor skills are developed through time, experience, and knowledge. Fine motor control requires awareness and planning for the execution of a task. It also requires muscle strength, co-ordination and normal sensation. The development of fine motor skills is crucial to an infant’s ability to experience and learn about the world and thus plays a central role in the development of intelligence.
There are chances that your child is not developing some of the fine motor skills as fast as other children his/her age. In most cases, this is a temporary set back and children catch up with their peers sooner or later. However, medical help should be sought if a child is significantly behind his peers in multiple aspects of fine motor development or if he regresses, losing previously acquired skills.
Encouraging development of fine motor skills requires a complicated process which also requires you to be extremely patient. It involves careful planning, time management and tools that enhance these skills in children. Be sure to include activities that your toddler enjoys, so that they can develop their fine motor skills without getting bored.
The following are some of the activities suggested to help your children gain fine motor control:
- Bake cookies with your children. Stirring batter provides workout of the arms and muscles and cutting and spooning out cookies can improve hand-eye co-ordination. Besides, the children get to eat their creation as well.
- Show them their favorite CD on the computer and encourage them to help you put the CD in the CD Drive. They can also use the mouse and keyboard which improves finger, hand and eye co-ordination.
- Encourage your children to paint and draw. Alternate between thick and fine brushes. Another trick is to paint with a cotton swab, this improves the pincer grip which later on aids the child in writing.
- Play with building blocks such as lego. Start with larger blocks and then move on to smaller blocks.
- Solve peg puzzles wherein the child can hold the knob and move the puzzle pieces around.
- Try threading colored pasta into a string. This activity requires a steady hand and a lot of balance.
Your child will find that developing his motor skills is more fun when he has a frequent change of position and activity.
Copyright 2001, 2004. All rights reserved. Any reproduction of this article in whole or in part without written or verbal permission is strictly prohibited. For information about reprinting this article, contact the copyright owner: Vanessa Rasmussen, Ph.D, Starting a Day Care Center, http://www.startingadaycarecenter.com. | <urn:uuid:599ce6f2-7336-43aa-a69b-53aa06c2f6c1> | {
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Schematic of an OTEC Power Plant
A town located on an island near the equator needs a
new power plant to generate additional electricity to meet the increasing
power. An Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plant is considered
since it operates between the ocean surface
and the deep ocean near the equator of the earth.
For economic consideration, the thermal efficiency
of the power plant can not be lower than 5%. The ocean surface water,
which flows through the evaporator (a
heat exchanger) leaves with a temperature
of 22 oC due to the vaporization process
of the working fluid (propylene) used in the OTEC power plant. The deep
ocean water used in the plant is exhausted at 10 oC. The
water will be used by a local bottling company to help refrigerate drink.
In order to design the pipe used to draw water from the ocean, the flow
rate of the ocean surface water
and deep ocean water that the power plant consumes needs to be determined.
What is known:
- The average temperature at the ocean surface is Tsurface=
- The water exhausted from the evaporator has a temperature of 22 oC.
- The temperature in the ocean changes with the depth. The relation
T = -0.005 h + Tsurface
where T is temperature (oC) and h is the depth (m).
- Deep ocean water from the depth of 1,000 m is sent to the
power plant and left with a temperature of 10 oC.
- The power required from this power plant is 15,000 kW.
- The thermal efficiency of the power plant is 5%. | <urn:uuid:16accc45-15fe-478b-b1ca-68108cf0f80f> | {
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Young Louis Armstrong, “Satchmo,” longs to play the horn, but his family has no money for such things. He was inspired to learn to play the coronet by listening to a local New Orleans jazz band. He decides to earn the money himself by doing chores, running errands, and selling items. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trophies, 2005)
This lesson was created as part of the Basal Alignment Project, during which teachers created CCSS-aligned lessons for existing literary and information texts in basal readers. All page numbers and unit/week designations found in this lesson relate to the edition of the basal reader named above. If you are using a trade book or different edition of this title, the page/unit/week references in this lesson will not match. Consult the content referenced in the body of the lesson to determine appropriate page numbers for your text. | <urn:uuid:9520a13f-2eb8-4a52-bbe6-b3dcc6e861f2> | {
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The aims can be expressed in the following ways:
- To develop the child’s competence and understanding in all areas of the curriculum.
- To provide a broad and balanced curriculum, differentiated to suit the needs of the individual in line with Primary Curriculum requirements.
- To create a caring atmosphere where every child feels he or she plays an important part.
- To develop lively minds with a positive attitude towards learning.
- To develop the strengths and identify the weaknesses of each child, thus promoting a feeling of confidence and worth so that each child is happy to learn from failures as well as successes.
- To increase each child’s awareness of the world around them and to feel part of an extended community.
- To help each child develop sound personal, spiritual and moral values and to foster respect for those with different religions and beliefs.
- To encourage consideration and respect for each other and to value one another’s opinion. | <urn:uuid:65a924fe-caf7-4974-bad7-373233e2c5a9> | {
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Hungarian diabetics will be ‘punished’ if they fail to stick to their healthy eating diet by being banned from having modern treatment – a government decree has announced.
Under new rules, diabetics will have blood tests every three months and if their blood sugar levels are higher than average, officials will have the right to restrict the patients’ access to treatments using analog insulin (an expensive, more effective form of insulin).
The Hungarian government is hoping that this new scheme will reduce the amount of money spent on diabetes care – around 30 billion Hungarian forints (around £82m).
“Taxpayers’ money should not be spent on patients who don’t cooperate with their doctor,” states the decree, published in the Official Journal.
Will the UK follow suit?
In Britain, the cost of diabetes to the NHS is around £1m an hour, or 10% of the NHS’ budget for England and Wales. This equates to approximately £16,666 being spent on diabetes every minute.
In total, £9 billion is spent a year treating diabetes and the complications that follow.
It’s estimated that the cost of diabetes in the UK will soar to £4m an hour by 2025. | <urn:uuid:1e469744-7c06-4ff9-858c-cfda524a433e> | {
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Chinese Grammar: Lesson: Verbs that cause things to happen
What do you say when you want someone to do something for you? And how do you say that in Chinese? It’s time to learn some magic words so that you know how to ask for things you want to see happen and how to ask someone to do a favor for you in Chinese. These few magic verbs can make your life easier, so let’s see what they are and how to use them!
The formal name of these verbs is causative verbs because they cause something to happen. A causative verb in English, for instance, is to make (someone do something).
A few common verbs to get people to do things
To start out, here are some commonly used magic words:
- 请 qǐng, (here) to ask; please
- 让 ràng, to make; to allow; to let
- 叫 jiào, (here) to ask
- 使 shǐ, to make
These causative verbs all share the same function of getting people to do things - perhaps of doing things for you? There are little differences between these words as they all have various levels of politeness.
- 请 is the most polite way to have people to do things, so you might want to use it when you’re talking to your co-workers or someone you don’t know or don’t know very well.
- 使 expresses that someone or something helps a result come true. It’s also quite polite, even more so in writing, as it sounds very formal.
- 叫 and 让 are two words that very often used in spoken Chinese. Out of the two, 叫 is the least polite, so it’s mostly used with family and those with whom you have a close relation.
Subject + Causative verb + Noun/Pronoun + Verb + Object
Don't hesitate to report a feedback if you have internet!
You are disconnected!
Please check your internet connection and retry. | <urn:uuid:80b60839-77c0-467b-bf2b-ccb52ec5f4a9> | {
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Six things every athlete should know
Six things every student athlete should know before taking the field
With the fall sports season gearing up, physicians with Memorial Hermann want to help keep young athletes healthy and safe both on and off the field. Young athletes (and parents too) should consider these tips – provided by Alfred Mansour, M.D., pediatric orthopedic and sports medicine surgeon affiliated with Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital and Summer Ott, Psy.D., Director of the Sports Concussion Program at Memorial Hermann IRONMAN Sports Medicine Institute – to ensure they are fit for play:
Sports Physical Exams are a must
All athletes should have a physical exam and if indicated a heart exam before preseason training begins. A physical exam can detect a heart murmur while an electrocardiogram (ECG) can identify underlying cardiac conditions that can cause serious and sometimes fatal complications during strenuous activity. This is especially important in the Texas heat, which adds to the physical toll of a workout. A normal physical exam will help to identify any lingering injuries or problem areas that could jeopardize an athlete’s health.
Students should be in shape before strenuous practice begins
It is essential that athletes are already training and in shape before the strenuous practice begins. Athletes who go into practices unprepared will put unnecessary and even dangerous strain on their bodies. If the student athlete has not maintained regular physical activity during the summer or especially in the weeks leading up to practice, it is important to inform the coach and encourage the athlete to ease slowly into the activity.
Warm-ups and cool-downs go a long way in preventing injury
There are several ways athletes can prevent injury as they get into peak physical condition. Jogging or dynamic stretching before a workout decreases the likelihood of muscle and joint injuries. Start every workout with a warm-up that emphasizes the muscle groups that will be used most in the workout. An appropriate cool-down helps the body recover faster from workouts and also decreases the chance of future injury. The best way to do this is through a slow jog or similar aerobic activity. The workout should end with static stretches to loosen up muscles that were used in the workout.
Hydration is key
The importance of hydration during exercise cannot be stressed enough. Athletes who are going into their workouts unprepared for the heat and level of intensity will especially need to pay attention to symptoms of dehydration and heat exhaustion. Athletes appearing exceptionally sluggish, disoriented, or confused could likely be suffering from heat exhaustion and should be cooled down immediately and given water. If these symptoms persist or are not handled appropriately, the athlete’s condition may worsen and lead to severe dehydration or heat stroke. Coaches, athletic trainers and students should have an emergency plan in place to deal with heat illness. If an athlete loses consciousness or faints, move him or her to a cooler area and call 911 immediately. Sports drinks can be used during long, high intensity workouts, but should not be a substitute for water.
Nutrition can make or break performance
Nutrition can make or break an athlete’s performance well before a practice begins. Supplements are not a viable substitution for healthy eating habits. When it comes to carbohydrates, athletes should be eating whole grains such as brown rice, oatmeal, and whole wheat bread. Lean protein should also be consumed at each meal. Good examples of lean proteins are egg whites, Greek yogurt, peanuts, fish, and chicken. Fresh fruits and vegetables contain nutrients that are vital for injury prevention and recovery. The key is to balance all of these foods and maintain healthy habits off of the field.
Use your head
According to the American Journal of Sports Medicine, the rate of concussions in U.S. high school athletes more than doubled between 2005 and 2012. Typically caused by bump, blow or jolt to the head or body, concussions can cause brain bleeds, traumatic brain injury or seizures and can affect future brain function and cognition. Players – especially those playing high-impact sports – need to be very cautious and take precautions to protect their heads, including a pre-season baseline concussion exam conducted by a specialist with extensive training in the diagnosis and management of concussion. If a concussion occurs, it is important that the athlete undergo a post injury evaluation as soon as possible, which can be compared to their pre injury baseline to determine any effects following the injury. Under Texas state law, any school-age athlete who exhibits signs and symptoms of concussion must be removed from play immediately and is not allowed to participate in games or practices until the athlete has been evaluated and given clearance by a physician. A list of concussion specialists and the return-to-play guidelines can be found on the Concussion Program page at ironman.memorialhermann.org.
Short URL: http://www.fortbendstar.com/?p=42228 | <urn:uuid:9f5b5994-40f7-4a88-b056-a10a0e7bea75> | {
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Design is everywhere. We see it in on billboards as we drive down the street. When we go to a restaurant and look at the menus, we see it. When we sit down on our couch and watch television, it’s visible on the commercials, advertisements, and even the movies and TV shows.
It is all around us and it stimulates and motivates much of our decisions subconsciously every day. The encyclopedia refers to graphic design as,
“the process of communicating visually using text and images to present information. Graphic design practice embraces a range of cognitive skills, aesthetics and crafts, including typography, visual arts and page layout. Like other forms of design, graphic design often refers to both the process (designing) by which the communication is created and the products (designs) which are generated.”
What is design?
What is design? To design is much more than assembling, ordering, or editing. To design is to add value and meaning to something, whether it be a menu or a magazine cover. It simplifies, emphasizes, influences, and even impacts. Design is both a verb and noun. It is an integral part of everyday life, especially in America. Almost everything we do is impacted by design. Let me illustrate my point. When most Americans go to the supermarket to buy toothpaste, they typically buy the package that has the most eye-catching and appealing design. Why is that? It is because the design of the product inspired and motivated them to buy the item. This is why design is such a crucial part of advertising. Here’s1 a great article on AIGA about what is graphic design.
What is a graphic designer?
Now that we know about the basic definition of design, I would like to talk about graphic designers now. A graphic designer is basically a communicator. Just like a motivational speaker communicates his message to his audience, the job of the graphic designer is also to communicate and send the message to the buyer or to the viewer.
