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Cystic Fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis or abbreviated simply as “CF,” is an inherited autosomal esearcheecessive genetic disorder that primary affects the lungs and intestines, but can also affect the pancreas, liver, and stomach as well. Because it is a genetic disorder, the disease is most prevalent among people of Northern European ancestry, but also can be found in Hispanics, African-Americans, and Native Americans. People of Asian and Middle Eastern origin only rarely develop the disease.
According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Cystic Fibrosis affects about 30,000 children and adults in the United States alone, and 70,000 people worldwide. Characterized primarily by an unusually thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs, obstructs the pancreas, and inhibits natural enzymes that allow the body to effectively break down food and absorb nutrients, cystic fibrosis is a deadly, life-threatening disease that in most cases dramatically cuts the lifespan of those who suffer from the disease.
Thanks to new, progressive treatments and daily care, however, modern medicine has made strides toward treating the disease, with most people with cystic fibrosis living into their 20s and 30s, and some are living as old as their 40s and 50s — a significant improvement from the mid-20th century, when cystic fibrosis patients usually died in childhood.
- About 1,000 new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed each year.
- More than 70% of patients are diagnosed by age two.
- More than 45% of the CF patient population is age 18 or older.
- The predicted median age of survival for a person with CF is in the late 30s.
How Do People Get Cystic Fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is not a disease that one contracts. Rather, it is a genetically inherited disease that is caused by a gene called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). There are about 1500 related mutations that can lead to CF, however, two-thirds 66–70% of the cystic fibrosis cases in world, and over 90% of the cases in the United States are a result of the ΔF508 mutation. By far the most common, ΔF508 is a deletion of three nucleotides, all of which result in a loss of the amino acid phenylalanine (F) at the 508th position on the protein.
The mutation is passed on when two carriers of the mutation pass it on to an offspring, wherein neither allele can produce a functional CFTR protein. Most people have two working copies (alleles) of the CFTR gene, only one is needed to prevent cystic fibrosis. In this way, carriers of the disease can produce offspring without the disease at all, other carriers of the allele, and an affected individual as well, which is why cystic fibrosis is considered an autosomal recessive disease.
Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms
The primary and most dangerous symptom associated with cystic fibrosis is the production of a sticky, thick mucous that congests the lungs and over time becomes progressively more prone to infection. However, early symptoms present in newborns and young children (more than 70% of CF patients are diagnosed by age two), which include unusually salty skin, a steady cough that also presents with phlegm, wheezing, shortness of breath, and frequent lung infections. Because CF also affects the digestive tract, as well as the body’s ability to absorb nutrients, poor growth/weight gain in spite of a good appetite, as well as frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty in bowel movements also also commonly associated cystic fibrosis symptoms.
Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Diagnosis of the disease can be conducted through a wide range of screenings and tests, beginning as early as prenatal genetic screening of parents to determine risk factors. However, at present in the United States, only 10 percent of cystic fibrosis cases are diagnosed shortly after birth as part of newborn screening programs, since most states and countries do not screen for cystic fibrosis routinely at birth. The vast majority of cases are diagnosed after symptoms begin to present themselves in young children.
In prenatal screenings, testing is usually performed on one parent at first to determine if a mutated copy of the CFTR gene is present. If one is detected, then a test on the second parent is performed. If both parents are revealed to be carriers of the mutated gene, a test of the unboned child is performed to determine if he or she will be affected by the disease directly. Tests are often performed on the the placenta amniocentesis), however, these tests are believed to have an increased risk of fetal death, with 1 in 100 and amniocentesis of 1 in 200, which is why fetal testing is often seen as a last resort.
Infant testing for cystic fibrosis is often performed through a sweat test. As mentioned above, an unusually salty skin is often a sign of the disease, and parents often detect this anecdotally even before a pediatrician performs a test. The most common test for CF is the “sweat test,” which detects abnormal amounts of sodium and chloride in sweat (which accounts for unusually salty skin). The test is administered by applying a medication that causes sweating (pilocarpine). Sweat is collected on filter paper or in a small tube and analyzed.
Cystic Fibrosis Treatment
It cannot be overstated that, in spite of the fact that there is still no cure for cystic fibrosis and life expectancy is still quite low who suffer with the disease, tremendous strides have been made over the past 70 years in CF management and treatment. New management and treatment options have not only extended the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients, but also have managed to improve quality of life and reduce the effects of the diseases’ symptoms.
The two main areas of treatment involve the two parts of the body most affected by the disease — the lung and GI tract. Even with treatment, the lungs, intestines, and other organs such as the pancreas and reproductive organs continue to decline throughout a cystic fibrosis patient’s lifetime, however, cutting-edge treatments delay the decline in organ function. Doctors and treatment providers usually custom tailor a treatment regimen for each individual, depending on the severity of the disease, and which parts of the body it is affecting the most.
Because of the wide variation in disease symptoms treatment typically occurs at specialist multidisciplinary centers, and is tailored to the individual. Targets for therapy are the lungs, gastrointestinal tract (including pancreatic enzyme supplements), the reproductive organs (including assisted reproductive technology (ART)) and psychological support.
The lungs are typically the most targeted organ with cystic fibrosis. Therefore, treatment providers typically put patients on steady pulmonary rehabilitation and antibiotics. Bacterial infection is a constant threat to a CF patient, so the use of antibiotics is ongoing, acting as a pro-active treatment again infection even when there is none.
In addition to antibiotics, other treatments, such as chest physiotherapy (CPT), which helps loosen phlegm in the lungs, and Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation, as well as new, novel medical devices, such as the ThAIRapy Vest and the intrapulmonary percussive ventilator (IPV), are helping to streamline and automate CF treatments as well.
In Texas, Austin-based Savara Pharmaceuticals is bringing together novel, new technology with antibiotic treatment through AeroVanc (vancomycin hydrochloride inhalation powder), the first dry powder inhaled antibiotic for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. New, cutting-edge treatments such as these offer promising, new treatment solutions for those suffering with cystic fibrosis.
Most recently, two cystic fibrosis therapies developed by Vertex are making substantial improvements to treating the disease. The approval of Kalydeco, along with the more recent approval of combination drug Orkambi don’t just treat the symptoms of the disease, but rather the underlying causes of it, meaning that a larger group of CF patients can live a longer, more high-quality lifestyle. Vertex is also testing one of the Orkambi therapies — Lumacaftor — as a stand-alone therapy for CF.
Note: BioNews Texas does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.
DISCLAIMER: BioNews Texas is a publishing company that occasionally focuses on the clinical trials industry. The information provided in this article is designed to help educate patients on clinical trials that may be of interest to them, based on the topic of the story, and to help patients contact the centers conducting the research. BioNews Texas is neither promoting this research nor involved in conducting any of these trials. Some study summaries have been edited for clarity purposes to make them easier to understand. | <urn:uuid:dd0d7080-38eb-4c18-9367-fb8a73914eae> | {
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About Nebraska...Our Towns
Nebraska, like its name, is unique! It is "one of a
kind" in many ways, from its distinctive shape, diverse weather, and varied terrain,
to its own brand of politics, either very conservative or surprisingly progressive.
Nebraska, is more than a strange-sounding name, borrowed from the Indian language. To many
people - whether in the house their grandfather built way-back-when, or a sunny retirement
villa down south Nebraska is "that special place," they think of as
"home." Nebraska...Our Towns, compiles into one series the stories and
pictures of all our towns in the hope it will help to document and preserve some of
our rich heritage.
Many communities, established during the great railroad
expansion of the late 1800s and early 1900s, are currently collecting information about
their beginnings in preparation for their centennial milestone. What an opportune time to
gather into one capsuled account the stories of our many towns and include the list
of other publications and books currently available for further research and study.
Initially billed as a pictorial history, to capture in words and pictures the images of
Nebraska's towns and to contrast that image with the past, Nebraska...Our Towns has
actually become much more. With the stories of the towns compiled by counties within a
specific area, the history of railroads, churches, education, local and state government
All Nebraska towns have been invited to participate in this project. Towns that survived their organizational years, droughts, panic, floods, fires, tornados, the coming and going of railroads, wars, and all the economic ups and downs should be recognized and honored! Dr. Robert Manley, senior historian referring to the ebb and flow of a community from its early days to the present, says, "...Understanding this is the key to the survival and renewing of a town."
Explorations into the New Territory...
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 was not heralded by everyone as the best investment ever made. Lewis and Clark were sent to chart and name the newly acquired lands. (1803-06). While they did not find a water route across the continent to the Pacific, they demonstrated the feasibility of an overland route. Not venturing too far from the rivers, their reports provided the first information about the vast region beyond the Missouri including the beauty they saw.
The S. H. Long Exploration in 1819-20 reported a more negative view of the territory. His maps not only completely missed the vast Blue River watershed, but gave the area south of the Platte River the title, "The Great American Desert." Charting various Indian villages along the Missouri, Platte, and Loup rivers, he then added, "...the Great Desert is frequented by roving bands of Indians who have no place of residence but roam from place to place in search of game." His impressions, and those of many people who crossed the Nebraska Territory on their way to "the Promised Land" in California, Colorado, or Oregon, did much to discourage settlement in this area for several more decades, thinking it to be "almost wholly unfit for cultivation." | <urn:uuid:2174d2f5-8f69-446c-a2bc-2f42e7ccd84e> | {
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why doesnt 238U decay spontaneously by emitting a proton?
The principal modes of nuclear decay, particularly for heavy elements are gamma (EM), beta (electron) and alpha (2p,2n = 4He nucleus).
