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Striking coal miners in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho dynamite barracks housing Pinkerton management thugs - 1892
[Basic Patterns in Union Contracts, 14th Edition is a valuable resource for union negotiators, offering hard data about the presence of specific language in contracts and, where applicable, the costs of the language. A comprehensive index directs you to the exact issue you want to address in negotiations. This helpful book can help you squelch employer claims of “Nobody can do what you want and stay in business!” In the UCS bookstore now.]
After seven years of labor by as many as 2,800 construction workers, the Triborough Bridge opens in New York. Actually a complex of three bridges, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx and Queens. Construction began on Black Friday, 1929, and New Deal money turned it into one of the largest public works projects of the Great Depression - 1936
A nine-year strike, the longest in the history of the United Auto Workers, began at the Ohio Crankshaft Division of Park-Ohio Industries Inc. in Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio. Despite scabs, arrests and firings, UAW Local 91 members hung tough and in 1992 won a fair contract - 1983
Communications Services, Inc. | <urn:uuid:e8d7cb9b-df67-42cf-8eec-d0ba38d329d3> | {
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(Natural News) Hawthorn is known as the world’s best heart tonic. The plant has been cultivated in Europe since the Middle Ages for its cardiovascular benefits. Ancient Greeks and Native Americans have also touted the plant’s heart-healthy benefits for ages. In fact, the German panel Commission E has endorsed the plant as a good cardiovascular aid.
The plant’s main parts are valued for their therapeutic benefits. Each part of the hawthorn tree including the berries, seeds, leaves and flowers contain high levels of flavonoids and many other beneficial compounds such as tanins, phenolic acids, saponins, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, and phytonutrients that promote better overall health and internal healing.
Hawthorn’s high flavonoid and oligomeric proanthocyanidin levels help eliminate free radicals, induce better circulation and promote arterial health. The plant’s high antioxidant content is also found to regulate the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACEs are known to influence blood pressure levels by constricting blood vessels, which then results to the narrowing of the blood’s pathway. The plant is also known to help regulate the body’s blood pressure levels and promote healthy cholesterol levels.
The plant is also known to boost heart cell metabolism and enhance electrolyte flow across the cardiac cells, which in turn prevents or corrects abnormal heart rhythms. Hawthorn also helps improve cardiac function by strengthening the cardiac walls and blood vessels. The plant also helps restore the healthy of cardiac muscles. Hawthorn helps bolster the body’s circulatory system, treat angina, cardiac arrhythmia and congestive heart failure.
Hawthorn extracts come in many forms such as liquid, power and capsules.
Studies prove hawthorn’s potency in promoting heart health
Various studies support hawthorn’s many cardiovascular benefits. A study published in The British Journal of General Practice revealed that taking hawthorn extracts resulted in a hypotensive effect in diabetes patients taking prescription drugs. Researchers examined more than 150 patients with Type 2 diabetes and found that those who took hawthorn extracts showed greater reductions in mean diastolic blood pressure compared with those in the placebo group.
Another study showed that the plant contains hypolipidemic and hypotensive effects in patients. Hawthorn was also shown to contain anti-ischemia and anti-arrhythmic properties. Researchers said the plant’s high antioxidant content may play a role in these effects. The findings were published in the American Journal of Chinese Medicine.
An analysis published in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews found that patients who took hawthorn extracts demonstrated significantly better exercise tolerance and pressure heart rate product compared with those in the placebo group. Data also showed that symptoms of shortness of breath and fatigue showed significant improvements following hawthorn extract intake compared with the placebo group. “These results suggest that there is a significant benefit in symptom control and physiologic outcomes from hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure,” the researchers wrote.
Make your own hawthorn tea for better heart health
Making hawthorn tea is a natural way of promoting heart health. Below are the steps in making the drink.
- Boil water on the stove.
- Put loose hawthorn berries in the teapot. One teaspoonful of hawthorn berries would be enough to make one cup of tea. Use a tea infuser if necessary to keep the berries in one place.
- Pour the boiling water into the teapot and cover. Let the berries steep for eight to 10 minutes. Take longer or shorter steeping time for your preferred flavor.
- Scoop out the berries after steeping and enjoy your tea. | <urn:uuid:cbc4f500-3d1a-4456-a339-060bdd33c7c2> | {
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Technology Gets to the Root of Pipe Welding
Open root welds on pipes can be made three to four times faster than GTAW by using the Surface Tension Transfer® process. When integrated with an internal spacer clamp into a new automatic orbital pipe welding system, even faster production is possible, with no lack of fusion.
Pipe welding codes, whether for applications in the field or in the plant, require high-quality root pass welding. To ensure that the joints will not leak, especially for steam or pressurized applications, a weld must penetrate completely through the pipe.
In the past, pipe welding was done by one of three methods, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. These are the methods that have been used.
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is popularly known as TIG. Travel speeds are slow, heat input is usually high, and it requires high operator skill level.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) - also known as MIG - is a much faster process than GTAW. However, because operator skill level is hight and heat input difficult to control, fusion may not always be 100 percent.
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as stick, can be cost effective in terms of equipment but requires high operator skill. Frequent starts and stops are another potential problem.
Smoke and Spatter are reduced when pipe joints are welded by means of the Surface Tension Transfer (STT®) process.
By contrast, the Surface Tension Transfer (STT) process makes it possible to complete open root welds three or four times faster than GTAW, with low heat input and no lack of fusion. The STT process uses high frequency inverter technology with advanced waveform control to produce a high-quality weld with less spatter and smoke. For pipe welding, the process also makes it easier to perform open gap root pass welding, with better back beads and edge fusion. It is easier to operate than other processes, yet produces consistent, X-ray quality welds. The STT process results in a complete back bead without shrinkage from the 12 to 6 o'clock weld positions. Also, because current control is independent of wire feed speed, the process allows greater flexibility under all conditions.
Controlling Spatter and Smoke
STT is a proprietary Lincoln Electric process that makes use of Wave Form Control Technology™ to control current precisely and rapidly during the entire welding cycle. It is unique in that it is neither constant current (CC) nor constant voltage (CV). Instead, the power source adjusts current automatically to the instantaneous heat requirements of the arc.
Spatter and smoke are reduced with this process, whether the arc shielding gas is 100 percent CO2, blends of argon and CO2 or helium mixtures for use with stainless steel. Reducing spatter minimizes final weld surface preparation and allows the operator more welding time before the gun nozzle must be cleaned of accumulated spatter.
In open root pass pipe welding, the STT process
controls the wave form of the welidng current for
excellent penetration control, fusion, and back bead.
Reduced spatter also translates into significant cost savings because more of the electrode is applied to the weld joint, not as spatter on the pipe and surrounding fixtures. Further cost savings are realized because larger diameter wire can be used.
At the start of the cycle, when the electrode shorts, the current is reduced immediately, eliminating the incipient short. This low-level current is maintained for a short time so that the surface tension forces can begin transferring the drop to the puddle, forming a solid mechanical bridge. A high level of pinch current is then applied to accelerate the transfer of the drop. The necking down or squeezing of the shorted electrode is monitored. When a specific value is reached, the pinch current is reduced quickly to a low value before the fuse separates. When a short breaks, it does so at a low current, which produces very little spatter.Next, the arc is reestablished and a high current known as peak current is applied. This momentary pulse of current establishes the arc length and causes the arc to broaden and melt a wide surface area, which eliminates cold lapping and promotes good fusion.
Spacer clamp and welding
shed on-site and ready for set up.
Better Pipe Welding Results
The constant voltage GMAW process normally used for pipe welding does not control the current directly. Instead it controls the average voltage. This can cause the weld puddle temperature or fluidity to be too high, and the internal bead may be flat or shrink back into the root. This is known as "suck back." Also, when using conventional short arc GMAW, the operator must concentrate the arc on the lip or leading edge of the puddle to ensure proper penetration and fusion. If the arc is too far back on the puddle, penetration will be incomplete. If the arc is too far ahead, the electrode shoots through the gap and causes whiskers to form inside the pipe.
Because Surface Tension Transfer controls the welding current independently of wire feed speed, the process makes it easy to control the temperature or fluidity of the puddle to ensure proper penetration and fusion. This is what makes it so attractive for open root pipe welding applications. In the 5G position, the operator simply has to stay in the puddle. Experienced pipe welders almost always find the process a welcome improvement, both in ease of welding and comfort. They particularly appreciate the reduction in spatter when welding in the 6 o'clock position.
As the decision process evolves, the vendor and the fabricator will continue working together to determine the appropriate system accessories, including safety devices, the optimal layout for the robotic cell, manpower and training requirements, and service and maintenance requirements (internal vs. outside vendor support).
The STT process is gaining acceptance in pipe welding and similar applications, which require precise control of heat input as well as smoke and spatter reduction. Since the heat is controlled directly, the internal backbead profile is also controlled. Welders find that not only are open root welds easier to make, but their mechanical and metallurgical properties are excellent. Superior welding bead profiles can be attained with improved properties in the heat affected zone. Moreover, open root welds are made without the use of ceramic or copper internal backup. In the case of copper, corrosion is thus eliminated by avoiding the possibility of copper inclusions.
The process is effective for welding mild and high-strength steels, as well as stainless steel and related alloys. On steel, it offers the advantages of low hydrogen and 100 percent CO2 shielding with low spatter. When welding duplex stainless, critical pitting temperature is significantly better with STT than with GTAW, and travel speeds three or four times that of GTAW can be obtained, with much less skill. | <urn:uuid:29ded342-ec06-4721-b418-9cf845ebe43b> | {
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Current news about Java vulnerabilities have been the talk of both tech and mainstream press. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security issued a warning of this vulnerability on Thursday January 10, 2013. On Friday January 11, 2013 we received numbers of called from users that their computers were infected by malware on that day. Security softwares such as Malwarebytes Anti-Malware and Microsoft Security Essentials detected the presence of malicious Java codes in the computers.
This is certainly not the first time Java has been exploited to deliver malware. Back in August 2012 similar outbreak of malware used Java vulnerability as point of entry. Oracle says that they are preparing an update to Java to address the vulnerability. | <urn:uuid:922a7a9e-96b6-4aaf-b36a-45a18c0f1551> | {
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Bhubaneswar, Jan 11 (IANS) Over 8.58 lakh migratory birds have thronged Odisha’s Chilika Lake this winter, as per the bird census released on Monday.
Last year, over 7.61 lakh migratory birds were sighted in Chilika Lake, Asia’s largest brackish water lake and the largest winter resort for migratory birds in the Indian subcontinent.
However, the number of bird species has come down this year.
While 172 bird species were sighted last year, this winter, 161 species have arrived in the lake, said Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) S.S. Srivatsav, ascribing it to climatic changes including deficient rainfall and high temperatures.
A total of 106, 356 birds have thronged Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary in Kendrapada district this year, said the census report.
However, it was less against last year, when 113,226 migratory birds were spotted, said the report. Also less was the number of species.
A total of 87 species have come to Bhitarkanika while it was 109 last year, said an official of the Rajnagar forest division.
Sources said more than 95,000 birds have visited Hirakud water reservoir this year while 63 species were sighted in Mahanadi wildlife division. | <urn:uuid:9f7548c6-6c5a-4774-9042-70ff20facb9f> | {
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When spacecraft problems in the spring of 1966 delayed the preparation of Apollo module 011, AS-203 became the second Saturn IB flight. The AS-203 carried no spacecraft; its primary purpose was to test the dynamics of liquid hydrogen in the weightlessness of space. On a lunar mission, the S-IVB stage would orbit the earth one and one-half times and then restart its J-2 engine to propel Apollo toward the moon. Marshall engineers wondered whether the ten tons of liquid hydrogen would settle to one part of the fuel tanks or slosh violently about. The S-IVB stage of the AS-203 was equipped with 83 special measuring devices and two television cameras to study the chilldown of the J-2 engine (the preliminary cooling of the propellant systems with small amounts of cryogenic hydrogen). The mission also tested IBM's new instrument unit. AS-203 was launched from pad 37B, which had been modified extensively since the SA-10 launch the previous summer.38
Chrysler technicians erected the S-IB booster on 19 April. On subsequent days the S-IVB stage, the instrument unit, and the nose cone joined the stack. The checkout soon bogged down in another epidemic of computer ills. Most of the blame was laid to cracked solder joints in the printed-circuit boards, the same defect that had troubled AS-201. By 24 May technicians had exchanged 2,000 printed boards and planned to remove 6,000 more. Other portions of the Saturn checkout proceeded on schedule. On 27 May Albert Joralan reported that S-IB measuring calibration was 70% complete; the calibration of the S-IVB and instrument unit stood at 60 and 87%.39
The month of June saw an unusual spectacle at the Cape - three Saturns looking skyward, and menaced briefly by a hurricane. Saturn 500-F stood on LC-39, AS-202 on LC-34, and AS-203 on LC-37. The simultaneous operations taxed KSC's propellant reserves, but essential needs were met.40
The AS-203 launch, originally scheduled for 30 June, was delayed by an Explorer launch and minor problems. It was almost scrubbed when one of the television cameras failed, but on 5 July the rocket achieved a virtually perfect orbital insertion. The remaining television camera operated perfectly, and apparently answered any questions about S-IVB's readiness to serve as the Saturn V third stage. In September Douglas Aircraft announced that the S-IVB stage had no serious unsolved technical problems.41
Computer problems also characterized the AS-202 operations at LC-34. Printed-circuit boards continued to frustrate Gruene's Launch Vehicle Operations Division and, after the AS-203 launch, KSC transferred all of LC-37's printed-circuit boards to LC-34. The change reduced the downtime of the RCA 110As considerably. Despite the launch vehicle team's misfortunes, NASA spokesmen cited spacecraft delays in postponing the AS-202 launch until after the 203 mission. Late deliveries of equipment and engineering orders plagued spacecraft operations. The patching of the ACE system (rerouting the electrical lines to various pieces of test equipment) was particularly troublesome. The spacecraft team found, to their sorrow, that Apollo 011 did not duplicate the 009 modules. The spacecraft team corrected most of the problems in three months and erected Apollo 011 on 2 July 1966. The countdown demonstration test began on the 29th and ran for one week. During that period, KSC also conducted two spacecraft emergency egress tests. The launch team completed the flight readiness test on 16 August.42 Alfred O'Hara, chief of the Saturn I-IB Operations Office, reported that all Saturn tests had been completed satisfactorily. Richard Proffitt, spacecraft test conductor, described the Apollo checkout as "a good clean test and we feel that we are 100 per cent ready."43
AS-202 lifted off on 25 August. A communications problem between Mission Control in Houston and a tracking ship in the Atlantic had caused the only significant delay in the countdown. In the final minutes, however, the launch team barely outraced hurricane Faith; the tropical storm shut down the Antigua tracking station 45 minutes after launch. AS-202's 93-minute suborbital flight covered 33,000 kilometers. Although the spacecraft splashed down 370 kilometers short of its target in the Pacific Ocean, the mission was judged a success. A design certification review board, meeting in September, declared that Apollo-Saturn IB could now be used for manned flight.44
The Apollo-Saturn IB launches of 1966 represented important gains for NASA's launch team. LC-34 and LC-37, testbeds for automated checkout, were found wanting. In the 20 months between AS-201 and AS-501, KSC corrected the major automation problems. Without these trial and error advances, AS-501, the toughest launch in Apollo's history, would have been far more difficult. | <urn:uuid:938a73cc-8907-4351-b5a4-4cb38ad1a7f8> | {
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Posts for: June, 2016
The development of antibiotic drugs is widely considered one of the greatest medical achievements of the last century. Their widespread use has turned life-threatening diseases like cholera, strep throat or bacterial meningitis into manageable, treatable ones. It’s no exaggeration to say antibiotics changed the face of healthcare, including dentistry.
But this gleaming sword for fighting dangerous diseases has a double edge because our biological “enemies” can adapt to the microscopic attacks against them. This has created an ironic conundrum: as antibiotics have proliferated in both the amount and frequency used they’ve become less effective against ever-resistant organisms.
This unfortunate situation has been helped along by a widespread, misguided practice in the medical profession, created by a “better safe than sorry” philosophy, to use them to treat any illness. This has morphed in recent decades into using antibiotics as a preventive measure in those not even exhibiting signs of disease, which then evolved into using antibiotics as a feed additive for livestock. As a result, antibiotic drugs have made their way into the food chain to accelerate, in many people’s opinion, bacterial and viral resistance.
What can we do then as “super-bugs” are on the rise, like Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which is resistant to the most common antibiotics?
Certainly, continuing research into creating new antibiotics that address resistance is vital. But it won’t be enough: we — both healthcare providers and patients — must also change our approach and attitude toward antibiotics. This means putting in place better prescription guidelines that reduce the application of antibiotics for only those conditions where it’s absolutely necessary. And, we must restrict their use as a preventive measure, particularly in regard to their use in livestock feed.
This will take a change in everyone’s mindset, our professional standards and guidelines, and perhaps our laws. Thankfully, many are seeing the looming danger, and change is already happening. But time is of the essence, and the future depends on it — not just for people today but also for tomorrow’s generations.
If you would like more information on prudent antibiotic use, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Antibiotics: Use and Abuse.”
For anyone else, having a tooth accidentally knocked out while practicing a dance routine would be a very big deal. But not for Dancing With The Stars contestant Noah Galloway. Galloway, an Iraq War veteran and a double amputee, took a kick to the face from his partner during a recent practice session, which knocked out a front tooth. As his horrified partner looked on, Galloway picked the missing tooth up from the floor, rinsed out his mouth, and quickly assessed his injury. “No big deal,” he told a cameraman capturing the scene.
Of course, not everyone would have the training — or the presence of mind — to do what Galloway did in that situation. But if you’re facing a serious dental trauma, such as a knocked out tooth, minutes count. Would you know what to do under those circumstances? Here’s a basic guide.
If a permanent tooth is completely knocked out of its socket, you need to act quickly. Once the injured person is stable, recover the tooth and gently clean it with water — but avoid grasping it by its roots! Next, if possible, place the tooth back in its socket in the jaw, making sure it is facing the correct way. Hold it in place with a damp cloth or gauze, and rush to the dental office, or to the emergency room if it’s after hours or if there appear to be other injuries.
If it isn’t possible to put the tooth back, you can place it between the cheek and gum, or in a plastic bag with the patient’s saliva, or in the special tooth-preserving liquid found in some first-aid kits. Either way, the sooner medical attention is received, the better the chances that the tooth can be saved.
When a tooth is loosened or displaced but not knocked out, you should receive dental attention within six hours of the accident. In the meantime, you can rinse the mouth with water and take over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication (such as ibuprofen) to ease pain. A cold pack temporarily applied to the outside of the face can also help relieve discomfort.
When teeth are broken or chipped, you have up to 12 hours to get dental treatment. Follow the guidelines above for pain relief, but don’t forget to come in to the office even if the pain isn’t severe. Of course, if you experience bleeding that can’t be controlled after five minutes, dizziness, loss of consciousness or intense pain, seek emergency medical help right away.
And as for Noah Galloway:Â In an interview a few days later, he showed off his new smile, with the temporary bridge his dentist provided… and he even continued to dance with the same partner!
If you would like more information about dental trauma, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can learn more in the Dear Doctor magazine articles “Trauma & Nerve Damage to Teeth” and “The Field-Side Guide to Dental Injuries.” | <urn:uuid:783c22ec-5ae6-400f-b2e8-afc96c39e969> | {
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As one of the world’s leading HIV vaccine researchers, Julie McElrath has witnessed first-hand the disease’s devastating toll on children and families.
"I thought I had a firm grip on the seriousness of this disease," said McElrath, who has been researching HIV/AIDS and potential vaccines for more than two decades. "But visiting areas in Africa where the epidemic has hit hardest showed me how important our work really is. Parents dying of AIDS is commonplace. Orphans are raised by other orphans. We're experiencing the loss of an entire generation. It is terribly sobering."
As director of the Fred Hutch's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and a leader of a massive international effort to develop a preventive vaccine, McElrath is at the forefront of the AIDS war.
Her lab has identified some of HIV’s key mechanisms and she has led and contributed to a number of national and international HIV prevention efforts. These include the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, which is the world's largest network of its kind, and the Seattle HIV Vaccine Trials Unit.
Supported in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, McElrath’s groundbreaking research generates new hope that a vaccine could end the epidemic not only in Africa but in her own back yard.
"The infection rate is on the rise in America within high-risk populations," she said. "AIDS is far from over in this country."
McElrath is also driven to conquer the disease on a personal level.
"As a parent, part of the reason I do this research is to create a brighter future for my son's generation," she said. "It makes my work that much more important to me." | <urn:uuid:2cb67137-dd1f-4462-b9ec-542b44fc4ac6> | {
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On the surface, weight loss sounds like a basic idea: consume fewer calories than you burn, and you are going to shed weight.
But our world's increasing obesity issue has entirely changed the way we view weight loss, major to some actually desperate measures and shocking statistics.
Right here are ten of the most startling information about weight loss:
1. The entire globe wants to shed weight.
According to the Planet Well being Organization, 1 billion of the world's inhabitants are overweight. (That is just about equal to the quantity of people today who are malnourished in the globe.)
Globally, more than 22 million young children beneath the age of five are regarded overweight. This epidemic is largely due to elevated consumption of processed foods higher in calories and saturated fat, and a reduce in physical activity.
2. Almost two-thirds of Americans are overweight or obese.
The Planet Well being Organization estimates that practically two-thirds of all American adults are overweight. The National Center for Well being Statistics lately identified that 34% of Americans are clinically obese.
3. 50% of American ladies and 25% of American males are presently on a diet regime.
With numbers like the ones above, it really is no wonder most Americans really feel the want to count calories.
Nevertheless, society's obsession with thinness comes at a value: Chronic dieting and emerging consuming problems are becoming additional popular amongst elementary college young children.
4. America's leading 3 killers are linked to obesity.
National Geographic published some eye-opening information about mortality in the USA.
They identified that the leading 3 most statistically probably causes of death have been heart illness (with a 1 in five likelihood), cancer (with a 1 in 7 likelihood), and stroke (with a 1 in 24 likelihood). All of these have been linked to excess weight.
5. Surprisingly, America is not the world's fattest nation.
The Planet Well being Organization provides that dubious honor to Samoa, exactly where additional than 93% of the population is overweight or obese. The Pacific isle of Kiribati comes subsequent, with an 82% obesity price.
America rounds out the leading 3, but is closely followed by Germany (66.five%), Egypt (66%), and Bosnia-Herzegovina (63%).
6. The weight loss sector is fat and content.
The obesity epidemic may imply misery for some, but it really is undoubtedly padded the pockets of the weight loss sector.
In 2007 alone, the American Diatetic Association identified that Americans spent $58 billion on weight loss goods. Taking into consideration that obesity has gone international, you can picture how profitable the weight loss sector will have to be.
7. More than half of the diet regime industry's claims are false.
As with any booming sector, there are lots of unscrupulous sellers attempting to prey on people's weight loss dreams. The Federal Trade Commission published a study in 2002 which identified that 55% of all weight loss claims “strained credibility”.
The American Diatetic Association concurs, pointing out the reality that most weight loss goods concentrate on atypical good results stories alternatively of actual probabilities of good results.
8. Bariatric surgery does not usually function.
Discouraged by several failed attempts at weight loss, additional people today than ever are turning to bariatric surgery. Nevertheless, there is no proof that gastric bypass or banding outcome in permanent weight loss.
The University of Virginia performed a study that revealed gradual weight regain immediately after six years post-surgery.
9. Diets do not function either.
The National Institute of Well being has estimated that dieters can count on to regain two-thirds of their lost weight inside a year of finishing their diet regime strategy. These dieters can count on to regain all of their weight, and possibly additional, inside five years.
10. Thankfully, there is a excellent recipe for lasting weight loss.
The National Weight Handle Registry tracks three,000 people today who have lost additional than 30 pounds and kept it off for additional than a year.
They have identified that most of the thriving dieters have 4 behaviors in popular: they preserve a meals journal and monitor their weight they under no circumstances skip breakfast they get an hour of workout just about each and every day and they consume diets consisting of 24% fat, 56% carbs, and 19% lean protein.
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Date: April 5, 2011
Creator: Buck, Eugene H.; Upton, Harold F. & Folger, Peter
Description: The massive Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011, caused extensive damage in northeastern Japan, including damage to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power installation, which resulted in the release of radiation. This report discusses concerns about the potential effects of this released radiation on the U.S. marine environment and resources.
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dominant(redirected from dominant X-linked inheritance)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Prevalent; paramount in force or effect; of primary importance or consideration. That which is dominant possesses rights that prevail over those of others.
In Property Law, the estate to which an Easement, or right of use, is given is called the dominant tenement or estate, and the one upon which the easement is imposed is called the servient tenement or estate.
dominantadjective ascendant, authoritative, chief, commanding, controlling, eminent, first, governing, hegemonical, influential, leading, main, master, overshadowing, paramount, predominant, preeminent, preponderant, prepotent, prevalent, primary, prime, principal, regnant, ruling, sovereign, superior, supreme, unsurpassed, weighty
Associated concepts: dominant aspect rule, dominant essate, dominant land, dominant party, dominant right, dommnant tenant, serviant land
See also: absolute, cardinal, causative, central, compelling, considerable, current, essential, forcible, influential, leading, master, omnipotent, outstanding, potent, powerful, predominant, prevailing, prevalent, primary, prime, principal, rampant, rife, salient, sovereign, stellar
DOMINANT. estates. In the civil law, this term is used to signify the estate to which a servitude or easement is due from another estate; for example, where the owners of the estate, Blackacre, have a right of way or passage over the estate Whiteacre, the former is called the dominant, and the latter the servient estate. Bouv. Inst. n. 1600. | <urn:uuid:de3cfec1-0c96-43a1-8f26-96c61421b64f> | {
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- A Chronological Presentation
The Establishment of Israel (1880 - 1920)
1880 - The Jews in Palestine
The Turks had ruled Palestine as part of the Ottoman
Empire's Syrian province since conquering the entire
Middle East in the early 16th century. During all
these years a Jewish presence had continued to exist
in the area, mainly in the four holy cities of Safed,
Tiberias, Hebron and Jerusalem. The size of the Jewish
community had varied, in 1880 numbering around 25.000,
comprising about 1/10 of the total population.
Ottoman Empire, 1914.
1880 - First Wave of Immigration
Oppression and persecution in 1880's Europe lead many
Jews to emigrate, especially from the Russian controlled
Eastern European provinces. One of the targets was Palestine.
In the first major wave of immigration an estimated
25.000 Jews arrived. Thus, at the turn of the century
there were about 50.000 Jews in Palestine, of a total
population of 350.000.
1897 - Herzl and the Zionist
In respons to European anti-Semitism the Austrian-Jewish
journalist and writer Theodor Herzl in 1896 published
the book "Der Judenstaat" (The Jewish State).
He described a modern social-democratic soceity, in
which Jews would be able to live in peace and self-determination.
One year later at the first Zionist Congress (Zion
is another word for Israel) a world-wide organization
was founded with the explicit aim of "establishing
a home for the Jewish people in Palestine, guaranteed
under international law." Herzl and the
other Zionist leaders sought backing for the project
with the leadears of the major powers - the Ottoman
Empire, Germany and England. Only the latter showed
any interest in the idea.
Aviv is founded on the sand dunes along
the Mediterranian coast, 1909.
1904-14 - Second
Wave of Immigration
Renewed Russian pogroms at the start of the century
spurred another wave of immigration to Palestine.
Jewish organisations collected funds all over the
world and purchased land, on which the newly arrived
Jews established farms and towns. In 1909 the first
kibbutz (socialist agricultural community) was established,
and the same year the city of Tel Aviv was founded
close to the Arab port of Jaffa. Many Arabs also found
their way to Palestine during this time. In 1914 the
Jewish popolation had grown to 85.000, the Arab to
1915-17 - Promises and Alliances
As Britain planned its invasion of the Ottoman Empire,
of which Palestine was a part, it tried to build alliances
in several directions. In 1915, in a secret correspondance
with the Emir of Mecca, Britain promised support for
Arab independence in the Middle East. In 1916 a secret
deal to divide the spoils of war was struck with France,
and in 1917 the British government issued the "Balfour
Declaration" promising the Zionist Organization
support for the establishment of "a national
home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
British General Allenby enters Jerusalem, December 1917.
1917 - The British
As the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side
of the Central Powers it was now at war with England,
and soon after British troops invaded all of the Ottoman
Middle East. In 1917 General Allenby conquered Jerusalem,
and one year after Damascus.
1920 - The Establishment
After the war the victors divided the Middle
East into a number of "mandate" areas, under
French and British administration. Syria (today Syria
and Lebanon) was awarded to France, while Palestine
(today's Jordan and Israel including Gaza and the West
Bank) and Mesopotamia (Iraq) came under British control.
The promise of the establishment of a national home
for the Jews in Palestine was integrated into the mandate
mandates for Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia.
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Abraham Storck was a Dutch landscape and maritime painter. Like his father and three brothers, all artists, he used the name Sturckenburch and only changed it to Storck around 1688. He trained and worked with his father and became a member of the Guild of St Luke in Amsterdam. In 1694 he married Neeltje Pieters van Meyservelt, a surgeon’s widow. His river and coastal scenes were greatly influenced by Ludolf Bakhuizen in the pictorial treatment of sky and water.Abraham also absorbed influences from other well-known Amsterdam marine painters, notably Willem van de Velde the younger and Jan Abrahamsz. Beerstraten. The Beerstraten and Storck families were close friends and distantly related by marriage. In his paintings of sea battles Abraham emulated Jan Beerstraten’s somewhat crowded and agitated compositions. His stylistic dependence on the older artist is demonstrated by a comparison of Beerstraten’s Battle of Terheide, 10 August 1653 (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum) with Storck’s Four-day Battle between the Dutch and English Fleets, 12–14 June 1666. (London, National Maritime Museum)
Storck’s occasional winter scenes (e.g. Haarlem, Frans Hals Museum; Rotterdam, Museum Boymans–van Beuningen) also follow the example of Jan Beerstraten and his brother Anthonie, who specialized in the genre. The van de Veldes, father and son, may have inspired Storck’s accuracy in the rendering of ships’ rigging and technical details, which is admired by ship historians. A few paintings are devoted to the activities of the Dutch whaling fleets in northern waters (e.g. Rotterdam, Maritime Museum; Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, A 4102), but his most attractive and popular paintings are the views of harbour cities and river scenes. Most of these topographical views are of Dutch subjects, but some feature German cities and scenery along the Rhine, suggesting that the artist must have travelled to Germany. The Dutch harbour and river views often depict the recreational and ceremonial aspects of shipping, with an emphasis on colourful pleasure yachts occupied by passengers in festive dress (e.g. Shipping on the IJ at Amsterdam, London, National Maritime Museum). The most famous of the marine festivities depicted by Storck is the Mock Battle Staged for Peter the Great on the River IJ (Amsterdam, Ned. Hist. Scheepvaartsmuseum), which commemorates the spectacle arranged in honour of the visit of the Tsar to Holland in 1697. Like other popular works by Storck, such pictures of ceremonial gatherings of ships, known as marine ‘parades’, were repeated in several versions.
The emphasis on spectators and passengers in the marine ‘parades’ and in scenes of commercial and pleasure shipping gave Storck an opportunity to exercise his considerable skill in rendering the human figure, a skill that many other marine painters lacked. The careful characterization of figures and attention to details of costume are also noticeable in Storck’s Italianate architectural views with staffage. Storck shared his interest in this genre with Jan Beerstraten and Jan Baptist Weenix, among others. Storck’s views of Italian and Mediterranean ports are sometimes ‘realistic’, and he has been described as one of the precursors of the veduta. He must have travelled to Italy, but this has never been proved. Most of the artist’s southern views are architectural fantasies , the decorative artificiality of which is emphasized by the postcard-blue Mediterranean skies and water rendered as strips of tiny, silvery waves. These scenes also anticipate the popular 18th-century Italian capriccio.
Storck’s reputation has suffered from the very popularity of his paintings during his lifetime and beyond. His large workshop turned out many replicas of popular compositions, and copyists and imitators abounded. This accounts for the uneven quality of paintings attributed to Storck, which, though frequently bearing his signature, are not painted by him. Storck’s best work is comparable with that of Bakhuizen and Willem van de Velde the younger. Storck was an excellent draughtsman, and drawings are preserved in several museums. He also produced at least six etchings of various subjects.
Storck is represented in the following collections: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; Museum Boymans–van Beuningen, Rotterdam; Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem; The Louvre, Paris; National Gallery, London; Courtauld Institute of Art, London; Dulwich Picture Gallery, London; National Maritime Museum, Greenwich; Fitzwilliam Museum at the University of Cambridge; Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minnesota; Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California; Vancouver Art Gallery, British Columbia, amongst others. | <urn:uuid:31134684-123c-460f-aa0b-114643751a81> | {
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World History Homework One Answers - Student 20
1. I think letters and pictographs (drawings resembling shapes of things) that were made around 3400 BC in Southern Mesopotamia was a great invention because without any form of writing there could be no written laws.
2. The Assyrian empire was a very strong empire responsible for defeating Israel in 772 BC but was later defeated by the Chaldean empire led by the leader Nebuchadnezzar.
3. The creation of Adam and Eve (3700-4004) B.C Surprised me, because the earliest homosapien skull found was dated 154,000-160,000 years ago which is much earlier than the listed date of Adam and Eve.
4. The Position of Egyptian Woman in Ancient Times
In ancient times, many countries had male rulers or leaders; this of course was understandable at the time because most men were much stronger and reliable leaders than women were. But one country did not follow this understanding completely, Egypt. In Egypt women actually had a reasonable amount of power. For example, back then husbands almost had complete control over their wives; the women were not able to make many choices in their family. But in Egypt the women were allowed to make their own choices, they were even allowed to divorce their husbands. By far the most powerful Egyptian woman in history was the empress Cleopatra. Cleopatra was seen as a goddess by her people as well as the entire known world. Cleopatra reign lasted for a reasonable amount of time. Until her fleet was defeated by the Roman named Octavian. Out despair she killed herself with a venom’s snake. | <urn:uuid:7dc1bf8d-8884-4316-a139-7de20298f5cc> | {
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name Kawould comes from the family having resided in Yorkshire
, where the name was taken from the town of Cawood
in the county's West Riding. The place-name was first recorded as Kawuda in 963 AD and was originally derived from the Old English words ca,
and described a wood where by jackdaws were common.
Early Origins of the Kawould family
The surname Kawould was first found in North Yorkshire
, where Cawood is a large village and civil parish in the Selby district. The village dates back to 963 when it was listed as Kawuda. CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
and was given by King Athelstan to the see of York, about 935, in the time of Archbishop Wulstan. Today it is better known as the place where the Cawood sword was found. It is regarded as "one of the finest Viking swords ever discovered" and is nearly 1,000 years old and can be seen at the Yorkshire
Museum. This locale is also the home of Cawood Castle, a palace for the Archbishops of York which dates back to 1181. Today Cawood Castle is owned by the Landmark Trust.
