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In many respects Schumann is the archetypal romantic
artist: deeply influenced by literature, committed to powerfully intense
emotions, creatively aware of the virtuosity of performers. He was himself
a fine pianist, and the first twenty-three of his published compositions
were for his own instrument. His marriage to Clara Wieck in 1840 coincided
with a new phase in his creative life, concentrating on song, for in
that year alone he composed some 140 lieder. Then two years later chamber
music became his priority, with three string quartets, and a piano quartet
and quintet, the latter one of the finest examples of the genre.
Schumann also wrote four fine symphonies and three
concertos, one each for the cello, the violin and the piano, as well
as choral music and two works for the theatre. But the man himself remains
something of an enigma, a depressive whose mental anguish resulted in
1852 in a failed suicide attempt, and incarceration in an asylum for
the last two years of his tragically short life. Much of his output
is little known, but there is no doubt that Schumann was one of the
key figures of the romantic movement and one of the great composers
of the 19th century.
Schumann was not fully at home with opera, despite
the excellent music to be found in his Genoveva. The Scenes
from Goethe's Faust has its operatic qualities, to be sure, but
like Berlioz's Damnation of Faust, it occupies a hybrid position
and is more at home in the concert hall, a kind of dramatic oratorio.
Schumann composed the work for the celebrations of
the Goethe centenary in 1849, although not all of it was complete in
time. It is no surprise that there were such difficulties, since the
music is constructed on an extended scale and composed with great attention
to detail. Here the symphonist and the song writer really do come together,
and the responses to the text and the drama are intensely felt.
Parts 1 and 2 contain portraits and other aspects of
Faust and Gretchen, whereas Part 3 (like the final part of Mahler's
8th Symphony) is concerned with Transfiguration. There are changes of
style and approach as suggested by this epic scheme, but no matter.
For this is a committed and visionary work which contains some of the
best music Schumann ever composed, not least because for him it was
a labour of love.
For example, he wrote nothing more dramatic than the
scene depicting the blinding and death of Faust. Moreover, after hearing
this, who dare suggest that Schumann was a poor orchestrator?
Bernhard Klee conducts a performance of vivid conviction
and drama, though the visionary aspect which comes to the fore in Part
3 is appropriately lyrical in tone. Of the singers, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau
takes the leading role, as he did also in the recording conducted by
Benjamin Britten (on Decca). It is a tribute to his artistry that he
is equally successful as Faust and, in Part 3, as Doctor Marianus. In
truth there is a distinguished and particularly strong team of soloists
in this performance: Walter Berry, Edith Mathis, Nicolai Gedda are all
at the peak of their form. With very good, truthful recorded sound and
high production standards, this recording still gives enormous satisfaction
twenty years after it was made. | <urn:uuid:0ebffe5e-ff67-44a0-afa6-bef5c989564f> | {
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Untranslatable Egyptian word referring to one of the aspects of a person or a god's being. Unlike what many other cultures believed and believe, the Egyptians did not regard a person as being made up of a body and a soul together forming the sum total of a person, while each representing a separate part of the person. According to Egyptian texts, the 'ba' also had bodily needs, and is thus not the equivalent of our concept 'soul'. The Egyptians thought that the entire person, regarded from different points of view, could be referred to by different words. Just as the 'ka' was the life force, and a name the visible, physical manifestation of the person called by that name, so the 'ba' was seen as the aspect of the non-physical, freely moving personality. The desire for freedom of movement appears regularly in the funerary literature. It was the 'ba' which enabled the deceased to leave the tomb, for example to worship the rising sun, to rest in the shadow of a tree, or to drink water from a pond. This highly desirable freedom of movement was perceived to be present in birds. Very swift birds like swallows were seen as the personification of the 'ba'. Migratory birds, who periodically crossed the borders between Egypt/the created world and the regions beyond, were also supposed to be 'ba's. A text in a temple at Abydos relates that migratory birds outside the created world had the bodies of birds and human heads; as soon as they came into the light of the sun, that is, entered the created world, they changed into real birds. The 'ba' was indeed usually depicted as a bird with a human head (and sometimes human arms). The 'ba' was capable of assuming any shape it wanted to. Funerary texts provide many examples of spells which enable the deceased to transform himself at will. | <urn:uuid:c9e2fd36-dfe5-4d81-9b61-fe6cc35d0bf7> | {
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Protecting children starts at birth, with a simple piece of paper we all take for granted—a birth certificate. But around the world, as many as 45% of all children under the age of five don't have one.
The Girls Count Act is a new bill in Congress right now that can help address this gap, and help ensure that all children count and are protected.
Protecting children starts at birth, with a simple piece of paper we all take for granted—a birth certificate.
Rose, a mother of two in Lebanon, doesn’t have identification cards for her children. “My children are growing year after year, with a big future ahead of them, but it would be impossible for them to work or obtain a school degree and get a job like any other Lebanese citizen,” she said. “I can’t even get them hospitalized.”
Although children from Lebanese fathers are entitled to receive the Lebanese nationality, a large number of these children are not registered (meaning they do not have a birth certificate) and thus have no access to public education and health services.
“It is a small plastic card, called ID card. Many has it, but they have no idea what it’s worth,” said Charbel, 23. “There’s nothing to prove who you are. All your life depends on this ID.”
Within the current Lebanese system, only the father is entitled to provide the Lebanese citizenship and to register the newly born child after receiving the proper documentation from the doctor or midwife and then from the mayor. Then, the father has to take these documents and register the child in the personal affairs unit under the Ministry of Interior in the capital.
If the father doesn’t register the child within one year of birth, he cannot do it later on without going through a lawsuit.
“In many cases, failing to have an ID leaves children with no prospects for the future. They cannot even dream of tomorrow,” said Sanaa Maaould, World Vision Lebanon Advocacy and Policy Officer. “Often times they are vulnerable to various child protection issues.”
Lack of registration is not unique to Lebanon—in many places around the world, children are not registered at birth. In fact, about 230 million children under the age of 5 globally are not officially registered. They are invisible to their government and face increased vulnerability to abuse, neglect, exploitation, and violence.
Birth registration is a foundation of protecting children. With a birth certificate, a child can access an education, healthcare, and other social services. If a child is separated from his family as a result of a disaster or conflict, a birth certificate helps them reunite. A birth certificate also proves a child’s age and can provide protection from child labor and early marriage. And if a child is abused or exploited, a birth certificate helps ensure that they receive access to services.
World Vision works with communities to train and empower teachers, healthcare workers, social workers, police, and others to protect the children they interact with and to respond if a child is abused, neglect, or exploited. Our job is made easier when a country knows that a child exists and they are able to fully participate in society.
You can help to make that happen!
The Girls Count Act seeks to address these gaps by elevating birth registration in U.S. foreign policy and assistance. More than 100 countries do not have systems to register births.
The Girls Count Act would encourage the Department of State and the United Stated Agency for International Development (USAID) to work with these governments to develop strong registration systems and to increase registration. This isn’t new spending. It’s a way to ensure that a simple piece of paper isn’t overlooked in all the other work that the United States is doing to protect children.
TAKE ACTION: Contact your representative to voice your support for The Girls Count Act. Use our call form to look up your representative’s number, view a suggested call script, and log your call so we know you took action with us!
Jessica Bousquette is an Advocacy Associate for World Vision U.S. Additional reporting by Patricia Mouamar, Communications Coordinator, World Vision Lebanon.
One of the best ways to help ensure that a child is safe and protected is through sponsorship. Choose a child to sponsor today! | <urn:uuid:bf738e5a-011f-4339-961e-b6a2bf8d60b0> | {
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Symptoms of End Stage COPD
Most people with COPD are at least 40 years old or around middle age when symptoms begin. The severity of symptoms depends on how much of the lung has been destroyed. For instance, if you continue to smoke, the lung destruction is faster than if you stop smoking.
People who have COPD in its end stage may find their symptoms suddenly getting worse. If this happens, you have a much harder time catching your breath. You may also have:
- Chest tightness
- More coughing
- A change in your sputum
- A fever.
For certain severe COPD symptoms, your healthcare provider may recommend that you spend time in the hospital. These symptoms include:
- You have a lot of difficulty catching your breath
- You have a hard time talking
- Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray
- You are not mentally alert
- Your heartbeat is very fast.
(Click COPD Symptoms for more information on COPD's end stage symptoms, including symptoms that may require hospitalization.) | <urn:uuid:dd1bfbc0-4c4e-4fb8-a1db-6bef27fc83c2> | {
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Today, the word ‘fat’ has become a loaded word. By calling someone or yourself fat, it is immediately a negative phrase that is used to put someone down. Every body type is beautiful, whether thin or thick in shape. However, though our natural body types are to be celebrated, that does not mean that health should fly out the window. Much of the reason people become overweight is because they do not take care of their bodies. Even those who go to the gym regularly, could be self-sabotaging their figure without even knowing it! The following blog is a list of all the ways a working person could be damaging their health without their knowledge.
When working the good old nine to five work day, there is a good chance you indulge in a cup of coffee in the morning. Though a plain cup of joe isn’t terrible for your health, drinking too much coffee with a lot of additives can be harmful to your health.
When drinking coffee, you want to be sure you are drinking it with something in your stomach. If you are drinking large quantities of coffee on an empty stomach, there is a possibility that you could develop serious stomach conditions, such as ulcers.
Aside from the damage coffee can do to your stomach, sugary beverages, such as lattes, macchiatos, and frappuccinos, can give you a sugar overload when you are least expecting it. At the time, you aren’t thinking about the calories associated with your morning drink, but those calories add up over the span of a day. If you are drinking these types of sugar-rich beverages too often, you might become unknowingly overweight.
In the morning, on the way to your work, you want to grab a bite to eat that is fast and portable. You know the dangerously fattening nature of donuts so you opt for its sister snack, the bagel. Though this food seems simple and non-harmful, it is actually one of the worst things to eat in the morning.
Most of the reason bagels are a ‘big no-no’ in the morning is because they are almost completely comprised of carbohydrates — 78 percent! Though carbohydrates, or carbs, are good for your body, they are only beneficial in small doses. For example, carbs are necessary to fuel brain function and give energy to your nervous system. However, large amounts of carbs are dangerous because they can be directly converted into fat that is stored in your body. You should only digest about 100 to 125 grams of carbs a day; however, this varies based upon your size, sex, and age. With just one bagel, your carb intake is about 55.7 grams — that is nearly half of your daily carbs!
The issue with bagels is that they are normally a breakfast food. However, by ingesting half your daily carbs in one early meal, you severely limit what you can eat for the rest of the day. Most people are not aware of the unhealthy nature of bagels, which is why they continue eating carbs throughout the day, leading to an overconsumption of carbs and the development of fat.
Pretty much any drink that is not water will have calories and sugar in it. Most of those sugars, are not good for your health or your figure. It is important to remember that, before cracking open a can of soda, you must be aware of the sugar contained in each can. For example, in each can of soda, there are about 39 grams of sugar. Daily, you should only be consuming 25 grams. This means, in one can of soda, you are exceeding your daily sugar intake by several grams, not even including your other meals throughout the day.
Taking the elevator too often
If you work in a building, there is a good chance it has an elevator. Just as likely, the building most likely has a stairwell for emergency exits. Though the stairs are often marked for emergency use, that does not mean that there has to be an emergency to take the stairs.
When you work in an office, hours can go by before you even have the opportunity to stand. This immobility can be hard on your body as well as your figure, as you aren’t getting the proper exercise to digest your meals.
When you take the elevator to and from work, you are only adding more fuel to the fire. By not getting exercise (as little as taking a few flights of stairs), you are not allowing your body to properly digest your food. That, and you will not be able to burn the calories from your meals you have eaten throughout the day.
Eating too late
After a day of working, you often become either too busy or too tired to cook your meals. And, if you do eventually cook for yourself, after working late, you will eat late as well. When you eat later in the day, closer to your bedtime, your body is not able to properly digest your food. As a result, more food is storage as fatty deposits. Even if you don’t exercise regularly, walking around or participating in any general movement aids your digestive organs. However, if you eat harsh, difficult-to-digest foods, your stomach will have more of a challenge to move your food through the necessary organs.
Health and weight normally go hand-in-hand. It is possible to have a naturally thick shape, but that does not necessarily mean that you are overweight. When you are overweight, this generally means that you are not taking care of your body in the manner you should be. Diet and exercise is essential to living a fit life. However, sometimes, these two items can take ages to effectively make changes to your body shape. Because of this, some people turn to non-surgical fat reduction to give them a starting push. By receiving laser lipolysis treatment from Superior Health, you can give yourself the right step forward to a better, healthier life. After your laser tummy tuck, you will visibly look different, and with your newfound dieting and exercise routines, you will able to keep your new shape for years to come. If you are interested in this non-invasive laser procedure or have any questions, contact Superior Health today! | <urn:uuid:b50e5d26-4ead-4e9e-a02b-1d4bb6b2bbeb> | {
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Narcolepsy is a rest issue depicted by ludicrous tiredness, rest loss of movement, mind flights, and now and again scenes of cataplexy (fragmented or hard and fast loss of muscle control, every now and again actuated by a convincing inclination, for instance, snickering). Narcolepsy happens likewise in individuals and is considered 1 of each 2,000 people. The signs appear in youth or pubescence, yet various people have reactions of narcolepsy for an impressive timeframe before getting a fitting end.
People with narcolepsy feel particularly worn out during the day and may naturally fall asleep during normal activities. In narcolepsy, as far as possible among cognizant and resting is darkened, so characteristics of napping can occur while an individual is alert. For example, cataplexy is the muscle loss of movement of REM rest occurring during waking hours. It causes unexpected loss of muscle tone that prompts a slack jaw, or deficiency of the arms, legs, or trunk. People with narcolepsy can similarly experience dream-like dreams and loss of movement as they are falling asleep or arousing, similarly as aggravated night time rest and clear awful dreams.
Narcolepsy with cataplexy is achieved by the death of a mixture in the psyche called hypocretin. Hypocretin follows up on the advised systems in the cerebrum, keeping us caution and controlling rest wake cycles. In narcolepsy, the bundle of cells that produce hypocretin—arranged in a territory called the operational hub—is hurt or completely squashed. Without hypocretin, the individual encounters trouble staying alarm, and besides experiences interferences in the normal rest wake cycles.
Starting at now there is no solution for narcolepsy, yet medications and direct prescriptions can improve symptoms for people so they can lead normal, valuable lives.
Narcolepsy is broke down by a physical test, taking a restorative history, similarly as coordinating rest looks at. If you do have narcolepsy, the best treatment is consistently a blend of medications and direct changes. People who are resolved to have narcolepsy should search for coordinating through enlightening frameworks and care gatherings. Getting a finding of narcolepsy and managing the signs can be overwhelming and the strife isn’t without a doubt known by the general populace. It adjusts best practices and access support through other individuals who have the disturbance. | <urn:uuid:be2d8262-0319-4912-846f-be02d401f719> | {
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BODY STRESS RELEASE is a complementary health profession which is concerned with assisting the body to release stored tension, thereby allowing it to maximise its in-built ability to maintain and heal itself. This technique has been developed and practised in South Africa since 1981.
Stress becomes locked into physical structures when the body fails to adapt to an overload of stress. This may result in pain, stiffness, numbness and postural distortions. The practitioner performs a series of pressure tests, with the person lying down fully clothed, and the muscular responses indicate the sites of body stress. The body stress is released using light but definite pressure in the indicated direction, and the body’s natural self-healing mechanism initiates communication which has not been optimal due to stress overload and the resultant circulatory and nerve inefficiency. The body is now able to heal and maintain itself from a wide range of conditions.
Certain stress factors will cause a temporary reduction of the body's efficiency, or health, eg. A strained muscle will be stiff and painful for a few days; then it will return to its normal condition. The body is capable of healing wounds and fractures, counteracting harmful chemicals, adapting to sudden changes in temperature and re-generating damaged or old cells (hair, skin, blood cells etc.)
Stress becomes a negative, destructive factor in life when it goes beyond the individual's ability to adapt to it. When the point of stress overload is reached, instead of the stress being released from the body, it becomes stored in the physical structure as "body stress". Due to the fact that we differ in our emotional and physical makeup, we have varying degrees of susceptibility to stress overload.
Stress and Health
We are constantly subjected to various forms of stress in our daily lives, and a certain amount of stress is necessary as it provides us with challenges and stimulates us as we strive for survival and progress. For example, a mind that is not challenged by problems to be solved becomes bored and stagnates; to maintain and strengthen muscles, they must be provided with the mechanical stress of exercise.
Clients have reported improved health relating to a wide range of conditions as referred to on the "Body map" page.
The body is designed to be self-healing. It has mechanisms that constantly monitor every function that is taking place and continuously adapts to both external influences and stresses, and to internal changes and stresses. | <urn:uuid:9504f336-89d1-4c1b-865a-1d3edca44a26> | {
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The fascinating details of ‘farmitecture’
Houses, barns and outbuildings from the 19th century are quickly deteriorating across the American landscape, but an Appalachian State University professor is helping preserve the details of farm architecture, which he has coined “farmitecture.”
“Farm buildings are a point of inspiration for me,” said architect Chad Everhart, AIA, an associate professor in Appalachian’s Department of Technology and Environmental Design. He was a faculty leader on the award-winning Solar Homestead project at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon and is principal of Chad Everhart Architect.
“We want to document these structures before they are gone, and they will probably be gone in our lifetime,” he said. “They have a lot that is relevant to what we design now – location, passive solar design, vegetation. People back then didn’t have money so they had to build what was practical, and I think we can go back to that common sense approach to designing buildings.”
Everhart and his graduate assistant Eli Simaan, who is earning a master’s degree in technology, are examining the architecture of 100-year-old buildings at Appalachian’s Blackburn-Vannoy property in neighboring Ashe County. This is the first time they’ve looked at the architecture of an entire homestead.
Curious about the 19th-century forms, materials, siting and construction techniques, Everhart and Simaan are analyzing and measuring every board of each structure and then creating digital models and hand-drawn architectural renderings based on their data. These materials will be used by students, researchers and the public to better understand how and why buildings of that time period and location were built the way they were.
About the structures
The Blackburn-Vannoy property near Fleetwood consists of two parts. The Blackburn farm has an 1880s farm house in fairly good shape, a 1960s brick ranch-style home and various outbuildings, including a fully functional, 100-year-old barn. The university relocated its Goodnight Family Teaching and Research Farm there from Valle Crucis in 2010, and students and faculty have returned the property to a working farm. The Vannoy farm is inactive, with a forested area and pasture and an 1880s farm house that is in poor shape.
Since beginning their study in summer 2012, Everhart and Simaan are nearly halfway finished making their field assessments, which can take up to three days per building. Now that vegetation is gone, they estimate the remaining field assessments can go more quickly this fall. They plan to complete the drawings and digital models by summer 2013.
“The digital models are helping me understand how the building was put together – why the carpenter did one part first and then the roof,” Simaan said.
Among their first structures to examine was a storage building on the Blackburn farm believed to be a salt house where meat might have been cured. It features a gable roof and east-to-west orientation, which Everhart said helped preserve the oak and chestnut siding, which are in good shape.
The salt house’s woven diagonal siding, which Everhart said took someone a lot of time to build, was likely created to enhance the building’s lateral strength. In contrast, the property’s weigh house – the floor of which contains a large scale likely used to weigh livestock or wagon loads – featured north/south access, and its siding is much more worn as a result, Everhart said.
Other interesting architectural styles discovered so far include the outhouse’s shed roof, a style Everhart said is indigenous to Ashe County, with its intricate, hand-cut rafter joints. Inside the farmhouse, there is a staircase constructed with a landing just three feet from the ceiling. The upstairs of the farmhouse also has 6 foot 6 inch ceilings with windows positioned at chest level. Reasons for some of these features are unknown, Everhart said.
When the university first became trustee of the Blackburn-Vannoy property in 2010, administrators wondered if the farmhouses and outbuildings could be restored and possibly turned into museums for the public. Based on his assessments so far, Everhart predicts all of them can be saved or recreated – with enough financial investment.
The question of whether such funding can come before more deterioration occurs underscores the need for Everhart’s research, he said. “If we don’t record details of the farmitecture now,” he warned, “it will be an important piece of history that is lost.”
The Blackburn-Vannoy Farm is 369 acres in Ashe County protected by the Blue Ridge Conservancy that Appalachian utilizes as trustee of the Blackburn-Vannoy Foundation, which was established by the estate of Beulah and Reeves Vannoy to protect the land for educational purposes.
The university became trustee in fall 2010 and moved its teaching and research farm operations there from Valle Crucis a year later. Activities at the property are in the areas of:
- sustainable agriculture and agroforestry
- forest and watershed management
- livestock production
Learn more at http://today.appstate.edu/farm/ | <urn:uuid:74e9c17d-71ec-40fa-a2c0-0f3ba0af6bfd> | {
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The personification of the United States of America. The capital of South Carolina and a river in the northwestern United States between Oregon and Washington.
Columbia, a 44-gun frigate with a displacement of 1,508 tons, was burned on the stocks while under construction at Washington Navy Yard in 1814, to prevent her from falling into enemy hands.
(Fr: t. 1,726; l. 175'; b. 45'; dr. 22'; s. 12 k.; cpl. 480; a. 4 8" sb., 28 32-pdr., 22 42-pdr. car.)
The first Columbia, a ship-rigged sailing frigate, was built at Washington Navy Yard. Her keel was laid in 1825 but she was not launched until 9 March 1836.
On her first cruise from May 1838 to June 1840 with Lieutenant George A. Magruder in command, Columbia rounded the Cape of Good Hope to become flagship of Commodore George C. Read in the East Indies. She returned to the United States by way of Cape Horn, one of the first U.S. naval ships to circumnavigate the globe.
Columbia served as flagship of the Home Squadron from January to May 1842; cruised on the Brazil Station between July 1842 and February 1844 and in the Mediterranean from May to December 1844. She returned to the Brazil Station as flagship between November 1845 and October 1847, and was placed in ordinary at Norfolk Navy Yard upon her return home. Except for a cruise as flagship of the Home Squadron from January 1853 to March 1855, she remained at Norfolk until the outbreak of the Civil War. Columbia was scuttled and burned by Union forces to avoid her capture by Confederates upon the surrender of Norfolk Navy Yard 21 April 1861. Following the close of the war she was raised and sold at Norfolk 10 October 1867. | <urn:uuid:b88c4fd9-5d5a-4499-ab45-1178efac138f> | {
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He was born in Augsburg, Bavaria, studied medicine and worked briefly as an orderly in a hospital in Munich during World War I. After the war he moved to Berlin where an influential critic, Herbert Ihering[?], brought him to the attention of a public longing for modern theater. Already in Munich his first two plays, Baal and Drums in the Night, had been performed, and he got to know Erich Engel[?], a director who worked with him off and on for the rest of his life. In Berlin, In the Jungle of the Cities starring Fritz Kortner[?] and directed by Engel became his first success.
In Berlin, during the postwar socialist governments and then the Weimar Republic, Brecht met and began to work with Hanns Eisler -- the composer with whom he shared the closest friendship throughout his life. He also met Helene Weigel[?], who would become his second wife and accompany him through exile and for the rest of his life. His first book of poems, Hauspostille won a literary prize.
Brecht formed a writing collective which was prolific and very influential. Elisabeth Hauptmann[?], Margarete Steffin[?], Emil Burri[?], Ruth Berlau[?] and others worked with Brecht and produced the multiple Lehrstücke (learning plays) which were an attempt at a new dramaturgy for participants rather than passive audiences. These addressed themselves to the massive worker arts organisation that existed in Germany and Austria in the 1920s. So did his first great play, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, which attempted to portray the drama in financial transactions. He also worked in the theaters of Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator[?].
This collective also created the story for, and Brecht wrote songs and engaged Kurt Weill to compose, The Threepenny Opera -- the largest hit in Berlin of the 1920s and a renewing influence on the musical worldwide. This was followed by Mahagonny, less of a success and eclipsed by the dawn of fascist rule in Germany. After Adolf Hitler won the elections, Brecht was in great danger and left for a long exile -- in Denmark, Finland, then England and finally in the United States.
In exile and in active resistance of the Fascist movement, Brecht wrote his most famous plays Galileo Galilei, Mother Courage and Her Children[?], Puntila and Matti, his Hired Man[?], The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, Caucasian Chalk Circle[?] and The Good Person of Sezuan[?], among many other works. He also wrote many poems which have continued to attract notice to this day. He participated some in screenplays for Hollywood, for instance Hangmen also Die, but had no real success or pleasure in this.
After World War II he was hounded by the HUAC (House Unamerican Activities Committee) and left the United States. He came to Switzerland where he adapted Antigone and then was invited to Berlin by East Germany. Horrified at the reinstatement of Nazis into the government of the western portion of Germany, Brecht made his home in the east. Although he never in his life was a member of the communist party, he saw the goal of communism as the only reliable antidote to militarist fascism and spoke out against the remilitarisation of the west and the division of Germany.
He was almost as uncomfortable for his East German hosts as for the West Germans across the iron curtain. Brecht was a scruffily dressed person and he invented designer stubble - he always looked as though he had shaved three days earlier. As a result, security guards once excluded him from a reception being given in Berlin in his own honour. Although he lived in the DDR, Brecht's work was never published there - the copyright was held by a Swiss company and he received valuable hard currency remittances. He used to drive around East Berlin in a prewar DKW car - a rare luxury in the austere divided capital. The Berliner Ensemble, that world famous theater which toured and was the most influential theater of the postwar decades, was given to his wife: the actress Helene Weigel. She ran it as a theater devoted primarily to the plays and praxes developed by Brecht until her death in 1971. Brecht wrote few plays in his last years in Berlin, none of them as famous. Some of his most famous poems though, including the "Buckower Elegies", were from this time.
Brecht died an early death at the age of 58 in 1956, leaving a legacy which has been taken up by nearly every country in the world, particularly those where political activity is occurring. His humour and scepticism combined with gestic and epic techniques, and what he called the Verfremdungseffekt (alienation effect), have proven as fruitful as confusing to those who try to produce his works or in his style. Some of his innovations, though, have become so commonly taken on that one hardly remembers the lack of them before him.
One of his wishes for his gravestone was: "He made suggestions; we took them on." In fact, on his grave at the Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichswerder Cemetery in Berlin there is only a boulder with his name. | <urn:uuid:9255165d-8ff0-4751-9a03-971fd6312b4d> | {
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Thursday, 23 August 2007
The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) system encompasses three linked magnetic cells. The "Plasma Source" cell involves the main injection of neutral gas (typically hydrogen, or other light gases) to be turned into plasma and the ionization subsystem. The "RF Booster" cell acts as an amplifier to further energize the plasma to the desired temperature using electromagnetic waves. The "Magnetic Nozzle" cell converts the energy of the plasma into directed motion and ultimately useful thrust.
Coupled with nuclear power this new type of rocket technology could dramatically shorten human transit times between planets (less than 3 months to Mars) and propel robotic cargo missions with a very large payload mass fraction. Trip times and payload mass are major limitations of conventional and nuclear thermal rockets because of their inherently low specific impulse (less than 1000 seconds). Plasma rockets such as VASIMR enable a very high specific impulse (greater than 10,000 seconds.) For these missions VASIMR will operate with hydrogen or deuterium propellant, both are abundant throughout the known universe.
The VASIMR has two additional important features that distinguish it from other plasma propulsion systems:
1. Ability to vary the exhaust characteristics (thrust and specific impulse) in order to optimally match mission requirements. This results in the lowest trip time with the highest payload for a given fuel load.
2. VASIMR is driven by electromagnetic (RF) waves and has no physical material electrodes in contact with the hot plasma. This results in greater reliability and longer life and enables a much higher power density than competing designs.
4-th State of Matter
The first step to understanding how a plasma rocket operates is learning about plasma. A plasma state can be achieved when a substance in its gaseous state is heated to very high temperatures - tens of thousands to millions of degrees. At this temperatures, electrons are stripped, or lost, from the neutral atoms.
In the overheated gas, electrons, which hold a negative charge, and ionized atoms, which hold a positive charge, mixed together making an electrically neutral "soup" of charged particles that is a plasma. This is a very common occurrence in nature. In fact, 99 percent of the visible universe is in some form of a plasma state, including lightning, very hot flames, nebulas, the Sun and other stars. The plasmas at the extreme temperatures required of a plasma rocket cannot be contained by any known material. Fortunately, plasmas can be controlled by a magnetic field. | <urn:uuid:ee9575b2-30bf-4450-b19a-eba392aa2f6a> | {
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In a preceding work on the French domination in Louisiana,a I have related the cession of that colony to Spain in 1762, the attempt of that power to take possession of its new domain in 1766, the insurrection of the colonists in 1768, who drove away the Spaniards, the arrival of O'Reilly at New Orleans with overwhelming forces, to avenge the insult offered to his Catholic Majesty, the trial and punishment, on the 25th of October, 1769, of the leaders of the insurrection, and the final and complete occupation of the province by the Spaniards. The object of the present work is to record the history of Louisiana, as a Spanish colony, from 1769 to December 1803, when again her destinies were changed, and she was transferred to the United States of America.
O'Reilly, having secured the obedience of the new subjects of Spain, and having, by the terror which the blood he spilt had inspired, guarded against the repetition of any attempt, similar to the one which he had so severely p2repressed, showed his sense of security by sending away the greater portion of his troops; and, retaining only about 1,200 men, he proceeded to the immediate organization of the province in its military, judicial, and commercial departments. It will be recollected that the Louis XV, in his letter to Governor D'Abbadie, after the cession of Louisiana to Spain, had expressed the wish that Louisiana should preserve the laws, institutions, and usages to which it had been so long accustomed, and had declared that he expected from the friendship of his cousin, the king of Spain, that, for the welfare and tranquillity of the colonists, that monarch should give to his officers in that province, such instructions as would permit the inferior judges, as well as those of the Superior Council, to administer justice according to the old laws, forms, and usages of the colony. Such, at first, had been the intention of his Catholic Majesty, but it was changed by the events which occurred in the colony in 1768; and, on the 25th of November, 1769, O'Reilly issued a proclamation,1 in which he informed the colonists that, considering the part which the Superior Council had acted in the late disturbances, his Majesty thought proper to abolish that tribunal, and to establish in Louisiana that form of government and that system of administration, which had always succeeded in maintaining tranquillity and subordination in the domains of his Catholic Majesty, and which had secured for them a durable prosperity. Perhaps the king of Spain, who could not decently have disregarded the wishes expressed by the king of France in relation to his royal donation, was not backward to avail himself of the opportunity offered to him by the colonial insurrection, to refuse the continuance of the French organization, and to remodel it in the Spanish p3style. It was natural for the statesmen of Spain, to think it sound policy to assimilate their new acquisition to their other possessions, and to efface all that might tend to keep up or revive in the colony the recollection and regrets of the past.
Thus O'Reilly, in his proclamation, announced that a Cabildo would be substituted for the Superior Council, be composed of six perpetual regidores, two ordinary alcaldes, an attorney-general Syndic, and a clerk, over which body the governor would preside in person.2
The offices of perpetual regidor and clerk were acquired by purchase, and, for the first time, at auction. The purchaser was declared to have the faculty of transferring his office to a known and capable person, from whom he was permitted to require in payment one half of its appraised value; but one third only could be received on any substitute mutation.
Among the Regidores were to be distributed the offices of Alferez Real, or Royal Standard Bearer, of Principal Provincial Alcalde, of Alguazil Mayor or High Sheriff, of Depositary General, and of Receiver of Fines.
The ordinary Alcalde and the Attorney-General Syndic were to be chosen, on the first day of every year, by the Cabildo, and were always re-eligible, during the first two years, by a unanimous vote, and subsequently by a bare majority. At such elections the votes were openly given and recorded.
The ordinary alcaldes3 were, individually, judges within the town of New Orleans, in civil and criminal cases, in which the defendant did not possess and claim the privilege of being tried by a military or ecclesiastical tribunal, in virtue of the fuero militar, or fuero ecclesiastico.4 p4These alcaldes, in their chambers, and without any written proceedings, took cognizance of, and summarily decided upon, all judicial matters in which the value of the object in dispute did not exceed twenty dollars. In other cases, they sat in a hall destined for this purpose, and their proceedings were recorded by a notary and a clerk; and when the value of the object in dispute exceeded ninety thousand maravedis ($330 88c.), an appeal lay from their decision to the Cabildo.
This body did not examine itself the judgment appealed from, but chose two Regidores, who, with the Alcalde what had rendered it, revised the proceedings; and, if he and either of the Regidores approved the decision, it was affirmed.
The Cabildo sat every Friday, but the Governor had the power of convening it at any time. In his absence, one of the Alcaldes presided, and, immediately after the adjournment, two Regidores went to his house and informed him of what had been done.
The ordinary Alcaldes had the first seats in the Cabildo, immediately after the Governor; and, below them, the other members sat in the following order: the Alferez Real, or Royal Standard Bearer, the Principal Provincial Alcalde, the Alguazil Mayor, or High Sheriff, the Depositary General, the Receiver of Fines, the Attorney General Syndic, and the Clerk.
The office of Alferez Real was merely honorary, no other function being assigned to the incumbent but the bearing of the royal standard in a few public ceremonies. The Principal Provincial Alcalde had cognizance of offences committed out of the town; the Alguazil Mayor executed personally, or by his deputies, all process from the different tribunals. The Depositary General took p5charge of all moneys and effects placed in the custody of the law. The functions of the Receiver General of Fines are pointed out by his official denomination. The Attorney General Syndic was not, as may be supposed from his title, the prosecuting officer of the crown. His duty was to propose to the Cabildo such measures as the interest of the people required, and to defend their rights. This was a sort of imitation of the Roman tribune, and shows that, even in those days, and under that form of government which was reputed, not only absolute, but also tyrannic, the people, contrary to the general belief, were admitted to have rights, which were to be advocated and defended. Such at least was the theory, if the practice was different.
The Regidores, or municipal officers, received fifty dollars each, annually, from the treasury. The Principal Provincial Alcalde, the Alguazil Mayor, the Depositary General, the Receiver of Fines, and the Ordinary Alcaldes were entitled, as such, to fees of office.
In certain cases, there was an appeal from the highest tribunal of the province to the Captain General of the island of Cuba; from him, to the Royal Audience in St. Domingo, and thence to the Council of the Indies in Madrid.
The other officers of the province were a Captain General residing in Cuba, and to whom the Governor of the colony seems to have been subordinate; a Governor, clothed with civil and military powers; an Intendant, who had the administration of the revenues, and of all that concerned the naval and commercial department; a Contador, or Royal Comptroller; an Auditor of War and Assessor of Government, who was the legal adviser of the Governor; an Auditor of the Intendancy, who was the legal adviser of the Intendant. There being in those days, in Louisiana, a scarcity of men learned in the law, p6says Judge Martin in his History, the Auditor of War frequently acted as the counsel, not only of the Governor, but also of the Intendant, of the Cabildo, and of all the other public functionaries. There was a secretary of the governor and a secretary of the intendant, a treasurer of the province, a general storekeeper and a purveyor, a surveyor general, a harbor master, an interpreter of the French and English languages, an Indian interpreter, and three notaries public; besides, a collector, a comptroller, a cashier, an inspector, and a special notary for the custom-house.
Every officer who received a salary of more than three hundred dollars a year, was appointed by the crown; inferior offices to these were in the gift of the governor, or of the intendant, in their respective departments. The governor exercised judicial powers in civil and criminal matters throughout the province, as did the intendant with regard to all that appertained to the revenue and the admiralty; and as did the vicar general in the ecclesiastical department. These officers had, it seems, exclusive jurisdiction in their respective courts. The two former were assisted, as I have already said, by an auditor or assessor, whose opinion they might, on their own responsibility, disregard. It was one of the powers of the governor to make grants of land.
In every parish, says Judge Martin in his History, an officer of the army or militia, of no higher grade than a captain, was stationed as civil and military commandant. His duty was to attend to the police of the parish and preserve its peace. He was instructed to examine the passport of all travelers, and suffer no one to settle within his jurisdiction, without the license of the governor. He had jurisdiction over all civil cases in which the value to object in dispute did not exceed twenty dollars; in more important cases, he received the petition p7and answer, took down the testimony, and transmitted the whole to the governor, by whom the record was sent to the proper tribunal. He had the power to punish slaves, and arrest and imprison free persons charged with offences, and was bound to transmit immediate information of the arrest, with a transcript of the evidence, to the governor, by whose order the accused was either discharged, or sent to New Orleans. These parish commandants acted also as notaries public, and made inventories and sales of the estates of the deceased, and attended to the execution of judgments, rendered in New Orleans, against defendants who resided in the country parishes.
The Spanish language was ordered to be employed by all public officers in their minutes; but the use of the French was tolerated in the judicial and notarial acts of the commandants.
The public officers were bound to take the following oath:
"I, * * * * * appointed . . . (here followed the designation of the office), . . . swear before God, on the holy cross and on the evangelists, to maintain and defend the mystery of the immaculate conception of Our Lady the Virgin Mary, and the royal jurisdiction to which I appertain in virtue of my office. I swear also to obey the royal ordinances and decrees of his Majesty, to fulfil faithfully the duties of my office, to decide in conformity with law in all the affairs which shall be submitted to my tribunal; and the better to accomplish this end, I promise to consult persons learned in the law, on every occasion which may present itself in this town; and, finally, I swear never to exact other fees than those fixed by the tariff, and never to take any from the poor."
These were the principal features in the organization of the new government.
On the 25th of November, 1769, O'Reilly issued a proclamation making known a set of instructions which he had caused to be prepared by two of his legal advisers, Don Jose Urrustia and Don Felix Del Rey, who acted so conspicuous a part in the prosecution against Lafrénière and his accomplices. These instructions were an abridgment or summary of the rules to be followed in civil and criminal actions, and of the laws of Castile and of the Indies, to which they referred, and to which they might serve as an index. This compendium was intended as a guide to all the functionaries and to the public. It contained also an enumeration of all the offices in the colony, and a definition of all the functions and privileges thereto appertaining. In the preamble to his proclamation, O'Reilly said:— "Whereas the want of jurists in this colony and the little knowledge which the new subjects of his Catholic Majesty possess of the Spanish Laws, may render a strict observance of them difficult (which would be so much at variance with the intentions of his Majesty), we have thought it useful and even necessary to have an abstract made of said laws, in order that it may become an element of instruction or information to the public, and a formulary in the administration of justice, and in the municipal government of this town, until a more general knowledge of the Spanish language be introduced in the province, and until every one be enabled by the perusal of those laws, to know them thoroughly. Wherefore, under reserve of his Majesty's pleasure, we order and command all the judges, the Cabildo, and all other p9public officers, to conform strictly to what is required by the following articles." This document5 is given at length in the Appendix,b and is in every way worthy of an attentive perusal. It will be found, with the exception of a few objectionable provisions, to be remarkable for wisdom and humanity, and it would not require much investigation to discover worse legislation in these our days of enlightened morality and progressive knowledge.
The Article 20, of Section I, concerning the Cabildo, runs thus:
"The electors, in the two jurisdictions, being responsible for the injury and detriment which the public may sustain, by the bad conduct and incapacity of the elected in the administration of justice and the management of the public interests, should have for their only objects, in the election of ordinary alcaldes and other officers, the service of God, the king, and the public; and, in order to prevent an abuse of that great trust, their choice should be directed to those persons who shall appear to them most suitable for those offices, by the proofs they may possess of their affection for the king, their disinterestedness, and their zeal for the public welfare."
With the omission of the word king, this article would not be found inapplicable to present circumstances, and might be fitly recommended to that generation of electors who hold now in their hands the destinies of our country.