A graphic designer is not only a communicator, but he is also a translator. He translates the idea into a picture that allows people to see and understand the message. For example, if a magazine was just all text, it would not be as interesting and the message that it conveys would not really interest the reader.
We have talked about the concept of design and what is a graphic designer. I will now give you six pointers on how to improve your designs drastically. By the way, these are all alliterated and they all start with the letter "C" so they are easy to remember.
When you start off in Photoshop, you already need to have a concept of what you are going to create. The best artists always have that in mind. Does that stifle your creativity? NO! It definitely helps to have a plan of attack when using your software. Instead of wasting your time creating a concept, why don’t you have one before you even start designing? If there is no concept, message, no idea, no story behind a design, then it is not graphic design. Good design stirs the reader to action. By the way, that is what good design is all about. When I create a flyer or a brochure, I want the person who receives it to not simply put it in the trash when he gets it from the mail, but I want him to look at it, read it, and respond to it. That should be your goal as well.
By the way, I would recommend to start off with a pencil and paper. Some people might say that it’s old-fashioned, but it definitely works. I’ve interview some great designers and every time I have asked them about where designs start, they say that it starts with a concept and that concept starts on a piece of paper. You don’t have to be great at sketching and drawing as this is just the first step. Drawing is simply a means to an end. It helps you to quickly visualize your ideas without wasting too much time on the details.
Communicate – Don’t Just Decorate
“Designers can create normalcy out of chaos; they can clearly communicate ideas through the organising and manipulating of words and pictures.”
— Jeffrey Veen
Some people think that graphic design is just throwing pictures and words on a digital canvas and making it look good. These people are ignorant and they completely miss the mark when it comes to good design. A graphic designer must not use an element in his design if it has no purpose. A real graphic designer would be able to explain, if asked, the purpose of everything that he has done in his artwork. This area is where most amateur designers fail and show their lack of knowledge in the field of design.
There is a simple design rule that I have learned over the years; just because you learn how to recreate or to make a certain effect (such as gradients, shadows, etc.), that does not mean that you have to try to impress everyone by applying those effects to all your designs. In most cases, the simpler the design, the better it is visually and the more it attracts readers. If you will learn to be conservative and creative with your designs, you will experience greater results.
“You cannot not communicate.”
— Paul Watzlawik
Choose Fonts Wisely
Nothing is more annoying than a page filled with 30 different fonts. Most people would not even read a page that has too much going on. I personally look at different pieces of junk mail and it’s amazing how unprofessional some of the designs are. If you are going to spend money advertising, you might as well get it right. Hire the right designer. Make sure that he understands typography and fonts.
There are many factors that come into play when choosing fonts. I’m not going to go into too much details, but I’ve included a great list of articles below that you can read to expound more on the subject.
- How to Choose a Font2
- Things to Consider When Choosing Font for your Website3
- How to Choose Fonts : A Guide to Choosing Fonts for Graphic Designers4
- Choosing Fonts5
Colors – On Purpose
Don’t just grab some color out of the air. You need to know what the colors will do when you combine them and you also need to know what these colors will mean to the audience. For example, I would never use the color pink to design a flyer for a Law Enforcement Agency. Why? Because when people see that color, they typically associate it with being effeminate, soft, and girly. Certain colors like red usually attract readers and that is why that color is used for advertising reduced prices. If you have ever paid attention to the signage in the supermarket, you will never see a for sale sign that is in the color of blue. This is because blue is a calm color and it does not visually draw the eyes of the by-passer. Is it a coincidence that the cars that are stolen the most in the United States are red? I don’t think so. Color is very important when it comes to design and a good designer needs to realize this.
Are you having trouble with choosing color? I’ve also included a list of essential resources for you to further your knowledge about colors.
- Color Theory for Designers, Part 1: The Meaning of Color6
- Color Theory For Designers, Part 2: Understanding Concepts And Terminology7
- Using Color in Graphic Design8
- Anatomy of Colors in Web Design: Blue and the Cool Look9
- Anatomy of Colors in Web Design: Green and Environmental Concept10
Using contrast in your designs can have a great impact. Contrast is one the main principles of design. Contrast is defined as:
"A difference, especially a strong dissimilarity, between entities or objects compared."
Well, how is this useful in design? Contrast can be used to distinguish the important parts of the design from the regular information. Four of the most used ways of contrast are size, alignment, color, and type. Using contrast is very effective and you can see this design principle used not only in print design but in web design as well. Here’s a short excerpt about contrast from this great article11.
"Contrast adds interest to the page and provides a means of emphasizing what is important or directing the reader’s eye. On a page without contrast, the reader doesn’t know where to look first or what is important. Contrast makes a page more interesting so the reader is more apt to pay attention to what is on the page. Contrast aids in readability by making headlines and subheadings stand out. Contrast shows what is important by making smaller or lighter elements recede on the page to allow other elements to take center stage."
- The Principle of Contrast in Web Design12
- Create Contrast by Creating Obvious Differences13
- The Principle of Contrast14
- The Brads – Learning About Contrast in Design15
- Principles Of Design: Contrast16
Create Negative Space
Create negative space and don’t just fill it up. Negative space is often referred as ‘white space.’ Many designers claim that the white space is usually more important than the stuff that is in it. The content that is within the negative space always calls for people’s attention. This white space separates the unimportant objects to the focal point of the design. By the way, when a designer tries to fill up all the negative space, the design becomes too strong visually and it tends to push people away. Just like we don’t like to look at a page that is all text, most people also don’t like looking at designs where there are too many focal points and we can’t tell what to look at. Here are some articles that further explain negative space.
- Whitespace: The Underutilized Design Element17
- White Space and Simplicity: An Overview18
In conclusion, I would like to quote April Greiman, a famous graphic design artist. She said,
“If a design does not feel good in your heart, what the mind thinks doesn’t matter.”
Even though I mentioned those pointers to you, they are not really what graphic design is all about. Aside from graphic design being able to look good to the viewers, the design must also look good to the creator. Remember that the pointers that I gave you are just general guidelines to help you in your design, and not to hamper your creativity. I hope that reading this article has inspired and challenged you to be a better designer. I sincerely wish that you would apply the tips that I gave you.
- 1 http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/guide-whatisgraphicdesign
- 2 http://justcreativedesign.com/2007/12/04/how-to-choose-a-font/
- 3 http://www.admixweb.com/2009/08/02/things-to-consider-when-choosing-font-for-your-website/
- 4 http://www.allgraphicdesign.com/graphicsblog/2009/06/how-to-choose-fonts-a-guide-to-choosing-fonts-for-graphic-designers/
- 5 http://desktoppub.about.com/od/fontselection/Choosing_Fonts.htm
- 6 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/01/28/color-theory-for-designers-part-1-the-meaning-of-color/
- 7 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/02/02/color-theory-for-designers-part-2-understanding-concepts-and-terminology/
- 8 http://graphicdesign.about.com/od/color/tp/using_color.htm
- 9 http://www.onextrapixel.com/2010/01/22/anatomy-of-colors-in-web-design-blue-and-the-cool-look/
- 10 http://www.onextrapixel.com/2009/11/03/anatomy-of-colors-in-web-design-green-and-environmental-concept/
- 11 http://desktoppub.about.com/od/contrast/ss/contrast.htm
- 12 http://webdesignledger.com/tips/the-principle-of-contrast-in-web-design
- 13 http://desktoppub.about.com/od/contrast/ss/contrast.htm
- 14 http://www.bluemoonwebdesign.com/art-lessons-6.asp
- 15 http://vector.tutsplus.com/tutorials/comics/the-brads-learning-about-contrast-in-design/
- 16 http://www.sitepoint.com/blogs/2009/12/03/principles-of-design-contrast/#
- 17 http://webdesignledger.com/tips/whitespace-the-underutilized-design-element
- 18 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/01/12/white-space-and-simplicity-an-overview/
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About 5000 years ago, the wheel was conceived and deployed as a new technology. A little more than 500 years ago, the printing press was invented. 143 years ago, the telephone was patented. Only thirty years ago, the prospect of a home computer became real. Ten years ago, smartphones did not exist. Now, smartphones are ubiquitous, we can affordably sequence our own genome, self-driving cars are imminent, and Google is building a surgical robot.
The law of accelerating returns argues that the rate of technological progress ramps up exponentially as the information processing tools of prior generations are used to make those of the next. Surgeons – and therefore patients – are beneficiaries of new technologies. An era without CT, MRI, diathermy, microscopes, endoscopes, and real-time patient monitoring is hard to comprehend. Many of the operations performed today have been made feasible only by very recent advances in technology. Endoscopy, for example, would be impossible without fibre-optics bringing light into body and digital cameras enabling visualisation.
What is particularly exciting is the current pace of technological advancement. Kurzweil, a futurist and key proponent of the idea of a technological singularity, argues that the 21st century will bring progress equivalent to the previous 20 millennia. As a technology becomes more efficacious it also draws more attention, attracts more investment, and develops even faster. The likes of Google, Apple, Facebook, and Microsoft drive technology forward even faster in the constant search for a better bottom line.
What does this mean for surgeons and their patients? A world of internet-connected devices, smart sensors, deep computer learning inspired by neural networks, ever-more dextrous robots, nanotechnology, and 3D printing; surely these technologies are bound to bring benefits to human health?
Gavin Francis aptly said that “medicine can be described as the alliance of science with kindness.” Surely no technology can provide kindness? But then again, need that be human kindness? Already, online avatars are helping to treat mental ailments and the latest iPhone can recognise facial expressions. Could not an AI-driven avatar learn to be kind? Might it even be kinder and more adaptable than some humans (not so difficult if you read about the background to Royal College of Surgeons anti-bullying campaign)!
With progress so rapid, it is impossible to predict how new technologies will transform the delivery of surgical care. One thing is certain though. Today’s and tomorrow’s surgeons must embrace the change and, perhaps more than ever, be nimble so as to avoid the plight of the lamp-lighter!
Clinical Lecturer in Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh
PS If you don’t want to be superseded by Google’s surgical robot, you’d better get yourself an eosim! | <urn:uuid:e6a204a4-e8eb-4aee-812d-68205ba7e85d> | {
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The biggest question surrounding the environment impact of zero emission cars is always the amount of energy and natural resources manufacturers use to build them. Nissan's answer to that is recycling.
Like it or not, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best selling electric car since its debut. That means high volumes and Nissan knows they can't call it a sustainable car without reducing its natural impact during production as well.
That why their Leading, Environmentally friendly, Affordable, Family car is built in Japan using 25% recycled material. Plastics from washing machines and sound insulators from old uniforms. Watch those shredders at work:
That 25% will only go higher in the future. | <urn:uuid:36293121-542d-42ca-9d44-6b2671588715> | {
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The hottest stuff in the universe
Dr Jonathan Squire from the University of Otago will study the behaviour of plasma – the fourth state of matter, which makes up stars – under extremely hot conditions. This will improve our understanding of this vital cosmic fluid and help to answer several key question in astrophysics, such as the formation of galaxies
Published 2 November 2017
Virtually all of the ordinary matter in the universe is plasma: a fluid that is spread so thin that its ions and electrons cannot recombine into atoms. Despite having weak magnetic fields and particles that hardly ever bump into each other, very hot and diffuse plasmas are extremely sensitive to tiny changes in the magnetic field. Microinstabilities (tiny wobbles in the plasma) can abruptly grow and violently mix the plasma. These microinstabilities are very small in scale compared with the motions that caused them in the first place; however, they strongly influence the plasma’s large-scale behaviour.
Dr Jonathan Squire from the Department of Physics at the University of Otago has been awarded a Marsden Fund Fast-Start grant to investigate the effects of microinstabilities in plasma. Together with an American collaborator, Dr Squire will develop a new theory for the large-scale behaviour of plasmas under very hot conditions. This theory will measure the creation of microinstabilities and how they affect large-scale plasma motions and magnetic fields.
This study will critically improve our fundamental knowledge of this exotic but widespread form of matter. It will lay the foundation for understanding its turbulent behaviour, and yield the first practical techniques for simulating such plasmas. These in turn, are crucial for unravelling key astrophysical processes such as galaxy formation, the interaction of the Earth with the sun, and the magnetisation of the universe itself. | <urn:uuid:06036499-04a1-46ac-ba34-57913b681fcf> | {
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A NASA satellite has captured rare, record-setting “burp” on the surface of Saturn in the aftermath of a massive storm, the US space agency said.
Temperatures in Saturn’s stratosphere soared more than 65.5 Degree Celsius above normal in the aftermath of a storm, according to data captured by NASA’s Cassini satellite, which orbits the ringed planet.
The ethylene gas-which NASA calls a “burp” – generated by the storm – was 100 times more than scientists thought the planet was capable of making.