Early History of the Kawould family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Kawould research.Another 131 words (9 lines of text) covering the years 1514 and 1572 are included under the topic Early Kawould History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Kawould Spelling Variations
Kawould has been spelled many different ways. Before English spelling became standardized over the last few hundred
years, spelling variations
in names were a common occurrence. As the English language changed in the Middle Ages, absorbing pieces of Latin and French, as well as other languages, the spelling of people's names also changed considerably, even over a single lifetime. Spelling variants included: Cawood, Kawood, Cawoode, Cawod and others.
Early Notables of the Kawould family (pre 1700)
Another 33 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Kawould Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Kawould family to the New World and Oceana
In an attempt to escape the chaos experienced in England
, many English families boarded overcrowded and diseased ships sailing for the shores of North America and other British colonies. Those families hardy enough, and lucky enough, to make the passage intact were rewarded with land and a social environment less prone to religious and political persecution. Many of these families became important contributors to the young colonies in which they settled. Early immigration and passenger lists have documented some of the first Kawoulds to arrive on North American shores: Richard Cawood who arrived in Barbados in 1635; and later moved to St. Christopher; Ann Cawood who settled in Maryland in 1676. | <urn:uuid:a11526f2-a5cf-4b10-aa29-d43328b07b83> | {
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Did you know Minnesota is home to a national park?
On the Canadian border, just west of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, sits one of Minnesota’s best-kept secrets — the vast and beautiful Voyageurs National Park!
Its name comes from the French-Canadian fur voyageurs who came to our state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They paddled large — 26 feet long and 4 feet wide — “north canoes” made of birch bark and cedar and journeyed through the waterways, trading goods with Native Americans in exchange for animal pelts, which were in high demand in Europe.
Voyageurs National Park consists of four large lakes — Rainy Lake, Sand Point Lake, Namakan Lake and Kabetogama Lake — as well as 26 smaller interior lakes.
Encompassing more than 218,000 acres (far smaller than the BWCAW’s 1 million acres), the park offers 134,000 acres of woodlands, 500 islands and 27 miles of hiking trails.
But here’s the most interesting part: Though the park’s visitor centers are accessible by car, the rest is accessible only by boat.
All of the park’s 240 well-mapped overnight and day-use sites require a water vessel of some sort for transportation.
But that needn’t stop you from visiting. You can bring your own motorboat, canoe or kayak or simply rent a variety
One of the most popular ways to see the park is by renting a houseboat. Several vendors rent these unique vessels for vacations in the park. And the reasonable fees typically include training in how to pilot your chosen vessel, plus a radio to connect to services, such as grocery and gas deliveries (and help in case of emergencies).
If you bring your own vessel, you can launch for free at all public boat launches at the park’s three visitor centers — Rainy Lake Visitor Center, Kabetogama Lake Visitor Center and the Ash River Visitor Center. Many commercial services also provide gear, guided adventures and water-taxi/shuttle services for hikers and others wanting to explore the park.
If you’d like a simplified introduction to the park, check out the ranger-led programs offered from mid-June through mid-September, including guided boat tours. (See below for some of the offerings. Reservations are recommended.)
In the winter, you can explore the park by cross-country skiing, snowshoeing or snowmobiling on more than 100 miles of groomed trails.
As a child, I spent time with my family fishing and camping on Kabetogama and Namakan. When I was a teenager, my parents purchased an island cabin on Crane Lake near the park.
I spent summers and spring and fall weekends through high school and college working at Voyagaire Houseboats — where I met my husband — and exploring the area any free chance I had.
Today my husband and I enjoy sharing experiences in Voyageurs National Park with our four children. In fact, this July we reserved an island campsite for a week on Sand Point Lake. We look forward to this adventure with plans for tent camping, fishing, berry picking, swimming, paddle-boarding and enjoying the beauty of this incredible wilderness area.
Though the BWCAW is probably the most famous backcountry retreat in our state, Voyageurs offers another way to appreciate the serenity of a remote lake, complete with the mournful calls of loons at dawn and dusk and, if you’re lucky, the playful dancing of the Northern Lights.
Despite the fact that watercraft is the only mode of summer transportation in the park, quiet and serenity are still easy to come by in Voyageurs, due to its huge lakes offering 84,000 acres of water and 655 miles of
In such big waters, tubing and waterskiing aren’t all that common and use of motorized personal watercraft (jet skis and wave runners) is prohibited.
Where to start?
Cabins, lodges, hotels: Gateway communities near the park — which is, by car, about 5 hours north of the Twin Cities or 2.5 hours from Duluth — are all just off Highway 53 and include Crane Lake, Orr, Ash River, Kabetogama, International Falls and Ranier.
Boats: Voyageurs National Park has hundreds of campsites that can be reached by boat or houseboat. Reservations are required and can be made at recreation.gov.
There is no fee to enter the park, but if you want to stay there overnight, you’ll need a free permit, available at the visitor centers and boat launches.
Houseboats: A variety of companies rent these watercraft — which sleep two to 12 people and sometimes include slides, hot tubs and more — such as Ebels, Northernaire, Rainy Lake Houseboats and Voyagaire Houseboats. Learn more at tinyurl.com/vnp-services.
Voyageurs National Park is home to the largest Jack pine tree in the U.S. The 73-foot-tall tree is on the shores of Moose Bay on Namakan Lake and was added to American Forests’ National Register of Champion Trees in 2018.
On June 11, 2018 the America the Beautiful Quarters Program released a quarter honoring Voyageurs National Park. Learn more at parkquarters.com.
Take a tour!
Get a taste of Voyageurs National Park with a guided tour. Here’s a look at a few on the schedule for this summer. Reservations for all tours are made at recreation.gov or by calling the a national call center at 877-444-6777. Reservations are available until midnight the night before a tour departs. Tours with asterisks are accessible.*
- Grand Tour*: Board the Voyageur tour boat and navigate Rainy Lake in search of active eagle nests, view a commercial fishing camp and watch for abundant wildlife. A short stop at Little American Island explores the 1890s Rainy Lake gold rush.
- Kettle Falls Cruise*: Voyage to the historic Kettle Falls Hotel and Dam on the Voyageur tour boat.
- North Canoe: Paddle back in history aboard a 26-foot north canoe. Learn the voyageur paddle salute and explore the life of a voyageur fur trader.
- Black Bay by Canoe: Get a close-up view of a beaver lodge while paddling the waters of Black Bay.
- Ethno-Botanical Garden Tour*: Join park staff and walk through Voyageurs’ diverse ecosystem. A short hike leads to an Ojibwe camp that sits at the heart of a native plant garden.
- Kettle Falls Cruise*: Voyage to the historic Kettle Falls Hotel and Dam on the Amik tour boat.
- Ellsworth Rock Gardens Cruise: Search for active eagle nests on the way to the gardens located within the park. Then take a short guided hike to explore unique rock sculptures and building remnants.
- North Canoe: Paddle back in history aboard a 26-foot north canoe. Learn the voyageur paddle salute and explore the life of a fur trader.
- Become a Voyageur: Join park staff for an inland program and learn about the life of a voyageur, featuring interactive, hands-on activities geared toward the adventurous and young at heart.
- Northern Lights & Solar Flares: Learn from park staff about these mysterious lights and see their source from a solar viewing scope during this recurring midnight program.
- Voyageurs National Park
- Voyageurs National Park Association
- Voyageurs National Park Rendezvous Visitor Guide
- Explore Minnesota
- Voyageurs National Park Facebook: Check this page for park information, event schedules, wildlife sightings, seasonal conditions and interactive resources. | <urn:uuid:0ded3997-b7a3-462c-bde1-ddc8c218fefa> | {
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Menachot 30 - 36
- Rules of writing a Sefer Torah
- How the last eight passages of the Torah were written
- The problems in regard to writing and correcting the Holy Name
- The rulings of Rabbi Shimon Shezieri
- Writing of the mezuzah and properly placing it
- Where a mezuzah is required and the problem of unusual doorways
- The writing of the Torah chapters in tefillin and the making of the boxes containing them
- The straps and knot on the head tefillin
- The blessings made when putting on tefillin
- When tefillin should not be worn
The Hanging Mezuzah
- Menachot 32b
A mezuzah must be placed on the doorpost and not hung in the doorway. Should someone suspend it from a stick in the doorway or behind the door he not only fails to perform the mitzvah but also invites danger.
What is the nature of the danger?
Rashi's explanation is that since the home is not protected unless the mezuzah is in its proper place, there is a danger that harm may occur to the home.
Tosefot challenges this approach since the gemara should have simply stated that there is danger whenever the mezuzah is not placed according to the halacha. The danger, Tosefot suggests, is that one is likely to bang his head against a hanging mezuzah and hurt himself.
A mezuzah was carried by King Munbaz during his travels and hung in the doorways of the hostel where he spent the night during his travels. Since such a hostel was not a place of regular residence there was no obligation to put a mezuzah on its doorway and the mezuzah was hung there only as a reminder of the mitzvah of mezuzah.
What the Sages Say
"Come and see how G-d's ways are different than those of mortals. A mortal king sits inside his palace and his people stand outside to protect him. It is otherwise with G-d who stands guard (through the mezuzah) for the Jew who sits in his house."
- Rabbi Chanina - Menachot 33b | <urn:uuid:0414582f-634e-4b91-b110-8ce82f037719> | {
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The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression, and the 1987 crash included the largest single-day decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The possibility of another crash looms large in the minds of investors—but research suggests investors’ fears are overblown.
Yale’s William N. Goetzmann and Robert J. Shiller, along with Case Western Reserve’s Dasol Kim, find that from 1989 through 2015 both individual and institutional investors judged the likelihood of a crash as much higher than shown by historical data.
Since 1989, Shiller, a Nobel laureate, has tracked the judgments of individual and institutional investors on the probability of a severe market crash. “The definition of a crash is specific: a drop in the US stock market on the scale of October 19th, 1987 [-22.61%], or October 28th, 1929 [-12.82%],” write Goetzmann, Shiller, and Kim. The result is startling: the average estimate for the likelihood of a one-day crash over the succeeding six months—controlling for both good and bad economic times—was 19 percent. This remained true for the length of the 26-year study period.
Given that the probability of an extreme stock market collapse on the order of 1929 or 1987 in any six-month period is less than 1 percent, investors gave estimates of the likelihood of a crash that were more than 20 times the historical precedent.
The influence of news media may have contributed to the investors’ bias, the researchers argue. Journalists can “frame recent events through select[ive] reporting—emphasizing negative outcomes.”
The researchers used Wall Street Journal articles to test their theory, measuring the effect of word choice and subject matter on investor expectations of a crash. They parsed the articles for negative terms, such as “crash” and “bad news,” and positive terms, which included “boom” and “good news.” Their data suggest that articles with “crash” and related terminology correlated with higher investor expectations of a stock market crash in the succeeding six months, as measured by Shiller’s stock market confidence survey. Shiller and more recently Yale’s International Center for Finance have since 1989 collected surveys from high-net-worth and institutional investors to inform stock market confidence indices.
Using the insights of two psychologists, Princeton’s Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the researchers make the case that investors fell prey to the “availability heuristic,” a cognitive shortcut most of us use to make judgments based on what is top of mind—or, in this case, top of page.
Individual and institutional investors expected crashes more often than they actually occur. And their expectation determined “such critical things as stock market participation, the demand for insurance against crashes and, to the extent that the investors surveyed are representative of marginal investors, perhaps even the equity premium,” write the researchers. They point out that their findings may provide support for rare-disaster explanations of the equity premium; this historical 6 percent premium, paid to compensate stock-owners for their risk taking, may be related to high assessments on the probability of an extreme stock market collapse. | <urn:uuid:723252cd-a78e-454f-a58c-863831198f20> | {
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Traveling a bit farther inland and to the north, one reaches Tell Atchana, the ancient Alalakh.
The uppermost levels VI-I of the site, the ones of most concern to us, depend solely on Egyptian chronology, and the dates for imported Late Cypriote and Mycenaean pottery, Hittite New Empire and Mitannian material.1 The four latter sets of material owe their dates solely to Egyptian chronology, and maintain them by floating on mysterious Dark Ages, which are archaeologically empty, or, at best, very obscure. It is thus an easy matter to find some 500-600-year puzzles of the type met over and over again in this paper. For the sake of brevity we will treat here only two.
During part of the period of the 18th Egyptian Dynasty, Alalakh was ruled by King Niqmepa. His royal palace is thus assigned to the 15th-14th centuries B.C. Only a short distance north of Alalakh lies the site of Zinjirli with its 5th-century palace.
According to H. Frankfort there are no monuments, in fact, no works of art to fill the gap between ca. 1200 and 850 B.C. in this part of the ancient Levant. He was nevertheless struck by the resemblances of the 8th-century palace of Zinjirli to the 14th-century palace of Alalakh.2 How was the tradition of monumental architecture kept alive for 600 years, if the Niqmepa palace was covered over and invisible by the 14th century, and if there is absolutely no continuity in this or any of the other arts between the two periods?3
Many large fragments of sculpted stone lions were also unearthed at Alalakh. These were found re-used in the last phase of the temple,4 but presumably guarded the doors to this structure at an earlier date. According to the excavator,5 these lions have great importance as monuments for the history of art. In the Syro-Hittite period gateway lions of this sort are so regular a convention as to be almost the hall-mark of North Syrian art. Such lions are normally assigned to the 9th-7th centuries B.C.,6 but because Egyptian chronology provides the absolute dates for Alalakh, now for the first time we have a series of lion sculptures which cannot be later than the fourteenth century B.C.
Should we view the Alalakh lions as early forerunners of the whole series of Syro-Hittite lions?7 Were they also the model for the guardian lions of Assyrian palaces, anticipating [both sets] by five hundred years?8 Could they have provided the inspiration for the 500-year-later sculptures?
If, by the 9th century B.C., the Alalakh lions were completely buried over by debris and long forgotten,9 and no similar lions exist to span the Dark Age in this region, how can we explain why the system of flanking gates with large, guardian figures and stone reliefs in the ninth-century Assyrian palaces resembles so much that employed10 here at Alalakh and other contemporary centers some 400-500 years earlier? | <urn:uuid:d6cda040-595a-467f-9803-88129bd7e609> | {
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Baby Developmental Milestones: By 12 to 15 Months
May have started walking
Soon after your 1-year-old is walking alone inside, you'll want to take him for walks outside. He'll need flexible shoes with non-stick soles, like sneakers. Short family walks in the neighborhood or a park will help him learn to enjoy physical activity. Still, offer a helping hand to him, and be prepared for a bunch of scratches and abrasions!
Plays patty-cake and may give a "high five"
Your toddler is becoming more skilled with her hands and sharpening her hand-eye coordination. She can play patty-cake and even slap you a "high five." Introduce her to songs with simple hand motions, like "Itsy Bitsy Spider" and "The Wheels on the Bus."
Likes to hand toys back and forth
Sorting, stacking, and matching helps your toddler learn about color, shape, size, and problem solving. Let him drop objects into a container and dump them out. He'll do it over and over. Simple puzzles, sort shapers, stackers, and pegboards are other good activities.
Says "mama" and "dada" purposefully and indicates wants with gestures or grunts
Your toddler may be calling you "mama" and "dada" and saying a few other words by now. But she may still grunt or point to things she wants. Gently encourage her to use words by responding to her gestures with words ("Do you want your doll?"). But don't withhold things from her until she responds. Positive reinforcement is critical to language development, so reward her verbally when she finds the right words. | <urn:uuid:f86edc5a-469b-4fc6-8b18-86d7836cd0ff> | {
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It won’t be shocking to anyone that there are many more books in English on topics specific to Ashkenazi Jews than to Sephardi Jews. I could spend a lot of time analyzing the reasons for this, but one simple reason is that the American Jewish community is predominately Ashkenazi. It’s true that some of the earliest Jewish communities in the United States were Sephardi, but over time these early communities were overtaken by the large influx of Jews from European countries which were primarily Ashkenazi.
For those who are unfamiliar with the terms Ashkenazi and Sephardi, they literally mean German and Spanish, but are more loosely used to refer to Jews who came from Eastern Europe and Germany (Ashkenazi), and those who came from Spain and the Middle East (Sephardi). Sephardi Jews are sometimes further divided into those who came from Spain and Portugal and were expelled (during the Inquisition which started in 1492) to North Africa and other lands (Sephardi) and those that lived continuously in the Middle East from olden days (Mizrachi, which literally means Eastern). While there are many community-specific traditions (leading to different prayer styles for those from Yemen and Iraq, and those from Hungary and Germany) there is a more fundamental split in customs between Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, upon which these other differences are then added. The reason for this is quite simple, as the Jewish communities that became Sephardi and Ashkenazi split about a thousand years ago, before most countries today existed. While both groups of Jews certainly were connected over the past thousand years, they also settled in different areas, and in kept separate traditions.
I’ve collected books for more than two decades and it is more uncommon to see books specifically on Sephardi topics. It was thus very interesting to get a catalog this week from Dan Wyman Books in Brooklyn, with 200 books on Sephardi and Mizrachi Studies.
The catalog covers many very interesting topics, such as the early Jewish communities in the United States, to Jews in Jamaica, Curaçao and Surinam, to the Sephardi communities of Amsterdam, France, Greece and even India and the Balkans. The abandoned Jewish cemetery in Belize I mentioned in my post yesterday was almost certainly from a Sephardi Jewish community (although none of the books listed cover Belize, they do cover connected communities such as Jamaica). North African and other Arab countries are covered, as well as Turkey. Two little known off-shoots of Sephardi Judaism are also covered, Karaism and Sabbatianism. There is a lot there. Not all the books are in English. Some books date back to the 1700s.
For those who have family from these communities, or just are interested in reading about the many different countries that Jewish communities existed, it’s worth taking a look at Dan Wyman’s catalog and seeing what books he has on the many Sephardi communities that have existed over the years.
As this isn’t an ad for Dan Wyman, I want to add a few other resources for Sephardi books. Broder’s Books in Connecticut also has a Sephardi catalog of used books online. Henry Hollander Books in California has quite a few Sephardi books in their catalog, although I see no easy way to list just them (he has no category for Sephardi books). Schoen Books in Massachusetts has a Sephardi category, but doesn’t list very many books. It’s a good book store to know about, however, and he has made an effort to re-print many hard to find Jewish books (including several of the Sephardi books he lists).
For new books, you can also refer to the American Sephardi Federation’s online bookstore.
For Sephardi genealogy in particular, Avotaynu sells three books on the topic: Jeffrey Malka’s Sephardic Genealogy, Mathilde Tagger and Yitzhak Kerem’s Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental Genealogical Sources in Israel, and Guilherme Faiguenboim et al’s Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames. Jeffrey Malka operates the SephardicGen web site and offers his own Bibliography for Sephardic Genealogy and History.
Do you have Sephardi Jewish roots? What countries does your family come from? Might any of the books on these pages help you find out more about where your family originated? Share your thoughts in the comments. | <urn:uuid:1766a5c0-6f9b-4e90-b5c2-d093f81e8613> | {
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There is no convincing evidence that men are better at giving up smoking than women, scientists say.
Researchers at University College London looked at data on more than 102,000 smokers who took part in national surveys in the UK, the US and Canada in 2006-07.
They were keen to find out whether women are worse at giving up smoking, as data from recent smoking cessation aid trials suggest this may be the case.
Results show that women under the age of 50 were actually more likely than men to successfully give up smoking.
Men over the age of 60 appeared to be more likely to give up smoking than women, but the study authors said this could reflect higher smoking-related death rates among older men.
Overall, the study authors concluded that men in general 'are not more likely to quit smoking successfully than women'.
Writing in the journal Tobacco Control, they added: 'The myth of female disadvantage at quitting smoking is bad, first and foremost, for women.'
The findings may provide an incentive for women to try to quit, with additional impetus provided by the fact that today (May 31st) is World No Tobacco Day. | <urn:uuid:bf20388b-bfcd-42e9-a032-7435ce0f173a> | {
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Size: 12 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. 5.5 in.
372.5 cm x 73.75 cm.
Like Plate One, the twelve hooked polychrome motifs seen above maintain a direct
connection with a key design from the library of prehistoric image/symbols,
the female deity. Fig.30 is a drawing of a plaster
wall relief found in a shrine at the Neolithic site of Catal Huyuk and is dated
c.6500BC. Their similarity furthers proves the viability that prehistoric icons
maintained within the Archaic group kelim weaving tradition. A later rendition
of this design, known as the birth symbol, appears worldwide as a central design
in many 18th and 19th century tribal cultures, which again underlines the importance
of this symbol and its longevity.
A design found at several Paleolithic cave sites Fig.31
was this icons root source. This simple brace-like design was engraved at a
number of sites and shows a highly schematized female form in the
birth position - outstretched legs and abbreviated upper torso. Much later,
during the Neolithic this same design, though more highly articulated, reappears
on a two handled ritual cup Fig.32 c.6000BC from
the Anatolian site of Hacilar, and on a fragmented bowl Fig.33,
also from Hacilar. Several millennia later another bowl Fig.34,
a site in the Indus Valley c.2700BC, continues to demonstrate not only the continuity
of this symbol but also the cultural connection much earlier inconographic forms
continued to exert on succeeding generations of design iconography.
Figures captions 30-34
No photographs or text may be reproduced without the written
consent of the copyright holder, the Weaving Art Museum, Inc.
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What are antioxidants and how do they help my skin
Heard of antioxidants, but not sure exactly how they help your skin? We take a closer look at the links between skin and so-called ‘superfoods’.
What are antioxidants, and how do they help fight free radical damage?
A general term encompassing several groups of organic molecules, antioxidants are the skin’s first line of defence against free radical damage. While they’re found in several prominent food groups, such as berries and leafy greens, antioxidants also occur naturally in the skin. But what really goes on beneath the skin’s surface when antioxidants come into play?
external factors are linked to
80%of premature cutaneous aging
Broadly speaking, antioxidants help to fight skin damage linked to external factors in our environment, such as UV rays - linked to 80% of premature cutaneous aging. They do this by halting a phenomenon known as free radical damage, which is triggered by these factors and has been shown to accelerate visible signs of aging. Essentially, antioxidant-rich foods help slow the spread of these oxidizing free radicals, reinforcing the antioxidants already present within the skin to fight against free radicals.
Where can I find antioxidants in my diet?
Antioxidant-based skincare is a growing phenomenon, but it’s important to ensure your diet contains enough of them. Foods rich in antioxidants are noted for their anti-aging properties, particularly when it comes to combating the effects of UV-related stress. Carrots, for example, are rich in an antioxidant known as betacarotene. Once digested, this pigment is transformed into Vitamin A, which is essential for collagen production.
Another antioxidant, lycopene, found in tomatoes, has been proven to help reduce inflammation linked to sunburn. Finally, research has shown that another type of antioxidant, polyphenols (found in dark chocolate and grapes, among other ingredients) can help improve cardiovascular function, boosting circulation.
Novo, R., Azevedo, P., Minicucci, M. et al, ‘Effect of Beta-Carotene on Oxidative Stress and Expression of Cardiac Connexin 43’ in Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 101.3 (2013), pp. 233-239 [Accessible at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032303/]
Story, E., Kopec, R. et al, ‘An Update on the Health Effects of Tomato Lycopene’ in Annual Review of Food Science and Technology (2010) [Accessible at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850026/]
Huang WY, Davidge ST, Wu J. ‘Bioactive natural constituents from food sources-potential use in hypertension prevention and treatment’ in Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 53.6 (2013) pp. 615-30. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.550071. | <urn:uuid:27db9e6f-7f56-470d-9fa2-155768a5556b> | {
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Grant was born on the family estate of Ballindalloch in Banffshire in the Northeast of Scotland. He began his military career by purchasing a commission as captain in the Royal Scots on October 24, 1744. The regiment was shipped to the Continent and Grant fought with them in the Battle of Fontenoy (1745).
==French and Indian War==
By 1757, Grant was a major of the 77th Regiment of Foot (Montgomerie’s Highlanders), fighting in the French and Indian War. In 1758, he led part of the regiment in an expedition led by General John Forbes. On this expedition, he became acquainted with others who would also play larger parts in the American Revolutionary War: George Washington, Francis Marion, and Hugh Mercer, among others. He also gained a contempt for the colonial or militia troops that would colour his later views.
In September, Grant was assigned to lead an advance part of around 800 men to determine the French strength at Fort Duquesne. The force was mainly made up of militia, but he took along a number of officers from the regulars, since he had little respect for the colonial troops. He then decided to split his force hoping to encourage a French attack that he could surprise and overwhelm. Having no wilderness experience, he was ambushed himself by Indians and French on September 14, 1758. At this engagement, the Battle of Fort Duquesne, the British force was repelled with 342 men killed, wounded or captured. The prisoners consisted of Major Grant and 18 of his men. He was paroled soon after, and tried to blame his defeat on the failure of the colonial militia to follow orders.
In 1761, he commanded an expedition against the Cherokee during the Anglo-Cherokee War.
After being briefly stationed at Fort Ticonderoga, his regiment was moved to the Caribbean Theatre of the Seven Years’ War. They fought at the Siege of Havana, held by Spanish forces, which ended in the surrender of the city. When the war was over, the regiment was disbanded in America in 1763.
==Governor of Florida==
With the Treaty of Paris (1763), Britain gained control of Florida from the Spanish. They divided it into two colonies, and James Grant was named governor of East Florida in 1764. He move to his capital at St. Augustine, established the Florida-Georgia border, stopped Indian raids with the Treaty of Fort Picolata, and encouraged new settlement in his colony.
Grant’s ventures were ultimately profitable, but most attempts failed to produce results. He encouraged new agriculture, setting up trade in cotton, indigo, timber, and cochineal. He personally gained and developed several plantations as grants. Then, in 1771, illness forced him to return to England. Patrick Tonyn replaced him as governor. Grant appointed Dr. David Yeats, the Secretary of the Colony, to manage his plantations in his absence. Yeats’ letters to Grant concerning the properties have long interested Florida colonial historians.
Back home in Scotland, Grant was elected to Parliament as an MP for Tain Burghs. In the period leading up to the American Revolutionary War, he became one of the most outspoken of the anti-American members. In a speech early in 1775, he remarked that the colonists “…could not fight…”, and declared that he could “go from one end of America to other and geld all the males.”
==American War of Independence==
By the summer of 1775, he was returned to active service, and Colonel Grant was ordered to America. He arrived in Boston on July 30. In the aftermath of the Battle of Bunker Hill, he urged General Gage to move the troops to New York City, to have room to manoeuvre. His advice was ignored at the time, and he remained as a supernumerary until December, when he was made colonel and commander of the 55th Regiment of Foot. He would hold that command until 1791.
His prediction that Boston was an untenable position was proved correct the following spring, and, on March 17, 1776, he accompanied the general withdrawal to Halifax, Nova Scotia . By the summer of 1776, General William Howe had replaced Gage as commander, and took Grant’s advice about New York. Grant was given the provisional rank of major-general, and played several key parts in Howe’s movements. Fortunately for the Americans, Howe refused advice from Grant, who proposed burning Boston, Marblehead, New York, and Philadelphia.
===Battle for New York===
As the New York Campaign sought to give the British control of New York City, Grant had become Howe’s primary planning officer. He developed two plans, each of which was designed to both gain control of territory and to deal a serious or fatal blow to the American army. These resulted in the Battle of Brooklyn, and Battle of White Plains. Both of these were British victories, as was the overall campaign, but General Washington avoided the death blow each time.
In the Battle of Long Island on August 26 and 27, Major General Grant led the division that landed on the left wing. He was to engage the American right and divert attention from Howe’s flanking manoeuvre with the main body. An advance unit of his troops engaged the Americans at the Red Lion Inn, which was the first engagement of the battle. Grant completed his mission, and severely defeated the American General William Alexander’s division.
After the event, Grant was unfairly criticised by some for allowing the escape of most of this force. It is true that he had almost 7,000 men in ten regiments opposing Alexander’s 1,600 Continentals, but there are two factors that mitigate this criticism. First, he stopped according to the plan, awaiting Howe’s attack on the American rear, rather than attacking the Americans dug in on the heights. Second, he was running low on ammunition, since the boats and logistic support were busy ferrying and supplying the Hessian units on the right and the main body that was landing at Gravesend.
Grant quick-marched his battalion to the Battle of White Plains, but he arrived too late. In 1777, Grant devised the battle plans for the Battle of Brandywine Creek.
=== Philadelphia and the West Indies ===
Grant was unsuccessful in trapping Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, at the Battle of Barren Hill, on 20 May 1778. Lafayette held the position along the Schuylkill River with 2,200 troops and five guns. His front was picketed by 150 light infantry and 50 Oneida Indians under Allen McLane and his left was held by James Potter and 600 Pennsylvania militia. The bulk of his command was formed by a veteran brigade under Enoch Poor. Sir William Howe sent Grant with 6,000 men and 15 guns to circle wide to the right and come in behind Lafayette’s force, while he attacked in front with 4,000 soldiers. Charles Grey with 2,000 British and Hessian grenadiers was ordered to strike the American left flank. The maneuver began auspiciously when Potter’s milita dispersed in the face of Grant’s column. However, the capture of two of Grey’s soldiers warned Lafayette of his danger. Meanwhile, Grant halted his troops to wait for Grey to appear and this allowed the Americans to begin moving back to Matson’s Ford. When Grant finally lurched forward again, Lafayette sent some of Poor’s troops forward in a feint. Grant was fooled and stopped his advance a second time. By the time he realized what was happening, most of the Americans had slipped out of his grasp via a road that the British were not aware of. Grant nevertheless unleashed his cavalry in pursuit, but they took the wrong route and only arrived in time to see the last of Lafayette’s men crossing at Matson’s.
Finally, Grant was shipped off to the West Indies. On October 27, 1778, he led a successful expeditionary force to capture the French West Indian island of St. Lucia. A superior French garrison, surrendered on 28 December, at the Battle of La Vigie.
On 1 April 1779, Lord Germain instructed Grant to establish small garrisons throughout the West Indes. Grant had the moral courage to defy Germain and refused to carry out this order. In his letters of 8 and 17 July, he pointed out to the Secretary of State for America that naval superiority was paramount and that small detachments on every island would not be wise. Instead he deployed the West Indes garrisons to cover the major naval bases. He posted the 15th, 28th, and 55th Foot and 1,500 gunners at Saint Kitts. The 27th, 35th, and 49th Foot and 1,600 gunners defended Saint Lucia. Meanwhile, the royal dockyard at Antigua was held by an 800-man garrison of the 40th and 60th Foot. Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers. He embarked for England on 1 August 1779, but his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the Caribbean during the final years of the war.
In 1780, he was defeated in parliamentary elections. In 1782, he was appointed a Lieutenant General. In 1787, he was re-elected to Parliament. In 1789, he was appointed Governor of Stirling Castle, and Commanding General of the Army in Scotland. In 1791, he was transferred from the 55th to the 11th Foot. In 1796, he was appointed a full General, and retired from active military services. In 1802, he retired to his estate on the Avon and Spey rivers as the Laird of Ballindalloch, after relinquishing his seat in Parliament. In 1805, he retired from the British army. He died at 86 on 13 April 1806. His estate went to his grandnephew, George Macpherson. | <urn:uuid:52438293-d2bf-4a3e-997f-07916d38a8a1> | {
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Nineteenth century Russia is far better known for its composers and writers than for its artists. While the likes of Tchaikovsky, Dostoyevsky, and Tolstoy have a global resonance, the most famous Russian painters of the period remain internationally obscure. But this state of affairs is starting to change thanks to the rise of Russia and exhibitions such as “Ilya Repin: Master Works from the State Tretyakov Gallery” at Tokyo’s Bunkamura The Museum.
This follows on from the success of previous exhibitions of 19th-century Russian art in Japan, including 2009’s “Unforgettable Russia: Masterpieces from The State Tretyakov Gallery.” The show now on at the Bunkamura breaks new ground by focusing on a single 19th-century painter, with 57 oil paintings and 42 drawings by the man generally regarded by Russians as their most important painter of the 19th century: Ilya Repin.
Born of peasant stock in 1844, in what is now the Ukraine, Repin rose through his sheer talent, first as an apprentice icon painter for churches and then as a prize-winning student at the Academy of Arts in the then capital, St. Petersburg.
His arrival at the Academy in 1863 coincided with a period of ideological tumult, which stemmed from Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856), and which resulted in the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. This was a period of great change and uncertainty in Russia that was reflected not only in literature and music but also in Russian art, which at the time was still very subservient to Western European models.
Preceding Repin’s arrival at the Academy, Ivan Kramskoi, another leading painter of the period and later a close friend of Repin, led a group of Academy students in rebellion against the art subjects assigned by the academic board. Kramskoi and his followers believed that art should reflect social reality and serve a nationalist and populist purpose. This rebellion later led to the establishment of an independent group of artists called the Peredvizhniki (The Itinerants), which went on to dominate 19th-century Russian art.
It is this ideological and cultural ferment, caused by the volatile mixture of modernization, foreign influence, and national soul-searching, which makes the works of 19th-century Russian literature and classical music so enthralling. The thesis of this exhibition is that Repin’s art was just as much part of this epic cultural tale as the novels of Dostoyevsky or the compositions of Mussorgsky, a close friend of Repin.
In purely formal terms, this may not be apparent to modern audiences. At first glance, Repin’s canvasses seem anchored in a brilliant but unadventurous realism. Compared to, say, the redolent mysticism of the English Pre-Raphaelites or the visual revolution of France’s Impressionists, there is a lack of obvious avant-gardism.
Part of the reason for this was that Russia in the mid-19th century was a much tenser place than either England or France, with a much more sensitive cultural and intellectual environment. With strict censorship overlying dangerous ideological divisions, it was a society in which people learned to read between the lines and look for nuances. An artist like Repin could make powerful statements through comparatively subtle means, such as the mere choice of subject matter or the way he depicted certain elements.
This can be seen in “Barge Handlers on the Volga” (1870-73), his first true masterpiece, which caused a sensation and made him instantly famous. Although absent from this exhibition, this work is represented here by a preparatory sketch, some oil studies, and an excellent companion piece, “Barge Haulers Crossing a Ford” (1872). Revealing the artist’s intimacy with his subject, this group of works serves as an artistic endorsement of the heroic labor and endurance of the Russian masses.
Other works also give us a powerful sense of the Russian people. “Religious Procession in the Province of Kursk” (1881-1883), is also absent from the show but is again represented by associated works. In this masterwork, the key figure who emotionally activates the scene is a poor hunchback, scuttling along in the foreground. His posture is radiant with the simple faith of a believer and reveals the energy on which Czarist Russia ran. The exhibition brings us face to face with the hunchback in a powerful preparatory portrait.
One major work that is here is “They Did Not Expect Him” (1884-1888), depicting the return of a political exile from Siberia to the bosom of his family. The different emotions coursing through the faces of the family members reveals Repin’s ability to capture individual psychology and plug it into something greater.