Article 21 said:
"The Cabildo is hereby informed that it must exact from the governors, previous to their taking possession of their office, a good and sufficient p10surety, and a full assurance to this effect — that they shall submit to the necessary inquiries and examinations during the time they may be in employment, and that they shall conform to whatever may be adjudged and determined against them. This article merits the most serious attention of the Cabildo, which is responsible for the consequences that may result from any omission and neglect in exacting the aforesaid securities from the governors."
Considering the age in which it was framed, and the source from which it emanated, this article deserves to be noticed, on account of the check which it intends to impose on the exercise of the executive power.
The section 11, on the ordinary alcaldes, is not without interest. The 4th article of that section says:
"The alcaldes shall appear in public with decency and modesty, bearing the wand of royal justice — a badge provided by law to distinguish the judges. When administering justice, they shall hear mildly those who may present themselves, and shall fix the hour and the place of audience, which shall be at 10 o'clock in the morning at the Town Hall; and, for the decision of cases in which no writings are required, they shall sit in the evening between 7 and 8 o'clock, at their own dwellings, and in none other."
Art. 13 and 15 read thus:
Art. 13 — "The ordinary Alcaldes, accompanied by the Alguazil Mayor (High Sheriff), and the escribano (clerk), shall, every Friday, proceed to the visitation of the prisons. They shall examine the prisoners, the causes of their detention, and ascertain how long they have been imprisoned. They shall release the poor who may be detained for their expenses, or for small debts; and the jailor shall not exact from them any release fee. The alcaldes shall not set at p11liberty any of the prisoners detained by order of the Governor, of or of any other judge, without the express consent of said authorities."
"Art. 15. The Governor, with the Alcaldes, the Alguazil Mayor, and the escribano, shall, yearly, on the eve of Christmas, Easter, and Whitsunday, make a general visitation of the prisons, in the manner prescribed by the Laws of the Indies. They shall release those who have been arrested for criminal causes of little importance, or for debts, when such debtors are known to be insolvent, and shall allow them a sufficient term for the payment of their creditors."
These articles are imbued with a spirit of humanity and christianityº highly creditable to the legislation of Spain.
The section 3d defines the attributions of the Alcalde Mayor Provincial, and shows that the celebrated institution of the Santa Hermandad was established in Louisiana.
The 4th article of this section shows great regard for the comfort and protection of travelers and strangers. It says:
"The Alcalde Mayor Provincial shall see that travelers are furnished with provisions at reasonable prices, as well by the proprietors as by the inhabitants of the villages through which they may pass."
The 5th article says:
"The principal object of the institution of the tribunal of the Santa Hermandad (holy brotherhood) being to repress disorders, and to prevent the robberies and assassinations committed in unfrequented places by vagabonds and delinquents, who conceal themselves in the woods, from which they sally to attack travelers and the neighboring inhabitants, the Alcalde Mayor Provincial shall assemble a sufficient number of members or brothers of the Santa Hermandad, to clear his jurisdiction of the perpetrators of such evil deeds, p12by pursuing them with spirit, seizing, or putting them to death."
Section 7th concerns the Procurador General. The article I is as follows:
"The Procurador General is an officer appointed to assist the people in all their concerns, to defend them, preserve their rights, and obtain justice on their behalf, and to enforce all other claims which relate to the public interest.
"In consequence thereof, the Procurador General, who is appointed solely for the public good, shall see that the municipal ordinances are strictly observed, and shall endeavor to prevent everything by which the said public interest might suffer.
"For these purposes, he shall apply to the tribunals competent thereto, for the recovery of debts and revenues due to the treasury of the town of New Orleans, in the capacity of attorney for said town. He shall pursue these causes with the activity and diligence necessary to discharge him from the responsibility he would incur by the slightest omission.
"He shall see that the other officers of the Council or Cabildo discharge strictly the duties of their offices; that the Depositary General, the Receiver of Fines, and all those who are to give sureties, shall give such as are good and sufficient; and in case said sureties should cease to be good, he shall demand that they be renewed conformably to law.
"He shall be present at, and shall interpose in the division of lands, and in other public matters, to the end that nothing unsuitable or injurious shall occur."
It must be admitted that this whole section is replete with a feeling of liberality and a regard for the interests of the people, which is supposed to appertain only to a republican government.
p13 The section 10, which treats of the jailor and the persons, breathes not that spirit of ferocity, which is generally believed to be akin to the subject, and characteristic of Spanish legislation and officials; but, on the contrary, it seems to have been framed under the mild influence of modern philanthropy. The provision which prohibits jailors from exacting any fee from the poor, and from receiving any gratuity, either in money or goods, is worthy of commendation. It may not be inappropriate to quote the whole section.
Art. 1. "The jailor shall be appointed by the alguazil mayor, and approved by the governor before entering on the duties of his office. He shall also be presented to the Cabildo to be inducted into office, and to take an oath to discharge faithfully the duties of the said office, to guard the prisoners watchfully, and to observe the laws and ordinances established in this respect, under the penalties therein declared.
Art. 2. "The said jailor must not enter upon the duties of the said office until he shall have given good and sufficient sureties in the sum of two hundred dollars, as a warranty that no prisoner detained for debt shall be released without an order from the judge competent thereto.
Art. 3. "The jailor shall keep a book, in which he shall inscribe the names of all the prisoners, that of the judge by whose order they have been arrested, the cause for which they are detained, and the names of those who may have arrested them. He shall reside in the prison intrusted to his care, and, for each considerable fault committed by him, he shall pay sixty dollars, applicable one half to the royal chamber, and the other to the informer.
Art. 4. "It is the duty of the jailor to keep the prison p14clean and healthy, to supply it with water for the use of the prisoners, to visit them in the evening, to prevent them from gaming or disputing, to treat them well, and to avoid insulting or offending them.
Art. 5. "It is likewise the duty of the jailor to take care that the female prisoners are separate from the men; that they be kept in their respective apartments, and that they be not worse treated than their offence deserves, or than is prescribed by the judges.
Art. 6. "With regard to his fees, the said jailor shall confine himself strictly to those which are established; he shall take none from the poor, under a penalty of the value of the same. He shall not, without incurring the same penalty, receive any gratuity, either in money or in goods. He shall avoid entirely either playing, eating, or forming any intimacy with the prisoners under the penalty of sixty dollars, applicable, one third to the royal chamber, one third to the informer, and the remaining third to the poor prisoners."
Persons of noble birth, the military, the municipal and other civil officers, lawyers, physicians, women, and certain other individuals, were exempted from imprisonment for debt.
The section on criminal trials has some remarkable features, among which the art. 14, which says: "The accused, being convicted of the crime, on its being fully established on trial by sufficient proof, or by some other proof in conjunction with his own confession, may be condemned to the penalty provided by law for the same. The said condemnation shall also take place, when two witnesses of lawful age and irreproachable character shall depose that, of their certain knowledge, the accused has committed the crime; but when there shall appear against the accused but one witness, and other indications or conjectures, he shall not be condemned to the penalty provided p15by law; but some other punishment shall be inflicted as directed by the judge, with due consideration of the circumstances which may appear on the trial. This state of things requires the greatest circumspection, as it must always be remembered, that it is better to let a criminal escape than to punish the innocent."
This provision concerning condemnation on the testimony of one witness, whatever may be said as to the propriety of its policy, is certainly more humane than the law by which we are now governed, and which may send a man to the scaffold on the bare testimony of another. It will also be observed that the well known axiom that "it is better that guilt should go unpunished, than that innocence should suffer unjust punishment," is not confined to the common law of England. It may, moreover, not be amiss here — to remark, in a parenthesis, that the boasted privileges of English liberty existed in some parts of Spain, although destroyed since, long before they were dreamed of in that noble land from which we have borrowed so much of our judicial and political organization.6
The whole chapter concerning appeals is characterized by the desire of bringing lawsuits to a speedy termination — a thing not to be expected, according to public opinion, from Spanish Legislation.
It must be confessed, however, that some of the penalties inflicted, savored of the peculiar temperament of the age and of the exaggerated devotion to the church and the throne which marked the Spanish character at the time; for instance, art. 1 of section v. on punishments, decreed that: "he who shall revile Our Saviour, or his mother the Holy Virgin Mary, shall have his tongue cut out, and his property shall be confiscated, applicable one p16half to the public treasury, and the other half to the informer."
Art. 2d said:
"He, who forgetting the respect and loyalty which every subject owes to his king, shall have the insolence to vilify his royal person, or that of the queen, of the hereditary prince, or of the infantes (princes of the blood) or of their sons, shall be punished corporally, according to the circumstances of the crime; and the half of his property shall be confiscated to the profit of the public or the royal treasury, if he have legitimate children; but should he have none, he shall forfeit the whole, applicable two thirds to the public treasury, and the other third to the accuser."
"The authors of any insurrection against the king or the state, or those who, under pretence of defending their liberty and rights, shall be concerned in it, or take up arms therein, shall be punished with death and the confiscation of their property. The same punishments shall also be inflicted on all those who may be convicted of high treason."
The Art. 4 contains a remarkable feature. A plebeian, using opprobrious language to the detriment of any one, was condemned to pay a fine of 1200 maravedis; but should a nobleman have committed the same offence, the penalty for him was 2000 maravedis. This distinction seems to have originated from the impression, that such an offence ought to be more severely punished in one of gentle than of base blood, on account of its being more heinous in one who, on account of his rank, ought to have been more correct in his deportment.
The following articles show at least that the new government was imbued with puritanical severity, and was disposed to check by extreme punishment all infractions against morality.
Art. 6 said:
"The married woman convicted of adultery, p17and he who has committed the same with her, shall be delivered up to the husband, to be dealt with as he may please; with the reserve, however, that he shall not put one of them to death, without inflicting the same punishment on the other.
"The man who shall consent that his wife live in concubinage with another, or who shall have induced her to commit adultery, shall, for the first time, be exposed to public shame, and condemned to a confinement of ten years in some fortress; and, for the second time, shall be sentenced to one hundred lashes and confinement for life.
"The same punishment shall also be inflicted on those who carry on the infamous trade of enticing women to prostitution, by procuring them the means of accomplishing the same.
"He who shall be guilty of fornication with a relation in the fourth degree, shall forfeit half of his property to the profit of the public treasury, and shall, moreover, be punished corporally, or banished, or undergo some other penalty, according to the rank of the person and the degree of kindred between the parties. If the said crime be committed between parents and their offspring, or with a professed nun, the same shall be punished with death.
"He who shall commit the detestable crime against nature shall suffer death, and his body shall afterwards be burnt, and his property shall be confiscated to the profit of the public and royal treasuries.
"The woman who shall be publicly the concubine of an ecclesiastic shall be sentenced, for the first time, to a fine of a mark of silver, and to banishment for one year from the town or from the place where the offence may have been committed. The second time, she shall be fined another mark of silver and banished for p18two years, and, in case of relapse, she shall be punished by one hundred lashes, in addition to the penalties aforesaid.7
"If fornication be committed between unmarried persons, they shall be admonished by the judge to discontinue every kind of intercourse with each other, under the penalty of banishment for the man, and confinement for the woman, during such time as may be necessary to operate a reformation. Should this menace have not the desired effect, the judge shall put the same into execution, unless the rank of the parties requires a different procedure — in which case, the said offence shall be submitted to the consideration of the judges collectively, to apply the remedy which their prudence and zeal for the repression of such disorders may suggest. They shall punish all other offences of debauchery in proportion to their degree, and to the injury occasioned thereby."
Ever after the promulgation of this document, it is to be supposed that all judicial decisions were grounded on the laws of Spain. At a later period, however, it became a question, which was debated in the courts of justice of Louisiana, how far the French laws had been repealed by O'Reilly, and whether he had the authority to abolish them, as the extent of his powers had never been exactly known. But now the question is set at rest, as it is ascertained that O'Reilly was clothed with unlimited authority,8 and that all he did in Louisiana was fully confirmed by the king and the council of Indies. In a communication addressed to his government, on the 17th of October 1769, he had said,9 "it seems proper p19that this colony be governed by the same laws which prevail in the other dominions of his Majesty in America, and that in its military, judicial, and financial organization, it be, in each of these respective departments, a dependency of the Island of Cuba." The government gave its approbation to these views of O'Reilly.10 Fortunately, there was no very great dissimilarity between the fundamental principles of the Spanish and the French jurisprudence, which had the same sisterly origin, and drew their existence from the honored womb of Roman legislation, emphatically called the "Civil Law," so well known under that name.
O'Reilly had a set of instructions drawn up, which he sent to the parish commandants. From those addressed to de Mézières, who was in command of Natchitoches,º I extract the following passage:
"The commandant of the Post of Natchitoches shall not omit to employ every means to prevent the trade now going on with the Mexican provinces; and, whereas every officer who commands a post, ought not to be ignorant of anything that occurs within the limits of his jurisdiction, he shall bear the responsibility thereof in every respect. There is nothing which renders a government more respectable and beneficent than the prompt and equitable administration of justice. Therefore do I most particularly recommend the observance of this duty to every commandant, and any want of exactitude in the discharge of official functions I shall consider as a contempt of the authority of the Governor General of this province. Those in command have been clothed with power, only to make their subordinates p20happy, and to endear the government of the king to his subjects by its gentleness and benefits. This end will be accomplished by the impartial administration of justice, by a strict compliance with the orders of the Governor General, and by an enlightened exhibition of firmness and humanity on all occasions.
[. . .]
"It shall be made known to all the inhabitants that, by the laws of his Majesty, which shall go into operation in this province on the 1st of December, 1769, it is not permitted that Indians be held in slavery; wherefore, from the date of the notification of these presents, no one shall buy, exchange, and barter, or appropriate to himself Indian slaves. They shall neither sell, nor in any way part with, those they now have (unless it be to set them free), until they hear further from his Majesty on this subject. M. de Mézières shall make out an exact list of the Indian slaves who are within his jurisdiction. Said list shall contain the names of the owners, the price which they ask for every one of their Indian slaves, and the exact filiation of said slaves. This will obviate any future abuse on a subject which has so strongly excited the solicitude of our laws.
[. . .]
"I have remarked a considerable number of traders in the census of Natchitoches. These men can have no other object in view than an illicit trade. Therefore I charge M. de Mézières, most particularly, to cause to depart those named Ménars, Poeyfarré, Dartigo, Durand, Duvivier and Villars, of whom I know enough to desire that they be dismissed from that post, and be forced to remain in this capital (New Orleans), or be expelled altogether from the province.
[. . .]
M. de Mézières shall cause the inhabitants to make p21to their parochial church all the repairs which decency and the security of the edifice require. This is the first duty of every good Christian, and no one has the right nor the power to refuse his contribution thereto. M. de Mézières shall make known to every inhabitant the equity of this contribution, and shall have recourse to compulsory means, and when it shall be absolutely necessary, to enforce the fulfilment of so essential a duty."
It is impossible not to smile at the following passage:
"Having been informed by the curate of Natchitoches that, during divine worship, the church is filled with dogs, I request the commandant to prevent the repetition of this breach of decency."
He also gave a set of instructions to the commandants of the Coast — that is, all the petty governors at the different posts on the banks of the Mississippi.11 In the 16th Article, he said:
"The greatest vigilance shall be exercised to oppose the sojourning of men of bad morals in those posts, in order to prevent that any damage or scandal result thereby to the inhabitants; and should there be such men as above described, when the commandants shall fail to change their vicious behavior by admonitions and corrections, then it shall become the duty of said commandants to arrest them, and to send them to the Governor General, with an account of the causes of complaint laid against them."
The 19th Article said:
"The aforesaid commandants shall take special care, that the inhabitants carry on no trade with the English vessels which navigate the Mississippi, nor with any of the settlements situated on the territory of his Britannic Majesty, and that the king's subjects do not go out of the limits of this province, p22without a written permission from the Governor General. Those acting in violation of the provisions of this article shall be arrested by said commandants and sent to this town (New Orleans), in order that their case be submitted to the further consideration of the government, but the first proceeding shall be to sequestrate their property."
He caused to be framed for the commandant at Arkansas a series of instructions, which it is impossible to read without entertaining a high opinion of his administrative talents, justice and humanity. These instructions descend into the smallest details, and demonstrate that he was well aware, as all truly great minds are, of the importance of apparently unimportant minutiae.
In the 3d Article, he expressed himself as follows:
"It shall be the care of the commandant that every thing offered for sale at that Post (Arkansas), and which may be wanted for the sustenance and support of the soldiers, be sold cheap. There is nothing more indispensably necessary, in order that the soldiers be conscious that nothing is made out of them, and that their chief treats them with the strictest equity. When this is not the case, there never fail to be murmurs of discontent and a deficiency of subordination."
All the regulations which he established, to distribute the customary presents among the Indians, to secure an honest trade between them and the Europeans, and to guard them against deception and oppression, are equally creditable to his head and to his heart.
The 9th Article said:
"The commandant shall prevent, as much as may be in his power, that any damage be done to the English who navigate the Mississippi, and shall take care that there be no crossing over of the river, to inflict any injury on the subjects of his Britannic p23Majesty; and he shall have recourse to every means, to induce the Spanish Indians to live in peace with the English, and also with the other savage tribes."
Instructions were sent in command to the commandants at the posts of St. Louis and St. Geneviève, as well as to others established on the Missouri and in the Illinois district. The population of St. Louis consisted then of 17 males and 16 females (free), of 12 males and 6 females (slaves); that of St. Geneviève happened to be exactly the same.
The instructions began with this preamble, full of dignity and commendable sentiments:
"The great distance between this capital and the Illinois requires proportionate discretion and prudence in the commandant of that remote district. There are three important objects recommended to his special vigilance and attention. Those are: that the domination and government of his Majesty be loved and respected; that justice be administered with promptitude and impartiality and in conformity to law; and that commerce be protected and extended as much as possible. In order to secure ends of such moment, it is necessary that the officer in command should make known, in the most manifest manner, the king's desire to promote and protect the felicity of his subjects, and should also promulgate the express orders which he, the officer in command, has received to discriminate between the good and the wicked, to favor the former in every thing licit, and to prosecute all those who, through bad faith, deceive and ruin their creditors, and who, by their flagitious deportment, disturb public tranquillity."
Articles 3 and 4 show O'Reilly to be a man of high honor and of strict fidelity, in observing the faith of treaties, and in respecting acquired rights.
Article 3 said:
"Should any subject of his Catholic p24Majesty commit any excess or trespass in the territory of the English, or offer any insult to those of that nation who navigate the Mississippi, the commandant shall do prompt justice, and shall give full and immediate reparation, on the just complaints of the English officer, but without failing to observe the formalities prescribed by law."
"The officer in command shall, as much as in his power may be, prevent the Indians who dwell on the king's territory, from inflicting any vexation or extortion on the English who navigate the Mississippi, and from crossing that river to give any offence to the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, and, in every respect, he shall predispose the Indians to be peaceful and humane towards the English and the other nations of savages, and, to that effect, he shall tell them that the principles of our religion and the fidelity of our friendship never permit us to tolerate, that any injury be done to such as are our friends and allies like the English."
It is to be remarked, that O'Reilly prescribed that system of monopolies which the French had adopted in their commercial intercourse with the Indians. Article 7 of the document to which I have referred shows it, and is also a striking proof of the solicitude of the Spanish governor to secure the welfare of the aborigines.
"No trader," it said, "shall be permitted to introduce himself in the villages of the Indians who dwell on the territory of his Majesty, unless the commandant is satisfied with his morals and the correctness of his deportment; but said commandant shall not be at liberty to refuse a permit or license to any one who may be known to be an honest man, and, under no pretext, shall he tolerate, authorize, or grant any exclusive privilege or monopoly. He shall uniformly recommend to all the traders, to make known to the Indians p25the gentleness and equity of our government, and the felicity which it thereby imparts to the subjects of his Majesty."
In Article 9, he went on saying:
"The commandant shall acquaint the Indians with the greatness, the magnanimity and the generosity of the king, and shall inform them that they may expect, every year, to receive the usual presents; that his Majesty desires their happiness, and that they must never yield obedience, nor give credence, to any other word than that of the Great Chief, governor general of the province, communicated to them through the officer who shall have been put in command of the post; and he, the said commandant, shall exhort them (with promises of fair rewards), to arrest12 and deliver up whatever trader or fugitive who, in furtherance of wicked ends and intentions, may endeavor to inspire them with feelings of distrust towards their true father, and towards that nation which deserves, among all others, the renown of being a magnanimous, pious and justice-loving nation, and, in support of the truth of this declaration, he shall communicate to them the order of the king which prohibits that, in his dominions, there be made Indian slaves, even out of the captives of hostile tribes."
"The commandant shall take care, that all the Indians who may come to St. Louis and St. Geneviève be well treated, and be paid an equitable price for the hides they may bring to market, and for whatever other things they may have for sale, and that, in the barters or purchases they may make, they be served with good faith. p26In this way, they will derive more benefit from their trade with us; they will provide themselves with what their wants require, without its being at the expense of the king; and the English will not reap all the profits of a commerce which ought to be in our hands. The advantages of treating the Indians with equity and benevolence have been made apparent in this town, where, since my arrival, on the occasion of the distribution of the annual presents to them, the chiefs of every nation came to compliment me; and now a number of Indians are daily seen here, with their canoes loaded with provisions, hides, and other things, which they offer at public sale for their just value; and then, they themselves buy in the shops what they want, and return home perfectly contented."
These articles of O'Reilly's instructions show that the Spaniards were not disposed to pursue in Louisiana, towards the Indians, the cruel policy which was attributed to them in their other American domains. The rest of O'Reilly's instructions, on all the subjects which they embrace, are marked with foresight, prudence, liberality, and firmness. They conclude with saying:
"The commandants shall have for invariable rules: to keep up the strictest order and economy in all that appertains to the royal treasury, to cultivate the best harmony with the English, to maintain tranquillity and contentment among the inhabitants, to provide for the increase of commerce and its being carried on in good faith, and to take care that the Indians be well treated."
Immediately after his arrival in Louisiana, O'Reilly had taken an enlightened view of the wants of the colony, as appears by a communication of the 17th of October, 1769, which he addressed to the Spanish government, and in which he represents the necessity of favoring commerce, because, without it, the colony could not subsist:
"This province," he said, "wants flour, wine, oil, iron instruments, p27arms, ammunition, and every sort of manufactured goods for clothing and other domestic purposes. These can only be obtained three the exportation of its productions, which consist of timber, indigo, cotton, furs, and a small quantity of corn and rice. In Spain there would be no market for the timber of the colonists, which is one of the most important sources of their revenues. Of all our colonies, the Havana is the only place where this kind of produce could be disposed of. According to my conceptions, the importation of it into that city would be advantageous both to the king and to the island of Cuba. To the king, because he would preserve for the use of his royal navy the cedars which are now employed to make sugar boxes, and because, with the Cuba timber, he could have the lining of his ships and many other works done at a much cheaper rate; to the island, because its inhabitants could cause their sugar boxes and the other works required by them, to be made in Havana at less cost with the Louisiana planks.
"By granting to this province, as formerly to Florida, the benefit of a free trade with Spain and with Havana, its inhabitants would find in that very city of Havana a market for all their produce, and would provide themselves there with all the articles of which they stand in need. The establishing of sugar mills would be increased, by thus affording to the planters of Cuba an outlet for all the rum manufactured by them, and which is lost for want of consumers. The consumption of this article would be considerable here, and every barrel of it would put two dollars into the king's treasury, through the export duty paid in Havana. But, for the better regulation of this trade, and to make it reciprocally advantageous, it seems to me proper and necessary, that the timber, furs, indigo, cotton, corn and rice of this province should pay no entry duty in Havana, and that no other p28new excise or export tax be imposed on any of the articles which may be exported from Havana to New Orleans.
"It would also be proper, that the vessels belonging to this colony be received in Havana and the ports of Spain on the same condition and footing with Spanish vessels, but with the understanding that no vessels, except they be Spanish, or belong to the colony, shall be admitted in this port, or employed in transporting goods, and that this be recommended to the special care of my successors.
"From Catalonia there would come ships with red wine; here they would take a cargo of timber and other articles for Havana, and they would load with sugar.
"I found the English in complete possession of the commerce of the colony. They had in this town their merchants and traders with open stores and shops, and I can safely assert that they pocketed nine tenths of the money spent here. The commerce of France used to receive the productions of the colony in payment of the articles imported into it from the mother country; but the English, selling their goods much cheaper, had the gathering of all the money. I drove off all the English traders and the other individuals of that nation whom I found in this town, and I shall admit here none of their vessels."
In a despatch of the 1st of March, 1770, O'Reilly took credit to himself for having reduced the annual expenses of the colony, from $250,000 to $130,000, by the economical retrenchments which he had introduced into the administration of the province, and applied to the salaries of its officers; and he informed the government, that the religious wants of the colony would require the permanent employment of eighteen priests. In the same despatch, he said:
"I visited and examined in person the most p29populous parts of this province, by proceeding from this capital to Pointe Coupée, which is •one hundred and fifty miles up the river, and I took care, as I progressed along, to convene the inhabitants in every district, at the most convenient place for them, where I listened to their grievances and provided a remedy thereto, by referring them to the arbitration of their best informed neighbors, without having recourse to the judicial tribunals, and, in this way, I gave those people a very favorable opinion of the government of his majesty, and I succeeded in obtaining that the arbitrators named by the respective parties be acceptable to them, on account of their being chosen among the men enjoying the best reputation; and by these means, I have procured that the new government be grateful to the inhabitants.
"I thought it my duty to acquiesce in the prayer of the inhabitants in almost every district, that a surveyor be appointed to measure out the lands and determine their limits, but I reduced the salary of that officer to half of what it was formerly, and I decreed that, for the future, it be paid out of the sale of the crops of the inhabitants, at the price fixed for their commodities at New Orleans.
"So far, the concessions of land in this province had been intrusted by his most Christian Majesty to the Governor and to the ordaining commissary, and the concurrence of both was necessary thereto; but I have thought it advisable, that, for the future, the Governor be the only one authorized by the King to make such concessions; and, for the apportionment of the lands belonging to the royal domain, I have appointed a council of twenty-four persons, known for their practical sense and information, and for their sound judgment."
O'Reilly, with striking liberality, and, no doubt, also from motives of sound policy, appointed almost none but Frenchmen to the command of the several posts, even the p30most distant, and, therefore, all the instructions which he gave them were originally drawn in French. They were afterwards translated into Spanish, and sent to the court of Madrid for its approbation.
In conformity with the orders of the king, a regiment was raised in the colony under the name of "Regiment of Louisiana," and Don J. Estecheria was appointed its Colonel. But this officer having not as yet arrived, Unzaga, who was to succeed O'Reilly as governor of the province, undertook to organize the regiment, and assumed its command provisionally. O'Reilly sent commissions to all those whom Ulloa had, in his despatches, represented as well affected towards Spain, and those commissions were eagerly accepted. There was no want of a keen desire to gird on the sword of command, under a government which granted so many privileges to the wearers of epaulets. The pay of the Spanish troops being greater than that formerly allowed to the French, a certain number of disbanded French soldiers, who had remained in the colony, were tempted to enlist, and the "regiment of Louisiana" was soon complete. It is an admitted fact, that the Creoles of those days were remarkable for their great size, for the stateliness of their bearing, for those peculiarly striking lineaments which constitute the nobility of the face, and for the elegant symmetry of their forms. O'Reilly is said to have been so much struck with this characteristic distinction in the Creole officers of the regiment of Louisiana, that he regretted his inability to take with him some of them to Spain and to Charles III, as a fair specimen of the new subjects acquired by his Catholic Majesty.
The arrival of the Spaniards in New Orleans had produced a considerable increase of population, and the provisions which they expected having been unaccountably delayed, the colony was threatened with famine. p31The price of flour ran up to twenty dollars a barrel; fortunately, there arrived from Baltimore a brig, with a cargo of flour belonging to one Olive Pollock, who tendered it to O'Reilly on the terms which that officer might himself determine. O'Reilly refused to avail himself of this liberal offer, insisted on Pollock's specifying his price, and finally agreed to take the whole load of flour at fifteen dollars the barrel. The Spanish governor was so well pleased with Pollock's behaviour on this occasion, that he told him he would report it to the king, and assured him that he, Pollock, during his lifetime, should enjoy, for all the merchandise which his brig could carry, a free trade with Louisiana. A very valuable privilege, forsooth, if it had been long enjoyed! But it is not in evidence that such was the case.
The new Cabildo was solemnly inaugurated, and began its sessions on the first day of December, 1769. It was composed of François Marie Reggio, Pierre François Olivier de Vezin, Charles Jean Baptiste Fleuriau, Antoine Bienvenu, Joseph Ducros, and Denis Braud. Jean Baptiste Garic, who had been clerk of the Superior Council, had bought the same office in the Cabildo. Reggio was alferez real, De Vezin principal provincial alcalde, Fleuriau alguazil mayor, or high sheriff, Ducros depositary general, and Bienvenu receiver of fines.
On the 1st of January, 1770, the Cabildo elected as ordinary alcaldes St. Denis and De La Chaise. One was a descendant of the celebrated St. Denis, whose name is so chivalrously connected with the history of Louisiana, and the other was the grandson of the royal commissary De La Chaise, who had come to the colony in 1723, and was a brother-in‑law to Villeré, whose tragical death had so recently taken place. These facts seem to prove, that the horror produced by the execution of Lafrénière and his companions was not so great as reported by tradition, p32and that the Spaniards did not think themselves so hated as they have been represented to be, since they intrusted so many important offices and the command of the most distant posts to almost none but Frenchmen. It cannot certainly be denied, that, on their part, it denoted at least, confidence and liberality.
Don Luis de Unzaga had been designated to succeed O'Reilly, who had been sent to Louisiana only for temporary purposes. As a preliminary step and a prelude to a transfer of his powers to that officer, O'Reilly immediately after the organization of the Cabildo, ceded to him the presidency of that body, in which he ceased to appear. About the middle of December, 1769, he had gone up the Mississippi, to visit the establishment at the German Coast, the Acadian Coast, Iberville, and Pointe Coupée. In all the parishes through which he passed, he convened the inhabitants, as he mentions in one of his despatches, which I have already cited, and invited them to make known their wishes and wants, promising to satisfy them to the utmost of his powers.
On his return to New Orleans, O'Reilly published a set of regulations concerning the concessions of vacant lands:
"Divers complaints and petitions," said he, "which have been addressed to us by the inhabitants of Opeloussas,º Attakapas, Natchitoches and other places of this province, joined to the knowledge we have acquired of the local concerns, culture, and means of the inhabitants, by the visit which we have lately paid to the German Coast, to Iberville and Pointe Coupée, with the examination we have made of the reports of the inhabitants assembled by our order in each district, having convinced us that the tranquillity of the said inhabitants and the progress of cultivation required a new regulation, which should fix the extent of the grants of land p33to be hereafter made, as well as determine the enclosures to be put up, the lands to be cleared, the roads and bridges to be kept in repair by the inhabitants, and specify what is the sort of damage done by cattle for which the proprietors shall be responsible — for these causes, having nothing in view but the public good and the happiness of every inhabitant — after having advised with persons well informed in these matters, we have regulated all these objects in the following articles."13
After having ordered, that, for the future, grants of land should not exceed a certain extent, and having entered into many minute regulations, he says:
Art. 12. — "All grants shall be made in the name of the king, by the Governor General of the province, who will, at the same time, appoint a surveyor to fix the bounds thereof, both in front and in depth, in presence of the ordinary judge of the district and of two adjoining settlers, who shall be present at the survey. The above mentioned four persons shall sign the proces-verbal which shall be made thereof, and the surveyor shall make three copies of the same; one of which shall be deposited in the office of the escribano of the government and Cabildo, another shall be delivered to the Governor General, and the third to the proprietor, to be annexed to the titles of his grant.
"In pursuance of the powers which the king, our Lord, (whom God preserve!) has been pleased to confide to us by his patent issued at Aranjuez, on the 16th of April, 1769, to establish in the military and in the police departments, in the administration of justice and in the colonial finances, such regulations as should be most conducive to his service and to the happiness of his p34subjects in Louisiana, under the reserve of his Majesty's approbation, we order and command the governor, judges, Cabildo, and all the inhabitants of this province, to conform punctually to all that is required by these regulations.
Given at New Orleans, the 18th of February, 1770."
It will be observed that O'Reilly, who had come to Louisiana as the delegate of royalty itself, and who was invested, as such, with unbounded powers of legislation, prescribed the manner in which all future concessions of land should be made by the governors of Louisiana, and determined with precision the extent of those concessions, which were not to exceed certain limits. Hence it follows, that it is questionable whether some of these immense grants of land which were made at a later period by the governors of Louisiana had the requisite validity, except it be shown that the limitations assigned by O'Reilly to his successors, in the name of the king, had been subsequently repealed or modified.
By an ordinance of the 22d of February, 1770, O'Reilly provided a revenue for the town of New Orleans. An annual tax of forty dollars was to be levied on every tavern, billiard table, and coffee house, and one of twenty dollars on every boarding house; a duty of one dollar was to be charged on every barrel of brandy brought to the town; and O'Reilly graciously accepted and sanctioned a proposition liberally made by the butchers, to pay an annual contribution of three hundred and seventy dollars into the coffers of the town, to meet municipal expenses. In making this offer, these butchers expressly declared, that they did not mean to justify thereby any alteration on their part, now and thereafter, in the price of meat — which alteration, they said, ought never to take place without extreme necessity. It was estimated that, p35with all these branches of revenue, the annual income of the town would amount to two thousand dollars.14
As the town was put to considerable expense, to keep up the levee which protected it against inundation, it was authorized to collect an anchorage duty of six dollars from every vessel of two hundred tons and upwards, and half that sum from smaller ones.
On both sides of the public square or Place d'armes, from Levee to Chartres and Condé streets, there was a large space of ground facing on St. Peter's and St. Anne's streets, with a front of •three hundred and thirty-six feet on both these streets, and •eighty-four feet in depth. O'Reilly granted to the town, in the name of the king, the whole of that space of ground, which was soon afterwards sold to Don Andres Almonaster on a perpetual yearly rent.15 It is still owned by his daughter, the baroness of Pontalba, who has lately covered it with buildings of an imposing aspect, by which she has considerably embellished the great commercial emporium to which she is indebted for her birth and wealth.
O'Reilly expressly prohibited the purchase of anything from persons navigating the Mississippi, or the lakes, without a passport or license.16 It was, however, permitted to sell fowls and other articles of provisions to boats and vessels, provided the fowls and provisions were delivered on the bank of the river, and payment received in ready coin.
Persons violating this prohibition were liable to a fine of one hundred dollars, and to the confiscation of the articles so purchased, one third of the whole being the reward of the informer.
p36 No change was effected in the ecclesiastical organization of the province. The old Superior of the capuchins, the reverend father Dagobert, remained in the undisturbed exercise of his pastoral functions, as curate of New Orleans, and in the administration of this southern part of the diocese of Quebec, of which the Canadian bishop had constituted him vicar general. The other capuchins were maintained in the curacies of their respective parishes.
It may be remembered that, in 1726, the Ursuline Nuns, by the agreement which they had made with the India Company, had bound themselves to take charge of the Charity Hospital in New Orleans. Displeased probably with this kind of service, the Nuns had, in the course of time, obtained from the Pope a bull releasing them, it seems, from their obligation, which had become merely nominal, being confined to the daily attendance of two nuns, during the visit of the king's physician.17 After having noted down his prescriptions, they withdrew, contenting themselves with the easy task of sending from their dispensary in the convent the medicines he had ordered. The Catholic king, to show his regard for this religious corporation, decided that two of the Nuns should be maintained at his own expense, for each of whom sixteen dollars was to be paid monthly to the convent out of his royal treasury.
Don Joseph de Loyola, who had come to Louisiana with Ulloa, in 1766, as intendant died in 1770, and his functions were discharged ad interim by Don Estevan Gayarre, the royal comptroller, or contador.
Don Cecilio Odoardo arriving with the commission of auditor of war and assessor of government, Jose de Urrustia and Felix del Rey, those two learned men in the law, who had been the advisers of O'Reilly, and who had p37been discharging the duties now imposed on Odoardo, departed for Havana.
Bobé Desclozeaux, who, on the death of Michel de la Rouvillière, in 1759, had acted as commissary general ad interim, remained in New Orleans by order of the king of France, with the consent of the king of Spain, to call in and redeem the paper money which had been emitted by the former colonial administration, and of which a very considerable quantity was still in circulation.
When Louisiana was ceded to Spain, there were pending in France several appeals from the judgments of the Superior Council. On the 6th of April, 1770, the king of France, through his council of state, declared that he could no longer take cognizance of said appeals, because, when parting with Louisiana, he had also parted with the first and most glorious of his rights, that of rendering justice in that province, wherefore he ordered that all the cases which might still be on the dockets of any of his courts, be transferred to the tribunals of Spain, by which they were to be decided.
O'Reilly thought it necessary, by a special proclamation, to re‑enact the Black Code which Louis XV had given to the province. This seems to confirm the opinion, that the French laws were considered by the Spanish government as virtually abrogated by the publication of the ordinance subjecting the colony to the laws of the Indies. A short time after, O'Reilly having completed the mission for which he had been clothed with extraordinary powers, and temporarily sent to Louisiana, delivered up the government of the province to Don Louis de Unzaga, and departed, on the 29th of October, 1770.
Judge Martin, in his History of Louisiana, says: "Charles III disapproved of O'Reilly's conduct, and he received on his landing at Cadiz, an order prohibiting p38his appearance at court." This assertion seems to rest only on the very fallible authority of tradition, and is certainly irreconcilable with official documents on record. Thus, on the 28th of January, 1771, the king of Spain sent to his Council of the Indies a communication, in which he informed them, that he submitted to their consideration all the acts of O'Reilly's administration in Louisiana, which he fully approved, but on which, nevertheless, he wished to have the opinion of his faithful council. The answer was: that the council, having carefully examined all the documents to which the king had called their attention, could discover in the acts of O'Reilly nothing which did not deserve the most decided approbation, and which was not a striking proof of the extraordinary genius of that general officer. Would such an encomium have been bestowed on him, if he had been even suspected of having excited the slightest royal displeasure? Not only all his acts, but also all his suggestions were sanctioned, with one solitary exception, which seems to give still more force to the sweeping commendation expressed, as to every thing else, by the king and his council. The exception is relative to the 6th article of section 5 on punishments, in which O'Reilly said: "The married woman convicted of adultery, and he who has committed the same with her, shall be delivered up to the husband, in order that he may do with them what he pleases, with this reserve, however, that he shall not put one of them to death, without inflicting the same punishment on the other." The council declared that this article, "The perusal of which had proved sufficiently disgusting to them, should be considered18 as of no effect, and as having never been written." p39This article, however, had not been devised by O'Reilly, but was borrowed from book 8 of the "Nueva Recopilacion de Castilla" (new digest of the laws of Castile). It is besides well known that O'Reilly remained high in favor at court, until the death of Charles III.
The motto on O'Reilly's coat of arms was "fortitudine et prudentiâ;" and he seems not to have been deficient in the possession of both these virtues. But there is hardly an instance, when blood shed in a political cause, whatever may have been the just and apparent necessity of it at the time, did not, sooner or later, rise from the earth, to cloud in the eye of the world the fame of the author or adviser of the deer. This has become an historical truth, and is confirmed by what O'Reilly's memory has suffered, in consequence of the execution of Lafrénière and his companions. He was not, however, the blood-thirsty tyrant that he was represented to be, and never, except on this occasion, in the whole course of a long public life, which was exposed to the scrutiny of those who hated him as a foreigner, and envied him as one of the king's favorites, did he ever give the slightest cause to accuse him of not having been always attentive to the dictates of humanity. His talents as a military man, and as an administrator when discharging the functions of a civil officer, cannot be the object of a doubt, and it must even be admitted that they were of a superior order.