“The temperature spike is so extreme it’s almost unbelievable, especially in this part of Saturn’s atmosphere, which is typically very stable,” Brigette Hesman, a University of Maryland scientist who works at NASA, said in a statement.
“To get a temperature change of the same scale on Earth, you’d be going from the depths of winter in Fairbanks, Alaska, to the height of summer in the Mojave Desert,” Hesman said.
Data revealed shows record-setting disturbances in the planet’s upper atmosphere long after the visible signs of the storm abated.
Researchers at NASA’s Goddard Spaceflight Center in Greenbelt detected a huge increase in the amount of ethylene gas, the origin of which is a mystery.
Ethylene, an odourless, colourless gas, isn’t typically observed on Saturn. On Earth, it is created by natural and man-made sources.
First detected by Cassini in Saturn’s northern hemisphere on December 5, 2010, the storm grew so large that an equivalent storm on Earth would blanket most of North America.
This type of giant disturbance on Saturn typically occurs every 30 Earth years, or once every Saturn year, NASA said.
Not only was this the first storm of its kind to be studied by a spacecraft in orbit around the planet, but it was the first to be observed at thermal infrared wavelengths.
Infrared data from CIRS allowed scientists to take the temperature of Saturn’s atmosphere and to track phenomena that are invisible to the naked eye.
Temperature measurements by CIRS, first published in May 2011, revealed two unusual beacons of warmer-than-normal air shining brightly in the stratosphere.
These indicated a massive release of energy into the atmosphere.
According to Hesman, the huge spike of ethylene generated at the same time peaked with 100 times more ethylene than scientists thought possible for Saturn.
The study findings appear next month in the Astrophysical Journal. | <urn:uuid:98259524-6df3-4e80-b851-8f173dfc0128> | {
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Sigriya rises up 200 m from the plains of central Sri Lanka. This flat topped monolith is both a natural wonder and one of Sri Lanka’s most fascinating archaeological sites. Sigiriya, which translates as the Lion Rock, served as a mountain monastery from about the 5th century BC and became a rock fortress during the reign of King Kasyapa (477 – 495 AD). Kasyapa built a fortress and palace high up on the rock and decorated much of the western face with frescos. At the base of the rock he built a network of ‘Pleasure Gardens’ and an artificial lake which were linked by a series of moats and underground waterways. The most significant feature of Sigiriya would have been the Lion staircase that led from the gardens to the summit. After King Kasyapa's death, the fortress became a monastery complex which was abandoned in the 14th century. Today Sigriya is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Sri Lanka's most famous landmark. A climb to the top is a highlight of a Sri Lanka holiday as you are rewarded with panoramic views of the countryside.
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Call 020 7644 1755 to speak with our award-winning travel consultants.
Opening hours 09:00 - 17:00 GMT | <urn:uuid:c6b9e3b5-a547-46e5-a6f5-118c8db93db9> | {
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Pseudobulbs are thickened stems at the base of each growth in a sympodial orchid, usually an epiphyte. They serve as storage organs, primarily for water, and are more likely to be present in orchids that experience drought in their natural habitats. They may last only one year, or for several years, depending on the type of orchid. They differ botanically from true bulbs (like in tulips), which are actually masses of thickened leaves or petioles around a short stem. Corms and tubers also have technical differences.
Each of the growths emerging from the end of a sympodial orchid's rhizome has a single stem (which may be thickened and bulbous), some leaves, and usually blooms once before diverting its energy to producing the next year's growth from its base. Inflorescences may emerge from any node on the stem. Lycaste orchids have flower stems emerging from the base of each storage organ, in Laelias they emerge from its top, and in some Dendrobiums they may appear at many nodes along the thickened stem.
Pseudobulbs differ widely in appearance among the many types of orchids that have them. In Dendrobium they take the form of a long thickened cane, with leaves all along its length. Epidendrum has similar canes but they are covered with a protective layer of dead leaves called bracts. In the related Cattleya orchid, the storage organs are still significantly longer than their girth, but only one or two leaves appear at their tops. In Bulbophyllum, they lack a bract and are typically very thick, almost spherical. There may also be prominent lengthwise ridges producing a star-shaped cross-section. Catasetum orchids experience a long dry season, and spend much of the year with no leaves to avoid dessication. They have very thick, conspicuous, bract-covered stems to store water and nutrients. When the plant resumes growth during the wet season, it utilizes the stored nutrients to develop its new growth with extreme rapidity.
If you are cultivating an orchid very well, each new growth that develops should be larger than the previous one.
Many orchids with canes (long, thickened stems that have leaves all along their length), are capable of developing keikis at the nodes where leaves emerge, a natural form of vegetative propagation. In some cases, you can take an old cane and cut it between each pair of nodes, setting the pieces on moist sphagnum until they begin to grow.
Return from Pseudobulbs to All About OrchidsReturn from Pseudobulbs to Orchid Care Tips Home | <urn:uuid:fd8edb95-175e-4b07-a1f7-6077e5003029> | {
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Originally caught in Japan, the range is wide, but not evenly distributed. The majority of known specimens come from bays of Japan while the rest are mostly found off New Zealand, southern Africa, and in the Eastern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Two specimens have been taken off the Mississippi and California coasts of the United States. Though this probably encompasses the range of (Duffy, 1997; Martin, 1999), sightings are so rare and widespread that the presence of goblin sharks could extend well beyond these areas.
sand tiger shark. Another feature that separates goblin sharks from most other sharks is the lack of a lower lobe on the tail fin, which is also absent in other benthic sharks. Female specimens seem to be slightly larger than the males. (Berger, 1987; Compagno, 1984; Duffy, 1997; Martin, 1999; Rorem, 2002)is a fearsome looking fish with a large, flattened snout protruding from the top of its head, and has movable jaws than can extend to catch prey. The exact purpose of the flat snout is unknown, but as it is not hard or sharp enough to pin or kill prey, it is probably used to detect the faint electric signals that other fish give off. Goblin sharks have rubbery skin, rather than denticles (the sharp, pointed scales found on most sharks). Due to the blood vessels that are close to the skin, the shark has a pinkish-grey color in life, though in death it appears quite colorless because of its lack of pigment. Teeth are slender and fang-like, similar to those of the
There has been no direct study of goblin sharks in the wild, so there is no information on there mating habits.
Goblin sharksare rarely seen, and even more rarely studied in detail. Essentially all known data on goblin sharks are from accidental catches in trawling nets. Thus, since there have been no opportunities to observe goblin sharks in their natural habit (or even alive for that matter), data on reproduction and behavior are very scarce. There is no information on age at sexual maturity for either sex, number of offspring, or gestation period.
Though there are no data forin particular, sharks in general do not provide any degree of parental investment.
No goblin sharks have been studied in the wild, so not much is known about their ages or lifespans. No individuals have ever been held in captivity. (Martin, 1999)
There are no available data on home range, or territories of goblin sharks.
Like all sharks, goblin sharks probably hunt using their senses of smell, sight, sound and the electrical sensing organs called ampullae of Lorenzini. Due to the depth at which they live, eyesight is probably less useful than other senses. The snout (which is abnormally large in ) houses the ampullae of Lorenzini which are attuned to catching otherwise undetectable prey in dark waters or on the bottom.
There are no known predators of the (Martin, 1999)except for infrequent Japanese fishermen.
As it is often difficult to deduce ecosystem roles in easily studied environments, it comes as no surprise that nothing is known about goblin sharks' role in the mid-water or benthic community besides its role as a predator.
There are no known adverse affects of goblin sharks on humans.
The ("Cites:Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora", 2004; "U.S. ESA: NatureServe Explorer Data for Listed Status in the United States", ; "2002 IUCN Red List", 2002)is rarely found, but not thought to be threatened.
Most of the biology of Mitsukurina there actually are. As of now, there is only one recognized species. However, the extant goblin shark is considered to be very closely related to a similar Cretaceous shark genus Scapanorhynchus, known from fossils. (Compagno, 1984; Duffy, 1997; Martin, 1999)is unknown due to the rarity of sightings and specimens. However, though rarely seen, this shark is thought to be fairly common because of its wide range. Nonetheless, because it lives in deep waters, is not a common sight for humans. Most of the information is partial, and deduced from the morphology of the shark and from samples of the few existing specimens. Other common names include: imp shark, elfin shark, and tenguzame(Japanese). Differences in extension of jaws in death lead to confusion over how many species of
David Armitage (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Matthew Wund (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
Stephen Bizer (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
the body of water between Africa, Europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. It is the second largest ocean in the world after the Pacific Ocean.
Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.
living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.
uses sound to communicate
Referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
an animal that mainly eats meat
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
active at dawn and dusk
animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature
uses electric signals to communicate
union of egg and spermatozoan
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.
fertilization takes place within the female's body
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
specialized for swimming
reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying.
An aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean, far from land, does not include sea bottom (benthic zone).
an animal that mainly eats fish
mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
uses sight to communicate
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2002. "2002 IUCN Red List" (On-line ). Accessed 03-23-03 at http://www.redlist.org/.
CITES. 2004. "Cites:Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" (On-line). Accessed March 21, 2003 at http://www.cites.ec.gc.ca/default.cfm.
U.S. ESA. "U.S. ESA: NatureServe Explorer Data for Listed Status in the United States" (On-line ). Accessed 03-21-2003 at http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/statusus.htm.
Berger, G. 1987. Sharks. New York: Doubleday.
Compagno, L. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 4 Sharks of the World. Rome: United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States.
Duffy, C. 1997. Futher Records of the Goblin Shark, Mitsukurina owstoni (Lamniformes: Mitsukurinidae), from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 24: 167-171.
Martin, R. 1999. "Biology of Sharks and Rays: Biology Of the Goblin Shark (Mitsukurina owstoni)" (On-line). Accessed March 16, 2003 at http://elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/m_owstoni.htm.
Rorem, S. 2002. "Sea Creatures 101: Shark Series: The Goblin Shark: Ugly and Rare" (On-line ). Accessed 03-16-03 at http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/aquatic_animals/87679. | <urn:uuid:688f2a7a-6883-4f82-a13f-cadada0de517> | {
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Study of Transgender Preschoolers Assesses Preferences and Identity
Gender may be the earliest identity and social category to emerge in development, research suggests, and acquiring knowledge about one’s gender is considered a critical part of early childhood development. In one of the first examinations of early gender development among transgender preschoolers, a new study has found that these children were just as likely as nontransgender children to have preferences associated with their gender, and to have as strong and clear a sense of their gender identity.
The study was conducted by researchers at the University of Washington and is published in the journal Child Development.
“An increasing number of transgender children—those who express a gender identity that is opposite their sex—are transitioning socially, which means they use pronouns, names, and clothing associated with their identified gender in everyday life,” notes Anne A. Fast, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Washington and the study’s lead author. “In this study, we asked whether these children differed from their gender-typical peers on basic tasks related to gender development at an early age.”
The study looked at three groups of children: 36 transgender 3- to 5-year-olds, 36 cisgender 3- to 5-year-olds (children whose gender identity and the sex they were assigned at birth are the same), and 24 siblings (also ages 3 to 5) of transgender or gender-nonconforming children. Children came from across the United States, primarily identified as female, were primarily White, and were from a range of economic backgrounds.
The researchers focused on the preschool years because this is when gender begins to strongly motivate children’s preferences (e.g., for toys and clothing) and behavior, and when children’s understanding of gender stability emerges. It is also the youngest age gender-nonconforming children make the social transition to present in everyday life as a member of their identified gender.
In the study, the researchers asked children to complete gender development tasks to gauge their understanding of gender constancy, their preferences regarding gender, and their beliefs about gender. Children were also asked what they feel like they are “on the inside,” in their minds, thoughts, and feelings.
The transgender children did not differ from children of the same gender in the control group or the sibling group on preferences, behavior, stereotyping, and identity, the study found. For example, transgender girls (who were born as boys and identified and lived as girls at the time of the study) liked dolls and pink dresses, and preferred female friends as much as cisgender girls and sisters of transgender children did.
However, researchers found differences among the groups in children’s beliefs about the stability of gender. While children in the control and sibling groups tended to say that their gender as a baby and their gender as an adult matched their current gender, children in the transgender group tended to say that their gender as a baby was different than their current gender, but that their gender as an adult would be the same as their current gender. Considering stability of gender in others rather than in themselves, while children in all three groups tended to believe that most other people’s gender in childhood remained stable through adulthood, transgender children and their siblings were less likely than cisgender children to believe that everyone’s gender was stable. And they occasionally indicated that someone’s gender could change between childhood and adulthood.
Given the small size of the study sample, the authors caution against generalizing from their results. However, they also note the importance of considering transgender children: “We are increasingly aware that there are individuals who identify early in development as a gender other than the one aligned with their sex at birth,” notes Kristina R. Olson, associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington, the study’s senior author. “Such children should be included in work on basic gender development to expand our knowledge of gender developmental experiences and strengthen theories of gender development.”