One could do a binding energy calculation to see which reaction, p or alpha emission, dumps the most energy, i.e. which one is more 'spontaneous'. One more readily observes photoneutron emission rather than photoproton emission.
The absence of proton emission implies that the proton is more tightly bound in nuclei.
Even spontaneous fission in some transuranic nuclei is preferred to proton emission.
Photoproton emission requires fairly high thresholds.
The reaction doesn't happen because it is prevented by energy concerns. In short, a proton and a Pa237 atom weigh more than a U238 atom:
[Edit: Thanks to Astronuc for pointing out that Pa237 should be used instead of U237.]
Ha, actually, it was the checking of neutron and proton driplines some years ago the thing that got me off from my mathematical cushions into pesky phenomenology. Empirically it can be seen that the stability line, where usual isotopes live, is exactly middle way between the proton and neutron driplines. This is, the number of protons you must remove from a stable isotope to make it neutron unstable is about the same that the number of protons you remove to drive it neutron unstable. Or something so. The moral is that long living atoms (as existing U atoms are) live far from the driplines.
Ah, and obviously, the more neutrons you add, the more you escape from the proton dripline. So if U235 does not like proton decay, bet that U238 will not be better.
My favorite reaction, as for energy concerns it concerns, is Hg201 to alpha + Pt197 and then Pt197 decays beta. Someone should use it in a film script. Lot better than Davinci code stuff.
EDITED: Ok, Uranium fission gives us about 200 MeV, while here we get slightly a bit more than 1 MeV, and adding both reactions. But it is enough for a heater to work.
what r proton and neutron driplines?
The proton dripline is where a proton heavy nucleus has too many protons to prevent another proton from binding to the nucleus. It's the limit to potential isotopes on the proton heavy side. The neutron dripline is similar to proton dripline, forming a limit to potential neutron heavy isotopes. I'm not really sure what limits neutrons from 'glomming' onto an already neutron heavy nucleus.
Hopefully someone can expand on my limited knowledge of the subject.
Check the chart of nuclides, and look at which isotopes are stable. Too many or too few neutrons produces nuclei which decay to a more stable configuration.
In particular, look at http://wwwndc.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/CN04/CN003.html
Ca-40 is the last stable nuclide for which P=N, where P = number of protons and N = number of neutrons.
Separate names with a comma. | <urn:uuid:4cef22cf-38ae-4bdb-9d78-dbc4189c424f> | {
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AutoCAD is the standard design software used in the engineering, architecture, interior design and construction industries. Designers and drafters use it to create two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) computer drawings.
Introduction & Basic Drawing Skills.
Application Of Drawing & Edit Entities.
Control Object Appearances & Use Blocks.
Use Hatching Gradients,Create And Edit Texts.
Dimension, Layouts And Annotative Objects.
Create 2D Plan with Dimension.
Printing And Plotting, 3D Modeling Basics.
Advance 3D Features & 3D Modeling.
Materials And Lighting
Creating Video Using Camera.
Student Final Project.
Civil Engineer, Architecture, Interior and Exterior Designer
Mon to Sat (Everyday 2 Hours ) | <urn:uuid:45f3fa7b-7fad-41cf-b201-66487b08882c> | {
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As city dwellers across the U.S. develop an interest in fresher, more local, and more sustainable food, innovative methods of producing food in urban areas multiply. These enterprises take all forms, from nonprofit urban gardening programs serving low-income residents; to massive farm businesses restoring blighted city blocks; to high-tech aquaculture companies producing food on rooftops.
There are thousands of urban-ag projects of many kinds blooming in towns and cities all across the country and serving a variety of nutritional and social needs.
Organizations like City Slicker Farms in West Oakland, California, demonstrate the potential of urban agriculture to help correct an imbalance that has developed in many cities — that of fresh food’s availability in wealthier neighborhoods and relative paucity in inner-cities.
The organization maintains seven community market farms totaling less than an acre, which collectively produce 7,000 pounds of food a year to be sold at a central market stand to West Oaklanders at risk of food insecurity and malnutrition.
The organization also helps local families set up food gardens in their yards, providing free materials — planter boxes, soil, seedlings — as well as two years of free guidance from a volunteer mentor.
On the other side of the urban-ag spectrum are those companies working to find ways to turn a profit growing food in urban landscapes. These businesses can capitalize on city-dwellers’ desire for fresh, local food and thriving neighborhoods energized by local living economies.
Aquaponics combines aquaculture (raising aquatic animals in tanks) with hydroponics (growing plants in water) in a symbiotic system. Once it is fully established, Cityscape Farms will produce and supply local shoppers with fish and greens that are as fresh and local as one can get.
While the San Francisco Bay Area is clearly well represented in urban agriculture, cities around the country are cultivating many such enterprises.
Detroit is a prominent example; residents there have appropriated large tracts of abandoned city land toward a widespread, creative urban farming experiment. Plots of all sizes sprouting foods of all kinds — from humble community gardens to what will be the world’s largest urban farm established by investor millionaire John Hantz — have emerged across the city. | <urn:uuid:d821b7a5-7c2c-41a8-8012-99caac70090d> | {
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The thrips (thysanoptera) liothrips xanthocerus (phlaeothripidae) and Neohydatothrips catenatus (thripidae) inhabit leaf clusters on Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae).
Insect-plant relationships (Research)
|Author:||Wiesenborn, William D.|
|Publication:||Name: Florida Entomologist Publisher: Florida Entomological Society Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Biological sciences Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2011 Florida Entomological Society ISSN: 0015-4040|
|Issue:||Date: Sept, 2011 Source Volume: 94 Source Issue: 3|
|Topic:||Event Code: 690 Goods & services distribution; 310 Science & research Advertising Code: 59 Channels of Distribution Computer Subject: Company distribution practices|
|Geographic:||Geographic Scope: United States Geographic Code: 1USA United States|
Liothrips xanthocerus Hood is the only thrips that has been
collected from Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Cov. (Asteraceae) leaves in
California (Cott 1956; Bailey 1957; Hoddle et al. 2008). Collections
have only found adults, also taken from willow (Salicaceae, Salix sp.)
and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata [DC.] Cov.) (Cott 1956). Pluchea
sericea, or arrowweed, is an erect, slender-stemmed, willow-like shrub
that grows to 4 m in height, frequently in wet soils, and produces
silvery leaves 1-4 cm long and 3-6 mm wide (Munz 1974). It occurs at
elevations below 1000 m from California to Texas, north into Nevada and
Utah and south into northern Mexico (Nesom 2006). Cott (1956) commented
that collected L. xanthocerus adults may be strays, because larvae of
the species have not been found. Here I describe the eggs and larvae of
L. xanthocerus on P. sericea and report a second thrips species,
Neohydatothrips catenatus (Hood), which also inhabits the plant's
I collected thrips from P. sericea at 3 localities during 28 Apr-15 Sep 2010. One locality (34[degrees]46'N 114[degrees]32'W, 140 m elevation) was near Topock in Mohave County, Arizona. The second locality (33[degrees]17'N 114[degrees]41'W, 67 m) was 135 km south along the river near Cibola in La Paz County, Arizona. The third locality (35[degrees]10'N 114[degrees]41'W, 571 m) was at Hiko Springs near Laughlin in Clark County, Nevada. The first two, floodplain localities lie within the Sonoran Desert, whereas the third locality intersects the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts. All 3 sites contain moist soils from shallow groundwater or irrigation. Terminal leaf-clusters on apical and lateral stems were plucked and examined for all life stages of thrips. I mounted adults on slides and identified them as L. xanthocerus (Cott 1956; Mound & Kibby 1998) and N. catenatus (Hood 1957 [as Sericothrips catenatus], Mound & Kibby 1998; Hoddle et al. 2008) with the latter verified by S. Nakahara (USDA-ARS-SEL, Beltsville Maryland; lot no. 1102723). Vouchers of adults of both species and second-instar larvae of L. xanthocerus were deposited at the Entomology Museum, University of California, Riverside.
Eggs of L. xanthocerus were found on top of the dense trichomes that cover P. sericea leaves (Fig. 1B). They were oviposited parallel to the leaf surface. Eggs (n = 10) are 0.35-0.39 mm long and 0.15-0.17 mm wide. The chorion is sculptured with the 4- or 5-sided polygons (Fig. 1D) characteristic of Tubulifera (Heming 1991).
Larvae of L. xanthocerus were found within terminal leaf-clusters on apical and lateral stems. Second-instar larvae (Fig. 1C) were differentiated from first instars (Fig. 1A) by their longer antennal segments. First instars (n = 28) are 0.7-1.1 mm long, and second instars (n = 36) are 1.2-2.2 mm long. Both larval instars are mostly yellowish-white with darker sclerotization visible dorsally on the antennae, head, anterior pronotum (in paired plates), legs, and abdominal segments IX-X (Fig. 1A, C). Small, lateral plates on abdominal segment VIII also are sclerotized in second-instar larvae (Fig. 1C). The head, mouth cone, and coxae are sclerotized in ventral view. The mouth cone, coxae, and small sclerotized-plates above the middle and hind coxae are translucent. Remaining sclerotization is brown in first instars and blackish brown in second instars. Black malpighian-tubules are visible in both larval instars (Fig. 1A, C). Overall patterns of sclerotization in first and second instars resemble those on the phlaeothripid Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn), and sclerotization on the head and prothorax resembles that on Liothrips sp. (Figs. 28.5, 28.10 and 28.94; Heming 1991).