When in Louisiana, he was no more than thirty-four or thirty-five years old. There he left a reputation of strict morality and military precision. Fond of pomp, and somewhat ostentatious in all his tastes, naturally gay, and animated with strong sociable dispositions, he, nevertheless, was not addicted to pleasure, and he devoted himself entirely to the business he had on hand. He was exceedingly prompt, exact and active, and he p40required the same qualifications in his subordinates. By a proper and systematic distribution of his time, to which he inflexibly adhered, he could get on, with astonishing ease and rapidity, through an immense deal of labor, and he left nothing to be done by others which he could do himself. He emphatically was a man of action, a lover of the camp, as his predecessor, Ulloa, was a man of study, a lover of meditation and scientific speculations. It was said that he endeavored, as far as possible, to see every thing with his own eyes, and, when he had to trust others, he never failed to descend into the minutest details of the duties which he expected them to fulfil. Not only was O'Reilly excessively urbane in his social and official intercourse, but distinguished also for the exquisite refinement of those courtly manners which have now almost ceased to be a reality, and the recollection of which will soon fade away into vague and dreamy traditions. But he was of an irritable temper, and liable to fits of haughtiness on the slightest appearance of what he supposed to be premeditated contradiction or opposition. Preserving all the vivacity, excitability, and sprightly wit of the Irish temperament, he was remarkably animated in conversation, and seemed to have a relish and a turn of mind for a good joke. He cultivated with sedulous attention the society of some families with which he seemed to be highly pleased, and which he always treated with deferential courtesy. Escorted by a few dragoons, his carriage was frequently seen driving at a rapid pace up the Coast, where he used, in his moments of leisure, to visit a family residing a few miles from the town, and in which he found himself in an atmosphere reminding him of that of the best European society. One day, when, according to his habit, he had provoked a keen encounter of wits with the lady of the manor, p41being stung by a sharp repartee, his hasty temper betrayed him, and he forgot himself so far as to say, with a tone of command: "Madam, do you forget who I am?" "No, sir," answered the lady, with a low bow, "but I have associated with those who were higher than you are, and who took care never to forget what was due to others; hence, they never found it necessary to put any one in mind of what they were." Nettled at this proud answer, Count O'Reilly departed instantly, but returned the next day with a good-humored smile, and an apology befitting a gentleman of his rank. Finally, he became a much valued friend, where at first he had merely been a guest, and, to complete the description of his character, it may be sufficient to add, that, whatever may have been some of his errors, he won esteem and affection wherever he was intimately known.
2 Martin's History of Louisiana.
4 Fuero means privilege — for instance, such as the fueros, or privileges granted (p4)to particular provinces, to corporations, to the military, or to the ecclesiastical body, &c., &c.
6 See art. Navarre, in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. XV, p743.
7 No penalty was decreed against the ecclesiastic by the civil authorities, because he probably had the privilege of being tried only by the tribunals of his holy order.
8 See the Letter of the Marquis of Grimaldi to the Count of Fuentes, at the court of Versailles. Gayarré's Louisiana, 3d series of Lectures, p264, vol. II.
9 En la 3aº Fha, en Nueva Orleans, 17 de Oct. de 1769, dice: "Que le parece conveniente (p19)que dicha colonia se gobierna por las mismas leyes que los demas dominios de S. M. en America, y que en lo militar, judicial y economico depende de la isla de Cuba."
10 See the Records of the deliberations of the Council of the Indies on O'Reilly's acts in Louisiana, which are in manuscript in the office of the Secretary of State at Baton Rouge.
11 Tenientes particulares de la Costa.
12 Arrestar y traer preso á cualquier tratante ó prófugo que por sus malos fines esparciese entre ellos desconfianzas de su verdadero padre, ni de la nacion que merece, entre todas las del mundo, el renombre de magnanima, piadosa y justiciera, y, en prueba de elló, manifestará la orden del Rey, para que ni aun de las naciones enemigas se sufra en sus estados esclavo Indio.
14 Que con todos los expresados ramos podran ascender los proprios de la ciudad á 2000 pesos fuertes. — See the Records of the deliberations of the Council of the Indies on O'Reilly's acts in Louisiana.
15 Martin's History of Louisiana.
17 Martin's History of Louisiana.
18 Se considerase como suspenso y no escrito el art. 6, que dice: "La muger casada que adultere y el adultero sean entregados al marido para que haga de ellos lo que quiera, con tal que no pueda matar al uno sin matar al otro." El cual causó bastante repugnancia al tiempo de leerse.
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chinook salmon, also called king salmon, spring salmon, quinnat, or tyee, (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) prized North Pacific food and sport fish of the family Salmonidae. It weighs up to 60 kg (130 pounds) and is silvery with round black spots. Spawning runs occur in spring, adults swimming as far as 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon. Young chinook salmon do not enter the sea until they are one to three years old. The chinook salmon was introduced into Lake Michigan of the U.S. Great Lakes with conspicuous success, creating a new sport fishery there after the virtual elimination of lake trout by sea lampreys.
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The word "tsunami" means "harbor wave" in Japanese. Unlike typical sea tides, tsunamis are usually caused by geological hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, undersea landslides, and, rarely, meteor impacts. Tsunami waves can sometimes exceed 100 miles in length, and travel at more than 500 miles per hour. Tsunamis come ashore as a quickly rising swell and flood low-lying areas.
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Sociological Theory 1 Question Paper
Exam Name: Sociological Theory 1
Course: Bachelor Of Arts (Sociology)
Category: University Of Nairobi question papers
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS 2009/2010
SECOND YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS
CSO 201; SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 1
26TH FEBRUARY 2010
INSTRUCTIONS ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS
1. Using appropriate examples show the relevance of the structural functionalism in the understanding of the Kenyan society.
2. To what extent do you agree with Karl Marx and Ralph Dahrendorf on social conflict?
3. Demonstrate clearly how Max Weber applied the various forms of social action to discuss bureaucracy and the Protestant Ethic
4. Discuss Herbert Mead’s perspective on the mind, self and society. Do you find his argument convincing?
5. “Kenya is mainly horizontally stratified.” Critically discuss this statement.
6. “Social life is basically governed by self interest and reciprocity.” Using the social change theory, discuss this statement.
More Question Papers
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Wednesday, March 25, 2009
Starburst spider dust deposits signal Martian spring
Spring is coming to Mars too, and as the carbon dioxide ice caps melt from above and below, it sublimates directly to gas.
In pictures released by the UA's HiRISE camera team today, it show's starburst spider-shaped deposits "believed to be formed by gas flowing beneath the seasonal ice to openings where the gas escapes, carrying along dust from the surface below. The dust falls to the surface of the ice in fan-shaped deposits." [right, Starburst Spider (ESP_011842_0980). Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona]
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Residential housing accounts for more than a quarter of the UK’s primary energy consumption. This is primarily in the form of space heating (typical 3 bedroom UK house 20,000 kWh per annum) with electrical demands being much lower at around 4,000 kWh per annum. The gradual tightening of building regulations means that modern housing consumes significantly less than buildings constructed even twenty years ago However, the turnover of housing stock occurs over a very long timescale in the UK. This creates a legacy problem where modern building regulations will not make a significant impact on the overall housing portfolio for many decades. Microgeneration technologies must therefore address both new build and existing housing to make a major contribution to CO2 reductions.
In order to appropriately implement microgeneration technologies into a housing development, the available resources as well as site specific constraints need to be understood. Furthermore, user behaviour plays a major role in the performance of microgeneration systems. As demonstrated by the animation of the ‘Smith’s house’ below, uninformed user behaviour can outweigh the benefits achieved by microgeneration systems.
This work formed a part of the FP6 IDCOP research project which focused on energy and buildings.
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Carbon monoxide can be a serious hazard to your home and to the people who inhabit it. This toxic gas can be difficult to identify, so it’s important to know its warning signs and how to work with HVAC contractors in Colorado Springs to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning in your home.
Dangers of carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless gas that can make you sick or – in the worst-case scenario – lead to death. Carbon monoxide in homes typically stems from burned fuel in cars, trucks, stoves, grills, fireplaces and furnaces. The gas that is released from these household items can build up in the air over time, causing damage to those who breathe in the air.
The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include headaches, dizziness, nausea and upset stomach, among others. These symptoms are similar to flu symptoms, so some people may not know they have carbon monoxide poisoning until it is too late. Because of this, 400 Americans die, 20,000 visit the emergency room and 4,000 are hospitalized from carbon monoxide poisoning each year.
Preventing carbon monoxide poisoning
Fortunately, there are several ways that you can reduce your family’s risk for carbon monoxide poisoning. To protect your home, consider the following tips:
- Install a carbon monoxide alarm: Having a professional HVAC technician install carbon monoxide alarms in your home is one of the most critical ways to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. Your technician will know that carbon monoxide alarms should be installed outside each bedroom in your home. Be sure to replace the alarms’ batteries every spring and fall when you reset your clocks.
- Inspect appliances: Your water heater, HVAC system and any other gas appliances should be inspected on a yearly basis to prevent carbon monoxide-related problems. A trusted HVAC technician will be able to check all of your appliances and airway systems to ensure they are functioning properly. To be certain that you never miss an inspection, make next year’s appointment as soon as this year’s check is complete.
- Be careful where you place your generator: Generators should never be placed inside a confined room, your basement or your garage. Keep your generator outside and at least 20 feet away from all windows, doors or HVAC vents. If you have questions about how close is too close, ask your HVAC technician for assistance.
- Make sure stoves and chimneys can ventilate: Debris can easily get stuck in in your ventilation system and cause a barrier that does not allow carbon monoxide fumes to exit your home. It is important to make sure there is a clear pathway in all of your ventilation systems that allows your appliances to vent while in use.
HVAC contractors in Colorado Springs can help keep your home and children safe from carbon monoxide poisoning by inspecting your appliances, installing carbon monoxide alarms and checking your ventilation systems. For more information on preventing carbon monoxide poisoning in your home, consult a trusted HVAC contractor by contacting BullsEye Plumbing Heating & Air today.
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Science is a subject that can seem intimidating to learn. Because of this, there is a reluctance to learn about the subject and some students may even strongly dislike the subject. Making science fun will not only make it understandable, it will create an interest in learning. Taking the stigma out of science can make it something students will enjoy. Making science fun can include:
- Hands-on Activities
- Showing How Science Relates to Real Life
- A Multidisciplinary Approach
- Being Creative
Field trips, lab work and projects add life to a course that is dominated by textbook work. There is an array of activities that can illustrate science principles. Make magic in chemistry class by demonstrating what different types of chemical interactions can create. Adding scientific games, model making and multimedia activities are a few ways to infuse fun into the subject.
Show Real Life Use of Scientific Principles
Science is filled with theories and formulas. Unfortunately, the highly-technical aspects may not spark an interest in some people or can get lost in translation for others. Put the theories and formulas into context. A reason science is difficult to learn has to do with the fact that students cannot relate. It can be hard to learn something when the concepts are not understood. Explain the scientific connection of what is learned in class to everyday life. Not only will this make it interesting, but students will have fun discovering that they are surrounded by science.
Take a Multidisciplinary Approach
Some students may enjoy a multidisciplinary approach. Discuss the time period when a particular discover was made. For example, talking about Louis Pasteur’s discoveries and how they were revolutionary at the time and the effects they have on the world. Another idea is to incorporate the use of journals. Journals will not only help to reinforce the material, it helps teach writing skills.
Remember that science is being taught to students that may not be science oriented. Integrate a creative approach. Label common ingredients with scientific names and devise experiments where students get to see the scientific process behind common activities. People tend to remember things that standout. Creating fun mnemonics can help with material memorization. Also, add humor to science. An unexpected dose of humor helps make science seem more approachable.
Science does not have to be boring, or a subject that causes anxiety for those that learn it. Taking a creative, fun and hands-on approach can ignite and interest in science. Following these tips to making science fun will not only make the material enjoyable, it will help students learn.
About the Author
Jo Harris is a writer and the Director of Content for the Morgan Law Firm,
an Austin, Texas divorce firm.
Please visit; Morgan Law Firm Blog for additional content.
Time is something that we have trouble keeping track of. Keeping accurate time is virtually impossible for the average person, but thanks to atomic clocks, we all can be in sync with the world. Our first Science in the News for this school year is entitled Keeping Accurate Time with Atomic Clocks. It helps students understand why accurate time is important and how complex it is to be so precise. This article is a preview of the Measurements issue of Spigot Science for Kids and Classrooms, which will be published in October.
To help teachers use this tool effectively, vocabulary, comprehension, research topics, and an activity are included with the article.
Science in the News is published monthly from September to May. Premium members of Spigot Science may download this and any of the other of the 13 articles to use with students. If you are not a Premium member, you can receive a significant discount on membership for a short time. Check out the details on the Spigot Science web site and sign up today!
Give her the vocabulary to describe the problem and talk about her feelings. One of the first steps in problem solving is being able to define the problem, including telling the other person how you feel. When children are young you are able to guess at how they may be feeling in different circumstances and verbalize their feelings for them. For example, when an infant struggles to reach a toy that’s out of reach you can say, “You’re frustrated that you can’t reach the toy.” When a toddler begins to cry after a favorite truck is taken away by a playmate you can say, “It makes you angry when Sam takes your truck away from you without asking first.” When a preschooler gets ignored by a group of kids on the playground you can say, “I bet you feel sad when other kids don’t give you the chance to play with them.” As children get older, they will be able to describe the situation they’re facing and how they feel about it. This is the first step in working towards a solution.
Give her choices from an early age. Kids that have strong problem solving skills think in terms of options. When you ask your child if she’d rather wear shorts or a skirt to school, if she’d like eggs, waffles, or yogurt for breakfast, or if she’d like to go to the park before or after she finishes her homework, you’re showing her that there are many answers to most questions. Instead of simply telling her what her next move should be, you’re encouraging her to think about the pros and cons of each choice and then make the choice that best meets the needs of situation. So when she’s faced with a problem she’s more likely to think about the possibilities that are available and not simply look to you or another person to solve the problem for her.
Practice problem solving in calm situations. Problem solving is a learned skill. Like other skills, the more kids practice it the better they become at it. Offering children ongoing opportunities to solve problems that don’t have a strong emotional charge is an effective way to teach them the process of assessing the situation, coming up with possible solutions, and deciding on the best approach. The good news is that your child brings you lots of non-emotionally charged problems throughout the day, although they may not look like problems on the surface. They usually look like “How do I do that?” questions. For example, your preschooler may say, “I want to bring my pony collection to show and tell tomorrow but I can’t find it.” Instead of asking her when she last played with it or suggesting she look in the black bin in the play room say, “You want to bring your collection to school but you don’t know where it is. Hum, what ideas do you have to solve that problem?” Kids love to come up with creative ideas that they can act on. Maybe she’ll make a map of where she played yesterday, maybe she’ll search each room from right to left or maybe she’ll ask her older sister if she’s seen it. The ideas she comes up with are less important than the process she’s learning to use.
Talk in positive language. Attitude means a lot when it comes to solving problems. When children are surrounded by positive talk it becomes a habit for them too. They look to the possibilities of a situation rather than the obstacles or limitations.
Model problem solving skills in your own life. Like most things, the best way to teach great problem solving skills is to model them for your child. Instead of figuring things out in your head, talk through even the smallest problems that you face throughout the day. This will give your child a good feel for the process, help her understand how brainstorming works, and show her that if Solution A doesn’t work out, you move onto Solution B then Solution C. By modeling this type of behavior you can teach her how to solve problems with a positive attitude.
Kids that have good problem solving skills are well equipped to deal with the problems that regularly come up in everyday life. Armed with a positive attitude and a solid understanding of the process, they can successfully tackle the challenges that they may face.
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1Consisting of sand or sandlike particles.
- In the Stretton Hills and on the Long Mynd there is a sequence of largely arenaceous beds, the Longmyndian Supergroup, whose age is unknown.
- Most of this arenaceous succession displays abundant trough and tabular cross-bedding.
- The characteristics and depositional environments of these mostly arenaceous formations are summarized in Table 1.
1.1 Biology (Of animals or plants) living or growing in sand.
- Massart speaks of it as occurring in the Algerian Sahara as a typical arenaceous plant.
- He asked his botany teacher if spinach is considered an arenaceous plant.
- The measurement of soil water content within the community shows that fugitive dunes can keep soil water effectively and that the selected drought-tolerant arenaceous plants, can survive under extreme drought conditions.
Mid 17th century: from Latin arenaceus, from arena, harena 'sand'.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of arenaceous in:
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Have you ever tried to transfer funds online through net banking? If yes, then you must have been asked to enter IFSC of the beneficiary bank. When writing a cheque, you must have seen a few numbers printed at the bottom part of the cheque, a part of these numbers are the MICR code. When transferring funds from a bank to another, you must have come across a term or system called as RTGS. So, what are IFSC, MICR Code, and RTGS?
Here we explain all the 3 above in detail.
- Indian Financial System Code (IFSC)
IFSC is an acronym of Indian Financial System code. It is used for online fund transfers. This is a code that identifies the bank and branch, where the beneficiary holds an account. IFS code is used for RTGS, CFMS, NEFT, and other internet fund transfer procedures. In the SFMS (Structured Financial Messaging System), IFSC is utilized as an addressing code and important for user-to-user message transmission.
- An IFSC code consists of 11 characters in total.
- The first 4 characters depict the entity.
- The 5th character is a ‘0’ (zero) that is kept for future use.
- The remaining 6 characters represent the bank branch. Using this code helps for swift and error-free electronic payments.
You can find IFS codes on the official website of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and that of the bank. For instance, you want to search for Bank of Baroda IFSC then simply visit the bank’s website and search for relevant section that will provide you bank-branches IFSC codes. Or, you can search for the same on the RBI’s website.
- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
MICR is the acronym of Magentic Ink Character Recognition. It is a technology used by the banking sector to process the cheques correctly by reading the characters that identify bank branch, account number, etc correctly. The magnetic printing of codes allow the characters to be read swiftly even if these are obscured or overprinted by cancellation stamps or other marks. This is why, the error ratio for magnetic scanning of cheques are lower than that for optical character recognition
- MICR code number consists of 9 digits. These are followed by a delimiter. The starting 3 digits represent the city.
- The following 3 digits represent the bank.
- The last 3 digits depict the branch. Every bank branch has a unique 9-digit MICR code for itself.
- This code accurately identified the branch and the bank, and is utilized by the RBI for cheque clearing process.
MICR characters appear in special typefaces with magnetic toner or ink. They contain iron oxide. The machine which decodes the MICR text magnetizes the characters and then passes over a MICR read head. This device is similar to a playback head of a tape recorder. The system can identify the characters as they pass over the head in a unique waveform.
- Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
RTGS is an acronym for Real Time Gross Settlement. It is a system for fund transfers. The transfer has to take place from a bank to another in real time. RTGS is the fastest possible money transfer option via a banking channel. The real time settlement allows the transaction to happen instantly and involved no waiting period. This is why, the payment if irrevocable and final.
- The beneficiary bank receives the funds as soon as the same is transferred from the remitting bank.
- This amount has to be credited to the beneficiary’s account by the beneficiary bank, within 2 hours of getting the message for fund transfer.
- The remitting bank, on the other hand, receives a message from the RBI that the transaction has been successful.
In case the money is not credited for a reason, the beneficiary bank has to return the amount to the remitting bank in 2 hours. The original debit entry of the customer’s account is then reversed. Not all banks in India are RTGS enabled. Thus, you need to check with your bank if RTGS facility is available for you or not.
The above-given is a detailed explanation of IFSC (used for electronic payments to identity bank branch), MICR code (used to identity bank and branch for cheque clearing process), and RTGS (real time fund transfer from a bank to another). While RTGS is a method of fund transfer, IFSC and MICR code are codes for fund transactions, online and offline (through cheques), respectively. | <urn:uuid:c44fb72c-39a3-49dd-8af0-34614a80c803> | {
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Leptodiscaceans (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) from the Pacific Ocean: First records of Petalodinium and Leptodiscus beyond the Mediterranean Sea.
Records of dinoflagellates of the family Leptodiscaceae (Noctilucales) from the Kuroshio Current, Philippine, Celebes, Sulu, South China Seas and the western and central Equatorial Pacific Ocean are described. Scaphodinium mirabile was the most common leptodiscacean. Two specimens that differed from the type species of Scaphodinium were found: one specimen showed a highly bifurcate proximal extremity and another showed two dissimilar proboscides fromthe distal extremity. Another unidentified leptodiscacean showed an arrowhead-shaped contour with the margins folded. Six specimens of Petalodinium porcelio were found, being the first record beyond the Mediterranean-Black Seas. Six specimens were tentatively assigned to the genus Leptodiscus, being the first record beyond the western Mediterranean Sea. The folded specimens that ranged from 90 to 120 mmin diameter and with a prominent flagellum were tentatively considered to be young specimens of Leptodiscus. The abundance of the leptodiscaceans is underestimated in the world’s oceans. | <urn:uuid:321d7c87-19f4-4863-a848-281c52ca1fba> | {
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The U.S. Department of Education released the “Nation’s Report Card”: state-by-state results from the 2005 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Did American public schools make the grade? The answer is an unsatisfying “not really.” While math scores are generally up across the country for fourth- and eighth-graders, reading scores are stagnant for fourth-graders, and dropping for eighth-graders. Racial achievement gaps are closing, but are doing so at a snail’s pace.
Response has been mixed, with President Bush calling the results “encouraging,” while others suggest the scores are nothing to celebrate. Both the U.S. Department of Education and the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction released statements with the usual political spin, but also expressed concern about the lack of reading achievement.
While some may claim that stricter federal standards have failed, Tom Loveless, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution (quoted in the Washington Post), cautions against tying scores directly to No Child Left Behind. “Let’s put it this way. Reading scores were flat and math scores on the rise before No Child Left Behind, and reading scores are flat and math scores are still up after No Child Left Behind. It’s impossible to know whether NCLB had an impact − either positively or negatively.”
What about North Carolina? Between 2003-2005, fourth- and eighth-grade math scores remained the same (with 47 percent of students proficient or above in fourth grade, and 39 percent proficient or above in eighth grade). Reading scores for fourth- and eighth-graders spiraled down (from 41 to 36 percent proficient or above in fourth grade, and from 31 to 29 percent proficient or above in eighth grade). Do we dare compare taxpayers’ annual increased financial investment with these results?
A recent data analysis by Education Trust singles out North Carolina for universally low reading performance, noting that in 2005, reading scores fell for every demographic group of fourth-graders. A report by the Public School Forum indicates that North Carolina was one of two states (along with West Virginia) that had statistically significant declines in the reading performance of both fourth- and eighth-graders
What about charter schools? Overall, NAEP scores reveal encouraging trends for these schools, with a caveat or two. According to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, charter students made particularly strong gains in reading, outpacing students in traditional public schools, whose scores have remained unchanged since 2003. African-American, Latino, and low-income charter students also read better than their fourth-grade peers in traditional public schools; in fact, Hispanic fourth-graders in charter schools posted 10-point gains over their non-charter counterparts. In eighth grade, however, NAEP scores show charter school students trailing their peers in public schools in reading and math.
In the end, how should we interpret these results? The bottom line is that well more than half of the public school students in our state − from all walks of life − can’t read at proficient levels. If that doesn’t galvanize us into reforming our schools, what will?
To learn more about student achievement, as well as the latest education news, visit the Alliance online at www.nceducationalliance.org. | <urn:uuid:ed66b75d-2b4a-451d-8ca7-e66f4bc7d043> | {
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One of the most delicious foods in world is tacos. Tacos are a traditional dish of Mexico, composed of corn or wheat tortilla. Its filling will vary depending on the region, but it can include: beef, pork, chicken, seafood, vegetables or cheese. What is your favorite taco? When you go to a restaurant what ingredients do you add? There are many options to eating a taco, but how did this delicious dish come to exist? What are its origins? Let’s learn the history of the taco.
The origin of tacos differs from one source to another, but the earliest evidence of this dish dates back to pre-Columbian Mexico. Anthropologists have found evidence that indigenous people of the Valle of Mexico ate tortillas with fish (fish tacos). A curious note is that when the Spanish conquistadors came to Mexico, Bernal Díaz del Castillo documented a taco feast enjoy between the Spanish and indigenous natives. Since its origins the taco has evolve, but since its origins the taco has united different families, cultures and races. Following this pre-Columbian tradition Yuma, Az. a taco festival will be celebrated on Sat. 04.12.14; this will be part of Yuma100th birthday party.
The Origins: The Taco
During the 18 century the mining of silver was a common job in Mexico, during this time the word “taco” meant a small, thick piece of wood or other material, with a rectangular o cylindrical shape; that had a variety of uses. Another form of “taco” referred to little charges (plug) use to excavate the metals; this was gunpowder wrap around a piece of paper, throw into holes.
Soon the miners began to bring chicken wrap around a tortilla, the miners soon began to call this dish tacos. The term became popular and a “new” dish was created, however it was not until the 19th century that the new definition was include. The role tacos have impacted cultures; consider one of Mexico’s main dishes, the taco comes in a variety of forms and can be eaten without the use of utensils.
The taco has come a long way, as previous mention; tacos were used by the natives of Mexico. The indigenous people would make corn tortillas and add fish, historians and anthropologist suggest that other fillings used were vegetables. Now a day, when we order a taco, we can choose from the following:
- Asador Tacos
- Tacos de Cabeza
- Tacos de Cazo
- Tacos Sudados
- Tacos Al Pastor
- Tacos Dorados
- Fish Tacos
- Shrimp Tacos
We just mention a few, we invite you to comment and let us know which ones are your favorites?
When we eat tacos we must not forget to have close by a good salsa, a good salsa will add flavor to the taco as well as texture. The use of ingredients like guacamole, cilantro, tomatoes, onions or lettuce; will make this already delicious dish, taste even better.
Yuma Taco Festival 04-12-2014
On April 12, 2014 Yuma will celebrate a taco festival, due to its 100th birthday. If you have never in a taco festival, we invite you to come and be a part of the celebration. This will be the Fourth Annual Taco Festival, the admission is free. The Taco Festival will also include:
- Taco and Salsa Contests
- Tequila Tasting
Come join the celebration! Remember is not every day you can celebrate YUMA 100th Birthday and after eating all the great tacos that will be available and enjoying the celebration. While there, if you are experiencing any dental problems why not visit Los Algodones, at Sani Dental Group, we offer affordable dental health treatment in Los Algodones - the dental tourism capital of Mexico.
For additional information please call toll Free 1-855-SANI-DDS or (928) 257-1307. | <urn:uuid:99216da9-d5c8-40d5-a106-934cf648a318> | {
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Definition of crackdown in English:
noun[usually in singular]
A series of severe measures to restrict undesirable or illegal people or behaviour: a crackdown on car crime
More example sentences
- Walsh said that the rise could be attributed in part to a Garda crackdown on juvenile antisocial behaviour.
- Police are hailing raids as part of a national crackdown on illegal drugs a success.
- Police have issued their first fines as part of a crackdown on illegal parking in Accrington.
Words that rhyme with crackdownclampdown • Ashdown
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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They slide on their bellies across the snow, congregate on icebergs and seem to fly through freezing water in search of fish. That’s how most people picture penguins, in Antarctica.
The southernmost continent has the most penguins of any region in the world, but it’s not the only place where you’ll find the tuxedoed bird. The Galapagos Islands, New Zealand and South Africa are three other WWF destinations where you can see penguins in their natural habitat.
Let’s first take a look at their most populous home, Antarctica …
If you go on a voyage through Antarctica, a highlight is zooming through the icy water in Zodiac landing craft to observe loud colonies of chinstrap, emperor, Gentoo and Adelie penguins. Chinstrap penguins are named for the narrow black band under their heads, and Gentoo penguins have white straps across the top of their heads. Emperor penguins can be identified by the pale yellow coloring of their ears and breasts, and Adelie penguins by their tuxedo-like appearance.
Magellanic penguins, Gentoo penguins and rockhopper penguins—named for their ability to leap over obstacles— live on the rocky cliffs of the Falkland Islands. Millions of king penguins—penguins with golden highlights on their heads and chests—live on the beaches of South Georgia.
The Galapagos Islands
The Galapagos penguin is the rarest species of penguin and is the only one found north of the equator in the wild. They are observed primarily on Fernandina and Isabela islands, thought they also hunt huge schools of fish just offshore of Bartolome Island. Cruising by panga (motorized boat) along Punta Moreno provide opportunities to look for penguins. Snorkeling around Sombrero Chino Island, you may also encounter a resident penguin family.
Several penguin species are unique to New Zealand and the Oceana region. The blue penguin is the world’s smallest penguin and is named for its unique color. Crested penguins are known for their brush-like feathers on their heads. As the name would suggest, yellow-eyed penguins have distinctive ashy eyes and stripe that runs around the back of its head. The penguins can be found around the South and Stewart islands; a cruise in Milford Sound provides the perfect viewing opportunity.
In 1982, a colony of African penguins settled on Boulders Beach in Cape Town. The colony of 3,000 penguins is now one of the mainland penguin colonies. African penguins have a black stripe and black spots on their chests. The pattern of spots is unique to each penguin, like a human fingerprint. These penguins roam freely on the beach, allowing for close encounters as you walk among the beach’s granite boulders. | <urn:uuid:7138f465-3988-448f-9e68-0def1fffa454> | {
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Back to the future
Riverfront project expected to serve as national model for reversing sprawl
Ask a social scientist about the roots of sprawl, and he’s likely to point to the 1950s economic boom, the rise of interstate highways and our American love affair with the automobile.
Ask William Abeloff, and he’ll point to 1606 and the London founding of the Virginia Company.
In a narration rich with historical detail and quotes from 17th century documents, the recent speaker at a meeting of the Western Henrico Rotary Club drew frequent parallels between modern suburban developers and London investors of centuries ago – from their identical urges to develop “far-off, underutilized real estate” to their intense focus on the bottom line.
“[The Virginia Company venture] wasn’t a venture into the unknown, or based on some romanticized ideal to develop the New World,” Abeloff told the group. “It was based on economics and the opportunity to create new sources of revenues.”
Reaching the falls of the James River a mere four days after the Jamestown landing, Captain Christopher Newport encountered a site that appeared made to order for his backers at the Virginia Company, who had instructed him to “find out a safe port in the entrance of some navigable river...and such a place you may perchance find a hundred miles from the river’s mouth, and the further up the better.”
The settlements that were soon to line the James in Richmond and Henrico, said Abeloff, can be viewed as examples of “the ultimate sprawl from downtown London.”
And just as Henrico played a key role in the growth of that four-centuries-old venture into a new nation, it appears that the county will soon join another trailblazing effort – one that could set a precedent for the rest of the nation in reversing the sprawl so devastating to modern cities.
Abeloff, who converted tobacco warehouses into loft apartments to form the largest historical rehabilitation project in the United States (Richmond’s Tobacco Row), has his eye now on a mile-long piece of riverfront straddling the city/county line at Rocketts Landing.
The run-down industrial district near the convergence of the Osborne Turnpike and Williamsburg Road, named for a ferry operated by Robert Rockett in 1730, was once the busiest port in the Western Hemisphere. But decades of neglect have left the once-bustling neighborhood languishing, said Abeloff, “like a piece of tarnished jewelry, practically right under our eyes.
“That industrial development has had the effect of cutting us off from that part of the river – with its large buildings and chain link fences blocking access,” he added. “That’s why if you haven’t cruised on the Annabel Lee riverboat or driven down Route 5, chances are you have never seen Rocketts and don’t even know where it is.”
What’s more, said Abeloff, “It’s about one mile of choice riverfront property within walking distance of Tobacco Row, Church Hill, Shockoe Bottom, Shockoe Slip and even downtown that today pays the grand total of $50,000 a year in property taxes to Richmond and Henrico.”
Abeloff’s plan calls for private investment of $250 million to develop almost 50 acres into commercial offices and residential units, a green waterfront park and promenade, retail space, restaurants, hotel and boat dock – “all with absolutely spectacular views of the James River and downtown Richmond’s skyline.”
Investors in the project include such prominent Richmonders as James E. Ukrop, E. Claiborne Robins, Jr., and Circuit City chairman Richard L. Sharp; among Henrico supporters of the plan, Abeloff numbers county manager Virgil Hazelett (a member of the Rotary group who voiced his enthusiasm for the project at the meeting) and members of the Board of Supervisors. In August, the Board voted unanimously to adopt a new mixed-use zoning classification that will pave the way for the Henrico portion of the project, which is slated for the first phase of development.
Another of Abeloff’s prominent allies is Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources Tayloe Murphy, a long-time conservationist who has hailed the project as a “crucial component of the emerging economic vitality of the City of Richmond...[and] a unique opportunity to address environmental, historic preservation and land development issues all at once.”
As Abeloff noted, environmentalists find it easy to embrace the Rocketts project because it promises to enhance the environment as it boosts the tax base – unlike typical developments, which reap #their economic rewards at the expense of negative environmental effects. Foremost among the economic benefits of Rocketts Landing, said Abeloff, will be an estimated annual tax yield of $6 million for city and county treasuries.
By the end of October, Virginia’s Department of Environmental Quality is expected to approve a plan of remediation for the project that Abeloff expects will become a model for brownfield development across the country.
“By re-using land so close to our downtown,” he emphasized, “[Rocketts Landing] represents an anti-sprawl project reflecting the best aspects of smart growth. It represents brownfield redevelopment at its best – the antidote to sprawl.”
On May 24, 2007 – 10 days after the celebration of Jamestown’s quadricentennial – Richmond will mark the 400th anniversary of Christopher Newport’s sail into the harbor. Abeloff hopes by then to have a riverfront village that will not only draw the locals to “live, work, shop and play,” but will pull Jamestown tourists up Route 5 and I-64 to see what Richmond has to offer.
A self-described “recovering lawyer,” Abeloff told the Rotary gathering at the Westwood Club that he grew up nearby in a red brick house at Club Lane and Libbie Avenue.
Perhaps the old golf course he had for a playground, or the horseback rides he took to Short Pump and back, Abeloff said, contributed to his interest in the environment and preservation. At any rate, he reflected, he and his fellow investors believe they have more at stake in the project than a simple return on investment.
“As I hope you can tell,” Abeloff concluded, “we at Rocketts Landing are out to create something for Richmond that goes beyond a simple real estate development. We’re trying to reclaim and re-use some of the most important, vibrant, historic property around.
“Most of us,” he said, “see this as an opportunity to do something great for the place we love – our hometown.”
Holman Middle School student Victoria Nguyen recently was named Miss Virginia American Coed Junior Teen after competing in the Miss Virginia American Coed pageant in Williamsburg. She was the youngest competitor in her division. Nguyen now will advance to represent Virginia at the 2015 Miss American Junior Teen Pageant at Walt Disney World in Florida in November. > Read more.
Companion Extraordinaire Home Care and Skilled Services will be honoring veterans and current military members May 14 at 11 a.m. The event will take place at 5311 Lakeside Avenue.
Companion Extraordinaire dedicated a hall in its new Lakeside office as a “Wall of Honor” and will be presenting 13 military service men and women with certificates as well as placing their service photos on the wall.
> Read more.
Public vote open through Friday to select winner
Citizen Staff Reports
Henrico resident Haley Malloy is one of three national finalists for a $10,000 scholarship, whose winner will be determined by the vote of the public.
Malloy is a finalist for The Goddard School Anthony A. Martino Scholarship, which is open annually to any high school junior or senior who graduated from a Goddard School pre-kindergarten or kindergarten program. Applicants are evaluated based upon the work ethic and perseverance they have demonstrated – two key characteristics of Martino, the founder of the Goddard School franchise system. > Read more.
Relax this holiday weekend with Fridays Uncorked at Southern Season – taste wines from the Roman Empire! Or at James River Cellars who is hosting “Experience Virginia” – sample Virginia wine, beer, cider and mead. And what goes better with wine than strawberries – an annual tradition in Varina, the Gallmeyer Farms’ Strawberry Fields Festival is tomorrow. Other fun happenings this weekend include: “A Little Princess” at The Cultural Arts Center at Glen Allen; weekly dance at American Legion Post 125; and National Theatre Live’s “Man and Superman” at the University of Richmond. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
Final performance of 2015 season – ‘Quartet’ – starts this week
CAT Theatre’s final show of its 51st season – Quartet by Ronald Harwood – will open May 22 and run through June 6. It will be the show’s Richmond-area premiere.
The theatre also announced its four-show schedule for its 52nd season, which will begin in October and continue into June 2016, and announced a new partnership with The Bifocals Theatre Project, an outreach program into senior communities in the Richmond region. > Read more.
It’s a beautiful weekend to spend outdoors and Henrico has many options to choose from! The 31st annual Lebanese Food Festival begins today on the grounds of St. Anthony’s Maronite Catholic Church. The MISS Foundation’s Kindness Walk is tomorrow, as well as the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation’s Great Strides Walk. Take a Sunday Stroll at Dorey Park with the Pocahontas Chapter of the Virginia Native Plant Society or raise money for the March of Dimes at the March for Babies in Innsbrook. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
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CalendarThe Modlin Center for the Arts at the University of Richmond will present National Theatre Live’s “Man and Superman” at 2 p.m. May 14 and 7:30 p.m. May 22 in… Full text | <urn:uuid:5f822358-450a-4f0a-9543-e97d3679d6a2> | {
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Follow the clues to find the mystery number.
What do the digits in the number fifteen add up to? How many other
numbers have digits with the same total but no zeros?
A church hymn book contains 700 hymns. The numbers of the hymns are
displayed by combining special small single-digit boards. What is
the minimum number of small boards that is needed?
This represents the multiplication of a $4$-figure number by
The whole calculation uses each of the digits $0 - 9$ once and
The $4$-figure number contains three consecutive numbers, which
are not in order. The third digit is the sum of two of the
The first, third and fifth figures of the five-digit product are
three consecutive numbers, again not in order. The second and
fourth digits are also consecutive numbers.
Can you replace the stars in the calculation with figures? | <urn:uuid:186cfd7c-511e-4753-8005-faf733a42b2b> | {
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As an African-American and the proud daughter of a woman who was a leader in the New York civil rights movement during the 1960s and 1970s, I am very sensitive to the issue of discrimination. However, I disagree with the Reverend Jesse Jackson's knee-jerk reaction to events in Decatur, Illinois. Officials there applied a zero-tolerance policy against school violence, where seven black students were expelled for engaging in mob violence last year.
A wiser move for the Reverend Jackson would have been to inquire if the expelled students were receiving a high-quality education. A direct correlation exists between the quality of education and student behavior.
Many expelled students have less-than-stellar academic records. A study conducted by the Educational Testing Services found students with discipline problems have lower test scores. Another study, conducted by the Center for the Study of Prevention of Violence in Boulder, Colorado, showed that a student's ability for success could increase with the proper prevention.
The Center also reported that restructuring schools to improve teaching and learning improves student behavior and reduces incidences of discipline referrals. The study further showed that expelling or removing students from their regular schools and putting them in an alternative education program is a successful intervention model. In the alternative program, they participate in behavior counseling and strong academic services.
Combining clear expectations and meaningful consequences in an effort to combat unacceptable behavior, along with the continued support of parents and school staff in providing a strong academic program, equals a successful equation for students with behavioral problems.
According to the National School Boards Association, a zero-tolerance policy toward school violence mandates pre-determined consequences or punishment for specific offenses, regardless of the circumstance or disciplinary history of the student involved. In my capacity as an elected member of the Fairfax County School Board in Northern Virginia, I've had many conversations with parents and students, so I know that the zero-tolerance policy has brought great comfort to them.
It is widely agreed that school discipline problems have a negative impact on academic achievement. Legislators, school board members and administrators are taking great strides to become proactive; they are anticipating and monitoring behavioral problems and preventing violence in our schools.
Does a zero-tolerance policy toward school violence add up? Yes. Many states report success in improving the school environment, particularly in drug and gun cases.
An example of a successful program is North Carolina's "School Violence: Let's Get It Out of our Systems." Between 1997 and 1999, state and local officials assumed a position of zero tolerance, passing legislation that imposed stiff legal consequences for possession of firearms on school grounds.