Support for the research came from the National Science Foundation and the Arcus Foundation.
Summarized from Child Development, Gender Development in Transgender Preschool Children by Fast, Anne A., and Olson, KR (University of Washington). Copyright 2017 The Society for Research in Child Development, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:50fedc7b-d2b3-4f05-b98a-f2fef2931544> | {
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The historic Paris Agreement adopted in December 2015 by nearly 200 nations is the first universal climate change agreement that will bind both developing and developed countries to their commitments to slash their greenhouse gas emissions. It is the culmination of many years of negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or UNFCCC.
The agreement provides a framework that allows nations to submit pledges, also known as “nationally determined contributions”, over recurring cycles. At present, more than 180 nations have submitted their pledges – this is an unprecedented achievement and an important first step in the global effort to limit the consequences of global warming.
Significantly, the agreement also includes a 2°C temperature goal, a level scientists say is required to avert dangerous climate change, and calls on nations to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
Singapore, for its part, aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions per GDP dollar by 36 per cent from 2005 levels by 2030, and to stabilise its emissions with the aim of peaking by then.
What’s next for Singapore?
What exactly will the Paris Agreement mean for us in Singapore? Fundamentally, it will mean a change in our way of life.
As Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan said to reporters just hours after the Paris Agreement was adopted at the UN summit, “It’s about our way of life and the choices we make for our consumption.”
These choices include reducing energy use by being more energy efficient; constructing more green buildings; promoting public transport and harnessing more clean energy such as solar.
However, this will “not be easy for us” considering that Singapore has limited alternative energy options and we will need to balance economic growth with reducing emissions.
Minister for the Environment and Water Resources Masagos Zukifli has said that Singapore’s pledge is a “very huge commitment … (and) it requires the whole of government as well as the economy to realign, to look at ways to bring down our business-as-usual emissions.”
The path ahead is fraught with challenges; these revolve mainly around changing mindsets and overcoming technological hurdles. Nonetheless, there are also opportunities to develop new technologies and green initiatives.
Changing mindsets and behaviour
A large chunk of the reductions has to come from businesses, as they are the biggest consumers of energy in the country.
In this respect, the Paris Agreement provides the certainty needed for businesses to go low-carbon. It sends a signal to industry globally that it will have to raise energy efficiency.
While there are already a slew of regulations and programmes in Singapore to encourage industry to be more energy efficient, the next challenge is to convince more companies to take action.
Many small and medium businesses, especially those surviving on razor-thin margins, often say they cannot afford to replace inefficient appliances, lighting as well as cooling systems.
A combination of ‘sticks and carrots’ will be needed to nudge more companies into retrofitting their systems. Growth and environmentalism do not have to be mutually exclusive.
Singapore is, encouragingly, making headway with greening its building stock. From only 17 buildings in 2005, the number of green buildings has grown to more than 2,500, making up around 30 per cent of all buildings.
By 2030, Singapore aims for 80 per cent of schools, offices, homes and public venues to be green.
Beyond raising energy efficiency, building owners will also need to engage their tenants to be mindful with their own energy usage and to reduce their environmental footprint – as a building is only as green as its occupiers.
Consumers are key, too
In homes, new technologies such as the home energy management systems (HEMS) that have been installed under a pilot programme in Punggol could help households reduce their power consumption. Each system comes with a smartphone application that allows the household to see how much electricity is being consumed in real-time or control air-conditioners, even when the occupants are not at home. Such solutions are progressively being installed across housing estates by the Housing & Development Board.
However, users will still need to make an effort to consciously monitor their energy usage and adjust accordingly. Getting residents used to this way of life will take time and effort, as forming habits is not easy.
This change in mindset and behavior must also be extended to commuters. Currently, Singapore’s population of almost 600,000 cars account for 35 per cent of transport emissions produced, and more must be done to reduce both the number of trips taken by private vehicles and their emissions.
Simply by choosing public transport such as buses and the MRT, or even cycling and walking, we can contribute in a tangible way. Schemes such as car-free Sundays or car-free zones, and car-sharing schemes, will also help.
To make a dent in our transport emissions, electric vehicles will also play a big role. Singapore is already embarking on a series of EV trials on the roads, with the aim to increase the EV population in the country and boost related infrastructure.
Other than electric vehicles, Singapore is promoting the use of more energy efficient vehicles through the incentive programme, the Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle Scheme (CEVS), to encourage motorists to buy hybrids such as Toyota’s Prius and Camry Hybrid, Honda’s Insight, and Mercedes-Benz’s E300.
However, changing behavior (convincing car-owners to use their vehicles less) and mindsets (car ownership as a status symbol) may be among the toughest nuts to crack.
Technological, logistical hurdles
Recycling will be another key strategy in reducing our environmental impact. In 2014, the recycling rate of all waste collected – such as construction debris, paper, food and plastic – was 60 per cent. The domestic recycling rate, that is, recycling of waste produced in households, was only 19 per cent. The government wants to increase this to 30 per cent by 2030.
The government also aims to increase the recycling rate for food waste from the current 13 per cent. It has started with a pilot food waste collection system at several hawker centres to convert the waste into compost.
Curbing the growing volume of wood waste would require changing our behaviour, as well as the way our waste is collected.
Households and food & beverage outlets will have to conscientiously sort out the different types of trash they generate, and municipals will need to change the way they collect waste. It is a behavioural as well as logistical challenge.
Finally, Singapore will tap on more solar energy. Already, commercial building owners are increasingly installing photovoltaic panels on their rooftops to meet their energy needs – at a cost lower than conventional energy.
Solar deployment in Singapore will be increased from the current 47MWp, to provide around 350MWp of electricity by 2020. Government agencies have come together to aggregate their demand for solar energy, which will help spur the growth of the solar industry in Singapore.
In this vein, HDB has recently awarded its largest solar leasing project to Sunseap, covering over 800 HDB blocks as well as sites under the Ministry of Home Affairs and PUB.
Taking adoption to the next level, however, will involve improving storage technologies such as batteries and integrating solar power into the country’s energy grid better. These efforts will require time, money and research & development.
Singapore’s targets for the Paris agreement are aggressive and ambitious, as Minister Masagos has said. The challenge would be balancing economic growth that can still support livelihoods with reducing carbon emissions.
As citizens, we must adopt habits such as opting for public transport, using energy-efficient appliances and lighting, and reducing and recycling our waste. These steps do require effort but collectively will make a significant difference in our country’s carbon footprint. | <urn:uuid:3bde546c-0950-4595-990f-74c72b706393> | {
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The future of water: Ontario and beyond
It’s Canada Water Week and World Water Day! So what’s happening in Ontario’s water sector?
We are blessed with an abundance of freshwater. Ontario, which means “beautiful water”, is home to more than 250,000 lakes, not to mention the numerous rivers, streams and ground water resources. It’s nurtured a strong research and development (R&D) culture in Ontario, supported by policy.
But abundance can also blind you to the precious nature of a resource. Other jurisdictions, like Singapore, Israel and Australia, have very well laid-out conservation, reuse and recycling plans for some years now as part of their water resource management plan. Why? Because they had severe droughts and water shortage crises and had to do something in order to survive and provide clean water to their population.
We may not have to deal with such a water crisis in Ontario for generations, but we have the moral and environmental responsibility to show our future generations that this resource should not be taken for granted. I think this shift in thinking — this change — can only come from the grassroots level.
In that context, I was pleasantly surprised this past week to receive a special magazine in the mail from York region. The magazine, “Our Water Future”, was filled with articles from people around Canada and US, from organizations like the Walter & Duncan Gordon Foundation, POLIS Water sustainability project, Brock University, Alliance for Water Efficiency (Chicago) and the Banff Centre. The articles covered everyday efficiencies to global change to educate and empower people to conserve water (you can download the magazine from York Region’s openwater.ca website).
But policy has a place in this, too. The government of Ontario, understanding the importance of this precious resource, passed the “Water Opportunities Act” in November, 2010.
The Water Opportunities Act will:
- Make Ontario the North American leader in the development and sale of water conservation and treatment technologies
- Encourage sustainable infrastructure and conservation planning using made-in-Ontario technologies to solve water, waste water and storm water infrastructure challenges
- Encourage all Ontarians to use water more wisely
Key to delivering these outcomes is the creation of the Water Technology Acceleration Project (WaterTAP) to support research and development as well as the commercialization of new technologies and innovations in Ontario’s water sector.
The act also:
- Creates partnerships to develop water innovation among universities, colleges, industry, entrepreneurs and Ontario’s government
- Strengthens water efficiency and sustainable water planning for municipalities
- Helps Ontarians use water more efficiently
It is clear to me that this two-pronged approach, along with municipalities playing an empowering role within their communities, will ensure a sustainable outcome for us all.
MaRS has the privilege of working with entrepreneurs and researchers who will help make this vision come true with their water conservation and treatment technologies.
Some companies of to watch:
- Xogen Technologies – Waste water treatment technology
- Hydromantis – Water and waste water treatment software and engineering
- Echologics (a division of Mueller Co.) – A MaRS client with acoustic technology for leak detection in pipes
Now, if only someone could help me figure out how to get my son out of the shower before he uses up the whole tank of hot water every morning, I will be most grateful.
Be sure to download our reports on this burgeoning sector in Ontario:
- Clean Water for Life – Ontario’s water asset map
- A Bright Green Future: Ontario’s cleantech asset map
Usha Srinivasan leads a team dedicated to nurturing the talents of Ontario entrepreneurs through a range of diverse programs, including the Business Acceleration Program, Data Catalyst and Studio Y. See more… | <urn:uuid:b4c4c045-a359-4a38-be4e-a54cecb7d1b0> | {
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Here you can find tutorial guiding you through process of making simple game with Python and PyGame. Starting from scratch we will make simple yet useful game engine (backbone of every game), and few games showing by example how complete games look like.
Hope you will enjoy it!
Probably best programming language out there! Chosen because of its simplicity and small learning curve.
PyGame can handle time, video (both still images and vids), music, fonts, different image formats, cursors, mouse, keyboard, Joysticks and much much more. And all of that is very simple.
PyGame is based on SDL. A C library that is cross platform and also very simple. PyGame however is not just simple wrapper for it, but also add its own features, so writing games is even simpler.
Versions used during this tutorial:
- Python 2.7
- PyGame 1.9.1
If you can not run tutorial examples in Python 3, pleas report it as bugs. However there are many out there who still use Python 2, so it will be used as primary version.
Last thing before we start our codding.
Source code for this tutorial is hosted at bitbucket.com
If you want to you can clone whole repo. Each tutorial have its own tag or multiple tags if there are more then one version of code discussed during tutorial.
If you do not know what I'm talking about, then do not worry! I will provide links to downloads of source code for and at the bottom of each tutorial.
Before writing first lines of code I will mention about how game loop is designed in PyGame. Game loop is the place where events, game logic and rendering onto screen is performed. It should look similar to:
while True: events() loop() render()
Where event() proceeds events like pressed keys, mouse motion etc. loop() compute changes in the game world like NPC's moves, player moves, AI, game score. And render() just print out on the screen graphic. That separation of tasks makes your game design easier and allow to easy changes in code when new ideas rise in you head.
Its time for more code:
import pygame from pygame.locals import * class App: def on_execute(self): pass if __name__ == "__main__" : theApp = App() theApp.on_execute()
As you can see I prefer classes than functions. That is because OOP is getting more and more fans in game programming due to it correlation with game design. Simply in game we have objects, theirs tasks etc. even when programing without classes.
App will be our main class. To run game we will only need call on_execute() function. Yes this function will contain our Game Loop.
Creating simple window
Lets add some more code:
import pygame from pygame.locals import * class App: def __init__(self): self._running = True self._display_surf = None self.size = self.weight, self.height = 640, 400 def on_init(self): pygame.init() self._display_surf = pygame.display.set_mode(self.size, pygame.HWSURFACE | pygame.DOUBLEBUF) self._running = True def on_event(self, event): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: self._running = False def on_loop(self): pass def on_render(self): pass def on_cleanup(self): pygame.quit() def on_execute(self): if self.on_init() == False: self._running = False while( self._running ): for event in pygame.event.get(): self.on_event(event) self.on_loop() self.on_render() self.on_cleanup() if __name__ == "__main__" : theApp = App() theApp.on_execute()
You should see black window. If window don't wont to quit use 'xkill' under linux or task manager under windows.
on_init on_event on_loop on_render on_cleanup
on_init calls pygame.init() that initialize all PyGame modules. Then it create main display - 640x400 window and try to use hardware acceleration. At the end this routine sets _running to True.
on_event check if Quit event happened if so sets _running to False wich will break game loop.
on_loop and OnRender do nothing.
on_cleanup call pygame.quit() that quits all PyGame modules. Anything else will be cleaned up by Python.
on_execute initialize pygame than enter main loop in which check events and then compute and render everything till _running is "True" and only Quit event will set it to "False".