Repin’s knack for human psychology is also revealed in a number of excellent individual portraits, but it is in his more ambitious and socially relevant works that you sense his greatness. These are paintings that draw you deeper into the story of Russia, and the deeper you go, the more it becomes apparent that Repin was an artist whose talent was equal to that of his great contemporaries in music and literature.
We have five pairs of tickets to give away for this exhibition. See the Ticket Giveaway below the Art Openings for details. “Ilya Repin: Master Works from the State Tretyakov Gallery” at Bunkamura The Museum runs till Oct 8; open 10 a.m-7 p.m. daily (Sat and Sun till 9 p.m.). ¥1,400. www.bunkamura.co.jp. | <urn:uuid:4ce44403-3c82-4735-bf2a-5aa7b4970c56> | {
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As the economy slowly recovers, there is a staggering reality facing the national black community – the absence of work. All segments of the nation’s population seem to be pulling out of the hole dug by the recession, except for African Americans. For them, the hole is as deep as it’s ever been (with exception of when the “Great Recession” hit rock bottom in June 2009).
One can easily conclude that someone out there doesn’t want black people to work.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics released its monthly “Jobs report” last week, and in the middle of an election year, the focus, of course, was on job creation. 80,000 (non-farm payroll) jobs were created in June, 2012. The nation’s unemployment rate remained at 8.2%, the same as it was in May. However, black unemployment rose from 13.6% in May to 14.4% in June. What exactly does that mean? Has the nation returned to last hired, first fired practices of the past? That’s not clear, but whatever it does mean, black unemployment is now “officially” double that of whites in this nation.
White unemployment is 7.4% (the same as it was the month before). Latino unemployment remained at 11.0% (the same as it was in May). The deeper (darker) question here is, why are others holding work while black people are losing work? Nobody has answers.
Unemployment rate reports don’t really tell the whole story. They only reports people “out of work” and looking for work in the preceding month. That excludes a whole lot of people, including those who may have been out of work for six months or more, and those who may have stopped looking for work. The University of California at Berkeley released a data brief that painted a much darker reality of what is actually happening to the black community. Called, “Work in the Black Community,” the brief summarizes for the past three years the realities of the job market in the nation’s “recovery period,” and disaggregates various segments of the population in order to see where the change is actually taking place.
Well, we know where its not taking place…in the black community. But who’s to blame for that. We know the Federal Recovery Act has created construction and service jobs all over the nation. Let’s take that off the “Blame Obama” plate right now…because most have local hiring requirements attached to their compliance regulations. But the contractors that are hiring seem to have an absence of black people on their hiring crews. They hire from the local community, they just don’t hire us. There seems to be a pattern to this, almost as if there is a loophole somewhere that everybody knows about – except us. Why do I say that? Because nobody else’s employment numbers are slipping. Just ours – now, you can call it my conspiracy paranoia – but the brief also reports the nation’s “employment-population ratios” that time the rest of the story (that unemployment rates don’t tell).
The employment-population ratio is the best jobs indicator that captures the percentage of the population that is employed and can interpret the probability that a member of a population is employed – something unemployment rates don’t capture. Discouraged workers (people not looking for work) are likely to be captured in this report, whereas retired persons, full time students, disabled persons and homemakers are not. In short, it provides a fuller context of the nation’s employment picture.
For the whole labor force, the employment population ratio is 58.6%. For whites, it’s 59.4%. For blacks, it’s 53.1%. Here, you see that unemployment affects black women as adversely as it affects black men. The ratio of black men working is 54.5%. For black women, it’s 52.0. Black teens are most adversely impacted. Teen employment population ratio (ages 16-19) for the nation is 26.6%. For white teens, it’s 29.7%. For black teens, it’s 16.8% for black male teens, it’s 15.7%. Work has disappeared almost altogether for them. Deplorable. Even more deplorable is that hardly anybody is talking about it. Silence doesn’t help the situation.
I’m sure this isn’t just happening in Los Angeles. I can’t speak for the whole nation, just where I live, work and socialize. It stands to reason that it is the case for most of the country, since the unemployment rates and population employment ratios are across the board . But they are much higher in urban America. Out of work black men often take a bad rap, like they somehow don’t want to work. How about they can’t find work? – Even the work in plain sight.
Damn near every street in the Southland is torn up from construction, as is damn near every freeway. I purposely look for BMWs (Black Men Working). I rarely see any and I’m not the only one who notices this. It’s often a point of conversation in the circles I run in.
In fact, I can say with relative certainty, I see none much more than I see one. If I see two, I damn near pull over and clap. We need to applaud any black man who holds down a job in this economy – however long he holds it. We also need to dispel the notion that black men don’t want to work. Maybe it’s just me, but one can easily conclude that someone out there doesn’t want them to work.
However you want to frame, the disappearance of work in the black community needs to become more than a silent reality. It needs to become a public conversation – and a focus of direct action. | <urn:uuid:c550a119-6845-4388-b465-2c9e1a59c554> | {
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Moral leadership: A proposed theory illustrated by select Catholic secondary school principals
This study proposes a theory of moral leadership consisting of five dimensions. The theory describes moral leaders as people who (a) share their spiritual and theistic world views, (b) practice higher moral reasoning, (c) inspire others to act with a vision, (d) intentionally build community and covenants, and (e) exercise a commitment to social justice. After the researcher constructed this theory of moral leadership, five Catholic secondary school principals were interviewed and observed in relationship to their school communities to see how they illustrated the theory.^ The primary data collection method was in-depth interviews where contextual language provided insight into the meaning and value frameworks of the participants. The three in-depth interviews were structured in such a way that the principals' life histories, experiences, and values emerged around the theory of moral leadership. An interview guide steered the second interview and afforded the opportunity for discussion by the principals about moral leadership themes. These interviews were followed by shadowing the principals and observing the personnel, policies, and practices of their school communities over 3 days, within 2 weeks, concluding with a final interview for clarifications and further discussion.^ Although the researcher remained open to other unexpected themes which might have emerged, these five dimensions of moral leadership contextually guided the interview process. The findings indicated that the principals manifested their leadership in ways that provided strong evidence for the proposed theory of moral leadership. The descriptive data elicited from these principals were appropriate for exploring the issues and themes that comprised leadership in general. The data also helped to focus and enlarge the issues raised in previous research on the practice of moral leadership in particular.^ Chapter V discusses these findings and presents them around the areas of moral leadership, spiritual leadership, styles of moral leadership, tensions in moral leadership, and the Catholic school. The chapter concludes with implications for future research, practice, and policy. ^
Education, Administration|Education, Religious|Education, Secondary
David Lee Coppola,
"Moral leadership: A proposed theory illustrated by select Catholic secondary school principals"
(January 1, 1998).
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—Terry Tempest Williams, July 13, 1995, testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Forest & Public Lands Management regarding the Utah Public Lands Management Act of 1995.
Pine beetles appear to share Santorum’s views on sex
For pine beetles, sex is apparently all about procreation. While that might play well in some conservative circles of the insect kingdom, it’s not so good for Colorado’s lodgepole and ponderosa pine trees, which the beetles are destroying at an astronomical rate.
According to new research by Jeffry Mitton, a CU-Boulder professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, and one of his graduate students, Scott Ferrenberg, the destructive pine beetles actually produce two tree-killing generations of offspring every year instead of one, as previously believed.
Because of this extra generation being born each year, it is now estimated that there may be as many as 60 times more beetles killing trees than would be present otherwise and that number is rapidly increasing. That’s bad news considering that the current beetle infestation is already the largest in history, stretching from Alaska to New Mexico.
Mitton and Ferrenberg’s research will appear in The American Naturalist later this month.
You can also read on this subject in the next edition of Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine at artsandsciences.colorado.edu/magazine.
Scientists and ecologists don’t necessarily agree as to why amphibians are rapidly dying off, but they do agree that at least 40 percent of amphibians are currently facing extinction in real time.
It has long been known that frogs and their fellow amphibian brethren are the most sensitive creatures on the planet when it comes to changes in their environment such as the increased presence of pollutants like acid rain. Today, scientists list the three major threats as habitat destruction, increasing infectious disease and climate change.
David Wake, a researcher at the University of California Berkeley, recently told the Chicago Tribune, “It’s happening around the world ... we’re seeing it on our watch,” he said. “People talk more about birds or mammals because they are charismatic, they’re in the public eye. I’m concerned about rhinos and tigers, too, but in the meantime, we’re losing the things that are in our backyard.”
Researchers first noticed the decline in frog populations beginning in the 1980s, yet despite their efforts to stabilize threatened populations, the decline is only accelerating. While some believe that global warming is the main culprit, Wake believes that history shows amphibians to be quite adaptive and therefore he feels that diseases such as the recently discovered and widespread Chytridiomycosis are more likely the culprits.
Whatever the cause, it may be time for all of us to start appreciating our wet-skinned friends while we still can. | <urn:uuid:16964ef8-b200-480d-906a-50b68df68068> | {
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As the US prepares to tighten its rules governing the production of pharmaceuticals and chemicals in genetically modified plants,. But there are suspicions that ensuring food safety is not the only motive for big companies such as Monsanto.
Fears that drug-laced plants could end up in food have led to growing criticism of the US Department of Agriculture's regulations governing pharming. The issue came to a head in 2002, when maize modified to produce a pharmaceutical protein was found growing in fields of normal soybeans in Iowa and Nebraska.
This happened after the Texas-based company ProdiGene left seeds in the field after harvesting a crop of modified maize. In December, ProdiGene was ordered to pay around $3 million in clean-up costs and fines for violating its permit.
The incident provoked calls for tougher rules, and the USDA is carrying out public consultations as a prelude to revising its regulations. "We have to restore public confidence," John Howard, a founder and now a consultant for ProdiGene, told New Scientist at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's annual meeting in Denver. "We need to stop treating these plants as value-added agriculture and treat them like pharmaceuticals."
For example, Howard says ProdiGene did not do enough to make sure growers were obeying the rules. As in drug manufacturing, he says, companies need to monitor the whole process from beginning to end and get it checked by an outside agency. At the moment they are not required to do this. "There's too much latitude in the system," Howard says.
More controversially, Howard thinks the current policy of zero tolerance for any contamination of food crops helps neither the companies nor consumers. He says the risks posed by each pharm plant should be evaluated and used to set a reasonable limit for contamination, in the same way that limits are set for the contamination with pesticides, dirt and microorganisms. "Then, if the system breaks down and a plant escapes we'll know the level of risk," he says.
Howard cites two ProdiGene products that went on sale in 2002: the enzyme trypsin and enzyme inhibitor aprotinin. These proteins are normally obtained from cows, but fear of BSE has created a market for non-animal sources.
Howard argues that since the proteins are found in foods such as beef offal, there is little risk if contamination does occur. He admits that work is still needed to prove that they really are harmless. "But I've always argued it would be worth it," he says.
Jon McIntyre of the agribusiness giant Monsanto says his company, too, is willing to go well beyond existing regulations. Monsanto is setting up production systems for growing antibody-producing maize plants for other companies.
The USDA's proposed guidelines require pharmed maize to be separated from other corn by a distance of 400 metres, and not be planted within two weeks of any corn crop nearby, to prevent any possibility of cross-pollination. McIntyre says his team is already growing crops with four times that physical buffer and double the time lag. If necessary, the team would be prepared to increase the distance to more than eight kilometres, he says.
Indeed, according to McIntyre, Monsanto has put in place a surprising array of safeguards that include the use of male-sterile plants that do not produce pollen, daily satellite monitoring of adjacent fields to verify the absence of maize, and dedicated harvesting and processing equipment to prevent any mixing with food.
And as extra assurance against mistakes like ProdiGene's, the Monsanto team ensures that no food crops are planted for two years in fields where pharmed maize has been grown. Instead it plants a variety of cotton resistant to a herbicide that kills any leftover maize plants. "This is a closed-loop system completely outside of the commercial grain system," says McIntyre.
Academic institutions are also being extra cautious. Charles Arntzen's team at Arizona State University in Tempe is inserting genes from Norwalk virus, which can cause severe diarrhoea, into plants such as tomatoes to create oral vaccines against the virus.
To create the 80,000 or so doses needed for a clinical trial, the university has built a sealed greenhouse with fine-mesh screens, double doors, controlled airflow and many other features that exceed current federal guidelines. "No insects or seeds can get in or out unless we let them," Arntzen says.
The group intends to make its plants sterile, and as a further safeguard it will use a white tomato that could never be mistaken for a food crop. "Eating it is like chewing sawdust," he says. But Arntzen worries that regulation could go too far.
His oral vaccines would be most valuable to poor countries, and he thinks there should be a worldwide standard for pharming. "A strong regulatory framework is needed that can be implemented in developed and developing countries," he says. "We don't want an insurmountable entry barrier."
And while companies support some tough new rules, there are other aspects of pharming that they do not want regulated. For example, the suggestion that pharmaceutical proteins should be produced only in non-food plants is resisted by many researchers. They argue that producing the proteins in, say, tobacco would create new problems, such as the need to remove toxic alkaloids and invent new processing methods.
"One of the great things about food is you can use off-the-shelf technology," says Arntzen. "If you can make ketchup, you can make the vaccine." This could mean it may be eventually be possible to create vaccines for the developing world for pennies a dose, Arntzen and Howard say.
But Jane Rissler of the Union of Concerned Scientists says that the potential benefits of pharmed crops are no reason to restrict the regulations governing their growth. "It's important to remember they've yet to prove they can grow these crops safely anywhere, in any country," she says.
As the USDA starts to finalise its regulations, the debate is likely to grow heated. Anti-GM activists are pushing for the toughest rules possible, and Arntzen thinks Monsanto might want to do the same. "It raises the entry barrier to their competitors," he says. "Looking at satellite data every day and having all that dedicated equipment - a little company can't do that."
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. | <urn:uuid:7d9d2131-4776-4b7d-ae06-e1cd39f380be> | {
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The British National Health Service (NHS) — the epitome of socialized medicine — may be prematurely ending the lives of as many as 130,000 elderly patients annually, a top physician told the Royal Society of Medicine in London. Patrick Pullicino, a consultant neurologist for East Kent Hospitals and professor of clinical neurosciences at the University of Kent, said a controversial end-of-life care method called the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) now used in British hospitals has become an “assisted death pathway rather than a care pathway,” according to a report in the Daily Mail.
“If we accept the Liverpool Care Pathway we accept that euthanasia is part of the standard way of dying as it is now associated with 29 per cent of NHS deaths,” Pullicino declared, referring to statistics showing that of the 450,000 annual deaths of patients under NHS care, about 130,000 are of patients who were on the LCP.
The Mail offers a brief history of the LCP:
The Liverpool Care Pathway was first developed at a Marie Curie [Cancer Care] hospice in the city with the intention of making the last days and hours of cancer sufferers as decent and painless as possible.
It rapidly became fashionable: recognized as a model for the NHS in 2001; approved by NICE [the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, which rations care on a cost-benefit basis] as a recommended practice in 2004; and a 2006 health white paper said it should be adopted across the country. Its use spread from cancer sufferers to all patients. Doctors are supposed to identify a patient who is bound to die in the near future.
The plan then can include withdrawal of treatment, including the provision of water and nourishment by tube. Patients are typically heavily sedated.
The LCP’s quick adoption by the NHS and NICE represented “euthanasia by the back door,” in the words of the Telegraph’s Gerald Warner. “In 2007–08,” he wrote, “16.5 percent of deaths in Britain resulted from continuous deep sedation — twice the rate of the Netherlands with its notorious culture of death and legalized euthanasia.”
Since that time the percentage of deaths due to the LCP has increased by 75 percent, with no signs of slowing. Indeed, with the NHS “heading for an iceberg” (as NHS Confederation chief executive Mike Farrar put it) of unsustainable costs, the LCP death percentage is likely to grow even more rapidly. It costs far less, after all, to give a patient morphine for a day or two — death occurs on average within 33 hours of beginning the LCP — than to treat his condition for the remainder of his natural life, which could last for months or even years. Pullicino, according to the Mail, recalled taking a 71-year-old patient off the LCP, after which the man lived another 14 months, mostly at home, “at considerable cost to the NHS and the taxpayer.” (He died after being admitted to the hospital for pneumonia and put back on the LCP.)
Other doctors have recounted similar experiences. Dr. Peter Hargreaves, a consultant in palliative medicine at St. Luke’s Cancer Center in Guildford, told the Telegraph in 2009 that “he had personally taken patients off the pathway who went on to live for ‘significant’ amounts of time.”
Hargreaves worried that the LCP could “become a self-fulfilling prophecy” because doctors would make the determination as to which patients were likely to die and then, by withdrawing lifesaving treatment and heavily sedating them, guarantee that they would die. As Hargreaves and other experts put it in a letter to the Telegraph, “Forecasting death in an inexact science,” and “sometimes, when all but essential drugs are stopped, ‘dying’ patients get better.”
In fact, Hargreaves noted, some patients may exhibit signs of dying when their bodies are merely reacting to sedation combined with dehydration and then “be wrongly put on the pathway.” Once a patient is sedated under the LCP, University of London geriatrics professor P.H. Millard told the Telegraph, “it is much harder to see that a patient is getting better.”
Pullicino echoed many of these sentiments, saying that “patients are frequently put on the pathway without a proper analysis of their condition,” that “predicting death” at a specific time “is not possible scientifically,” and that, as a result, “very likely many patients who could live substantially longer are being killed by the LCP.”
He cited “pressure on beds” — which is to say the inevitable shortage of care under socialized medicine — and “difficulty with nursing confused or difficult-to-manage elderly patients” as reasons that the LCP has become so widely employed by the NHS. In other words, it’s much cheaper and easier to bump old people off than to treat them. Who’s going to know which ones might have recovered and enjoyed a few more years with their children and grandchildren?
No one should be surprised that government-run healthcare kills people. All socialist systems end up rationing whatever goods and services they have to offer; and when you’re rationing healthcare, the most vulnerable patients are going to suffer the most. The only surprising thing is that there are still people who think socialized medicine is a dandy idea — among them President Barack Obama, who said multiple times that he wanted a “single-payer universal healthcare program”; his Secretary of State, who once tried to foist such a system on Americans; and his former Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services director, Dr. Donald M. Berwick, who declared his undying love for the NHS. Who, then, could doubt that ObamaCare’s purpose is to put the American healthcare system on the LCP — and when the system finally keels over, to convert the United States to a single-payer system and the “death panels” that such a system invariably entails? | <urn:uuid:406934d2-c445-466c-bee3-6a6c3108ae8d> | {
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Nitrates and Nitrites
Nitrates and nitrites are a major constituent of fertilizers and have been used for many years in lawn treatments. Without the addition of these, crops would deplete nitrogen from soil. Unfortunately, when nitrogen fertilizers are used, they can get into wells and contaminate them. Nitrates and nitrites from these fertilizers also seep into groundwater, especially shallow wells (1,2).
The Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L for nitrate and nitrite in public water supplies(3). Users of private water supplies should have their water tested annually, especially in areas where fertilizers are commonly used. It is estimated that 1.5 million people are potentially exposed to nitrates from rural domestic wells (3).
Nitrites are cause for concern in infants under 6 months of age and farm animals. They affect the blood's ability to carry oxygen. Nitrites get into the body when nitrates are ingested, both from food and water, and nitrate reducing bacteria in an infant's digestive tract converts the nitrate to nitrite. Once the nitrite enters the blood stream and binds to the hemoglobin, oxygen cannot be carried, and "blue-baby" syndrome (bluish tint to skin due to lack of oxygen) occurs, as well as shortness of breath, increased sensitivity to illness, heart attacks, and possibly death by asphyxiation. However, as the infant ages, stomach acid becomes stronger, and bacteria that cause the conversion of nitrate to nitrite are reduced. Older children and adults generally do not have a problem with nitrates (1,2).
If nitrates are a concern in your area, it is best to use bottled water for the infant's formula. Boiling the water will not make the nitrates go away, it will instead cause an increase in the amount of nitrates present (2).
The best way to tell if your water has nitrates is to have it tested by a reputable lab. If your water is found to be contaminated, it can be treated in a variety of ways, including filtration, distillation, or a system similar to a water softener. However, to choose a treatment, a professional should be consulted.
For additional information about nitrates/nitrites, the website at North Carolina State University's Cooperative Extension Service provides more specific information regarding the toxicity and more treatment options for nitrite/nitrate problems (see links below).
Some external links that have information about nitrates:
This page was prepared by S.L. Keyser, June
1997, UCD EXTOXNET FAQ Team.
Revised by B.T. Johnson, October 1997. | <urn:uuid:39d7e6ce-1689-489c-a99b-cedb85fd6e3a> | {
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What Are Hydrogen Cars?
Cars that utilize hydrogen as their primary fuel are known as Hydrogen cars. Hydrogen is the on-board fuel in the Hydrogen cars. One name for these cars is Green cars, as they are low on pollution and other type of emissions. Although one cannot see any hydrogen car for sale currently but many car manufacturers have started developing and testing them in their labs.
Rising fuel prices combined with the depletion of conventional fossil fuel reserves has triggered a debate for searching our alternate sources of fuel. Although, we might be on the brink of a path breaking technology in the area of our living, with zero energy homes becoming a possibility in the very near future. However, the great crack in the wall is in our transport sector where we are short of any reliable alternative fuel.
With more visible and rising negative impacts of global warming on the mother earth, many problems of different scale have arisen. The pollution is also rising and transportation modes are one of the major contributors to the pollution and global warming phenomena. Hydrogen cars will be the perfect weapon to counter the rising threat to our environment.
There are two types of Hydrogen cars. The first type of hydrogen cars converts the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy that drives the car. The process of combustion achieves this conversion. These cars are commonly known as hydrogen-fuelled cars. The hydrogen-fuelled cars have traditional internal combustion engine to derive the mechanical energy from hydrogen.
The second type of hydrogen cars is the one that use a hydrogen fuel cell to derive the mechanical energy from the hydrogen. They do not have any traditional internal combustion engine. Both type of hydrogen cars are being developed and tested for future options.
Now the question arises where do we find the hydrogen to fuel our cars and other vehicles. Well the answer is that there is so much water around on our planet and by breaking this water chemically we can generate hydrogen. The process of breaking the water is known as electrolysis. However, currently it is the most inefficient way available for obtaining hydrogen fuel but the scientists are betting high on it and expect major improvisations.
Other methods to obtain hydrogen fuel are biomass gasification and coal gasification. These processes utilize coal, natural gas, biomass and other biological waste to chemically catalyze them and obtain hydrogen. With the war for developing futuristic and eco-friendly cars gaining steam automobile companies world over are geared up for the challenge.
Even the governments, environmental agencies and regulatory bodies are laying the plans and necessary funding for the research and development of the hydrogen cars and other alternate fuel options. People are also concerned over the safety of the cars with hydrogen tanks. The known fact is that hydrogen is an explosive fuel and in the wake of an accident, it can be too dangerous. The engineers are also working on this aspect and have achieved significant success in this area.
Surely, hydrogen cars hold the future of this transport sector. | <urn:uuid:a1d1eebf-4ca5-4dc9-8b6e-0e24c8c08258> | {
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Rainforest Journey is an online life science curriculum for grades K-5 designed using adaptive learning management technologies usually only seen in higher education.
I received two 1 year subscriptions for both Tulip and Rose. Each student was given their own log in and there is a teachers account where you can track their progress, grades etc as well as teacher guides and course tips (these are really worth a read as they have loads of ideas). They advise spending 15-30 mins a day, three times a week with the programme but to be honest there were some days my kids were so engrossed that they wanted to finish a whole unit and I had to kick them off the computer.
There are five units to complete, these are
Unit 1 - The Big Picture of the Rainforest
Unit 2 - Adapt or Die
Unit 3 - Animals
Unit 4 - Plants and Fungi
Unit 5 - Ecosystems
Within each unit there are several lessons, for example in Unit 1 the lessons are about the different layers of the rainforest, water and light while Unit 2 Lessons look at structural adaptations, behavioural adaptations and genetics.
Lessons are presented as a page containing amazing photographs, informational text (with an audio option), icons that offer a more detailed explanation or link to new concepts, videos and links to trip diaries from the scientists or interviews.
There is also the option to print each lesson to review as a pdf. You have the choice of letting them work through sequentially or jump around the units as their interest dictates.
Each unit contains 34 lessons and the main differences between the grade levels are in the depth of content included. Units include new vocabulary words, reviews, assessments including open ended essay style questions that are created to really make you think, multiple choice questions, picture sorting etc. and hands on activities. I liked that there was an option to print these out for the children as it was a great way to get extra writing practise in, however these can be answered online.
In unit one the hands on activity was looking as why we have seasons which encouraged the girls to explore the earths tilt using balls (we replaced with apples and oranges cause we had them to hand). The girls loved the hands on additions and have remembered loads of information which they are keen to share.
I loved how engaging the lessons were and how they bought everything to life (especially the sounds of the rainforest), the depth of knowledge taught and how easy it was to use.
These lessons are really versatile - there were days when I left the kids to it and other days where we worked together and used the written essay questions. There were also days when they only wanted to do 15 mins and other days when I had to physically remove it from them because they didn't want to stop.
The girls especially loved the pictures - the photographs really capture the beauty of the rainforest. My animal mad Tulip also really liked the scientist diaries, while Rose enjoyed the sounds and activities.
And did I mention the breathtaking photographs? they use stunning, real life images from the rainforest :)
Rainforest Journey is available from $50.00
You can see what my crew mates thought over at the TOS Blog | <urn:uuid:5b3fb427-81b7-4b46-bedd-82b257619081> | {
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Disadvantaged Students Equity Programs
The Hon. JAN BURNSWOODS: My question is addressed to the Minister for Education and Training. What action is the Government taking to support children and young people from disadvantaged backgrounds to learn to their potential and achieve positive educational outcomes?
The Hon. CARMEL TEBBUTT: That is a very important question. Research clearly shows that educational attainment levels are linked to positive outcomes in later life. More simply: education is the pathway out of disadvantage. That is why the Carr Government in 2005 will spend $270 million on students from disadvantaged communities to directly address the educational effects of poverty and disadvantage. This is a substantial increase in funding from when we took office. New South Wales is now the only State in Australia that has maintained a discrete program to address the educational needs of students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
More than 152,000 students from 576 schools—more than 20 per cent of public school students—will benefit from the program. The Government is proud of its longstanding commitment to supporting the education of students from disadvantaged communities. They have been a catalyst for innovative teaching practice and significant and successful school reform programs. The New South Wales Basic Skills Test, English language and literacy assessment, numeracy tests, the Reading Recovery Program, the Middle Years Education Agenda, the Holiday Reading Program, Edassist summer schools, the Country Areas Program, the State Literacy Strategy, the Early Learning Initiative and the Class Size Reduction Program in part owe their origins and development to the Government's continued commitment to disadvantaged students and the equity programs that serve them.
I make clear that the Government recognises that family support is critical to good educational outcomes. While what happens in the education system is critical, it is not the only factor that contributes to students achieving educational success. That is why we have supported programs such as Families First focusing on supporting parents giving their children the best possible start in life. That is why, for example, we have provided a significant injection of funds to the Department of Community Services for early intervention programs to support some of the most disadvantaged families that are at risk of coming into the formal child protection system. That is why we support cross-agency collaboration.
The Department of Community Services, the Department of Education and Training, the Department of Health and other agencies work collaboratively to support students who experience disadvantage. I reject any assertion that the Government does not have a clear commitment to students who have extra support needs. There is no doubt our programs are getting results. The 2004 evaluation of the State Literacy Strategy found that 28 per cent of poorer performing year 3 students moved into higher literacy bands in the Basic Skills Test between 1996 and 2003; 33 per cent of poorer performing year 5 students moved into higher literacy bands in the Basic Skills Test; and there was a 22 per cent increase in the number of students studying advanced English for their Higher School Certificate between 2001 and 2003.
The Government is not prepared to rest on these results. A review of equity programs is currently under way to ensure that they are being delivered efficiently and to the best benefits of students—that we are getting the best outcomes for the dollars we are spending. The Government also supports children and young people who struggle with the experience of mainstream schooling, for whatever reason. We provide funds to ensure that students who have difficulty studying in the mainstream classes receive assistance to enable them to return to school or, where this is not possible, receive an educational program that meets their needs.
In 2003 the Government announced that a further eight new behaviour schools and seven new tutorial centres would be progressively established by 2007. The behaviour initiatives address the needs of students who require assistance in working co-operatively in mainstream classes. They are a vital part of the Government's commitment to students who have particular needs. There is no doubt that one of the greatest challenges that confronts our community is to improve outcomes for indigenous students, and the Government is committed to the directions of the Aboriginal Education Review. I have already outlined our actions on that front. [Time expired.] | <urn:uuid:fc43db05-50ca-456b-a33b-350553e2e0f0> | {
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Alien invaders or home-grown thugs?
"All plants move, but they don't usually pull themselves out of the ground and chase you”
So begins the 1962 film adaptation of John Wyndham’s classic catastrophe novel, Day of the Triffids, in which humanity is overwhelmed by an invasion of deadly whip-wielding weeds.
Triffids may not be real but fears about invasive weeds most definitely are.
We’ve touched on the complexity of naming a plant a “weed” in our What is a weed anyway? campaign, and we’ve discovered that there are benefits to many of these plants. But there’s no denying that there are some weeds that can cause harm to our environment.
“Invasive Alien Species” are recognised under international law as one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, human well-being and prosperity.
They are blamed for crowding out native species, degrading ecosystems and driving extinctions, with an enormous economic cost estimated at £1.7 billion per year in the UK alone .
While there is good evidence that invasive alien species can cause significant harm, it has also been argued that the risks have been overstated and reveal as much about our own prejudices and preferences as the species themselves.
Native species are those that arrived in an area without human intervention. Alien species are those introduced by people, intentionally or otherwise, at some point in the past. In the UK, we typically divide alien plants into two categories.
Archeophytes (“ancient plants”) were brought here before 1500 CE, often thousands of years ago, and include familiar weeds and wildflowers like poppies (Papaver rhoeas), cornflowers (Centaurea cyanus) and scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum).
Neophytes (“new plants”) arrived more recently and include the butterfly bush (Buddleja) and Rhododendron.
Definitions of “invasive” vary, but generally include plant species able to spread and cause damage to native habitats or natural processes on which people depend.
The best-known invasive alien plant species in the UK is undoubtedly Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), which has spread relentlessly since it was introduced as a garden plant in the nineteenth century.
Japanese knotweed has dense leaves that crowd out other plants and has exceptionally strong stems and creeping roots able to undermine foundations and walls, lift pavements and fracture drains. This damage is estimated to cost the British economy £166 million each year , with huge sums spent on control and eradication programmes that have, overall, failed to prevent the continued spread of the species throughout the UK.
Like any weed, Japanese knotweed has done well because we have provided the perfect conditions for it to thrive. Rough ground around our railways, roads, rivers, industrial sites and neglected parks mimic its native home in disturbed volcanic habitats in China and Japan, with plenty of opportunities for root fragments to break off and be spread by rivers or the illegal movement of infested soil.
Japanese knotweed is a classic example of a weed being “a plant in the wrong place”. In its native Japanese volcanic habitat knotweed is kept in check by repeated coverings of volcanic ash and landslides that limit the plants growth. It grows as part of an ecosystem of similarly vigorous plants and is surrounded by natural pests, that all work to stop it from becoming the destructive weed it is here in the UK.
Aggressive species like Japanese knotweed make headlines, but not all alien plants become invasive. There are hundreds of introduced species in the UK that don’t cause significant problems. In fact, many archeophyte plants were once regarded as a major threat to agriculture, but modern farming practices mean many have become extremely rare and are subject to intensive conservation and restoration efforts.
The cornflower was one such weed, as observed by the poet John Clare in 1825.
“…. the blue corn bottles crowding their splendid colours in large sheets over the land and ‘troubling the cornfields’ with destroying beauty.”
Cornflower populations have since declined drastically in the wild leading it to be classified as ‘Endangered’ for a time.
While some neophytes like Japanese knotweed are undoubtedly problematic, less competitive species have arguably become positive additions to the UK flora.
For example, snowdrops (Galanthus) seem so at home in our hedgerows and woods that they are often assumed to be native and are one of our most loved and easily-recognised wildflowers.
Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) is another neophyte often assumed to be a UK native and is valued for its ability to provide shelter in exposed coastal and hilltop areas. Sycamore trees are also controlled as a weed in some semi-natural woodlands.
So the extent to which alien plants are viewed as invasive is linked partly to their natural ability to spread, but also to where they occur and how useful or beautiful they are perceived to be.
Native plants are rarely described as invasive, but they too can spread to dominate and damage habitats.
For example, tor grass (Brachypodium pinnatum) has become a significant problem in chalk grassland, creating dense, spreading patches that are disliked by grazing animals and crowd out less competitive plants. Like Japanese knotweed, tor grass is taking advantage of its situation, where reduced grazing has provided an opportunity for the unrestricted growth.
There are other potentially problematic native species, including bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), that spreads rapidly in woods and moorland to crowd out surrounding vegetation, and birch trees (Betula), that can quickly colonise heathland.
It is a mistake to assume all alien plants are bad and all native plants are good in all situations, but there are good reasons for considering the two groups differently.
Alien species have left behind the competing plants, animals, parasites and pathogens that would naturally keep them in check, giving them a competitive advantage if the growing conditions are good compared with native and longstanding ancient plants that have grown up with our ecosystems.
Many alien arrivals will have little impact, but our ecosystem is complex, where the long-term consequences of new introductions are hard to predict and even harder to put right when things go wrong.
It is therefore sensible to follow the precautionary approach that guides nature conservation in general. We should always minimise risks to the environment, even if we are not sure exactly how great these risks are.
This means never introducing plants to existing natural areas, particularly nature reserves or sites containing rare species and habitats, unless this is being done under expert ecological supervision.
We should think carefully about whether the plants in our gardens, parks and other green spaces are at risk of escape and make sure we manage and dispose of potentially invasive material responsibly.
Finally, find a space for UK native weeds and wildflowers in your life. They look beautiful, benefit wildlife and definitely won’t chase you down the street!
Read more from our What is a Weed Anyway? campaign here | <urn:uuid:081994dc-a231-48f0-9d1e-b1bf3b927ae7> | {
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You can change your name or use a pseudonym. You can also edit or delete your social media accounts.
But you cannot change your face so easily. Facial recognition helps us solve a lot of problems — and it simultaneously creates plenty of new ones. In this post, we discuss the threats that come with the global spread of such systems.
1. Losing the right to privacy — on a global scale! The FBI officially maintains the Next Generation Identification-Interstate Photo System (NGI-IPS) — a database containing photos of people accused or convicted of civil and criminal proceedings. That’s OK, isn’t it? Not at all! In May, the American Government Accountability Office audited the Bureau and found out that in fact the FBI’s database of 412 million photos includes pictures of people who were never the target of any investigation. The Bureau even has a separate unit that is in charge of facial recognition: Facial Analysis, Comparison, and Evaluation (FACE) Services.
As it turned out, FBI representatives made arrangements with several states and obtained photos from driver’s licenses and passport and visa applications, as well as images of criminal suspects and convicts. The database also includes photos of foreign nationals — potentially about 100 million of them.