The North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation that required school districts to develop plans and provide direction to school-level administrators. As a result, state schools reported only 163 firearms cases during the 1996-1997 school year, down from 448 firearm cases during 1993-94. Although they acknowledge this figure is still too high, it reflects a policy that works.
A zero-tolerance policy works in keeping violence off the school property, but that will not unearth the root cause of antisocial behavior.
There is also the need for schools, parents, local organizations and the community as a whole to nurture their young so they feel less inclined to resort to violence. This is where community leaders like the Reverend Jackson could be most helpful. We need church and community leaders who are willing to meet with the parents of violent students to change current behavior and work toward setting an agenda that prevents future outbreaks.
I agree with Vincent L. Ferrandino, executive director of the National Association of Elementary School Principals, who said we must be honest and fair; if a mistake is made or a reaction is too severe, we should admit it and work to correct it. However, we should not apologize for upholding our communities' expectations for safe, orderly and drug-free schools.
Mr. Ferrandino has the right idea. Let's correct our mistakes and move on. But I think the Reverend Jesse Jackson was misguided in his efforts. He is needed, and he can be a tremendous support in building a safer school environment for all. The real issue is not discrimination, but how to ensure that every student gets a quality education.
The only way to guarantee a successful educational equation
is to begin with a safe environment.
(Rita Thompson is a member of the African-American leadership
network Project 21 and national media spokesman for Concerned
Women for America. She also serves on the Fairfax County School
Board in Northern Virginia. She can be reached at [email protected])
Note: New Visions Commentaries reflect the views of their author, and not necessarily those of Project 21.
to Project 21 Index Page
Return to The National Center for Public Policy Research Home Page | <urn:uuid:bc566cbd-0cc8-44d4-806c-588dcd274e0a> | {
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CCC/CRA Roadmapping for Interactive Technology
Interactive System Architecture Workshop
Submission deadline: June 14, 2010 - instructions
The XEROX Star, X, the MacIntosh and Microsoft Windows together have defined how people will interact with computers for two decades. The screen, keyboard, mouse, windows architecture has been the basis for an explosion of interactive development. However, with the advent of mobile computing, new screen technology, and new interactive devices that architecture is no longer adequate. Interactive systems architecture is caught in a local maximum that industry is not likely to escape unaided.
The system architecture defines what is easy to develop. It also defines what kinds of services can be implemented pervasively across many applications. Cut, copy and paste redefined how applications interoperate. Many more such pervasive features are possible but they rely upon innovative new architectures to support them.
TopicsRadical variation in display sizes are becoming the norm rather than a laboratory rarity. Applications must move between tiny cell phone screens to rooms with ten or more large displays. Computing power is portable and steadily increasing but adaptation to display capacity is severely limited. New display technologies will be wireless, dynamically assembled by users and widely varying among the many parts of a user’s life. The architecture must reflect this.
For the last 20 years new interactive techniques and devices have been invented, evaluated and demonstrated. These include, touch with multiple fingers, pens, gestures, new menu techniques and other approaches. Few of these interactive modalities have been deployed because the interactive system architecture cannot support them. If an input cannot be made to look like a keyboard or mouse the new technique cannot be used without rewriting all of the applications. New more flexible system models for interaction are required.
The architecture for interactive applications designed for one user, on one device. This does not reflect modern reality with many people individually owning and using many computing devices to work with diverse groups of people from many parts of their lives. Users interact in a many person, many device world but the underlying interactive system does not reflect this very human behavior.
Virtually every interactive application eventually divulges all of its information in the form of pictures. This makes information visible to people. However, this information is invisible or inaccessible to other programs. People can see information and can want to use it in other ways but such use must always be manual with individual labor because there is no architecture for sharing visual information between programs in effective ways. This architectural deficiency is particularly glaring when one attempts to assist users and leverage their abilities using machine learning algorithms.
Direct manipulation is the dominant interactive paradigm today. However, direct manipulation cannot handle the massive amount of information available to today’s user. Intelligent, learning-based assistance must amplify human effort. However, new interactive architectures are required to facilitate such assistance to reach into interactive applications to seek information or to perform actions on behalf of users. | <urn:uuid:9e11d751-2d46-4d69-b12b-44ee6fad21ea> | {
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A new study unveils worrying data about the increasing obesity rate across the nation.
In a report published by the American Journal of Medicine which collected nutritional data from the last 20 years, Americans have undergone a sharp decline in the amount of daily physical exercise performed. This information correlated with an increase in the average body-mass index (BMI) with the average caloric intake remaining relatively stable.
“At the population level, we found a significant association between the level of leisure-time physical activity, but not daily caloric intake, and the increases in both BMI and waist circumference,” said Dr. Uri Ladabaum in a recent statement. Ladabaum is the study’s lead author and an associate professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Researchers looked over National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data that showed a 32.6% increase from 1994 to 2010 in women who reported performing no physical activity and a 32.1% increase in the number of men who reported the same within that time frame. The average BMI also increased in both genders.
The study showed no significant increase in calorie intake during the 20-year time period specified, though data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and other studies have shown that Americans are presently consuming an average of 500 calories more per day compared to the 1970s. Though the amount is somewhat insignificant, researchers wonder about the types of calories Americans are consuming.
The fact remains, Americans are more sedentary than before. Coupled with an increased consumption of calorie-dense foods of refined carbohydrates and sugary processed foods, it’s easy to see why this multi-faceted problem needs attention.
What You Can Do to Stay Healthy
The nation’s increasingly problematic obesity epidemic is perpetuated by various factors that require awareness. Various studies pin the blame on easy access to high-calorie, low nutrient-dense foods and a downward slope in daily physical activity. The answer to a healthier you is simple: focus on better food quality and increase your daily physical activity. Physical activity and eating a balanced diet aren’t just for weight management, though. Both combined are crucial for your internal and external health.
At Innovative Therapy, we can teach you which combination of exercises and healthy living work best for you. Whether you’re struggling with a physical limitation or are simply ready to get into shape, we have the necessary tools and steps to kick-start your journey into a healthy and balanced life. | <urn:uuid:d24ed86f-1aca-4383-aa8f-71673d57dc93> | {
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The bundle branches are a part of the electrical system of the heart.
The electrical system controls the heartbeat and is made up of several parts that tell the ventricular muscle when to contract. The SA node starts the heartbeat, causing the atria, or upper chambers of the heart, to contract. The signal then travels through the AV node and the bundle of His and splits into the left and right bundle branches, directing the impulse to the respective left and right ventricles. The signals end at the Purkinje fibers causing the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, to contract. The usual flow of electrical signals produces a normal heartbeat.
If either the right or left bundle branch fail to conduct the impulse properly or cause a delay in the signal, it is called a “bundle branch block”.
Visit Sentara Healthcare for more information. | <urn:uuid:caa3621e-c637-42ca-8628-7718616dcc48> | {
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Online security is a critically important, and yet often underappreciated, aspect of a website’s success. See now what is HTTPS and why you should use it.
If you’re going to run an online store or an E-commerce website, you will obviously want to ensure customers that the information they give you on that site, including their credit card number, is handled securely. Website security is not just for online stores, however. While E-commerce sites and any others that deal with sensitive information (credit cards, social security numbers, financial data, etc.) are obvious candidates for secure transmissions, the truth is that ALL websites can benefit from being secured.
What is HTTPS?
To secure a site’s transmission (both from the site to visitors and from the visitors back to your web server), that site will need to use HTTPS – or HyperText Transfer Protocol with Secure Sockets Layer, or SSL. HTTPS is a protocol to transfer encrypted data over the Web. When someone sends you data of any kind, sensitive other otherwise, HTTPS keeps that transmission secure.
There are two primary differences between an HTTPS and an HTTP connection work:
- HTTPS connects to port 443, while HTTP is on port 80
- HTTPS encrypts the data sent and received with SSL, while HTTP sends it all as plain text
Most customers of online stores know that they should look for the “https” in the URL and to seek out the lock icon in their browser when they are making a transaction. If your storefront is not using HTTPS, you will lose customers and you will also possibly open yourself and your company up to serious liability should your lack of security compromise someone’s private data.
This is why pretty much any online store today is using HTTPS and SSL – but as we have just stated, using a secure website is not only for E-commerce sites anymore.
On today’s Web, all sites can benefit from SSL usage. Google actually recommends this for sites today as a way to authenticate that the information on that site is, indeed, coming from that company and is not someone trying to spoof the site somehow.
As such, Google is now rewarding sites that do use an SSL, which is yet another reason, on top of improved security, to add this to your website.
Sending Encrypted Data
As mentioned above, HTTP sends the data collected over the Internet in plain text. This means that if you have a form asking for a credit card number, that credit card number can be intercepted by anyone with a packet sniffer. Since there are many free sniffer software tools available, this could be done anyone at all with very little experience or training. By collecting information over an HTTP (not HTTPS) connection, you are taking a risk that this data could be intercepted and, since it is not encrypted, used by a thief.
What You Need to Host Secure Pages
There are only a couple things you need in order to host secure pages on your website:
- A Web server such as Apache with mod_ssl that supports SSL encryption
- A Unique IP address – this is what the certificate providers use to validate the secure certificate
- An SSL Certificate from an SSL certificate provider
If you aren’t sure about the first two items, you should contact your Web hosting provider. They will be able to tell you if you can use HTTPS on your Web site.
In some cases, if you are using a very low-cost hosting provider, you may need to switch hosting companies or upgrade the service you use at your current company in order to get the SSL protection you need. If this is the case – make the change! The benefits of using SSL are worth the added expense of an improved hosting environment!
Once You’ve Got Your HTTPS Certificate
Once you have purchased an SSL certificate from a reputable provider, your hosting provider will need to set up the certificate in your web server so that every time a page is accessed via the https:// protocol, it hits the secure server. Once that is set up, you can start building your Web pages that need to be secure. These pages can be built the same way that other pages are, you just need to make sure you link to https instead of HTTP if you are using absolute link paths on your site to other pages.
If you already have a website that was built for HTTP and you have now changed to HTTPS, you should be all set as well. Just check the links to make sure any absolute paths are updated, including paths to image files or other external resources like CSS sheets, JS files, or other documents.
Here are some more tips for using HTTPS:
- Point to all Web forms on the https:// server. Whenever you link to Web forms on your Web site, get in the habit of linking to them with the full server URL including the https:// designation. This will ensure that they always are secured.
- Use relative paths to images on secured pages. If you use a full path (http://www…) for your images, and those images are not on the secure server, your customers will get error messages that say things like: “Insecure data found. Continue?” This can be disconcerting, and many people will stop the purchase process when they see that. If you use relative paths, your images will be loaded from the same secure server as the rest of the page.
We offer services for WordPress SSL/HTTPS certificate installation. An important note to explain about SSL certificate is the fact the Google consider more sites with HTTPS while page rank and SEO. | <urn:uuid:ed767fdb-7197-4cc2-91ff-26c56b4805b3> | {
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A Blue Card is a stepping stone on the way to earning a merit badge. As the name implies it is a blue card. The card is made of three parts separated by perforation. When starting a merit badge the scout, or sometimes the [[Merit Badge Counselor|counselor]], will fill out the card with preliminary information like name, troop, council, etc. The counselor will then use the card to mark the scout's progress in completing the requirements of the badge. This could be done by a camp staff instructor at Camp Horseshoe or at any other time of the year by the Troop's merit badge counselor at a conference.
If the counselor believes that the scout has satisfactory completed the requirements then he will mark the card and tear off the "counselor's copy" section for his own records and give the remaining two thirds of the card to the scout or directly to Scoutmaster. The scout can now use that blue card at a Board of Review and attempt to finish earning the badge there. If the scout does not complete all the requirements (due to time restraints at camp, lack of knowledge/preparation, or prerequisites that have not been completed) then he will be given the entire blue card back and only partially marked off by the counselor. This is referred to as a "partial". A partial case be finished by the scout at a later date with a new counselor signing off on the remaining requirements.
At the Board of Review, the blue card will be used to finalize the acquisition of the badge. If the scout passes the board the blue card will be kept by the examiners. It will be filled out completely and the final tear will be made. One part will remain for the Troop's records while the other will be given to the scout along with his new badge at the next Troop Meeting. | <urn:uuid:a891dc92-4eb5-4b52-93dc-17554c63eead> | {
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The SEE Science Center is offering several different programs this summer!
Use the links to get all the details for each program.
A one-week science
camp filled with fun hands-on science exploration on four topics!
July 14th -18th or July 21st - 25th for Students entering grades 3-6 in the fall.
Campers will use LEGO® MINDSTORMS® kits to design, build, and program autonomous robots to explore challenges with real-world applications.
July 28 to Aug. 1 or Aug. 11 to 15 For ages 9 -14
Students will create an "Invention & Discovery" stop motion animation film using LEGO® bricks & minifigures to share with family and friends
August 4-8 For ages 8 -12 | <urn:uuid:4ace9e6b-6ffc-4e63-905b-cd408e8d318d> | {
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What is it?
What is intermittent fasting?
Intermittent fasting is a pattern of eating that switches between periods of eating and not-eating (fasting). You’re probably already doing it! Sleeping is a form of fasting and is even how breakfast earned its name (break-fast… get it?).
Intermittent fasting is about when you eat, not what you eat. Don’t think about it like a conventional diet, it’s more like an eating pattern.
Is intermittent fasting natural and safe?
Intermittent fasting makes sense when consider how our hunter-gatherer ancestors lived.
Often, our ancestors would have to go for extended periods of time without food. As a result, our bodies evolved to survive for long stretches without regular meals and we adapted to the fasting lifestyle. Today, food is everywhere and our eating styles just aren’t in sync with our evolution. As a result, we’re missing out on the benefits of intermittent eating to improve health, protect against disease and manage weight.
Why Intermittent Fasting?
Weight loss and Healthy Living of Course!
Weight loss benefits
Intermittent fasting is one of the most efficient ways to lose weight - without relying on crazy diets, cutting out major food groups or missing out on food treats.
Usually, your calorie intake stays the same across fasting and normal days (it’s just eating times that change), meaning there’s no need for intimidating diet changes.
Simply put, intermittent fasting is effective as a weight loss routine because it’s simple and generally easier than normal dieting.
Healthy living benefits
Help prevent chronic ailments like type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Improve cellular repair (which affects everything from better skin to brain health).
Lower blood pressure and even asthma symptoms.
From 'Fed' to 'Fasting'
Your body has 2 states when it comes to eating and digestion – the ‘fed’ and ‘fasting’ state. Intermittent fasting is all about harnessing these states to help you achieve your weight and health goals.
Hours After Eating
Fed State - Calories In
- Food digestion
- High glucose levels
- Storing fat
Intermittent fasting is all about unlocking the power of the body in the fasting state. In this stage, the body burns stored fat for energy.
Hours After Eating
Fasting State - Calories Out
- No digestion
- Low glucose levels
- Fat burning
Achieving a fasting state is how so many people lose fat without changing what, or how much they eat.
How to handle hunger and stick to intermittent fasting
If you’re anything like us, the idea of going 12 or more hours without a meal just seems impossible. People new to intermittent fasting often worry about managing hunger and keeping energy levels up. Here’s a few beginner tips and tricks to help get over the hunger hurdle.
A balanced, quality diet
Be sure to stick to a healthy mix of whole foods, full of protein, fats and carbs. Be careful with the carbs though - most easily accessible carbs are refined, meaning they lack bran, fibre and other nutrients (think white bread, pizza dough & pasta). These burn fast and will leave you hungrier, sooner.
Naturally control appetite
Natural supplements like calocurb can help you stick to intermittent fasting. This 100% plant-based supplement uses hops flower to help you manage hunger, control cravings and stay focused when you need it most.
Slowly increase your fast by delaying your fast-breaking meal just an hour or two at the start. Your body will slowly adapt to the new routine.
Stay active & hydrate
This one goes for all diets really, but staying active will help avoid eating out of boredom and accelerate your fasting state.
Similarly, hunger signals can actually be dehydration in disguise. Stick to the recommended one gallon of water per day.
To help manage hunger on your intermittent fasting journey, use the code FAST for a 15% discount.Buy now | <urn:uuid:5d3c69e2-3a44-4afd-af02-642dd4f57374> | {
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It's a good time to STOP SMOKING this time around after so many failed or abortive attempts .. Let us look at these facts :
Smoking has been targeted as a major public health problem in the United States and the world since 1979 when the US Public health service named it as the number one cause of preventable disease and early deaths in Americans.
In 1982, the Surgeon General, C. Everett Koop, made the statement that smoking was "the most important public health issue of our time." Fortunately the public believed the information and data, and smoking has continually decreased during the last two decades, and thousands of people have successfully quit smoking. Still, there are millions of people who have continued to smoke, many who are long time hard-core smokers, and thousands of teenagers who begin to smoke each day.
For many years the cigarette manufacturers fought the data that cigarettes are harmful to your health while evidence increased that cigarettes were responsible for a high percentage of deaths from heart disease, lung cancer and emphysema.
Now the manufacturers have been successfully sued by the various states to help compensate for the high cost of health care by the states for the treatment of diseases attributed to smoking. Taxes on cigarettes are being used for a wide variety of health care costs. Some of these taxes are also used in prevention campaigns aimed at encouraging young people not to start smoking.
Let us answer these questions ...
- Are you embarrassed and annoyed because your family and friends or your physician are always urging you to stop smoking?
- Are you worried about your health such as getting lung cancer or heart disease if you don't stop?
- Have you become discouraged because you have tried in the past and could not stop, or restarted after a short time?
- Do you think that you are so addicted that there is no hope for you?
- Are you determined to stop smoking now?
If you answered yes to ANY of the above questions and really would like to stop smoking, there are many things that you can do to stop. Many people have successfully quit on their own, while others have benefited from attending group programs that help with information and encouraging tips. Surprisingly, almost 90% of ex-smokers stopped on their own. Some of these had tried stopping many times. Each time you try to quit, the chances are better that you will stop smoking.
Facts about SMOKING :
- Recent surveys show that 25 percent of all American adults smoke.
- More than 430,000 deaths in the United States each year are attributable to tobacco use, making tobacco the No. 1 cause of death and disease in this country. (United States)
- Smoking prevalence among adolescents has risen dramatically since 1990, with more than 3,000 additional children and adolescents becoming regular users of tobacco each day.
- Nationwide, medical care costs attributable to smoking (or smoking-related disease) have been estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be more than $50 billion annually. In addition, they estimate the value of lost earnings and loss of productivity to be at least another $47 billion a year.
- It would cost an estimated $6.3 billion annually to provide 75 percent of smokers 18 years and older with the intervention—counseling, nicotine patches, nicotine gum, or a combination—of their choice. This would result in 1.7 million new quitters at an average cost of $3,779 per quitter—a move that would be cost-effective in relation to other medical interventions such as mammography or blood pressure screening.
- Epidemiologic data suggest that more than 70 percent of the 50 million smokers in the United States today have made at least one prior quit attempt, and approximately 46 percent try to quit each year. Most smokers make several quit attempts before they successfully kick the habit.
- Only 21 percent of practicing physicians say that they have received adequate training to help their patients stop smoking, according to a recent survey of U.S. medical school deans published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The majority of medical schools do not require clinical training in smoking cessation techniques. It is hoped that this guideline will serve as a call to action.
Here are some things for you to try on your own if you want to stop smoking.
- Get plenty of rest. Smoking is one of the hardest addictions to overcome and you need all the energy you can get.
- Addictions may be related to brain chemistry imbalances. Good nutrition is very essential, especially during the time you are trying to form new patterns of behavior.
- Some habit patterns such as smoking often have triggers that go along with them. For example, sitting in a favorite chair or getting a cup of coffee, then automatically reaching for a cigarette. Try to look for these trigger emotions or habits that go along with your smoking so that you can avoid them.
- Avoid being around others who smoke while you are trying to break the habit.
- Decide on a stopping date. Tell others when it will be so they can encourage you.
- Throw all your cigarettes and any related items such as your lighter or matches away. Do not put them where you can get them again "if you need them".
- Do not drink or use any beverages or medicines that contain caffeine or alcohol. During the time you are trying to break your cigarette habit, using any other addicting substances will cause you to be less successful. In addition, this is a good time to strongly consider giving these habits up also, as they are strong stimulants to smoking.
- Drink plenty of water and juices during the first week you are quitting. Try to drink at least 6 glasses of water per day. Getting the nicotine out of your system is helped with increased amounts of drinks that do not contain caffeine or alcohol.
- At any time during the day that you are at work and crave a cigarette, take a drink of water and go for a 10-20 minute walk. If you are at home, take a cool shower. It is difficult to smoke while in the shower.
- Eat simple foods such as salads, fruits, vegetables, and whole wheat breads. Avoid overly spicy and rich foods because they may contribute to the craving for a cigarette. Avoid foods made with white flour, white rice and refined foods. Without the complete vitamins, especially B vitamins, the body often develops cravings.
- Do not skip breakfast and then go for a "coffee break". This is a sure time to need a cigarette. Instead, eat a hearty breakfast of cereals, fruit and whole-wheat toast. Avoid high fat foods such as bacon and eggs and pastries.
- Go to bed early. An adequate rest may naturally help to reduce the need for a cigarette to keep you calm.
- Thoroughly air out your house; sleep with the windows open.
- Don't wish that you could have "just one more smoke". Remember that you have just given up a disgusting habit that could kill you, and gained a freedom that will be with you for life, and improve your health dramatically.
- If someone knows that you smoked in the past and offers you a cigarette, tell them that you are an ex-smoker. This reinforces your decision to be a non-smoker.
- Ask God to help you. Many people fail at quitting smoking, but God honours those who trust in Him and he will supply all your needs, and help you overcome this habit if you ask Him.
This is what it looks like :
So, Good Luck for your effort and may Allah give you strength to STOP SMOKING FOREVER ... | <urn:uuid:65726be8-604c-44c2-af74-bb4466bbe09f> | {
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A mediaeval artisan might easily have kept a daily record of how many different prayers he prayed and how often he repeated them. For a composer of the nineteenth century, with its belief in unstoppable progress and human supremacy, to behave in this fashion is certainly unique. But Anton Bruckner, though accepting the harmonic and orchestral achievements of the Romantic period, did just that; he did not really belong to his time. Even less did he fit in with the Viennese environment into which he was transplanted for the last 27 years of his life. The elegant and rather superficial society he encountered there must have thought the naive, badly dressed fellow with the 'wrong' accent a rather pathetic oddity.
Bruckner had indeed come from a very different background. The little village in Upper Austria, Ansfelden, where his father was a schoolmaster, was not far away from the great and beautiful monastery of St Florian. The young Bruckner followed in the footsteps of his father for a short time; but St Florian possessed one of Europe's finest organs, and young Anton, whose talent for music was discovered early, became an organist. The experience of hearing and playing this magnificent instrument became central to his whole life. He spent many hours there, practising and improvising, and eventually his playing was so exceptional that he made successful tours of France and England as an organ virtuoso. He had lessons in theory and composition, and started composing fairly early in life, but he felt the need for more instruction in counterpoint and became for several years a most diligent pupil of the famous Simon Sechter, visiting him every fortnight in Vienna. Many years earlier and shortly before his death, Schubert had also wanted to study counterpoint with Sechter, but of course he was wrong; most of his life work was already done, and works such as his early Mass in A flat showed him in no need of such lessons.
Sechter forbade Bruckner to compose a single note in order to concentrate entirely on his innumerable exercises, and here Bruckner, who had in the meantime advanced to the post of organist at Linz Cathedral, showed one unfortunate trait of his character, perhaps acquired as an altar-boy: utter submission to those he considered his superiors. He obeyed. But when he had finished his instruction with Sechter and took lessons with the conductor of the local opera, Otto Kitzler, who introduced him to the magic world of Wagner, music poured out of him. Now forty, Bruckner composed his first masterpiece, the wonderful Mass in D minor, followed by two other great Masses, and Symphony No. 1. His reputation reached Vienna and he was appointed to succeed Sechter as Professor of Music Theory.
Bruckner had ample reason to regret his move from Linz to Vienna. He, the fanatical admirer of Wagner, was innocently dragged into the rather silly conflict between the followers of Brahms and those of his beloved Wagner. So he made many enemies, most cruel of whom was the critic Eduard Hanslick, whom Wagner caricatured as Beckmesser in Die Meistersinger. But though adversaries did him harm, his friends and admirers hurt his works much more. All his young students were gifted Wagnerians and they thought Bruckner's music needed to sound more like Wagner, and that it needed other 'ministrations' such as large cuts as well. They considered their beloved Master to be a 'genius without talent'.
Many of those misguided admirers, such as Artur Nikisch and Franz Schalk, became famous conductors and they set about making these enormous scores acceptable to the public � and it must be said that the master, who was desperately anxious to be performed, often agreed and sometimes even became an accomplice to their mutilations. But he also left his original scores to the National Library with the comment 'for later times'. His own insecurity made him constantly revise his works, especially Symphonies No. 1-4. As a result, we are confronted in many cases by several versions of the same work. Sometimes the later versions are a definite improvement, as with the Fourth Symphony; and sometimes, in my opinion, the first version is superior, as with the Second and Third Symphonies.
One who deals with eternal things is in no hurry, and therefore performers and listeners must also allow plenty of time. Whereas Mahler, who died three years before World War I began, was the prophet of insecurity, �Angst� and the horrors we live in, the deeply religious Bruckner sings of consolation and spiritual ecstasy (Verz�ckuug) � but not exclusively. In some of the Eighth and most of the Ninth Symphonies, he expresses agony, perhaps doubt.
Bruckner's music touches the innermost recesses of the human soul. In this way he reminds me of Dostoyevsky. This quality is probably the only thing the compulsive gambler and epileptic sinner has in common with the celibate 'country bumpkin'.
Symphony No. 9
Unfinished masterpieces sometimes assume a new life of their own. For instance Schubert, who left more unfinished works than anyone else, may have had his reasons for not completing his marvellous Quartettsatz, but now it stands by itself as a complete work. Nobody knows for sure why he did not complete his Symphony No. 8, but the score of part of the third movement and the sketches for the fourth were certainly not worthy of the superlative first and second movements. When he sent the two finished movements to his friend H�ttenbrenner for performance in Graz, in gratitude for having been elected an honorary member of the local Music Society, he must have decided they could be performed by themselves.
The already ailing Bruckner spent the last two years of his life trying frantically to complete the Finale of his Ninth. It is not meant cruelly when I say that I for one am glad that Fate did not grant him his wish, because the material intended for the Finale is just as unworthy of what is perhaps Bruckner's greatest music as is the unfinished material of Schubert's Eighth. The various efforts of the brilliant scholars who have recently made performing versions of Bruckner's Finale will be of entirely historical interest.
The mystery and horror of death permeates these three movements of the Ninth Symphony. As in the Requiem aeternam of Mozart's unfinished Requiem, the key of D minor dominates this first movement. After a soft Din the strings and woodwind the eight horns softly proclaim their merciless sentence. A desperate outcry in remote keys is followed by restless soft modulations at first in the strings, with echoes in the oboe. Then the intensity increases and with very bold harmonies the whole orchestra reaches the main theme in a loud unison (a relative of the one in the fourth movement of Symphony No. 4). The tempo broadens with a gentle tune in A major with glorious harmonizations. The third theme-complex starts again in D minor. Eight bars before Letter H in the orchestral score the three two-bar phrases in B minor, G minor and E minor seem to me the only rather weak bars in this tremendous movement. The exposition ends in F major with a mysterious B natural in the second violins pizzicato, and the flute. This unusual combination may have influenced Schoenberg in his Chamber Symphony No. 1.
The desperate outcry reappears more than once, but as a whole the development section is rather calm. After an increase in tempo and strength the main tune appears again in greatly embroidered shape, as a recapitulation mixed with a continuation of the development, as often in Bruckner's work. The lovely second tune appears again in the main tonality. A "schoolmaster" cadence introduces the superlative coda ending, as in the Mozart Requiem, with a terrifying open fifth, D-A.
In the Scherzo there is a frightening pizzicato dialogue between the first violins and the cellos, accompanied by mysterious harmonies and 41 bars of an uninterrupted pedal-point on C sharp, at first only in the oboe, then reinforced by a trumpet. At last the key of D minor is established with a mighty stamping in the whole orchestra. A jolly tune follows quite unexpectedly in the oboe, but the gloomy terror returns, and this unique Scherzo ends with a merciless conclusion in D minor.
The Trio is perhaps the only truly fast music the mature Bruckner wrote. It sounds like a spiteful kind of Mendelssohnian fairy music, followed by an expressive phrase with magnificent harmonies. Then the stamping Scherzo returns. The whole movement seems to me filled with devilish terror.
The Adagio, a heartrending farewell to this world, starts with an agonized melody where the minor ninth sets the mood. Mysterious harmonies in the Wagner tubas, instruments invented by Wagner for The Ring, with a timbre halfway between horns and trombones, are followed by solemn trombones and finally the woodwind, in an obviously intentional quotation from Parsifal. Gradually a crescendo leads to an unusual climax, for everyone except the Wagner tubas, where the trumpets proclaim twice a strange dotted signal, repeated three times. Eventually the tubas enter with an extremely slow, soft descending tune.
The tempo slightly quickens in a lovely G flat major passage. A flute over a chord in the tubas leads to the recapitulation. A beautiful string passage gradually leads to the climax with the three trumpet signals (but this time only once). The lovely G flat major passage returns in A flat after a fermata. Bruckner continues with a part of the main tune. Then there is a mysterious string passage which might have influenced Vaughan Williams in his Tallis Fantasia. A very slow section contains a quotation from the Miserere of Bruckner's first masterpiece, the Mass in D minor. After a mighty increase in sound a desperately dissonant climax is reached. In a subsequent passage Bruckner seems to have miscalculated orchestrally. However perfectly the fourth Wagner tuba plays, his part simply sounds out of tune because the cellos are simultaneously embroidering the same melody. Gradually peace returns and at the unearthly ending the tubas quote his Adagio from Symphony No. 8, followed by the horns with the first tune from Symphony No. 7. I for one do not want to hear anything after this most moving of all farewells�
ReviewsThe Austrian conductor Georg Tintner was 82 when he died last autumn. Happily, he had just finished recording the whole cycle of Bruckner symphonies for Naxos. It will surely be his long-standing monument... The big transitions proceed naturally, with no awestruck hiatuses between paragraphs. Seasoned Brucknerians will be regularly astonished by how smoothly geared the next musical move comes, and how potently. - David Murray, The Financial Times, January 2000 | <urn:uuid:d09ec86b-ba67-48a6-b052-16b5c7594cff> | {
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If you are looking for a fun way to support students as they develop and understanding for an Open syllable type, this is the resource to purchase.
Included in the resource:
Information for presentation of the skill - Open syllable;
Review sounds: word lists;
Sentences and two passages that include open syllable words;
Coding skills practice; and
Visuals of a bull dog named Rosie. Rosie is the star of this syllable resource!
Students enjoy this "packet" because as they work to comprehend and code open syllable type. The use of a dog on the pages, that relate to the syllable types is more fun!
If you would like to view Closed Syllable with Rosie, the Bull Dog, then click on the link:
Learn Close Syllable Type with Rosie, the Bulldog!
Would you like to view even more multisensory lessons?
Then, you will love to see a great multisensory bundle of 65+ lessons listed at a great savings? Do you want to use a Orton Gillingham Multisensory approach to teach your students BUT have so much less time because of State demands on teachers? Then, click on the link below and view
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Emergency OG Substitute Lesson Plans 1-4
Emergency OG Substitute Lesson Plans 5-9
Syllable Types Graphic Organizer
"re- "prefix unit
cle - Syllable Type
Any questions just email me at [email protected] . Thanks for taking the time to preview this product and others.
M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC), CDT
Key Terms: reading assessment; back to school; blending lessons; bossy r syllable; closed syllable; change Y rule; consonant -le syllable; c-le syllable; consonants; consonant blends; comprehension; digraphs; dictation; decoding; doubling rule; Doubling rule; dyslexia; extra help for reading; Elizabeth Foggin; E rule; expressive language; Foggin; foggin; FDU; Fairleigh Dickinson; Fairleigh Dickinson University; function words; FSZL rule; fszl rule; Greek roots; help in reading; help with reading; IMSLEC; IDA; IDEA; IEP goals; IEP objectives: Know the Code; know the code; Latin roots; LD; Liz Kenny; liz kenny; long vowels; L blends; R blends; S blends; multisensory; multisensory education; multisensory activities; metacognitive skills; morphology; NJIDA; OG tutor; OG tutoring; og tutor; og; OG; OG professional development; og professional development; OG bundle; open syllable type; Orton Gillingham; Orton-Gillingham; Orton tutor; OG therapist; open syllable; parent help; parent help with reading; parent resource for reading; parts of speech; paragraph development; passage comprehension; prefixes; processing speed; phrases; reading; reading fluency; reading games; reading fluency practice; reading help; reading specialist; reading bundles; reading coach; receptive language; roots; schwa; SCHWA; schwa knowledge; short vowel lessons; sentences and reading passages; short vowel lessons; sight words; sentence combining; sentence writing; sentence development; short vowels; special education; special education curriculum; special education teachers; special needs and reading; spelling; syllable types poster; speech training; speech therapy; structural analysis; structured language literacy; supplemental resources or support for teachers using Wilson® reading program; supplemental activities for teachers using Wilson® reading; reading practice; R-controlled syllable; Turner Syndrome; teacher support; parent resources for reading; vocabulary; vocabulary development; vowel consonant e; vowel team syllable; vowel diphthongs; vowel diphthong; VCE syllable; vowel posters; vowel lessons; writing; writing activities; written expression; writing strategies; word lists; word patterns; worksheets; Y rule; y rule | <urn:uuid:04dc894b-7d0b-448f-aa4d-0f5130895741> | {
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Heatstroke is a condition that occurs when the body isn’t able to cool itself quickly enough and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels. Children are at great risk for heatstroke because a child’s body heats up three to five times faster than an adult’s. When the internal body temperature reaches 104 degrees, children’s organs start to shut down. And when it reaches 107 degrees, the child can die.
Every 10 days, across the United States, a child dies while unattended in a hot car. It only takes a few minutes for a car to heat up and become deadly to a child inside. As summer temperatures rise, more kids are at risk – the death toll this summer has already exceeded 20.
As parents, we often have conflicted feelings about safety: On the one hand, we can sometimes be too cautious, overestimating our child’s level of risk of a particular danger. And at the same time, we can completely dismiss certain hazards, assuming our child would never be affected. This is especially true of one particular kind of accident.
As a technical advisor at Safe Kids Worldwide, where I work closely with families to help keep kids safe in and around cars, I dread hearing my work cell phone when it dings in the middle of the night or on a weekend. Unfortunately, that “ding” is often an e-mail telling me that yet another child has died because of heatstroke. | <urn:uuid:da6595da-5d71-4076-bb4e-c98dc86454e6> | {
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One of the most prominent themes in mrs dalloway is time and the the essay continues, and he shows that the days of mrs woolf, mrs brown and mrs dalloway. Suggested essay topics and study questions for virginia woolf's mrs dalloway perfect for students who have to write mrs dalloway essays. Mrs dalloway essays: over 180,000 mrs dalloway essays, mrs dalloway term papers, mrs dalloway research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research. Mrs dalloway essays - entrust your papers to the most talented writers no fs with our high class essay services professional scholars working in the company will do.
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One glance at virginia woolf’s bibliography tells you that she was preoccupied with exploring the relationship between time and space for example, in the same year. Representations of clarissa and septimus in virginia woolf’s mrs dalloway characters’ minds are explored over time the aim of this essay is to. Dalloway is a day-in-the-life story that folds back and forth in time, examining one woman's life decisions and one man's postwar nightmare the woman is clarissa. Mrs dalloway essaysin her novel, mrs dalloway, virginia woolf explores the theme of appearance versus reality and its effects through the perspective of her. The importance of time in virginia woolf s mrsdalloway essaymodern english novel theme: the importance of time in.
Modernism and virginia woolf’s novel mrs particular period in time and it expressed in new feminist essays on virginia woolf” mrsdalloway offers a. Page 2 mrs dalloway – virginia woolf essay by incorporating her characters through time and psychology, woolf shows her characters in flux, rather than static. Read this essay on mrs dalloway by virginia woolf one of the most prominent themes in mrs dalloway is time and the distinction between two types of time. | <urn:uuid:dde4104f-8fe9-4225-a141-ca015f937fbe> | {
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Steve Tvedten's "The
Bug Stops Here"
Ants are the most dominant group of social insects. In the savanna of the African Ivory Coast the density of ants is more than 7,000 colonies and 20 million individuals per hectare. Ants belong to the insect Order Hymenoptera and are close relatives of bees and wasps. Throughout the world there are over 20,000 species of ants, but only about 50 are known to be pests of the food or structures of man. Except for the polar regions and a couple of islands, they flourish on all land areas of the earth, from rain forests to deserts. All pest control technicians become involved with ant problems at some point in their career most commonly because ants are found foraging or nesting inside structures - or because swarming ant reproductives are confused with swarming termites. Only a comparatively small proportion of ants cause damage - only these ants are considered to be pests around our homes and buildings because they feed on and contaminate our food stuffs, damage our wood structures, build unsightly mounds in our lawns and even fewer ants are aggressive and are able to inflict painful bites or stings. Most ants are extremely beneficial cleaning up mess after mess and up to 95% of all weed seeds! (They truly are nature's little garbage collecting ladies.)
Foraging - Ants are omnivores and eat a wide variety of food, including other insects, seeds, nectar, meats, greases, sugars and honeydew. Honeydew is a liquid produced by plant-sucking insects, such as aphids or plant , mealy bugs (groups of small insects with a white powder clinging to them), scale insects, and plant hoppers. These insects feed in groups on plant stems and leaves. Many species of ants protect these aggregations from other insects. Ants are a part of this pattern; they also take drops of honeydew continuously produced by the small sap-sucking individuals . Some ant species appear to just wander randomly; others trail each other precisely from colony to food and/or water source and back. Most ants follow structural guidelines as they travel, rather than in a straight "beeline". Ants communicate with each other using different methods, including pheromones, touch and stridulaton (sound production), for transmitting messages. Workers foraging for food attract attention and communicate their messages when they return to the colony. Honey seems to really attract honeydew-eating ants. Add 5% or less boric acid or sodium borate or food-grade DE to make an excellent sweet bait which has both a food attractant and a convenient moisture source.
ANT CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT - The best control for ants is cleanliness. The ant's greatest enemies are other ants. It is important to note that all of the ants found indoors, only a few species are responsible for the majority of infestations; some species are not common inside a structure but appear sporadically; and other types of ants are found inside only under rare or accidental conditions. While the third group is difficult to prepare for, the first group will be studied, discussed, and control experiences analyzed. The middle group may take an inordinate amount of your time, with inconclusive results. These elusive ants may appear several times in one year, then not be encountered for several years. Some are more or less common in some regions and uncommon in others. Remember, most ant infestations originate outside the building.
I have found schools that have been sprayed with various volatile, synthetic pesticide poisons once a week for 15 years or more without every getting "control". Ants are the most common cause of callbacks for the pest control industry, so why use their volatile poisons?
Inspection - The key to virtually any ant control is to find the nest. All ants are social insects that
live cooperatively in a colony. Large numbers of ants can be killed without ever solving your pest infestation.
Keep a daily log or record of where ants are seen. Bait the workers with jelly, peanut butter, cut-up
crickets, oils, proteins, etc., and follow them back to their nests, or inspect with a yellow or red light at night.
Sprinkling food-grade diatomaceous earth, Comet® or Tide® laundry powder/soap or planting mint and lavender or lightly spraying Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint around the building or dog runs are a delightful deterrents/repellants.
Caulk all wall penetrations and mortar masonry cracks. Wall penetrations include utility lines, air conditioning, refrigerant pipes, phone lines, etc.