Before quitting it will cleanup.
If you will run this file as program it will create instance of App and call its on_execute(). (3 last lines)
Big thx to people who helped me to improve this tutorial by woicing their ideas in comments (which are now deleted): | <urn:uuid:66691194-05d9-4f29-987e-6ba0f84c299d> | {
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The art of reading tea leaves. This can be traced-back to China from as early as c.230BC.
If you enjoy cooking take a minute to look at ‘Simon Scrutton French Cookery Classes’ on Google – and learn how to make top class bistro-style dishes. Suitable for beginners upwards. Small classes. | <urn:uuid:9cee2dbb-f5a2-42c9-bd62-fce9938e0946> | {
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by JOE MARTINO
Imagine walking into a high rise building only to find out it was actually a vertical farm. As odd as this sounds, this type of building is popping up in different areas of the world as the idea promises new, environmentally friendly and rapid ways to feed growing populations.
The first commercial vertical farm was built in Singapore by Jack Ng who is an entrepreneur looking to supply food to Singapore’s densely populated city without having to buy a lot of highly priced land around the city. His vertical farm method is energy efficient, simple and mixes some ancient practices with new ones. The tower is modern and clear, so it looks great and allows sunlight into the the building for the plants. The produce grown in the building is sold under the name SkyGreens. You can find out more about how this vertical farm works in the video above.
In March of this year the largest vertical farm is set to open up in Scranton, New York. The farm was built by Green Spirit Farms and only utilizes about 3.25 hectares of land (about 8 acres.) Considering the average farm is about 300 acres, using only a fraction of the land to provide food to locals indicates the efficiency of the farming method. This farm will use plant racks that utilize soil-free hydroponics systems and will be lit by LEDs that mimic sunlight. The entire system of rotation can be monitored and adjusted by software using something even as simple as a smartphone. This new farm is set to grow 14 lettuce crops each year, spinach, kale, tomatoes, peppers, basil and strawberries. The projected output is said to be about 10 times greater than the first vertical farm Green Spirit Farms built in 2011.
Although sunlight is used as much as possible in vertical farms, some are using windowless operations and some with lights like LEDs that re-create sunlight. This might make us question whether or not the plants will be getting the right type of light to grow properly. Since nutrients mainly come from soil or hydroponics systems, the only question is whether or not using artificial light instead of sunlight provides an equal product. Current research suggests that grow lights can provide plants with light spectrums they need and are useful to harden seedlings if the weather is still harsh. But, researchers seem to agree that growing plants with real sunlight is much better than using artificial light.
This idea certainly can have useful implications, but personally I feel that each farm should use as much sunlight much like the Singapore design did. Innovation is always a positive step but naturally I feel some things are meant to contain as many natural elements as possible.
Considering much of the worlds food is flown or driven around a great deal before it reaches its destination, these vertical farming practices can provide food to people locally. This is important because as food is picked from the ground, plant or tree, it begins to lose its nutrients over time. The faster food gets to your dinner plate, the more nutritious it is. Not only that, but certain produce items are picked when they aren’t quite ripe so that they can be ripe when they get to their destination. By nature, this also means the food isn’t as nutritious.
Growing locally is certainly the most ideal way to feed the world. While not all climates can grow every type of produce, we also need to remember that we can get more in tune with eating fruits and vegetables that are in season versus relying on eating from other places around the world. Vertical farms might be one possible solution that can help extend the range of foods that can be grown in certain areas, as well as create unlimited growing seasons for certain foods.
What are your thoughts on vertical farms? Feel free to share your thoughts in the comments.
Credit: Collective EvolutionFollow us Share this article | <urn:uuid:fa2e3e90-e83d-4237-8236-c48f6d325cab> | {
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- mitigations are actions we can take, often immediately, which make the situation better, and improve (possibly greatly) the current grim situation. Since they may only work some of the time, and may require conscious thought tuning and action by network operators and users, or have other limitations that are often far from optimal, they won’t work in some circumstances or necessarily be implemented everywhere. Often these mitigations will come at some cost, as in the case today’s posting below.
- solutions are full solutions for a problem that get behavior to something approximating optimal. Sometimes they may be mitigations that can be widely applied in an ISP, even though though they may require thought there. The “just work” for everyone.
But observed facts (e.g. RED or other AQM is far from universally used; more about this in a future post) shows that anything that does not “just work” is often distrusted and under-used (and seldom enabled by default), so such a solution is seldom the optimal solution we should be looking for: really “solving” the problem once and for all. As good engineers and scientists, we should always be striving for “just works” quality solutions, which we don’t have for bufferbloat in all its forms.
The full “solution” for the entire Internet is going to be hard; we need to solve too many different problems (as you will see) at too many points in all paths your data may traverse, to wave a wand eliminate bufferbloat overnight. Some of the point solutions will actually require replacement of hardware, and time to research and engineer such hardware along with economics will often take time. Does that mean we should do nothing? Of course not: we can immediately make the situation much better than it is, particularly for consumer home Internet service. And remember, your competitor will eventually beat you if you sit on your hands.
Gamers and others have been mitigating bufferbloat in broadband for years. Read on. You’ll suffer much less. Mitigation of home router bufferbloat itself will be tomorrow’s installment.
Mitigating Broadband Bufferbloat in the Home Router
The best solution will be to remove the grossly bloated buffers properly, and not to have to hack around this problem in our home router. ISP’s and their vendors may be able to mitigate existing equipment partially (by cutting buffers to something closer to sane points in the CPE); these mitigations will take time, and are not something you can go do today, yourself. Those are also technology dependent; and what can be done there is probably best taken up by the equipment vendors and standards bodies. As in many mitigations, they may come with costs. In the downstream direction, ISP’s not running RED on their head ends may turn it on. So when your network changes, you will need to repeat this process.
I remind you that bufferbloat can occur elsewhere in your path as you make these tests: some ISP’s and content providers do not run with any queue management enabled, so you may have bottlenecks beyond your broadband connection in your path beyond the last mile broadband connection to help confound you (your wireless hop to your home network, and anywhere beyond your broadband headend. My observations of Comcast’s network beyond the CMTS has been very, very clean, confirming what I was told to expect when I had lunch with Comcast. You may not be so lucky with your ISP. That my test site is on a well run network at MIT, peering directly with Comcast has certainly made my life easier. More on the core Internet topic in the future.
Our quest here is to try to overcome what has already happened: we usually have gross bufferbloat in the broadband provider’s equipment, which may or may not be customer replaceable. If it is customer replaceable (e.g. cable modems) we can hope that in a year or three that the market may start to provide routers and broadband gear that implement some rational queue management and behave better.
Here’s what you can do today, if your router supports it. If not, you can go buy a new home router (or install open source router software) today that can mitigate the problem for little cost ($100 or less). You’ll see why this is a mitigation at best, rather than a solution: it isn’t something you’re going to ask your aged parents to try.
Many mid-range or high end home routers have traffic shaping features. They may be called traffic shaping, or “QOS” (Quality of Service). Some routers I’ve seen (I’ve seen quite a few over the last years) have a single knob to set bandwidth on both directions; they aren’t particularly useful. You want one which lets you adjust bandwidth in both directions. I’ve experimented with several routers: your mileage will vary. Some commercial routers work really well, some less so. Sometimes these routers are marketed as “gamer routers.” There is probably some gamer’s web site someplace that goes into this in gory detail, with reviews of different routers. If so, please let me know. Facilities also exist in the open source router projects of various sorts, e.g. OpenWRT, DDWRT, Tomato, and Gargoyle. More on this topic below.
The WISEciti research project is also researching the behavior of home routers: if you have an old router, they may be interested in giving it a home.
Our goal is to keep buffers in your upstream broadband link from filling and turn them back into “dark buffers”. We can try to avoid bufferbloat in the broadband device this by transmitting data to it slightly less fast than the broadband device will accept, and ensuring the router forwards data slightly less fast than the broadband device will transmit it. Formally, this is called “traffic shaping”. Gamers have been doing this for years, as they are very latency sensitive and empirically discovered that limiting your bandwidth in this way will have good effects on observed latency. Note you should do traffic shaping before you worry about classifying data (e.g. ensuring your voip gets priority over TCP flows), as the goal here is to mitigate the upstream broadband device’s faults as much as possible.
Some ISP’s provide a home router as part of their service that their wires plug into directly. I have no idea if these routers are usable for the following process. I presume not in the discussion below. In either case, you need the ability to perform traffic shaping.
Plug your router into the ethernet on broadband gear, or at worst, into the ethernet jack of your home router if that is included in your broadband service. We’re trying to mitigate the broadband link problem here, not fix the router’s bufferbloat, which is a later topic.
I recommend monitoring your home connection via smokeping while you try this process. It isn’t clear to me that the bandwidth you get from a broadband carrier is a constant over time, as load occurs. I haven’t explored carefully what happens when my ISP’s network gets busy.
Start “pinging” some nearby site (best is not an ISP router, if only because they may be loaded at times and process ping on the slow path). Note the latency. Saturate the link in an upstream direction (e.g. by copying a file someplace, or uploading a video somewhere; you will probably be able to figure out some way to do so. Note it’s behavior: you’ll very likely find that the latency grows to some value of hundreds of milliseconds or even seconds. You’ll see the latency climb gradually, and then start varying (that’s the behavior you see in my TCP traces).
By using traceroute and ping on the path traceroute exposes, you can figure out which hop is the bottleneck. If it is not the broadband hop, then you need to find some other site to work against.
Next, find out what your provisioned bandwidth is for both directions, nominally. This is what you pay for.
Enter half these values into your home router in the the bandwidth shaping or QOS form, as per your router, having enabled this feature. You may or may not have to reboot your router whenever you adjust the values. Some routers attempt to determine the available bandwidth in some fashion automatically; I have no idea how successful they may be, and expect that features like Comcast’s PowerBoost will confuse them, so manual use is recommended unless you find the router “does the right thing” automatically . I also expect that some routers work better than others in this area.
Again load your link.
Your latency should be only slightly higher than when your line is idle. Exactly how much seems to depend on the router.
You can try approaching or even exceeding your provisioned bandwidth by binary search; when you exceed the available bandwidth, you’ll see the latencies start to rise (slowly). Since the rate at which the buffers will fill is determined by the difference between the broadband bandwidth and your router’s bandwidth to the router, patience is in order to tune the value. Complicating this testing is that some ISP’s dynamically change the available bandwidth (e.g. Comcast’s PowerBoost). You actually do often have more bandwidth temporarily available (if it is available) early in a connection, requiring yet further patience. Did I tell you that you need patience?
Do the same process for downstream bandwidth. There may or may not be similar buffers in the downstream direction in the broadband plant (head end and CPU), and ISP’s may or may not be running RED to control queues in the broadband “head end” equipment itself. Your mileage may vary.
This process works better on some routers than on others. What value you should try is not clear. With one router I tried, the behavior on Comcast was exactly what I would want (low latency) when the router was set to the provisioned bandwidth (Comcast claims they slightly over-provision their customer’s accounts); on another router, I have to reduce the values used by more than 30% from my provisioned bandwidth (which may or may not reflect reality). Even so, I end up on the router I am using today with 20ms latency (I get less than 10ms when idle). Contrast this smokeping with the one in the previous posting: during this one today, I was performing the same kind rdist to MIT that I performed when I found the smoking gun. Not perfect, but way more than an order of magnitude improvement, and also note the packet loss has stopped.
Different routers may not shape the bandwidth to the values you nominally set; before complaining to an ISP that you are not getting what you pay for, please do your homework and verify the actual bandwidth you get out of your router (this is easier said than done: but Dualcomm Technologies makes a cheap port mirroring switch you can afford). The router may not have computed the transformation from the UI to the operating system correctly, and/or forgotten to compensate for packet overhead, or bandwidth shaping may just be broken, and remember, your ISP’s bandwidth includes your packet overhead; your “goodput” should be slightly lower than the marketing BPS of the ISP.
Educating all vendors and network operators about bufferbloat is in order, and exercising your pocket book when selecting hardware and services is essential to recovery from bufferbloat. But let’s only complain about the right problem, in the right directions, and politely please; the mistake is so widespread we are all Bozos on this bus. Please report problems to the router vendor if they are at fault, and only bug the ISP they aren’t giving you what you pay for if you determine they aren’t actually providing what you pay for. No one appreciates angry support calls, and ones that aren’t people’s fault and over which they have no control are very frustrating. I am hoping and presuming my audience is primarily technical, and will be a part of bufferbloat mitigation and solution, rather than creating a support nightmare problem for all involved.