The FBI actively uses facial recognition during investigations. We’ve already written about how this approach pays off. But the situation is more complicated than that. Facial recognition technology is young and imperfect, and the FBI’s system is no exception: It has racial biases and at best achieves 80%-85% accuracy. At the same time, the FBI deliberately covered up the scale of its facial recognition usage, contrary to the requirements of the Privacy Impact Assessment.
Also noteworthy: The city council of Moscow and Russian law enforcement try to keep abreast of relevant technology and are getting ready to implement FaceN technology (developers of this system also provided the code for FindFace — a service that lets people search for other people using their photos). These new systems will be connected to hundreds of thousands of surveillance cameras in Moscow.
As experts report, there are no analogues to this system in any city in the world. The algorithm can compare people on the streets with criminals database, but it’s not all. It can also detect individuals in any part of the city and match their images with social network accounts, which usually contain a lot of personal information”.
We should also point out that in the beginning of this year Russian Senate compelled Russian courts to consider photos and videos as legal evidence. Prior to that, the decision was at the court’s discretion.
2. Abuse by law enforcement
Facial recognition makes mistakes. People in charge of these systems misuse them — it’s a known fact. For example, in August, the New York Times reported that San Diego police gathered images of guilty and innocent people without their permission.
Aaron Harvey, a 27-year-old African-American living in San Diego claimed that police treated him with prejudice. Harvey lives in one of the most violent areas of the city. That is probably why the police stopped him more than 50 times and said he was a suspected gang member. When he refused to allow the officer to take his photo, the officer boasted that he could do so anyway.
“He said: ‘We’re going to do this either legally or illegally,’ and pulled me out of the car” — Harvey, describing the incident to the New York Times.
Earlier, in 2013, authorities in Boston also tested a facial recognition system. It was linked to surveillance cameras that covertly scanned people’s faces during concerts and other outdoor events. At the end of the testing period, the project was scrapped for ethical reasons. But Boston is one deal, and global implementation is quite another: Facial recognition systems are now being widely used by government agencies.
3. Corporations spying on everybody
Organizations own face databases that are much bigger than the FBI’s collection. Social networks top the list: Facebook, Instagram (which belongs to Facebook), Google (with its Google+), VC.com, and other social sites. The majority of these companies have their own facial recognition solutions that they constantly develop and improve.
Microsoft is now working on a similar technology for the FamilyNotes app that will enable the software to distinguish one user from another with the help of a camera built into a laptop or a tablet. Microsoft develops one of the most popular operating systems in the world, and this app will substantially supplement the company’s database of faces.
Facebook’s facial recognition system is one of the most accurate in the world. The company quietly launched this tool in 2012 and kept it on by default for the majority of users. Later, the company faced dozens of lawsuits — that number is still growing, and Google is also being pursued in court on similar charges. As a result Facebook had to disable facial recognition features in certain regions.
We should also note that Facebook has one-sided approach to this issue: For example, its knowledge base has zero articles on how to disable the facial recognition function — which, by the way, not a one-click operation is not a one-click operation.
Even if you are not a member of any social network (or if you avoided uploading your real photos to any of them) your face can still get into a social media company’s database. Last year, a Chicago citizen sued photo-book service Shutterfly because the site added his photo to its database without his consent. A third party (a friend, most likely) had uploaded his photo to Shutterfly and signed the image.
4. Anybody can find you
Any facial recognition system that is available for everyone can be used as a powerful tool for lynch-law, or vigilante justice. This year, for example, two young men set a fire in a building lobby in Saint Petersburg. After they finished, the pyromaniacs caused a ruckus in the elevator of the same building. Cameras in the elevator and around the neighborhood recorded how the duo entertained themselves.
When local police declined to open a criminal case, the tenants of the house took matters into their own hands: They took screenshots showing the culprits’ faces and used FindFace to locate them on social networks.
The amateur detectives reported their findings to the police, and as a result, the young men were charged. In Ren TV’s (Russian TV channel) report, one of the tenants said that they had enough data and evidence to send message to friends of the hooligans, and to their places of study and work.
Though the Petersburgers had enough patience to ask police for help, not all Internet users are as level-headed. And where there’s a will, there’s a way — to bully people. If you’ve heard of FindFace, you know about its most infamous use case: when members of the anonymous 2ch image board used it to hunt porn actresses online. The trolls found the women’s social media pages and sent scandalous messages to their friends and relatives along with corresponding images.
At the same time, the founder of FindFace Maxim Perlin is sure that nowadays people literally need to pay to preserve their privacy. In a television interview, he said that people who want to wipe their data from FindFace’s database will have to buy a premium account. A month of privacy on the service costs about $8.
5. There is a thin line between security and disaster
Many experts are sure: biometrics will replace passwords and make the world even more secure. So in the future, people will let the systems scan their irises, fingerprints, and even face prints to replace the process of entering complicated combinations of symbols.
Microsoft is already developing technology that allows users to authorize with selfies. NEC is researching the use of facial recognition to secure electronic payments. MasterCard is working on a selfie identification system that lets users send money without passwords.
We’ve already written about the downsides of dactylography, so let’s now focus on weaknesses in facial recognition. It’s really comes down to recent advances in 3D printing: Today you can print a really realistic copy of a person’s face. Developers of new identification systems will need to take that into account if they want to create really secure solutions.
For example, MasterCard and Google ask users to blink — a simple action that stops fraudsters from fooling the system with the help of a 3D-printed face or even just a photo. Unfortunately, Google’s solution failed — people managed to bypass the security measure with the help of a simple animated picture. MasterCard’s system is under development, so nobody knows yet if it can be fooled the same way.
6. Don’t share your face with any Tom, Dick, or Harry
You may have heard of Anaface, a website that analyzes your photo and rates your level of attractiveness. It uses symmetry as the main criterion — quite a questionable standard, don’t you think? For example, Angelina Jolie rated only 8.4 out of 10 on Anaface. But the site’s accuracy is not its only problem.
First, Anaface’s owners admitted they launched the project to encourage people to seek plastic surgery. Well, at least they’re giving it to us straight.
Second, the website’s terms and conditions are hard to read and really shady. They are given in a very small window so a user needs to scroll a lot to read the more than 7,000 words of small print. That’s why many will probably miss that every user of the site provides it with a “non-exclusive, transferable, sub-licensable, royalty-free, worldwide license” to use all photos uploaded to Anaface. In plain English: The service can sell the photos people upload without any obligation to pay the real owners of the images.
At the same time users, pledge to upload only their own photos: “You may not post, upload, display or otherwise make available Content that contains video, audio photographs, or images of another person without his or her permission (or in the case of a minor, the minor’s legal guardian);” The conditions also include vague remarks about privacy and the possibility of removing photos after registering a user account — but nobody can do that on Anaface; the site doesn’t allow it.
All in all, everybody collects photos: governments, corporations and companies, and even regular people. Nowadays, everyone can use and misuse facial recognition systems — and all we can do is try to hide from them. | <urn:uuid:6fcfbf4d-9e08-490c-b89a-208199fa49cd> | {
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Technology is so engrained in everyday life that it can be hard to get your teen to unplug.
A couple sits outside enjoying the warmth of a fire, watching the sunset over Utah's Monument Valley. Their kids, however, sit inside. Their son is playing video games, and their daughter is using the computer - and both have been doing so for the past two hours. Unplugging your kids is a crucial step towards their happiness, your happiness, and the happiness of the family as a whole.
Most teens (and adults for that matter) text. But, what happens when it is done in excess? My sister, for example, sent 21,000 texts in one month. It affected her grades, the amount of free time she had, and her overall attitude to the outside world. There are also many other things that can make a teenager be "plugged-in." They can play video games, as I did. I spent countless hours playing video games inside the RV while my parents sat outside by the campfire in many different beautiful places around the country. When I look back on it now, I realize that it was a complete waste of precious time. Sure, video games are great for entertainment, but they often take lot of time away from you that could be better spent in other, more beneficial, ways.
To many teens, plugging-in is something that they do almost every day that involves connecting to some social network, such as Facebook, MySpace, or Twitter. Oftentimes they text, or they play video games. No matter what it is, plugging-in has to do with something electronic. "Why do they like it so much?" you might ask. Most teens simply plug-in to connect with friends or to relax. Others, however, may plug-in as a way to escape from the real world. Maybe they are upset with their life, or maybe they want to change it, but they feel like they can't. Video games are a good way to escape, and I know from personal experience.
If you ask a normal teen what they do in their free-time, they will most likely answer with things such as going on Facebook or playing Call of Duty (a video game involving very realistic war situations). Plugging-in can lessen the amount of time a teen has, alter their attitude, and change their overall outlook on life in the real world. So, as you can imagine, unplugging is a good thing. Your teen will have time to spend on more beneficial activities, such as drawing or reading. Even if they don't like these things, they will find something that they do like. Since I have given up playing video games, I have started paint-balling, playing the didgeridoo, and doing some woodworking. I have also had much more time to spend with my family: playing cards, going for walks, or simply talking. All of us have benefited.
Although unplugging will help your teen and your family, they probably will not want to unplug at first. I sure didn't. When my parents told me I couldn't play video games for the rest of the night, I couldn't think of anything else to do rather than something that involved being plugged-in. If you want to unplug your teen, the first thing you need to do is to find something else that they like to do. Maybe swimming, playing baseball, even throwing knives, but you have to find something that your teen enjoys more than playing video games or texting. Secondly, your teen must unplug his/her self. It's no good trying to force it on them (you can, but this will probably end up in anger and arguments), but rather you should find the things that your teen enjoys and let them slowly switch their time from their previous activities to their new ones. Thirdly and lastly, you must show your support for what your teen is doing. It's definitely not as easy as it sounds.
Once it's all over, your teen will realize what a difference unplugging has made. They will be happier, playing sports or an instrument, and you will be happier, spending time with your teen. Your family will be happier as a whole, as you all enjoy the warmth of a fire and watch the sun set over Utah's Monument Valley.
Joshua May is thirteen years old and has been traveling the US for the past four years. He travels with his parents and his sister Ally, fifteen. If you'd like to learn a little more about Josh, Ally, and their families' adventures, check out my book, From High-Tech to High Plains, available in paperback and digital download from the TechnoRV website.
Copyright ©2012 Camping Road Trip, LLC
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Read campground and RV park reviews to help you find the perfect place to stay. | <urn:uuid:4f6e0e6d-0d49-48a1-91c1-30953249bb9d> | {
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Happy Friday! Today I'd like to welcome a guest blogger, Thursa Wilde to History Undressed! She's written a fascinating piece on one of my fav topics -- kilts!
Real Men wear Kilts!
by Thursa Wilde
‘A man in a kilt is a man and a half’ so some are wont to impressively claim, but where did this item of dress come from, and we might well ask why, in such a cold country, would the wearing of one be a good idea at all?
We turn to history to answer that question. In Highland Scotland the kilt originated with the Breacan an Fhéilidh, or Great Kilt, a huge heap of cloth half worn over the shoulders and often brought up over the head to keep out the cold. The cloth was held in place by a leather belt so it could be ‘kilted’. This word is thought by etymologists to be a Scandinavian verb, Norse in origin, which literally meant to be tucked up around the waist.
The earliest recorded mention of this garment comes from a book written in 1594 entitled ‘Life of Red Hugh O’Donnell. Written in Irish Gaelic, it describes the Scottish mercenaries from the Hebrides standing out among their Irish counterparts because in their dress they ‘wore their belts outside of their mantles’. As the price of wool continued to fall by the end of the sixteenth century more fabric was used in the belted plaid, and it was considered a mark of prosperity to see oodles of opulently folded cloth!
However Lowlanders considered the kilt barbarous and uncivilized They would never be seen dead in something so backward! They gave their Highland brothers the disparaging name of ‘Redshanks’ which described the state of their lower legs between knee and ankle from exposure to cold. (The sensible Lowlanders wore tartan ‘truis’, or ‘trowse’) But Highlanders were a proud lot and the kilt had come to signify their indomitable heritage.
Then those pesky English outlawed the wearing of the great kilt with their Dress Act of 1746. To understand why, we need a dose of political history. Scottish Highlanders supported the deposed King James II (Catholic) of the House of Stuart, originally founded by Robert II of Scotland. After the defeat of Bonnie Prince Charlie - James II’s grandson and the last Stuart - at the Battle of Culloden, the English government wanted to suppress the rebellious Jacobite sympathies of the Highlanders. William and Mary (Protestants) were on the throne, soon to be succeeded by the brief turn of Queen Anne, and then the House of Hanover. It was a trying time in British history, partly due to the legacy of that game changer, Henry VIII. The union of Scotland and England had already begun with the Act of Settlement of 1701 (when it was forbidden for a monarch to be, or marry, a Catholic) and The Act of Union in 1707 (in which Scotland and England forged themselves into a single Protestant kingdom henceforth to be called ‘Great Britain’).
As a consequence of their rebellion Highlanders were forbidden to wear kilts or tartan for 36 years. The law stated: ‘For the first offence [perpetrators] shall be liable to be imprisoned for 6 months, and on the second offence, to be transported to any of His Majesty's plantations beyond the seas, there to remain for the space of seven years.’ Strong punishment! Wear a kilt and end up in the colonies!
The Highlanders were given one dispensation, that if they served in the British armed forces they could wear a form of tartan kilt in regimental colours, in regiments such as the ‘Black Watch’, those fabulous kilted men with their black berets.
|A soldier of the Black Watch c. 1740, courtesy of Wikipedia (Public domain mark 1.0)|
The Dress Act was repealed in 1782, and the Highlanders embraced kilt wearing again. During this time the philibeg, or small Kilt, more like the kilt we know today, came into fashion, and the everyday wearing of the great kilt gradually died out.
When George IV visited Scotland with great pomp in 1822, the Scottish raced to invent new tartans to signify their heritage, and the kilt became the national dress of Scotland. This became part of a romantic resurgence of Scottish culture, inspired by the novels of Walter Scott and the poetry of Robert Burns among others. How things have changed since they considered kilts the ‘uncivilised outfits of mountain thieves’.
Now anyone with even a tiny claim to Scottish heritage adopts the kilt and wears it like a proud Highlander!
|The official registered tartan of Highland Titles Ltd (Photo courtesy of Highlandtitles.com)|
Thursa Wilde is a writer and member of the support team at Highland Titles. Highland Titles sells plots of Scottish land to people all over the world, many of whom have an affinity with Scotland and Great Britain. | <urn:uuid:fee46619-37c4-40fc-8477-8f726739c2bd> | {
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Meaning of GRADE in English
/ greɪd; NAmE / noun , verb
the quality of a particular product or material :
All the materials used were of the highest grade.
a level of ability or rank that sb has in an organization :
salary grades (= levels of pay)
She's still only on a secretarial grade.
a mark given in an exam or for a piece of school work :
( BrE )
She got good grades in her exams.
( NAmE )
She got good grades on her exams.
70% of pupils got Grade C or above.
(in the US school system) one of the levels in a school with children of similar age :
Sam is in (the) second grade.
( technical ) how serious an illness is :
low / high grade fever
( especially NAmE ) = gradient
( BrE ) a level of exam in musical skill
- make the grade
grade sth/sb (by / according to sth) | grade sth (as sth) [ often passive ] to arrange people or things in groups according to their ability, quality, size, etc. :
[ vn ]
The containers are graded according to size.
Eggs are graded from small to extra large
Responses were graded from 1 (very satisfied) to 5 (not at all satisfied).
[ vn - adj ]
Ten beaches were graded as acceptable.
( especially NAmE ) to give a mark / grade to a student or to a piece of their written work :
[ vn ]
I spent all weekend grading papers.
[ vn - n ]
The best students are graded A.
early 16th cent.: from French , or from Latin gradus step. Originally used as a unit of measurement of angles (a degree of arc), the term later referred to degrees of merit or quality.
Oxford Advanced Learner's English Dictionary. Оксфордский английский словарь для изучающик язык на продвинутом уровне. 2005 | <urn:uuid:03a342d2-96e4-4597-9b6c-b14db9990d04> | {
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Colloidal silver isn't considered safe or effective for any of the health claims manufacturers make. Silver has no known purpose in the body. Nor is it an essential mineral, as some sellers of silver products claim.
Colloidal silver products are made of tiny silver particles suspended in a liquid — the same type of precious metal used in jewelry, dental fillings, silverware and other consumer goods.
Colloidal silver products are usually marketed as dietary supplements that are taken by mouth. Colloidal silver products also come in forms to be injected or applied to the skin.
Manufacturers of colloidal silver products often claim that they are cure–alls, boosting your immune system, fighting bacteria and viruses, and treating cancer, HIV/AIDS, shingles, herpes, eye ailments and prostatitis.
However, no sound scientific studies to evaluate these health claims have been published in reputable medical journals. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration has taken action against some manufacturers of colloidal silver products for making unproven health claims.
It's not clear how much colloidal silver may be harmful, but it can build up in your body's tissues over months or years. Most commonly, this results in argyria (ahr–JIR–e–uh), a blue-gray discoloration of your skin, eyes, internal organs, nails and gums. While argyria doesn't pose a serious health problem, it can be a cosmetic concern because it doesn't go away when you stop taking silver products.
Rarely, excessive doses of colloidal silver can cause possibly irreversible serious health problems, including kidney damage and neurological problems such as seizures. Colloidal silver products may also interact with medications, including penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen), quinolone antibiotics, tetracycline and thyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid) medications.
Aug. 05, 2014
- Colloidal silver products. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/silver/. Accessed June 18, 2014.
- Hadrup N, et al. Oral toxicity of silver ions, silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver — A review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2014;68:1.
- Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/081799a.txt. Accessed June 18, 2014.
- Colloidal silver. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. http://www.naturaldatabase.com . Accessed June 18, 2014. | <urn:uuid:fd578799-0b87-4585-9e2b-30fe7933a0f3> | {
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Joy Harjo’s American Indian heritage is an important part of her writing. In her poetry, she often uses Creek myths and symbols. By setting these within the larger context of American life, she illustrates the fears that lie below the surface of actions and events. Many of her poems tell about the lives of people, especially women, in which the natural order of things has been violated. Her images and musical poetic techniques emphasize the emotions present in these situations, and her themes point out a desire for harmony and order. To Harjo, realizing these fears is the first step to the self-knowledge needed to be free and empowered.
Using traditional Native American images juxtaposed with images of modern America enables Harjo to emphasize the clash of values. In her first collection, The Last Song, the poem “3am” describes two Indians in the Albuquerque airport standing amid the chrome and lights surrounding an airline ticket counter. They want to find their way back, “and the attendant doesn’t know that third mesa is part of the center of the world.” The Indians are at odds with the rest of the world, unable to find direction anywhere. Mainstream culture does not recognize ways other than its own. In “White Bear,” a later poem from the 1980 work She Had Some Horses, Harjo uses the same theme, describing a woman ready to board her flight in Albuquerque who stops in the tunnel leading to the plane. She sees her whole life as a state in between staying and leaving, forever existing in the gray area of not knowing who she is. Life becomes a continual balancing act.
For many Indians, this ambiguous existence leads to lives in which they cannot realize their dreams. In “The Woman Hanging from the Thirteenth Floor Window” from She Had Some Horses, Harjo describes the Indian woman’s precarious position as representing “all the women of the apartment/ building who stand watching her.” The section of the book in which the poem appears is called “Survivors” because the people described are victims. Only those who can conquer the victim mentality and the fears and the ambiguities that accompany it will survive the clash of values and the disruption of nature and order. In Mad Love and War details the lives and deaths of people whose heroic deeds live on to infuse the living with the spirit of conquest.
To deal with this subject matter, Harjo uses several recurring images throughout the body of her work. In her second book, she introduced the figure of Noni Daylight, a mystical personage who can move within all spheres, real and mythical, throughout time and place. Because Noni can go anywhere, she can see things from any perspective. Harjo continued to use this figure in her 1980 collection, as in “Kansas City,” in which Noni is a “dishrag wrung out over bones watching trains come and go.” The moon, another of Harjo’s favorite images, takes many guises: lover, spirit, guide, and woman. In an early poem, “Going Toward Pojoaque, a December Full Moon/ 72,” the moon is a spirit, a “winter ghost . . . so bright I could see the bones in my hand.” In a later poem, “Moonlight,” from the 1980 book, the moon is a cruel lover; “the last time I saw her was in the arms of another sky.”
Perhaps the image Harjo is best known for is the horse, which she used for her most popular work, “She Had Some Horses.” Harjo uses the horse in many poems, working with all the qualities associated with the animal: strength, freedom, grace, fury, stubbornness. Horses represent these different aspects of life and also of individual people. The symbol is as ancient as the Native American culture, harking back to humanity’s prehistoric beginnings.
Harjo uses these images to focus on several themes, all of which are related to the central one of survival. Throughout her collections of poetry, she sees nature as disrupted and people as needing order and balance to restore their lives to wholeness. This wholeness includes a connectedness with the past, so she mingles the past and the present, as well as the mythic and the ordinary, in the same poems. Looking at things from this vantage of wholeness enables people to see more clearly and to articulate fears. Naming fears, in turn, allows people to deal with them positively. In “I Give You Back,” the final poem in She Had Some Horses, Harjo writes, “I release you. . . ./ I am not afraid.” Losing the fear is the first step toward empowerment.
Harjo’s 1990 work became more strident. The poems still use Native American landscapes and symbols, but they reach beyond these references. The narrators tell stories of those survivors who have failed because of political violence. They are being eradicated by modern society, but their voices remain as an inspiration for those who live on. They will be heard, like Alva and the others in “For Alva Benson, and for Those Who Have Learned to Speak,” who, despite hardships, raised their voices and found identities. This preoccupation with social concerns led some critics to object that Harjo was becoming too “politically correct” in dealing with the causes. Her main theme, however, remained the same: survival. In the 1990’s, she simply began using different terms.
At the brink of the twenty-first century, Harjo’s work became both more personal and more universal. In Map to the Next World: Poems and Tales, published in 2000, she continued to explore political and cultural themes. Her poetic vision broadened, however, to include references to native Hawaiian myth in her work, which reflected her move to Honolulu. She also attempted to resolve long-standing psychological issues now that she had reached midlife. In “Returning from the Enemy,” for example, she revisits the painful relationship she had with her abusive, alcoholic father in order to make peace with her past. The thirteen new poems that appear in How We Became Human: New and Selected Poems also mirror her more mature perspective. Surveying her whole experience thus far, she laments the loss of youthful idealism in poems such as “Morning Prayers” and faces the future with hard-won confidence in works such as “I’m Not Ready to Die.” As Harjo crossed the threshold of a new millennium, it was evident that her quest for self-definition, justice, and transcendence was becoming even more expansive as she grew as an artist and as a human being.
“She Had Some Horses”
First published: 1983 (collected in She Had Some Horses, 1983)
Type of work: Poem
Using the horse as a many-faceted symbol, Harjo celebrates truths about the human spirit.
“She Had Some Horses,” Harjo’s most frequently anthologized work, is the title poem from the 1983 collection of the same name. In it, she achieves a beautiful, chantlike quality by repeating the three words “She had horses” at the beginning of each line. She also uses the phrase “she had some horses” as a one-line refrain following each stanza. These poetic techniques not only unify the poem but also add emotional impact to its theme, a celebration of human nature in all of its aspects. The many characteristics attributed to the horses represent the many complicated facets of the human spirit.
In the first stanza, the horses are described as things that can be broken, ephemeral things that are hard to pin down: “bodies of sand,” “splintered red cliff,” and “skins of ocean water.” These are natural elements that can be damaged but will reemerge in some form. This is the cycle of nature, and the human spirit, too, follows this pattern.
In the next section, Harjo juxtaposes these images to human characteristics that are aggressive, protruding, and sharp: “horses with long, pointed breasts,” and “horses who licked razor blades.” These images, in contrast with those in the first stanza, reveal the threatening nature of humanity’s intrusion on the delicate balance of the natural order.
Harjo continues to symbolize human traits in the next two stanzas, which cover a wide range of human activity. “She had horses” who “danced in their mothers’ arms,” “waltzed nightly on the moon,” “liked Creek Stomp Dance songs,” and “told the truth, who were stripped/ bare of their tongues.” These phrases refer to Native American myths and images, but as actions they also apply to any human being.
In the next stanza, Harjo refers to names, “horses who called themselves ’horse’” and “horses who had no names.” A name identifies a unique being. As people experience life, their identities go through changes. In one period of life, one name may apply; in another period, perhaps another is more suitable. Changing names points up the complex ways in which people see themselves. Like the changing images of nature in the first stanza, human nature is difficult to pin down.
In the next two stanzas, Harjo’s images become darker. She speaks of destruction and fear: “Horses who screamed out of fear of the silence” and “who/ carried knives to protect themselves from ghosts.” Their fear is intense, but they are powerless; they “waited for destruction” and “waited for resurrection.” In the last stanza, Harjo becomes more bitter. She speaks of the horses “who got down on their knees for any saviour” and who “climbed in her/ bed at night and prayed as they raped her.” This is the climax of the poem, as the complex images of the human spirit tumble in upon one another.
The poem ends in a direct two-line statement followed...
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I see falling ash. Should I be worried?
Changes in wind conditions may cause the wildfire to grow. As a result, some areas may see ash and other particles in the air. Small particles from wildfire smoke and very hot air can irritate the eyes, throat and lungs. Multnomah County Health Department, the Oregon Health Authority and the Department of Environmental Quality urge residents to take precautions as heat and smoky conditions create poor air quality.
Is breathing in ash dangerous?
People with chronic lung or heart conditions, the elderly and children are at higher risk of health problems from poor air quality. To avoid breathing problems or other symptoms when the air quality is poor, stay inside and if outside, avoid intense activity.
Anyone with lung problems such as asthma or emphysema should follow their disease management plans, have medications on hand, and contact healthcare providers if necessary.
How will I know if I need to evacuate from a wildfire?
Monitor news reports. For the latest information on evacuation orders, follow Multnomah County Sheriff’s Office and Multnomah County Emergency Management’s social media pages, or local television and radio news outlets. The Aging and Disability Resource Center at 503.988.3646 and 211info (211info.org) also are resources.
I need to run an errand. How do I know which roads are safe for travel?
If you are planning on traveling, check conditions prior to leaving. Haze can result in decreased visibility and longer travel times. Access to some roads and highways also is expected to be limited. Plan your trip beforehand using the Oregon Department of Transportation’s TripCheck tool.
DEQ has issued an ozone advisory for the area. Click here for actions you can take to reduce ozone.
Check the current local air quality conditions on DEQ’s website or call 503-229-6397.
Check the Oregon Smoke blog, for the latest on fires across the state. | <urn:uuid:1a5de912-5c57-4a8d-ac29-d3a9280ca3e2> | {
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What is sensory development? In general, it refers to the maturing of the five familiar senses: hearing, smell, taste, touch, and vision. It also involves the way your baby or child’s nervous system receives input from these senses and then forms an appropriate motor or behavioral response. This is known as sensory processing or sensory integration.
Besides organizing the input from the five basic senses, sensory processing also focuses on the sensation of movement. Your baby explores and discovers the world through her senses. Babies are born with most of these senses nearly fully developed. But some subtle changes occur through the end of a child’s second year.
A problem with just one sensory system can greatly affect your child’s overall health and development. For example, when a baby’s hearing is not optimal and remains uncorrected, her speech and language development, communication, and learning may be delayed. You will want to understand how your child’s sensory systems develop. And be aware of any signs of concern. This will help ensure your child reaches her full potential.
What changes can I expect in my baby’s sensory development?
It’s helpful to watch for these changes in your child’s sensory development.
- Hearing: Newborns can’t hear certain very quiet sounds. But, for the most part, their sense of hearing is already well developed. After about three months, sh e will show you she hears a sound by turning her head toward the direction of the sound. By four to eight months, she will hear the full range of sound frequencies.
- Smell: A newborn’s sense of smell is so acute that she can already tell the difference between the smell of her mother’s milk and that of another mother. Researchers conducted experiments where two breast pads (one from the infant’s mother, the other from another lactating mother) were placed at the sides of the newborns’ heads. The babies reliably turned towards the breast pad of their own mothers. By about age five, your child can identify some foods by smell.
- Taste: A newborn can distinguish between sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. She shows a preference for sweet taste, such as breast milk, and for salty tastes later on. Your baby will achieve a full sensitivity to taste by 12 to 19 months.
- Touch: The term touch here is used to describe all of the physical sensations that can be felt through the skin. Touch is actually not a single sense, but several. There are separate nerves in the skin to register heat, cold, pressure, pain, and touch. At birth or shortly after, your baby can distinguish between hot and cold temperatures and feel pain. Your baby’s hands and mouth are especially sensitive to touch. Between one to nine months of age, she will be able to distinguish differences in textures with hands and mouth. As a preschooler, she will be able to distinguish size and shape differences by touch.
- Vision: Newborns can focus on objects about eight to 15 inches away. By one month, she will see about three feet away. At birth, she has limited color vision. But by two months, she can discriminate between basic colors. She will achieve full color vision between four and seven months of age. Depth perception develops between three and seven months. It will achieve full adult acuity (20/25) during her second year.
- Sensory Processing: Given all of the sensory information a newborn can take in, she must begin to develop her processing skills and learn how to use the incoming sensory information to effectively act on her environment. When overstimulated by all of this sensory information, an infant will need help to calm herself. As she matures, she will learn self-regulation and display the skills needed to calm herself. In tandem with developing better control of her motor skills, her system will be learning to process the sensation of movement coming from her body through the vestibular and proprioceptive nerve receptors. As she matures, she will then learn to use all of the sights, sounds, and other sensory information in the environment to explore and learn about herself and her world.
Related Articles and Information
Developmental Milestones: Communication | <urn:uuid:64c88a86-3f68-41d0-bb0e-8e9972de5352> | {
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How to Create a New Drawing from a Template Drawing in AutoCAD 2014
When you start in either the Drafting & Annotation workspace or the old AutoCAD Classic workspace, AutoCAD 2014 creates a new, blank drawing configured for 2D drafting. Depending on where you live (your country, not your street address!) and the dominant system of measure used there, AutoCAD will base this new drawing on one of two default drawing templates:
acad.dwt for the Imperial system of measure, as used in the United States
acadiso.dwt for the metric system, used throughout most of the rest of the galaxy
In AutoCAD LT, the two default templates are acadlt.dwt and acadltiso.dwt. When you explicitly create a new drawing from within AutoCAD, the Select Template dialog box, appears by default so you can choose a template on which to base your new drawing.
You may be familiar with Microsoft Word or Excel template files, and AutoCAD drawing templates work pretty much the same way because Autodesk stole the idea from them (encouraged, of course, by Microsoft, although one could argue that it was the other way around).
A template is simply a drawing whose name ends in the letters DWT, which you use as the starting point for another drawing. When you create a new drawing from a template, AutoCAD makes a copy of the template file and opens the copy in a new window. The first time you save the file, you’re prompted for a new filename to save to; the original template file stays unchanged.
Using a suitable template can save you time and worry because many of the setup options are already set correctly for you. You know the drawing will print correctly; you just have to worry about getting the geometry and text right. Of course, all this optimism assumes that the persons who set up the template knew what they were doing.
The stock templates that come with AutoCAD are okay as a starting point, but you’ll want to modify them to suit your purposes or create your own from scratch. In particular, the stock AutoCAD templates are probably not set up for the scales you’ll want to use.
So, the only problems with templates are creating good ones and then later finding the right one to use when you need it. The instructions here show you how to use an already-created template — say, one of the templates that comes with AutoCAD 2014 or one you get from a CAD-savvy colleague.
Follow these steps to create a new drawing from a template drawing:
Run the NEW command by pressing Ctrl+N or clicking the Application button and choosing New.
The Select Template dialog box appears.
The first button on the Quick Access toolbar runs the QNEW command instead of the ordinary NEW command. If you or someone else has changed the Default Template File Name for QNEW in the Options dialog box, QNEW will not open the Select Template dialog box; instead, it simply presents you with a new, blank drawing — possibly not the one you wanted. You can take advantage of QNEW, though.
Click the name of the template you want to use as the starting point for your new drawing and then click the Open button.
A new drawing window with a temporary name, such as Drawing2.dwg, appears. (The template you opened remains unchanged on your computer’s hard drive.)
Depending on which template you choose, your new drawing may open in a paper space layout, not in model space. If that’s the case, click the Model button on the status bar before changing the settings.
Press Ctrl+S or click the Application button and choose Save to save the file under a new name.
Take the time to save the drawing to the appropriate name and location now.
Make needed changes.
With most of the templates that come with AutoCAD, consider changing the units, limits, grid and snap settings, linetype scale, and dimension scale.
Save the drawing again.
If you’ll need other drawings in the future similar to the current one, consider saving your modified template as a template in its own right.
A few of the remaining templates that come with AutoCAD include title blocks for various sizes of sheets. In addition, most templates come in two versions: one for people who use color-dependent plot styles and one for people who use named plot styles. You probably want the color-dependent versions. | <urn:uuid:eb8eb46d-315c-4c29-bdc8-022b2c6ce456> | {
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|Course||Course Title||Credit Hours|
|CIS 235||Managing and Troubleshooting PCs||(3-0) 3 Cr. Hrs.|
Personal computer servicing and support will be covered within the following topics: physical and electrical concepts of motherboards, power supplies, BIOS and expansion buses; definitions and uses of microprocessors (CPUs), memory system resources and input/output devices; data storage devices and interfaces; cables, connectors and ports; basic networking fundamentals; operating system fundamentals; and DOS.
(A requirement that must be completed before taking this course.)
- Windows experience highly recommended.
Upon successful completion of the course, the student should be able to:
- Explain the physical concepts of a motherboard in a personal computer.
- Explain the electrical properties found in the motherboard of a personal computer.
- Examine the electrical properties of the power supply.
- Explore the computer BIOS.
- Explain the types of microprocessors.
- Explain input/output devices.
- Explain data storage devices.
- Explain basic networking fundamentals.
- Examine operating system fundamentals.
Note: This course may not be offered every semester.
Please check the CIS section of the current course schedule for availability. | <urn:uuid:3cf06009-a22e-47db-a4e4-dbb8dfddf8e0> | {
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Pet ownership is fraught with myths, and sometimes it's difficult to know which ones are based in fact and which to ignore. One belief is that spaying a dog will stunt her growth. If you're concerned Lucy won't fully develop because she's spayed, rest easy because it's not true.
If Lucy's spayed before she's 6 months old, she may grow a bit taller than if you wait. The loss of hormones results in slower closure of her growth plates, affecting her long bones. The additional growth is slight and harmless, and won't cause her to look disproportionately taller. Other potential effects of early spaying have been studied, including increased urinary incontinence, hip dysplasia, and obesity. According to dvm360, study results have been mixed in some cases, such as hip dysplasia and incontinence, and unfounded in others. Dogs spayed during their first year tend to have a faster surgical procedure and quicker recovery time.
- Russell Illig/Photodisc/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:1d29d84d-f959-43b9-a024-245cd78ee9b3> | {
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The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has just published a report called Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA). It is the first assessment of its kind for the UK and the first in a 5 year cycle.