Antennae are 7-segmented in both larval instars of L. xanthocerus. The terminal segment on first instars is darkened. The completely dark antennae on second instars (Fig. 1C) contrast with the yellow coloration of segments III-VII on adults (see Hoddle et al. 2008). Antennal sense-cones on second instar larvae, examined on cleared specimens with phase contrast, are arranged similar to those on other tubuliferans (Figs. 28.97-28.99; Heming 1991). They occur apically on the outside, inside, outside, and outside-top of segments III-VI, respectively, with a second, shorter sense cone on the outside of segment IV. The sense cones are straight (Fig. 1E), similar to Liothrips mikaniae (Priesner) (Cock 1982) but differing from Liothrips russelli (Hood) (Fig. 28.98; Heming 1991).
Larvae and adults of L. xanthocerus were observed at Topock on 14 May & 15 Sep 2010, indicating at least 2 generations per year. The absence of life stages within leaf clusters at Hiko Springs on 26 Jan 2011 suggests the species does not overwinter on plants.
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
Larvae and male and female adults of the terebrantian N. catenatus were also found in P. sericea leaf clusters. The species was distinctive due to grey patches on the pronota of adult females (Hood 1957; Hoddle et al. 2008). Second instar N. catenatus and first instar L. xanthocerus larvae were similar in size. Larvae of the 2 species were distinguished by the prominent setae on the terminal abdominal segments in Phlaeothripidae but not Thripidae (Figs. 28.4-28.5 and 28.9-28.10; Heming 1991).
Quiescent instars of L. xanthocerus and N. catenatus were not found within leaf clusters. Berlesefunnel samples of soil beneath P. sericea at Hiko Springs yielded 1 second-instar pupa, recognized by its long wing pads (Fig. 28.17; Heming 1991), of L. xanthocerus on 31 May 2010 and abundant second-instar larvae, pupae, and adults of N. catenatus on 16 Jun 2010. Pluchea sericea may be the primary, if not the only, host of L. xanthocerus. The record on willow may have been a misidentification of arrow-weed, and development on the co-occurring but dissimilar L. tridentata seems unlikely. Liothrips species generally are phytophagous (Cott 1956). Neohydatothrips catenatus was first recorded on unspecified desert-shrubs in southern Arizona (Hood 1957) and has been collected on Hyptis emoryi Torrey (Lamiaceae) (Hoddle et al. 2008). This Sonoran desert shrub borders the lower Colorado River north into southern Nevada (Turner et al. 1995), and scattered H. emoryi occur at Hiko Springs. Both P. sericea and H. emoryi produce leaves densely covered with trichomes. Different life-histories between thrips species, such as methods of oviposition, may facilitate their coexistence as herbivores within P. sericea leaf clusters.
Larvae of the tubuliferan thrips Liothrips xanthocerus Hood and larvae and adults of the terebrantian thrips Neohydatothrips catenatus (Hood) are reported for the first time inhabiting terminal leaf clusters on apical and lateral stems of Pluchea sericea, a desert riparian plant of southwestern North America. Eggs and first and second instar larvae of L. xanthocerus are photographed and described.
BAILEY, S. F. 1957. The Thrips of California. Part I: Suborder Terebrantia. Bull. California Insect Surv. 4: 143-220.
COCK, M. J. W. 1982. The biology and host specificity of Liothrips mikaniae (Priesner) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a potential biological control agent of Mikania micrantha (Compositae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 72: 523-533.
COTT, H. E. 1956. Systematics of the suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera) in California. University of California Publications in Entomology, vol. 13. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 210 pp + 4 plates.
heming, B. S. 1991. Order Thysanoptera, pp. 1-21 In F. W. Stehr [ed.], Immature Insects, vol. 2. Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, Iowa, 975 pp.
HODDLE, M. S., MOUND, L. A., AND PARIS, D. L. 2008. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland, Australia (http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/ Thrips_of_California.html. Accessed 19 January 2011).
HOOD, J. D. 1957. Fifteen new Thysanoptera from the United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 70: 49-60.
MOUND, L. A., AND KIBBY, G. 1998. Thysanoptera: an Identification Guide, 2nd ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
MUNZ, P. A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1086 pp.
NESOM, G. L. 2006. Pluchea, pp. 478-484 In Flora of North America, North of Mexico, vol. 19. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, xxiv + 579 pp.
TURNER, R. M., BOWERS, J. E., AND BURGESS, T. L. 1995. Sonoran Desert Plants: an Ecological Atlas. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, 504 pp.
WILLIAM D. WIESENBORN
Boulder City, Nevada
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The University of the State of New York
The State Education Department
The New York State Library
Albany, New York 12230
STUDIES AND COMMENTARY
In honor of Black History Month, the New York State Library is
issuing An African-American Bibliography: Education. This bibliography
lists selected resources of the New York State Library that document
and comment on the educational experiences of African Americans in
the United States. In addition to primary sources and significant works,
this document contains selected references to bibliographies, research
aids, and reference works. Resource materials in journals and reports
are not emphasized. Researchers should consult abstracts and indexes
for this literature.
Although this bibliography covers the time period from colonial
to the present, it emphasizes recent scholarship, including the
multicultural approach to education.
The Biography section emphasizes teachers, administrators, and
founders of educational institutions. For notable contributors in other
fields, see additional bibliographies in this series (listed below).
The mission of the New York State Library is to provide
reference, information, and materials to support the work of New York
State government and to ensure that every resident of the State has
convenient free access to essential library services. To carry out this
mission, the Library serves as the principal library resource for state
government and serves as a coordinating and resource center for the
statewide interlibrary loan network. Many of the works listed here can
be borrowed through interlibrary loan, if not available at local libraries.
The interlibrary loan process is expedited if the call number (listed in
parentheses after each citation) is included. However, some works have
been listed which are not available for loan.
This bibliography was compiled by Glenis Ratcliff, a reference
librarian at the New York State Library.
Other bibliographies in this series are:
An African American Bibliography: The Arts.
An African American Bibliography: History.
An African-American Bibliography: Science, Medicine and Allied
Aptheker, Herbert, ed. Annotated Bibliography of the Published Writings
of W.E.B. Du Bois. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization
Limited, 1973.(R, 016.301242, A655, 74-10346).
Blockson, Charles L. A Commented Bibliography of One Hundred and
One Influential Books by and about People of African Descent
(1556-1982): A Collector's Choice. Amsterdam: A. Gerits, 1989.
(A, 016.305896, qB651, 90-27721).
Bolner, James, ed. Racial Imbalance in Public Schools: A Basic
Annotated Bibliography. Baton Rouge: Institute of Government
Research, Louisiana State University, 1968. (C, 016.3701934,
Brignano, Russell C. Black Americans in Autobiography: An Annotated
Bibliography of Autobiographies and Autobiographical Books
Written since the Civil War. Rev. and expanded ed. Durham, NC:
Duke University Press, 1984. (C, 016.9730496, B856, 74-18471,
Caliver, Ambrose. Bibliography on Education of the Negro Comprising
Publications from January, 1928 to December, 1930. Washington,
DC: Government Printing Office, 1931. (C, 016.371974, C15).
_____ and Ethel G. Greene, comps. Education of Negroes: A 5-year
Bibliography, 1931-1935. Washington, DC: Government Printing
Office, 1937. (C, 016.371974, C15b)
Chambers, Frederick. Black Higher Education in the United States: A
Selected Bibliography on Negro Higher Education and Historically
Black Colleges and Universities. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,
1978. (C, 016.37873, C444, 78-31136).
The Chicago Afro-American Union Analytic Catalog: An Index to
Materials on the Afro-American in the Principal Libraries of
Chicago, Housed in the Vivian G. Harsh Collection of
Afro-American History and Literature at the George Cleveland
Hall Branch of the Chicago Public Library. Boston: G.K. Hall,
1972. (RC, 016.9730496, fC532, 77-22609).
Du Bois, W.E.B. Select Bibliography of the American Negro for General
Readers. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press, 1901. (C,
Fisher, Mary L. Negro in America: A Bibliography. 2nd rev. and enl. ed.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. (R, 016.301451,
Fisk University, Nashville. Library. Dictionary Catalog of the Negro
Collection of the Fisk University Library, Nashville, Tennessee. 6
vols. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1974. (RC, 019.1, qF539, 76-219).
Gubert, Betty Kaplan, comp. Early Black Bibliographies, 1863-1918.
New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1982. (C, 016.9730496, E12,
Hampton Institute, Hampton, VA. Collis P. Huntington Library. A
Classified Catalogue of the Negro Collection in the Collis P.
Huntington Library, Hampton Institute. Mentor A. Howe and
Roscoe E. Lewis, comps. St. Claire Shores, MI: Scholarly Press,
1971.(R, 016.917306, H232, 73-723).
Howard University. Washington, DC Library. Moorland Foundation.
Dictionary Catalog of the Arthur B. Spingarn Collection of Negro
Authors. 2 vols. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1970. (RC, 016.808899,
______. Dictionary Catalog of the Jesse E. Moorland Collection of Negro
Life and History. 9 vols. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1970. (RC,
______. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Dictionary Catalog of the
Jesse E. Moorland Collection of Negro Life and History: First
Supplement. 3 vols. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1976. (RC, 016.301451,
Jones, Leon. From Brown to Boston: Desegregation in Education,
1954-1974. 2 vols. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979. (C,
016.3701934, J77, 79-28701).
Klotman, Phyllis Rauch and Wilmer H. Baatz, comps. The Black Family
and the Black Woman: A Bibliography. New York: Arno Press,
1978. (C, 016.9173069, I39, 80-31171).
Library Company of Philadelphia. Afro-Americana, 1553-1906: Author
Catalog of the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1973. (C, 016.973,
Malval, Fritz J., comp. A Guide to the Archives of Hampton Institute.