Note that this mitigation may also be partial; congestion on the network interconnecting the broadband head-ends might be reflected into the broadband hop itself at times of congestion.
This mitigation has come at a cost: you have defeated any PowerBoost style bandwidth boost your ISP has been kind enough to give you, and possibly a fraction of your rated bandwidth. This hurts, as the Internet tradition is to share when resources are available, and be fair when to everyone when there is not enough resources available. Short of some attempts (which I haven’t had time to try), such as Paul Bixel’s active QOS control implementation found in the Gargoyle open source router, you are out of luck. I’ll report back on my experiences with Gargoyle when I have time. Alternative mitigations, such as Remote Active Queue Management as mentioned in Nick Weaver‘s comments to a previous entry here, may become feasible with time.
For me, the mitigation is a no-brainer: the network th home actually *works* even when others are using it in my house. With no mitigation, we would periodically be stepping on each other. Additional bandwidth at the cost of tolerating a broken network that I can’t use for some of my essential services is a very poor trade. And if you are a gamer, it may save your life ;-).
QOS and Telephony
If you succeed at mitigating bufferbloat in your broadband connection, you have further challenges. You may have bufferbloat in the home router itself, particularly over wireless hops (as I have observed and noted earlier). Running an open source router may allow further mitigation of problems in your home router; but this post is long enough as it is and dinner time is fast approaching, so I’ll leave discussing mitigation of bufferbloat in home routers for another day.
Let’s first talk about QOS for telephony for a moment. Note that all this is essentially what Ooma is doing: they put their box in ahead of your home network, reserve bandwidth for VOIP, and classify VOIP traffic ahead of other traffic. I used one of these before it was repetitively damaged by lightning.
Before you have mitigated broadband bufferbloat, any QOS policy you may set in the router may very well (almost certainly is) ineffective when your broadband connection is saturated. And the router itself may also suffer from bufferbloat. (which is why this all can be so confusing; this bear of little brain has often been very confuzed in this quest). But once you have successfully mitigated broadband bufferbloat by bandwidth shaping the broadband hop, you can hope that you to enable QOS for your non-carrier provided VOIP and Skype might work OK (when the home router itself is not feeling bloated). I expect it is wise to do so even though it should not be necessary, for reasons alluded to in a previous entry, that I will elaborate on in a future blog entry. Browsers can cause serious jitter, much more than in past years, and are so worrying they are part of what I lose sleep over. I’ll circle back to the browser problem in a week or so.
Some of the open source routers (and Linux itself) have very fancy traffic classification, queue management and allocation facilities; these may not be enabled even in the open source routers, or properly set up (depending on the distro). Go wild. Have fun. Find and fix bufferbloat bugs with and in the open source routers (since I’ve found that they have the same problems I found on my laptop as covered in fun with your switch, and fun with wireless, particularly since they seem to have only worried about the broadband link). Show everyone what can be done, so the industry catches up faster (and more are free software converts!). | <urn:uuid:9cc1cdae-8e2f-4469-a567-2eceb76ff6bf> | {
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The New International Encyclopædia/Rogers, William Barton
ROGERS, William Barton (1804-82). An American scientist and educator, first president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was born in Philadelphia, a son of Patrick Kerr Rogers (1776-1828), then tutor in the University of Pennsylvania, and from 1819 to his death professor in William and Mary College, where his son graduated in 1822 and in 1828 succeeded him in the chair of natural philosophy and mathematics. During the seven years that he held this post he began with his brother Henry a minute study of the geology of Virginia. From 1835 to 1853 as professor of natural philosophy in the University of Virginia he extended this work and became head of the State Geological Survey; the Papers on the Geology of Virginia (1884) give the results of this period, in which he was assisted by his three brothers, Robert Empie Rogers having become professor of chemistry and materia medica at the university, in 1842, and Henry Rogers being State geologist of Pennsylvania. As a geologist his work was remarkable for its conscientious foundation on observed facts. Rogers removed to Boston in 1853; as inspector of gas and gas meters reformed the system of inspection (1861); and in 1859 began to urge the establishment of a technical school. For this institution he drew up a scheme in 1860, repeating the outline he had made in 1846, and in 1862 received a charter. In 1865, after a year in Europe to study apparatus, he saw the actual establishment of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (q.v.) and was appointed its president and professor of physics and geology. He introduced laboratory instruction in physics, chemistry, mechanics, and mining. In 1878, after a forced retirement of several years, he returned to his work, and in the following year succeeded Joseph Henry in the presidency of the National Academy of Sciences. From the presidency of the Institute of Technology he resigned in 1881; in the next year he fell dead on the platform while making an address to the graduating class. Rogers wrote Strength of Materials (1838), and Elements of Mechanical Philosophy (1852), as well as many papers for scientific associations. Consult his Life and Letters, edited by his wife and William T. Sidgwick (Boston, 1897). | <urn:uuid:ad20d76d-0b2c-4f4c-8158-fe255ef13923> | {
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Summa Theologica, by St. Thomas Aquinas, , at sacred-texts.com
Next in order, the question arises as to the medium of the angelic knowledge. Under this heading there are three points of inquiry:
(1) Do the angels know everything by their substance, or by some species?
(2) If by species, is it by connatural species, or is it by such as they have derived from things?
(3) Do the higher angels know by more universal species than the lower angels?
Objection 1: It would seem that the angels know all things by their substance. For Dionysius says (Div. Nom. vii) that "the angels, according to the proper nature of a mind, know the things which are happening upon earth." But the angel's nature is his essence. Therefore the angel knows things by his essence.
Objection 2: Further, according to the Philosopher (Metaph. xii, text. 51; De Anima iii, text. 15), "in things which are without matter, the intellect is the same as the object understood." But the object understood is the same as the one who understands it, as regards that whereby it is understood. Therefore in things without matter, such as the angels, the medium whereby the object is understood is the very substance of the one understanding it.
Objection 3: Further, everything which is contained in another is there according to the mode of the container. But an angel has an intellectual nature. Therefore whatever is in him is there in an intelligible mode. But all things are in him: because the lower orders of beings are essentially in the higher, while the higher are in the lower participatively: and therefore Dionysius says (Div. Nom. iv) that God "enfolds the whole in the whole," i.e. all in all. Therefore the angel knows all things in his substance.
On the contrary, Dionysius says (Div. Nom. iv) that "the angels are enlightened by the forms of things." Therefore they know by the forms of things, and not by their own substance.
I answer that, The medium through which the intellect understands, is compared to the intellect understanding it as its form, because it is by the form that the agent acts. Now in order that the faculty may be perfectly completed by the form, it is necessary for all things to which the faculty extends to be contained under the form. Hence it is that in things which are corruptible, the form does not perfectly complete the potentiality of the matter: because the potentiality of the matter extends to more things than are contained under this or that form. But the intellective power of the angel extends to understanding all things: because the object of the intellect is universal being or universal truth. The angel's essence, however, does not comprise all things in itself, since it is an essence restricted to a genus and species. This is proper to the Divine essence, which is infinite, simply and perfectly to comprise all things in Itself. Therefore God alone knows all things by His essence. But an angel cannot know all things by his essence; and his intellect must be perfected by some species in order to know things.
Reply to Objection 1: When it is said that the angel knows things according to his own nature, the words "according to" do not determine the medium of such knowledge, since the medium is the similitude of the thing known; but they denote the knowing power, which belongs to the angel of his own nature.
Reply to Objection 2: As the sense in act is the sensible in act, as stated in De Anima ii, text. 53, not so that the sensitive power is the sensible object's likeness contained in the sense, but because one thing is made from both as from act and potentiality: so likewise the intellect in act is said to be the thing understood in act, not that the substance of the intellect is itself the similitude by which it understands, but because that similitude is its form. Now, it is precisely the same thing to say "in things which are without matter, the intellect is the same thing as the object understood," as to say that "the intellect in act is the thing understood in act"; for a thing is actually understood, precisely because it is immaterial.
Reply to Objection 3: The things which are beneath the angel, and those which are above him, are in a measure in his substance, not indeed perfectly, nor according to their own proper formality---because the angel's essence, as being finite, is distinguished by its own formality from other things---but according to some common formality. Yet all things are perfectly and according to their own formality in God's essence, as in the first and universal operative power, from which proceeds whatever is proper or common to anything. Therefore God has a proper knowledge of all things by His own essence: and this the angel has not, but only a common knowledge.
Objection 1: It would seem that the angels understand by species drawn from things. For everything understood is apprehended by some likeness within him who understands it. But the likeness of the thing existing in another is there either by way of an exemplar, so that the likeness is the cause of the thing; or else by way of an image, so that it is caused by such thing. All knowledge, then, of the person understanding must either be the cause of the object understood, or else caused by it. Now the angel's knowledge is not the cause of existing things; that belongs to the Divine knowledge alone. Therefore it is necessary for the species, by which the angelic mind understands, to be derived from things.
Objection 2: Further, the angelic light is stronger than the light of the active intellect of the soul. But the light of the active intellect abstracts intelligible species from phantasms. Therefore the light of the angelic mind can also abstract species from sensible things. So there is nothing to hinder us from saying that the angel understands through species drawn from things.
Objection 3: Further, the species in the intellect are indifferent to what is present or distant, except in so far as they are taken from sensible objects. Therefore, if the angel does not understand by species drawn from things, his knowledge would be indifferent as to things present and distant; and so he would be moved locally to no purpose.
On the contrary, Dionysius says (Div. Nom. vii) that the "angels do not gather their Divine knowledge from things divisible or sensible."
I answer that, The species whereby the angels understand are not drawn from things, but are connatural to them. For we must observe that there is a similarity between the distinction and order of spiritual substances and the distinction and order of corporeal substances. The highest bodies have in their nature a potentiality which is fully perfected by the form; whereas in the lower bodies the potentiality of matter is not entirely perfected by the form, but receives from some agent, now one form, now another. In like fashion also the lower intellectual substances ---that is to say, human souls---have a power of understanding which is not naturally complete, but is successively completed in them by their drawing intelligible species from things. But in the higher spiritual substances---that is, the angels---the power of understanding is naturally complete by intelligible species, in so far as they have such species connatural to them, so as to understand all things which they can know naturally.
The same is evident from the manner of existence of such substances. The lower spiritual substances---that is, souls---have a nature akin to a body, in so far as they are the forms of bodies: and consequently from their very mode of existence it behooves them to seek their intelligible perfection from bodies, and through bodies; otherwise they would be united with bodies to no purpose. On the other hand, the higher substances---that is, the angels---are utterly free from bodies, and subsist immaterially and in their own intelligible nature; consequently they attain their intelligible perfection through an intelligible outpouring, whereby they received from God the species of things known, together with their intellectual nature. Hence Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. ii, 8): "The other things which are lower than the angels are so created that they first receive existence in the knowledge of the rational creature, and then in their own nature."
Reply to Objection 1: There are images of creatures in the angel's mind, not, indeed derived from creatures, but from God, Who is the cause of creatures, and in Whom the likenesses of creatures first exist. Hence Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. ii, 8) that, "As the type, according to which the creature is fashioned, is in the Word of God before the creature which is fashioned, so the knowledge of the same type exists first in the intellectual creature, and is afterwards the very fashioning of the creature."
Reply to Objection 2: To go from one extreme to the other it is necessary to pass through the middle. Now the nature of a form in the imagination, which form is without matter but not without material conditions, stands midway between the nature of a form which is in matter, and the nature of a form which is in the intellect by abstraction from matter and from material conditions. Consequently, however powerful the angelic mind might be, it could not reduce material forms to an intelligible condition, except it were first to reduce them to the nature of imagined forms; which is impossible, since the angel has no imagination, as was said above (Q, A). Even granted that he could abstract intelligible species from material things, yet he would not do so; because he would not need them, for he has connatural intelligible species.
Reply to Objection 3: The angel's knowledge is quite indifferent as to what is near or distant. Nevertheless his local movement is not purposeless on that account: for he is not moved to a place for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, but for the purpose of operation.
Objection 1: It would seem that the higher angels do not understand by more universal species than the lower angels. For the universal, seemingly, is what is abstracted from particulars. But angels do not understand by species abstracted from things. Therefore it cannot be said that the species of the angelic intellect are more or less universal.
Objection 2: Further, whatever is known in detail is more perfectly known than what is known generically; because to know anything generically is, in a fashion, midway between potentiality and act. If, therefore, the higher angels know by more universal species than the lower, it follows that the higher have a more imperfect knowledge than the lower; which is not befitting.
Objection 3: Further, the same cannot be the proper type of many. But if the higher angel knows various things by one universal form, which the lower angel knows by several special forms, it follows that the higher angel uses one universal form for knowing various things. Therefore he will not be able to have a proper knowledge of each; which seems unbecoming.