Defra says on its website:
The CCRA has reviewed the evidence for over 700 potential impacts of climate change in a UK context. Detailed analysis was undertaken for over 100 of these impacts across 11 key sectors, on the basis of their likelihood, the scale of their potential consequences and the urgency with which action may be needed to address them.
Both methodology and outputs have been peer reviewed:
The CCRA methodology has been developed through a number of stages involving expert peer review. The approach developed is a tractable, repeatable methodology that is not dependent on changes in long term plans between the 5 year cycles of the CCRA.
The outputs have been extensively peer reviewed by scientific and economics experts, an independent international peer review panel, and have also been scrutinised by the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the Committee on Climate Change.
In terms of methodology, a similar approach was taken as in IPCC scenarios. This means consequences of climate change are projected into the future without taking into account social, political, or technical change.
The results, with the exception of population growth where this is relevant, do not include societal change in assessing future risks, either from non-climate related change, for example economic growth, or developments in new technologies; or future responses to climate risks such as future or planned Government policies or private adaptation investment plans.
One may ask how plausible such a methodology is. Here on Klimazwiebel, we just had long debates about the assumptions and methodology in a key paper for the last IPCC report, Arnell's study on climate change and global water stress (see here and here). DEFRA defends the methodology on the following grounds:
Excluding these factors from the analysis provides a more robust ‘baseline’ against which the effects of different plans and policies can be more easily assessed.What purpose does the analysis serve if it is not a good reflection of current possibilities and practices of intervention? Is it for the sake of developing elegant scientific models? Do models always have to be counterfactual, or even wrong in order to inform us? DEFRA is quick to point out that government does everything to prevent us from climate risks:
However, when utilising the outputs of the CCRA, it is essential to consider that Government and key organisations are already taking action in many areas to minimise climate change risks and these interventions need to be considered when assess where further action may be best directed or needed.Note the picture above which is on DEFRA's website and shows a desert motive. The Guardian has comment on the report where we see a picture of flooding (in its online version only) and a comment from DEFRA's chief scientific advisor, Robert Watson:
If you had to pick one particular issue I think the flooding issue is the most dominant. | <urn:uuid:94175fca-04a4-4444-bacd-505c5875b36a> | {
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Global Agenda Council on Education & Skills 2012-2014
Although the percentage of children enrolled in primary or secondary education increased from 84% to 90% between 1999 and 2009, according to UNESCO, significant challenges remain in the field of education. For instance, studies suggest that illiteracy rates among women exceed 70% in more than 20 developing nations. Improving education worldwide is essential for spurring productivity, innovation, job creation and, ultimately, economic growth. Such improvement requires the identification and adoption of a new set of short- and long-term policies and practices. Appropriate investments in education can achieve the desired results, but this outcome depends on awareness at the global and local levels of the changes that are needed. Political support and substantial public and private resources are necessary. Fortunately, the evidence base needed to identify required reforms is becoming more widely available. | <urn:uuid:92688a6c-76f5-4a7c-bbea-afbfe93e5e19> | {
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The spatial scenarios with clumped
sets were expected to be most realistic, but considering the amount of uncertainty in the nature of the interactions of sea turtles with the pelagic longline fishery, we thought it useful to analyze other distributions as well.
As expected, all the nanotubes in the distilled water rapidly clumped
and most settled at the bottom of the flask, whereas in the surfactant solution, some nanotubes dispersed.
And when the temperature was raised to 35[degrees]C, the complex clumped
into aggregates that were easily separated from the water with a short spin in a centrifuge.
Because these putative particles move slowly, they would have clumped
together earlier in cosmic history than did baryons.
Hafernik and Saul-Gershenz found that beetles typically stay clumped
for 5 days but sometimes hold out for 2 weeks.
Instead of being distributed smoothly within and just outside the cluster, the gas clumped
into two distinct regions.
In this way, explains Steinhardt, large-scale cold spots in the microwave background reveal regions where matter has clumped
together, while hot spots indicate regions with an unusually low density of matter.
When graphite is vaporized by a laser, the liberated carbon atoms are found to be clumped
together in remarkably specific numbers: If more than 40 atoms make up a cluster, then an even number will be in the clump, while in smaller clusters, certain "magic numbers'--11, 15, 19 and 23--are most common. | <urn:uuid:6f428f84-255f-47b7-962e-b99320289fa8> | {
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A history of Tudor exploration in the first half of the 16th century, “a time when inventions and discoveries not only rivaled those of the ancients but exceeded them.”
It’s difficult to imagine the victor over the Spanish Armada as a small, backward island with little maritime experience, but that’s just what England was at this time. In his debut work, which opens with the journeys of Sebastian Cabot (1474-1557), Evans shows the driving force that made England great. Cabot’s voyage with his father, John Cabot, to the New World proved to be the spark that fed his love of discovery. King Henry VII was a great supporter of exploration, seeking to tap the global markets. Alas, his son, Henry VIII, was much more interested in reclaiming England’s lands in France, and ocean exploration in England foundered. In the early 1500s, Cabot moved to Spain, where he learned the art of navigation and mapmaking. He also learned to rely only on firsthand knowledge gained by carefully recorded observation. Lured back to England during the reign of Edward VI, Cabot updated the world map, indicating a passage to “Cathay” traveling north of Scandinavia. Seeing this as England’s route to the great riches of the East, he partnered with Richard Chancellor, a brilliant scholar and the first Englishman to master oceangoing navigation. In 1553, Chancellor and Sir Hugh Willoughby led three ships on an expedition to find the Northeast Passage. In 1551, to fund the expedition, the three men formed a pioneering joint-stock business, the Muscovy Company, a precursor to the East India Company. Evans fully investigates the story of the Muscovy Company’s voyage and examines what happened to the men and their ships.
A wonderful adventure story, especially for those in awe of men who dared to breach the wilderness 500 years ago. | <urn:uuid:cb0752bd-b91b-4beb-b60f-5bb873c6bb73> | {
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Shortly after the Tamiami Trail was officially opened in 1928, two successful businessmen from Miami — James F. Jaudon and H.W. Bird, purchased approximately 2,500 acres of land in 1930, on the western end of Ochopee, Florida. This would be the beginning of the H.W. Bird Tomato Corporation, a sprawling tomato peeling and packing house.
To facilitate productivity they created an industry town consisting of homes and service buildings connected by a main road, traveling north off of the Tamiami Trail, named Birdon. The name was made by combining the last names Jaudon and Bird. At one time, the town was home to more than 340 residents.
Workers earned $1.25 a day while working in area tomato fields. They were paid in company-issued money called scrip, which was only good for purchases at the company store. As were the times, this was a common practice for remote businesses, where real money was scarce, like coal towns and ships on long voyages. The operation was successful for a few years, but like most of the businesses in the area, it suffered mightily from the Great Depression, and disappeared entirely in the 1940s.
Today, although the community of Birdon no longer exists, residents still live along County Road 841. The six-mile dirt road serves as great place to spot wildlife and to imagine the hustle and bustle that once existed here. Please respect private property while exploring the national preserve.
For more information, please click here. | <urn:uuid:16eb5121-91d1-46fa-849d-9bc4a837e59c> | {
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Color is slowly easing back into the deciduous woods. Branches that were bare all winter are beginning to show the subtle reds, greens and yellows of early blooming trees and shrubs.
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) is among the early flowering trees, often blooming sometime in March. Before blooming, its rusty colored, fuzzy-hairy flower buds are visible throughout winter.
Slippery Elm blooms before its leaves appear, making it easier for the wind to carry Slippery Elm’s pollen to another flower, helping this species to achieve successful pollination. Wind pollination is a good evolutionary adaptation for an early blooming tree, since wind is a more reliable pollination partner in the usually cool blustery days of March than insects are. (Although this spring is exceptionally warm in the Northeastern United States!)
Flowers that are successfully pollinated produce fruits that many birds eat, including Carolina Chickadees, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks, and Purple Finches.
Squirrels and other small mammals also eat Slippery Elm seeds.
Slippery Elm leaves are large and rough, with distinctly toothed edges.
These leaves provide food for many insects that in turn provide pollination services for other plants, or food for other animals. Over 200 species of butterfly and moth caterpillars (Leipidoptera), including those of Mourning Cloak, Question Mark and Eastern Comma butterflies and Polyphemous moths may eat the leaves of Slippery Elm and its close relatives.
Birds depend on these insects as protein for themselves and their growing offspring.
Cavity nesting birds or small mammals may find a suitable home site in Slippery Elm, while other birds, like Baltimore Orioles, may build their nests in its branches.
Slippery Elm gets its name from its inner bark (the phloem) which is part of the vascular system that transports food throughout the tree. Slippery Elm’s inner bark is mucilaginous (thick, sticky) and fibrous. Indigenous North American peoples used the inner bark fibers to make rope or other cordage.
Slippery Elm’s inner bark has also been used to make a tea that is easy to digest and high in nutrients; it was given to people who had difficulty consuming food. The inner bark was also dried and ground to make a flour high in nutritional value.
Slippery Elm has many medicinal uses. As a demulcent it is well suited for treatment of inflamed mucous membranes throughout the digestive tract. It also has anti-inflammatory and astringent properties, and has been used externally to treat skin problems including wounds, ulcers and boils. Slippery Elm is available as an over the counter supplement, and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in throat lozenges. Even plant-derived supplements can have unwanted side effects, so careful research or consultation with a physician should take place before consuming Slippery Elm.
Slippery Elm can be found in much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States and Canada, often in moist woods, stream banks, and woodland edges. Look for it blooming now in a natural area near you.
Beresford-Kroeger, Diana. Arboretum America: A Philosophy of the Forest. 2003
Eastman, John. The Book of Forest and Thicket. 1992.
Foster, Steven; Duke, James A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of Eastern and Central North America. 2000.
Hoffmann, David. Medical Herbalism. 2003.
Rhoads, Ann Fowler; Block, Timothy A. The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2007
Tallamy, Douglas W. Bringing Nature Home, 2007, | <urn:uuid:9359d516-e06c-404d-83fd-3d9f2d1e6b9e> | {
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For most of the 1800s, American historians happily attributed the phrase “Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes” to either Israel Putnam or William Prescott, commanders at the Battle of Bunker Hill. As I discussed yesterday, there was disagreement about which of those men issued such an order, with Putnam getting an early lead but Prescott winning in the end.
Then British historian Thomas Carlyle (shown here, courtesy of NNDB.com) published his massive History of Friedrich II of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great from 1858 to 1865. And American readers couldn’t help noticing that Carlyle quoted Prussian documents about ordering soldiers not to shoot “till you see the whites of their eyes” decades before Bunker Hill.
That made authors change how they described the quotation. In Winsor’s Memorial History of Boston (1881), Edward Everett Hale wrote:
All along the American lines the order had been given which the officers remembered in the memoirs of Frederick’s wars: “Wait till you can see the whites of their eyes.”He added this explanatory footnote:
Prince Charles, when he cut through the Austrian army, in retiring from Jägendorf, gave this order to his infantry: “Silent, till you see the whites of their eyes.” This was on May 22, 1745; and this order, so sucessful that day, was remembered twelve years after at the battle of Prague, when the general Prussian order was, “By push of bayonets; no firing till you see the whites of their eyes.”Since then many reference books and websites attribute the “whites of their eyes” phrase to “Prince Charles of Prussia” at Jägendorf. He wasn’t using it in the same context as during Bunker Hill; he wanted his men to sneak through a larger Austrian force, so they shouldn’t attract attention by, say, shooting off their guns. But the clear implication is that he deserves credit for the coinage. Additionally, the citation reminds us not to simply accept our American tradition about Putnam or Prescott coining the phrase.
That’s where I thought the story ended. You know: the received version, and the slightly more interesting, less flattering reality. And then I started to look into the sources. Ironically, I found that all references to Prince Charles of Prussia at Jägendorf are a received version, too. They reproduce errors by Hale (or whomever he relied on):
- The small town was Jägerndorf, with an additional R.
- Carlyle called the Prussian commander “Margraf Karl”; the title of margraf or margrave should be translated as marquess, not prince.
- Carlyle actually quoted a “whites of their eyes” command even earlier in his book, in discussing the Battle of Mollwitz in 1741. But he didn’t credit a particular commander, and he didn’t cite a source, as in his later two references, so in this case Carlyle himself might have written too exuberantly.
I therefore searched for the phrase “white(s) of the(ir) eye(s)” in newspapers and other material printed in colonial America. I figured it might have shown up in reports from Europe or articles about how great Frederick the Great really was. But I couldn’t find a single example.
It’s possible that “whites of their eyes” was printed in English books and magazines, which were then shipped to America and read by military-minded gentlemen. It’s also possible that the Prussian phrase circulated among British officers posted to North America; both Putnam and Prescott were officers in the French and Indian War, and Putnam was particularly close to a set of British counterparts.
But it’s also possible that:
- Putnam, or another American at Bunker Hill, came up with the phrase on his own.
- Mason Weems put the phrase into Putnam’s mouth in his Life of Washington, and it stuck. | <urn:uuid:3b0402e1-e191-4d15-bd86-e0059142b19f> | {
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Please note: This information was current at the time of publication. But medical information is always changing, and some information given here may be out of date. For regularly updated information on a variety of health topics, please visit familydoctor.org, the AAFP patient education Web site.
Information from Your Family Doctor
Allergy Shots: Could They Help Your Allergies?
Am Fam Physician. 2011 Mar 1;83(5):622-623.
What are allergy shots?
An allergy shot contains a very small amount of what you are allergic to (called an allergen). Common allergens include mold and pollen from grasses, ragweed, and trees. For example, if you are allergic to grass pollen, a small amount of the pollen is put into the shot.
How do the shots work?
Allergy shots help your body fight the allergen. When you get shots that contain the allergen, your immune system makes antibodies to the allergen. The next time you have contact with the allergen, these antibodies help block its effect. Because the antibodies block the way your body reacts to the allergen, your allergy symptoms become less severe. After many shots, you may start to get relief from your allergy symptoms. This relief will last for a long time.
What kind of allergies can be treated with shots?
Allergy shots work well for pollen allergies (also called allergic rhinitis or hay fever), eye allergies, bee-sting allergies, and some drug allergies. In some people, allergy shots can improve asthma symptoms.
People usually get these shots after they have tried other treatments that haven't worked. Other treatments include avoiding allergens and taking medicine, such as an antihistamine.
Can everyone get allergy shots?
No. Allergy shots may not be good for you if you have severe asthma or heart problems. You shouldn't get allergy shots if you take a beta blocker for heart problems. Children younger than five years also shouldn't get allergy shots.
You shouldn't start allergy shots if you are pregnant. If you have been getting allergy shots for some time and become pregnant, talk to your doctor. You may be able to continue the shots.
How do I know if I can try shots?
Your doctor will do a test to help figure out what is causing your allergy. A skin prick test puts tiny amounts of allergens onto your skin to see which ones you react to. Or, your doctor may decide to do a blood test.
How many shots will I have to get?
You will start getting shots one or two times each week. After about six months of weekly shots, your doctor will decide when you can start maintenance treatment. These shots are usually given just once each month, year round. You'll probably need to get monthly shots for three to five years. Then you may be able to stop getting shots.
Are allergy shots safe?
Yes, usually. Because the shots contain small amounts of an allergen, you might have an allergic reaction to the shot. A common reaction is swelling at the needle site.
Some people can also have severe, shock-like reactions to an allergy shot. This type of reaction is called anaphylaxis (ann-uh-fa-LAX-iss). Anaphylaxis is rare but very serious. If you get your shots on schedule (every week or every month), you're less likely to have this kind of reaction.
In case you have a bad reaction, your doctor will have you stay at the office for about 20 minutes every time you get your shot. That way, if you have a reaction, your doctor can give you something right away to stop it.
How soon after I get the shots will I start feeling better?
It usually takes six months or more of shots before you start feeling better. If you don't feel better after this time, talk with your doctor about another kind of treatment.
Where can I get more information?
AAFP's Patient Education Resource
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
This handout is provided to you by your family doctor and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Other health-related information is available from the AAFP online at http://familydoctor.org.
This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.
Copyright © 2011 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact [email protected] for copyright questions and/or permission requests.
Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions | <urn:uuid:ea475151-2822-4f96-a802-862840ef3d83> | {
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The birth rate in the U.S. is at its lowest in 30 years, according to a new report detailing 2017 births from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There were 3,853,472 births in 2017, a 2% drop from 2016 figures (3,945,875).
The latest data show that women overall are having children less and increasingly giving birth later in life.
Teens between the ages of 15 to 19 had the greatest birth rate dip between 2016 and 2017, compared to other age groups documented. Of this group, there were 18.8 births per 1,000 women, a 7% drop since 2016.
Women in their 20s had the second largest decrease in birth rates since 2016. Both age groups 20 to 24 (71 births per 1,000 women) and 25 to 29 (97.9 births per 1,000 women) gave birth at a rate of 4% less since 2016.
Women ages 30 to 34 maintained the highest birth rates at 100.3 births per 1,000 women. But their birth rates were down 2% since 2016. The data also showed that women 35 and older gave birth around the same or at a higher rate compared to women in their age group in 2016. Those 35 to 39 had 52.2 births per 1,000 women. The number of total births for this group increased by 1%.
For women aged 40 to 44, there was a 2% rate increase at 11.6 births per 1,000 women. Women ages 45 to 49 had a rate of 0.9 births per 1,000 women. The number of births to women in their late 40s went up by 3% since 2016, which was the largest percentage increase of any group.
Renee Bracey Sherman, senior public affairs manager at the National Network of Abortion Funds — which helps remove financial barriers to abortion for women — says a reason the birth rate has decreased to a 30-year low is because of the advancement and variety of reproductive technology now available to women. Plan B medication and medical abortions are all options that have been approved by the FDA in the past 30 years. Since 2013, three newer IUD products — Skyla, Liletta, and Kyleena — were approved by the FDA that could be used by women with or without children.
Because of these methods, “people are able to delay parenthood to when they are ready and financially stable and that means they may make arrangements a little bit later,” Bracey Sherman said.
“But also reproductive technology like IVF, and other technologies have made it so that people are able to have pregnancies later in life and later in their reproductive years.”
Birth and fertility rates by race and Hispanic origin were not available for publication, the CDC report stated. The health organization did provide a breakdown of maternal outcomes such as prenatal care, Cesarean delivery, preterm births and low birthweight, by race. And there are disparities across the board.
When it comes to prenatal care, 77.3% of women received first trimester care in 2017, up from 77.1% of women in 2016. 82.5% of white women received care in 2017 compared to 66.6% of black women; 63.5% of American Indian or Alaska native women; 81.1% of Asian women, 52.1% of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; and 72.3% of Hispanic women.
Cesarean deliveries accounted for 32% of births in 2017, up from 31.9% in 2016. Black women had the highest rate of Cesarean deliveries at 36%, compared to white women who had a Cesarean delivery rate of 30.9% and Asian women who had a rate of 33.3%
Preterm births, defined in the report as delivery under 37 weeks, was 9.93% of all births last year. Black women had the highest rate of preterm births at 13.92%.
There were also higher instances of low birthweight. In 2017, women delivered a baby weighing less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces, which is how the report defines low birthweight, at a rate of 8.27%, compared to 8.17% in 2016. For black women, this number is significantly higher than other races, at 13.88%.
In an April interview with Mic reproductive justice activists, such as Elizabeth Dawes Gay, the steering committee chair of the Black Mamas Matter Alliance, called more attention to how racism drives disparities in maternal outcomes.
“I think one of the messages that we’re trying to push through the conversation overall is the role of racism and racial discrimination [on black maternal health] and the importance of acknowledging that and naming that,” Gay said. | <urn:uuid:6b5b5919-4ce9-48b6-b743-344fbd4aaca6> | {
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Fruit and veggies are the friends of SocialDieters and healthy eaters. Unfortunately there’s something other than nutrient value and delicious taste to bear in mind: pesticide contamination.
Sometimes known as the dirty dozen, the following lists of fruit and vegetables show the 12 most and least contaminated by pesticides (rankings compiled by the not-for-profit Environmental Working Group, EWG).
Whatever you do, don’t stop eating nature’s delights, just be aware, eat a varied diet, do a little washing, maybe some peeling, and buy organic when you can – especially for the 12 most contaminated foods.
EWG took into consideration how people typically wash and prepare produce (for example, washing apples and peeling bananas). Washing and rinsing produce may reduce pesticides but does not eliminate them. Peeling reduces pesticide levels but valuable nutrients are tossed along with the peel. For more information go to www.ewg.org.
The twelve worst foods (starting with the most contaminated):
3. Sweet Bell Peppers
9. Imported Grapes
The twelve least contaminated foods (starting with the least contaminated):
3. Frozen Sweet Corn
6. Frozen ‘Sweet Peas | <urn:uuid:9121f248-2397-463d-a497-5e3853fb31b0> | {
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
|Old Spanish National Historic Trail|
The Old Spanish National Historic Trail is composed of three main routes: the Main Route, the Armijo Route, and the North Branch. Use would depend on peril, weather, or simple opportunistic stops.
Mules were the highest-valued pack animals, as they had incredible strength and endurance, fared better than horses where water was scarce and forage poor, and recovered more rapidly after periods of hardship.
Recreation: As the Old Spanish Trail was a route of commerce suited for moving livestock, it's not surprising that there are a number of cultural and scenic sites located in close proximity to the Trail, including the Anasazi Heritage Center/Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area, and more. For more information, visit the Recreation page. Please note that though recreation is encouraged on National Scenic and Historic Trails, specific types of recreation may be barred from a specific area or trail to prevent degradation of resource conditions.
National Historic Trails commemorate historic and prehistoric routes of travel that are of significance to the entire Nation, and have as their purpose the identification and protection of the historic route and its historic remnants and artifacts for public use and enjoyment. Such trails are established by an Act of Congress.
The two federal agencies that administer this trail - the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service - manage the resources in cooperation with the Old Spanish Trail Association, American Indian tribes, state, county, and municipal governmental agencies, private landowners, nonprofit groups, and many others.
Click here for additional information about the Old Spanish National Historic Trail.
BLM Colorado State Office | (303) 239-3600 | 2850 Youngfield St., Lakewood, CO 80215
National Landscape Conservation System Program Lead | (303) 239-3752 | <urn:uuid:c116ed6d-42c7-49ca-8bed-ccc776780c0f> | {
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Treatment of infection of sinusitis and nose
When it comes to sinusitis, the nose is the main part of the body are affected. If you have observed, ads and TV ads about sinusitis have a nose as their logo. This is because the sinuses are behind the nose. This is the empty space in front of the skull and where mucus drains into the nose.
When this inflamed, sinus and mucus blockage causes not properly drained. Inflammation is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection. When the mucus cannot flow properly, it accumulates in the sinuses which lead to more viruses or bacteria that thrive.
Sinusitis and nasal infections are often regarded as one of the. When a person’s nose, sinus infections are a major part of the body that is affected. One of the most common symptoms of sinusitis is suffering from nasal congestion.
In addition, patients can also experience symptoms like pain interfere with headaches, drowsiness or dizziness, full head, cold, fever, and cough. The voice of the victim may also be affected. Sinusitis is classified into two categories; Acute and chronic.
For acute sinusitis, this condition can strike an individual from time to time and disappears after a while. When an individual is suffering from chronic sinusitis, he will suffer from the condition often and takes about a couple of weeks or months before it disappears.
Often called chronic sinusitis and chronic sinusitis. Because of the infection, a person suffering from this condition have swollen sinus and nasal membranes because of ongoing inflammation.
Dealing with sinusitis and nasal infections is not so easy. There are many things to consider. On the one hand, to avoid possible causes of sinusitis, the pollution and allergens must be observed. Have regular exercise and proper diet enforcement is also needed.
The second strengthens the immune system of a person and therefore viruses and bad bacteria can not easily penetrate the body. Stop bad habits such as smoking is also another important thing to do.
In order to relieve sinusitis and nasal infection, there are many drugs that one can choose. For those who have been verified by their doctors often they prescribe conventional medicine. But, if you want a solution that is more secure and cheaper, then select a natural solution.
Natural remedies are usually composed of herbal remedy that has proven very effective in the treatment of infection of sinusitis and nose. | <urn:uuid:2209444c-f5ce-49f9-b4aa-43ca124c5865> | {
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What is the Vitreous?
The vitreous is a jelly-like material that resides in the large cavity of the eye located behind the lens. It is 98% water and 2% solid, and during the early part of life, it is very uniform and clear. It has a surface which is in direct contact with the retina. This contact is more than just surface to surface, but a molecular bond early in life, which weakens over time, at least in most places. This bonding is relatively tight at the optic nerve, at the macula and at the anterior border of the retina several millimeters just behind the junction where the white part of the eye meets the colored part. Other areas where the vitreous is more tightly adherent to the retinal is at blood vessel crossings and where there is scarring or thinning of the retina due to some pathology. The vitreous is important only in the very early stages of the formation and development of the eye. Its presence later in life is only to occupy space thus helping to maintain the shape of the eye.
What Are Floaters In The Eye?
As a person ages, so does the vitreous. Some of the vitreous condenses and some of it liquefies. Condensed vitreous will cast shadows on the retina which are perceived as a “floaters.” Floaters, in turn are described as dots, spots, lines, hair, cobweb, etc. There is one floater that can be particularly annoying, in that it is rather large. It is called a Weiss ring and it is a ring of connective tissue which attaches the vitreous to the retina around the optic nerve. If it comes off intact, it is often described as a “smoke ring” and if it is incomplete it is described as “C-shaped.” Liquid vitreous results in a collapse of the vitreous surface away from the retina. As this occurs the vitreous will pull on the retina before it pulls completely free. This pulling mechanically stimulates the retina which is perceived as a light flash, occurring in the far periphery of the visual field. This aging of the vitreous, if it only involves floaters and light flashes is benign and requires no intervention.
What Happens to Floaters and Light Flashes?
Over time, one either gets used to the floaters, or more commonly, as the vitreous continues to degenerate the floaters will appear to disappear. In reality, they are still present. The condensed particles that caused the floaters have actually fallen below the line of sight and more anteriorly within the eye.
Light flashes, which are only seen in subdued lighting or in the dark, eventually stop, but this may take several weeks to months. Fortunately, their frequency decreases rather rapidly.
Are Floaters and Light Flashes Ever an Indication of a Problem?
The onset of floaters and light flashes should always require an examination to rule out a retinal tear and/or an early retinal detachment. This is particular true if the floaters are reddish and numerous (100’s to 1000’s) or described as large vertical blobs or strands. In this case, it is usually blood and there is often a decrease in vision. Additionally, if one perceives a “curtain” over their field of vision, this and a decrease in vision would be ominous signs of a retinal detachment and require an urgent eye examination. | <urn:uuid:748013b1-1aa7-4c62-a64b-1e5c36a87206> | {
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Fort Schuyler (skĪˈlər) [key]. 1 Name given during the American Revolution to the rebuilt Fort Stanwix, on the site of Rome, N.Y. 2 Fort built on the site of Utica, N.Y., in 1758. 3 Fort built (c.1856) as part of the defenses of New York harbor in Throgs Neck, N.Y. The fort is now in New York City on the grounds of the Maritime College of the State Univ. of New York and houses the Maritime Industry Museum.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Fort Schuyler from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History | <urn:uuid:23ef1181-a28d-4b89-8fea-c14b3c9cf16b> | {
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Superply is a game to help kids learn math or other subject matters. To see how it works, consider the multiplication table. So you have 1 through 9 along the top and 1 through 9 along the left side. Initially, the interior squares are blank. You then get hints. For example, "the product is less than 30" or "the product contains a 7". Many of the product cells correspond to the hint. The issue is which one to choose.
The goal of the blue player is to build a blue path across the grid (from the leftmost column to the rightmost) where a blue path consists of a sequence blue squares such that the first one is in the left column, the last is in the right column and each square touches the next one in the sequence on a side or on a corner. The goal of the red player is to build a red path from top to bottom.
To claim a square, the blue player must choose one that satisfies the hint he/she gets and that is not already occupied. Similarly for the red player.
At any point, the state of the game is the set of squares colored blue and the set colored red. The hint can be abstracted as the set of squares satisfying the hint.
Play alternates between players.
You will play the multiplication game competitively.
You will receive hints of the following kind:
The product is odd.
The product is even.
The product is between X and Y, inclusive.
The product contains an X.
The product is less than X. You must then choose a square that satisfies the hint and is not already occupied. In the deterministic version, play proceeds sequentially through the hint sets and then repeats. In the randomized version, each hint set is chosen randomly and uniformly. Blue moves first.
Your goal is to win the game.
You will build a java applet that will communicate across some port to superply, so you can allow program-to-program play as well as program-to-human play. You will send a start command, display the result and send the parsed hint to the two sides. You will also maintain a history of previous requests that can be sent to either player. You will also declare the winner when a connected path of the proper orientation (left-right for blue and top-bottom for red) has been formed.
Here is the game based on a K interface. | <urn:uuid:e4cb96ed-254a-4835-ab30-3c5109d33224> | {
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BELLINGHAM, Wash. Somewhere, as you read this, a long-legged, heart-faced barn owl is stretching out its neck and delicately upchucking.
Out drops a compact pellet of undigested lunch, which falls onto a dung-spattered pile below the owl's shadowy perch.
That's where Bret Gaussoin enters the food chain. With dozens of his collectors staking out barns throughout the West, Gaussoin has become the nation's premier pellet impresario helping turn owl leftovers into a staple of classroom instruction.
As owners of Pellets Inc., Gaussoin and his wife, Kim, sell to 15,000 schools, Scout troops, 4-H clubs and environmental centers in the United States and Canada.
Cheaper and more humane than frog dissection, the study of owl pellets has exploded since the mid- to late-1980s. Pellets, a trove of eco-diversity, yield lessons for all ages from basic prey anatomy to food webs and complex ecological systems, said Anne Tweed, president-elect of the 55,000-member National Science Teachers Association.
Break one open and you'll see why: Amid the fur, dried grass and indeterminate dust are tiny bones skulls, tibias, femurs and the like. Sifted and compressed in the gizzard, they're all that remains of the voles and mice that sustain a barn owl.
''I use them specifically to help with my human skeleton lessons,'' said Ralph Hammersborg, a seventh-grade teacher at Seattle's Eckstein Middle School, who gets his pellets through the school system. ''We don't usually think of it, but a mouse skeleton is virtually identical to a human skeleton.''
All of which makes owl puke a precious, if smelly, commodity.
''I would venture to say millions of owl pellets are dissected each year,'' says Gaussoin, 45, as he sifts through one of the five-gallon buckets his collectors ship daily to his waterfront home office. As if stoking a barbecue with briquettes, he tips the bucket and dumps 400 to 500 pellets into an outdoor dry sink connected to a vacuum hose that sucks out airborne debris.
''It's a dirty, dusty job,'' he said, fingers squirreling rapidly through the pile. Barely pausing, he tosses out broken, crumbly pellets and separates the puny, 65-cent nuggets from the two-inchers that sell for $1.95 apiece, before bulk discounts.
Before shipping them out, Gaussoin sterilizes the pellets by baking them 8,000 at a time on racks of cookie sheets. His $10,000 lab oven is a mile from his home in a gloomy cement-factory shed that looks like a relic from ''The French Connection.''
A gravel crusher sits hulking and silent in the shadows as Gaussoin unlocks the closet-size room where decontamination takes place. As the door swings open, a breathtaking odor of uric acid assaults the senses. Stinky, yes, but after 10 hours at 250 degrees they're certified safe. And a good thing that is.
''Every other year a schoolkid will eat one on a dare, and we'll get a call from the school nurse, all alarmed,'' Gaussoin said. ''It's always boys, and I hate to say it, but it's often Canadians.''
He said the pellets are ''high in fiber probably a little scratchy coming out.''
For kids, the gross-out factor of pellet dissection is a plus. ''It's, on the one hand, squeamish and, on the other hand, very safe,'' Hammersborg said.
''It was pretty fun,'' said 13-year-old Eliza Campbell, an Eckstein eighth-grader who dissected pellets last year and in second grade, when visiting scientists brought some in.
''I remember I thought it was going to be gross,'' she said. ''But they told us they cleaned them. We picked them apart with toothpicks and we found lots of little bones. We got to keep the skulls.''
The pellet industry has been good to Gaussoin. He stumbled onto his life's work in 1979, when he was at Western Washington University studying birds of prey. Searching one day for Cooper's hawk nests, he found a pile of owl pellets in the woods, stuffed them into a bread bag and took them to Irwin Slesnick, a biology professor who was known to collect the odd pellet.
To Gaussoin's surprise, ''A few days later, he gave me a check for $15. In time, I became by far his biggest collector.''
Slesnick, far from being an eccentric hobbyist, was, in fact, the father of the commercial pellet industry the man who brought owl pellet dissection to K-12 classrooms.
Slesnick, now 78 and retired, says pellet dissection dates back at least to the 19th century, when famed naturalist Liberty Hyde Bailey encouraged people to seek them out in dirty, musty barns.
''It didn't catch on,'' said Slesnick, whose genius was to supply pellets directly to the consumer. His company, Creative Dimensions, grew out of his work with students, first at Ohio State University and then at Western, where he began teaching in 1963.
''It bloomed, it blossomed it exploded, actually,'' Slesnick said. ''We were selling thousands of owl pellets out of the house. In my office, I had owl pellets hanging all over the place.''
At his peak, Slesnick had 45 pellet collectors, including young Gaussoin.
''He was the best collector because he's an ornithologist,'' Slesnick said. ''He knew the birds, he knew their habits and where they nested. He would zip around in his truck and come back with truckloads.''
By the mid-1980s, Bret and Kim, who met at Western, had married and formed a rival company. Kim's business skills complemented Bret's bird know-how, which he refined as a surveyor of eagles, goshawks and peregrine falcons for the state and federal governments.
In the early 1990s they doubled the size of their pellet business by buying out Slesnick, who still sells other types of science kits. Slesnick said the Gaussoins now are ''by far'' the nation's largest supplier for this popular curriculum unit.
''I think it's the most common activity in science (classrooms) in the United States,'' Slesnick said.
It has been six or seven years since Gaussoin personally combed fields and barns for the sought-after pellets. He now depends on dozens of independent collectors throughout the West including 15 or 20 who work at it full time.
''It's not a great full-time job, it's a great part-time job,'' said Gaussoin, who has a staff of four. ''You have to work hard and lay down a ton of miles.''
Winning access to farm property is a delicate blend of door-to-door salesmanship and discretion, and Gaussoin is loathe to reveal too much about his sources. The field now draws numerous competitors, who forage for pellets as jealously as crows scrapping for junk food. (Barn owls themselves aren't very territorial.)
''Over the last 10 years, there've just gotten to be too many people collecting owl pellets in Washington,'' he said. ''They can almost get to be a nuisance to farmers and ranchers.''