Bibliographies and Indexes in Afro-American Studies, no. 5.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. (A, 016.3787554, M262,
McDonnell, Robert W. The Papers of W.E.B Du Bois, 1803 (1877-1963)
1979: A Guide. Sanford, NC: Microfilming Corporation of
America, 1981. (C, 016.303484, qM136, 82-34908).
McGee, Leo and Harvey G. Neufeldt, comps. Education of the Black
Adult in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. (C, 374.008996, M145, 85-34433).
McPherson, James M. et al. Blacks in America: Bibliographical Essays.
Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971. (C,
Mohonk Conferences on the Negro Question. Proceedings. Lake
Mohonk, NY: The Conference, 1890-1891. (C, 325.26, M69).
Monroe, Will S. Bibliography of Education. International Education
Series. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897. (C, 016.37,
New York. Public Library. Schomburg Collection of Negro Literature
and History. Dictionary Catalog. 9 vols. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1962.
(RC, 019.1, fN55256).
______. Dictionary Catalog. Supplement, 1-2, 1967-1972. 6 vols. Boston:.
G.K. Hall, 1967-72. (RC, 019.1, fN55256b).
Newby, James Edward. Black Authors and Education: An Annotated
Bibliography of Books. Washington, DC: University Press of
America, 1980. (C, 016.37, N535, 80-30752).
______. Black Authors: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. New York:
Garland Publishing, Inc., 1991. (C, 015.73, N535, 91-27758).
Newman, Debra L. comp. Black History: A Guide to Civilian Records in
the National Archives. Washington, DC: National Archives Trust
Fund Board, General Services Administration, 1984. (C,
016.9730496, N552, 86-76210).
Newman, Richard. Afro-American Education, 1907-1932: A Bibliographic
Index. New York: Lambeth Press, 1984. (C, 016.3708996, N554,
______, comp. Black Access: A Bibliography of Afro-American
Bibliographies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. (C,
016.016973, N554, 84-33446).
Porter, Dorothy B., comp. The Negro in the United States: A Selected
Bibliography. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1970. (C,
Scally, M. Anthony. Carter G. Woodson: A Bio-Bibliography.
Bio-Bibliographies in Afro-American and African Studies, no. 1.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. (C, 016.9730496, S282,
Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture. Bibliographic Guide
to Black Studies. Boston: G.K. Hall. 1975-. (RC, 019.1,
Sims, Janet, comp. The Progress of Afro-American Women: A Selected
Bibliography and Resource Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 1980. (C, 016.9730496, S614, 80-30803).
Smith, Dwight L., ed. Afro-American History: A Bibliography. Clio
Bibliography Series, Nos. 2 and 8. Santa Barbara, CA:
ABC-Clio, 1974, 1981. (R, 016.917306, S645, 75-11210).
Swanson, Kathryn. Affirmative Action and Preferential Admissions in
Higher Education: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ:
Scarecrow Press, 1981. (C, 016.3781056, S972, 82-30088).
Temple University. Libraries. Catalogue of the Charles L. Blockson
Afro-American Collection, a Unit of the Temple University
Libraries. Edited by Charles L. Blockson. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1990. (R, 026.0008996, qT284, 91-26092).
Tucker, Veronica E. An Annotated Bibliography of the Fisk University
Library's Black Oral History Collection. Nashville, TN: Fisk
University Library. 1974. (DACS, 91-893).
Tuskegee Institute. Dept. of Records and Research. A Selected List of
References Relating to Desegregation and Integration in Education,
1949 to June, 1955. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee Institute Press,
1955. (C, 016.37197, qT966).
______. A Selected List of References Relating to the Elementary,
Secondary and Higher Education of Negroes, 1949 to June, 1955.
Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee Institute Press, 1955. (C, 371.974,
United States. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. Booker T.
Washington: A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress.
Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1958. (C, 012, qW2997u).
Weinberg, Meyer, comp. Racism in the United States: A Comprehensive
Classified Bibliography. Bibliographies and Indexes in Ethnic
Studies, no. 2. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. (C,
016.97304, W423, 90-14935).
______. The Education of the Minority Child: A Comprehensive
Bibliography of 10,000 Selected Entries. Chicago, IL: Integrated
Education Associates, 1970. (C, 016.3719, W423).
Weinberg, Meyer, ed. School Integration: A Comprehensive Classified
Bibliography of 3,100 References. Chicago, IL: Integrated
Education Associates, 1967. (C, 016.37019, W423).
Work, Monroe N., comp. A Bibliography of the Negro in Africa and
America. New York: H.W. Wilson Company, 1928. (R,
Young, Arthur P. Higher Education in American Life, 1636-1986: A
Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses. New York: Greenwood
Press, 1988. (C, 016.37873, Y68, 88-62375).
Adams, Effie K. Experiences of a Fulbright Teacher. Boston: Christopher
Publishing House, 1956. (C, 915.47, A211).
Alexander, E. Curtis. Richard Allen: The First Exemplar of African
American Education. African American Educator Series, vol. 3.
New York: ECA Associates, 1985. (C, 287.83, A428, 86-36708).
Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York:
David McKay Company, Inc., 1962. (C, 396.09, B329b3).
Beam, Lura. He Called Them by the Lightning: A Teacher's Odyssey in the
Negro South, 1908-1919. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Company,
Inc., 1967. (C, 301.45196, B366).
Brawley, Benjamin G. Dr. Dillard of the Jeanes Fund. New York: Fleming
H. Revell Company, 1930. (C, 370.92, D57b).
______. Negro Builders and Heroes. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 1937. (C, 325.26, B82ne).
Brown, Hallie Q. Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction.
Schomburg Library of Nineteenth Century Black Women Writers.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. (C, 920.7208996, H767,
Cary, Lorene. Black Ice. New York: Knopf, 1991. (C, 373.1829607, C332,
Clark, Septima P. Echo in My Soul. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.,
1962. (C, 370.92, C595c).
Collins, Marva. Marva Collins' Way. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher, 1982. (C,
372.110924, C712, 83-21591).
Comer, James P. Maggie's American Dream: The Life and Times of a
Black Family. New York: New American Library, 1988. (C,
973.0496073, C732, 90-48932).
Cooper, Anna Julia. A Voice from the South by a Black Woman of the
South. Xenia, OH: Aldine Printing House, 1892. (N, 325.26, C776).
Cooper, Arnold, ed. Between Struggle and Hope: Four Black Educators in
the South, 1894-1915. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989. (C,
370.8996073, C776, 90-21540).
Daniel, Sadie Iola. Women Builders. Washington, DC: Associated
Publishers, 1931. (C, 325.26, D184).
Davis, Angela. Angela Davis - an Autobiography. New York: Random
House, 1974. (C, 322.420924, D261, 75-6191).
Day, Beth F. Little Professor of Piney Woods: The Study of Professor
Laurence Jones. New York: Julian Messner Inc., 1955. (C, 370.92,
Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life
As a Slave, His Escape fom Bondage, and His Complete History to
the Present Time, Including His Connection with the Anti-Slavery
Movement. Hartford, CT: Park Publishing Co., 1881. (C, 360.92,
Dunnigan, Alice A. A Black Woman's Experience: From Schoolhouse to
White House. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1974. (C, 070.924, D924,
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Autobiography of W.E.B Du Bois: A Soliloquy on
Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century. New
York: International Publishers, 1968. (C, 326.092, D816d8).
Edwards, William J. Twenty-Five Years in the Black Belt. Boston: Cornhill
Company, 1918. (C, 371.974, E26).
Foner, Philip S. and Josephine F. Pacheco. Three Who Dared: Prudence
Crandall, Margaret Douglass, Myrtilla Miner: Champions of
Antebellum Black Education. Contributions in Women's Studies, no.
47. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. (C, 370.8996073, F673,
Forman, James. Sammy Younge, Jr.: The First Black College Student to Die
in the Black Liberation Movement. Washington, DC: Open Hand
Pub., 1986. (C, 973.0049607, Y78, 86-33325).
Franklin, John Hope. A Life of Learning. ACLS Occasional Paper, no. 4.
New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1988. (DACS,
Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader,
1856-1901. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. (C, 360.92,
______. Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901-1915. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1983. (C, 378.111, W317, 83-29540).
Haskins, James. Diary of a Harlem Schoolteacher. New York: Grove Press,
1969. (C, 379.2097471, H351, 74-7735).
Holley, Joseph Winthrop. You Can't Build a Chimney from the Top: The
South through the Life of a Negro Educator. New York:
William-Frederick Press, 1948. (C, 370.92, H7382h).
Holt, Rackham. Mary McLeod Bethune, a Biography. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1964. (C, 370.924, B563, 89-4596).
Howard, Oliver O. Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major General,
United States Army. 2 vols. NY: Baker & Taylor Company, 1908.
(C, 973.709, H85h).
Hutchinson, Louise D. Anna J. Cooper, a Voice from the South.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981. (C, 370.924,
Jones, Beverly Washington. Quest for Equality: The Life and Writings of
Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863-1954. Black Women in United
States History, v. 13. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing, Inc., 1990.
(C, 973.0496073, J76, 91-7765).
Logan, Rayford W. and Michael R. Winston, eds. Dictionary of American
Negro Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1982. (R,
920.009296, D554, 83-32544).
Malcolm X. See X, Malcolm.
Mann, Harold W. Atticus Greene Haygood: Methodist Bishop, Editor, and
Educator. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1963. (Z, 287.673,
Mays, Benjamin E. Born to Rebel: An Autobiography. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1971. (C, 378.1120924, M474, 75-1002).
McMurry, Linda O. George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1981. (C, 630.924, M168, 82-22310).
Meredith, James H. Three Years in Mississippi. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1966. (C, 378, M6782Em5).