On the contrary, Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. xii) that the higher angels have a more universal knowledge than the lower. And in De Causis it is said that the higher angels have more universal forms.
I answer that, For this reason are some things of a more exalted nature, because they are nearer to and more like unto the first, which is God. Now in God the whole plenitude of intellectual knowledge is contained in one thing, that is to say, in the Divine essence, by which God knows all things. This plenitude of knowledge is found in created intellects in a lower manner, and less simply. Consequently it is necessary for the lower intelligences to know by many forms what God knows by one, and by so many forms the more according as the intellect is lower.
Thus the higher the angel is, by so much the fewer species will he be able to apprehend the whole mass of intelligible objects. Therefore his forms must be more universal; each one of them, as it were, extending to more things. An example of this can in some measure be observed in ourselves. For some people there are who cannot grasp an intelligible truth, unless it be explained to them in every part and detail; this comes of their weakness of intellect: while there are others of stronger intellect, who can grasp many things from few.
Reply to Objection 1: It is accidental to the universal to be abstracted from particulars, in so far as the intellect knowing it derives its knowledge from things. But if there be an intellect which does not derive its knowledge from things, the universal which it knows will not be abstracted from things, but in a measure will be pre-existing to them; either according to the order of causality, as the universal ideas of things are in the Word of God; or at least in the order of nature, as the universal ideas of things are in the angelic mind.
Reply to Objection 2: To know anything universally can be taken in two senses. In one way, on the part of the thing known, namely, that only the universal nature of the thing is known. To know a thing thus is something less perfect: for he would have but an imperfect knowledge of a man who only knew him to be an animal. In another way, on the part of the medium of such knowledge. In this way it is more perfect to know a thing in the universal; for the intellect, which by one universal medium can know each of the things which are properly contained in it, is more perfect than one which cannot.
Reply to Objection 3: The same cannot be the proper and adequate type of several things. But if it be eminent, then it can be taken as the proper type and likeness of many. Just as in man, there is a universal prudence with respect to all the acts of the virtues; which can be taken as the proper type and likeness of that prudence which in the lion leads to acts of magnanimity, and in the fox to acts of wariness; and so on of the rest. The Divine essence, on account of Its eminence, is in like fashion taken as the proper type of each thing contained therein: hence each one is likened to It according to its proper type. The same applies to the universal form which is in the mind of the angel, so that, on account of its excellence, many things can be known through it with a proper knowledge. | <urn:uuid:5f254ce4-3186-4a96-a51e-44b914b557d6> | {
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Use this applet to find quadratic Function given its Graph Example: Find the graph of the quadratic function f whose graph is shown below. Solution There are several methods to answer the above question but all of them have one idea in common: you need to understand and then select the right information from the graph. Method 1: The above graph has two x intercepts at (-3,0) and (-1,0) and a y intercept at (0,6). The x coordinates of the x intercepts can be used to write the equation of function f as follows: f(x) a(x 3 x 1) we now use the y intercept f(0) 6 6 a(0 3 0 1) and solve for a to find. The formula for the quadratic function f is given by : f(x) 2(x 3 x 1) 2 x 2 8 x 6 method 2: The above parabola has a vertex at (-2, -2) and a y intercept at (0,6). The standard (or vertex) form of a quadratic function f can be written f(x) a(x 2) 2 - 2 we use the y intercept f(0) 6 6 a(0 2) 2 -.
How to make a java, applet : 13 Steps (with Pictures
Use the applet essay window and set a, b and c to values such that b 2 - 4ac. Answers d - y intercepts of homework the graph of a quadratic function The y intercept of the graph of a quadratic function is given by f(0). Example: Find the y intercept of the graph of the following quadratic functions. F(x) x 2 2 x - 3 g(x) 4 x 2 - x 1 h(x) -x 2 4 x 4 Solution f(0) -3. The graph of f has a y intercept at (0,-3). The graph of g has a y intercept at (0,1). The graph of h has a y intercept at (0,4). Interactive tutorial (4) Use the applet window to check the y intercept for the quadratic functions in the above example. Use the applet window to check the y intercept is at the point (0,c) for different values. As an exercise you are asked to find the equation of a quadratic function whose graph is shown in the applet and write it in the form f(x) a x 2 b.
We solve -2 x 2 2 x - 2 0 discriminant d 2 2 - 4(-2 -2) -12 no real solutions for the above equation no x intercept for the graph of function in part c). Interactive tutorial (3) go to the applet window and set the values of a, b and c for each of the examples in parts a, b and c above and check the discriminant and the x intercepts of the corresponding graphs. Use the applet window to find any x intercepts for the following quadratic functions. A) f(x) x 2 x - 2 b) g(x) 4 x 2 x 1 a) h(x) x 2 - 4 x 4 Use the analytical method described in the above example to find the x intercepts and compare the results. Use the applet window and set a, b and c to values such that b 2 - 4 a. How many x-intercepts does the graph of f(x) have? How many x-intercepts the does the graph of f(x) have?
Interactive tutorial (2) go back to the applet window and set a to -2, b to 4 and c to 1 (values used in the above example). Check that the graph opens down (a 0) and that the vertex is at the point (1,3) about and is a maximum point. Use the applet window and set a to 1, b to -2 and c to 0, f(x) x 2 -. Check that the graph opens up (a 0) and that the vertex is at the point (1,-1) and is a minimum point. C - x intercepts of the graph of a quadratic function The x intercepts of the graph of a quadratic function f given by f(x) a x 2 b x c are the real solutions, if they exist, of the quadratic equation a. It has one repeated solution when d is equal to zero. The solutions are given by the quadratic formulas x 1 (-b d 2 a) and x 2 (-b - d 2 a) Example: Find the x intercepts for the graph of each function given below f(x) x 2 2 x - 3 g(x) -x. We solve -x 2 2 x - 1 0 discriminant d 2 2 - 4(-1 -1) 0 one repeated real solutions x_1 -b / 2a -2 / -2 1 The graph of function in part b) has one x intercept at (1,0).
Answers, b - standard form of a quadratic function and vertex, any quadratic function can be written in the standard form f(x) a(x - h) 2 k where h and k are given in terms of coefficients a, b and. Let us start with the quadratic function in general form and complete the square to rewrite it in standard form. Given function f(x) f(x) ax 2 bx c factor coefficient a out of the terms in x 2 and x f(x) a ( x 2 (b / a) x ) c add and subtract (b / 2a) 2 inside the parentheses f(x) a (. The x and y coordinates of the vertex are given by h and k respectively. Example : Write the quadratic function f given by f(x) -2 x 2 4 x 1 in standard form and find the vertex of the graph. Solution given function f(x) -2 x 2 4x 1 factor -2 out f(x) -2(x 2 - 2 x) 1 we now divide the coefficient of x which is -2 by 2 and that gives -1. F(x) -2(x 2 - 2x (-1) 2 - (-1) 2) 1 add and subtract (-1) 2 within the parentheses f(x) -2(x 2 - 2x (-1) 2) 2 1 group like terms and write in standard form f(x) -2(x - 1) 2 3 The above gives. H and k can also be found using the formulas for h and k obtained above. H - b / 2a - 4 / (2(-2) 1 k c - b 2 / 4a 1 - 4 2 4(-2) 3 The vertex of the graph is at (1,3).
Java security evolution and concepts, part 3: Applet
Quadratic functions and the properties of their graphs such as vertex and x and y intercepts are explored interactively using an html5 applet. You can also use this applet to explore the relationship between the x intercepts of the graph of a quadratic function f(x) and the solutions of the corresponding quadratic equation f(x). The exploration is carried by changing values of 3 coefficients a, room b and c included in the definition of f(x). Once you finish the present tutorial, you may want to go through tutorials on quadratic functions, graphing quadratic functions and, solver to Analyze and Graph a quadratic Function. If needed, Free graph paper is available.
A - definition of a quadratic function, a quadratic function f is a function of the form f(x) ax 2 bx c where a, b and c are real numbers and a not equal to zero. The graph of the quadratic function is called a parabola. It is a "U" shaped curve that may open up or down depending on the sign of coefficient. Examples of quadratic functions f(x) -2x 2 x - 1 f(x) x 2 3x 2, interactive tutorial (1). Explore quadratic functions interactively using an html5 applet shown below; press "draw' button to start argumentative a b c 1 -1010, use the boxes on the left panel of the applet window to set coefficients a, b and c to the values in the examples above. Note that the graph corresponding to part a) is a parabola opening down since coefficient a is negative and the graph corresponding to part b) is a parabola opening up since coefficient a is positive. You may change the values of coefficient a, b and c and observe the graphs obtained.
Keep in mind, if you have problems with essay writing, our custom writing service will always be there for you. In other words, when answering questions, if yours is deemed the best, the youll receive 50 of the total points offered by the user whos asking the question. Michał felt like there is a need for an online space for students to exchange knowledge and help filling each others gaps. Archived from the original on June 2, 2007. Valdemar, The Premature burial, The oval Portrait, Shadow his tales of wickedness and crime (Berenice, the Black cat, william Wilson, The Imp of the perverse, the cask of Amontillado, the tell-Tale heart his tales of survival after dissolution (Ligeia, morella, metzengerstein and his tales. It was based on Thomas wyatt's work, which sold poorly because of its high prize.
In which markets / regions are you active. m/pub/jakub-piwnik/5a/604/757 The following two tabs change content below. a b sova, 101 silverman, 433 quinn, 638 a b Jeffrey. The formula for the quadratic function f is given by : f(x) 2(x 3 x 1) 2 x 2 8 x 6 method 2: The above parabola has a vertex at (-2, -2) and a y intercept at (0,6). Much of poes best work is concerned with terror and sadness, but in ordinary circumstances the poet was a pleasant companion. Some of our largest markets are russia, poland, Indonesia, turkey, brazil, India and usa. New York: Metro books. And the more you answer, the more you get, like ranks from Beginner to genius that give you instant street-cred. I really excel in science subjects though and that's what I love.
How to create an, applet
After winning a prize of 50 for the short story 'ms found in a bottle he started career as a staff member of various magazines, among others the. 55 Virginia's remains were finally buried with her husband's on January 19, 1885, the 76th anniversary of her husband's birth and nearly ten years after his present monument was erected. 13 The total funds raised by the company since its establishment, is reported to.5 million. 13 he also claimed he attempted to cheer up poe during one of the few times he was awake. 50 The crew digging up poe's remains had difficulty finding the right developer body: they first exhumed a 19-year-old Maryland militiaman, Philip Mosher,. Thanks to the new search system, students will be able to research topics from any subject while getting ready for tests, essays and class projects. June 8, 2018, june 7, 2018, june 6, 2018, may 24, 2018, may 22, 2018, may 2, 2018, april 30, 2018, april 18, 2018, april 13, 2018, n/A, march 19, 2018, n/A, march 16, 2018, n/A, march 15, 2018, n/A, march 14, 2018, n/A, feb. He composed poetic rehabilitation tributes to all of them.
Getting Started: Click either one of the detach buttons (they are identical in function).; Stretch the controls window horizontally to increase the resolution of the slider controls. I use firefox version.5 (3.5.,3.6.,4.) and I try to specify archive and codebase property correctly but it doesn't work. My main class for applet is situated in the archive and some necessary. What we can do is to save you from the pointlessly spending the precious time you have. Pass nerd do my homework paper me some of the composing different types. Market in early 2014. At the time he wrote and published his last account in 1885, moran was. 55 A more accurate biography of poe page did not appear until John Henry Ingram 's of 1875. Unlike other companies, our homework writing service is all about reaching perfection in everything.
temperatures for each of the two chambers. Click once on the vertical red bar (and wait! observe the mixing of the gases. S (Shift S) save the current game. You must be past level. To restore a saved game, just set your name and fruit to what you saved with, and 'rename the rogue' (the fruit name acts like your 'pin number. Java applet: Waterman Polyhedra.
In a population showing exponential growth the individuals are not limited by food or disease. However, in most real populations both food and disease become important as conditions become crowded. In order to become skilled in mathematics you need to practice! Try a workout of 10 problems. If you get at least 8 correct on your first attempt, then you're ready to move. The bright planets as well badminton as the sun and the moon (The seven wanderers known to the ancients are the subjects of this applet. Ada is a great language for engineering large, complex systems. The jar package of the applet is made available for download. The operation of dye mixer is spectrum-based.
Building your First java, applet
Acm sigada is the Special Interest Group on Ada, a part. Sigada is a powerful resource for the software community's ongoing understanding of the scientific, technical and organizational aspects of the Ada language's use, standardization, environments and implementations. This home page is maintained by the current sigada secretary-Treasurer, Clyde roby, with the assistance of the sigada working groups on their years pages. Comments, suggestions or questions can be addressed to: ClydeRoby at acm. | <urn:uuid:bc60e684-3b1d-42c8-9343-54f83ae861fe> | {
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That’s right; FTL may be closer than we think. And because I thoroughly enjoy it I’m going to say it – more Star Trek technology is coming to life! (In addition to the tractor beams, universal translators, VISORs and, of course, replicators).