Peninsula Clarion © 2015. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us | <urn:uuid:4abd095a-2d6b-43b5-93de-1db06ee9b590> | {
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Babies commonly spit up since the sphincter at the top of the stomach is often loose. In healthy babies who are growing well, the spit-up is mostly milk, rather than stomach acid. On average spitting up peaks at 4 months and is over by about 7 months of age, though it can take longer. To help reduce spitting up, burp the baby several times during and after feeding.
Review Date 8/2/2011
Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. | <urn:uuid:8a1ed4b5-87a2-4956-abb4-5670eeb0160c> | {
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founded the World Anti-Communist League (wacl). He married Chen Jieru (1906-1971) in December 1921. With Japan defeated, Chiang Kai-Shek and the Kuomintang turned back to their direct conflict with the Chinese Communist Party. Fearing that China would become a colony of a foreign power, Chiang helped establish the Kuomintang, which aimed at preparing the modern army to unite China and overthrow the warlords. He continually promised reconquest of the mainland and periodically landed Nationalist guerrillas on the China coast, embarrassing the United States in doing. Its believed that he remained in power in the hope that one day American forces would help him retake control of the mainland. He was a military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. Sexual abuse of women prisoners in the united states). He held the Taiwan presidency for 25 years. When his son Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, he was also entombed in a separate mausoleum in nearby Touliao.
Chiang, kai - shek - Wikipedia Free, chiang, kAi - shek, led
Although Chiang lost militarily, the battle dispelled Japanese claims that it could conquer China in three months and demonstrated to the Western powers (which occupied parts of the city and invested heavily in it) that the Chinese would not surrender under intense Japanese fire. The hope was to have both buried at their birthplace in Fenghua once the mainland was recovered. 13 Literary comment Edit Chiang is only referenced once in the short story, but his role is identical to the novel, and OTL, for that matter. Since that time, Taiwan has sought, to no avail, a permanent seat, citing the UN's founding on the principles of universality and self-determination. 5 As the leader of China, Chiang Kai-Shek was supposed to be fighting the invasion of Japan. However, Soviet Premier Leon Trotsky ensured that Manchuria went to Mao. With Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925, a power vacuum developed in the KMT. The Kuomintang brought about the end of imperialism, overthrew the warlords, and targeted corruption of officers as the mainframe of his inner policy. Though Chiang ranked relatively low in the civilian hierarchy, and Wang had succeeded Sun to power as Chairman of the National Government, Chiang's deft political maneuvering eventually allowed him to emerge victorious. Chiang's ideals and goals included, as he frequently referred to, were; "establishment of a government of integrity "organization of the people's army and "indemnify the rights of agricultural and industrial organizations." Unfortunately such goals were not realized and corruption seeped into the party. Commanders; Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren. She fled to Taiwan and died in Taipei. | <urn:uuid:fc772100-e6ff-483d-9132-65d3a7001352> | {
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Presentation Summary : Title: PowerPoint Presentation - Introduction to Poetry Author: Jeremy Heritage Last modified by: admin Created Date: 2/7/2004 10:35:35 PM Document presentation format
Source : http://williamsenglish7.wiki.lovett.org/file/view/PoetryPowerpoint.ppt
Presentation Summary : POETRY POETRY A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas) POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET ...
Source : http://home.comcast.net/~vldschool/Poetry%20Terminology.ppt
Presentation Summary : Introduction to Poetry Introduction to Poetry Poetry is the most misunderstood form of writing. It is also arguably the purest form of writing.
Source : http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/rreichelt/Introduction-to-Poetry.ppt
Presentation Summary : Poetry Vocabulary Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds Example: Sister Suzy sat on the seashore until suddenly she was swallowed by a shark.
Source : http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/english/poetic%20terms.ppt
Presentation Summary : Prose & Poetry Who’s in your little black book? The Event: The performance of Literature Prose – Literature that is not a play or a poem Poetry – Literature ...
Source : http://staff.herefordisd.net/HHSSpeechDepartment/powerpoints/Prose%20&%20Poetry.ppt
Presentation Summary : Poetry Terms Alliteration: The repetition of sounds in a group of words as in “Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.” Allusion: A reference to a person ...
Source : http://www.olc.edu/~awest/webfolder/Lit%20203%20Intro%20to%20Literature/poetry-terms2.ppt
Presentation Summary : Elements of Poetry Elements of Poetry What is poetry? Poetry is not prose. Prose is the ordinary language people use in speaking or writing.
Source : http://harrisenglishclass.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/8/6/5086160/elements_of_poetry.ppt
Presentation Summary : What are the Different Elements Between Poems with Rhythm, Rhyme, and Alliteration? Learning about the use and special features of poetry.
Source : http://lessons.ctaponline.org/%7Elpadilla/Poetry.ppt
Presentation Summary : Title: Poetry Workshop Author: David Huff Last modified by: Lexington School, User Created Date: 11/24/2002 7:02:27 PM Document presentation format
Source : http://www.lexington1.net/technology/instruct/ppts/LAppts/Poetry%20Workshop%20power%20point.ppt
Presentation Summary : Poetic Devices The Sounds of Poetry Onomatopoeia When a word’s pronunciation imitates its sound. Examples Buzz Fizz Woof Hiss Clink Boom Beep Vroom ...
Source : http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/figurative-language-worksheets/poetic-devices-lesson.ppt
Presentation Summary : Do these lines of poetry rhyme? Twinkle, Twinkle, little star How I wonder what you are? A Quatrain is a set of four lines with alternating rhymes.
Source : http://plaza.ufl.edu/jessb06/work/Rhyme%20MiniLesson.ppt
Presentation Summary : Lyric Poems Lyric poetry can be sung to musical accompaniment (in ancient times, usually a lyre). Lyric poetry expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet.
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“In 1903, Pathé (the first Pathé studio in Vincennes) had two cameramen [who were] paid 55 francs a week. The designers/painters, much better paid, began at 90 francs a week. A week then was 60 hours and payment was made every Saturday in gold.”
Gaston Dusmenil, Bulletin de l’ A.F.I.T.E.C., no. 16 (1967)
“The scenery [ in early 1900‘s France ] was painted flat, like stage scenery. The canvas (about 20 x 30 feet) was tacked to the floor, and after applying a coat of glue size and whiting, the designer drew the design in charcoal. For complicated architectural sets a small sketch was made and squared for enlargement. Since the size paint was used hot, a scale of grays running from black to white was prepared in advance in small flameproof buckets. The scene painter worked standing, walking on the canvas (in rope shoes or socks) and using very long-handles brushes: straight lines were drawn with the aid of a long flat ruler, similarly attached to a handle. To judge the whole, in order to accentuate effects if needed or to remove unnecessary details, the artist had to mount a ladder. The completed canvases were attached either to wooden frames to form flats, or else, to vertical poles so they could be rolled up.”
Léon Barsacq, Caligari’s Cabinet and Other Grand Illusions
Mèliés’ Montreuil Studio
Painted backings have been a staple of filmwork since the very beginning. Georges Méliès was the first to recognixe the possiblilites of incorporating painted backings in his films which he realized could be a vehicle for creating a dramatic narrative and not just for recording real-life as the first short films had.
Even today, with the current trend of green screens and digital effects, audiences are often unaware that the view outside the windows of a set are actually hand-painted backings. While photographic backings, basically photographic images greatly enlarged and printed on heavy mylar or polyester fabric, are the norm in backings these days, the painted backing still has not only a definite place but even distinct advantages over their photographic competitor.
J. C. Backings, who make their home in the historic Scenic Painting Building on the old MGM lot in Culver City (now Sony Studio) recently hosted a Historic Backings event along with the Art Directors Guild here in Los Angeles. They pulled a number of backings from their collection of over 5000 backings, along with several from the Warner Bros. collection and displayed them on the six paint frames where the backings were painted originally.
The storage racks for backings at J.C. Backings
Along with the backings were displayed a collection of smaller scale studies, paint notes, research photographs and examples of the backing design process as well as numerous photos of backings from their archives.
Usually only seen in partial focus and in the background, it’s wonderful how realistic most of these backings are even when seen up close and out of context.
The Scenic Painting Building on the Sony Lot (formerly MGM)
Backing from The Sound Of Music
Backing from South Pacific. Notice the inset close-up of the brush work
Sample of photo reference for a backing along with notes and a small preliminary paint study for the final backing
small painted comp for a backing for a corridor of the first Star Trek film in 1978
Paint rack with Hudson sprayers and roller mandles
Art Directors Guild’s Associate Executive Director John Moffit in front of one of the many backings he painted while Head of the Scenic Department at Warner Bros. Studio
Large backing in progress on the large paint frame
Still from a Life Magazine article of the same space when it was the MGM scenic shop in the 1950’s.
1950’s photo of a backing layout in progress.
And finally, here’s a time-lapse video of a street scene backing being painted by scenic Donald MacDonald at J.C. Backings. Note how the canvas is back-painted so that it can be rear lit for a night shot. | <urn:uuid:0cdb5ee4-79cd-40b6-8c59-ef914d65f333> | {
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Quantifying changes in abundance of food plants for butterfly larvae and farmland birds
Smart, S. M.; Firbank, L. G.; Bunce, R. G. H.; Watkins, J. W.. 2000 Quantifying changes in abundance of food plants for butterfly larvae and farmland birds. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37. 398-414. 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00508.xFull text not available from this repository.
1. Recent changes in population size of butterflies and farmland birds across north-west European landscapes have been linked to the effects of agricultural intensification. Reduction in food supply has been postulated as one of the proximal causes of these trends but the generality of this explanation has not been tested at a large scale and across animal species. 2. Changes in abundance of food plants for butterfly larvae and lowland farmland birds in the British countryside were analysed for the period 1978–90 using data from fixed plots recorded as part of the countryside surveys of Britain. 3. Associations were sought between these changes and trends in population size of selected butterflies and birds recorded from long-term monitoring schemes. 4. No associations were found between change in abundance of food plants and either increasing, stable or decreasing animal groups. At the level of individual animal species, significantly more decreases than increases in food plant frequency were found for herbivorous bird species irrespective of population trend. The size of the reduction in food plant frequency was also significantly greater for the declining bird group than for stable or increasing groups. 5. Few significant associations were detected between population trend and food plant trend for butterfly species. However, the results suggested a positive relationship between increasing butterflies and increased abundance of Elytrigia repens and Urtica dioica. 6. Food plants that increased in abundance comprised species favoured by lack of management and increased nutrient availability. Increases in abundance were also associated with linear landscape features such as hedges and streamsides. Decreasing plant species included arable weeds and stress-tolerant species typical of unimproved grasslands. 7. Based on evidence of local associations between animal and food plant change and the need for viable populations of food plants to exist within the range of each animal species, we support measures designed to enhance and maintain populations of declining food plants. Much evidence now exists to identify practical measures that husband food resources for many bird and butterfly species. The challenge for conservation policy is to manage their implementation at scales necessary to influence national trends.
|Item Type:||Publication - Article|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00508.x|
|Programmes:||CEH Programmes pre-2009 publications > Other|
|CEH Sections:||_ Pre-2000 sections|
|Additional Keywords:||agro-ecosystems, conservation, Countryside Survey, herbivory|
|NORA Subject Terms:||Botany
Agriculture and Soil Science
Ecology and Environment
|Date made live:||04 Mar 2009 11:34|
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Sunday, December 4, 2016
Residual smoke and children
I was asked to babysit my friends 5 month old baby on a regular basis which i would love to do but my home is a smoking home. I would of course not smoke in the house while the baby is here but I am wondering if the child is still in danger even if the home has not been smoked in for over 8 hours, is aired out and is sprayed heavily with room deoderizer before the child arrives. I would love some info on this:) thanks
Thank you very much for the question about secondhand smoke. As you probably already know secondhand smoke has over 4,000 chemicals many of which can irritate the nose, throat and lungs. These chemicals tend to settle on furniture and the floors well after the smoking has ceased. As children crawl on the floors and climb on the furniture, they tend to inhale and ingest tobacco-contaminated dust. Using sprays or increasing room ventilation does not seem to reduce this tobacco residue.
The Surgeon General has stated that there is no safe level of tobacco smoke exposure. Young children appear to be particularly susceptible to secondhand smoke. Exposure to tobacco smoke is linked to ear infections, respiratory tract infections, asthma and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It is critical that these children should be protected from any exposure to tobacco smoke.
I have attached a link to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about tobacco smoke.
Stephen E Wilson, MD, MSc
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine
College of Medicine
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NEWS & EVENTS
Dordt College News
Food for Thought
January 23, 2012
Across campus, people have heard about “the food course” offered last semester.
Its notoriety is probably connected to the lab activities that were part of the class.
To help students understand what it takes to produce the food they buy, Dr. Chris Goedhart had his students raise and then butcher and “dress” chickens.
“Learning how to kill a chicken was something I had never done before and something I hope I never have to do again, but I learned a lot about differing views people have on how animals should be raised in order to fit God’s command of taking care of the earth,” says Bethany Hulst, a sophomore from Michigan.
Students learned how long it takes to get a chicken ready to bring to the table. They also learned that it takes skill to raise and process food manually, and they gained some sense of what working at a minimum wage job in a plant is like.
Over the semester, students visited food production facilities, including large and small dairies, and an organic CSA, a small farm that grows vegetables for customers who buy an annual summer subscription to a weekly share of produce.
“We examined some of the ethical issues involved in raising crops and livestock and learned how to prepare a variety of foods in the lab,” says Kelly Smies, a senior from Wisconsin.
Interest in food has grown in the past few years. The number of books on food and how it is produced seems to increase each year. But, even within agriculture programs like Dordt’s, the emphasis has been on producing rather than consuming food. The growing interest and growing pressure on environmental resources made Dordt’s agriculture department decide that it was time to offer “Food: Connecting to Life.”
“Even in rural areas many people don’t know much about where their food comes from and how it is produced,” says Goedhart.
Goedhart taught the first version of the course last fall to 24 non-science students; another 40 students are taking it this spring with Dr. John Olthoff. Demand has been so high that science majors who want to take the course have been turned away because the seats are saved for non-science majors needing a laboratory science course to fulfill their Core curriculum requirements.
Most students in Goedhart’s class come in with a strong interest in food and health; some say they don’t know much more about food than what they like and don’t like to eat. Goedhart asks all of them to think about where they get their information about food and then points them to sources and websites that give nutritional information and a scientific basis for making choices.
“I took the class to learn more about food and because it seemed the most interesting of the course options. I know that I do not eat very nutritionally and wanted to learn more about food,” says junior Jordan Edens from Washington.
“The course really challenged us to think about where all of the foods that we buy at the supermarket are actually coming from,” says Smies.
“College-age students often don’t see the consequences of their food choices,” says Goedhart. They eat what looks good to them and usually stay healthy because they’re young. It’s hard for them to think about long-term effects in that context.”
Goedhart points to things as basic as calories and gradual weight gain, noting that a pound of weight gain a year can have a significant long-term effect on total weight and eventual health issues. As in every other part of their lives, he wants his students to make discerning choices based on what they know about how God created them and the world they live in.
“Our food system is very dependent on the availability of reasonably priced oil,” Goedhart tells his students. He points to studies that estimate that our industrial food system takes an average of seven to 10 calories of energy to produce one calorie of food energy. Modern growing practices, food processing and storage, and transporting food products thousands of miles from field to consumer require large amounts of energy.
Goedhart’s goal is to help his students develop a beginning awareness of such issues so that they can investigate them further on their own, come to understand the current cultural situation, and be prepared to make choices that they believe are right.
What does he want them to leave with?
A willingness to step into the kitchen and see working with food as an enjoyable and easy activity.
“The old adage is mostly true: If you can read, you can cook,” he says. “If you’re willing, you can be less dependent on processed food and make healthier choices,” he says.
A new perspective on the challenges in farming.
“It’s impossible to have sustainable farming without having a sustainable culture,” Goedhart notes. Based on what they know, many of his students think it would be better to consume grass-fed meat. When they realize the cost of farm land, the amount of time and effort it takes to raise cows, and consumer demand for large quantities of meat at cheap prices, they see the complexity of the issues.
“The best way to find out what consumers believe is to watch where their dollars go,” says Goedhart.
See science as a tool beyond the lab that they can use to learn about what is important for living a discerning life.
Goedhart would be quick to add that decisions are based on more than science, but that science is one tool that can help us make choices.
“I enjoyed learning about the impact the government has on food production and marketing, and I was very interested in hearing about the plight of farmers trying to balance growing a product they are proud of and maintaining a business to survive on,” says senior Rachel Van Essen from Ontario. “I was grateful to Professor Goedhart for trying to tailor the material we covered to what we were interested in, and it was fun to make things like cheese and yogurt in class.”
Goedhart hopes more share this student’s response: “I don’t like science much, but this is the most enjoyable science class I’ve ever taken. It was so applicable to my life.” | <urn:uuid:ec1fc719-daf1-4faf-8f1f-a6aff7fbf6de> | {
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A simple roller coaster can be made from simple materials as a fun project for children. Marble is one of the most ideal materials to use to make the roller coaster. Parents may find time to make the roller coaster with their children using the simple materials. The following procedure should be followed in making the roller coaster:
- Create the design that is desired for the roller coaster or obtain a ready made design online and select the materials that will be required for that particular design.
- Gather the necessary materials such as toilet rolls, card board and foil as well as glue or tape.
- Tape the series of toilet rolls together to make a tube. Cardboard tubes can also be used alongside foil to make tunnels through which the marbles will pass.
- Make joints and twists in between the tubing using pieces of foam pipes. The foam pipe is used since it is malleable so that it can be bent to make curves, as well as up and down areas.
- Make the jumps and hills using the foam pipes where the marbles will pass through. The jumps can be modified with time to make the roller coaster more exciting.
- Attach the tunnel to something that is high like a mantel piece, a couch, a chair or any other furniture for support.
- Ensure that the piece of furniture is out of the house. Alternatively, the pipe can be attached to a structure that is made outside the house such as a wood base or a cardboard structure.
- To make the outside base structure, glue can be used to fix the cardboard or raffia if the structure is permanently made for the marbles. If the structure is temporary tape should be used to attach the tunnel.
- Ensure that the support is stable enough to support the roller coaster.
- Test the roller coaster by rolling some marbles on it. If the marbles do not roll smoothly make adjustments to the tunnel. This can be done by fiddling with it until it is smooth enough for the marbles to roll effectively.
- The angles of the tunnels can also be changed to increase the effectiveness of the rollercoaster.
Ensure that the roller coaster is stored in a safe place where it cannot get damaged by either the elements of the weather or passersby. | <urn:uuid:edbe594e-8124-463c-a44b-8b726c9e8b21> | {
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Docs Urged to Treat Unhealthy Habits Before Damage Is Done
MONDAY, Oct. 7 (HealthDay News) -- Doctors need to treat patients' unhealthy lifestyle habits -- such as smoking, poor eating and being overweight -- as aggressively as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, a new American Heart Association policy statement says.
As part of this approach, doctors need to implement "five A's" when caring for patients: assess their risk behaviors for heart disease; advise change, such as weight loss or exercise; agree on an action plan; assist with treatment; and arrange for follow-up care.
"We're talking about a paradigm shift from only treating biomarkers -- physical indicators of a person's risk for heart disease -- to helping people change unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, unhealthy body weight, poor diet quality and lack of physical activity," statement lead author Bonnie Spring, a professor of preventive medicine and psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Northwestern University, said in an AHA news release.
"We already treat physical risk factors that can be measured through a blood sample or a blood pressure reading in a doctor's office, yet people put their health at risk through their behaviors. We can't measure the results of these behaviors in their bodies yet," she added.
Doctors also need to refer patients to behavior change specialists such as dieticians or psychologists, and insurance reimbursement policies need to be changed so these specialists become part of the primary care team, according to the statement published in the Oct. 7 issue of the journal Circulation.
"This isn't a problem that can be solved alone by the patient or the doctor who is strapped for time," Spring said. "We need to break out of our silos and get ahead of the curve in prevention."
She added that cardiovascular-disease prevention has to be made a priority to achieve the AHA's goals of a 20 percent improvement in the cardiovascular health of all Americans and a 20 percent reduction in deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke by 2020.
-- Robert Preidt
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W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963)
Contributing Editor: Frederick Woodard
Questions for Reading and Discussion/Approaches to Writing
"The Song of the Smoke" is a poem of celebration of blackness. It was written during a period of great social and political weakness of black people. List the attributes of blackness celebrated in the poem and suggest how each attribute contributes to a positive image. Consider why Du Bois may have felt it necessary to write of blackness in such exalted terms.
Ask students to characterize the effect of verbal repetition, rhythm, and variation of line length in the poem. How do these characteristics relate to the central metaphor, "smoke"?
"The Damnation of Women" is an expression of Du Bois's concern for the right of women to choose for themselves the life worth living. What is the basis for this belief? How does this belief relate to feminism? What role, in Du Bois's estimation, does economics play in the subordination of women? What specific details indicate Du Bois's appreciation for independent thinking and action in women?
Select an edition of the volume The Souls of Black Folk and peruse the beginning of each chapter. Find lines of poetry and a musical score. Consider the possible significance of these two art forms to the major theme of the book. Note that "Of the Sorrow Songs" contains comments on the music and names the songs.
The "veil" is one of Du Bois's most famous symbols. Consider possible meanings for it in "Of Our Spiritual Strivings," particularly at the beginning of the essay, where he boasts of living "above the veil."
Relate the section in "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" out of which the famous Du Bois passage on twoness comes (beginning with "After the Egyptian and the Indian, the Greek and Roman" and ending with, "Shout, O Children!/Shout, you're free!/For God has bought your liberty!") to a reading of "The Unhappy Consciousness," a chapter in Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind. Then develop a list of supporting evidence to justify the probable influences of the Hegelian argument on Du Bois's thinking in his essay. Additional reading in Hans-Georg Gadamer, Hegel's Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies, translated by P. Christopher Smith (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976) should provide excellent analysis of Hegel's ideas and method. See particularly Chapters 2 and 3.
Note throughout the essays collected here that Du Bois uses the terms Negro, black, and African-American almost interchangeably. On closer examination, you may discern a specific context that differentiates the use of each term. Develop a rationale for use of each term in a specific context.
"Of the Sorrow Songs" is considered one of Du Bois's most enduring statements on African-American folk art. Using the content of the essay, trace the evolution of the African song to a unique American folk expression. | <urn:uuid:73ce0c6d-9ab2-4ec9-9ebd-f84dce27c219> | {
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Application Security for Hackers and Developers
Ends May 31
Ends July 30
There are four technical skills required by security researchers, software quality assurance and test engineers, or developers concerned about security: Source code auditing, fuzzing, reverse engineering, and exploitation. Each of these domains is covered in detail. C/C++ code has been plagued by security errors resulting from memory corruption for a long time. Problematic code is discussed and searched for in lectures and labs. Fuzzing is a topic book author DeMott knows about well. Mutation file fuzzing and framework definition construction (Sulley and Peach) are just some of the lecture and lab topics. When it comes to reversing C/C++ (Java and others are briefly discussed) IDA pro is the tool of choice. Deep usage of this tool is covered in lecture and lab. Exploitation discussions and labs are the exciting final component. You’ll enjoy exploitation basics, and will also use the latest techniques.
- Source Code Auditing
Understanding how and when to audit source code is key for both developers and hackers. Students learn to zero in on the important components. Automated tools are mentioned, but auditing source manually is the focus, since verifying results is a required skill even when using automated tools. Spotting and fixing bugs is the focus.
Fuzzing is a runtime method for weeding out bugs in software. It is used by a growing number of product and security organizations. Techniques such as dumb file fuzzing, all the way up to distributed fuzzing, will be covered. Students will write and use various fuzzers.
- Reverse Engineering
Students focus on learning to reverse compiled software written in C and C++, though half-compiled code is mentioned as well. The IDA pro tool is taught and used throughout. Calling conventions, C to assembly, identifying and creating structures, RTTI reconstruction are covered. Students will also use IDA's more advanced features such as flirt/flare, scripting, and plug-ins.
Students will walk out of this class knowing how to find and exploit bugs in software. This is useful to both developers and hackers. The exploit component will teach common bug type such as: stack overflows, function pointer overwrites, heap overflows, off-by-ones, FSEs, return to libc, integer errors, uninitialized variable attacks, heap spraying, and ROP. Shellcode creation/pitfalls and other tips and tricks will all be rolled into the exciting, final component.
No hard prerequisites, but helpful if:
- College Degree in a computer related disciple or equivalent work experience
- If desired, feel free to read "Introduction to Application Security": http://www.vdalabs.com/tools/AppSec_Whitepaper.html
- Programming (C/C++/.asm) and security experience will help, but you will still get a lot out of the course if you lack that, so no fears. All questions are good questions in my classes. We have a fun but instructive and intense learning experience. You won’t walk away disappointed.
By the end of this course, you will be able to: research and develop an exploit from scratch by auditing code or fuzzing an application, reverse engineering the issue, and developing an exploit for the vulnerability you discovered. This knowledge will help developers produce better code, and will help security researchers or malware analysts in their daily tasks.
The course material will be provided to you on day 1. As soon as you receive the course material, copy it from the media and extract and test the virtual machine. Begin by writing a C program and disassembling it, if you arrive to the course early on day 1.
The course material is in 4 directories: SrcAudit, Fuzzing, Reversing, and Exploitation. In each directory you’ll find a wealth of knowledge from documents to labs. Material cannot be shared, directly reproduced, or used for profit.
Please fill out the course review form. Any other comments can be sent directly to the instructor at [email protected].
- Grey Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker's Handbook, 3rd Edition. Harper, Harris, Ness, Eagle, Lenkey, and Williams
- Fuzzing for Software Security and Quality Assurance, by Takanen, DeMott, Miller
- The Art of Software Security Assessment, by Mark Dowd, John McDonald, and Justin Schuh
- The IDA Pro Book, 2nd Edition, by Chris Eagle
What Students Should Bring
Students are required to provide a laptop for the course:
Your laptop should have at least 18GB of free HD space and should have 4GB+ of RAM.
Install Ahead of Time
- VMware workstation/player for Windows or Fusion for the Mac
- You will be given a Windows 7 VM. Copy to your hard drive, and pass the portable Media to your neighbor. You may not share course media with non-students.
Examples of Tools on the Virtual Machines
- WinDbg and Immunity Debugger
- IDA pro 6.x DEMO
- Python (From Sulley installer. pydbg works with 2.4 by default in this installer)
- Peach Fuzzer
- 010 hex editor (trail available)
- SciTools Understand (demo)
- And much more…
Jared DeMott has spoken at security conferences such as Black Hat, Defcon, ToorCon, Shakacon, DakotaCon, and GRRCon. He is active in the security community by teaching his Application Security course, and has co-authored a book on Fuzzing. Jared has been an invited lecturer at prestigious institutions such as the United States Military Academy, has worked primarily as a vulnerability researcher, and holds a PhD from Michigan State University. | <urn:uuid:b208f757-5f31-42a1-9007-527b1eb84fbc> | {
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On 12 December 2015, after complex and lengthy negotiations, 195 countries adopted the Paris Agreement under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Convention). The Paris Agreement only comes into force once it has been ratified by 55 signatories to the Convention, who must account for at least 55% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions. The headline provision is that global efforts must be made to keep the increase in the global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. With the text of the Convention making clear that this limit is under significant threat and in light of the UK government's contentious new renewables policy, it is an opportune moment to analyse whether the Paris Agreement will change UK government policy towards renewables.
UK Government Policy and Emissions Target
Last month, a letter by Amber Rudd, the Secretary of State at the Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) indicating that the UK might fail to meet its legally-binding emissions reduction target was leaked to the press. In the letter to fellow members of the Cabinet, Rudd stated that according to internal central government forecasts which were not in the public domain, the UK is set to miss its renewables target. The shortfall is significant. The target requires 15% of the UK's final energy consumption across electricity, heat and transport to be from renewable sources by 2020 and the UK will fall short of this by 3.5% percentage points or around 50 TWh.
The apparent acknowledgement that the UK is struggling to meet its renewables target is surprising considering the government's strong statements of confidence in the UK's ability to meet the target. Given what the statistics show, it would be natural to expect the UK government to give greater support to the renewables sector and its approach to rely on the market contrasts with both the need to meet the renewables target and the spirit of the Paris Agreement. Article 4 of the Paris Agreement states that "Developed country Parties shall continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets", whilst Article 10(5) acknowledges that "accelerating, encouraging and enabling innovation is critical for an effective, long-term global response to climate change".
The UK government's recent actions stand in stark contrast to these obligations. It has made substantial reforms to the Renewables Obligation – historically, the main support mechanism for the renewables sector – closing it to large-scale solar PV from 1 April 2015 and announcing that it would be closed to large-scale onshore wind from 1 April 2016. Whilst these adjustments were in response to an increase in the government's liabilities under the Levy Control Framework – from a budgeted £7.6 billion in 2020-2021 to a projected £9.1 billion - the government's changes came as a surprise to the market. When considered alongside the removal of the government's grandfathering policy for biomass conversion and co-firing stations and the ability to obtain pre-accreditation under the Feed in Tariff scheme, this raises the question of whether the result will inhibit the nascent renewables sector. What is clear is that while Article 9 of the Paris Agreement notes that "developed country Parties should continue to take the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a wide variety of sources, instruments and channels, noting the significant role of public funds", in the UK the government has decided that the renewables sector is well placed to survive market forces with minimal government financial assistance.
Energy Security and Nuclear Power
In a speech given on the 18 November 2015, Amber Rudd stated "Energy security has to be the number one priority." Energy security, which means security of supply, is a recurring theme in recent government statements and helps to explain the contrast between the government's state aid for the nuclear sector and the reduction in support for the renewables sector. Notably when Rudd made significant changes to the financial support available for renewables she warned that "we also want intermittent generators to be responsible for the pressures they add to the system when the wind does not blow or the sun does not shine".
Rudd also stated that, "The challenge, as with other low carbon technologies, is to deliver nuclear power which is low cost as well. Green energy must be cheap energy[emphasis added]." With a contingent liability of £2 billion, in the form of a government-backed guarantee, and a guaranteed strike price of £92.50 MW/h, Hinkley Point C benefits from significant financial support from the government and can hardly be described as "low cost". However, it is clear that the Conservative government considers nuclear technology as a "low carbon technology" alongside the more traditional renewable energy sources in sharp contrast to the approach taken by the previous coalition government. Indeed, Rudd has said that the new generation of nuclear power stations "could provide up to 30% of the low carbon electricity which we're likely to need through the 2030s and create 30,000 new jobs. This will provide low carbon electricity at the scale we need."
The government will also open a consultation early in 2016 on closing all existing coal powered generating stations by 2025, which will have an impact on capacity and so it is not surprising that the government is looking to build a new wave of nuclear power stations to fill the capacity gap. The long term impact upon renewable energy remains to be determined.
The Third CFD "Auction"
After much rumour, the government has announced that there will be a further three CFD auctions, the first of which will take place by the end of 2016. Under the scheme, renewable energy projects bid for "Contracts for Difference" in an auction round to secure a guaranteed minimum price at which they can sell electricity. However, Rudd has announced that support "will be strictly conditional on cost reductions", the government "will not support offshore wind at any cost" and that there are no more "blank cheques" for renewable energy. The last CFD auction awarded contracts worth £315 million. The amount available for allocation in the 2016 auction is not yet known.
Whilst this decision may seem surprising in the light of the government's reluctance to provide financial incentives for renewable energy, it provides a key insight into the government's energy strategy and it is clear that the government is not leaving the renewables sector entirely unsupported. As Rudd made clear in her November speech, she is expecting "a large increase in renewables over the next five years and in the longer-term, new nuclear." Alongside the potential for the removal of all coal-powered generating stations by 2025, the government appears to be hopeful that it can abide by the terms of the Paris Agreement by offering reduced government financial support to the renewables industry in the form of CFDs in the short to medium term and by a large increase in the deployment of nuclear power over the longer term.
The Paris Agreement and the Future of UK Renewable Energy
The Paris Agreement is the first international treaty which explicitly binds all countries to a tangible target to deal with Climate Change. Its existence is a manifestation of the increasing international consensus that something must be done to halt global warming on a multilateral basis, even if this imposes pressures on individual countries. However the Agreement reflects an awareness that nation states will not accept unduly high costs. Article 13 specifically states that "the transparency framework shall…be implemented in a facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive manner, respectful of national sovereignty, and avoid placing undue burden on Parties." In keeping with this statement the UK, which contributes only 1.2% of global emissions, is concerned to ensure it does not bear too high a burden.
The renewables industry in the UK is still coming to terms with the dramatic shift in the government's renewables policy and reduction in financial support. The three planned CFD auctions currently constitute the government's main financial support for the renewables sector under Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. Under the Paris Agreement, it is the responsibility of national governments to, at the very least, encourage the spread of renewable technology in order to combat climate change and encourage sustainable growth. It appears that the government will seek to meet this obligation by relying on a new generation of nuclear power stations coming on line and the ability of the UK renewables sector to withstand the full brunt of market forces without government subsidy. Whether the nuclear power stations will come on line in time and whether the renewables sector can operate without government subsidy is a big gamble and will determine whether the UK meets its existing target under the Climate Change Act, its obligations under the Paris Agreement and delivers security of supply. | <urn:uuid:2f437df7-6a58-43a9-94b5-a9c546c48f9c> | {
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The American Council on Science and Health recently published an article looking at on-site fatality and suicide rates within different industries. The Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that some of the most dangerous jobs in the United States are those in the construction and extraction industries, occurring at a rate of 12.1 per 100,000 people.
This data referred only to on-site work accidents that resulted in the death of an employee. This data did not cover on-site injuries that were not fatal. It also did not cover any statistics within the military, with voluntary workers or anyone working under the age of sixteen.
The CDC released data regarding suicide rates among the different industries. Th
e two statistics were gathered independently yet the results were strikingly similar. Those working in the farming, fishing and forestry industries also had the highest rate of suicide deaths among the different industries studied, with nearly 85 deaths per 100,000 employees. Next came the construction and extraction industries, followed by the installation, maintenance and repair industries. While there are often many factors that might bring a person to death by suicide, there is nevertheless a correspondence between these two groups of data.
It is important that all employers, especially those working in more dangerous industries, do everything they can to ensure that they have a safe work environment.
Preventing On-Site Fatalities
- Hold regular meetings emphasizing the importance of safety in the workplace. Ensure that all employees adhere to the safety measures in place.
- Train. All employees must be properly trained to use all of the equipment correctly. Misuse of equipment can lead to a serious on-site accident or fatality.
- Make sure that all equipment and gear is functioning correctly. Broken equipment greatly increases the risk of an on-site accident or fatality.
- The more fatigued an employee is, the greater the risk of an on-site accident. Make sure that all employees take regular breaks and are not working if they are exhausted.
- Educate. Train employees to recognize signs of depression and suicide. Provide resources for any who might be suicidal to get the help they need.
- When a friend or coworker is talking, listen to them. You don't need to have the answers. Just be there. Be sympathetic. Show that you support them. Isolation and depression can sometimes lead a person to thoughts of suicide.