Tighten all door and window frames. Sprinkle food-grade DE, talcum powder, baking soda, Comet® and/ or medicated body powders where the ants are entering.
Repair water leaks. (Remember, carpenter ants love to nest in insulation, especially if it is damp.)
Trim all shrubbery and branches away from house. Remove mulch.
Remove any firewood that is stacked close to buildings; boards, stones, etc. that encourage nesting; screen openings in hollow pillars, columns, and ventilators.
Control ant-tended aphids and mealy bugs with Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with (or without) Peppermint diluted ¼ oz. per gallon.
Intelligent Pest Management®
Conduct a thorough inspection. Spray and/or mop with borax. (Use ½ cup of borax per gallon of hot water. Remember to keep borax away from plants, surfaces/areas that food, children or pets touch.)
Consider the species when choosing bait. Some excellent all purpose bait choices include Light Karo Syrup, cornstarch, honey, molasses, peanut butter and/or jelly. Use baits with non-volatile stomach poisons, e.g., boric acid, borax or sodium borate. Baits are excellent in critical areas, e.g., computer or hospital rooms. Mix (5% or less) food-grade DE, boric acid (or borax) into any food you see the ants eating - if the ants die by the poisoned bait - use less boric acid or borax - be careful not to allow children, pets or wildlife to eat these toxic baits. Remember to routinely switch from carbohydrate back to protein baits, or use both. Do not spray or dust around baits. Never store baits or bait materials where they can be contaminated with any other odors, especially smoke or fumes of volatile pesticides. Ants and other insects can detect minute amounts of foreign or repellent chemicals and will avoid chalk lines, calcium chloride, baking soda, food-grade DE, Comet®, talcum powder and other dusts.
Fire Ant Repellent: Lightly sprinkle baby powder with talc or food-grade DE on shoes, socks, cuffs and legs to protect yourself.
INTELLIGENT CONTROLS FOR ANTS
Be sure to trim all branches that touch or overhang the building and caulk all visible cracks, crevices and other openings. Make ant barriers with petroleum jelly, Comet®, talcum powder, food-grade DE or medicated powder. Maintain routine and thorough sanitation. Caulk all openings to the exterior and install door sweeps.
Routinely clean with Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint (1 oz. per gallon) and/or borax (½ cup per gallon of hot water), empty garbage and vacuum daily. Carefully caulk/seal all cracks and crevices where a nest is suspected. Properly store food and garbage. Vacuum up all visible ants.
Lightly sprinkle food-grade DE, talcum powder, baking soda, Tide® soap or freshly ground pepper or calcium chloride (Comet®) outside and lightly dust with talcum or Comet® or calcium chloride dust or baking soda or medicated body powder or food-grade DE inside along the edges and in all remaining cracks, crevices and sill-boxes. Keep food and garbage properly stored away from ants. Improve drainage. Trim all branches that touch or overhang the building. Put bands of Tanglefoot ® or STP® oil treatment or petroleum jelly around the perimeter of infested trees.
Mix 45% baking soda and 45% powdered sugar and 10% dry active yeast or powdered vitamin C and place the bait mix wherever you see ants. Mix 5% - 10% food-grade DE in honey or (fermenting type) molasses. The only way to eliminate ants permanently is to destroy the queen(s).
Spray ant trails with diluted Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint or Lemon Joy® or vinegar or perfume or sprinkle talc or food-grade DE or freshly ground pepper or calcium chloride (Comet®) or baking soda, or draw a line of chalk or petroleum jelly where you do not want them to cross. Properly install and maintain dehumidifiers. Eliminate moisture problems and improve ventilation.
Spray all visible ants with diluted Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint (1 oz. per quart of water) or vacuum them up.
Spray nests with white vinegar, Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint or Fantastic®, or sprinkle them with talcum (baby) powder, calcium chloride dust, medicated body powder, food-grade DE, Comet® or crushed chalk. Fumigate with carbon dioxide or steam them. Finding and then eliminating the nest is the most effective ant control technique.
Make your own fresh borax or boric acid baits using their preferred foods, e.g., a liquid bait can be made with ½ teaspoon (or less) of boric acid in 2½ fluid oz. of honey or corn syrup or molasses - heat and stir until the boric acid or borax is dissolved completely - mix in at least 1 - 2 equal parts of water (dilute the bait more if you see dead ants by the bait) then put in small vials or lids or small tin foil "cups" where you have seen ant activity - but safely out of the reach of children, pets and wildlife. Bait until control is achieved (usually borax or boric acid baits should have 5% or less boric acid or borax).
Ants in your pet's food? Draw a line of white chalk or petroleum jelly around the dish.
Mop the floors with ½ - 1 cup of borax or baking soda per gallon of hot water. Keep crawling children off the borax cleaned floor!
Flood or drench all outside nests with 3 gallons of warm water and 4 oz. of Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint or carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide or diluted orange juice or steam. Be sure landscape mulch is 2" or less. Remove all debris.
Ants in voids or hollow trees - Dust with talcum powder or food-grade DE and then fill the cavity with aerosol foam insulation. Put bands of Tanglefoot ® or STP® oil treatment or petroleum jelly around the perimeter of infested trees. Eliminate all moisture problems.
1 gallon of orange juice plus 2 gallons of water plus 2 tablespoons of dish soap.
Several 2-liter bottles of Coca-Cola.
3 gallons of warm water and 1 - 2 oz. of Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint.
Mix 10% salt and some white pepper or Tabasco® sauce in water and spray to repel ants.
Blend one clove of garlic, one onion, one tablespoon of cayenne pepper and a quart of water. Steep mixture for one hour, strain, add a tablespoon of liquid soap and spray it for ant control.
Wash kitchen surfaces with vinegar or baking soda solution. Sprinkle baking soda, calcium chloride, bone meal, chili powder, talcum powder, Tide® soap, and/or powdered charcoal in and around suspected points of entry.
Pour a line of any of the following where ants are entering the building: baking soda, calcium chloride or Comet®, cinnamon, talcum or chili powder, bone meal, medicated body powder, food-grade DE, cream of tartar, red chili pepper, salt, Tide® soap, dried mint or sage, cucumber peelings, or simply draw a line of chalk.
Mix of 10½ oz. of water, 3 oz. of hot sauce, 1 oz. of Safe Solutions, Inc. Enzyme Cleaner with Peppermint. Spray where ants enter the home or building.
Spray them with virtually any cleaner you have. Create a barrier with petroleum jelly or STP® oil treatment.
Leaving a large piece of peanut brittle in the sun can trap literally thousands of small sweet-eating ants on the sticky surface per Howard Rustin.
Other Alternative Baits
Combine: 1 part active yeast, 2 parts molasses and 1 part sugar. Mix the ingredients well. Drop a teaspoonful on several small squares of white paper. Place the paper squares along ant trails where they will not be disturbed. How does it work? The ants are attracted to the sugary feast and consume it readily. The action of the yeast, however, produces gas in their bellies and they can not rid themselves of it. They essentially pop. The best part of this method of alternative pest control is that it utilizes no volatile poisons which could harm you or your family or your pets.
Mix ½ cup molasses and ½ cup peanut butter and 1 packet of active dry yeast.
If you are still seeing ants, read The Best Control© or The Best Control II© on CD-ROM - there are many other controls available.
Note: Some products mentioned can be purchased at at Safe2Use | <urn:uuid:e73573ae-7c45-4091-885b-5a96ca2ee8b3> | {
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The US Environmental Protection Agency has established a Central Data Exchange (CDX) to serve as "a central point which supplements EPA reporting systems by performing new and existing functions for receiving legally acceptable data in various formats, including consolidated and integrated data." XML is identified as the preferred format for data submission, though flat-file and EDI formats are accepted. With the cooperation of several states, information is sent to the legacy systems and made available for wider access. Several provisional XML DTDs, XML schemas, and data dictionaries have been developed. Critical environmental data on EPA facilities, air, water, waste, and toxic substances are submitted via XML and posted to the central CDX database. Specifically, CDX "provides production data flows for the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), National Air Emissions Inventory (NEI), and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR). Several others including Interim Data Exchange Format (IDEF) for the Permit Compliance System (PCS), submissions under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), [and Safe Drinking Water Accession and Review System (SDWARS)] are in development." The EPA is also developing an XML-based Environmental Data Registry (EDR) for defining data elements mapped to XML element types. The EDR is "a comprehensive, authoritative reference for information about the definition, source, and uses of environmental data supporting the creation and implementation of data standards designed to promote the efficient sharing of environmental information."
The CDX Implementation Guidelines (IG) for UCMR explain the methods of interacting with SDWARS through CDX The EPA's UCMR XML application is presented in "EPA Implementation Guidelines for SDWARS/UCMR. Volume IV: XML Format." It "documents the specifications for submitting data for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) program to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) using Extensible Markup Language (XML) standards. Only laboratories that are registered with EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX) can submit data to the Safe Drinking Water Accession and Review System/UCMR (SDWARS/UCMR), the information system that supports the collection of data for the UCMR." Appendix A provides the UCMR XML DTD, Version 2.1. Appendix B supplies a UCMR File Structure Tree Diagram. Appendix C contains the UCMR Data Dictionary: XML DTD, Version 2.1. Appendix D provides an UCMR XML Instance (an example XML file based on the UCMR XML DTD, Version 2.1).
Under the Environmental Data Registry, "XML tags will be established for all EPA standard data elements. [As of 2002-04] a draft set of XML tags for the data elements included the final EPA data standards is under review. These tags will be registered in the EDR as alternate names for the data elements and can be found on the data element detail page for each of the EPA data standards. An XML tag name will be identified with the Name Context of 'Draft XML tag.' The XML tags proposed for standard data elements are draft and subject to further development. Those using these tags should be sure to deploy them in systems and business processes that can be readily changed or modified to reflect the evolution of the data element tag formation conventions.
- EPA CDX main website
- Central Data Exchange (CDX) reporting website
- "EPA Implementation Guidelines for SDWARS/UCMR. Volume IV: XML Format." Reference: EP001S4. EPA 816-R-01-022C. December 2001. 81 pages. With two DTDs and a sample XML instance. For general instructions on using XML, see "Volume I: Introduction to CDX and UCMR Submissions." [cache]
- UCMR XML Document Type Definition, Version 2.1
- Draft XML Tags for Data Elements Included in EPA Data Standards [cache]
- "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Central Data Exchange (CDX)" - Main reference page | <urn:uuid:1f12cb46-31b8-49d0-9448-e50a8d8fd7a4> | {
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In this category, you will find an alphabetical list of important pathogens.
A pathogen is anything that causes a disease in a person, animal or plant. Scientists have identified numerous pathogens. They divide these infectious agents into five categories, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminths.
The first three are considered microorganisms; these pathogens are studied in the field of microbiology. Protozoa and helminths, or worms, are parasites, so they fall under the umbrella of parasitology.
The characteristic features of a pathogen are the way it is transmitted, how it replicates, the method it uses to cause disease and the response it triggers. Once they enter a host, pathogens can grow in various areas of the body, causing damage in an assortment of ways.
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Bipin Chandra Pal was among the first to vigorously articulate the new philosophy of organized resistance to British rule. On the first anniversary of the "Swadeshi Movement" and "Boycott Movement" in 1906, Bipin Chandra Pal with a modest capital of Rs.500/- took the bold decision to launch an English Daily, "Bande Mataram" which was to create a special niche for itself in the history of our freedom movement. Bipin Chandra Pal invited Arbindo Ghoshe to join the Editorial team of "Bande Mataram". Arbindo Gosh readily accepted. "Bande Mataram" now could boast of a highly talented editorial team with Bipin Chandra Pal as Editor, Arbindo Gosh as Assistant Editor and Hemnendra Prasad Ghoshe, Shyam Sundar Chakravarthi and Bijoy Chatterjee as Assistants. Thus was started the unique political partnership of Bipin Chandra Pal and Arbindo Ghoshe. Arbindo Ghoshe was a powerful writer and master of the written word. He preferred to work behind the scenes. Bipin Chandra Pal on the other hand was a powerful orator and loved to be on stage amidst the people. Both these outstanding leaders understood and complemented each other.
In an article in "Bande Mataram" dated September 18, 1906, he wrote: "If we may not oppose physical force by physical force, we may yet make the administration in India absolutely impossible any day. Our ideal is freedom, which means absence of all foreign control. Our method is passive resistance which means an organized determination to refuse to render any voluntary and honorary service to the Government".
Writing in the same journal in the same vein in April 1907, Arbindo Ghoshe elaborated: "The struggle with the Government may take two forms violent and non-violent. Wresting our demands from the Government by use of force and causing harm or damage is violent resistance. Refraining from helping the Government in every way is passive resistance. To create a deadlock in the administration by passive resistance was the program of work of the extremists". | <urn:uuid:20e668da-853a-4d85-8c6b-f94e5c17ba5f> | {
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Sumatran Orangutan Report
This 18-month study explores opportunities for a more sustainable pathway to development in key orangutan habitats in Sumatra, and looks for reconciliation between forest and biodiversity conservation and economic progress. Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra focuses on two pilot sites — Tripa swamp and the mountain forests of Batang Toru — both of which host significant orangutan populations.
The assessment quantifies the economic trade-offs between unsustainable and sustainable forms of land use, and considers the role of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) and broader payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes in achieving balanced conservation and development objectives.
The results of the study indicate that the move towards more sustainable forms of development based on a consideration of the full value of ecosystem services provided by forests and other ecosystems may not reduce the relative proportion of income opportunities for governments although an increase in economic opportunities for local communities is foreseeable. Improving human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities are central to shifting towards a Green Economy.
Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra (2011)
Collaborating Partners: GRASP, ICRAF, Yayasan Ekosistemi Lestari (YEL), PanEco | <urn:uuid:7682dd26-ba64-498f-9223-e2966a4bf3f1> | {
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Posted by Ashly on Thursday, April 19, 2012 at 2:54pm.
What is 0.375 as a fraction in lowest terms ?
- Algebra(please and thanks you ) :) - Ms. Sue, Thursday, April 19, 2012 at 3:08pm
375/1000 = 3/8
Answer This Question
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- algebra - Simplify each complex fraction. Reduce each answer to lowest terms. ab... | <urn:uuid:3f3d10f3-639e-4499-9d4f-1d8bc07599a0> | {
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What Is It?
By now I’m certain you’ve heard of the Heartbleed bug. If you haven’t, then you should know that it is a flaw found in one of the most common open source SSL implementations on the internet that COULD allow an attacker to get sensitive information from the web server. A successful attack could expose the server’s SSL private keys that would allow the attacker to decrypt the data traveling to the site, such as usernames and passwords.
As of now there have been no confirmed attacks using this bug, but an exploit of the bug is completely untraceable so there’s no way to be certain if a site has been targeted.
Places to learn more:
LastPass and the Heartbleed Bug
How Heartbleed Works: The Code Behind the Internet’s Security Nightmare
How can you tell if a site is affected?
First, you need to figure out how vulnerable your data might be. There are several lists of vulnerable sites that you can manually search through and several online tools that can be used to check specific sites (lastpass and SSL Labs have two particularly useful tools, linked below). There is a Chrome extension that can help identify vulnerable sites as you visit them. The folks at www.Mashable.com have a “hit list” of sorts that lists several sites that they have had direct communication with and recommendations as to what you should do to protect yourself on those sites.
Since Google’s Android operating system is built on open source principles, it is heavily integrated with OpenSSL so any Android device may be vulnerable to this bug as well. Lookout Security has developed a tool to check your device for vulnerability (linked below). If your device is vulnerable you will have to wait for an update for the device.
How can you protect yourself now and in the future?
Once you’ve identified what sites you’ve used that contain sensitive information, you need to change your passwords. You should make sure that they have patched their systems before you change your password for good but many experts are saying that you should change the passwords now just to be sure that any data captured in the last 2 years is safe.
Many systems online were not affected at all because they run on server platforms that don’t use OpenSSL (like Microsoft IIS). These sites have not been compromised by this bug and you should make your own judgment as to whether or not you should change your passwords. If you have used the same username and password combination on an unaffected site as you have on an affected site, you should change your password on both, and make sure they’re different this time.
If you have two factor authentication in place (which you should on any service that supports it) you are at an advantage since even if someone has your username and password they don’t have your second authentication method (typically an app or a text to your mobile phone). You should probably still consider changing your passwords on these sites to be safe.
If you use a password manager (like LastPass or Keepass) then you should most likely regenerate new passwords for your important sites. If you’re using LastPass, they have updated their app to include a tool that will automatically alert you of the Heartbleed status of any sites that you have saved or generated passwords for and give you suggestions as to when you should change their respective passwords.
You should never use the same logon and password for two important sites (like your banking site and your email). If you are using the same information on multiple sites that are important to you, you should change them now so that they are different.
The best thing you can do is not panic and stay aware of the current status of this bug. Keep checking the status of your frequently visited SSL enabled websites and if any of your important sites aren’t patching their systems, find a different company to do business with. | <urn:uuid:ababdd72-020a-4774-b7aa-686cdf190420> | {
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Family: Podicipedidae, Grebes view all from this family
Description ADULT In summer, has gray-brown plumage, palest on flanks and neck. Bill is pale gray with a striking black band. In winter, plumage is more orange-buff, particularly on neck. Throat is pale and bill is uniformly yellowish gray. JUVENILE Has head stripes at first, but after molt acquires plumage like winter adult.
Dimensions Length: 12-15" (30-38 cm)
Habitat Widespread and common. Breeds on well-vegetated ponds and lakes and in winter moves south to ice-free similar freshwater habitats.
Observation Tips Usually indifferent to observers but seldom remains at water surface for long.
Range New England, Rocky Mountains, Southwest, Northwest, Plains, Great Lakes, Alaska, Texas, Western Canada, Florida, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Eastern Canada, California
Voice Utters various clucking and chattering calls.
Similar Species Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus (L 9-10 in) recalls a tiny version of Pied-billed Grebe but note the darker plumage overall in summer, beady yellow eyes (dark in Pied-billed), and daintier bill. Locally common only in southern Texas, on well-vegetated ponds and lakes.
Discussion Stocky, plump-bodied grebe. Note the pale "powderpuff" of fluffy feathers at rear end. Bill is proportionately large and thick; black band is absent during winter months. Dives frequently for small fish and aquatic invertebrates. Sexes are similar. | <urn:uuid:f5258e73-dcac-4c11-9b08-024049ecbf8d> | {
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(Inkwell MCT subscription)
With one name, the fortunes of pitchers’ health changed forever. For baseball pitchers, their throwing arm is the most vital part of the body and without a healthy arm, a pitcher is nothing. The shoulder and elbow are the most important part of the throwing arm for pitchers, because they are used with the most violent motions in repeatedly throwing a baseball over time. Between the two, the elbow is what needs more care as a more fragile part of the arm. Tommy John, pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers at the time, was dealing with “dead arm” which was the most common term for a pitcher that had a torn ligament during most of the 20th century. John had the first surgery to repair his ulna collateral ligament (UCL) in his throwing arm’s elbow, by Dr. Frank Jobe in 1974. The surgery is now simply called, Tommy John surgery, and it has completely revolutionized the health and longevity of pitchers.
The UCL is like a strong rubber band, as it is a thick band of tissue. If you overuse or stress a rubber band, it will stretch too much and snap. The same goes for a UCL, it and can be injured by stretching, tearing or dislocation. Stress is easily accumulated over time on the UCL, as it is located on the inside of the elbow and connects from your upper arm (humerus) to a bone in your forearm (ulna). Though baseball pitchers are the most common people to injure their UCL, anyone who is giving repetitive stress on their elbow is able to hurt their UCL. Athletes who use a throwing motion a lot are most likely to need Tommy John surgery. These sports besides baseball include softball, football, javelin throwing and even tennis for its repeated use of the elbow.
Tommy John surgery is performed by an orthopedic surgeon. A small incision is made on the inside of the elbow to remove the damaged ligament and the surgery usually takes an hour to two hours long. Dr. Douglas Andrews has overseen many Tommy John surgeries in his time working with athletes and physical therapy. Andrews earned his BS in Athletic Training and Health Science from Armstrong Atlantic State University in 1997, and went on to earn his BS in Education and Exercise Science at the University of Georgia in 2000. Most recently, he was the Doctor of Physical Therapy at Emory University in 2003 and worked at Duke University as a physical therapist until 2011. Now, he is the Director of Sports Medicine at Optim Healthcare. Dr. Andrews explained Tommy John surgery:
The surgeon is basically trying to replace the Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) in the elbow. They take a tendon graft from either the Palmaris Longus muscle in your forearm, hamstring tendon in your thigh, or from a cadaver. This decision is based on whether or not you have a palmaris longus tendon (not everyone does) and if it is large enough to use effectively as the replacement for the UCL. The torn UCL is completely removed as it no longer has any function or purpose. There are different surgical techniques depending on the surgeon’s training and preference, but for a pretty standard procedure the surgeon will drill a hole or tunnel in the ulna bone and the humerus in an attempt to re-create the anatomical position of the native UCL. One end of the graft will then be inserted into each tunnel and secured with a screw and/or various sutures to hold it in proper position and with appropriate tension sufficient to stabilize the elbow. The graft is often doubled over to provide extra support and can be wrapped across the joint in a figure-eight fashion if it is long enough.
Caleb Woods, sophomore at Armstrong Atlantic, relies on his arm for success as a pitcher for the Pirates baseball team. As a freshman, Woods was a key contributor to the pitching staff, appearing in 19 games and starting six of them. He finished the season with a 6-2 record, with a 4.15 earned run average and added four saves. Woods was second on the team with 56.1 innings pitched in his first season of collegiate baseball.
Over the summer, Woods was simply playing long toss with teammate Corey Crunk, when he knew something was wrong. “I felt a pull and a tingle in my elbow, but there was no pain until the next day,” Woods said. “The next day I couldn’t really bend my arm and my elbow was really swollen.”
Woods rested, but threw on and off for about a month with his injured arm. The pain was still there and swelling would show up, so he finally saw the doctor. After examining his elbow, the doctor immediately knew an MRI — a medical technique to view internal structures of the body in detail — was needed, and the results were devastating.
“The MRI showed that my elbow was so bad, that my UCL was completely severed and it popped off the bone,” Woods said. On July 29th, 2013, Woods had Tommy John surgery and 10 days later he began doing rehab. Woods also had to wear an arm brace that kept his arm and elbow in place and the movements progressed over time. He started with his elbow at a 90 degree angle and had to move from zero to 135 degrees during rehab.
“I do rehab five days a week for an average of two hours every time, and have to do it for a total of 32 weeks,” Woods said. “I can begin throwing a baseball 16 weeks after surgery and I’m projected to be ready to go again in nine to 12 months.”
(Woods’ scar healing weeks after surgery. Photo courtesy of Caleb Woods)
Ken Tessier, head athletic trainer at Armstrong, oversees the rehab that Woods must do strengthen his elbow. Tessier is in his third year as Armstrong’s head athletic trainer, and worked at Savannah State as their head athletic trainer and USC Aiken as an assistant athletic trainer, prior to Armstrong. In 2002, he earned his bachelor’s degree in physical education with a concentration in sports medicine from Endicott College.
“Rehab really depends on the patient and pain tolerance,” Tessier said. “You have to start right away or as soon as you can though.”
Just like any other procedure, rehab for Tommy John surgery is a progression. Going too hard with rehab right away will put an excessive amount of stress on the elbow, but babying the injury is not smart either.
“It’s a progression, that needs to get gradually tougher as you go and you have to go hard and be committed,” Tessier said.
Right now, Woods is 13 weeks out of surgery and hitting rehab hard. He does elastic band work rigorously, is throwing a weighted ball off a miniature trampoline in front of him and catching it with his injured arm, and is working on getting his throwing motion back, so when he throws a ball in three weeks, he still has a grasp on what he’s excelled at his whole life.
The goal is to return to full strength as a pitcher after the surgery and continue a baseball career, as did Tommy John and many other prominent big league players. Before reconstructive elbow surgery, John threw in 12 seasons, had a season-high win total of 14 and compiled 124 wins for an average of just over 10 wins per season. He was also a one-time All-Star selection. After surgery, John missed the whole 1975 season and returned in 1976 to play 14 more seasons until he was 46 years old. His career after surgery was a miracle. John won over 20 games three times, including 22 at 37 years old in 1980, made three more All-Star teams, was runner-up in Cy Young voting twice and finished in the top 10 four times. In 14 seasons after surgery, John won 164 games, averaging just under 12 wins per season. He finished his career with a 288-231 record, a 3.34 ERA and 2,245 strikeouts over 26 seasons. Baseball Reference compares him to rank higher than Hall of Fame pitchers, Dizzy Dean, Gaylord Perry and Robin Roberts, though John has not been inducted into Cooperstown.
Over the years, Dr. Frank Jobe has done over 1,000 Tommy John surgeries. In recent history, the number of major league pitchers has spiked to an astounding rate. A July report done by Bleacher Report’s sports injuries lead writer, Will Carroll, showed that 124 pitchers — now 125 with Brian Wilson signing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in August — on an MLB roster, had undergone Tommy John surgery. That results to about one-third of all the current pitchers in the MLB. Of the 125 pitchers, Adam Wainwright, Anibal Sanchez, C.J. Wilson, Joe Nathan, Jordan Zimmerman and Stephen Strasburg have all had successful careers since the surgery, and went on to make the All-Star team for their respective league.
This season, many pitchers that underwent Tommy John surgery in the past, had successful seasons. Wainwright threw a career-high 241.2 innings after missing the 2011 season due to surgery, and he won 19 games, made the National League All-Star team and is pitching in the World Series. Sanchez won 14 games, had a career-low 2.57 ERA and signed a five-year $88 million contract before the season started. Wilson won a career-high 17 games and signed a five-year $77 million contract after the 2011 season. Nathan won six games and saved 43 games as a closer. Zimmerman won 19 games and was a first-time All-Star, and his teammate is Strasburg had a down-season, but only had 3.00 ERA.
Brian Wilson, closer for the Dodgers, is one of the unfortunate pitchers to undergo the surgery twice. He had it first done in college at Louisiana State University, and then again last season after only pitching in two games for the San Francisco Giants. In August, Wilson signed with the Dodgers as a free agent for a one-year, $1 million. Wilson has been a huge success with the Dodgers, going 2-1 with an astounding 0.66 ERA in 13.2 innings pitched. In the postseason this year, he has not given up a single earned run in six innings pitched.
A big question with pitchers after Tommy John surgery is if their velocity will diminish. There have been mixed results with these players, but none are drastically negative. In fact, many pitchers find an increase in velocity after the surgery. Wilson threw a harder fastball a year after surgery. FanGraphs has his fastball going from 90.7 miles per hour to 92.6 miles per hour. Strasburg’s biggest question is velocity as he is known for his blazing fastball and is a young superstar in the making. When he first came to the big leagues, Strasburg thew 97.6 miles per hour. After surgery, he threw 95.8 miles per hour in 2012 and 95.2 this season. Matt Harvey, 24, is another young superstar like Strasburg who is a flamethrower and had to have Tommy John surgery in September. Leading up to his surgery, Harvey was 9-5 with a minuscule 2.27 ERA and was the starting pitcher at the All-Star game. His average fastball was 95.4 miles per hour. He will miss all of the 2014 season with the hopes the surgery will make him as dominating or better after.
Currently, there are no pitchers who have received Tommy John surgery in the Hall of Fame, but there are some who have career numbers that have came close and one that is a surefire future inductee into Cooperstown. Kenny Rogers and David Wells both had the surgery as minor league players and had a successful careers after. Rogers had the surgery in 1987 and finished his career with 219 wins over 20 seasons, while Wells won 239 games over 21 years, including a perfect game with the New York Yankees. The ideal situation for anybody getting Tommy John, is former Atlanta Braves great, John Smoltz.
(Inkwell MCT subcription)
Before surgery, Smoltz was one of the most dominant starting pitchers of the 1990’s. He was a four-time All-Star and won the 1996 Cy Young award. After, he brought his arm into the bullpen and transformed into a closer. His career ended with 213 wins, a 3.33 ERA and 154 saves. Smoltz is expected to be enshrined into the Hall of Fame in 2015, his first ballot-eligible year. With the success of pitchers like Wainwright and youngsters on the rise like Harvey and Strasburg, pitchers who have undergone Tommy John surgery are a lock to be in the Hall of Fame in the future.
Thanks to one experimental surgery, the fate of pitchers completely changed and their careers were rejuvenated. “Dead arm” killed the careers of pitchers until a brave doctor decided to try a new surgery on Tommy John. When Dr. Jobe gave John surgery on his UCL, he put his chances of a full recovery at 1 out of 100. He defied the odds, and had 14 more successful seasons. Nearly 40 years later, doctors have patients getting back to full health and previous performance level or better, 85 to 95 percent of the time. Not only has Tommy John surgery changed the careers of pitchers, but it changed, and may have saved baseball forever.
Sidebar: Though pitchers are the primary players to get Tommy John surgery, position players need it at times too. The time needed for rehab is much shorter, since position players use less stress on their arm as opposed to pitchers. Position players usually need six to nine months to recover, but the timetable can fluctuate.
Notable position players to undergo the surgery that are currently playing in the MLB include Shin-Soo Choo, Carl Crawford and Rafael Furcal. Choo had arguably his best season in 2013, as he hit .285 with 21 home runs and 20 stolen bases. Crawford appeared in 116 games after having the surgery in the beginning of last season and hit .283. Furcal on the other hand, missed all of the 2013 season after making his third All-Star team in 2012. | <urn:uuid:1e252e08-3cc0-4ea8-9f3f-4a22e11a64d8> | {
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Apollo sang and the towers of Ilium (Troy) rose from the ground – the same towers that were destroyed for Helen. Unfortunately, in the real world some hard work is required, whether one is building such wonders as the Egyptian and Mexican pyramids, the China Wall or Angkor, or the humble hutment of a poor farmer. An architect is like the skillful Dedalus, conceiving everything in his mind, and then adding brick and mortar to such conception.
An architect is a person who provides the design and plan of a structure, and is responsible for providing technical, aesthetic and building guidance and oversight. He is an interface between builder and the user of a structure. For this, the architect must be in possession of a number of qualities. He must be conversant with the user’s needs and be in a position to join them to the builder’s requirements. He must have a strong functional and technical prowess to decide upon the possibilities of design, and must be a creative person to give concrete shape to a vague idea. He must be informed of the various conventions, guidelines and policies relevant to the field and must ensure conformity with them. He must ensure that the project finds completion within the resources and time allotted. He must, above all, design with safety as a top priority. In most jurisdictions, architects have to earn degrees and acquire licenses for practicing the trade.
Today, construction of properties goes on at an unprecedented rate. On the one hand the population is rising, on the other development needs are going upwards – this requires more property development. The need for architects in this scenario (which is worldwide) is ever-present. Architects ensure efficient building designs to facilitate the most benefits, while keeping the project costs to the minimum.
In this section of the webdirectory, we provide links to many architectural resources, from magazines to news websites, from design details to agencies. | <urn:uuid:6d3d3e36-242e-41a3-8b85-0e3fe9ab80f7> | {
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While the impact of the Mount Polley mine spill on the greater marine ecosystem and salmon fisheries is still being deciphered, a mapping initiative with Indigenous communities is creating a base of knowledge to protect against such disasters in the future.
More than 100 Indigenous organizations from across Canada met this week at the University of Victoria, including Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, for the Indigenous Mapping Workshop.
Stewart said the Northern B.C. mine spill and current battle over the development of sacred burial grounds on Grace Islet off Salt Spring Island are examples of the “undeniable urgency” of mapping lands, waters, resources and knowledge, while communities are losing elders at an alarming rate.
“Our history is written on the land itself,” Grand Chief Phillip said. “I don’t think that there’s any question that Indigenous mapping is becoming more and more critical to the ongoing debate, discussion and dialogue with respect to resource management issues and title court cases.”
The government of Canada’s “current obsession with advancing natural resource projects,” in addition to pipeline proposals and the province’s interest in LNG exploration, has only added to the urgency, he said.
“It’s of utmost importance that we develop the capacity, through the use of modern technology to ensure that our information is properly depicted on maps to protect our title and rights interests,” Phillip said.
That modern technology, came to the workshop via Google Earth Outreach, which offers in-depth training sessions for anyone interested in leveraging such programs as Google Maps.
“Google Earth is a great piece of software because it’s so empowering,” said Brian Thom, professor in UVic’s department of Anthropology and workshop co-organizer. “It’s a free tool, it’s very easy to use and it has wonderful imagery of the surface of the Earth that we can see in three dimensions. We can fly through the landscape. We can sit down with an elder in an office and we’re flying through the places that they know, where they’ve gone their whole lives and they can evoke the stories and know that fishing rock or this part of the history.”
The workshop allowed Aboriginal communities to share experiences of mapping their territories, record their place names and hunting, trapping and fishing locations. The process has even evolved into an important conversation about cultural revitalization and assertion of title rights, Thom said.
While the technology infused the event with a sense of excitement and possibility, Don Bain, executive director of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, began Monday’s workshops by underlining a sentiment just outside Google Earth’s gaze.
“Mapping, or what we do in courts, or negotiation tables or the board room … does not replace going out with your elder to fish, does not replace listening to the stories of family and friends,” Bain said. | <urn:uuid:8e86b1b7-c0d1-4178-a87f-27967a6ad9ec> | {
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How to Prepare for the AP Statistics Exam
This web site provides free, online resources to help you succeed on the AP Statistics exam.
What Is Required to Pass the Test?
To master the test material, you need to be comfortable with arithmetic
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), as well as basic
algebra. Given those prerequisites, the main requirements for success are a
good study guide, a good calculator, and a willingness to study hard.
How Can Stat Trek Help?
Stat Trek can help you prepare for the test, choose the best study guide,
and find the right calculator.
Tutorial: Our free, tutorial covers the full AP statistics curriculum.
Practice exam: In-depth review of key topics, with detailed explanations.
Study guide: We evaluated AP study guides, based on key features.
Calculator: We evaluated graphing calculators, based on price and user
With the right preparation, the right study guide, and the right
calculator, you will maximize the
impact of your study efforts and greatly increase your chances of success on
Why Should I Take the Exam?
Each year, the College Board administers a standardized test called the Advanced
Placement Statistics Examination. The exam is designed to assess student
proficiency in introductory statistics.
Through the AP Statistics Exam, you benefit in three ways.
College preparation: Get a head start on college-level work.
College admissions: Demonstrate maturity and readiness for college.
Course credit: Receive credit or advanced standing for an introductory college
In addition, you can save on tuition if you receive course credit.
How Do I Register for the Exam?
If your school offers AP courses, talk to the AP Coordinator. He or she will
help you register. If you are homeschooled or attend a school that does not
offer AP, you can still take the AP Statistics Exam.
Services no later than March 1
to identify local AP Coordinator for the statistics exam.
Call the local AP Coordinator no later than March 15.
To learn more about AP examinations, visit the
College Board's web site for students.
||AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered
trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the
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The Armory Head House is now gone. It was woven through the lives of Salem citizens for 90 years and we will all be the poorer for its absence. The truly tragic part of this story is that this loss was so unnecessary.
Why was the Salem Armory Headhouse Important?
The Salem Armory Headhouse was architecturally significant because:
- It was a superb example of the "castle-referencing" architecture frequently used to build American armories between 1890 and 1930.
- It was Salem's finest surviving example in the romantic Medieval Revival Style, and featured in Architecture in Salem, An Illustrated Guide authored by Bryant Tolles in 1983.
- Along with the Salem Depot, the armory was one of Salem's grand "Castle Style" buildings.
- The Armory was Salem's only known work designed by John C Spofford, long time partner with Charles Brigham (of Brigham and Spofford). Brigham pioneered the romantic French Chateauesqe Style (Medieval Revival) style in New England with the Burrage House in Boston's Back Bay in 1899.
The Salem Armory Headhouse was also significant because:
- It was Salem's best and most direct link with the Second Corps of Cadets and a proud military tradition which dates back to the Colonial Militia.
- The Armory was also home to The Salem Light Infantry with ties to the Massachusetts Regiment during the Civil War
- The Salem Armory was an important contributing element adjacent to the Salem Common National Historic District.
- The Peabody Essex museum retains the original plans for the entire building as originally built. Bryant Tolles noted the February 1982 fire rendered the "facility [only] temporarily useless". The building was re-usable. Many former armory buildings have been individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and adaptively re-used for commercial buildings and civic centers.
Links to Similar New England Armories
Similar structures still standing and in use. | <urn:uuid:6ba4aa3a-e9d0-4a99-97e7-1c8263337d49> | {
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Flash storage can be a big power consumer in mobile devices, but it's not the flash that sucks up all that energy, it's the software that goes with it, according to researchers from the University of California at San Diego and Microsoft.
Studying built-in storage in an Android smartphone and two Microsoft Surface RT tablets, graduate student Jing Li and his colleagues found that storage consumed more energy than anything else when the devices had their screens off. Though that may not sound important, screen-off time may account for much of the day as consumers carry their devices around. Functions keep running in the background as alerts and other data come down from the network.
Li, who presented the findings Tuesday at the Usenix FAST conference in Santa Clara, California, wasn't surprised at the power demands of native storage. But he was stunned to discover that almost all of that power was consumed by software rather than the underlying hardware.
The storage devices themselves, in this case eMMC (embedded multimedia card) flash chips, only took up about 1 percent of the energy devoted to storage, the UCSD team found. The other 99 percent was consumed by elements of the software stack, including the runtime system, the file system and encryption functions.
There are good reasons to include those processes. For example, encryption is vital in mobile devices because they're especially vulnerable to theft and loss, Li said. But the way encryption is performed in them places a heavy burden on the battery.
"Even though there are some application-specific components inside the mobile device that can help you to deal with encryption, the throughputs of those components are too low to meet the requirements of the storage system," Li said. "Because of that, the designers of the storage system still decide to use the general-purpose CPU to perform the encryption tasks."
In one set of tests, the team compared power consumption between devices with and without encryption. It showed that a storage subsystem with encryption claimed more than twice the share of the device's power consumption compared to one without, Li said.
One reason is that most devices use full-disk encryption even though some of the data, such as OS files, application binaries and some media purchased online, may not need it, he said. As an alternative, the study suggested using a partially encrypted file system. Tools such as Encrypting File System on Windows and GNU Privacy Guard could provide this capability, which would let app developers fine-tune which data gets encrypted and control the energy consumption of an app, Li said. But it would take additional components to fully secure a partially encrypted file system, he said.
Most mobile devices also run apps in secure containers, using managed languages such as Java or the Common Language Runtime, to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data and contain attacks by malicious apps. The team's testing showed that this technique increased power consumption by as much as 18 percent on Windows RT and 102 percent on Android.
Device and OS vendors use managed languages and other techniques to isolate data among different apps, Li said. Much of this storage virtualization can be moved into storage hardware by giving each application the illusion of a private file system, he said.
Another way to cut down on power consumption would be to shift the storage tasks now running on CPUs, including encryption and virtualization, onto an SoC (system on a chip) specifically for storage operations, Li said. A challenge there will be to make the SoC's encryption engine fast enough to keep up with applications' demands, he said. | <urn:uuid:2a6cb777-d966-4fcc-b6a5-b133ad45ab55> | {
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Government power to take private property for public use without the owner's consent. Constitutional provisions in most countries, including the U.S. (in the 5th Amendment to the Constitution), require the payment of just compensation to the owner. As a power peculiar to sovereign authority and coupled with a duty to pay compensation, the concept was developed by such 17th-century natural-law jurists as Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf. Seealso confiscation.
Learn more about eminent domain with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Domain is the distinguished part of an abstract or physical space where something exists, is performed, or is valid. For example, we may talk about: domain of interest, domain of activity. This concept is used in every branch/sector/field of human activity.