A physicist named Harold White recently made the landmark announcement that he and his team at NASA were beginning work on a faster-than-light warp drive. And he doesn’t say ‘warp drive’ lightly – it works very much like the engines we see in Star Trek.
You see in 1994, a physicist named Miguel Alcubierre published a paper titled, “The Warp Drive: Hyper-Fast Travel Within General Relativity“. In this paper, he showed that it was possible to travel faster than light without violating relativity and without the introduction of wormholes.
How? The mechanics of it involves a localized expansion of spacetime behind the spaceship, and a corresponding contraction in front of it. This creates what Star Trek would call a “warp bubble” around the spaceship, moving spacetime around the ship. Since spacetime can be contracted/expanded as fast as you like, from a frame of reference outside the disturbed region, it would appear that the spaceship was moving faster than light. Of course, within the ship’s frame of reference, it will perceive no acceleration at all, and would not be exceeding the speed of light, thus not violating relativity. To the ship, everything else has moved around it, while to us Earthlings, it’s sped off at warp 9.
The problem with the Alcubierre Drive is that, while it would allow us to travel to Alpha Centauri (which is 4.3 light years away) in a matter of weeks, the contraction and expansion of spacetime to the degree required proves to need amounts of energy that is simply impossible to achieve. The theory was thus discarded as impractical – we’re running out of fuel as it is, how are we expected to power spaceships that require a mass-energy equal to the planet Jupiter?!
However, White has had put a bit of thought into redesigning the Alcubierre drive to renew hope of upgrading Earth from a pre-warp civilisation. He figured out that if you increase the thickness of the negative vacuum energy ring, making it more of a toroid shape rather than a flat belt, and if you oscillate the warp bubble, the energy requirements drop dramatically. His approach saw a reduction of mass-energy requirements to as little at 1600 pounds!
Now that the whole idea of achieving interstellar travel doesn’t seem so impractical, the man is hard at work beginning actual experiments. That’s right – the idea has progressed from theoretical physics into experimental physics and NASA scientists are, at this very moment, testing the theory. They’re trying to simulate the re-designed Alcubierre drive at a very small scale, using lasers to disturb spacetime by one part in 10 million.
White is still cautious about premature hype surrounding the experiment – he’s waiting for the “Chicago Pile” moment. That is a reference to the moment in 1942 when the first ever nuclear reactor was activated in Chicago, generating just half a watt. That’s barely enough to light up a standard bulb. A year later, a reactor that produced approximately 4MW was built and we’ve only built bigger reactors since. That “Chicago Pile” moment is the one where existence is proven. It may be on the tiniest scale, but it’s real, solid and measurable evidence that the theory works. That hasn’t happened yet for warp drive theory, but we are all waiting with bated breath.
Perhaps it will not be long before we can boldly go where no man has gone before. | <urn:uuid:9b26449b-d591-4983-b394-93bb271fc5aa> | {
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COMET HOLMES 2007
Comet Holmes moves slowly against the background stars of
The crosses show its approximate position for five dates in
November and December of 2007. The Comet, discovered in 1892, has a period around the Sun
of 6.88 years at an average distance of 3.62 Astronomical Units.
An orbital eccentricity of 0.43
takes it as far from the Sun as 5.18 AU and as close as 2.05 AU.
The orbital inclination of 19 degrees to the ecliptic plane can take it
rather well out of the zodiac. Closest approach to Earth, where
it is 2.5 Astronomical Units from the Sun and 1.6 from Earth,
Takes place on November 6, 2007. Comet Holmes passes opposition to the Sun
on November 29.
(Return to STARS or | <urn:uuid:abd70286-b086-45f5-b4ec-ff8b8b113289> | {
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How Atlanta is using IoT to improve traffic, trash, air quality, city lights, and more
Atlanta, like other metro centers, is striving to become a "smart city" via the latest technological innovations. But with some of the city's infrastructure more than 100 years old, it faces challenges that planners hope to resolve through an integrated technology approach.
The city's smart initiative began in 2015, when it created a vision and plan for a comprehensive approach to technology application to city projects. One of the key success factors was the passage of the Renew Atlanta bond in the summer of 2015, which gave funding and impetus to the program, said Samir Saini, commissioner and CIO of Atlanta.
Originally the plan was the deployment of municipal fiber for communications in conjunction with the renewal bond. But the project team, called SmartATL, quickly realized that the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the sharing of the resulting data would have a much greater impact on the city than just the deployment of a fiber network alone, Saini said.
The smart city effort aims to improve city operations in five key areas: multimodal transportation, public safety, environmental sustainability, internal city operational efficiency, and citizen and business engagement.
"In order to accomplish this, the SmartATL team will identify key performance indicators [KPIs] for how well the city is doing in each of these areas," Saini said. "These KPIs will then drive what data is collected to establish baselines for how the city is currently performing."
As new projects and initiatives are launched in the city, the KPIs will be monitored to determine the specific impact of each effort. The ultimate goal is to fund those improvements that return the most value to the city for the given investment, Saini said.
To date, Atlanta has implemented numerous newer and emerging technologies as part of its smart initiative. These include environmental sensors, video analytics, artificial intelligence, data analytics, real-time situational awareness tools, big data management, traffic management tools, smart lighting, and smart waste management.
The city has planned deployments of technologies including radar detection, dedicated short-range communications, autonomous vehicles, and connected vehicle systems.
Two fundamental challenges hinder Atlanta's smart city effort, Saini says. The first is knowing which of the multiple technologies available today will most efficiently address the needs of the city and its residents.
"As with any technology there are many promises of value, but those claims must be validated, and not all solutions deliver equal value in every location," Saini said.
The second challenge is finding a sustainable business model to fund acquisition and operations of the new technologies. "In many cases funds can be found to implement these new solutions," Saini said. "But ongoing operating funds are more difficult to secure, because there are already so many needs competing for those existing dollars."
Early research shows that new revenue streams might be possible once a full smart city implementation is completed. "But as this is a new market, those assumptions must also be validated," Saini said.
As part of its smart city project, Atlanta is following the benchmark model provided by the TM Forum, a global industry association that drives collaboration and collective problem-solving among hundreds of members.
The model allows cities to assess their current "as-is" situation, articulate the future "to-be" situation, and benefit from best practices shared by other entities undergoing similar projects.
The model "helped us get a truly holistic and end-to-end understanding of how 'smart' we really are across people, process, technology, and data," Saini said. "It has also given us a window into how we compare against other cities around the world across all these dimensions."
While it's too early to quantify the impact of the efforts so far, Atlanta anticipates delivering benefits such as improved transit flows and better signal timing on city streets, more responsive pedestrian and bicycle detection at traffic intersections, better traffic management for special events, and improved public safety. | <urn:uuid:7672e6e0-ffe4-4792-9f47-a86066afd9fc> | {
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Stencils for Solving x2=a(modm) calculating stencils
University of California Press
IBM number printed on all cards
in box: 3 3/8 in x 8 in x 2 5/8 in
Object consists of hundreds of stencils with various parameters for calculations including different "exclusion modulus" numbers, different quadratic characters of "m" and different value of "a/m." Also included is a manual. The manual mentions that the stencils are made on Hallerith cards. | <urn:uuid:1bd36dd9-7bb5-4a63-ac62-b3192df7f4fd> | {
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As in people, dogs carrying extra pounds of weight place extra demands on virtually all the organs of their bodies. When we overload these organs, disease and sometimes death are the consequences. The health risks to overweight dogs are serious and every dog owner should be aware of them. The more common consequences of obesity in dogs are discussed below.
Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)
One of the most common complications of obesity in dogs is the development of diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes). Obesity causes an increase in the secretion of insulin in response to the increased blood glucose level in the overweight dog. Insulin is also more in demand simply because there is a greater amount of tissue in an overweight dog. When requirements for insulin exceed the ability of the body to produce insulin, diabetes mellitus develops. If the need for insulin increases over a long period of time, the cells in the pancreas which produce insulin can actually 'burn out,' again resulting in diabetes.
Damage to joints, bones, and ligaments
Studies have suggested that approximately one-quarter of overweight dogs develop serious joint complications. The bones, joints, muscles, and associated tendons and ligaments all work together to give the dog smooth and efficient movement. If they are required to carry excess weight, they can start to become damaged. Arthritis can develop and the pain and joint changes associated with hip dysplasia can become markedly more severe.
Extra tension on joints caused by an increased weight load can also lead to damage of certain ligaments. Ligaments are tough, fibrous strands of tissue that hold one bone in proximity to another bone in joints. One of the ligaments in the knee, the anterior cruciate ligament, is very prone to strains or tears. If this ligament is torn, the knee becomes very unstable and the dog is reluctant to use it. Surgery must be done to repair this torn ligament.
Certain breeds of dogs, such as Dachshunds are prone to develop intervertebral disc disease ('slipped disc'). Carrying extra weight increases the probability that they will develop this painful and sometimes debilitating condition.
Heart disease and increased blood pressure
As in people, overweight dogs tend to have increased blood pressure (hypertension). The heart has an increased work load since it must pump additional blood to excess tissues. This can lead to congestive heart failure.
In overweight animals, the lungs can not function properly. The additional fat in the chest restricts the expansion of the lungs. The extra fat in the abdomen pushes against the diaphragm, which separates the abdominal cavity from the chest. This also results in less space in the chest for the lungs to expand on inspiration. To make matters worse, the increased quantity of tissue puts an increased demand on the lungs to supply oxygen. These changes are especially serious in dogs who may already have a respiratory disease.
Dogs who are overweight have less endurance and stamina. Carrying all that extra weight around takes a lot more work. The heart, muscles, and respiratory system are all asked to do more than they were designed for.
Fat is an excellent insulator, which is fine if you are a polar bear. But if you are an overweight dog in the heat of summer, the excess fat can make you miserable, and much less capable of regulating your body temperature.
Decreased liver function
The liver stores fat so when a dog is overweight, an increased amount of fat builds up in the liver. This is called hepatic lipidosis. This condition can result in decreased liver function.
Increased surgical and anesthetic risk
The effects of obesity on the heart and lungs have serious ramifications during anesthesia. Cardiac arrest (heart stops) and poor circulation of oxygenated blood to the tissues can occur.
Many of the anesthetics are taken up by fat, so an overweight animal will take longer to come out of anesthesia because the anesthetic must be removed from the fat by the body. In addition, many anesthetics are broken down by the liver. A fatty liver may not be as efficient at breaking down anesthetics and other drugs, so again, recovery may be delayed.
The increased fat in the tissues makes surgery more difficult. Basically it is harder to find or get at what you are looking for. The fat obscures the surgical area. For example, in abdominal surgery in an obese dog, there may be literally inches of fat between where the skin incision is made and the organ you need to work on, such as the urinary bladder. This makes the surgery technically more difficult and the procedure will also take longer, which again increases the anesthetic risk.
Overweight dogs tend to have more problems giving birth than dogs at their optimum weight. This difficult birthing is called dystocia. Dogs experiencing dystocia often need veterinary assistance to deliver their pups, and may require a cesarean section (C-section).
An overweight dog has an increased risk of developing constipation and may also have more problems with intestinal gas and flatulence, which is not pleasant for the dog or the owner.
Decreased immune function
Obesity in the dog is associated with decreased resistance to viral and bacterial infections. Canine distemper and Salmonella infections, especially, seem to be more severe in dogs who are overweight. The exact cause(s) of this lowered resistance to disease in obese dogs is unknown.
Skin and hair coat problems
The risk of skin and hair coat diseases are increased in dogs who are overweight. The skin forms more and different types of oils, the skin may fold in on itself creating pockets, which are ideal for the accumulation of oils and the development of infections.
Increased risk of cancer
The exact link between obesity and developing certain cancers is unknown. However, there have been studies which suggest that obese dogs tend to have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancers, including a particular type of cancer of the urinary bladder. A recent study also found that dogs who were obese at one year of age were at greater risk of developing mammary tumors.
Decreased quality and length of life
It is evident from the above discussion that the health, ability to play, even to breathe, are diminished in overweight dogs. Overweight dogs may become more irritable due to being hot, in pain, or simply uncomfortable. Overweight dogs die at a younger age than those maintained at an optimum weight.
It is clear that we are not contributing positively to our dog's health when we allow them to become overweight. The next time those big brown eyes say, 'Can I please have a treat,' think very carefully first. In most cases, your answer should be 'No, and I'm doing this for your own good,' and it will be absolutely true. | <urn:uuid:1d9d1e21-734c-45a5-9922-e891b707ab28> | {
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Subsets and Splits