Morris, J. Kenneth. Elizabeth Evelyn Wright, 1872-1906: Founder of
Voorhees College. Sewanee, TN: University Press, 1983. (C,
378.7570924, W948, 85-27297).
Morton, Lena B. My First Sixty Years: Passion for Wisdom. New York:
Philosophical Library, 1965. (C, 370.92, M889m8).
Moton, Robert R. Finding a Way Out: An Autobiography. Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1920. (C, 370.92, M91).
O'Connor, Ellen. Myrtilla Miner: A Memoir. Miami, FL: Mnemosyne
Publishing Co., Inc., 1969. (C, 370.9753, O18, 89-5984).
Ohles, John F., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Educators. 3 vols.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. (C, 370.973, B615,
Patterson, Frederick D. Chronicles of Faith: the Autobiography of Frederick
D. Patterson. Edited by Martia Graham Goodson. Foreword by
Harry V. Richardson. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,
1991. (C, 378.111, P317, 91-6925).
Payne, Daniel Alexander. Recollections of Seventy Years. New York: Arno
Press, 1969. (Z, 287.873, Zp3p3).
Rose, Thomas and John Greenya. Black Leaders, Then and Now: A
Personal History of Students Who Led the Civil Rights Movement in
the 1960's and What Happened to Them. Washington, DC: Youth
Project, 1984. (C, 323.40922, qR797, 85-24025).
Sellers, Cleveland and Robert Terrell. River of No Return: The
Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC.
New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1973. (C, 322.42,
Sewell, George A. and Margaret L. Dwight. Mississippi Black History
Makers. Rev. and enl. ed. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,
1984. (C, 920.009296, S516, 85-24748).
Simmons, William J. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising.
Cleveland, OH: Geo. M. Rewell & Co., 1887. (C, 325.26, As).
Singleton, George A. The Autobiography of George A. Singleton. Boston:
Forum Publishing Company, 1964. (Z, 287.873, Zs6s6).
Spradling, Mary M., ed. In Black and White: A Guide to Magazine Articles,
Newspaper Articles, and Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black
Individuals and Groups. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Detroit, MI: Gale Research
Company, 1980. (RT, 920.009296, qS766, 81-22860).
______. In Black and White: Supplement. A Guide to Magazine Articles,
Newspaper Articles, and Books Concerning More Than 6,700 Black
Individuals and Groups. Detroit, MI: Gale Research company,
1985. (RT, 920.009296, qS766, 81-22860, 1980b).
Taylor, Susie King. A Black Woman's Civil War Memoirs: Reminiscences
of My Life in Camp with the 33rd U.S. Colored Troops, Late 1st
South Carolina Volunteers. New York: Markus Wiener Publishing,
1988. (C, 973.7415, T246, 88-59722).
Terry, Adolphine. Charlotte Stephens: Little Rock's First Black Teacher.
Little Rock: Academic Press of Arkansas, 1973. (C, 371.100924,
Thurman, Howard. With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard
Thurman. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979. (C, 280.4,
Two Black Teachers during the Civil War. New York: Arno Press, 1969. (C,
371.100924, P357, 74-17361).
Includes Lewis Lockwood's Mary S. Peake; the Colored
Teacher at Fortress Monroe, and Charlotte Forten's Life on
the Sea Islands.
Torrence, Frederic Ridgely. The Story of John Hope. New York:
Macmillan Company, 1948. (C, 325.26, H79at).
Walls, William J. Joseph Charles Price, Educator and Race Leader. Boston:
Christopher Publishing House, 1943. (C, 370.92, P94w).
Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery; an Autobiography. New York:
Doubleday, Page & Co., 1901. (C, 360.92, W31w1).
______. Working with the Hands: Being a Sequel to "Up from Slavery,"
Covering the Author's Experiences in Industrial Training at Tuskegee=
New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1904. (C, 360.92, W31w2).
Williams, Roger M. The Bonds: An American Family. New York:
Atheneum, 1971. (C, 917.3038092, B711, 74-7829).
X, Malcolm. Autobiography of Malcolm X. With the assistance of Alex
Haley. Introduction by M.S. Handler. Epilogue by Alex Haley. New
York: Grove Press, 1965. (Z, 297.87, ZL7L7).
African Education Society of the United States. Report of the Proceedings
at the Formation of the African Education Society: Instituted at
Washington, December 28, 1829. Washington: Rothwell & Ustick,
1830. (N, 040, B, v. 225).
American Negro Academy. Occasional Papers, 1-22. 1897-1924. NY: Arno
Press, 1969. (C, 301.45196, A512, 74-17362).
Aptheker, Herbert. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the
United States. Preface by W.E.B. DuBois. 2 vols. New York:
Citadel Press, 1951-1973. (C, 325.26, A65d).
Association of Friends for the Free Instruction of Adult Colored Persons.
History of the Associations of Friends for the Free Instruction of
Adult Colored Persons in Philadelphia. Published by direction of the
Association. Philadelphia: Friends' Book Store, 1890. (C, 371.974,
Bell, Howard Holman, ed. Minutes of the Proceedings of National Negro
Conventions, 1830-1864. The American Negro: His History and
Literature. New York: Arno Press, 1969. (C, 301.45196062, B433).
Black Culture Collection, from the Holdings of Atlanta University Library.
Wooster, OH: Bell & Howell, Micro Photo Divison, 1971-1973.
(MB/FM, 909.0496, B).
Microfilm collection containing approximately 10,000 books,
pamphlets, portraits, letters by and about African Americans,
mostly items collected by Henry P. Slaughter between 1900 and
1940. The guide to the collection is listed below. See Jones,
Blank, Rolf K. and Paul R. Messier. Planning and Developing Magnet
Schools: Experiences and Observations. Washington, DC: Office of
Research, U.S. Dept. of Education, 1987. (US/FF, ED
Boston. Primary School Committee. Report of the Minority of the
Committee of the Primary School Board, on the Caste Schools of the
City of Boston: With Some Remarks on the City Solicitor's Opinion.
Boston: A.J. Wright's Press, 1846. (C, 371.9796, B7475).
Boston. School Committee. Report of the Minority of the Committee upon
the Petitions of John T. Hilton and Others, Colored Citizens of
Boston, Praying for the Abolition of the Smith School, and That
Colored Children May be Permitted to Attend the Other Schools of
the City. Boston: J.H. Eastburn, 1849. (C, 371.974, B746).
Buncher, Judith F., Joseph Fickes, and Stephen Orlofsky. The School
Busing Controversy, 1970-1975. New York: Facts on File, 1975. (C,
370.19342, S372, 76-9803).
Caliver, Ambrose. Vocational Education and Guidance of Negroes: Report
of a Survey Conducted by the Office of Education. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Offfice, 1938. (C, 371.974, C16v).
Carver, George Washington. George Washington Carver in His Own Words.
Edited by Gary R. Kremer. Columbia: University of Missouri,
Press, 1987. (C, 630.924, C331, 87-033768).
Coleman, James. Equality of Educational Opportunity. 2 vols. Washington,
DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, Government
Printing Office, 1966. (C, 370.19344, U62).
Crandall, Prudence. Report of the Arguments of Counsel, in the Case of
Prudence Crandall, Plff. in Error, vs. State of Connecticut, before =
Supreme Court of Errors, at Their Session at Brooklyn, July Term,
1834. By a Member of the Bar. Boston: Garrison & Knapp, 1834.
(SCOLL, Trials: Indiv., 1018).
Douglass, Margaret C. Educational Laws of Virginia. The Personal
Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglass, a Southern Woman, Who Was
Imprisoned for One Month in the Common Jail of Norfolk, under the
Laws of Virginia, for the Crime of Teaching Free Colored Children
to Read. Boston: John P. Jewett & Co., 1854. (C, 371.974, D737).
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Correspondence of W.E.B. Du Bois. Edited by
Herbert Aptheker. Vol. 1. Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press, 1973-. (C, 301.2420924, D816, 75-12280).
______. Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others. 4 vols.
Compiled and edited by Herbert Aptheker. Millwood, NY:
Kraus-Thompson Organization Limited, 1982. (C, 973.0496073,
______. Writings. Edited by Nathan Huggins. Library of America. New
York: Literary Classics of America, 1988. (C, 973.0496073, D816,
Fleming, Walter L., ed. Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political,
Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial, 1865 to the
Present Time. 2 vols. Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark Company,
1906. (C, 973.8, F59).
Foner, Philip S. Voice of Black America: The Major Speeches by Negroes
in the United States, 1797-1971. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1972. (C, 301.45196073, F673).
Forten, Charlotte. The Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimke. Edited by
Brenda Stevenson. Schomburg Library of Nineteenth Century
Black Women Writers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
(C, 371.100924, F737, 89-34163).
Friedman, Leon, ed. Argument: The Oral Argument before the Supreme
Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1952-1955.
Introductions by Kenneth Clark and Yale Kamisar. New York:
Chelsea House Publishers, 1969. (C, 344.730798, A694, 91-40387).
FromServitude to Service: Being the Old South Lectures on the History an=
Work of Southern Institutions for the Education of the Negro.
Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1905. New York: Arno
Press, 1969. (C, 371.974, F93, 1969).
General Education Board. General Education Board: An Account of Its
Activities, 1902-1914. New York: General Education Board, 1915.
(C, 370.6273, G324).
______. Report of the Secretary, 1914-1917. 3 vols. New York: General
Education Board, 1915-1917. (C, 370.6273, G32).
______. Annual Report of the General Education Board, 1917-1956. 39 vols.
New York: General Education Board, 1918-1957. (C, 370.6273,
______. Review and Final Report, 1902-1964. New York: General
Education Board, 1964. (C, 370.6273, G322r).