It also has several meanings:
In mathematics domain can refer to:
In information technology, the term domain can refer to: | <urn:uuid:c5e9d9b0-d329-40b9-92d6-28c957fe71b3> | {
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The term garderobe describes a place where clothes are stored (wardrobe is a related term), but may also be used for places where other items are stored, or euphemistically for historical toilets.
In European public places, a garderobe denotes the cloakroom, but it may also be an alcove or an armoire. In Danish, Dutch, German, and Spanish garderobe can mean a cloakroom. In Latvian it means checkroom.
In its euphemistic meanings, a garderobe is either a close stool or a medieval or Renaissance lavatory or toilet. In a medieval castle or other building, a garderobe usually was a simple hole discharging to the outside. Such toilets were often placed inside a small chamber, leading by association to the use of the term garderobe to describe them. Depending on the structure of the building, garderobes could lead to cess pits or moats. Many can still be seen in Norman and medieval castles and fortifications. They became obsolete with the introduction of indoor plumbing.
A description of the garderobe at Donegal castle indicates that during the time when the castle garderobe was in use it was believed that ammonia was a disinfectant and that visitor's coats and cloaks were kept in the garderobe. The construction of garderobes was not limited to Britain and Ireland; they were also common in medieval castles on the continent. An example is Bürresheim Castle in Germany, where three garderobes are still visible today.
According to the medieval architecture scholar, Frank Bottomley, garderobes were:
Properly, not a latrine or privy but a small room or large cupboard, usually adjoining the chamber or solar and providing safe-keeping for valuable clothes and other possessions of price: cloth, jewels, spices, plate and money. | <urn:uuid:cf76ebbf-e7e9-444c-ad9e-0ca6222f15b1> | {
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This week is week 5 from the syllabus: Ruth 2:4-16. Wordplay in the Tanakh, Hebrew grammar (Hophal verbs, jussive forms of the verb). Reading: Esekenazi lii-lv, 31-42.
VERSE 4: יהוה עִמָּכֶם is a verbless clause (so the verb “is” is understood) and could be rendered “the Lord is with you.” Since the context is a blessing, it is reasonable to understand it as: “May the Lord be with you.” יְבָרֶכְךָ is the Imperfect (in a Jussive or “may he” sense) 3ms of ברך with the 2ms suffix and “the Lord” is the subject (with Boaz as the implied object).
VERSE 5: לְנַעֲרוֹ is the preposition ל before the noun נַעַר with the 3ms suffix. הַנִּצָּב is a Niphal Participle (being used as a noun) with the definite article from נצב. The idea is “he who was given charge.” עַל־הַקּוֹצְרִים means “over the” קוֹצְרִים (a word you should know now from vs. 3). לְמִי is לְ plus מִי (“to whom, whose”) and is a question word. הַנַּעֲרָה is the feminine singular of נַעַר with the definite article. הַזֹּאת means “this” (feminine form) and Hebrew uses demonstratives (“this, these”) the same way it uses adjectives (thus, זֹאת has the definite article to match the noun it modifies).
VERSE 6: וַיַּעַן is the vav-conversive 3ms of ענה. In the phrase נַעֲרָה מוֹאֲבִיָּה הִיא there is an understood “is” between the second and third word, so that “she” is the subject. הַשָּׁבָה is a Participle fs (used as a noun) with the definite article, from שׁוב.
VERSE 7: וְאָסַפְתִּי is a vav-conversive 1cs (but this kind is the Perfect form with the ו, and so a “past” becomes a “future”) from אסף. Ruth has asked to gather בָעֳמָרִים, which is the preposition ב attached to the plural of עֹמֶר. There is a description of a duration of time which begins with מֵאָז and continues with וְעַד and means “from” such and such time “until” so and so. הַבֹּקֶר is a noun with the definite article. עַתָּה means “now.” As for the זֶה, even scholars do not understand what it is doing here. Does it go with the previous phrase (“until this now”) or with the final phrase (“this [one] has rested [in] the house a little”)? שִׁבְתָּהּ is also unusual and scholars debate whether the vowels have been wrongly placed. It is the Infinitive construct from ישׁב (used as a noun, “sitting”) with the 3fs suffix (“her sitting”). Since the entire final phrase is awkward, I suggest the beginner simply go with “she has rested in the house a little.”
VERSE 8, DETAILED TRANSLATION NOTES:
At this point in the class, I feel no need to list and explain every word. I am choosing only to explain words that may give the student some trouble.
- הֲלוֹא This word will give novice Hebrew learners fits. You will not find it listed in the Holladay lexicon under this spelling or even under לֹא or לוֹא. The student should first notice that this is the interrogative ה (as the vowel marks it as something other than the definite article). The similarity of לוֹא to לֹא is your clue that this is what the word means (so this is the plene [full] spelling of a word usually with the short spelling). The meaning of this word is further obscured by most English translations which choose not to render Boaz’s statement as a question. הֲלוֹא שָׁמַעַתְּ בִּתִּי should be rendered as a question, such as: “Have you not heard, my daughter?”
- שָׁמַעַתְּ Perfect 3fs שׁמע.
- בִתִּי The noun בַּת with the 1cs suffix.
- אַל־תֵּלְכִי Begins with negation (אַל negates Imperfect forms of the verb). תֵּלְכִי Imperfect 2fs.
- לִלְקֹט The presence of ל before a verb is a sign of an Infinitive Construct (the “to” form of a verb). The root here is לקט.
- תַעֲבוּרִי This is an unusual spelling (but it is listed in Holladay). Imperfect 2fs עבר.
- מִזֶּה = “from this” and is used as a complement to the verb, better rendered “from here.”
- תִדְבָּקִין Imperfect 2fs דבק with extraneous נ used at the end (called a “paragogic” nun, scholars debate whether it enhances the meaning or is simply a speech pattern).
- נַעֲרֹתָי The noun נַעֲרָה with the 1cs suffix.
VERSE 9: עֵינַיִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר־יִקְצֹרוּן Starts with a verbless clause. The second part has a verb, יִקְצֹרוּן, but it seems as if the first part needs one as well. The verb “is” or “are” can be indicated without being written. So the first two words could be translated “your eyes are on the field.” Some think such a verbless clause (a “null copula” clause) can have a Jussive meaning (“[let] your eyes be on the field”). יִקְצֹרוּן Imperfect 3mp קצר. The next verb, וְהָלַכְתְּ, is a vav-conversive with the Perfect 2fs הלך being reversed into a future or imperative sense. אַחֲרֵיהֶן is simply the 3mp suffix added to a familiar word. For הֲלוֹא see above on 2:8. צִוִּיתִי Perfect 1cs צוה. The particle לְבִלְתִּי negates the verb which follows it. נָגְעֵךְ is the Infinitive Construct (the “to” form) of נגע with the 2fs suffix as object of the verb. וְצָמִת is another difficult one since the third root letter has disappeared, א which does not typically disappear, and there is no sh’va under the ת at the end as one would expect. It is the Perfect 2fs of צמא. Similarly וְשָׁתִית vav-conversive of Perfect 2fs שׁתה but with unusual spelling. יִשְׁאֲבוּן has a paragogic nun, but as you have grown used to these, you should be able to figure out the root and parsing (person, gender, number, form).
VERSE 10: This verse requires less explanation and I will give simply a few hints. וַתִּפֹּל is from the root נפל. The 3fs suffix has been added to פָּנֶים in construct form (drop the מ). וַתִּשְׁתַּחוּ will give you fits until you get used to this unusual form. Some call it a Hishtafel verb. You could simply know for now it is vav-conversive 3fs and the וּ at the end is a contraction of ווּ. It means “she prostrated herself.” In אָרְצָה the locative ה has been added to the end to indicate that is is a direction of movement. לְהַכִּירֵנִי Hiphil Infinitive Construct (the “to” form) of נכר with 1cs suffix. The JPS commentary explains this as part of a wordplay as the root נכר means both “show favor” and “foreigner.” Thus, she asks Boaz, “Why have I found favor in your eyes to favor [from נכר] me though I am a foreigner [from נכר]?”
VERSE 11: הֻגֵּד is a Hophal Infinitive Absolute (the rare Hophal form is the passive of a Hiphil) and right after it comes הֻגַּד (different vowel under ג) which is the Hophal Perfect 3ms. It is something like “reporting, it has been reported” and the לִי makes it “reporting, it has been reported to me”). It probably means “it has been throughly reported to me.” וַתַּעַזְבִי vav-conversive from the Perfect 2fs עזב. Many nouns are used here with the 2fs suffix including מוֹלַדְתֵּךְ which is from מוֹלֶדֶת (listed in Holladay). If you look up תְּמוֹל in Holladay you’ll see that תְּמוֹל שִׁלֹשׁוֹם together is an expression for “heretofore, before.”
VERSE 12: יְשַׁלֵּם Imperfect 3ms שׁלם in the Piel form generally means complete or pay. In this case the meaning is pay, as in reward. וּתְהִי is a shortened form (Jussive) which is deceiving and is really a vav-conversive 3fs of היה (so in Jussive sense “may it be”). It is feminine because the subject of the verb is the next word מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּךְ (“your wages”), which is feminine. In מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּךְ שְׁלֵמָה there is an understood “are” between the two words. מֵעִם need not be translated “from with,” but simply “from.” לַחֲסוֹת Infinitive Construct (the “to” form) of חסה.
VERSE 13: נִחַמְתָּנִי Piel Perfect 3fs with 1cs suffix as object of verb. Ruth thanks Boaz for speaking עַל–לֵב (unusual use of עַל here, more like לְ) followed by שִׁפְחָתֶךָ which is שִׁפְחָה with 2fs suffix attached as a possessive. לֵב is a word pair (construct) with שִׁפְחָתֶךָ. The אָנֹכִי in the final clause makes it emphatic since אֶהְיֶה is 1cs Imperfect and already has “I” in it. כְּאַחַת is the preposition כ in front of the construct (word pair) form of אַחַת (“one”).
VERSE 14, DETAILED TRANSLATION NOTES:
In this explanation of the words and grammatical forms of Ruth 2:14, I will proceed somewhat differently than in previous lessons. I will list first the dictionary forms of the less common words in the verse and then explain some features of the grammar and syntax.
- The following are dictionary forms of words used in vs. 14 which the novice student (and in some cases even more advanced readers) may need to look up. עֵת (time, season), אכל (eat), נגשׁ (step up, come near, approach), הֲלֹם (adverb of place, here), טבל (dip, immerse, note in modern usage this is the verb for baptizing/immersing in Jewish and Christian rites), פַּת (piece, bit, morsel esp. of bread), חֹמֶץ (vinegar, note that חָמֶץ is leaven in general), ישׁב (sit), צַד (side, and Holladay lists מִצַּד as “at the side of”), צבט (pass something to someone, note that Holladay shows this verb as used only in Ruth 2:14 and nowhere else in the Bible), קָלִי (parched grain), שׂבּע (be satiated, have had enough, not to be confused with שׁבע, swear), יתר (in the Hiphil it means “to have left over”).
- וַיֹּאמֶר לָה בֹעַז לְעֵת This vav-conversive verb clause has two complements. The subject is Boaz. The first complement לָה indicates to whom he is speaking and the second, לְעֵת, indicates when he did so (with the next word, a participle indicating which עֵת is meant).
- הָאֹכֶל is a participle being used as a noun and it modifies/explains the previous word.
- גֹּשִׁי is an imperative fs (command verb) of נגשׁ. When a word has nun in the first letter of the root, it disappears in many of its forms. Even so גֹּשִׁי is unusual in having the kholem (o-vowel) in the first position and is hard to recognize. The student can determine the conjugation of a verb by looking through the listed forms in Holladay in the definition of the root (and this form is listed in Holladay under the imperatives).
- וְאָכַלְתְּ While the conjugation of the verb is Perfect 2fs, the vav is conversive. The common pattern for vav-conversive is vav+Imperfect=past. Yet vav+Perfect=future (or in this case imperative) is also a vav-conversive. The simplest rule in dealing with the confusing decision of tense (which tense to translate the verb into) is to use the context to judge. In this case, because of the imperative verb used just prior to וְאָכַלְתְּ, the meaning is imperative and not future.
- וַתֵּשֶׁב מִצַּד הַקּוֹצְרִים The speech of Boaz has ended. The scribes who copied the text place accent marks above and below the words. For those who wish to learn these accents, they can help the student determine where sentences should be divided. The mark under בַּחֹמֶץ in the printed text is an atnach and it signifies a strong break in the sentence, usually dividing it in half. Besides the accent marks, the clue for readers that Boaz’s speech has ended is context and grammar. וַתֵּשֶׁב is a vav-conversive marking the past tense, so we can tell the syntax has returned to narrating the story.
VERSE 15: וַתָּקָם The root of this vav-conversive is קוּם, which is an example of a “hollow” verb: the middle root letter is a vav (interchangeable with yod) and the middle letter tends to disappear in most verb forms (hence it is called hollow). It is valuable to familiarize yourself with the various “weak” letters in verbs (3rd hey, 1st nun, 1st vav/yod, hollow, and geminate [2nd and 3rd root letter the same]). לְלַקֵּט is listed as a Piel Infinitive Construct (the “to” form of the verb). וַיְצַו is a 3rd hey verb (צוה, one of the “weak” letter root types just mentioned above). נְעָרָיו is a noun with 3ms ending. Note in הָעֳמָרִים the “o” vowel under the ayin, which is a shortening of the vowel (because of the added syllable at the end marking this noun as plural) from עֹמֶר. Learning the syllable rules and how adding syllables to the end of words changes vowels is helpful. תַכְלִימוּהָ has as its root כלם and it is a Hiphil form, as you can tell by the khireq vowel (the i-class vowel which makes the “ee” sound) between the 2nd and 3rd root letter. It is an Imperfect 2mp and has the 3fs ending attached.
VERSE 16: שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁלּוּ Is a hard verb pair to recognize at first for two reasons. First, it is a geminate root, שׁלל, which means the 2nd and 3rd root letter are the same. Thus, in most of its forms, the 3rd root letter will disappear. Second, this is a pair of verbs and that sort of double verb is not used in English. It is a fairly common phenomenon in Hebrew, however. If you look up שׁלל you will find that שֹׁל is the Infinitive Absolute (usually an “-ing” form) and תָּשֹׁלּוּ is the Imperfect 2mp. You might render it “in pulling you will pull.” This Infinitive + Imperfect (or Perfect) verb pair in Hebrew tends to have an emphatic meaning (“you will surely pull” or “you must pull”). הַצְּבָתִים is the definite plural form of the noun צֶבֶת. We then have two vav-conversives in a row, וַעֲזַבְתֶּם וְלִקְּטָה, with the first being 2mp and the second 3fs converting Perfects into imperatives (“you will ___ and she will ___”). תִגְעֲרוּ־בָהּ is the Imperfect 2mp of גער and it is followed by the preposition ב with the 3fs suffix (but you can leave the ב untranslated and simply render it “her”). | <urn:uuid:6a56653a-7502-49e2-b98b-a98fe630d3f2> | {
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LCD GLARE AVOIDANCE USING A SURFACERELIEF DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENT
Original Publication Date: 2000-May-01
Included in the Prior Art Database: 2002-Sep-23
Reflective liquid crystal displays (LCD), such as those used in low power portable products, rely on reflected ambient light to illuminate the display. The position of the display, in relation to the light source and the viewer, that provides the brightest image is also the position of glare from the front of the display. This makes the display unreadable and consequently it is viewed at a position just off glare, the position which is not as bright. This approach intentionally mis-aligns the glare light from the useful light reflected from the display to improve considerably the brightness and readability. | <urn:uuid:fdf198b8-cee3-45cd-93fa-dae0923858bb> | {
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Background Information for Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidadian, Tobagonian Background
Background: First colonized by the Spanish, the islands came under British control in the early 19th century. The islands' sugar industry was hurt by the emancipation of the slaves in 1834. Manpower was replaced with the importation of contract laborers from India between 1845 and 1917, which boosted sugar production as well as the cocoa industry. The discovery of oil on Trinidad in 1910 added another important export. Independence was attained in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing. The government is coping with a rise in violent crime.
The information here has been derived from Public Domain Sources such as the CIA World Factbook. No liability can be taken for any inaccuracies. You can use the maps, flags and facts presented here however you choose. | <urn:uuid:be8ba106-98f0-4c0b-a401-c9b6321d92ee> | {
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WILL BECOME A DRYING YARD FOR DRAGNETS’
An example of the astonishing accuracy of Bible prophecy concerns the ancient Phoenician seaport city of Tyre. This city grew to be very great at the expense of other people. She was a manufacturer of metal objects, glassware and purple dyes, a trading center for overland caravans, a great import-export depot. Her merchants and tradesmen boasted of being princely and honorable. (Isa. 23:8) At one time friendly relations existed between Tyre and Israel. But this did not continue, for Tyre eventually allied herself with Israel’s enemies. Because of Tyre’s treachery toward Israel, God inspired his prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and others to predict that calamity would come upon this Phoenician seaport. We read, for example:
"This is what the Sovereign Lord Jehovah has said, ‘Here I am against you, O Tyre, and I will bring up against you many nations, just as the sea brings up its waves. And they will certainly bring the walls of Tyre to ruin and tear down her towers, and I will scrape her dust away from her and make her a shining, bare surface of a crag. A drying yard for dragnets is what she will become in the midst of the sea. . . . Here I am bringing against Tyre Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon from the north, a king of kings, with horses and war chariots and cavalrymen and a congregation, even a multitudinous people. And I will make you a shining, bare surface of a crag. A drying yard for dragnets is what you will become. Never will you be rebuilt; for I myself, Jehovah, have spoken,’ is the utterance of the Sovereign Lord Jehovah."—Ezek. 26:3-5, 7, 14.
Secular history reports that Nebuchadnezzar began a siege of Tyre sometime after destroying Jerusalem and the temple of Jehovah’s worship in 607 B.C.E. The Jewish historian Josephus, drawing upon Phoenician annals and other previously written history, states that Nebuchadnezzar’s siege against Tyre lasted thirteen years. The Bible indicates that Nebuchadnezzar’s forces inflicted considerable damage upon Tyre.—Ezek. 26:8-11.
Tyre recovered from this blow struck by Babylon. However, centuries later, Grecian forces under Alexander the Great moved against Tyre, which at that time was located on an island about half a mile (0.8 kilometer) from the mainland. When the inhabitants refused to capitulate to Alexander, he became enraged and had his men scrape up the ruins of the mainland city and throw them into the sea, thus building a causeway out to the island city. Then a sea battle took place in which Alexander’s forces prevailed. After a siege of seven months, Alexander’s men took the island city. When its inhabitants put up desperate resistance, the city was set on fire. It proved to be as another prophet, Zechariah, had foretold: "In the fire she herself will be devoured."—Zech. 9:4.
Though Tyre kept trying to make a comeback through the centuries, the city repeatedly fell before hostile forces, just as God’s prophet had foretold. (Ezek. 26:3) What is the present condition of Tyre, which was one of the great sea powers of the ancient world? Ruins and a small seaport, called Sour (Sur), mark the site. Nina Jidejian, in her book Tyre Through the Ages (1969), declares: "The port has become a haven today for fishing boats and a place for spreading nets," exactly as prophesied through Ezekiel.—Ezek. 26:5, 14. | <urn:uuid:dcf15a6b-fbf8-4168-8dc3-5db13c63d599> | {
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History is filled with individuals who were very creative, thought “outside the box,” and made huge contributions to society. However, often these people were ridiculed, labeled as troublemakers, and discounted as unintelligent.
While it’s impossible to go back in time and pinpoint famous people with ADHD, historical records show many of our most celebrated personalities had qualities consistent with ADD and ADHD. Likewise, today there are countless superstars and pop idols who are thought to have ADD/ADHD or who exhibit ADD/ADHD traits.
We should all be inspired by famous people facing extraordinary challenges—the celebrities, artists, scientists, musicians, athletes, and world leaders who prove that being different, visionary, and exuberant can change the world for the better.
Actors, Comedians, and Musicians
Robert F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Scientists
Leonardo da Vinci
Alexander Graham Bell
Orville and Wilber Wright
Sir Isaac Newton | <urn:uuid:1793cff5-72e4-4ba7-9035-159e94acb3db> | {
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Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain
An Inside-Out Guide to The Emerging Adolescent Mind, Ages 12 to 24
The New York Times Bestseller!
Between the ages of 12 and 24, the brain changes in important, and oftentimes maddening, ways. It's no wonder that many parents approach their child's adolescence with fear and trepidation. According to renowned neuropsychiatrist Daniel Siegel, however, if parents and teens can work together to form a deeper understanding of the brain science behind all the tumult, they will be able to turn conflict into connection and form a deeper understanding of one another.
In Brainstorm, Siegel illuminates how brain development impacts teenagers' behavior and relationships. Drawing on important new research in the field of interpersonal neurobiology, he explores exciting ways in which understanding how the teenage brain functions can help parents make what is in fact an incredibly positive period of growth, change, and experimentation in their children's lives less lonely and distressing on both sides of the generational divide.
“By the end of this book, the teenager has been transformed...into a thinking, feeling, and entirely approachable human being.”
“Smart advice...on providing the most supportive and brain-healthy environment during the tumultuous years of adolescence.”
“Brainstorm is eye-opening and inspiring, a great gift to us all—teens, parents of teens, and anyone who wants a full and rich life on this planet. Daniel Siegel shows how the supposed downsides of the teen years all have upsides, and that the lessons for living that await teens are ones any of us, at any age, can learn from. Teens and their parents stand to benefit immensely from reading this book, separately or together.”
—Daniel Goleman, author Emotional Intelligence and FOCUS
“Brainstorm is a necessary look at why adolescents do what they do that can put parents in an emotional frenzy. The information that Dr. Dan Siegel shares is not only invaluable for understanding your growing child's brain, but helps build more compassion and patience. A gift for us all.” | <urn:uuid:46620a2c-7e52-4fdd-862d-d59d6604f4f6> | {
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Few Presidents were as genuinely considerate as William McKinley.
Poor Boy Makes Good
William McKinley (1843-1901) was one of seven children born to an Ohio iron-worker and his wife. They were poor, devout Methodists, but firmly focused on their children’s education. Thus, when he was seventeen young Billy went to college, but became ill and had to withdraw. Before he could recover and return to school, the Civil War had begun, and the young man enlisted. He remained for the full four years.
During his time in the Union Army, McKinley rose from private to Brevet Major (on-the-field-promotions), and had come to the attention of his commanding officer, General Rutherford B. Hayes. The friendship between the two would be lifelong. It was Hayes who suggested that his young friend study law. McKinley took the advice once the war ended, became an attorney, and moved to Canton, Ohio, a growing town with opportunities.
Affable and congenial, he joined all the fraternal organizations in Canton, plus the Methodist Church and the Republican Party. He was popular, and established attorneys were pleased to refer clients to the young novice.
At twenty-seven, he married Ida Saxton, the well-to-do daughter of the town banker. They adored their new son-in-law. Everybody was happy.
Four Years Later
For four years, William and Ida McKinley were happy. His law practice was thriving; they had numerous friends among the young set; they had a little girl and were expecting another baby. But Ida’s second pregnancy was difficult. Her mother died. The baby was born sickly and died within weeks. Ida’s own health was wracked by painful and debilitating phlebitis, which left her lame. She also developed epileptic seizures. Her little girl died before her fourth birthday. All in the space of a year.
Ida understandably suffered a severe depression, which, when paired with her physical ailments and the powerful medications she required, lasted in varying degrees for the rest of her life. She developed an extremely narrow focus; her life revolved around herself, her husband, and their life together.
In part to escape from their painful memories, and in part to give them both a change of scenery and opportunities, McKinley ran for Congress, won, and moved to Washington DC. They took apartments in the Ebbitt House Hotel, since Ida could not manage housekeeping. And, at great expense, they hired a full-time nurse-companion, since she couldn’t not be left alone for long periods of time.
The Next Twenty Years
William McKinley was a good Congressman, with a solid reputation for diligence and common sense. Tariff issues became his realm of expertise, and while it did not generate headlines, it generated respect among his peers. He was a well liked legislator, and made dozens, if not hundreds of friends. They quickly learned that if he was not in his office, or on the floor of Congress, he was home with his invalid wife. That devotion, along with his genuinely good nature, earned him their affection.
McKinley served in Congress for seven terms, followed by four years as Governor of Ohio.
In 1896, he earned the Republican nomination for President of the United States. He won handily.
The Good Luck Carnations
Ida McKinley, being a wealthy girl-to-woman, had the expensive tastes of a pampered daughter. With her life so curtailed by physical and emotional infirmity, her doting husband was happy to indulge her in whatever way he could. She was pretty with a petite figure and loved fine clothes made from fine fabrics. Her indulgent husband bought her whatever clothes she wanted. She loved diamonds. He bought her diamond necklaces, bracelets and rings. Roses were her flower of choice, so fresh arrangements of roses were placed in whatever rooms she occupied. That included the White House.
He, on the other hand, had developed a personal trademark of wearing a carnation boutonnière. It was Ohio’s state flower. Sometimes he wore white ones; sometimes red ones. As President, bowls filled with red and white carnations were conspicuously placed in whatever rooms he frequented.
One of McKinley’s winsome little customs was to remove his lapel carnation and offer it to guests as a souvenir, or to give to an absent wife or mother or child. Then he would replace his boutonnière with one from the handy bowl. McKinley was superstitious about these carnations, believing them to bring good luck both to him – and to the recipient.
One story goes that an aide brought his sons to the White House to meet the President. McKinley, who loved children dearly, happily offered his carnation to the older boy. The younger son looked disappointed, as the President took a replacement carnation from the bowl, and duly placed it in his own lapel. A minute or so later, he removed it and gave to the younger child, explaining “this way you both can have a carnation worn by the President.”
The Bad Luck Carnation
President McKinley always wore his signature carnation when he was traveling and likely to meet many people. His aides, knowing his habit, made certain that several dozen flowers were on hand.
The story goes that in September, 1901, when McKinley visited the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, NY, he wore his usual boutonnière. A one-hour meet-and-greet with the general public was scheduled, and on the dais, was his ubiquitous bowl of replacement carnations.
Toward the end of the hand-shaking reception, he offered his carnation to one of the visitors. Rather than immediately replacing his flower however, he moved the line along quickly. He would replace it when the reception was over.
Only minutes later, one of the visitors waiting to shake hands was Leon Czolgosz, who pumped two bullets into the carnation-less President.
Boller, Paul F., Jr. – Presidential Anecdotes, Oxford University Press, 1981
Leech, Margaret, In the Days of McKinley – Harper & Brothers, 1959
Morgan, H. Wayne – McKinley and His America – Syracuse University Press, 1964 | <urn:uuid:6dec15f1-dc2d-4c1f-b84a-c8bada47adce> | {
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You’d think that a common testing method (i.e., in practice for well over a century and referenced in testing standards) shouldn’t have to be identified as something you need to verify through repair and troubleshooting. But it is.
Slight torsional vibration causing problems in machines attached to a synchronous motor, trouble starting, cracked amortisseur windings, broken couplings and the inability to maintain synchronous speed should signify potential problems in a rotor circuit. These may include problems in the excitation circuit, failed/failing diodes in the rotating rectifier or rotating fields that are shorted, open or grounded. For purposes of this article, we’ll discuss a simple method for evaluating rotating fields.
The unbalance test must be performed with power to the stator tagged-out and—preferably—the rotor out of the stator and isolated from other coils or large metal objects that could influence test results. The rotor should be insulation-resistance tested and must be over 100 MegOhms at either 500Vdc or 1000Vdc applied. A 120 Volt source is applied to the rotor leads, and voltage is read across each of the field coils. The values should be actual supply voltage divided by the number of coils. If there are six coils at 120 Vac, the voltage drop across each coil should be 20 Vac. The maximum unbalance is +/- 5% with coils that are showing a significant unbalance being shorted and coils showing no voltage drop being open.
Why AC Voltage applied? Most rotating fields will degrade from the inside of the coil toward the outside. Basic insulation breakdown will leave air gaps and resistances high enough that they can’t be detected by simple DC resistance or applied DC Voltage: You need an alternating current to “jump the gap” and show the short.
This test, and others, must be insisted on during the repair process (and all can be referenced to IEEE Standard 115-1995, “IEEE Guide: Test Procedure for Synchronous Machines”). Don’t assume your repair center is following this standard or the common test procedures for synchronous machines. Ask to see the data. I’ve done this myself—when a machine operated no differently than when it was originally pulled from service—and discovered even a manufacturer’s repair shop had not performed these tests after a salient pole generator was returned to service for a life-critical system!MT
Dr. Howard Penrose is VP of Engineering and Reliability Services for Dreisilker, Webmaster of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society, and Director of Outreach of the Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals (SMRP). | <urn:uuid:38b15bf2-71f7-4ada-bce2-8f52a5034013> | {
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What Is Ebola?
Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic (bleeding) illness that has a high fatality rate. The virus was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the present day Democratic Republic of Congo. There are five strains of the Ebola virus -- Tai Forest, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Zaire, and Reston. Four of the strains (Reston is the exception) are responsible for outbreaks in humans. The Ebola virus is harbored by fruit bats, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope, chimpanzees, and porcupines. Humans can contract the virus by coming into close contact with the body or bodily fluids (including blood) of an infected animal. Once the virus spreads to a human, person-to-person transmission is possible.
The Ebola Outbreak
Since 1976, outbreaks have occurred sporadically in Zaire, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, and Uganda. The largest outbreak, beginning in March 2014, affects Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Nigeria. The West Africa Ebola outbreak is the largest in history with 28,652 reported cases and 11,325 deaths as of April 2016. Visit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website for the latest outbreak statistics.
How Is Ebola Transmitted?
In between human outbreaks, Ebola is believed to be harbored in animals that act as a “reservoir” for the virus. When a human contracts Ebola by handling an infected animal, person-to-person transmission can then lead to an outbreak. Ebola can be transmitted directly or indirectly. Direct transmission refers to the virus passing from the blood or other bodily fluids of an infected person to another person via sexual contact or by infected body fluids (tears, feces, urine, vomit, for example) that contact the mucous membranes, or broken skin. Indirect transmission refers to a person picking up a virus from a contaminated object, such as infected surgical equipment or a needle.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Ebola?
The signs and symptoms of Ebola virus include fever greater than 101°F, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, severe headache, joint/muscle pain, abdominal pain, weakness, rash, and internal bleeding. Some people with the illness may bleed from the eyes, nose, ears, and rectum. Lab tests may reveal abnormal liver and kidney function. Levels of white blood cells and platelets may be elevated. The incubation period of Ebola, defined as the period of time from exposure to the virus until the onset of symptoms, is 21 days. The average time from exposure to symptom development is about 8 – 10 days; bleeding is usually a later symptom that signifies severe infection.
Is Ebola Airborne?
In lab conditions, the Ebola virus has been shown to spread through the air. However, in real-world living conditions and in hospital settings, there is no evidence that Ebola can be transmitted through the air. While there are fears that Ebola could mutate and become more easily transmissible, the director of the CDC, Dr. Tom Frieden, stated that there has been little change in the Ebola virus in the past 40 years. He also said that there is no evidence that Ebola has undergone any changes that would make it easier to spread from person to person.
What Is the Fatality Rate of Ebola?
Every Ebola outbreak is different. Historically, the larger Ebola outbreaks have had a fatality rate of 50% to almost 90%. The reported fatality rate for suspected cases of the West Africa Ebola outbreak that began in March 2014 is about 40% as of April 2016.
What Is the Treatment for Ebola?
There is no cure for Ebola. New therapies are being investigated. Treatment for Ebola consists of supportive care which often includes administering intravenous (IV) fluids and monitoring and maintaining appropriate electrolyte, oxygen, and blood pressure levels. Prevention and treatment of other infections that may develop in the Ebola-infected patient is important as well.
Is There an Ebola Vaccine?
There currently is no FDA-approved vaccine for the Ebola virus. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is working to develop an Ebola vaccine. In light of the West Africa Ebola outbreak, scientists from the NIAID, other international health agencies, and pharmaceutical companies, are expediting the research of several potential Ebola vaccines.
Other Potential Treatments for Ebola
An experimental therapy for Ebola is being developed called ZMapp. The therapy consists of three monoclonal antibodies that are designed to treat existing Ebola infection. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to proteins in the virus and “targeting” them for destruction by the immune system. More research is needed to assess the safety and efficacy of ZMapp before it can be considered for FDA approval and Ebola treatment.
Other potential therapy for Ebola infections are antiviral medications that interfere or stop Ebola virus replication. More studies are needed to determine the potential effectiveness of such experimental drugs.
Can Ebola Be Prevented?
People in areas known to have cases of Ebola can take the following precautions to minimize the risk of contracting the virus. Meticulous hygiene is necessary. Avoid people and bodily fluids of those known or suspected of having Ebola. Do not have contact with bats and wild animals; do not consume raw or undercooked animals that may have the virus. Only highly specialized, trained professionals with adequate protective gear should administer medical care to Ebola patients and handle the dead bodies of Ebola victims. Should you need medical care while you are in an area known to harbor Ebola, contact your embassy or consulate for a referral for an appropriate facility. | <urn:uuid:901bb405-f0ea-495c-945d-55072eba2695> | {
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A bobcat and a lynx were treated and released into the wild by the Atlantic Institute of Wildlife in Cookville, New Brunswick.
The bobcat was found last fall when it was a few weeks old.
“We had to keep him for a while to grow up and make sure he was going to regain his wild instincts,” says Pam Novak, director of the Atlantic Institute of Wildlife.
Nearly a year after her captivity, the bobcat finally began to show signs of aggression towards humans, which is a good sign, adds the director.
It is important to wait at least 24 to 48 hours if a wild animal seems to be separated from its mother, explains Novak, because it may have been only absent to fetch food.
People should not interact with these animals, she adds, unless the animal has a physical injury and needs immediate help.
A short stay
As for the other animal that was released, a lynx, the stay was much shorter.
The adult female, who had been found in a derelict Rogersville, only stayed for a month at the Institute.
Novak says that when the lynx female arrived she was hungry.
“Once she started gaining weight again, she became more energetic and her wild instincts came back,” says Novak.
She was finally taken back to where she was found.
A new resident
Another bobcat, found in the yard of a resident of St. George, New Brunswick, has just been collected by the Atlantic Wildlife Institute.
Barely a month old, the young boarder will spend the winter with Institute staff and will likely be released into the wild by spring or summer. | <urn:uuid:23794908-5035-4e69-afb7-a96b57f3485b> | {
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Yamas and Niyamas
Yamas and niyamas are ethical guidelines for living. Yamas are considered the "outer" observance. Niiyamas are the "inner" observances - a guide for living soulfully. Patanjali teaches that there are 5 yamas and 5 niyamas while other traditions teach that there are ten of each.
I'll be adding to this list as we go along....
Ahimsa: Non-violence, non-harming (do no harm, the avoidance of violence). You can apply this first to yourself in your physical yoga practice, then to your thoughts and actions, and continue to broaden it many other ways, to include all living beings.
Satya: Truthfulness or honesty. As satya is achieved, the fruits of actions naturally result.
Asteya: Non-stealing, abstension from theft.
Brahmacharya: Walking in awareness of the highest reality, remembering the divine.
Aparigraha: Non-possessiveness, non-holding through senses, non-greed, non-grasping, non-indulgence, non-acquisitiveness.
Saucha or shaucha: Purity or cleanliness. This is both internal and external. It's how we treat our bodies and our energies (internal) and how we treat our environment (external).
Santosha: Contentment. Be content with what you attain. Accept where you are. The quality of contentment leads to inner peace. We find that what we need is right here in the moment, no matter if this moment is easy or difficult.
Tapas: Disclipline, training the senses, fire or heat. Centering in the awareness of your practice with both disclipine and enthusiasm. You might view it as a way to cleanse the mind and body of the daily residue that may color your perceptions.
Svadhyaya: The study of one's self; careful self-observation; turning inward. In the pause after a pose (asana), ask yourself, "What's changed?". Build self-awareness. The focus is internal, self-knowledge. Allows you to avoid competing with others in the room and to prevent injuries.
Ishvara Pranidhana: Surrender to life. Live an expression of all these attitudes (niyamas). Celebrate your aliveness and surrender to it.
Mary Esther Middleton
Contact Yoga Sense | <urn:uuid:1e79d461-463f-419d-81ca-d428ccef5769> | {
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The focus of the workshop is on personal fabrication and the challenges that need to be overcome to make it pervasive. Personal fabrication is in contrast to mass production. Instead of buying pre-designed and pre-built products (as in mass production), individuals are empowered with the ability to design, visualize, and fabricate personalized products by themselves and in their own home. This personal fabrication concept has been described as the "new or third industrial revolution" . It can transform multiple industries and lead to major paradigm shifts in the way products are designed, manufactured, stored, transported, and consumed.
Rapid prototyping technologies such as 3D printers and laser cutters are becoming more common and accessible. Their costs have been gradually decreasing such that a MakerBot 3D printer, for example, is affordable to the average consumer for use at home. However, for the concept of personal fabrication to be fully realized and be truly pervasive in reaching and impacting the life of a layperson, many research topics and issues need to be explored.
Research from various disciplines are applicable to our workshop, including (not limited to): graphics and visualization, geometry modeling, user interfaces, human- computer interaction, computational design, fabrication, and rapid prototyping.
A more specific list of topics of interest includes, but are not limited to:
You can find the complete Call For Papers here. | <urn:uuid:25e8cf84-47a1-4761-92df-2477f9cf1260> | {
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LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Changing weather patterns as a result of climate change are making life much harder for farmers in war-ravaged Sierra Leone, a country already battling with poverty, a recent study says.
With 70 percent of people depending on farming for a living, erratic rainfall leading to decreasing yields is forcing many to find other ways of making money, sometimes creating additional problems, according to the study’s authors.
“This is about life and death, so there is need for them to come up with something that will keep them going,” study leader Kabba Santigie Bangura of the University of Sierra Leone’s department of geography said at the Mary Kingsley Zochonis Lecture at King’s College this week.
Farmers in Sierra Leone rely on a traditional pattern of a six-month rainy season followed by a six-month dry season to know when to plant their crops.
But 76 percent of the 250 farmers who participated in the study said those weather patterns are seriously changing. Bangura and his co-authors recount that farmers noticed that now “rainfall does not follow any regular pattern.”
Adding to the problem, Bangura said there is a lack of reliable meteorological information to help farmers track and plan for the changes.
A decade of civil war in the 1990s similarly left Bangura and his co-authors without any historical weather data or archives to use as a baseline for their research, which was published in the International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology.
The lack of meteorological data means farmers have a hard time knowing when is the best time to plant crops, Bangura said. With little money to replace seeds if they get it wrong, a lot rides on their guess.
If they plant right before a dry period, they may not have enough water to keep crops alive and prospering. Alternatively, a flood could keep them from planting at all, or make them lose their crop shortly after they do.
This uncertainty about the best time to plant has had a significant impact on farmers’ yields, the study says. Bangur told the story of a 54-year-old man from the coastal settlement of Rokel who watched as the yields from his family’s swampy farm dwindled from 100 bushels of rice a year in his father’s time, to just 40 bushels now.
SHORT ON FOOD AND INCOME
In a country where so many people depend on agriculture to survive, this variability in rainfall translates to a country full of people short on food and income.
“That’s had very direct impacts on their lives,” Bangura said, “even affecting the quantity and frequency of meals.”
Many families have had to ration their food, eating only one meal late in the day instead of the three they are used to.
Lower incomes also mean it’s harder for farmers like the one from Rokel to afford to keep their kids in school. In the end, as the study points out, this translates to a lower literacy rate among the population.
Farmers told the researchers they are doing anything they can to supplement their income from farming in light of weather changes – including things that may threaten their long-term prospects.