- Always take threats of self-harm or suicide seriously. Even if they say they're "just kidding" or they "don't mean it," assume that they are not kidding. Take them at their word and encourage them to get help.
- Get help. If you are worried that a friend, family member or coworker might be suicidal, don't handle it alone. Seek additional help from a mutual friend, a doctor, or someone in that person's life whom they trust. You can also call 1-800-SUICIDE or 1-800-272-TALK. Other resources include the Lifeline Crisis Chat Line and the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. | <urn:uuid:2b87eb20-1be6-4d09-babc-a3c5e84a1c54> | {
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When you read about plug-in electric cars, you notice – sooner or later – that they are all, without exception, powered by lithium-ion battery packs. But the fight for higher energy density, smaller battery weight, greater range and faster charging speed, while simoultaneously trying to reduce the costs of batteries, can't go on forever. Sooner or later, limits of what lithium-ion technology can do, will be reached. And what will happen then?
In fact, at the eCarTec conference that was held in Munich, Germany in October, things will need to change after 2020. Li-ion batteries are slowly bidding their farewells, while battery makers are thinking of new (even better and more advanced) technologies to take their place.
Lithium-ion packs will reportedly continue to decline in prices – by 5% to 6% in the next ten years. According to Dr. Holger Fink, senior vice president of Engineering at Robert Bosch Battery Systems GmbH, »once manufacturing and raw material costs have been optimized, other technologies such as lithium-air, lithium sulfur, and solid-state batteries will begin to take over as the technologies that will offer increased performance in PEVs,« adding that the solid state battery technology is the one that is most likely to become the alternative choice in the short run. Solid-state batteries, as the name suggests, replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid material. In the long run, another alternative will be the Lithium-sulfur technology, but it's not likely that it will become commercially interesting until 2030, Fink added. It is safe to say, the transition from one technology to another will be gradual and slow.
Sticking to our current decade time-frame, improvements in energy density will see electric cars to drive for up to 200 miles on one battery charge by 2020. Masato Origuchi, chief battery engineer for EV/HEV at Renault, who also spoke at the eCarTech, said it is possible, with hefty improvements, to extend the range of a BEV to at least 372 miles. Models, expected to join the "200-mile club", are the new Leaf electric car, Chevrolet Bolt EV and Tesla Model 3, which will be available in the next few years. | <urn:uuid:ccc95fd8-23d1-43ea-80ae-b26a8834a505> | {
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Zika has claimed its first American life — a Puerto Rico resident who developed a severe loss of platelets, the cells that control bleeding by helping blood to clot.
Puerto Rico has been hit harder than anywhere else in the U.S.
According to a report published online Thursday, the Puerto Rico health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tested 6,157 blood samples for Zika between Nov. 1 and April 14. Blood tests found that 683 had current or past Zika infections, including 65 pregnant women. Pregnant women are considered to be at highest risk from the virus, which can cause catastrophic birth defects in their infants.
Zika infections are usually mild and deaths are rare, according to the CDC. About 20% of patients develop symptoms, such as a fever, itchy rash, pink eye and joint pain. The rest of patients have no symptoms at all.
Among patients who had symptoms in the CDC report, 74% had a rash, 68% had muscle aches, 63% had headaches, 63% ahd fever and 63% ahd joint pain. Seventeen patients were hospitalized, including five with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome, a form of paralysis that occurs when the immune system attacks the body’s nerve cells.
One Zika patient in the continental U.S. has developed Guillain-Barre, along with five in U.S. territories, according to the CDC.
Guillain-Barre deaths tend to be more common in places without access to intensive care units, which can keep patients alive until they recover.
Other Zika patients have developed inflammation of the membranes around the brain.
Colombia and Brazil have both reported deaths from Zika. Colombia has released details on five deaths.
One of the fatalities was a girl with had sickle cell disease. Others deaths occurred in a 2-year-old girl, a 30-year-old woman, a 61-year-old man and a 72-year-old woman. The two older patients had underlying medical conditions. The two younger patients had acute leukemia, which was detected only after death. All of the patients had fever. Three were dehydrated and three had very low platelet levels.
“As the number of infected grows, complications such as death that are rare become measurable,” said Amesh Adalja, a senior associate the Center for Health Security at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “We can expect to see more (deaths) until the spread of this virus is halted.”
Deaths are more common in other viral diseases, such as dengue and chikunguyna, which are transmitted by the same mosquito species that transmits Zika, the Aedes aegypti, Adalja said.
There are four types of dengue virus. Patients often survive a first infection with dengue with few serious problems. Patients may suffer serious complications, however, if they develop a second dengue infection.
Some scientists have speculated that some of Zika might also be more dangerous in people who have had dengue. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, said he hopes researchers find out whether the man who died had suffered from dengue.
Although 426 travelers have been diagnosed with Zika in the continental U.S., the virus is not yet spreading among mosquitoes here, and there have not been any homegrown cases, according to the CDC.
The Obama administration this week announced that it will provide $5 million to Puerto Rican health clinics. | <urn:uuid:bd4fe22d-5ae8-43c9-ad21-19db88d38ed7> | {
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Introductiontreaty, in international law, formal agreement between sovereign states or organizations of states. The term treaty is ordinarily confined to important formal agreements, while less formal international accords are called conventions, acts, declarations, or protocols.
A treaty ordinarily deals with the rights and duties of nations, but treaties may also grant specific rights to private individuals. Although treaties deal with a great variety of subjects, they are commonly classified under a few heads. Political treaties deal with (among other things) alliances, war, cessions of territory, and rectification of boundaries. Commercial treaties may govern fisheries, navigation, tariffs, and monetary exchange. Legal treaties concern extradition of criminals, patent and copyright protection, and the like.
Treaties are designed to regularize the intercourse of nations, and, as such, they are the source of most international law. In some countries treaties are a part of the law of the land and are binding upon all persons. In the United States the Supreme Court has held that a treaty automatically abrogates any state or federal statute in conflict with it.
Treaties have existed ever since states came into existence. Records survive of Mesopotamian treaties dating before 3000 B.C., and in the Old Testament many treaties are mentioned. The Greeks and the Romans had elaborate ceremonials to emphasize the sanctity of treaties, and many current treaty practices have classical antecedents.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: International Law | <urn:uuid:c43bbf67-6b9c-41e4-ae9e-e72ada5f9b08> | {
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In late 2005, thousands of South Korean tourists traveled to North Korea to watch games and performances marking the 60th anniversary of North Korea’s ruling Workers’ Party.
The celebrations “were blatantly designed to tug at the heartstrings of South Koreans.”
One South Korean woman, Hwang Seon, went into labor while watching “child gymnasts tumbling in unison across the field of Kim Il Sung Stadium in a performance heralding the miracle of the North Korean economy.”
She was rushed to Pyongyang’s maternity hospital, where she delivered a baby girl on October 10. The baby was the first ever to be born in North Korea as a South Korean citizen.
Her birth was “hailed as a mystical sign that the half-century long division of the Korean peninsula is coming to an end.”
North Korea suggested the baby name Tongil, meaning “reunification.” But the parents thought that sounded like a boy name. Instead, they selected Kyoreh, meaning “one people.”
Source: Demick, Barbara. “‘Unification Baby’ Seen as Omen by N. Koreans.” Los Angeles Times 20 Nov. 2005. | <urn:uuid:7a3b92e7-8fff-4778-9c25-1294b622ab8f> | {
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The movement was launched in the tertulias of Madrid's Café Colonial, presided by Rafael Cansinos-Assens. The Ultraist core was formed, among others, by Guillermo de Torre, Juan Larrea, Gerardo Diego and the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges, who lived in Madrid at the time.
In the trend of Russian and Italian futurism, Dadaism and French surrealism, the Ultraist movement, which ended in 1922 with the cessation of the journal Ultra, proposed an aesthetic change, less ambitious than that of surrealism, trying to extend to all arts and to daily life itself. The Ultraists departed completely from the mannerisms and opulence of Modernism. Ultraist poetry is characterized by evocative imagery, references to the modern world and new technologies, elimination of rhyme, and creative graphic treatment of the layout of poetry in print, in an attempt to fuse the plastic arts and poetry. Ultraism was influenced in part by Symbolism and by the Parnassians.
In an article published by Nosotros magazine (Buenos Aires, 1922), Borges summarized Ultraist goals thus:
The expression "ornamental artifacts" was clearly a reference to Rubén Darío's modernism, which the Ultraists considered over-ornamented and lacking in substance. The Ultraist movement agreed with other avant-garde movements in its elimination of sentimentalism.
Ultraism was akin to the creacionismo of the Chilean poet Vicente Huidobro, who met with the Ultraists in their tertulias. Huidobro proposed that a poem should always be a new object, distinct from the rest, which must be created "like nature creates a tree" — a position that implied freedom of the poem from reality, including the inner reality of the author. | <urn:uuid:fd43499a-feb1-43c6-a58c-5e270b902f77> | {
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Friday, May 21, 2010
Discovered on Easter Sunday, 1722 by Dutch explorer Jakob Roggeveen, this collection of 25 meter-high stone sculptures still puzzles historians and archaeologists as to its origins. It is believed that a society of Polynesian origin settled here in the 4th century and established a unique tradition of monumental sculpture. Between the 10th and 16th centuries, they erected the enormous stone figures, known as the Moai, which have long fascinated the entire world and endowed this island with a mythical atmosphere.
Thursday, May 20, 2010
The Pyramids of Giza, the oldest and only Ancient Wonder still standing, are testimony to perfection in art and design, never subsequently achieved. They were built by planners and engineers purely to serve their earthy rulers - who were also their gods. Philosophy did not exist at this time, and creation was not subject to any questioning. The pyramids are the purest of constructions, built for eternity. | <urn:uuid:8b9ea13d-da8c-438e-9b82-96b564475e68> | {
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Angel Island and Chinese Immigration 11.2.2 Describe the changing landscape, including the growth of cities linked by industry and trade, and the development of cities divided according to race, ethnicity, and class.
HOT ROC- 9/23/081. What does this quote tell you about Chinese immigration? • “When we first came, we went to the administration building for the physical examination. The doctor told us to take off everything. Really though, it was humiliating. The Chinese never expose themselves like that. They checked you and checked you. We never got used to that kind of thing—and in front of whites.” -- Mr. Lee, quote in Him Mark Lai et al, Island: Poetry and History of Chinese Immigrants on Angel Island, 1980
New vocab words: • Race: A socially defined population based on visible, genetically transmitted physical characteristics • Ethnicity: A person’s ethnic identity, which may be shaped by such criteria as language, religion, and history
19th Century views on race: • Belief that the white races had to civilize the “colored races” of the world
Compare and Contrast:European Immigration Asian Immigration Work with partner Pages: 195-197 (review yesterday’s notes)
Angel Island (San Francisco Bay): • Chinese immigrants • Came for mining and railroad jobs
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • Prohibits Chinese laborers from immigrating • Chinese could not become citizens • First time immigration restricted based on race
What do you see? • What is the message of this poster?
Exit Card • Your Name • 2 things you learned today • 1 thing you still have a question about
Mexican Immigration • Jobs in California, Arizona, and New Mexico
Assimilation? • Assimilation: The absorption of people into the dominant culture; also called Americanization • What were Americanization programs? • In the early 1900's, "Americanization" referred to the movement where immigrants were developed into Americans.
Use textbook to answer questions (pages 195-198): • 1. Why did the Chinese first come to the U.S. (push/pull factors)? Where did they go? • 2. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why was it passed? • 3. What was Angel Island? When was it built? • 4. How was it similar or different from Ellis Island? • 5. What other Asian groups immigrated to the U.S.? • 6. Why did Mexicans immigrate to the U.S. (push/pull factors)? • 7. What types of racism did they face? | <urn:uuid:3fa3e82b-e58b-4c29-9ebe-251000ee5111> | {
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Understanding World Religions, by Hexham, Irving
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780310259442 | 0310259444
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 3/29/2011
Globalization and high-speed communication put twenty-first century people in contact with adherents to a wide variety of world religions, but usually, valuable knowledge of these other traditions is limited at best. On the one hand, religious stereotypes abound, hampering a serious exploration of unfamiliar philosophies and practices. On the other hand, the popular idea that all religions lead to the same God or the same moral life fails to account for the distinctive origins and radically different teachings found across the world's many religions. Understanding World Religions presents religion as a complex and intriguing matrix of history, philosophy, culture, beliefs, and practices. Hexham believes that a certain degree of objectivity and critique is inherent in the study of religion, and he guides readers in responsible ways of carrying this out.Of particular importance is Hexham's decision to explore African religions, which have frequently been absent from major religion texts. He surveys these in addition to varieties of Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. | <urn:uuid:1eee779f-363a-452c-b789-864ea71c5dfd> | {
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Today I learned about a dynamic, thriving professional organization for technology leaders.
CoSN is the Consortium for School Networking. CoSN empowers educational leaders to leverage technology to create engaging learning environments and provides the tools essential for their success. For over two decades, CoSN has served technology leaders and provided them with the management, community building, and advocacy tools they need to succeed. Today, CoSN represents over 10 million students in school districts nationwide and continues to grow as a powerful and influential voice in K-12 education.
CoSN’s mission is to empower educational leaders to leverage technology to create and grow engaging learning environments. This timeline shows some of the ways we’ve worked to advance 21st century learning.
CoSN’s Core Beliefs are:
1. The primary challenge we face in using technology effectively is human.
2. Technology is a critical tool to personalize learning.
3. Equitable and ubiquitous access to technology is a necessity.
4. The effective use of technology for transformation of learning cannot occur without strong leadership and vision.
5. Technological fluency allows children to be prepared for the world of today and tomorrow.
6. Technology enables innovation in our educational systems, which results in greater efficiencies and productivity.
7. Global connections are vital to transforming the education process and improving learning
Major Areas of Focus are:
CoSN provides district technology leaders with the tools and resources they need to help school systems create a data rich culture. This initiative helps leaders implement and sustain data usage while providing a national forum on how data can be used to individualize the learning process.
CoSN also focuses on the implications of digital media for the creation of a student-centered, technology-enabled learning environment. We help school district leaders create a participatory learning environment through resources, best practices, and lessons learned in policy implementation to enable a digital transformation in learning.
CoSN works to increase the capacity of district leadership to leverage mobile learning. This effort helps educational leaders overcome the barriers and develop, plan, implement, and manage policies to effectively enable mobile learning. We explore and develop resources that support school leaders at this critical juncture of exponential growth in mobile learning.
– See more at: http://www.cosn.org/focus-areas/instructional-focus#sthash.rGmKgQnR.dpuf
Please click this link to learn more about CoSN
Please Note: I am not a member of CoSN. I am writing this because their focus is innovative and timely. | <urn:uuid:eaceebae-887b-4318-946d-e43d9f57fb45> | {
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If you’ve been paying attention to the state of the world’s climate, you may have been shocked to read that 2013 was the best year in human history.
In 2013, enough fossil fuels were burned so that carbon pollution levels hit the milestone of 400 parts per million. Scientists confirmed, again, that this is bad news for most of the residents of Planet Earth, with many plants and animals facing extinction. This carbon pollution trapped enough heat to help fuel heat waves, droughts, wildfires, and floods. The oceans grew in size as sea levels reached record highs this year — meaning any storm making landfall became even more deadly.
Some may say these are byproducts of progress, forging ahead with continued investment in the dirty fuels that release these long-trapped compounds into the atmosphere. But it’s not just indirect greenhouse effects — major population centers had to shut down for days at a time when choking smog reached levels that went well beyond the hazardous. The fossil fuels that once promised so much progress have turned on us.
Here are nine major reasons climate change — and the carbon pollution that drives it — helped make 2013 one of the worst years in human history.
1. Global CO2 levels hit 400 ppm for the first time in recorded history.
For the first time in recorded history, thanks to rampant burning of fossil fuels, CO2 levels in the atmosphere hit 400 parts per million in May 2013. It’s a symbolic number — there is nothing fundamentally different about 399 ppm than 400 ppm other than that extra millionth of atmosphere. But just as we celebrate a new year, rue a birthday, or quail when gasoline hits $4 a gallon, the reader on an instrument in Hawai’i began with a 4 instead of a 3 for the first time ever. This instrument has helped record the data that forms the Keeling Curve, named after its originator.
“I wish it weren’t true but it looks like the world is going to blow through the 400 ppm level without losing a beat,” said Ralph Keeling, a geologist with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography which operates Hawaii’s Mauna Loa observatory. “At this pace we’ll hit 450 ppm within a few decades.” Keeling’s father, Charles David Keeling, started taking regular measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa in 1958. Back then, the lowest the CO2 readings ever got was 313 parts per million. The last time they were that low was in 1960. Though CO2 levels vary over the course of a year as plants grow and die with the seasons, the trajectory has been a steady increase through the industrial era. This is driven by fossil fuel use, and leads to catastrophic climate change.
2. It’s getting hotter, faster.
In September, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its fifth assessment report describing in detail what the world’s top scientists understand about climate change. Its conclusions? Scientists are more certain than ever (between 95 and 100 percent) that humans are causing the planet to heat up through greenhouse gas emissions. 1983-2012 was the warmest 30 years of the last 1400 years. The impacts of this planetary change are speeding up. This means that the globe, as a whole, is headed for 7°F worth of warming by 2100 if emissions continue unabated. Americans face a 9°F increase by then. Sea level rise is speeding up, dry areas are getting drier and we areas are getting wetter as the warmer atmosphere holds more moisture in it. The top ten feet of permafrost in the high northern latitudes is steadily melting, which is a problem because it holds twice as much carbon as the atmosphere does right now. The oceans are taking up greater and greater amounts of carbon dioxide, which portends acidified doom for many shelled aquatic creatures and anything that relies on them. The clarity of the report did not stop some outlets from ignoring, or getting it totally wrong. Some talked about a “slowdown” in warming that didn’t happen.
3. A huge number of animals and plants face extinction.
2013 offered sobering reminders that people aren’t the only ones impacted by climate change. The fourth IPCC assessment report projects that 40 to 70 percent of species could go extinct if earth warms by 3.5 °C, and a study this year found that many species could have to evolve 10,000 times faster to keep up with the expected climate change. Heavy rain in the Canadian Arctic is killing peregrine falcon chicks covered in down, and could contribute to a long-term decline in reproductive success in the population. As winters become warmer and shorter and the weather gets drier, pine beetles have wreaked havoc on forests across North America, from New Jersey to British Columbia. This year also saw more proof that migratory species in particular are threatened by climate change: a report from the National Wildlife Federation outlined the dangers migratory birds face from earlier and “false” springs, and another study found that one of the world’s great migrations — the long trek of millions of Christmas Island Crabs, requires meticulous timing that could be thrown off by changing weather patterns in the future.
With the oceans more acidic now than they’ve been at any time in the last 300 million years, scientists from the International Programme on the State of the Ocean warned this year that the “next mass extinction may have already begun.” Multiple species of marine plankton, which make up the base of the ocean ecosystem, are at some of their lowest levels ever seen as the ocean warms, a decline that’s poised to throw the entire marine food web off balance. The acidification muddles some fish’s brains and makes it hard for shellfish to grow their shells. And rising water temperatures and ocean acidification are causing jellyfish populations to explode in oceans around the world — one Oregon fisherman says his boat has caught 4,000 – 5,000 pounds of jellyfish.
On top of that, Brazil announced this year that the rate of deforestation in the Amazon increased by 28 percent between August 2012 and July 2013; the oceans are still on the brink of collapse due to overfishing; and spills of various kinds killed thousands of fish and animals this year.
4. The world suffered deadly heat, drought, and wildfires.
Much of the U.S. may be in a cold snap now, but 2013 was marked by extremes in temperature and precipitation, conditions that fueled deadly wildfires around the world. November 2013 was the hottest November on record. This summer in China, the worst heatwave in 140 years brought temperatures that reached above 105°F. Australia experienced its hottest month on record in January, hottest September on record and multiple major wildfires after an early start to wildfire season. Wildfires have taken a major toll in the U.S. this year too — this year’s fire season didn’t break records in terms of number of fires or acres burned, but due to the tragic Yarnell fire that killed 19 Arizona firefighters, it was the deadliest for firefighters in 80 years. In June, Colorado experienced its most destructive wildfire in state history (which made the state’s “Biblical” flooding a few months later that much worse) and California was hit by its third-largest in state history, a fire that burned through 402 square miles. By August, thanks to budget cuts, the U.S. Forest Service was forced to divert $600 million from other areas to continue fighting fires.
For the past 13 years, much of the western U.S. has seen so little rain that scientists think the dry spell could be a “megadrought,” a trend that could continue for the next several years. The drought has wreaked havoc in many states — it helped exacerbate deadly wildfires in Colorado, Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Oregon. The drought forced New Mexico ranchers to sell much of their cattle, driving livestock levels in many regions of the state to about one-fifth of normal levels. “It’s all changed,” John Clayshulte, a third-generation New Mexico rancher told the LA Times. “This used to be shortgrass prairies. We’ve ruined it and it’s never going to come back.” Though they were bad in 2013, these extreme events are likely to only become worse in the coming years.
5. Choking pollution shut down population centers.
When it comes to air pollution, China’s had a bad year. The world’s most populous nation imported more coal in 2013 than any country in history, and even though demand slowed in 2013, that still meant more than the 7.7 billion tonnes consumed in 2012. What happens when a country like China burns that much coal? In January, Beijing experienced its worst air pollution on record. Bloomberg compared the particulate matter in Beijing on that January day to an airport smoking lounge, and found that China’s air had nearly 30 micrograms per cubic meter more particulates than a smoking lounge. Since then, conditions haven’t improved in China. In October, air pollution nearly shut down the entire city of Harbin, forcing schools, roads and the airport to close. In some parts of Harbin, fine particulate matter reached levels of 1,000 micrograms per cubic meter — readings 40 times the level of 25 or less micrograms per cubic meter that the World Health Organization considers ideal for human health and more than three times the level of 300 that’s considered hazardous. And in December, extreme air pollution forced children and the elderly in Shanghai inside for at least seven days. These extreme cases of air pollution have made the Chinese government take note, however — it unveiled a plan to fight the pollution in September and doubled its renewable energy capacity this year.
6. Countries suffer disasters, but still commit to doing even less about emissions.
This year, Australia experienced its hottest month on record in January, hottest September on record and multiple major wildfires after an early start to wildfire season. But in September, Australians elected Liberal party leader Tony Abbott as their new prime minister, a man who, once in office, quickly got to work making good on his anti-climate change campaign promises. Abbott axed Australia’s Climate Commission, the group responsible for studying and providing information to Australians on how climate change is affecting the country, just a few weeks after he was elected. Abbott has vowed to eliminate the country’s carbon tax and also wants to cut the country’s Clean Energy Finance Corporation and Climate Change Authority, a group that provides advice to the government on carbon emissions reductions targets. Japan arrived at the 19th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Poland with bad news. Instead of committing to stronger emissions targets, or even just standing pat and announcing it would stay true to its current commitments, it told the world that it would cut its 2020 target from 25 percent to just 3.8 percent below 2005 levels. Japan has been hit with deadly typhoons that become more deadly as the sea level rises, and in August Tokyo recorded its warmest daily low temperature in modern history. And the best that the international negotiations to cut global emissions could muster was “modest progress,” with a hope for a big breakthrough in 2015.
7. Sea levels broke records, amplifying the effects of storms and floods.
In March of this year, global sea levels hit a record high, according to a report by the World Meteorological Association. One thing that many people don’t realize is that the primary reason sea levels have risen recently is because the ocean is warmer, and warmer water takes up more space than cooler water. So sea levels will rise no matter how much land ice melts (though there was plenty of that too). The IPCC report found that 90 percent of the trapped heat from 1971 to 2010 has gone into the oceans. Since 1901, the seas have risen 19 centimeters, or 7.5 inches, and they have been rising more and more quickly. Recently that rate has been 3.2 millimeters per year. Because of currents and local geographic actors, the rate of increase is different around the world, and the coastlines of the Philippines have suffered over three times the sea level rise as the global average. So when Super Typhoon Haiyan slammed into the island nation, flooding and storm surges were much worse than they otherwise would have been. At current rates, levels may hit 30 inches higher than they are now by the end of the century. This makes every storm riskier, from the the Gulf to the Mid-Atlantic, as the world saw last year when Super Storm Sandy hit. Rising seas also pose a danger to animals, with one out of six threatened or endangered species in the U.S. are at risk from rising seas.
8. Much of the world is doubling down on fossil fuels.
To stay on just the 2°C (3.6°F) warming path, the world will have to do even better than the 17 percent cut below 2005 levels that the U.S. and other developed countries have aimed toward in international negotiations. A study earlier this year found that developed countries will have to lower emissions by 50 percent below 1990 levels at the end of the decade to stay below a 2°C rise. But global oil demand was higher than projected this year. The U.S. is stepping to the plate. Big Oil’s drive to make the U.S. the world’s top oil producer made some big strides in 2013. America now exports more oil than it imports, for the first time since 1995. What does this fossil fuel bonanza mean for regular people? Exploding oil trains. More exploding oil trains. Oil pipeline spills. More oil pipeline spills. Oil pipeline explosions. Oil barge spills. Leaky oil refineries. Earthquakes linked to fracking. Globally, the end result of all of this oil production is ever-rising global carbon dioxide emissions, which hit 36 billion tons in 2013.
9. We are woefully undercounting methane emissions.
Many people point to natural gas as the solution to rising carbon emissions because compared to oil and coal emissions, it releases less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The main ingredient of natural gas is methane, an extremely potent greenhouse gas. When burned, methane still releases CO2, just less than other fossil fuels do. The first bit of bad news is that this year, the IPCC reported that methane is a much stronger greenhouse gas than originally thought. This means that compared to a molecule of carbon dioxide, a molecule of methane is about 34 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere over a 100-year time scale — and 86 times more effective over 20 years. The second bit of bad news is that not all the methane gets burned, and much more of it leaks out of the natural gas production process than originally thought. The EPA, and others in the natural gas industry, pegged total leakage from natural gas production at around 1.5 percent. But several new studies this year suggest that leakage rates are actually more like 3 percent, or 6-12 percent, 9 percent, or even 17 percent. If that is true, it becomes harder to argue that natural gas is so much better for the climate than coal is. Again, coal emits more carbon dioxide (and other dangerous pollutants) than gas does, but if enough methane leaks before the gas can even be burned, that advantage dissipates. A 3.2 percent leakage rate is the threshold beyond which, at a certain point, gas is no better than coal for the climate. If these studies are true, then that appears to be the case, and natural gas is not the happy bridge to renewable fuels that many hoped it would be.
This article was originally published on Climate Progress. Reproduced with permission
RenewEconomy Free Daily Newsletter | <urn:uuid:bcf26937-992e-4b95-af76-bca107cb461a> | {
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A new analysis that refutes challenges to the existence of dark matter in certain galaxies appears in an article published this week in the journal Nature. Leading author of the article is Avishai Dekel, professor of physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Accepted cosmological theory postulates that every observable galaxy in the universe (each made up of billions of stars similar to our sun) is embedded in a massive “halo" of dark matter. Though unseen, dark matter can be clearly detected indirectly by observing its tremendous gravitational effects on visible objects.
This common understanding faced a severe challenge when a team of astronomers, writing in Science in 2003, reported a surprising absence of dark matter in one type of galaxy – “elliptical" (rounded) galaxies. Their theory was based on observations that stars located at great distances from the center in such galaxies move at very slow speeds, as opposed to the great speed one would have expected from the heavy gravitational pull exerted by dark matter.
The new analysis in Nature provides a simple explanation for these observations. “In fact,” says Dekel, “our analysis fits comfortably with the standard picture in which elliptical galaxies also reside in massive dark matter halos.
"A dearth of dark matter in elliptical galaxies is especially puzzling in the context of the common theory of galaxy formation, which assumes that ellipticals originate from mergers of disk galaxies," added Dekel. "Massive dark-matter halos are clearly detected in disk galaxies, so where did they disappear to during the mergers?" asks Dekel.
The Nature article is based on simulations of galaxy mergers run on a supercomputer by graduate student Thomas J. Cox, supervised by Joel Primack, a professor of physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The simulations were analyzed by Dekel and collaborators Felix Stoehr and Gary Mamon at the Institute of Astrophysics in Paris, where Dekel is the incumbent of the Blaise Pascal International Chair of Research at the Ecole Normale Superieure.
The simulations show that the observations reported in Science are a predictable consequence of the violent collision and merger of the spiral galaxies that lead to the formation of the elliptical galaxies.
Illustration of computer simulation showing two spiral galaxies combining to form an elliptical galaxy at right.
Evidence for dark matter halos around spiral galaxies comes from studying the circular motions of stars in these galaxies. Because most of the visible mass in a galaxy is concentrated in the central region, stars at great distances from the center would be expected to move more slowly than stars closer in. Instead, observations of spiral galaxies show that the rotational speed of stars in the outskirts of the disk remains constant as far out as astronomers can measure it.
The reason for this, according to the dark matter theory, is the presence of an enormous halo of unseen dark matter in and around the galaxy, which exerts its gravitational influence on the stars. Additional support for dark matter halos has come from a variety of other observations.
In elliptical galaxies, however, it has been difficult to study the motions of stars at great distances from the center. The scientists writing in Science found a decrease in the velocities with increasing distance from the center of the galaxy, which is inconsistent with simple models of the gravitational effects of dark matter halos.
Part of the explanation for that phenomenon, put forth in the new Nature paper, lies in the fact that the velocities in the earlier study were measured along the line of sight. "You cannot measure the absolute speeds of the stars, but you can measure their relative speeds along the line of sight, because if a star is moving toward us its light is shifted to shorter wave lengths, and if it is moving away from us its light is shifted to longer wave lengths," Primack explained.
This limitation would not be a problem if the orbits of the observed stars were randomly oriented with respect to the line of sight, According to Cox's simulations, however, the stars in elliptical galaxies that are farthest from the center are likely to be moving in elongated, eccentric orbits such that most of their motion is perpendicular to the line of sight. Therefore, they could be moving at high velocities without exhibiting much motion toward or away from the observers.
Why this is so is traceable to the processes whereby disk galaxies merge to form elliptical galaxies. "In the merger process that produces these galaxies, a lot of the stars get flung out to fairly large distances, and they end up in highly elongated orbits that take them far away and then back in close to the center," explained Dekel.
"If we see a star at a large distance from the center of the galaxy, that star is going to be mostly moving either away from the center or back toward the center. Almost certainly, most of its motion is perpendicular to our line of sight," Dekel said. Under such circumstances, the star would appear to be moving quite slowly, when in fact this is not the case, based upon the models of simulated galaxy mergers studied by the Hebrew University-UCSC-Paris team.
"Our conclusion is that what the cosmologists described in 2003 is exactly what the dark matter model would predict," he said, “Our findings remove a problem which bothered them and make it possible to better understand the processes involved in creation of new galaxies in the universe.”
Source: Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Explore further: Study of equatorial ridge on Iapetus suggests exogenic origin | <urn:uuid:e27e807e-2561-43f3-8044-5b351224b8eb> | {
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Your body’s red blood cells have an important job. These microscopic blood parts carry oxygen around your body and keep you feeling healthy. During your pregnancy, these cells have to take on even more work, taking oxygen not just to the different parts of your body, but also to your growing baby. Anemia occurs when your body does not have enough red blood cells to distribute an adequate amount of oxygen, reports the Utah Department of Health. This red blood cell deficiency is commonly due to a lack of iron in your diet. If you have anemia, you can expect to experience a host of undesirable symptoms.
Because anemic women do not receive as much oxygen to their muscles, they commonly find themselves tiring more quickly when performing muscle-requiring tasks, such as lifting and climbing stairs.
Fatigue is a common symptom of pregnancy in general; however, if you notice a significant drop off in your energy during your pregnancy, it could be a sign that something besides your stamina-sucking bundle of joy is to blame. Mention any increase in fatigue to your doctor, as it could be a sign of anemia or a host of other issues.
When your brain wants for oxygen, it cannot function as effectively. A lack of oxygen reaching the brain often results in dizziness. If you feel dizzy, take a seat and relax, suggests the March of Dimes. Take deep breaths and allow your brain to become reoxygenated. If your dizziness does not pass, don’t hesitate to call your doctor.
Many women feel a little extra crabby during their entire nine months of pregnancy, making it difficult to notice an increase in irritability. While irritability is caused by the hormones your body produces during a standard pregnancy, excessive and irrational irritability could be a sign that you are or are becoming anemic.
Your body naturally responds to the presence of less oxygen in the blood by moving blood more quickly through your body. As your body struggles to meet the oxygen needs, your heart rate commonly increases, resulting in a noticeably elevated heart rate.
With less oxygen in your blood, your heart has to work even harder to get your muscles–and your baby’s muscles–the life-preserving oxygen necessary for survival. All this effort can put a strain on your heart, potentially causing tachycardia, or irregular heart rate, and leading to minor chest pain, reports Merck. If you feel any appreciable chest pain during your pregnancy, minor or otherwise, contact your doctor immediately.
- pregnant #3 image by Adam Borkowski from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:c0d54ccf-b1bc-4364-8d91-77a6cd79244d> | {
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A study by University of Colorado researchers finds that people who are at high risk for diabetes, such as those who are obese, can significantly reduce the chance they'll develop the disease if they are aggressive about weight loss, including exercising five days a week and consuming less fat. The results, published in The Lancet medical journal, are considered highly important in helping doctors and patients develop the right strategies to fight the disease. CU researchers find the impact of weight loss and exercise, which can cut risk of diabetes by 34 percent (50 percent for people older than 60), is more profound than the most common prescription drug (18 percent), notes The Denver Post. Moreover, the study reveals that the effects of a healthy diet and exercise can have an impact that lasts not just months or years, but a decade. "If people would just do it, it would work," says Dr. Richard Hamman, the study's vice chair. "The problem is, it's not that easy to do." | <urn:uuid:7dfc92b8-7512-4fb5-b42f-cfb4aa9a49b0> | {
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The mixed blessing of sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide is a by-product of many processes, both natural and human-made. Massive amounts of this gas are released during volcanic eruptions such as the one seen above on the Big Island (Hawaii). Humans produce sulfur dioxide by burning coal. The gas has a cooling effect when in the atmosphere by reflecting sunlight back away from the earth. However, sulfur dioxide is also a component of smog and acid rain, both of which are harmful to the environment. Many efforts have been made to reduce SO 2 levels to lower acid rain production. An unforeseen complication: as we lower the concentration of this gas in the atmosphere, we lower its ability to cool and then we have global warming concerns.
One way to express relative amounts of substances in a mixture is with the mole fraction. Mole fraction is the ratio of moles of one substance in a mixture to the total number of moles of all substances. For a mixture of two substances, and , the mole fractions of each would be written as follows:
If a mixture consists of 0.50 mol and 1.00 mol , then the mole fraction of would be . Similarly, the mole fraction of would be .