Hampton Institute, Hampton, VA. Twenty-two Years' Work of the
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute at Hampton, Virginia.
Records of Negro and Indian Graduates and Ex-Students, with
Historical and Personal Sketches and Testimony on Important Race
Questions from Within and Without, to Which are Added...Some of
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MD: University Press of America, 1989. (C, 370.19342, D451,
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Scott, Hugh J. The Black School Superintendent: Messiah or Scapegoat? | <urn:uuid:8bac91ee-bbf9-4d41-a928-5e133fe63863> | {
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Cleanergy launches bioenergy system for old, closed landfills
Both the environment and organizations operating closed landfills have received a boost with the launch of Cleanergy’s GasBox.
An industry first, Cleanergy’s GasBox has been specifically developed to generate electricity and heat from methane gas being emitted at the more than 1,900 landfill sites in Europe that are more than 10 years old.
Currently, the methane gas at these sites—produced by the decomposition of organic matter—is burnt at source to prevent it from entering the atmosphere. Because methane warms the earth’s atmosphere 20-30 times more than carbon dioxide, burning it—with the resultant carbon dioxide emissions—is the least worst option for the environment.
The European Union Landfill Directive of 1999 states that flaring is only an option if it is impossible to extract energy from the methane gas. But up until today, older landfill sites have often broken these directives because the gas combustion engines traditionally used at newer landfills where methane levels are above 40 percent simply cannot produce electricity from lower grade, “dirty” methane.
Cleanergy’s GasBox addresses this specific problem and is the only technology able to produce both electricity and heat from a methane gas concentration down to 18 percent. This biogas is produced from manure, food waste and plant residues at landfill sites as well as at waste water plants and on farms.
With an return on investmetn of just 3-5 years, Cleanergy’s GasBox is already commercially deployed at several locations in Sweden (in collaboration with the Swedish Energy Agency) and at the Yggeset waste disposal park in Norway. Energy produced by the GasBox is being used to power equipment and to heat and electrify buildings.
Cleanergy’s GasBox has also been installed at closed landfill sites in Norfolk, Shropshire, Yorkshire in the U.K., and also in Poland, as part of the ACUMEN project. The Assessing, Capturing and Utilising Methane from Expired and Non-Operational Landfill project is being led by the Environment Agency and funded by an EU environmental program. Cleanergy’s GasBox is the first power technology that has been selected for evaluation. More details about ACUMEN can be found here. www.environment-agency.gov.uk/acumen
Thorleif Eriksen, manager at the Yggeset recycling park in Asker, Norway, said, “Our landfill is 32 years old and now producing low-grade methane. Cleanergy’s GasBox was quick and painless to install. It generates enough electricity to heat and power our needs. We were somewhat skeptical at the start of this trial but are now convinced about the performance—and recommend the GasBox to industry colleagues worldwide.”
Installed inside a modular container, Cleanergy’s GasBox is an autonomous and flexible stirling engine unit. Also inside the container is a real-time power management system with remote access; a fuel pipe; plus a heat and electricity connection to a house/factory/warehouse with optional grid functionality.
Headquartered in Sweden and established in 2008, Cleanergy specializes in the development, manufacturing and deployment of energy solutions for the solar and gas industries.
Anders Koritz, CEO at Cleanergy said, “There are a myriad of combined-heat-and-power (CHP) systems available for generating electricity and heat from newer landfill sites, but once the quality of the methane decreases, the only option has been flaring. We have worked hard to solve this problem and our GasBox extends power production at landfill sites by around 20 years. We are driving the future of biogas power and turning waste into wealth.”
The Cleanergy board includes Bo Dankis, the current chairman of the Swedish Trade Council, and the former Swedish finance minister, Pär Nuder.
To date the company has raised more than $60 million. Investors include Jim O'Neill, the former chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, and the renowned Wallenberg family of Swedish industrialists, along with the Nobel Foundation. | <urn:uuid:8ed56f3d-0259-4e46-a55c-18b0f92438a8> | {
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What can you do to support your Aboriginal language?
- Develop Aboriginal language books and resources.
- Use storytelling in your program and community.
- Create fun games in your language and teach them to families.
- Develop Aboriginal language radio programs.
- Encourage local teachers, early childhood workers to speak to the children and young people in your language on the play ground and in the halls of the school.
- Develop posters with positive messages about speaking your Aboriginal language.
- Create a language committee that promotes culture and language in your community.
- Develop a plan for maintaining and/or revitalizing your Aboriginal language.
- Encourage parents to speak their language in the family. | <urn:uuid:cd9a3183-cbfe-42f0-8843-d94904ce1cf9> | {
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CSHARP TUTORIAL ( C Sharp Tutorial)
This csharp tutorial ( C sharp tutorial) is intended for beginners who want to learn C# programming ( C sharp) .
If you want to jump to coding, and you have the compiler for C sharp (C# ) installed in your computer, skip this introduction and go directly to next page of csharp tutorial . Otherwise go ahead and read on.
What is Csharp ( C# )
* The C# programming language (pronounced "C-Sharp") is a powerful object-oriented programming languages.
* C# was developed by Microsoft.
* It enables programmers to quickly build a wide range of applications for the .NET platform.
* C# reduces the development time of applications and also to attain good productivity.
* All .NET languages, including C#, follow the Common Language Specification (CLS).
How to get started ( A quick start guide for those willing to take up Csharp tutorial)
To get started, a compiler and an editor will be required. There are several options for obtaining a compiler to write C# programs. Microsoft Visual C# Express is a good compiler and editor tool to install. It is free. Go to http://www.microsoft.com/express/vcsharp/ and click on the download. Save the vcssetup.exe at your desired location. Click on the vccsetup.exe and install the Visual C Sharp at desire location. The setup process will take about half an hour. You will have to register the product otherwise it will expire in 30 days.
Once you have done that, you are all set to start taking up this csharp tutorial . | <urn:uuid:2fe40059-4b4a-4c52-8e75-0888cbb125ed> | {
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That would make San Francisco to Shanghai in two hours a possibility
Chinese scientists say there could one day be a high-tech submarine that crosses the Pacific Ocean in less time than it takes to watch a movie, the South China Morning Post reports.
Researchers at the Harbin Institute of Technology, in northeast China, have made dramatic improvements to a Soviet-era military technology called supercavitation that allows submersibles to travel at high speeds, the Post says.
Supercavitation envelops a submerged vessel inside an air bubble to minimize friction. It enabled the Russian Shakval torpedo to reach speeds of 230 m.p.h. — but theoretically, a supercavitated vessel, given sufficient power at launch, could reach the speed of sound (some 3,603 m.p.h.). That would mean crossing the 6,000-odd miles from San Francisco to Shanghai in just two hours.
One of the problems of supercavitation has been how to steer a vessel at such speeds. The Harbin scientists say they could have the answer.
According to the Post, they’ve developed a way of allowing a supercavitated vessel to shower itself with liquid while traveling inside its own air bubble. The liquid creates a membrane on the surface of the vessel, and by manipulating this membrane, the degree of friction applied to different areas of the vessel could be controlled, which would enable steering.
“We are very excited by its potential,” said Li Fengchen, professor of fluid machinery and engineering at the Harbin Institute’s complex flow and heat transfer lab. “By combining liquid-membrane technology with supercavitation, we can significantly reduce the launch challenges and make cruising control easier,” he told the Post.
Li stressed, however, that many technical problems needed to be solved before supersonic submarine travel could take place. | <urn:uuid:d1d235ef-a80f-464d-883b-55a4f267e7a1> | {
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In last month’s Electrical Contractor, we wrote about how to improve your fiber optic termination techniques. Fiber optic connector manufacturers work hard to make terminations easier and less expensive, and with higher performance capabilities.
Let’s look at what is necessary to design a good fiber optic connector. It can help you understand how to make better connections yourself.
A fiber optic connector’s primary job is to connect two tiny glass fibers together so a minimal amount of light is lost at the junction. A human hair is about 75 microns (one one-millionth of a meter or three thousandths of an inch) in diameter, and the outside diameter of the optical fiber is only 125 microns (0.005 inch). The core of the fiber is smaller than the size of a hair, with a diameter of 50 or 62.5 microns for multimode fiber and 8 to 10 microns for single-mode fiber.
The two fibers must be aligned by a connector to within a few microns to achieve low loss. Then the fibers must be protected from harm and extremes of temperature, humidity, etc. And, finally, the connector must be capable of surviving hundreds of mating-demating cycles without loss becoming significantly greater.
Usually, fibers are held for alignment by using a “ferrule” or circular body with a hole precisely located down the center. The hole must also be of a precise diameter, large enough to allow the fiber to fit through it but small enough to align the fiber cores precisely. The material of the ferrule must be stable—it must maintain its dimensions with changes in temperature or other environmental conditions—to match the glass fiber that will be inside it.
The most common connectors today use a ceramic ferrule. They are easily molded, can be made with precise dimensions, and are mechanically stable under all environmental conditions. They are also very hard, so polishing the fiber down to the ferrule is easily done.
The earliest fiber optic connectors used metal ferrules. The higher metal expansion with temperature compared to the glass fiber caused problems, as did the softness of the metal, because it polished faster than the glass.
There have been many types of molded plastic connectors, but only in the last few years have materials that offer high performance for fiber optic connectors been developed. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) can be used to make ferrules that offer virtually equal performance as ceramic ferrules at less cost. In Europe, they have been quite popular, but have only recently become available in the United States. Molded plastics allow noncircular ferrule designs like on the new duplex MT-RJ small-form-factor connector.