Many people, for instance, resort to selling whatever they can. During his lecture, Bangura showed photographs of rusty metal pipes sticking out of concrete blocks. These pipes, he explained, used to be connected to water pumps, but in peoples’ desperation for money, a lot of pumps have been disconnected and sold. That puts pressure on the few pumps that remain, making them more prone to break and further exacerbating water shortages.
The study also recounts that men travel to cities more and more in search wage labour to supplement meager farming profits. But even that may be becoming less viable as alternative jobs – such as fishing – become scarcer.
“The option to migrate for work has not been favourable over the past five years because of declining fish catches,” said a member of the Rokupr Mothers Club, a movement of mothers using community gardens to pay for their daughters’ educations.
Based on their interviews with farmers, the authors had a few policy recommendations to help improve the situation, such as restoring water pumps, establishing meteorological stations to more accurately track weather patterns, and encouraging more collective action by farmers.
Bangura said many farmers in Sierra Leone emphasized that measures are needed to ensure foreign aid gets to them rather than falling into corrupt hands.
Bangora was particularly enthusiastic about the need to rebrand climate change’s effects in Sierra Leone and the rest of Africa as a human rights issue. Then, he said, farmers would be better placed to get the foreign support they need.
“The local strategies that they’re using are not enough,” he said. “Leaving them to battle the impact, they may not succeed.”
Jake Lucas is an AlertNet Climate intern. | <urn:uuid:f854ff50-609a-4688-8f35-4de433bf5752> | {
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To eat clean, people must stick with eating whole foods as much as possible and avoid foods that have been processed, according to Fitness Magazine. People who eat clean focus on knowing where their food comes from and how it is made.Continue Reading
To change to a clean diet, consumers need to focus on buying fresh whole foods locally whenever possible. While many people who eat clean also stick to a vegetarian diet, meat can be included in a clean diet, but it is best to stick with organic products or get meat from local farms and farmer's markets. When it comes to buying boxed foods, consumers need to read the ingredient list. Items on the list should be other whole foods, such as whole grains, seeds and other recognizable foods, according to Fitness Magazine.
Avoid foods that have saturated oils and enriched grains. The general rule of thumb is that all of the items on the ingredient list need to be easy to pronounce. Another way to eat clean is to make foods at home using whole food ingredients. Replace store-bought salad dressings and sauces with ones made from oil, vinegar and citrus juices. Clean recipes for homemade tortillas, ice cream and even baby food help people stick to their clean diets.Learn more about Food Facts | <urn:uuid:b38325e5-f11f-47c2-bbf5-c7ffd304371c> | {
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As we marked the 47th annual Earth Day on April 22nd, we were once again reminded of the need to protect our environment. This heightened awareness is testament to how far Americans have come in both recognizing and curbing the wasteful, destructive behaviors that emerged in the decades following World War II. Those excesses have given rise to conservation and environmentalism, and were heralded by the first Earth Day in 1970.
Today’s Wasteful Behavior: Cash Out Leakage
While we may be more environmentally-conscious these days, we don’t apply the same principles financially. There is a highly-wasteful and harmful behavior that silently robs millions of the prospect for a comfortable or timely retirement. Every year, millions of Americans will needlessly cash out their retirement savings after changing jobs, converting these savings into wasted consumption and avoidable tax penalties.
Newly-compiled statistics by Retirement Clearinghouse paint a grim picture:
- In 2017, approximately 14.8 million defined contribution plan participants will change jobs.
- Of these job-changing participants, over 31%, or 4.7 million, will cash out their retirement savings in the first year following their separation.
- Another 1.4 million will cash out their savings over the next 7 years.
- In total, 6.1 million, or 42% of the job-changers from the “class of 2017” will eventually cash out over $68 billion in retirement savings.
Digging deeper into the demographics of cash out leakage, the statistics further demonstrate that the participants most-affected by cash out leakage can least afford it, including:
- Younger age groups, particularly Millennials
- Lower income groups
- Minorities, particularly African-Americans and Hispanics
For a dramatic, visual representation of the problem of cash out leakage, visit Retirement Clearinghouse’s National Retirement Savings Cashout Clock, which depicts an up-to-the-minute counter of the retirement savings already cashed out in 2017. The numbers are staggering.
Solving the Problem of Cash Out Leakage
The good news about cash out leakage is that we understand its causes and how to prevent most of it.
A 2015 study of America’s Mobile Workforce found that most job-changing plan participants, when faced with the difficulty of “do-it-yourself” portability, simply took the path-of-least-resistance and cashed out their retirement savings, while slightly more than a third of participants who cashed out actually needed the funds for an economic emergency. From a behavioral perspective, if moving retirement savings forward to the next employer’s plan were made as easy as cashing out, then almost two-thirds of the cash out leakage problem could be solved.
Consequently, Auto Portability is the first innovation that could spell the end for excessive cashout leakage. Auto Portability is the routine, standardized and automatic movement of an inactive participant’s small balance retirement account (less than $5,000) from a former employer’s retirement plan to an active account at a new employer’s retirement plan, when a participant changes jobs.
Auto Portability has gained some influential supporters who believe that reducing cash out leakage could deliver a massive benefit to our economy and is achievable by the private sector.
New research from EBRI, presented on March 30th at a forum hosted by the Financial Services Roundtable, has calculated the present value of Auto Portability’s benefits at $2 trillion. This analysis places Auto Portability ahead of auto IRA initiatives and just behind universal defined contribution coverage in terms of the impact on the total retirement savings shortfall. By any definition, this analysis clearly establishes Auto Portability as a leading public policy initiative.
At the same event, former Sen. Kent Conrad of the Bipartisan Policy Center expressed his support for a private-sector “retirement security clearinghouse” to help job-changers consolidate their retirement savings. The BPC’s position clearly demonstrates the strong bipartisan support that Auto Portability enjoys, and that it’s benefits could be efficiently delivered without imposing a burden on America’s taxpayers.
On Earth Day 2017, we’re seeing encouraging signs that the problem of retirement savings cash out leakage will finally get the attention that it deserves. | <urn:uuid:72c736a3-fe58-4ec7-88a6-0258993eb20b> | {
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Flexible labour markets involve a minimum of government intervention, they are labour markets which work efficiently and are competitive. Many supply side economists argue flexible labour markets are of great importance in reducing unemployment and improving the competitiveness of the economy. However, although they have some benefits the advantages of flexible labour markets are not equally shared. In particular, there are concerns over the negative impact on job insecurity.
This is a short answer to an exam essay question. "Examine the Benefits of Flexible Labour Markets"
1. Reduce Classical (Real Wage) Unemployment
Real wage unemployment occurs when wages are set above the equilibrium, for example, through trades unions or minimum wages. Flexible labour markets help to keep wages close to the equilibrium and therefore avoid creating unemployment.
However it is worth noting that minimum wages and trades unions don't always cause unemployment. For example, if firms have monopsonistic power, wages can be kept below the equilibrium. A true flexible labour market would require both workers and firms to lose their market power.
2. Increased Investment.
Flexible labour markets help to reduce costs for firms; for example, workers can be employed when they are needed. It is not necessary to pay for workers who are not productive. This will help attract inward investment. It is argued one reason, for higher unemployment in France is that there are costs in hiring and firing workers, this reduces the incentive for firms to expand.
However if labour markets are very flexible workers may have greater job insecurity, and this can lead to lower productivity.
3. Reduces Wage Price Spirals
If workers have too much market power they can bargain for higher wages, this can lead to inflation.
4. Increases Labour Participation Rates
Flexible labour markets can be beneficial for workers. This is because it gives them more options of, when and where to work. This is particularly helpful for women with young children, for example, they can work part time and still look after their children.
However, although flexible labour markets have created work in the part-time, service sector, there has been less success in creating permanent, full time jobs. | <urn:uuid:da87ca04-cdec-4ff0-bcfb-788c26e8e9ac> | {
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Here's a sobering fact: breast cancer is the leading cause of death among US women between the ages of 35 and 54 — and rates are rising.
Though obesity and genetics account for some of the risks, much of the danger comes from repeated exposure to certain chemicals in our homes, air and water.
Julia Brody, executive director of the Silent Spring Institute in Newton, Massachusetts, is the co-author of a new paper outlining ways people can reduce their risk. She says says the list of problematic chemicals is surprisingly large, but some simple precautions can help reduce the risk.
Brody and her colleagues assembled a list of 216 chemicals that have been shown in animal studies to increase mammary gland tumors. They then narrowed the list down to 100 chemicals that women are exposed to every day.
“We’re talking about chemicals that are in air pollution, diesel exhaust, gasoline, perfluorinated compounds ([those are in non-stick and stain resistant surfaces], some flame retardants and a variety of chemicals that are in consumer products and workplaces,” Brody explains.
From the study, Brody developed seven tips to reduce exposure to many of these breast carcinogens:
1. Lessen exposure to fumes from things like gasoline.
“It’s very important for people to understand that air pollution is actually a breast cancer issue,” Brody says. “One of the most important areas we found was the number of breast carcinogens in gasoline and in auto exhaust and diesel exhaust. These chemicals include benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These are priorities on our list of breast carcinogens.”
Brody says one way to reduce our exposure to these chemicals is to limit our use of gasoline-powered tools. She suggests using an electric lawn mower or a high-efficiency vehicle.
“We can also take action at the community level,” Brody notes. “For example, you often see buses or cars idling in front of a school. If those engines are turned off then the kids and the parents who are picking them up are not exposed so much to these breast carcinogens.”
Slightly more difficult is reducing exposure to the chemicals released in our own homes. Cooking and cleaning aren’t normally activities we consider hazardous to our health, but they certainly could be.
In regard to cooking, there are two things we can do, Brody says.
2. “Turn on the ventilation fan so you’re exhausting the PAHs and the smoke out of your house. The other thing is to cook at a lower temperature so you’re not creating char on your food."
"Delicious as it may be, it does contain breast carcinogens. If you just cook at a lower temperature, or marinate before you cook, that will reduce your exposure,” she says.
3. Find a dry cleaner that doesn't use PERCs or other solvents.
As for housecleaning, Brody says many questionable chemicals are found in consumer cleaning products.
“[These chemicals] end up in house dust — and we inadvertently end up eating it,” Brody say.
4. To cut down on dust, remove shoes at the door, vacuum with a HEPA filter and clean with a damp rag or mop.
“Kids, of course, are especially exposed to house dust, because they’re crawling around on the floor and putting their hands in their mouths," she adds. But even adults are consuming a fair amount of house dust.”
Brody adds that we can prevent carcinogens entering our homes from the outside by putting a rug just inside your doorway
5. Install a solid carbon filter for your drinking water.
As always, drinking water is a source of concern. “We want our drinking water to be free of any pathogens that might cause sickness, but in the process of disinfecting water, we’re inadvertently sometimes creating carcinogens,” Brody explains. “We found, for example, that MX is created from the process of chlorinating drinking water.”
The list of other ordinary dangers is dauntingly long — furniture, rugs, non-stick pans, stain resistant surfaces, flame retardants on clothing.
“We really need manufacturers to figure out a better way to make things,” Brody insists. “We don’t need these chemicals in our products.”
6. Avoid stain resistant furniture and fabrics.
7. Avoid polyurethane foam or ask for foam that doesn’t have flame retardants in it.
Beyond individual actions, Brody says there are ways that we, as a society, could work toward limiting exposure to carcinogens. Two big areas are increasing air pollution controls and vehicle fuel efficiency. The other main one, is changing the rules for chemicals in consumer products. Many people don’t realize, Brody says, that in the US companies can — and do — put chemicals into products without testing to check whether they might cause breast cancer.
“We have an 'innocent until proven guilty rule' for chemicals in consumer products,” she says. “There’s an effort at the national level to switch to a 'better safe than sorry strategy' that would require manufacturers to test chemicals and provide some evidence that they’re safe before they go on the store shelves. Those are some important changes that we need to enact.”
In addition, Brody says, “We desperately need reform of the Toxic Substances Control Act — but we need to make sure that what we do next is better than what we have now. ... We need new legislation that will actually protect health, that will require safety testing of chemicals before they’re put into use in consumer products that we all use every day.” | <urn:uuid:af498b2b-8f24-49ff-98c9-ec45ecb27d34> | {
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Actions To Take This Flu Season
- Get Your Seasonal Flu Shot. The best way to prevent seasonal flu is by getting a seasonal flu vaccination each year. As always, CDC recommends that people 65 and older get their regular, or "seasonal," flu vaccine as soon as it is available. This year is no exception as seasonal flu viruses are expected to circulate along with 2009 H1N1 viruses this flu season. When the 2009 H1N1 vaccine becomes available for people 65 years and older, you should get that vaccine also.
- Take Everyday Preventive Actions including covering coughs, washing hands often and avoiding people who are sick.
- Seek medical advice quickly if you develop flu symptoms to see whether you might need medical evaluation or possibly treatment with antiviral medications. People 65 and older are prioritized to get antiviral drugs if they become sick with the flu according to CDC's guidance. Flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people may also have vomiting and diarrhea. People may be infected with the flu, including 2009 H1N1, and have respiratory symptoms without a fever.
People 65 Years and Older and Seasonal Flu
It has been recognized for many years that older people are at greater risk of serious complications from the flu compared with young, healthy adults. It's estimated that 90 percent of seasonal flu-related deaths and more than 60 percent of seasonal flu-related hospitalizations in the United States each year occur in people 65 years and older. This is because human immune defenses become weaker with age. So influenza can be a very serious disease for people 65 and older.
People 65 Years and Older and 2009 H1N1 Flu
The new 2009 H1N1 virus does not seem to be affecting people 65 years and older in the same way that seasonal flu usually does. Most people who have gotten sick from this new virus have been younger. In fact, people 65 and older are the group that is least likely to get infected with this new virus. There have been relatively few infections and even fewer cases of serious illness and death with this new virus in people older than 65. Laboratory tests on blood samples indicate that older people likely have some pre-existing immunity to the 2009 H1N1 flu virus. But while people 65 and older are the least likely to be infected with 2009 H1N1 flu, those that do become infected are at greater risk of having serious complications from their illness.
How Flu Spreads
The main way that influenza viruses are thought to spread is from person to person in respiratory droplets of coughs and sneezes. This can happen when droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled through the air and deposited on the mouth or nose of people nearby. Influenza viruses may also be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets on another person or an object and then touches their own mouth or nose (or someone else's mouth or nose) before washing their hands.
People with 2009 H1N1 flu who are cared for at home should:
- Check with their health care provider about any special care they might need if they are pregnant or have a health condition such as diabetes, heart disease, asthma, or emphysema
- Check with their health care provider about whether they should take antiviral medications
- Keep away from others as much as possible. This is to keep from making others sick. Do not go to work or school while ill
- Stay home for at least 24 hours after fever is gone, except to seek medical care or for other necessities. (Fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.)
- Get plenty of rest
- Drink clear fluids (such as water, broth, sports drinks, electrolyte beverages for infants) to keep from being dehydrated
- Cover coughs and sneezes. Wash hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub
- Wear a facemask - if available and tolerable - when sharing common spaces with other household members to help prevent spreading the virus to others. This is especially important if other household members are at high risk for complications from influenza. | <urn:uuid:5f8f5731-6567-4d63-86d1-cf1b0f8e218e> | {
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Depleted uranium weapons
In the months and years following the armed conflicts in the Persian Gulf (1991 and 2003) and Kosovo (1995), a large number of soldiers, UN peacekeepers, and civilians have exhibited unexpected and unexplained health problems, including excess leukaemias and other cancers, neurological disorders, birth defects, and a constellation of symptoms loosely gathered under the rubric "Gulf War Illnesses."
Depleted uranium (DU), because of its radioactivity and chemical toxicity, has been linked to these acute health effects in the press and in public forums. Some opponents of uranium weapons have categorically asserted that exposure to depleted uranium is the direct cause of these excess cancers. US and NATO officials, citing the published research on the health effects of uranium, have dismissed DU as a potential cause of the acute health effects for which it has been blamed.
The term “depleted uranium” is, however, misleading in that uranium-236, plutonium, americium and other transuranic elements are common contaminants, contrary to industry specifications. These extremely toxic and radioactive substances are spent nuclear fuels and other nuclear waste which enter the DU production stream at the ‘post-fission’ stage of the nuclear chain, i.e after the fuel has been through the reactor. Although they are present only in trace quantities, they significantly increase the toxicity and radioactivity of DU munitions.
Clearly, there is potential for human contamination by particles of uranium oxide.
Inhaled particles of less than 2.5 microns diameter can enter deep into the lungs and may move from the lung to the lymph nodes and bone. Embedded fragments in wounds may solubilise and redistribute in brain, lymph nodes, gonads, liver, kidney, and spleen, with the highest concentrations in skeletal tissue.
Uranium is also a heavy metal, with the attendant chemical toxicity.
The Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, which reports to the US Department of Defence, has itself stated that DU can pose a chemical toxicity and radiological hazard under specific conditions. Moreover, any impurities that may have found their way into the DU munitions used in either the Gulf or the Balkans - including plutonium, actinides, and the highly radioactive manufactured isotope U-236 - pose unquestionably serious health threats. more...
- MAPW policy on uranium munitions 2003
- Depleted Uranium Weapons and Acute Post-War Health Effects: An IPPNWi Assessment | <urn:uuid:a07db500-5515-446f-bfcb-a779b31af0ec> | {
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Today the world economy is capable of produsing a plethora of goods and services - almost an embarassment of riches. So why is there so much poverty, such an unequal distribution of wealth and income and too few good paying jobs. The answer is simple. There is no direct connection between the jobs provided by an economy and the goods and services that economy is capable of producing. In order for people to consume, where consumption means both necessary and unnecessary items, they need money, and, for most people, the only way to get money is by means of a job. There are, however, other ways to acquire money both legitimate and illegitimate. For instance, one can get money via a return from capital. This comes in the form of interest, rent and dividends. Once money has been accumulated, it can be loaned out and the return to capital is in the form of interest. Or an asset can be purchased like a house and that asset can be rented out. Then the return to capital comes in the form of rent. Money can also be acquired if the government doles it out in the form of welfare or unemployment insurance. For an economy to work and for people to be reasonably well off, enough money has to be in enough hands so that goods and services can be bought, and then jobs can be created to provide those goods and services.
Ironically, though, the more capable an economy is of producing goods and services, the less money there is in enough hands to purchase them because less labor is required to produce them. Automation, computerization and robotization make human labor less necessary in the production process. Therefore, just as unlimited production with minimal human drudgery becomes a reality, people become less able to consume that production because requisite labor (and hence jobs) becomes less necessary. So there is a glut of possible production and also a glut of unneeded labor with a consequent diminished ability to purchase that production. One way around this dilemma is for the public sector to create jobs that the private sector seems incapable of creating precisely because it has created labor saving (and hence job reducing) machines. Another way is for government to simply increase the money supply by printing money and handing it out to consumers so they can make purchases. Keynesian economics is based on the principal that government spending can get the economy moving again by priming the pump, getting money into consumers' hands, and then having the economy create jobs when those consumers spend that money. This works as long as the increased production from consumers' spending their money leads to more job creation. In an advanced economy, however, increased production can be had simply by cranking up the machines - computers, robots etc - and not necessarily by hiring more human labor.
So what to do? Government can not afford to simply print money or borrow it indefinitely. If something like full employment does not come about as a result of the government temporarily spending money into the economy, the only rational solution is to tax the owners of the means of production and use that money either to create jobs in the public sector or dole it out to consumers. This then becomes a way effectively to equalize ownership and forestall the increasing inequality brought about by the concentration of capital and the means of production in fewer and fewer hands.
This excerpt is from William Greider's new book, Come Home, America.
First, every American who is willing and able ought to have the right to a job that pays a livable wage. If the private sector will not provide these jobs, then the public sector should be the employer of last resort. Franklin Roosevelt described the goal -- the practical equivalent of full employment -- in his "second Bill of Rights," and the public has overwhelmingly endorsed the principle ever since. In recent decades, the economy has drifted even further from the promise, creating in its place a broad labor market of the underclass -- temporary jobs paying unlivable wages and often filled by undocumented immigrants. Guaranteed public jobs paying more than the minimum wage would permanently and automatically stabilize the economy, swelling the ranks of public workers in recessions and shrinking them when private jobs become more abundant. Instead of punishing the working poor most severely in downturns, as the system does now, the government would redistribute the costs of recession so that all taxpayers would share the burden as a public obligation.
The social consequences of a change like this could be profound: it would be a direct assault on the poverty and hopelessness of inner-city precincts and decaying rural towns where the same pathologies ravage families and young people without regard to race or ethnicity. Real jobs would mean that reliable incomes would flow into those communities, providing a concrete basis for economic development and neighborhood restoration as well as the redemption of damaged lives, especially the prospects for young people.
The advantage of public sector jobs is that the government can decide what kinds of jobs to create and what should be the production goals of those jobs. Unlike the private sector where jobs are created strictly in response to enterprises undertaken with the goal of making a profit, government can create jobs with socially desirable production like infrastructure creation and repair, for example, something that would be considered unprofitable by the private sector. The private sector might consider a more profitable enterprise to be one which caters to human vices like gambling, for instance. Immense casinos are invested in with the intention of profiting from relieving people of their money by encouraging them to gamble. Casino ownership has produced billionaires while infrastructure rebuilding has produced none.
The Keynesian scenario is that economies will eventually recover from depressions and recessions if only government temporarily primes the economic pump, runs temportary deficits. But what if the government must permanently prime the pump because of a jobless recovery. Just because consumers are buying again doesn't necessarily mean that jobs are being created again or being created in parts of the world where labor is relatively more expensive. Offshoring of jobs to parts of the world where labor is cheap combined with more automated production and less unionization results in a situation in which maldistribution of income can lead to a permanent recession unless government is willing to run deficits indefinitely or print money indefinitely or tax the rich and redistribute the money indefinitely. Of these prospects, only a redistribution of income is fiscally sound. Large corporations, however, which are the primary repositories of wealth and capital will choose to abandon consumer markets where consumers don't have the means to purchase for more promising consumer markets in countries where money is distributed more widely because that's where the cheap labor is located.
It is because of this contradictory conundrum of the concentration and centralization of capital due to increasing production capacity leading to increasing immiseration of the masses that the people eventually demand a reorganization of economic systems. | <urn:uuid:c5bc062a-46f4-4263-a13c-5ee2e26f52c6> | {
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The course analyzes the origins of 'modernity' in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Beginning with the Scientific Revolution, it then looks at the social and political environment that made the 'Republic of Letters' possible. A wide variety of primary-source texts, including social and political criticism, novels and poetry, painting and sculpture, will be examined. (Not offered 2016-17).
|Term||Block||Title||Instructor||Location||Student Limit/ Available||Updated| | <urn:uuid:a02c2fe7-1317-4bac-9e43-866d82aea0a7> | {
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Weather radar furnishes essential observations of the atmosphere used in providing weather forecasts and issuing weather warnings to the public. The primary weather surveillance radar system operated by U.S. agencies is the WSR-88D (NEXRAD) system, which consists of about 150 nearly identical radars deployed over the United States and some overseas locations in the 1990s. Data from this system support activities of the National Weather Service (NWS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and Department of Defense (DoD). The data are also distributed to a wide variety of other users, including private sector organizations and the media.
Since the design of the NEXRAD system, important new radar technologies and methods for designing and operating radar systems have been developed. These advances provide the motivation for appraising the status of the current weather radar system and identifying the most promising approaches for the development of its eventual replacement. In order to address this issue, a National Research Council (NRC) committee was convened, charged with the following task:
To determine the state of knowledge regarding ground-based weather surveillance radar technology and identify the most promising approaches for the design of the replacement for the present Doppler Weather Radar. Specifically, the committee will:
Examine the state of the present radar technologies;
Identify new processes for data analyses; and
Estimate the maturity of the various capabilities and identify the most promising approaches.
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad Summary Weather radar furnishes essential observations of the atmosphere used in providing weather forecasts and issuing weather warnings to the public. The primary weather surveillance radar system operated by U.S. agencies is the WSR-88D (NEXRAD) system, which consists of about 150 nearly identical radars deployed over the United States and some overseas locations in the 1990s. Data from this system support activities of the National Weather Service (NWS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and Department of Defense (DoD). The data are also distributed to a wide variety of other users, including private sector organizations and the media. Since the design of the NEXRAD system, important new radar technologies and methods for designing and operating radar systems have been developed. These advances provide the motivation for appraising the status of the current weather radar system and identifying the most promising approaches for the development of its eventual replacement. In order to address this issue, a National Research Council (NRC) committee was convened, charged with the following task: To determine the state of knowledge regarding ground-based weather surveillance radar technology and identify the most promising approaches for the design of the replacement for the present Doppler Weather Radar. Specifically, the committee will: Examine the state of the present radar technologies; Identify new processes for data analyses; and Estimate the maturity of the various capabilities and identify the most promising approaches.
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad The committee included experts in radar technologies, meteorological applications, computer-processing capabilities for data handling, and application to numerical models. In the summary each of the committee’s recommendations appears under the section of the report in which it is introduced. The recommendations in boldface italics deal with technologies that are deemed worthy of consideration in the development of the future replacement for the current NEXRAD system. They are categorized as “near-term,” “far-term,” or “visionary.”1 The committee also felt that the processes by which the future system is developed and deployed could be as significant as the technologies. The recommendations in standard italics refer to such procedural issues, and have no assigned priority. The feasibility of the “far-term” and “visionary” technologies depends upon a variety of factors such as the evolution of enabling technologies and advances in basic understanding. Moreover, further developments will depend upon the evolution of the political, social, and economic environment in the nation and the world. In-depth feasibility studies will be required to determine which approaches are most likely to provide the needed improvements. The committee encourages the agencies that commissioned this study to follow through with the investigations necessary to establish the technical feasibility of the “far-term” and “visionary” technologies and to conduct benefit-cost analyses of the feasible ones. RADAR IN THE ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVING AND PREDICTING SYSTEMS Weather forecasting and warning applications are relying increasingly on integrated observations from a variety of systems that are asynchronous in time and are non uniformly spaced geographically. Weather radar is a key instrument that provides rapid update and full volumetric coverage. On regional scales, the combination of the primary radar with subsidiary radars (either fixed or mobile) with satellite data, with automated meteorological measurements from aircraft, and with a network of ground-based meteorological instruments reporting in real time has been shown to provide enhanced nowcasting and short-term forecasting capabilities. Such capabilities improve severe local storm warnings (including forecasts of storm initiation, evolution, and decay), and they support activities such as construction, road travel, the needs of the aviation system (both civil and military), and recreation. 1 The committee uses the term “near term” for those technologies for which the capabilities exist currently and could be implemented even before the development of the replacement NEXRAD. “Far-term” technologies are those that could be available within the time period covered by this report (25–30 years), though they will require continued scientific and technological development before they could be implemented. “Visionary” technologies are those that may or may not be ready for operational use within the 25- to 30-year time frame.
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad Recommendation The next generation of radars should be designed as part of an integrated observing system aimed at improving forecasts and warnings on relevant time and space scales. THE CURRENT SYSTEM The current NEXRAD system is a highly capable weather surveillance radar that has proved to be of great value to many sectors of our society, with its value extending beyond the traditional goal of protecting life and property. The Radar Operation Center (ROC) and the NEXRAD Product Improvement (NPI) Program are continually improving the system. Early field testing of NEXRAD concepts and systems in a limited range of geographic and climatological situations did not elucidate and evaluate the full range of operational demands on the system. Weather surveillance needs vary from region to region and from season to season, and they depend on factors such as the depth of precipitating cloud systems and local topography. As the NEXRADs were deployed in other regions, further needs developed and additional limitations surfaced. The desire for more rapid update cycles is widespread, as are concerns about data quality. Recommendation—Near-term The Radar Operation Center and the NEXRAD Product Improvement Pro gram mechanisms should be extended to permit continual improvement to the NEXRAD system. Provisions should be made to carry features found to be beneficial, such as polarization diversity, over to the succeeding generation of systems. Recommendation Weather surveillance needs should be evaluated by geographic region to determine if a common radar system design is appropriate for all regions. Recommendation The development program for the next generation weather surveillance radar system should incorporate adequate provision for beta testing in the field in locations with diverse climatological and geographic situations.
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad ADVANCED RADAR TECHNOLOGIES— CAPABILITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES The emergence of new radar technology provides an important foundation for updating the current NEXRAD system. A key technological issue related to future radar development and usage is that of spectrum allocation. Communications and other users of the electromagnetic spectrum are competing for the current weather radar spectrum allocation. There is particular concern that the use of S-band (10-cm wavelength) may be lost for weather radar applications. The loss of S-band would compromise the measurement of heavy rain and hail, the ability to provide warning of flash floods and tornadoes, and the monitoring of hurricanes near landfall. The cost of rectifying these impacts in the current NEXRAD system would be high, and the constraints on the design of a future replacement system would be serious. Emerging hardware and software technologies offer promise for the design and deployment of a future radar system to provide the highest-quality data and most useful weather information. Adaptive waveform selection and volume scan patterns are important for optimizing radar performance in different weather situations. Radar systems with phased-array antennas and advanced waveforms can support a broad range of applications with observation times sufficiently short to deal with rapidly evolving weather events such as tornadoes or downburst winds. Polarimetric techniques offer means of dealing with many data-quality issues, provide a means for identifying hydrometeors over a storm, and offer the potential for the more accurate estimation of rainfall and the detection of hail. The ability of phased-array antennas to provide the requisite polarization purity has yet to be established. Recommendation—Far-term Adaptive waveform selection, which may even be applied to present systems, and agile beam scanning strategies, which require an electronically scanned phased array system, should be explored to optimize performance in diverse weather. Recommendation—Far-term The technical characteristics, design, and costs of phased array radar systems that would provide the needed rapid scanning, while preserving important capabilities such as polarization diversity, should be established. Recommendation The quality of real-time data should receive prominent consideration in the design and development of a next generation weather surveillance radar system. Real-
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad time data-quality assessment should be automated and used in deriving error statistics and in alerting users to system performance degradation. Recommendation Policy makers and members of the operational community should actively participate in the arena of frequency allocation negotiation. The impact, including the economic and societal costs, of restrictions on operating frequency, bandwidth, and power should be assessed for current and future weather radar systems. NETWORKS AND MOBILE PLATFORMS The new technologies also provide a foundation for the networking and placement of future radar systems. A closely spaced network of short-range radar systems would provide near-surface coverage over a much wider area than the current NEXRAD system. This would expand geographic coverage of low-level winds, precipitation near the surface, and weather phenomena in mountainous regions. Radars other than those in the primary network (e.g., weather radars operated by television stations or air traffic control radars operated by the FAA) could fulfill some of these roles. Mobile radars can provide highly detailed views of weather events. Such observations not only have scientific interest, but also could be valuable in support of emergency services in cases such as fires, contaminant releases, and nuclear, chemical, or biological attacks upon this country. Satellites and other aerospace vehicles represent alternatives to traditional ground-based systems. For example, the satellite-borne Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) radar has demonstrated the ability to observe precipitation over regions not reached by land-based radars. Future satellite technology is likely to allow on-orbit operation of radar systems with larger antenna apertures and higher power outputs than are currently used in space. Satellite constellations, operating as distributed array antennas, could provide high-resolution global coverage. Both piloted and unmanned aerospace vehicles (UAV) are being developed for a variety of remote sensing and other applications. As the capabilities of these airborne platforms increase, it may become possible to place weather radar systems on station at a variety of altitudes, for an extended duration. Recommendation—Near-term The potential value and technology to incorporate data from complementary radar systems to provide a more comprehensive description of the atmosphere should be investigated
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad Recommendation—Near-term The potential of operational mobile radar systems to contribute to the nation’s weather surveillance system for emergency response and for improved short- term forecasts should be evaluated. Recommendation—Far-term The potential for a network of short-range radar systems to provide enhanced near-surface coverage and supplement (or perhaps replace) a NEXRAD-like network of primary radar installations should be evaluated thoroughly. Recommendation—Visionary The capabilities of future space-based radar systems to supplement ground- based systems should be determined. Recommendation—Visionary The capabilities of Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles and piloted aircraft to carry weather radar payloads should be monitored for their potential to provide weather surveillance over the continental United States and over the oceans. AUTOMATED AND INTEGRATED PRODUCTS Weather radar data are being increasingly used not only in forecasting and warning applications but also in climatological studies as well as in a wide variety of other research areas. Weather radar provides observations on the small space and time scales that are essential for monitoring precipitation and diagnosing certain weather events as well as for supporting nowcasting systems, hydrologic models, and numerical weather prediction models. Issues of data quality are central to most such applications, particularly to efforts to automate the applications. Effective assimilation of radar data in the models also requires detailed error statistics. Broad dissemination of weather radar data in real time facilitates the application of these data to diagnostic and forecasting operations. Archiving of radar base data, as well as product data, facilitates research activities, retrospective studies, and climatological investigations. A long-term objective of the radar and other weather observation systems is the establishment of an integrated observational system, whereby most or all of these observations (e.g., ground-based, airborne, and space-borne radar, along with satellite, surface, and other data) would be assimilated onto a four-dimensional grid to provide the most complete diagnosis of weather impacts possible. Numerical weather prediction models and
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Weather Radar Technology: Beyond Nexrad nowcasting techniques would then provide forecasts from a few minutes to many hours. A broad array of products will be used to support decisions that improve safety to humans, improve operational efficiency, and make homeland defense efforts more effective. Recommendation To support the use of radar data in the climate observing system and other research areas, standards for calibration and continuity of observations should be established and implemented. Recommendation The value of radar data, as part of an integrated observing system, in diagnostic applications, nowcasting systems, and hydrologic and numerical weather prediction models should be considered in the design of the next generation weather radar system. The characteristics of radar observations and associated error statistics must be quantified in ways that are compatible with user community needs. Recommendation Plans for next generation weather radar systems should include provisions for real-time dissemination of data to support forecast, nowcast, and warning operations and data assimilation for numerical weather prediction, and certain research applications. Routine reliable data archiving for all radars in the system for research, climatological studies, and retrospective system evaluation must be an integral part of the system. Convenient, affordable access to the data archives is essential. Recommendation Tactical Decision Aids and means for collaborative decision-making capabilities should be developed for both meteorological and nonmeteorological users of the system, with attention to the demands on the integrated observing system. | <urn:uuid:4030d083-93a6-47a5-ae73-d5a5a90b169b> | {
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Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article
|Journal publication date||12/2008|
|Journal||Physical Review B|
|Number of pages||6|
The dependence of the transport properties on the specific location of the Fermi level in molecular electronics devices is studied by using electrodes of different materials. The zero-bias transport properties are shown to depend dramatically on the elemental composition of the electrodes even though the shape of the transmission coefficients is very similar. By using alkaline materials it is possible to move the Fermi level from the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap to the LUMO resonance and change dramatically the length dependence of the conductance of molecular wires, which opens the possibility of using molecules with different lengths and very similar conductances in nanoscale circuits. This method shows how to dramatically increase the conductance of molecular devices and alter qualitatively and quantitatively their electronic and transport properties. | <urn:uuid:c8b3a400-8ec7-41e0-9de1-7466d70838c1> | {
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In 2016 two influential new publications raised the possibility of a rapid acceleration of sea level rise in the 21st century – to ±2 metres (DeConto & Pollard) or more (2-5m, Hansen et al). In this background article we take … Continue reading →
In our previous article of the series we’ve looked at an overview of global sea level rise forecasts for the year 2100 – and seen that these forecasts have a very large spread, and also seem to increase with time … Continue reading →
Ocean level rise is known as one of the most disquieting effects of global warming, with more than three billion people living on the coast or less than 200 kilometres land inward and one tenth of the world population living … Continue reading →
The U.S. National Research Council has just released a synthesis of reports from thousands of scientists in 60 countries who took part in the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-08, the first in over 50 years to offer a benchmark for environmental conditions and new discoveries in the polar regions.
There has been much speculation about what exactly caused the end of the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Some say the Earth’s orbital changes were the cause, others say it was an increase in atmospheric CO2. But although a … Continue reading →
That would likely mean that also the official UN climate goal of limiting the average world temperature rise to no more than 2 degrees Celsius – a target linked to 450 ppm CO2 equivalent stabilisation scenarios (practically ambitious, theoretically weak) … Continue reading → | <urn:uuid:7dd98a53-91b8-465d-a014-57c24340f7d6> | {
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by Francesca Birks
Most of us can recall an awe-inspiring natural landscape from a blockbuster or independent movie that made us wish we could project ourselves from our seats to the other side of the screen. What we might not realize as distant viewers is the environmental impact and degradation that the film may have caused in the process of its production. In recognition of the film production industry's reliance on the beauty of dramatic, unspoiled natural landscapes, the New Zealand film industry responded by establishing the Greening the Screen project, which was funded by the Ministry for the Environment, Landcare Research and Waitakere City Council, and developed in association with South Pacific Pictures and the Screen Production and Development Association of New Zealand. Project Greening the Screen involved the creation of an environmental toolkit in the belief that "there should be credible and defensible environmentally responsible practices at all levels of the industry, starting with top management commitment and including practices behind the screen as well as on and off the screen and in the public eye". The toolkit takes a thorough look at the entire film production process from start to finish and stresses taking action by identifying, assessing and addressing the environmental impacts. The Greening the Screen toolkit goes a step further by not only considering the direct environmental footprint of the filmmaking process but also taking into account the lasting brain-print that the motion-picture industry leaves behind on its audience via the film content's messaging. The rationale being that the film industry has the ability to influence consumer behaviour and should incorporate that within the scope of its responsibility.
In the past few months the Greening the Screen project has come under the scrutiny of three international film commissions, including the UK Film Commission , and have approached the project for assistance in piloting its very own environmental sustainability initiatives. There has been a realization on the part of the production industry that success will hinge on the commitment of the industry and flexibility of environmental advocates to achieve environmental objectives within the tight timelines and pressures of filming schedules.
New Zealand, however, is not alone in pursuing 'green' innovation and excellence within the film industry. British Columbia's Film Commission established Reel Green BC to encourage green initiatives within film and television. While BC's film and television industry is already known as a green sector, BC's production community soon realized that more could be done to makes its activities green. Reel Green BC intends to capture the grassroots movement already active within the province. Reel Green targets the potential environmental impacts of the motion picture production on location (transport, environment, and infrastructure) and within offices and studio facilities, which includes the key considerations of energy consumption, water consumption, resource consumption, waste generation, discharges and emissions, and then proposes courses of action to effect positive change and impact reductions.
In the United States, California is historically known as the home of the motion picture industry. But it is also the source of much environmental toxicity. A report prepared by UCLA on "Sustainability in the Motion Picture Industry" found that in California, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with the Film and Television Industry (FTI) activity account for roughly 8,400,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalents per year. This represents almost 8.5 million tons every year. In the LA metro area, the Film and Television Industry accounts for approximately 8 million tons of CO2 equivalent GHG emissions. This figure is only topped by the Aerospace industry. Within the LA metro area, FTI makes a larger contribution to conventional air pollution than all other sectors analyzed, including aerospace. The UCLA report pinpoints exemplary practices by certain films such as the carbon-neutral production of The Day After Tomorrow, and the re-use of sets from The Matrix 2 and 3. Other carbon-neutral films have included An Inconvenient Truth, Syriana and indie documantary Sweet Land. Most recently NBC Universal has launched "Get On Board," a comprehensive corporate program designed to improve the environmental impact of its operations by reducing greenhouse gases, raising awareness about green issues and stimulating change in the media and entertainment industry. The program is being led by NBC Universal's CEO and President Jeff Zucker, and the campaign also falls under parent companyGeneral Electric's Ecomagination initiative. As part of the launch, NBC Universal announced that this summer's film debut Evan Almighty is its first movie to 'zero out' its carbon emissions.