Mole fraction is a useful quantity for analyzing gas mixtures in conjunction with Dalton’s law of partial pressures. Consider the following situation: A 20.0 liter vessel contains 1.0 mol of hydrogen gas at a pressure of 600 mmHg. Another 20.0 liter vessel contains 3.0 mol of helium at a pressure of 1800 mmHg. These two gases are mixed together in an identical 20.0 liter vessel. Because each will exert its own pressure according to Dalton’s law, we can express the partial pressures as follows:
The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is equal to its mole fraction multiplied by the total pressure. For our mixture of hydrogen and helium:
The total pressure according to Dalton’s law is . So, each partial pressure will be:
The partial pressures of each gas in the mixture don’t change since they were mixed into the same size vessel and the temperature was not changed.
Sample Problem: Dalton’s Law
A flask contains a mixture of 1.24 moles of hydrogen gas and 2.91 moles of oxygen gas. If the total pressure is 104 kPa, what is the partial pressure of each gas?
Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem .
- 1.24 mol H 2
- 2.91 mol O 2
First, the mole fraction of each gas can be determined. Then, the partial pressure can be calculated by multiplying the mole fraction by the total pressure.
Step 2: Solve .
Step 3: Think about your result .
The hydrogen is slightly less than one third of the mixture, so it exerts slightly less than one third of the total pressure.
Watch the video at the link below and answer the following questions:
- What is mole percent?
- Do the mole fractions add up to 1.00?
- What other way could you calculate the mole fraction of oxygen once you have the mole fraction of nitrogen?
- What is mole fraction?
- How do you determine partial pressure of a gas when given the mole fraction and the total pressure?
- In a gas mixture containing equal numbers of moles of two gases, what can you say about the partial pressures of each gas? | <urn:uuid:ce47af4d-d9fc-4428-b5d5-904a787b6c45> | {
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W. Paul Reeve
History Blazer, September 1995
When Father Lawrence Scanlan, a Catholic Priest, arrived in Utah nearly a century had passed since Fathers Dominguez and Escalante had led their famous expedition through the rugged Utah terrain. In the interim, the Catholic history of Utah was only lightly speckled with visits by traders, explorers, and missionaries of that faith, none of whom cared to make the region their home. Even as late as 1869 Father Honore Bourion, who was sent to Utah Territory to serve as its resident pastor, complained of spiritual isolation and asked for a transfer claiming he was "unable to make a living among the Mormons." Other pastors with more tenacity followed, but it was not until 1873 that Father Scanlan arrived and with a determined strength created a permanent home for the Catholic faithful in Utah.
Scanlan was born September 28, 1843, on a farm near the hamlet of Ballytarsna in Ireland, to Patrick and Catherine Ryan Scanlan. The proud parents seemed to accept early in Lawrence's life that he would grow up to be a "prince of the Church." He began his study for the ministry in his early teens and eventually went to Dublin for instruction at the All Hallows seminary. He was ordained a priest on June 28, 1868, and after a short stay with his parents set sail for California, his field of choice for his future ministry. Within the California region Scanlan's first independent appointment came as pastor of the Nevada mining camp of Pioche.
After proving himself capable in that tough and wild outpost, Scanlan became the natural choice to fill the void in the equally challenging mission of Utah. He arrived in Utah Territory on August 14, 1873, and assumed charge of the church of St. Mary Magdalene. It was the only church and Catholic institution in the territory, serving the nearly 800 members largely scattered among the region's various mining camps. Father Scanlan immediately took action. With the help of an assistant priest he developed several mission stations spread over the area and through a fairly regular circuit visited the mining camps at Park City, Bingham Canyon, Mercur, Stockton, and Ophir at least once a month.
Bolstered by his progress, Scanlan soon requested Catholic sisters be sent to Utah to aid in the establishment of a school and hospital. Early in September 1875 St. Mary's Academy opened on First West Street between First and Second South and within a year enrollment reached capacity. The sisters enjoyed similar success that fall when they founded Holy Cross Hospital in a remodeled residence on Fifth East between South Temple and First South streets. Even with the growth in Salt Lake, Scanlan refused to ignore the remote areas of the territory. He spent considerable time in southern Utah attending to the needs of miners at Silver Reef and even conducted high mass at the St. George Tabernacle in 1879. He expanded the church's presence in Ogden, Park City, and Eureka and in 1885 began construction of a collegiate institute for boys named after his alma mater, All Hallows.
Perhaps, though, his crowning achievement and symbol of Catholic permanence in Utah was the construction of St. Mary Magdalene's Cathedral (Cathedral of the Madeleine) on the corner of South Temple and B streets. On August 15, 1909, at a cost of $450,000, the majestic cathedral was finished and dedicated by Archbishop John J. Glennon of St. Louis. Following this culminating event Scanlan's health began to decline and by 1913 he largely resigned himself to the care of the sisters of the Holy Cross Hospital. On May 10, 1915, in the presence of attending sisters, Scanlan raised his cross to his lips, kissed it, and peacefully died. Fittingly, in honor of his last request, he was interred beneath the sanctuary of St. Mary Magdalene's, the cathedral he helped to build.
See Robert J. Dwyer, "Pioneer Bishop: Lawrence Scanlan, 1843-1915," Utah Historical Quarterly 20 (1952): 135-58. | <urn:uuid:b667f10f-aa06-4b76-b78a-9a2709b47b79> | {
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██ Core area ██ Extended area
|• Total||35,296 km2 (13,628 sq mi)|
|• Extended area||7,028 km2 (2,714 sq mi)|
|• Core area||28,269 km2 (10,915 sq mi)|
|• Density||45/km2 (120/sq mi)|
|• Extended area||155,970|
|• Core area||1,447,655|
|Time zone||EST (UTC−5)|
|• Summer (DST)||EDT (UTC−4)|
|Postal code prefixes||K,|
Eastern Ontario (census population 1,603,625 in 2006) is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario which lies in a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and St. Lawrence River. It shares water boundaries with Quebec to the north and New York State to the east and south, as well as a small land boundary with the Vaudreuil-Soulanges region of Quebec to the east.
It includes the census divisions of the following: the counties of Prescott and Russell, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Lanark, Renfrew, Leeds and Grenville, Frontenac and Lennox and Addington; and the single-tier municipality of Ottawa.
The region may also be referred to as Southeastern Ontario to differentiate it from the Northern Ontario subregion of Northeastern Ontario.
French explorers and fur traders were the first Europeans to pass through this region. Samuel de Champlain, explorer, traversed the Ottawa River in 1615 on his way westward to the Great Lakes. The largest city in the region is the city of Ottawa, capital of Canada, which accounts for roughly 60% of Eastern Ontario's population. Kingston, itself once capital of the Province of Canada, is the other major city in the region outside of the National Capital Region.
Much of the remainder of the region relies on agriculture and tourism. Heavier reliance on recreation and tourism exists in the more rugged Renfrew county in the northwest of Eastern Ontario.
Of all Ontario's regions, parts of Eastern Ontario are the most heavily influenced by the United Empire Loyalists, American settlers who moved to Upper Canada out of loyalty to the British Crown during and after the American Revolutionary War. The Loyalist influence has a presence in the counties of Lennox and Addington, Leeds and Grenville, Frontenac, Lanark, Hastings, and Prince Edward.
In Ottawa, Prescott and Russell, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, and (although declining) Renfrew, Eastern Ontario is home to the largest Franco-Ontarian community within Ontario.
Extensive immigration by Scottish Highlanders from the Highland land clearances also took place around the time of the United Empire Loyalist migration. After the Loyalist period, more waves of Highland emigration came primarily from Inverness-shire, Scotland to seek a better quality of life. The majority of these Scottish immigrants settled in the specific Highland community Glengarry County. Large numbers of Irish Catholics, mainly from Cork and surrounding counties also settled in the area in the decades following the war of 1812, the majority of them in or near present-day Ottawa. Many arrived through government backed immigration schemes to settle unoccupied lands and fill labour shortages. Along with the Franco-Ontarians in particular, they made up the majority of canal builders on the large Rideau Canal project and were heavily employed in the area's extensive lumber industry.
Through the last century, newer immigrant groups have added to the cultural mix, mostly in Ottawa itself. There are still a large number of Francophones in Eastern Ontario, especially in Prescott and Russell United Counties.
The climate of Eastern Ontario is humid continental with large seasonal variation. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives close to 250 cm (100 in) of snowfall over an average winter and snow usually remains on the ground for a couple of months, at minimum.
Winters are long and celebrated in Eastern Ontario. The average temperature in January is -6°C (21 °F). In recent years, there seems to be a trend towards snow free periods, even in mid-winter. However, in the winter months of 2008, there were records levels of snow fall.
Ice storms are also relatively common, especially on lower terrain if compared with other parts of the country. One such large storm caused vast power outages and affected the local economy, known as the 1998 Ice Storm. Winters are more severe and longer along the Ottawa River, particularly in higher terrain of Renfrew County than further south along the Upper St. Lawrence River shoreline.
Summers are fairly warm and humid in the Ottawa and St. Lawrence valleys, usually lasting a little longer than winter does in duration. The average July maximum temperature is 27 °C (80 °F). Temperatures occasionally exceed 35 °C (95 °F), and during periods of hot weather, high humidity is often an aggravating factor, pushing the temperature into the 40's (100's) with the humidex. Thunderstorms are on occasion severe, causing tree and property damage.
Spring and fall are changeable seasons, prone to extremes in temperature and unpredictable swings in conditions. Average annual precipitation is around 950 mm (37 in.).
The eastern section of Eastern Ontario, that is east and southeast of Ottawa, including the towns of Cornwall, Embrun and Hawkesbury is generally a flat plain, dotted with some extensive woodlots and boggy marshes, but is primarily farmland. Certain sections here are prone to low lying flooding and spring ice jams, particularly on the banks of the South Nation River.
The Laurentian Highlands, which form a small section of the extensive Canadian Shield, cuts through the western section from the Upper Ottawa River valley southeast toward to the St. Lawrence River around Gananoque. Here sedimentary rock can be found folding over the Shield. This is also the portion where the greatest concentration of inland lakes are found. In Renfrew County, this higher terrain is called the 'Madawaska Highlands', after a major river that bisects these hills. Some highland peaks are over 400m higher than the Ottawa River. The picturesque area of the St. Lawrence River bordering New York State is known as the Thousand Islands region reflected by its numerous small islands. The bulk of the Laurentian Upland is located just to the north of the Ottawa River in adjacent Quebec and covers a vastly larger area within that province.
Along the extreme western edge of Eastern Ontario are a continuation of the Laurentian Highlands, known as the Opeongo Hills, and they contain some of the highest elevations in Southern Ontario. They stretch into the northern portions of Central Ontario, near Algonquin Provincial Park.
Ottawa itself is at the confluence of the Rideau River and Ottawa River. A series of rugged rapids and waterfalls are found along these rivers in Ottawa. Most of the underlying rock in and around the city of Ottawa is limestone bedrock, also found in abundance farther south around Kingston. Limestone was used during the construction of the Rideau Canal, which connects Kingston and Ottawa by water and was also heavily used as the building blocks for many governmental and other buildings in both cities.
The Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers do not actually converge in Ontario. A small portion of Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges, lies between the Ontario-Quebec border and the river junction. This region has a land border with Ontario, but must cross water to reach any other part of Quebec.
The Eastern Ontario region has a history of earthquakes. Several fault lines run through the region, and the area is near both the Western Quebec Seismic Zone and the Saint Lawrence rift system. Minor earthquakes occur in the region regularly, most of them too weak to be felt by people. More severe earthquakes, around magnitudes 5-6 on the Richter scale, occur every sixty years, on average. The most recent of these earthquakes occurred in 2010. This earthquake, known as the 2010 Central Canada earthquake, although it did cause some power outages and minor damage to older buildings, did not cause significant damage because buildings in the area are required to be earthquake resistant by government regulations. This earthquake did cause significant panic amongst the population, though: office buildings were evacuated in Ottawa, transit routes shut down, and in the minutes after the quake cell phone service was down as it was overloaded with calls made by panicked people attempting to talk to friends and relatives. Although this reaction was ridiculed by many, if buildings in the area were not designed to be earthquake resistant it would have caused significant damage. A similar earthquake which happened in 1944 caused significant damage to buildings in Cornwall as this was before earthquake resistant architecture became commonplace.
The region is home to several universities and colleges, including Carleton University, Queen's University, Royal Military College of Canada, the University of Ottawa, Saint Paul University, Algonquin College, La Cité collégiale, and St. Lawrence College.
List of urban areas in Eastern Ontario
||Northeastern Ontario/Outaouais||National Capital Region/Outaouais||Laurentides/Montérégie|
|Central Ontario||Upstate NY|
|Golden Horseshoe||Lake Ontario/St.Lawrence River||Upstate New York/Vermont| | <urn:uuid:350b1e0f-3cb8-4748-8684-f3db8eaaa3a9> | {
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Behind the Headline: 16 Myths About The Common Core State Standards, Set Straight
On Top of the News
16 Myths About The Common Core State Standards, Set Straight
1/9/14 | BuzzFeed
Behind the Headline
The Truth About Common Core
4/4/13 | Education Next Blog
On BuzzFeed, the most entertaining overview of the debate over the Common Core we’ve seen.
For a more sober look at some of the charges against the Common Core and some responses, you can read The Truth About Common Core, by Kathleen Porter-Magee and Sol Stern.
A study published in the Fall 2013 issue of Ed Next, looked at the great variation in proficiency standards for student achievement across states today.
Eric Hanushek offered Some Perspective on the Common Core in October 2013.
Sign Up To Receive Notification
when the latest issue of Education Next is posted
In the meantime check the site regularly for new articles, blog postings, and reader comments | <urn:uuid:92154868-5243-4f05-84b7-a2e3b7c6f1c4> | {
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Game theory has provided researchers in a variety of fields, from psychology to economics, an opportunity to test human behaviors under controlled conditions. It allows big questions—are humans rational actors when money's on the line, for example—to be tested in situations where behaviors that deviate from expectations are easy to detect. The Ultimatum Game is one example of these experiments, and it has been used to show that humans aren't purely rational when it comes to monetary decisions, as they appear willing to make financial sacrifices in order to punish others in the name of fairness. A paper that will appear at PNAS this week takes things a step further and shows that people will still reject unfair monetary offers, even when the only one they punish is themselves.
The basic rules of the Ultimatum Game are simple. One person is given a stack of cash, and told to divide it between themselves and a second party. That second party is then given the chance to accept or reject the offer; if it's rejected, neither of them get any money. Clearly, any of this free money should be better than nothing, so under assumptions of strictly rational behavior, you might expect all offers to be accepted.
They're not. Things in the neighborhood of a 50/50 split are accepted, but as the proportions shift to where the person issuing the ultimatum tries to keep seventy percent of the total, rejections increase. By the time they hit an 80/20 split, nearly 70 percent of the offers are rejected, even though that 20 percent of the total cash would leave the recipient better off than where they started.
It's still possible to interpret this behavior as being rational within a social context. A lot of human behavior, and that of other primates, seems to be focused on ensuring cooperative behavior within small groups. The rejection of offers within the Ultimatum Game can be viewed as a form of punishment for unfair behavior. In that light, the rejection may make sense to the degree that the immediate loss of money provides a long-term incentive for fair and cooperative behavior within a group. Rational economic behavior is restored.
The new paper pretty much blows that explanation out of the water by testing individuals using a couple of variations of the Ultimatum Game. In the first, which the authors term "the Impunity Game," the person making the offer gets their share of the cash regardless of whether the offer is accepted or not. In this game, the only consequence is the potential for guilt caused by the knowledge that an offer was rejected. Rejection rates do drop, but they remain substantial—offers of an 80/20 split got rejected over 40 percent of the time (down from around 70 percent) despite the lack of real economic consequences.
To really nail things down, the authors conducted tests of a Private Impunity Game, in which the person who made the offer wasn't even informed of whether it was rejected or not—they simply walked away with their share of the cash. Here, even the nebulous hope that the person making the offer would feel pangs of guilt from its rejection was removed. Rejection rates were essentially unchanged. People keep rejecting offers they perceived as unfair, even if, like the proverbial tree in the forest, no one will hear their rejection.
In another hint of the nature of this response, the authors describe how a similar study was performed in which the Impunity Game was explained to participants as a series of if/then statements: "if A chooses X and B chooses Y, then A receives $i and B receives $j." Here, when subjects are forced to reason through the conditions to figure out that their rejections didn't cause any sort of financial punishment on the ones making the offer, rates or rejection were about the same as they are in the Ultimatum Game. This suggests that people can't even be bothered to perform a rational analysis when money is on the line, much less engage in rational actions.
The lack of objective analysis is also demonstrated by a number of results that indicate that changes in the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters—testosterone, serotonin, and oxytocin, for example—can all skew the statistics by changing the average response to unfair offers.
Given the fact there's essentially no way to provide a rational actor gloss to these results, the authors attempt to explain it through an emotional response that sounds much like a gorilla's chest beating. Our emotions commit us to these sorts of displays despite their irrational nature, and force us to follow through on them often enough to make sure everyone knows it's not an idle threat. Nine times out of 10, the chest beating may just be a display, but is anyone willing to risk the chance that a given instance will turn out to be the exception?
The problem with this explanation is that it adds a layer of complexity—a mechanism that ensures a degree of commitment to an emotional response—on top of what's essentially a simple situation: people act without thinking. Earlier this year, I attended a discussion entitled "Evolution and the Ethical Brain" in which researchers argued that our ethical decision making (such as how to respond to unfair financial offers) is performed by a system that operates in much the same way as those that respond to sensory input: they make snap judgments that allow us to respond quickly and get on with things. The more elaborate ethical debates that we engage in are largely attempts at post-hoc rationalizations of our earlier decisions.
Within this perspective, the snap judgment is that an offer is unfair. Sometimes, we can engage the post-hoc rationalization, in this case involving the economics of the situation, and override our ethical calculations. But, in a substantial fraction of the cases, we never get the chance, as we act on our snap decisions before that process can occur.
PNAS, 2009. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900636106 | <urn:uuid:99e433a4-8b3d-4fbe-857b-b8905471fdbd> | {
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IoT Device Authentication and Security
With IoT networks constantly expanding and becoming more powerful, maintaining the integrity of data and privacy has never been more important. Strong IoT device authentication is required to ensure connected devices on the IoT can be trusted.
Attacks and Breaches Escalate to Life-Threatening
Whether it’s a sensor-based device or used to perform a specific function, all devices are open to hacking unless preventative measures are taken. There are several examples of this, from disabling a surveillance monitor on a Turkish pipeline to attacks on medical devices such as insulin pumps and MRI machines. These attacks were potentially life-threatening and indicate that some hackers have no scruples when it comes to target selection or gaining bragging rights to fellow cybercriminals.
Other attacks seem less malicious but still provide food for thought. A baby monitor was hacked, allowing the hacker to talk directly to the infant.
In another widely publicized security flaw, a smart gun was able to be hacked due to 1) A
default network password that can’t be changed, and 2) The rifle is always listening for remote instructions, for example to change bullet trajectory — allowing administrative access that should only belong to the actual shooter holding the weapon.
Clearly, connected devices incorporate risk that could endanger lives or jeopardize the well-being of your company or family. To understand the risks, we first need to understand how devices communicate.
What is IOT Authentication?
Each IoT device needs a unique identity that can be authenticated when the device attempts to connect to a gateway or central server. With this unique ID in place, IT system administrators can track each device throughout its lifecycle, communicate securely with it, and prevent it from executing harmful processes. If a device exhibits unexpected behavior, administrators can simply revoke its privileges.
The ability to secure data and limit it to only those with the correct permissions is not a new idea and is used extensively in many industries. The security needs and requirements of devices vary widely. Similar with communications – some devices connect using proximity-based protocols such as Bluetooth, RFID (radio frequency identification), or Wi-Fi while others use GPS, 4G or are hard-wired.
Connecting them is often as easy as scanning for nearby devices, by inputting a short code (that may or may not be changed from a default) or by using a form of multi-factor authentication to verify device and recipient permissions.
Security Device Identities with Vouch
What is an Intelligent Device – from a security POV?
Using the example of a connected home device, a common definition of a “smart device” is a device that is able to gather data from its environment (e.g. human movement) and then adapt to achieve a certain outcome (e.g. turn on the air conditioning, adjusting to a certain temperature) without the requirement of a human interaction.
Foundational device-level intelligence should include the ability for the device to validate any actions executed or requested by the device against the chain of custody data.
To be truly self-securing, devices should be capable of performing these basic awareness checks:
- On power-up or startup – check that the installed software is the authentic build that it should be running – against an immutable source that is decentralized and can be absolutely trusted.
- When prompted to install an update – verify that the identity-making the request is authentic and authorized, and check that the build is authentic and the policy is correct.
- When connecting to another device –
- Check the authenticity of the identity of the other device and that the policy allows for connecting to that device for each use case (e.g. data sharing).
- Allow other devices to check the authenticity and identity of the device prior to activity.
- Communicate audit data to manufacturer or operator – Report back to the manufacturer or operator on all audit activity to ensure a consistent chain of custody remains intact.
- Confirm any aspect of authenticity – At any time (random, scheduled, remote), prior to activity, a device should be able to verify any aspect of authenticity (identity, firmware authenticity, policy, etc.) to ensure no compromise has occurred.
How Vouch Secures Devices
Integrating Vouch into the Device and Firmware Ecosystem
To secure IOT devices from the initial point of manufacturing, Vouch is integrated into the transaction approval processes orchestrated by 3rd party IoT platforms and infrastructure.
These processes perform operations such as: onboarding, firmware management, updates, dashboard, monitoring, network configuration, etc. and include solutions from companies such as AWS, Azure, IBM, ThingWorx, Cisco, Bosch and Google.
Vouch integrates to existing IoT platforms and infrastructure through plugins to perform authentication and authorization for the security-critical aspects of manufacturing processes such as device provisioning, the promotion of production firmware into release, updates, etc.
Vouch capabilities employed for this purpose include:
Vouch Identity Endorsement Engine
Creates and authenticates the identity of the people involved in the process
Delivers granular identity authorization permissions control across the roles of teams that orchestrate the process
Enforces the number of team members required to authorize a particular process step, appropriate to the risk level, audit, and chain of custody requirements
Vouch Audit Engine
Maintains an immutable record of every transaction in the system – “who did what, when”
Enabling Device-Level Awareness Checks
Vouch injects digital signatures into the device firmware/software using the device identity private key and different messaging techniques via common protocols such as MQTT, HTTP and others.
A variety of messaging techniques are utilized to inject the digital signature:
- Repurpose of the basic authentication mechanism – where Vouch passes along the device token info (embedding the device id and replay attack data) and a digital signature as username and password.
- Signature of the actual message content itself – where Vouch embeds the signature as a header or in the message body. This approach is valuable if the message represents a high value transaction and there is a desire to verify the authenticity in a downstream system with absolute trust.
- Using AWS IOT – where the signature is easily implemented using a custom authorizer, where a custom Lambda is triggered to verify the device token and signature headers with Vouch.
To support scaling in large manufacturing environments, device identities can be either onboarded by a human or automated within an existing process by establishing a keypair on the device by a variety of methods:
- Using application software
- Inside of a TPM (Trusted Platform Module), or
- Inside a TEE (Trusted Execution Environment)
The public part of the keypair is stored with the device identity on the Vouch Blockchain Network and a signed approval transaction is published.
The Vouch Identity Trust Platform enables a breakthrough level of security for IOT – establishing absolute trust for each of the elements of the IOT ecosystem – including each human, device and the software that IOT devices are affected by.
For IOT manufacturers Vouch provides absolute trust from the manufacturing process through device operation and device authenticity, establishing a tamper-proof audit trail with a full chain of custody intact.
Vouch solves many of the complex security, scalability, and commercial issues facing today’s IOT manufacturers and software developers.
Request a Demo
Would you like to learn more about the future of blockchain identity-based security and how we solve it?
Fill out this form and we’ll be in touch within 24 hours | <urn:uuid:71186fb0-836d-48c5-bdc6-dd8129d78cdb> | {
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Samsuri, Ariffin and K.S, Surej Rock Mechanics in Petroleum Industries and the Importance to Wellbore Stability. In: Malaysian Sciences & Technology Congress '98, 30-31 October 1998, Johor Bharu.
The petroleum that also means "rock-oil" could not exist under the ground without reservoir rock be its sandstone, limestone, shale or granite. Therefore, understanding the rock characteristics and its behaviour is primarily important before the designing phase of a petroleum field. Knowing that most of the petroleum fluid will situated in sandstone, the emphasation would focus on this type of rock. The basic properties such as porosity, permeability, density, compressive strength, tensile and shear strength are need to be defined and understood, and the relationship among them should be identified. In this research paper, all rock properties and behaviour has been highlighted and the relationship between them has been explained. The problem related to the rock, e.g. shale swelling, drilling, pipe stuck, wellbore stability and sand production problem also have been discussed. The wellbore stability then been focused and related experimental work results presented. The perforation parameter and wellbore geometry have been varied to see the effects of rock stress on the wellbore stability. The results show that the rocks mechanics aspect must be considered in the designing phase of a petroleum field to avoid excessive money spending to threat the petroleum wells and to optimized the production. Therefore, the rock properties and behaviour should be understood in details before the designing period. From experimental works, it was found that the perforation parameters habe a great influence on the wellbore stability and sand production due to the stress redistribution depending upon the rock properties and behavior. The higher is the shot density, the lower will be the wellbore stability and increased sand production problem. The spiral pattern gave the best stability followed by inplane and inline patterns.
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||wellbore stability, perforation, compressive strength|
|Subjects:||T Technology > TP Chemical technology|
|Divisions:||Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering (Formerly known)|
|Deposited By:||Prof Dr Ariffin Samsuri|
|Last Modified:||01 Jun 2010 03:10|
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ALSO READ: Birth complications as a cause of epilepsy
Schizophrenia is a disorder that makes it difficult for one to distinguish between what’s real and unreal. When one is experiencing this condition it affects one’s thinking, emotions, relations with others and ability to function normally. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world generally.
According to newharbinger.com, the word ‘schizophrenia’ means split mind, and originally the disorder was given this name to call attention to the divided thought processes of the people affected by it.
The most common form is paranoid schizophrenia. People with paranoid schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality. Schizophrenics see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them or feel like they’re being watched continuously.
This can cause relationship problems, interrupt normal daily activities and lead to alcohol and drug abuse to self-medicate. Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear and are at a risk of attempting suicide especially during psychotic episodes and during depression.
To establish whether you may be living one, here a few of the many signs a loved one may be suffering from this mental condition.
- Lack of emotional expression
When a person begins to experience this, he or she starts becoming emotionally detached. They will begin to avoid eye contact with the people around, they will lack any facial expression and they begin to bury their feelings.
- Lack of interest in the world
To identify a person who is experiencing signs of schizophrenia, they become withdrawn from society and become unaware of their surrounding and environment. They prefer being alone and doing things on their own for fear of being watched.
- Constant hallucinations
A common symptom is when the sufferer begins to hear and see things that others cannot. This may cause them to react in all manner of ways posing a danger to those around.
- Social withdrawal
A person suffering from schizophrenia constantly begins to withdraw himself from people and situations. They begin to hide from people and they prefer being alone. They can spend days on end secluded in their bedroom where they feel safe.
- Inability to sleep or concentrate
Survivors find it hard to sleep due to them experiencing hallucinations and being delusional. They hardly concentrate on tasks assigned to them and this leads to poor work and academic performance. They are constantly afraid and usually feel indifferent.
- They are easily irritable and angry
People who suffer from this condition begin to push people away due to their anger which they do not know how to control. They also become irritable with little things and they lash out at everyone making it hard for the people around them to help them.
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Publication Date:Feb 01, 2011
Source:Kellogg School of Management
Also Available in:
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Physical Activity and Nutrition Program needed to come up with an innovative solution to the many health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease that plagued residents of poorer areas in the city, while increasing economic opportunity for neighborhood residents. The result was the launching of Green Carts, a new mobile food vending initiative to support the introduction of healthier food options to residents of "food deserts" in New York City boroughs. The challenge was navigating the diverse landscape of players and engaging all of the relevant stakeholders to come up with a solution that was both feasible and sustainable. This case exemplifies the how partnership and strategic alliances can be used to have significant social impact. The beauty of this example is that it simultaneously addresses two large social issues: 1) access to healthy food options in urban food deserts and 2) creating self-employment opportunities for members of disadvantaged communities. This case also illustrates how the public sector can act as social innovators.
Evaluate a complex real-world example of the types of partnership that must be formed in order to achieve scalable social impact. Use the ecosystem analysis framework provided in class to analyze the potential stakeholder groups and make recommendations about the types of partnership that should be put in place in order to maximize the effectiveness of the program.
Environmental sustainability; Health; Health care policy; Nonprofit organizations; Social entrepreneurship; Social issues; Strategic alliances
- Geographic: New York
- Industry: Food services
- Industry: Public administration | <urn:uuid:65456ef8-a404-4b13-a103-773e3e9254f1> | {
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For a long time, the main argument against the theory of evolution was the human soul, and the chief evidence for the existence of the soul was language. All humans and only humans have language; therefore humans must have a unique essence, which philosophers and theologians called "soul." "Explain that!" they cried defiantly at scientists. And the scientists couldn't.
On other grounds, however - including geology, which showed that the earth was old enough for very large changes to have occurred very gradually; archeology, which has discovered many of the innumerable links in the skeletal development of humans and other animals; and genetics, which has banished the concept of "essence" from biology - the debate over evolution is now settled. Still, what about language? We know now that language must have an evolutionary explanation, because that is the only kind of explanation there is for any human trait. But what might that explanation be?
Naturally, the answer depends on what language itself is. Until the mid-20th century, the usual answer was that language was just another skill, like chess or tennis. Children learned to speak by being taught, just as they learned games or sports. This behavioral approach seemed obvious until Noam Chomsky pointed out that this is not how children learn to speak at all. Placed among speakers, they automatically begin speaking, just as plants, placed in moist soil, automatically begin growing. Placed among chess players, however, children do not automatically begin playing chess. It looks as though language ability is innate, like visual ability - an organ rather than a skill.
Just how this peculiar organ evolved is a question that has only just come into its own. In "The First Word," science writer Christine Kenneally narrates the birth and growth of evolutionary linguistics since around 1990. In that year, the young MIT professor Steven Pinker and a graduate student, Paul Bloom, published a paper arguing for increased study of language evolution. An avalanche of work has ensued. Cognitive psychologists have devised experiments to trace the intricate dependence of concepts and processes like time, number, causality, and memory on language. Physiologists have discovered that some essential mechanisms of human speech production are also found in other species. Brain researchers have mapped various aspects of language to areas of the brain that emerged in different eras, throwing light on the stages of language evolution. Child-development researchers have found that gesture is "the preliminary scaffolding of thought," allowing them to predict the pace of a child's language acquisition from its capacity to gesture as an infant. Even geneticists have contributed, with the first discovery of a specific gene linked to an inherited speech disorder.
Kenneally also introduces us to Betty (a New Caledonian crow), Kanzi (a bonobo), and several other critters who are learning communication skills, including language, from their humans. In some cases this teaching is explicit; in others the animals simply learn by being in a language-rich environment, as human children do. Kenneally's reporting and interpretation of this research, whose implications for the study of language and human nature are immense, occupy center stage in "The First Word" and generate real excitement on the page.
Pinker, who kicked off this wave of research, has also just written an ambitious new book about language and human nature. That may sound like a coincidence, but in fact Pinker has always just written an ambitious new book about language and/or human nature. "The Stuff of Thought" manages the unusual (unique?) feat of being the concluding volume of two different trilogies. We might call them the Language Trilogy ("The Language Instinct," "Words and Rules," and "The Stuff of Thought") and the Human Nature Trilogy ("How the Mind Works," "The Blank Slate," and "The Stuff of Thought").
"There is a theory of space and time embedded in the way we use words," Pinker begins. Likewise "a theory of matter and a theory of causality . . . a model of sex . . . conceptions of intimacy and power and fairness," as well as of "divinity, degradation, and danger"; also "a conception of well-being and a philosophy of free will." Teasing out these notions from everyday usage and deconstructing them to show how they function is the task Pinker has set himself. This is conceptual semantics, the theory that "word meanings are represented in the mind as assemblies of basic concepts in a language of thought."
Pinker is a verb maven. The book is filled with lists of verbs, classified, compared, and contrasted by means of subtle logical and conceptual distinctions and grammatical categories. Why do children make some grammatical mistakes often but other, equally plausible ones never? Why do we say "Jane touched John on the arm" but not "Jane touched the building on the window"? These and a hundred similar questions turn out to yield deep insights into our mental structures and processes. And it's all much more enjoyable than you might (unless you're also a verb maven) expect. Pinker is not only wonderfully clear; he is also blessedly witty. There's plenty of stuff to think about in "The Stuff of Thought," but a lot of fun stuff too.
George Scialabba is a regular contributor to the Books section. | <urn:uuid:91f5e809-f008-4d90-bd5c-e2efb2533619> | {
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Your son can't find his backpack (again) and your husband still hasn't fixed the leaky toilet (three weeks later). Stress is everywhere—and though you may not be able to control what causes it, you do have power over how you react to it. And keeping your cool is a key to safeguarding your heart.
"Stress sets off a surge of hormones, like adrenaline and cortisol, in your body," explains WD heart health expert Michelle Albert, MD. "Elevated levels of these hormones can harm your heart because they raise your blood pressure and cause inflammation." So it's important to develop ways to cope when life becomes tense. Keep clicking for six speedy strategies that'll calm you down.
Pausing before you react in a stressful or upsetting situation gives you time to clear your head, and breathing more slowly lowers levels of fight-or-flight hormones. Count to 10 and take three deep breaths before responding.
New research shows that "grin and bear it" works. One study found that people who smiled as they did difficult tasks (such as drawing with their nondominant hand) had lower heart rates than people who kept a neutral expression.
It sounds so simple, but when your head is lifted and your shoulders are down, your chest expands and you naturally take in more oxygen, which helps calm your body's physical and emotional response to stress.
Doing a good deed—no matter how small—is a powerful destressor because it takes your mind off your problems and helps put them into perspective. In fact, states with high volunteer rates have lower levels of heart disease, says research from the Corporation for National & Community Service. Little actions like putting a dollar in a donation box, carrying a neighbor's groceries or buying coffee for the person in line behind you absolutely count. You can also seek out a volunteer opportunity in your area at VolunteerMatch.org.
Your body releases oxytocin (a calming hormone) when you get in touch with a favorite friend or family member who makes you feel good. And connecting with a loved one through Facebook or email can have the same soothing effect as if you're speaking face-to-face. In fact, if you're upset, writing down why helps defuse tension as you work through your feelings and start to gain more control over the situation.
• Rub your hands together very fast for 20 to 30 seconds until you feel some friction.
• Pull your hands apart, and keep them there as if you're holding an invisible globe. Focus on the energy sensation that's built up between your hands.
• Slowly move that imaginary globe over your heart and imagine positive energy flowing into your body. | <urn:uuid:1c8faab5-2c2d-46f7-91b4-340ac82aad55> | {
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