With a ferrule connector, you must hold the fiber firmly in place. In most connectors, this is done with an adhesive. Factory-made connectors (and some field-installed ones also) are made with a two-part epoxy for the strongest bond.
Epoxies can be cured in a few minutes using an oven. Quick-setting adhesives, generally acrylates, cure faster at room temperature but may not have the bond strength or tolerance of environmental changes of an epoxy.
The connector ferrule must accommodate either type of adhesive. This means the hole in the ferrule must be large enough to allow a thin film of adhesive all around the fiber.
Inserting the fiber into the connector after applying the adhesive may leave the fiber slightly offset in the hole, but rotating the fiber as it is inserted in the connector will float it to the center of the hole for a better connection.
Other methods have been used to hold fibers in the ferrule, most of which involve crimping. Whenever you crimp on a fiber, you risk adding loss due to the stress of an inadequate grip on the fiber. These crimp-type connectors must be carefully made to prevent the fiber from moving in the ferrule, a process called “pistoning.”
With all the emphasis on aligning the fibers, you may forget about the rest of the connector. The body of the connector holds the ferrules together and attaches to the cable securely. With the usual simplex cable or zipcord, the connector must be crimped onto the aramid fiber strength members (what most call “Kevlar,” the duPont trade name).
Some connectors, like the ST, have the cable crimped directly onto the body of the connector and the ferrule. On these connectors, pulling on the cable will move the ferrule, causing variations in the loss of the connector. When using STs, it is important to keep patchcords dressed neatly to prevent stress on the connector and variable losses.
Other connectors, with the SC being the best example, have the cable crimped onto the body of the connector, but the ferrule itself is floating. Pulling on the cable only stresses the snap-in body of the connector, so the ferrule remains unaffected.
With either type of connector, it is important to crimp the strength members properly. If this is not done, any stress on the cable will be transmitted directly to the fiber inside the connector. Enough stress will crack the fiber, the connector will fail, and you will have a very hard time finding the problem.
Next month, we will look at all the different types of connectors and where they are used. We will also speculate on what those funny names mean.
HAYES is the founder of Fotec, the fiber optic test equipment company and the Cable U training programs. He can be contacted at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:605665d3-1dfa-455b-97ec-28b0b6fd999f> | {
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Computers, technology and software makes the modern world go around – but for every piece of clever software, there’s a programmer (and often teams of programmers) behind the scenes, solving problems with clever code, cloud security solutions, and intense development projects. Spare a thought for these digital pioneers on Programmers’ Day!
Programmers’ Day is celebrated on the 256th day of the year – chosen because this is the number of distinct values that can be represented with an eight-bit byte, and the highest power of two which is less than 365.
Our research shows…
Lots of people celebrate this day on January 7th, which seems to be the original (though unofficial) date for the celebration. In 2009, however, the government of Russia declared the day to be a professional holiday, and set the date as September 13th (Sept 12th on leap years) | <urn:uuid:5ff42569-16f1-4a5a-98af-ea0faa32649a> | {
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The Flex Test
by Beth Hagman
As you go through the following positions, stretch until mildly uncomfortable, but don't push
or bounce and back off at the first sign of pain. Warm up with a few minutes of walking or knee
Standing, reach your left hand behind your back and up to the opposite shoulder blade. Repeat
with your right hand. You should be able to touch the bottom of your shoulder blade.
- Lower Back
Lying on your back, pull both knees toward your chest. You should be able to touch your chest
without arching your back.
Still lying on your back, lift your left leg straight up, keeping your right leg flat on the
floor and both knees unbent. Switch legs and repeat. Both legs should be able to reach a 90
- Front of Thigh
Turn over and lie on your stomach, knees together. With your left hand, gently pull your left
heel toward your buttocks. Repeat with the right side. Both heels should comfortably touch your
If you can't reach these flex points, start a daily stretching program until you can. And
then continue it. Why? Because stretching improves your coordination and body awareness. It
increases your range of motion, improves circulation and helps prevent injuries. On top of all
that, regular stretching feels good!
How to Stretch
The key to successfulstretching is to warm up FIRST. Don't ever stretch cold muscles. Stretch
at the end of your regular warm-up and after you exercise.
Static stretches are slow, a gradual movement through your muscle's full range of motion,
slowly lengthening it until you feel resistance. At this point, you hold the stretch for 15-30
seconds and then slowly return to the resting position. Repeat two or three times for every
major muscle group.
A more complete - and much more fun - method of stretching involves two people working
together. To do it right, however, you need hands-on instruction; doing it wrong can lead to
injury. If you're interested, ask a trainer at your local gym to show you and your partner this
method of stretching.
Whichever method of stretching you're using, start out with several minutes of aerobic warm-up.
Then add upper-body warm-up work, including shoulder shrugs and shoulder rolls. Finally, move
into your stretches.
Standing stretches are good before aerobic or strength training. Keep your knees slightly bent.
Floor stretches are best for general flexibility and cool down. Stretch both right and left
sides of the body equally.
When you stretch a muscle, the opposite muscle relaxes. In a fast or jerky movement, the
opposite muscle doesn't have time to relax and stretch - in fact, it may contract to avoid
over-stretching. In this way, the elastic limits of the muscle are easily exceeded, and injury
There are several good books on stretching, and many fitness and running books with sections on
stretching. I recommend that you work directly with a trainer to learn your limits and develop
a stretching routine - because doing it right is going to improve your running, and doing it
wrong is going to leave you with a whole new set of injuries. | <urn:uuid:871012f8-2c50-4a7d-8751-4600f9266390> | {
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Read about the Barclay Tartan name, motto and tartan. Buy products and accessories in your tartan and family crest.
Tartan Illustrated: Barclay Dress Modern
Motto: 'Either Action Or Death'
Since the eighteenth century, Barclay historians, noted for their low level in medieval scholarship, have assumed the Scottish family Barclay (de Berchelai) is a branch of one of the Anglo-Norman Berkeley family of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. However, the link between the Scottish and English families is disputed.
An old family tradition is that the Scottish family is descended from John de Berkeley, who was the son of Roger de Berkeley, provost of Berkeley, and went to Scotland in 1069 with St Margaret . Another theory is that the clan is descended from a John de Berkeley who went north in 1124 with Maud, queen of David.
Another theory of the Barclay origin, put forth by the historian G.W.S. Barrow, points to the small village of Berkley in Somerset (in 1086 Berchelei). In 1086 the overlordship of Berkley belonged to Robert Arundel, whose main tenant was a Robert. Arundel's manors included Cary Fitzpaine (in Charlton Mackerell), near Castle Cary. And Cary Fitzpaine seems to have been held by the tenant Robert as well. At the same time as Henry Lovel of Castle Cary first appears in Scotland, there appear the names of Godfrey de Arundel and Robert and Walter de Berkeley. | <urn:uuid:b3f84664-ec9d-4ceb-860e-d5962f390045> | {
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Re-discovering Cherokee Trails focus of programWritten by Admin
The historic Cherokee trails in Jackson County and the surrounding areas will be highlighted during program held at 7 p.m., Tuesday, March 6 at the Jackson County Public Library.
Lamar Marshall, cultural heritage director of Wild South, will be the presenter. Marshall has researched and mapped historic trails in the Southeast for more than 40 years, and the Cherokee Preservation Foundation has funded the Cherokee trails research in Western North Carolina for the last two years.
The early Indian trails evolved as the result of thousands of years of Native Americans’ interactions with animals, tribal migration, relocations, population shifts and lifestyle changes due to European contact and trade.
Geographical features were the key factors that led to the establishment and development of village sites and trail locations. Dividing ridges, passes and gaps, springs, river shoals, shallows, waterfalls, fords, and valleys all determined ultimately where trails were established.
“Where these trails remain visible today, old beech trees with carvings and trail marker trees might still be found nearby,” Marshall said. “Abandoned segments meander through fields and forests, and loops that followed the natural contours of the land can be found veering off of paved highways.” | <urn:uuid:7da2002c-e6e8-47ec-8ef0-dbf414119926> | {
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Economic, Environmental, and Human Costs of Coal Raise Questions for India’s Energy Future
Coal supplies roughly 70 percent of India's electricity generation, but rising costs have policymakers rethinking its role in the country's energy sector. Photo credit: प्रतीक
Earlier this week, a Committee of Secretaries (CoS) established by Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met to discuss environmental and economic issues facing the country’s electricity generation sector. CoS members included the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, as well as representatives from the Ministries of Power, Petroleum, Coal, Environment, and Finance.
The first day’s discussion focused on increasing difficulties of coal power production, including domestic production shortages and import costs. While the availability of domestic and supposedly cheap coal supplies was once cited as a central justification for pursuing coal power in India, which currently supplies about 70 percent of the country’s electricity generation, recent coal shortages, dramatic price increases, and environmental mismanagement by the coal industry have led policymakers, energy developers, and investors to acknowledge the need for the country to pursue an alternative energy path.
In January, an Indian Power Ministry official expressed concerns regarding the pricing scheme of the state-owned coal mining company, Coal India, which would increase the cost of coal power generation by an estimated 35 percent. Coal India is responsible for over 80 percent of the country’s coal production. A Coal India executive cited the need to rework the company’s pricing scheme, as coal prices have recently risen by 50 to 180 percent, depending on fuel quality.
The Independent Power Producers Association of India (IPPAI), which provides more than 95 percent of the country’s private electricity capacity, warned that around 50 coal power plant projects with a total capacity of over 68 gigawatts (GW) are at risk of default due to coal shortages and the siting of Indian coal mines on land protected by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). This is a huge amount of vulnerable capacity, accounting for a large majority of the expected 80 GW of new capacity during India’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2007-2012).