The current green frenzy is enough to make you wonder whether it is all just another passing fancy, but groups such as Friends of the Earth are keen to make the movement last and have also jumped on the movie making bandwagon. In their current One Minute Green Film competition, they are asking for environmentally themed short film entries around the creative proposition of: How do we look after our planet and use it like there is a tomorrow? Friends of the Earth is working closely with Filminute to jointly promote and encourage filmmakers, animators and designers to create their own 'one-minute with meaning' and submit their green films by August 20th. Suggestions for how to 'green' a production include 'Going Retro,' by buying a second-hand camera, Hiring Not Buying, Keeping Old Faithful, by repairing a well-loved-kit as opposed to replacing one, and lastly, Making Do, by making props and costumes from things you already own or can borrow.
And while some observers may remain sceptical, there is increasing acknowledgement within the industry of the underlying triple bottom line; the idea that an organisation's license to operate comes not just from maximizing shareholders value but from improving and balancing its environmental, economic and social responsibilities. Because like everything else, the future of filmmaking depends on securing a healthy future for the planet as a whole.
Mine is the only totally solar-powered video production studio in the world. At least, I put out that word on-line several months ago when I built it and have not been challenged. I'm currently finishing a documentary about Tibet which debuts at the Action on Film Fest in Long Beach CA in July. If you'd like to do a story about it, contact me at the email address. Also check out my blog at http://schreinervideo.blogspot.com
Just wanted to pass along that the Environmental Media Association (EMA), a non-profit based in California, hosts an annual awards ceremony that includes the EMA Green Seal Award. It recognizes environmentally conscious efforts to green such things as set construction and energy usage, and urges more recycling and repurposing during film and video production. Our crew has found their guidelines to be very helpful. EMA also hosts seminars on greening behind-the-scenes. Their's is mainly a drive to increase awareness and they use celebrity spokespeople pretty effectively to do so. It's not on the scale of the campaigns that you discuss above, but hopefully it's a signal that green film production is gaining ground and can help make the message on screen that much more powerful and credible. There's more information on their website if you are interested. It's emaonline dot org. | <urn:uuid:fa2bda67-8d1e-4080-92b2-f2e78f6319fa> | {
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What do you do when the world is lined up to help over a million desperate people hit by a cyclone, and Myanmar's hard-line junta blocks that help?
That is the unprecedented situation confronting the United Nations, western aid agencies, and humanitarian organizations. No one has ever seen anything like it. With more than 60,000 dead and missing, and up to 1.5 million threatened by hunger, disease and exposure, Myanmar's generals are stalling. (Myanmar is also known as Burma).
As aid piles up in Thailand, and western ships line up nearby, the junta lets in only an aid trickle and refuses visas for outside experts needed to get a massive flow going. The generals have even seized tons of U.N. food aid that made it into the airport.
Sein Win, exiled prime minister of Burma's last elected government, voiced widespread frustration on Friday: "The refusal of the Burmese government to let aid in is criminal ... a death sentence for many thousands of men, women and children. There is a ticking time bomb in Burma."
So should, or can, U.N. member states force the junta to accept the world's outstretched hand?
Ironically, U.N. members adopted a concept back in fall 2005 that would seem to answer that question. At the urging of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the General Assembly endorsed the following principle: The international community has a "responsibility to protect" civilians when their governments can't or won't stop genocide or crimes against humanity - even if this means violating a country's national sovereignty.
This concept, known variously as "humanitarian intervention" or by the abbreviation "R2P," has gone nowhere. It has not proved useful in dealing with the quasi-genocide in Darfur. Authoritarian regimes view R2P as a potential cover for western military efforts at regime change.
But if it ever had any relevance, the concept ought to apply to the horrific situation in Myanmar. The issue at hand is not changing the country's regime (which has kept Nobel-prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest for 16 years after voiding 1990 elections). The issue is saving lives; the junta's stonewalling could create a humanitarian catastrophe.
That fear drove France's foreign minister, Bernard Kouchner, the founder of Doctors Without Borders, to declare last week that the United Nations should invoke its "responsibility to protect." He called for the world body to "obtain a United Nations resolution which authorizes the delivery (of aid) and imposes this on the Burmese government." But China, and several other Security Council members opposed French efforts to raise this idea, as did senior U.N. officials. There has been an intense debate this past week among human rights experts over whether the concept applies.
I asked Edward Luck, a special adviser to Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon, whether Kouchner was on the right track. "Kouchner's statement probably helped draw attention" to the Burma crisis, Luck said, "but I don't think this is the proper application" of the concept.
"The way Kouchner put it seemed to assume some kind of military response," Luck continued. "You don't want to deliver aid at the point of a gun. At the end of the day you have to persuade the (Burmese) government to accept help rather than force it down their throat."
Indeed, it is hard to imagine how international aid workers could operate under such circumstances, especially when they might have to stay for some time. On the other hand, the Burmese junta's refusal to help their own people cries out for global reaction.
Think back on similar crises. Iran accepted international aid for the devastating 2003 Bam earthquake. Swift international aid saved tens of thousands in several Asian nations after the 2004 tsunami. Pakistan, a country prickly about its sovereignty, let U.S. military transport planes bring in aid after the devastating 2005 earthquake in Kashmir (and U.S. soldiers became heroes).
According to Luck, many African nations backed R2P because they hoped it might help prevent a future genocidal outbreak similar to the one that killed 800,000 Rwandans. When it comes to a natural catastrophe like the cyclone in Burma, are developing nations really willing to let the junta sacrifice its own people?
Do some Security Council members really believe that an operation spearheaded by U.N. technical agencies is aimed at regime change? The R2P concept endorsed by the U.N. General Assembly does not require military action. But it surely requires massive international pressure on the Burmese government.
Kenneth Roth, the executive director of Human Rights Watch told me the most effective way to coerce consent from the generals would be for Burma's neighbors to exert pressure. He refers to the association of southeast Asian nations, along with India and China. This poses another challenge for China to show it can be a global leader as the 2009 Olympics draw near.
But it is pathetic that the world is reduced to begging a handful of generals to let it send in food, medicine, doctors, and aid workers. Perhaps the generals will relent. If China and ASEAN can't or won't make them, must the world stand by as CNN films the dying?
If that doesn't constitute a crime against humanity, what does? | <urn:uuid:a4f6211d-b865-4ebd-9d18-3b4c8fb7de68> | {
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30 Sep 04
Extreme These loads are due to rare events and can be regarded as an emergency condition.
Moderate to extreme damage can occur to either the wall or barge without complete collapse of
structure (i.e., structure is repairable but with a loss of function or with an extended disruption of
service to navigation traffic). This typically corresponds to a 10 percent chance of being exceeded
within a 100-year service life.
(2) From these definitions of load condition categories, Table B-1 and Figure B-6 show a guideline
for annual probabilities and return periods for barge impact scenarios. The return periods in this table
reflect a design life of 50 years and a service life of at least 100 years, including one major rehabilitation
during its service life.
Preliminary Level Design Return Periods for Barge Impact
Load Condition Categories
Greater than or equal to 0.1
Less that 0.1 but greater than 0.00333
Less than 0.00333
Figure B-6. Impact force versus return period (Note: Range of data processed from the experiments
represented by darkened line)
c. Use of Probabilistic Barge Impact Analysis (PBIA) to estimate return periods.
(1) The design or evaluation of rigid walls should be based on a range of barge impact angles and
approach velocities that can be realistically expected to occur during its service life. PBIA affords the
ability to define the return period based on the probability of possible impact events. The variables used in
barge impact analysis require numerous combinations of events that cannot be modeled as a discrete | <urn:uuid:2bbb0973-7a94-43cf-8215-c69fbb05de34> | {
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The Civil War Home Page
This extensive collection of articles, 1,100 photos, battle maps, battle reports, 1860 census records and Civil War (1861-1865) links is a great resource for high school reports.
The Time of the Lincolns
This companion site to the PBS TV special “Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided” is very useful for middle and high schoolers. It explores not just the deadly Civil War, but also women's rights, slavery, abolition, politics and the growth of the industrial economy. The teacher's guide includes lesson plans in history, economics, geography and civics.
Camp Life: Civil War Collections from Gettysburg
Camp Life reveals the daily life of Union and Confederate soldiers with an online exhibition of common everyday items. Learn what a “housewife” is and why infantrymen were only issued half a tent. | <urn:uuid:0389c69f-3753-41fa-b446-39abff3ec644> | {
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Daniel Boone WRIGHT
WRIGHT, Daniel Boone, a Representative from Mississippi; born near Mount Pleasant, Giles County, Tenn., February 17, 1812; attended the common schools and was graduated from Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1837; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1840 and commenced practice in Ashland, Benton County, Miss.; moved to Salem (later Hudsonville), Benton County, Miss., in 1850 and continued the practice of law and also engaged in agricultural pursuits; elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1853-March 3, 1857); was not a candidate for renomination in 1856; resumed the practice of law at Ashland, Miss.; during the Civil War was appointed, on April 16, 1862, lieutenant colonel of the Thirty-fourth Regiment of Mississippi Infantry in the Confederate Army; appointed colonel of Cavalry to take effect June 6, 1864, and served as a judge of military courts in Gen. N.B. Forrest’s Cavalry Division; resumed the practice of his profession in Ashland, Miss., and was also interested in agricultural pursuits in Benton County; died in Ashland, Miss., December 27, 1887; interment in the McDonald (private) Cemetery, near Ashland, Miss.
Source: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present
24 X 7
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s/r home | issues | authors | 7-8 contents
Dioxin in Germany
by Barbel Hohn, Speaker of Green Parliament List,
North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Sidebar: Die Grünen: Strategies for Resisting Dioxin
There are a number of industrial centers in Germany that show a high concentration of harmful substances: the largest area is the Ruhr in the very west of Germany, a megalopolis stretching 50 miles from Duisburg in the southwest to Dortmund in the northeast. The second is a 30 mile stretch along the river Rhine from Cologne in the south via Leverkusen to Düsseldorf in the north. Then there is the greater Frankfurt area, the cities of Hamburg and Berlin and the Leipzig/Bitterfeld area in former East Germany.
In the Ruhr, waste management has joined coal and steel as an industry. Its industrial structure suggests that the Ruhr is probably highly polluted with dioxins and heavy metals.
High readings in 1990 suggested that there must be large emitters of dioxins. In November, 1992, high dioxin concentrations were found in a sintering plant in Dortmund—250 g TE (grams of dioxin toxic equivalency) per year were emitted from one chimney alone. ["Sintering plants" make metals, metal alloys, glass or ceramic oxides. —Ed.]. A copper plant in Duisburg emits approximately 122 g TE per year.
The old estimate of 800-900 g TE per year for all of Germany, which was mainly based on the emissions of incinerators, has to be revised in the face of these emissions from other industrial facilities.
Since there is a lot of road traffic in industrial areas, this adds to the emissions and exposes the population not only to pollution by dioxins but also by heavy metals (particularly lead and cadmium), benzene and other substances. Research has shown that the number of children with birth defects is twice as high in Duisburg than in the city of Kleve, a nearby pollution-free zone.
A number of methods which have enjoyed a good reputation in Germany due to their having been labelled "recycling" now need to be re-examined to determine if they are harmful. These include:
- factories in which the PVC surrounding copper wiring is burned off in order to re-use the metal.
- metal and scrap metal recycling.
- high temperature extraction of metals from ore.
- sintering plants,
- cement producing plants which burn waste.
In general any industrial facility that burns used oil for energy is problematic, since used oil often contains PCBs or substitutes.
In mining, oils are used that don't catch fire easily. Since chlorine is not easily flammable it is considered the ideal component.
This means that the dioxin problem cannot be reduced to the classic incinerators but that other branches of industry that burn additives containing halogens, particularly chlorine, have to be taken into account. It is especially dangerous if metals are used as catalysts. Cars' exhaust fumes contain bromide dioxins that have to be considered as noxious as chloride dioxins.
Another source of dioxins was discovered in Germany in 1991, which was a grainy copper oxide-silicon compound called Kieselrot. This material, which was produced in great amounts as a by-product of a copper factory between 1938 and 1945, has been used as a filling material for sidewalks and sports fields.
The powerful political castes have proved very adroit in breaking the mounting public resistance, particularly against incinerators. They tried extending the problem beyond incinerators and at the same time calming the population's anxiety as to the dangers involved.
And since these plants do not have filters and there are neither limits nor recommendations for their emissions, the total emission of dioxins was greatly increased.
Since 1990, it has been possible for industrial plants to replace up to 25% of the fuel they burn with waste. The number of possible emitters rose sharply to a few thousand. And since these plants do not have filters and there are neither limits nor recommendations for their emissions, the total emission of dioxins was greatly increased.
There is confusion over terms, and the consequences are catastrophic. Waste can be declared a resource (in German: Wertstoff, literally: valuable substance) or an economic good if it is reintroduced into the economic cycle, although used oil polluted with PCB is really waste. But if this used oil is used in cement factories as a heating material, it is considered a recycled resource, and does not have to fulfil the strict requirements for waste.
Similarly, in the case of the sintering plant in Dortmund, flue dust and role scale (a by-product of the sintering process) were burned. Had this role scale not been burned, it would have had to be disposed of at great expense. Also, its use saved heating energy. This way the company saved millions. But dioxin emissions were dramatically high. Since all these are examples of recycling, the state can boast a high recycling rate. In addition, there is a strong push for privatizing the waste disposal industry and for giving thermal treatment of waste (i.e. incineration) precedence over cold decomposition or fermentation.
Since it is becoming more and more difficult to build hazardous waste dumps over the protests of the population, politicians are looking for new ways of dealing with the accumulating incineration residues.
In 1990—a year of gubernatorial elections in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and federal parliamentary elections—a recommendation of 0.1 nanogram/m^3 was officially pronounced The activated carbon filter made it possible for the proprietors to keep within the limits of the 0.1 ng/m^3 TE standard when pre-arranged inspections are carried out. But it tremendously increases the amount of dioxin dust in the filter.
Since it is becoming more and more difficult to build hazardous waste dumps over the protests of the population, politicians are looking for new ways of dealing with the accumulating incineration residues. Closed-down mines in the Ruhr are being used as deposits for highly poisonous filter dust. 6.5 million US tons of waste are scheduled to be deposited there within the next few years. The population does not have any participatory power in the planning process because special mining laws apply that exclude the public and because the highly noxious hazardous waste has been declared an economic resource. What is stored in the mines cannot be taken out again. If the poisonous substances get into the ground water and thus poison the drinking water, the waste stored there cannot be removed.
The remaining residues of incinerators like slag and ash are to be deposited underground as well, or are being used in road construction and were used in the past for filling playgrounds.
No holds are barred in trying to fight the population's anxiety over the dangers of dioxins. Dioxin measurements in recent years in the ground, blood and mother's milk have not shown increases. This may be due to successful resistance, namely the activated carbon filter in incinerators. Nonetheless it is interesting to note that the measurements in North Rhine-Westphalia have turned out to be far below what experts had expected. Of course, there is no right-to-know for the population, no controls, no participation. The campaign for such a right is important because we know that the results depend to a large extent on the method of measuring.
In each dioxin scandal in recent years (Kieselrot, the high readings in Duisburg and Dortmund, and a fire of a warehouse full of PVC-based plastic materials in the town of Lengerich), the state government succeeded in not finding heightened dioxin levels in the people examined compared to groups from unpolluted areas.
At the same time the dioxin limits were raised. In 1987 in a study sponsored by the state government of Hesse, the maximum dose that was not to be exceeded was 0.1 picogram TE per body weight and day. In 1990, a maximum dose of 1.0 picogram TE per body weight and day was introduced on the federal level and nowadays the tendency is towards having a dose of 1-10 picograms. The same is true for ground pollution limits.
The state governments always find experts who will admit that dioxin is highly poisonous but claim at the same time that an emission of 250 g per year from one chimney does not have any harmful consequences for the population and only needs to be lowered as a preventive measure.
Clearly, due to the increasingly relaxed political views on dioxin regulation, it now can be found:
- in household walls because concrete companies burn waste,
- in furniture which is made of packing materials and glue,
- in varnishes and glues because of their production,
- in garden soil because of air pollution, and
- in food because of soil pollution.
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Saving water: efficiency and reuse
The combination of water reuse and efficient plumbing fixtures means the Center for Urban Waters uses 46% less water than a conventional facility. This saves about 400,000 gallons per year, enough to fill more than 8,000 bathtubs.
Water storage tanks collect runoff from the roof and water rejected by the laboratory’s pure water system. Water collected in the tanks is used to flush toilets and irrigate plants. The green LED lights on the water tanks show the water level. | <urn:uuid:95d8dbed-3635-490e-b039-ca3541dfaeb0> | {
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It's Time for Spring Bulbs
Take advantage of sunny October days to get spring bulbs in the ground. Although you can plant bulbs until the ground freezes, it's much nicer to work outside while temps are warmer. Improve your bulb plantings with these tips:
1. Go big with bulbs. Edge an entire planting bed with a ribbon of grape hyacinths. Pepper groupings of daffodils along a property line or fence. Plant a lawn with brilliant blue Siberian squill -- letting it naturalize unfurls a blooming carpet each spring.
2. Consider companions. Team bulbs with early-season perennials that will bloom together. A few choices include forget-me-not, wall rockcress, creeping basket of gold, candytuft, and English primrose.
3. Spotlight the small. Tuck bulbs with diminutive proportions, such as miniature iris, glory of the snow, crocus, and snowdrops, into places where you'll be able to see them from indoors or planting beds near driveways or sidewalks.
4. Save a few bulbs for forcing indoors. Provide bulbs with 14 to 16 weeks of cold (41-48 degrees F). It will take another two to three weeks at room temperature for flower buds to start unfurling. Plant bulbs now for New Year blooms.
Frost will arrive this month, marking the end of the garden season. If you have plants you want to protect or produce you're waiting to pick, keep an ear tuned to weather forecasts.
When frost is predicted, you can protect some plants with a sheet or other nonplastic material. In the morning, don't remove covers until air has warmed.
Invest in frost blankets to extend the growing season by as much as a month for certain vegetables or cutting-garden flowers. Frost blankets are made from spun polyester or plastic. They permit water and light to reach plants, but exclude frost.
Vegetables and Frost: Some veggies taste better after frost nips leaves -- like carrots, Brussels sprouts, and kale. And most greens, including lettuce and spinach, can take hard frosts (below 28 degrees F). Root crops can stay in the ground until you want to use them. Clip the green, growing portions and heap mulch, straw, or soil over them to prolong the harvest up to 30 days. Use this technique with potatoes, carrots, turnips, parsnips, and beets.
Dealing with Autumn Leaves and Needles
Don't allow leaves to accumulate on the lawn or other surfaces. An easy way to deal with leaves is to rake or blow them onto the lawn and mow over them with a mulching mower. Leaves that are chopped fine will decompose in place.
Older pine needles drop from branches in fall. In fire-prone areas, gather needles and dispose of them.
Otherwise, allow needles to form a distinctive mulch beneath trees, or rake them up and use as mulch around other plants or to line muddy footpaths. Pine needles make excellent slug-deterring mulch around hostas. If needles are too long, chop them with a chipper shredder.
Fill and hang bird feeders. Birds establish their winter feeding patterns before winter actually arrives.
Clean birdhouses. Wear rubber gloves to remove old nesting material. Rinse houses with a solution of 1 part bleach to 10 parts water to kill bird parasites and help limit disease spread.
Take Care of Ponds
Feed fish as long as they're active. Be sure to remove frost-tender and tropical aquatic plants before frost.
Prepare heaters for ponds and keep leaves out of water gardens by stretching a net across the surface.
Time you spend cleaning the garden in fall pays off in spring. You'll have fewer cleanup chores to add to spring's busy to-do list, and you'll also help control pests and diseases, which overwinter in plant debris.
- Remove spent annuals from planting beds and containers.
- Empty containers. Toss soil onto a compost pile or existing planting beds. Wash pots, finishing with a bleach rinse (1 part bleach to 10 parts water) to destroy any disease organisms.
- Do not compost leaves of plants that were infected with disease this year. Examples include hollyhock with rust, rose or aspens with black spot, and vegetables with fungus or blight problems.
- Cut down perennials sometime after a killing frost and before snow flies. Leave 3-inch stubs in place to catch leaves for winter insulation. Allow perennials such as 'Autumn Joy' sedum, coneflower, ornamental grass, or yarrow to remain for winter interest.
- Bring frost-tender houseplants indoors for winter. Check leaves for pests. Spray with water, insecticidal soap, or a simple soap solution using dishwashing liquid.
- Prune any dead or storm-damaged branches on shrubs or trees.
- Cut the lawn short -- to about 1 inch tall -- before snow flies. Taller grass is more susceptible to a disease called snow mold. And early in the month, apply herbicides to lawn weeds before they're killed by frost. Use a granular broadleaf weed control product to kill perennial weeds such as dandelions or clover. Try a preemergent herbicide to stop weeds that germinate in fall, such as chickweed or henbit.
Plant trees up until the ground freezes in your area. Shrubs and perennials should be planted three weeks prior to the ground freezing while trees can be planted up until the first hard frost. Be sure to water new additions to the landscape through winter as weather permits.
If your holiday celebrations include a live Christmas tree, dig planting holes now, before the ground freezes. Fill holes with leaves and cover with a tarp until you're ready to plant. Keep soil removed from the hole in a location where it won't freeze solid.
Until the ground freezes, if local water use ordinances permit, continue to irrigate plants that were added to the landscape in the last 12 months. Lack of moisture during the growing season is the most common reason plants die during their first winter.
Protect thin-barked trees against sun scald by wrapping trunks with paper tree wrap or white cloth roughly 4 inches wide. Secure ends with several wrappings of tape. Sun scald is a problem occurring most frequently on young trees and on the southwest side of the trunk.
White or light-gray tree guards also help to protect the trunks against nibbling or rubbing wildlife. Do not use black-color tree guards. | <urn:uuid:9eb7a36d-3156-42bb-b5dd-7d6a73b533e6> | {
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To the Editor:
A few weeks back Tom West’s column about the “Winter Misery Index” contained a statement about global warming and that he was looking forward to its return.
This demonstrates that he doesn’t grasp the concept, or the implications of this serious subject.
Two weeks ago NOAA released a map showing what the average temperatures have been this past winter and just as the meteorologists have been telling us, the Pacific Ocean by Malaysia/Indonesia and the gulf of Alaska have set new record warm temperatures. This has caused the jet-stream to go north of where it normally is in winter, consequently keeping California dry and our region colder just as we’ve been told by reputable scientists all winter. This also proves their hypothesis that temperature extremes will be part of the phenomena as it progresses.
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere that the earth sequestered into the ground millions of years ago. Carbon creates a greenhouse effect which is the cause of global warming. Carbon gases were proven to have this ability over 150 years ago.
Global warming hasn’t gone away. On the contrary, it’s doing what has been predicted. — Bruce F. Retka, Royalton | <urn:uuid:23906bc8-3f3d-43a2-9bb0-d7d8dc0d0cdb> | {
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Image above: NASA's 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft with the shuttle orbiter Discovery on top lifts off to begin its ferry flight back to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (NASA photo by Carla Thomas)
Along with research and support aircraft, Dryden assets include a high-temperature and loads-calibration laboratory; aircraft flight instrumentation capability; a flow visualization facility to study airflow patterns; a data-analysis facility to process flight research data; and remotely piloted vehicle flight research expertise. Dryden's Research Aircraft Integration Facility (RAIF) simultaneously checks aircraft flight controls, avionics, electronics and other systems. The only facility of its type in NASA, the RAIF is designed to accelerate and enhance systems integration and preflight checks on research aircraft.
Image above: NASA's modified 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft is positioned under the Space Shuttle Discovery to be attached for its ferry flight to the Kennedy Space Center. (NASA photo by Carla Thomas)
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John got his son a new laptop for Christmas and wants to know how he can restrict his game play on it. Leo says he wouldn't take that approach, and instead he would team him balance and moderation. There are ways to prevent applications from being installed, but then he could just find web-based games to play instead. Also, if he blocks it, it'll just make him want to do it more. There's also no perfect way to block these things, since anything can be bypassed. Kids are great at finding ways around these things as well.
John should make sure that the computer is located somewhere he can see, so he can keep tabs on what he's doing. He could also give him a limited account with only John being able to install anything. If John wants to limit his time online, he can set up the router to be online for only a few hours a day, or use the MAC address to set an internet curfew. Leo suggests using OpenDNS to block inappropriate websites as well.
Ultimately, Leo doesn't suggest having a "police state" in his house. He can also have them sign an Internet Use Contract. Leo says to teach them responsibilities and consequences and let them police themselves. However, Leo doesn't want to be telling anyone how they should parent either because every situation is unique. | <urn:uuid:8c7437c9-5140-4e58-be1a-6982be4540e8> | {
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Aqeedah difference salfi and sunni
(followed by deobandi,barelvis,kerala sunnis and most of the muslim worldwide other than shias)
(CLARIFICATION :Although we consider all muslims groups other than Shia as Sunni but for the of understanding we have used the term Sunni for Ashari-Maturidi(DEOBANDI BARELVI KERALA SUNNI AND HANAFI SHAFAI HANBALI MALAIKI) and Salafi for(AHLE HADITH,SALAFI MUJAHIDS OF KERALA AND SIMILAR OTHERS) other.We did not like it but found no option to clear the UNDERSTANDING BECAUSE the two main group has further subdivided. If any one having better suggestion please inform us in comments.)
First I would like to outline the major differences between Ashari-Maturidi and Salafi School. Then will deal one by one by presenting their position and historical facts.
1.FIRST DIFFERENCE :
Muatazeli :This school was developed between the 8th and 10th centuries(200-300Hijri). Mu’tazili thought relies heavily on logic,and Greek philosophy. Between 200-300 hijri this Fitna became very serious because of patronage from King Mamoon and Muatasim. By the grace of Allah it has no longer any following,among present day muslim.There is no need to know further about as muatazelli,it was a fitna and knowledge about is not a kind of knowledge that Rasulullah sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam has asked to attain and it is of no use in Akhirah.Similarly Jehmia and Qadria were also deviated.Thanks to Allah as they are not surviving anymore.
The controversial point is about Waseela from from prophet /Aulia a after their death.
Suni scholars view is based on Ahadith related with these topic.
Sayyiduna Uthmaan ibn Hunayf [radhiallaahu anhu] narrates that once a blind person came to Rasulullah [sallallaahu alayhi wasallam] and said:
maam Ahmad bin Hambal(RA) has also encouraged making Tawassul through Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] in ones duas. (Fataawa ibn Taimiyyah vol.1 pg.140, Also see Mafaaheem pg.137)
Imam Ahmad and Tawassul:
We will discuss it in detail about the proof from quran and sunnah for the position taken by Salafi and sunni scholars (Insha Allah)
4. FOURTH DIFFERENCE
ISSUE OF KARAMAT E AULIA
One person came to Imam Malik (R.A) and asked
All these will be discussed one by one InshaAllah. We will present the proofs for the stand of Salafi and Sunnis both on these issue. We will discuss in the light of evidences being presented by both blocks but will not make any judgment.(Allah knows the best,May Allah help us) | <urn:uuid:4a6ebe1b-6a0c-4abf-a445-8758e85d811e> | {
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Aborigines Have Higher STD Rates Than General Australian Population
September 28, 2011
Aborigines in Australia have higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia than the country's general population, according to research by the University of New South Wales' Kirby Institute and reported on Tuesday at a sexual health conference, the Associated Press/Seattle Times reports.
James Ward, head of the Kirby Institute's indigenous health program, "noted the Aboriginal population is far younger than the Australian average and STDs disproportionately infect younger people," the news agency writes, adding he "said Aborigines also lacked knowledge about STDs and health workers often focused on more pressing health needs in their disease-ravaged communities." Ward also said reaching the population with health campaigns was difficult because many live in remote areas of the Outback, according to the AP. However, he noted he felt an effort to hang decorated canisters filled with condoms on trees where people can procure them anonymously is working, the AP states (McGuirk, 9/26).
Could Implementation of Australia's National Gay Men's Syphilis Action Plan Have an Indirect Effect on the HIV Epidemic?
This article was provided by Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It is a part of the publication Kaiser Daily Global Health Policy Report. Visit the Kaiser Family Foundation's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.
Add Your Comment:
(Please note: Your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in
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Ulnar nerve dysfunction is a problem with the ulnar nerve, which travels from the shoulder to the hand and allows movement or sensation in the wrist or hand.
Neuropathy - ulnar nerve; Ulnar nerve palsy
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Damage to one nerve group, such as the ulnar nerve, is called a mononeuropathy. Mononeuropathy means there is nerve damage to a single nerve. Both local and body-wide disorders may damage just one nerve.
The usual causes of mononeuropathy are:
An illness in the whole body that damages a single nerve
Direct injury to the nerve
Long-term pressure on the nerve
Pressure on the nerve caused by swelling or injury of nearby body structures
Ulnar neuropathy occurs when there is damage to the ulnar nerve, which travels down the arm. The ulnar nerve is near the surface of the body where it crosses the elbow. The damage destroys the nerve covering (myelin sheath) or part of the nerve (axon). This damage slows or prevents nerve signaling.
The goal of treatment is to allow you to use the hand and arm as much as possible. The cause should be identified and treated. Sometimes, no treatment is needed and you will get better on your own.
Medications may include:
Over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription pain medications to control pain (neuralgia)
Other medications, including gabapentin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline or duloxetine, to reduce stabbing pains
Corticosteroids injected into the area to reduce swelling and pressure on the nerve
A supportive splint at either the wrist or elbow can help prevent further injury and relieve the symptoms. You may need to wear it all day and night, or only at night.
Surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve may help if the symptoms get worse, or there is proof that part of the nerve is wasting away.
Other treatments may include:
Physical therapy exercises to help maintain muscle strength
Occupational counseling, occupational therapy for changes you can make at work, or retraining
If the cause of the dysfunction can be found and successfully treated, there is a good chance of a full recovery. In some cases, there may be partial or complete loss of movement or sensation. Nerve pain may be severe and last for a long period of time.
If pain is severe and continues, see a pain specialist to be sure you have access to all pain treatment options.
Deformity of the hand
Partial or complete loss of sensation in the hand or fingers
Partial or complete loss of wrist or hand movement
Recurrent or unnoticed injury to the hand
Calling your health care provider
Early diagnosis and treatment increase the chance of curing or controlling symptoms.
Call your health care provider if:
You have symptoms of ulnar nerve dysfunction
You have been injured and you experience persistent tingling, numbness, or pain down your forearm and the 4th and 5th fingers.
Avoid prolonged pressure on the elbow or palm. Casts, splints, and other appliances should always be examined for proper fit.
Vallarino R, Santiago FH. Ulnar neuropathy (wrist). In: Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD Jr., eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2008:chap 35.
Weiss LD, Weiss JM. Ulnar neuropathy (elbow). In: Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD Jr., eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2008:chap 23.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Daniel B. Hoch, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. | <urn:uuid:dfee9192-dd73-4c12-a3c2-1a94a375c663> | {
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Packaged salads may be source of Cyclosporiasis outbreak
WASHINGTON — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention along with state and local officials are investigating an outbreak of Cyclospora infections after 372 cases have been reported from 16 different health departments across the country.
Click to enlarge the map of reported cases as of July 29 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
There have been reported cases in Iowa, Nebraska, Texas, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, New York City and Ohio.
It is still unclear if all of the cases are part of the same outbreak and what foods are causing the outbreaks. Authorities in Iowa and Nebraska are looking into the possibility the outbreak is linked to packaged salads.
The F.D.A. is looking into the reports from the health departments to investigate the outbreaks and determine the cause. The agency said it is following various leads, including packaged salads.
“Should a specific food item be identified, the F.D.A., C.D.C., state and local partners will work to track it to its source, determine why the outbreak occurred and if contamination is still a risk and implement preventive activation,” the F.D.A. said in a release.
Cyclospora is caused by parasites that are spread when people ingest food or water contaminated with feces. According to the F.D.A., the time between becoming infected and becoming sick is usually about 1 week. Cyclospora infects the small intestine and usually causes watery diarrhea. Other common symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach cramps/pain, bloating, increased gas, nausea, and fatigue. Vomiting, body aches, headache, fever, and other flu-like symptoms. | <urn:uuid:c2693a78-2e62-4a5a-9aa4-dbad6a570950> | {
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The Fear of Men
“King Zedekiah said to Jeremiah, ‘I am afraid of the Judeans who have deserted to the Chaldeans, lest I be handed over to them and they deal cruelly with me’” (v. 19).- Jeremiah 38
Zedekiah, the last king of Judah before Babylon destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C., shows us the trouble that ensues when individuals fear men instead of God. Instead of ruling in justice and holiness, he followed the poor counsel of foolish advisors. He turned a blind eye when his officials went back on their promise to free their slaves according to God’s law (Jer. 34:8–22; see Ex. 21:2). Zedekiah also allowed his servants to bring false charges against Jeremiah, and to beat and imprison him (Jer. 37). Zedekiah gave the prophet some freedom while he was a prisoner in the court of the guard (v. 21), but the king did not stand in the way of his advisors’ conspiracy to leave Jeremiah for dead in a cistern when Babylon temporarily abandoned its siege of Jerusalem to fight Egypt (38:1–5; see 37:11).
Yet though Zedekiah often allowed his counselors to determine how Jeremiah would be treated, the king was smart enough to see that the prophet’s words were not to be taken lightly. Zedekiah sent help to get Jeremiah out of the cistern, and asked for the prophet in hope that he would hear a message from God while he watched Judah crumble all around him. Apparently, Zedekiah knew it would be only a matter of time before Babylon resumed its siege of Jerusalem, and he wanted to have all the information needed to make an informed decision about how Judah should respond (38:14–16). Jeremiah gave the same instruction from the Lord that he had given before, namely, that Zedekiah and his officials had to surrender to Babylon if they were to be preserved (vv. 17–18; see 27:1–15).
In Zedekiah’s response we see how his fear of men controlled him. Apparently, some Judahites had believed Jeremiah’s words and had already surrendered to the Babylonians (Chaldeans). Zedekiah feared—with good reason—that if he were to capitulate to Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar would hand him over to those Judahites, who would harm him (v. 19). He held a precarious position in Judah to begin with because Babylon put him on the throne, undermining the legitimacy of his reign (2 Kings 24:10–17). Logically, some Judahites might have viewed a surrender to Babylon as treason. Still, it was also logical to believe God would keep His word to protect the king if he were to surrender to Nebuchadnezzar as Jeremiah said. Babylon’s siege of Jerusalem proved that Jeremiah was the Lord’s prophet because his words were coming true (Deut. 18:15–22; see Jer. 25:1–14). In the end, Zedekiah’s fear overcame any faith he did have, and the results were disastrous (Jer. 52:3b–11).
The fear of men is perhaps the strongest obstacle to doing the will of God faithfully. Whether we fear what men will say about us or what they will do to us, we are prone to act on that fear and refrain from keeping God’s commands. However, if we fear the Lord more than we fear men, there is nothing that can keep us from serving Him faithfully. Let us cultivate a true fear of God, meditating on His holiness and sovereignty, that we might be ever ready to serve Him.
Passages for Further Study
1 Peter 2:17
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Please include the following statement on any distributed copy: From Ligonier Ministries, the teaching fellowship of R.C. Sproul. All rights reserved. Website: www.ligonier.org | Phone: 1-800-435-4343 | <urn:uuid:c36cf9a7-acf8-4f53-8e01-2ba50dcfe682> | {
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Climbing, twining and trailing attractively over the edges of pots, ivy is an ideal choice for home gardeners who want to add texture to a container garden. Ivy plants may need repotting for a number of reasons. If your ivy's reaction to its new home is to go limp, it may need a change of location, better care, or even another new pot.
Lovable and Unstoppable
Home gardeners love ivy for its hardy nature and attractive leaves. Many ivies have evergreen foliage that provides year-round beauty. Some can become invasive, however, so ivy is often grown in pots indoors. English ivy (Hedera helix) is the most common type of trailing houseplant, according to Petitti Garden Centers. This plant, which can become invasive outdoors, is hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 through 9. Ivy plants in general are hardy in USDA zones 5 through 10, but this varies by species and variety.
When to Transplant
When potted ivy becomes top-heavy, root-bound or dries out more quickly than normal, it needs repotting, notes the American Ivy Society. A plant becomes root-bound when the roots start wrapping around themselves because they have nowhere left to go. If the ivy was transplanted to a clay pot, it could just need more frequent watering to make up for the water the clay absorbs. Ivy should be watered until water drains out the bottom of the pot and all the soil is wet, but then it shouldn't be watered again until the soil is dry. If the ivy is root-bound and was repotted without gently loosening the root ball, this could cause it too wilt. Ivies should be repotted in containers that are only slightly larger than the root ball and that have several drainage holes. The soil should be moistened before planting.
Limp, Drooping Leaves
Ivy may develop drooping and falling leaves shortly after repotting due to transplant shock -- many plants just don't like to move around. If the ivy was repotted correctly and you are continuing good care, then it should revive. If it's not losing leaves, however, it's not likely suffering from transplant shock. Adverse conditions in the new home may be the problem. Pots that are too large or have poor drainage, for example, can cause root rot. If after repotting, the plant was moved to a new location, such as in direct sunlight or near a heater, the location itself rather than the pot could be the culprit. Make sure your ivy gets water when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch and is located in partial or even full shade. It could be that the roots were already too damaged from previous problems such as fungal diseases to re-establish the plant in the new soil. Finally it could be that the ivy was doing fine in the previous pot and wasn't ready for a larger home; if that is the case, put it back in the original pot.
An Important Consideration
Place the pot out of reach of children and pets if it contains English ivy. English ivy is toxic to pets, including cats, dogs and horses. It is also poisonous to people if ingested. The plant contains triterpenoid saponins, which are found in the berries but are especially concentrated in the leaves. Symptoms of ingestion include difficulty breathing, vomiting, and convulsions. In serious cases, paralysis and coma can occur. If you suspect your pet has ingested part of the plant, contact your local veterinarian as soon as possible. If you suspect your child has ingested part of the plant, dial your local poison control center or 911 immediately.
- University of Vermont: Hedera
- North Dakota State University Extension Service: Questions on Ivy
- The American Ivy Society: The Care of Ivies
- Petitti Garden Center: Angela's Gardening Guides -- Ivy
- ASPCA: English Ivy
- Blankees: Poisonous House Plants
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Hedera Helix
- North Dakota State University Extension Service: Questions on Misc. Houseplants
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Have you used an infographic in your classes before? If not, they are wonderful for all learners novice to advanced. The wonderful thing about them is that they are rich in images as well as target language. They can be used in so many ways in the classroom. Think of the possibilities: introducing a theme, interpretive tasks, assessment tools, data visualization, allowing students to show you what they know! There are so many ways to incorporate into your lessons. Read below and see the resources put together around Infographics in the classroom and tools that you could use to create and develop your own. There is also a downloadable template for interpreting infographic for students at the bottom that you could use as reflection!
Getting started and creating your own:
infographic student reflection
Other Helpful Resources:
Guide to Infographics | <urn:uuid:6ceb25f7-7e53-48f4-878e-25d3f51e7e00> | {
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With Music: The Art of Listening, students practice engaging with music critically, and with an appreciative ear. Presenting music within a broadened cultural and historical context, The Art of Listening encourages students to draw on the relationships between: music and the other arts; musical characteristics of different periods; as well as Western music and various non-Western musics and concepts.
Learning to appreciate music is a skill. Together with McGraw-Hill's Connect Music, The Art of Listening helps students develop that skill by encouraging them to be active and thoughtful participants in their own listening experience.
Whether listening through headphones or at a live performance, The Art of Listening will develop students' ability to hone the skills required to listen to, reflect upon, and write about music. | <urn:uuid:8ceb686b-dded-4d64-aa8f-ece123fe2f57> | {
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"url": "http://www.ecampus.com/pk-mus-ll-w-cnct-mus-ac-9th-ferris-jean/bk/9780077721800"
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