These power sector defaults could total over US$27 billion, as coal power plants struggle to make ends meet with high fuel costs, agreements to sell electricity at low prices, and obstacles to land acquisition. The current unprofitability of coal power production in India is further exemplified by the fact that half of the existing loans sanctioned to power plants are going unused, and there are almost no new coal power project loans in the works.
High coal costs have led many coal and power companies to engage in questionable business practices, in potential violation of agreements with government and private clients. In 2009 Adani Power, an Indian power company, attempted to cancel its 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA) with the Gujarat state utility because it would no longer be able to supply power at the agreed upon rate due to high coal prices. The Appellate Tribunal for Electricity recently ruled that Adani Power was not within its rights to cancel the PPA, leaving questions as to how the company will be able to fulfill its obligations.
Similarly, the 4,000 megawatt (MW) Tata coal power plant in Mundra, Gujarat, may face financial difficulties due to rising international coal prices. The Mundra plant is supplied with fuel from Indonesian coal mines, which will begin being sold at global market rates in September of this year – meaning that the power plant will soon face higher fuel costs. The government of Gujarat, meanwhile, has disallowed any increase in electricity tariffs from the Tata Mundra plant, so the company will not be able to recover its high fuel costs by setting higher electricity prices.
Adding to concerns about proper operation of the coal industry, India’s Comptroller and Auditor General found that Coal India is operating 239 coal mines without environmental clearances, in direct violation of MoEF rules. Coal India also expanded the capacity of an additional ten coal mines without clearances. Despite these violations, the company is continuing operations at these mines while attempting to reach an agreement with the Environment Ministry.
|In March of last year, police responded with teargas and gunfire to resistance against the constrcution of an East Coast Energy coal power plant. Photo credit: Basheer//Tehelka|
Most disturbing of all are the violence and humans rights abuses against villagers protesting the land grabs and ecological damages of coal mines and power plants in their communities. In July 2010, citizens of 35 villages in Sompeta, Andhra Pradesh protested against a 2,640 MW coal power plant that would encroach on protected wetlands and threaten water resources of the fertile region. Police violently suppressed the protest, killing two villagers and injuring dozens more.
In March 2011, police destroyed 50 homes and attacked villagers with teargas shells and gunfire in response to local resistance to the construction of a coal power plant by East Coast Energy. Two villagers were killed and 25 were injured in the violent clash.
The economic, environmental, and human rights costs of coal power in India are forcing government agencies and private companies to seriously consider alternative energy sources. In contrast to the stagnating interest and falling profitability of coal power production, India’s renewable energy sector is growing rapidly. Clean energy investments in India grew by 52 percent in 2011 to reach US$10.3 billion that year. Wind made up the largest amount of this investment, at US$4.6 billion that year, but solar investments accounted for nearly all of the investment boom, exploding from US$0.6 billion in 2010 to US$4.2 billion in 2011.
The success of renewable energy in India is due to a combination of economic and political factors. High coal energy costs have made renewable energy an increasingly attractive investment in India, while government targets and incentives, such as the National Solar Mission, have further strengthened the clean energy investment climate.
As coal power generation becomes increasingly unviable in India, government and investors will turn more to renewable energy sources. It is thus important for policymakers and investors to continue to strengthen the policy and financial framework to enable a smooth and rapid transition to a sustainable energy future for India, while respecting the rights and interests of local communities affected by energy infrastructure projects.
Shakuntala Makhijani | March 09, 2012
Read more from the Climate & Energy team at Revolt.
Homepage image: Bloomberg
You may also be interested in: | <urn:uuid:faf9fa5a-d403-4d6e-9999-5d5544345514> | {
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Gallipoli, April 1915
This map shows Turkish dispositions before the landings on 25 April 1915. The commander of the Ottoman Turkish Fifth Army, Otto Liman von Sanders, believed the British would attack at Bulair (called Bolayer on the map) at the narrowest point of the peninsula or on the Asiatic side of the coast across from the island of Tenedos, which was occupied by the British.
This map shows how Liman von Sanders distributed his troops in anticipation of the allied invasion. A third of his forces was located on the Asiatic side of the cost, another third was located at Bulair, while the final third was distributed around the tip of the peninsula, with one division under Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk, the first president of modern Turkey) based at Boghali and the other division based to the south of Gaba Tepe (also called Kaba Tepe).
No Turkish forces are indicated on the map around Ari Burnu, where the Australians and New Zealanders landed on 25 April, although there are some defences indicated at Gaba Tepe, further south. Ari Burnu is not noted on this map at all in Ottoman Turkish (Arabic), and while most place names have been transliterated from Ottoman Turkish into Latin script in ink, the notation “Ari Burnu”, written on the map in pencil, was added at a later date, along with three pencilled arrows showing the area where the British landed at Cape Helles. The back of the map is signed “Liman von Sanders V Armee”. | <urn:uuid:3becbbc7-3e34-4b25-9483-0af88c907e2a> | {
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From the very start, get them used to the command line.
How to use commands such as ls, mv (to move a file as well as to rename a file), clear, ls, su and other such common commands. Teach them now to use man and info pages to get information on how to use commands, and give them excersizes that requie the use of command options to get particular output. Teach them how to use su and sudo to get root authority to accomplish tasks.
PATH: what the PATH variable and how to set the value. How to issue commands by using the full path to the executable from anywhere, and how to cd to a directory to give the command from within that directory. (two somewhat different meanings for path).
Teach them about software repositories and tools to get software: apt-get (aptitude, synaptic), yum, yast, wget, ftp, etc.
Archiving files using tar. Installing software using .tar archives, rpm and Debian tools to install software.
Bootloaders: lilo and grub: what they do; how to configure them; how to add another OS to the system and add it to the bootloader.
Partitioning and OS installation.
Using liveCDs to try out distros before installing (perhaps have an .iso on file that they can burn to cd). Show them distrowatch.com as a resource for more distros.
How to set up and boot an .iso on the hard drive (without cd/dvd drive). How to mount an .iso to see the files within and add/subtract files.
Teach the difference between /etc/bashrc and ~/.bashrc, and how to customize the shell prompt.
Command line text editing using sed, vim, emacs.
Gui text exiting using kate, joe, gedit, nedit, or other such editors.
Introductory shell scripting to automate common tasks.
Perhaps a bit of awk and python.
Hardware configuration with whatever tools are in the distro you use to teach the class.
Introduce them to www.google.com/linux
as a resource for finding answers to questions they may have.
Equally important, introduce them to www.linuxquestions.org/questions
Those are the things that come most readily to my mind. Surely I've left out equally important topics. No doubt others will fill in the blanks I've left behind. | <urn:uuid:e2821609-8b98-43fd-80fb-a1a92c53eed5> | {
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THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM "TO TIE THE KNOT"
The term "tie the knot" also goes back Roman times. the bride would wear a girdle that was tied in many knots which the groom had the "duty" of untying.
THE ORIGIN OF BRIDAL SHOWERS
Bridal showers were meant to strengthen the ties between the bride and her friends, provide her moral support, and help her prepare for her marriage. Gift giving at showers dates from the 1890's.
THE ORIGIN OF STAG PARTIES
In Sparta, during the height of Greek civilization, soldiers were the first to hold stag parties. The groom would have a party for his friends the night before he was to marry. He would bid farewell to his bachelorhood and pledge his continued allegiance to his comrades.
THE ORIGIN OF THE BRIDAL PARTY
This term has many origins from different cultures. In Anglo-Saxon times, the groom had the help of "bridesmen" or "brideknights" to help him capture and/or escort his bride. Later they would make sure that the bride got to the church and to the groom's home afterwards. The women who accompanied and assisted the bride were called "bridesmaids" or "brideswomen".
THE ORIGIN OF THE TRADITIONAL WHITE WEDDING DRESS
In 1499, Ann of Brittany popularized the white wedding gown. Prior to that time, a woman simply wore her best dress or a new dress without regard to the basic color.THE ORIGIN OF SOMETHING "OLD", "NEW", "BORROWED", AND "BLUE"
The tradition of carrying carrying one or more items that are "old", "new", "borrowed" and "blue" also comes from English. There is an old English rhyme describing the practice which also mentions a sixpence in the brides shoe. Something old, signifying continuity, could be a piece of lace, jewelry, or a grandmother's handkerchief. Something new, signifying optimism in the future, could be an article of clothing or the wedding rings. Something borrowed, signifying future happiness, could be handkerchief from a happily married relative or friend. Something blue, signifying modesty, fidelity and love, comes from early Jewish history. In early Biblical times, blue not white symbolized purity. Both the bride and groom usually wore a band of blue material around the bottom of their wedding attire, hence the tradition of "something blue". Originally the sixpence was presented to the bride by her future husband as a token of his love. Today, very often, it is the bride's father who places a coin in the brides shoe prior to leaving home for the church.
Back Next >> | <urn:uuid:7d50766b-1678-48d2-92dc-b2f5ad885808> | {
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HOME Brain Upgrade Neurotechnology Medical Dictionary Brain Facts How 1 to 10
Brain Upgrade Neurotechnology Medical Dictionary How 1 to 10
As the name suggests, this memorization technique involves creating associations between items in a list and assigning images to each connection to help you memorize better. For instance, your accounting exam is tomorrow and you need to memorize which items fall under the Current Asset section of a balance sheet (Cash, Inventories, Accounts receivable, Prepaid expenses).
You can create associations as below:
- I currently don't have any cash to buy any inventory
- To buy the inventory, I shall collect my accounts receivable that my friends owe me
- If I collect the accounts receivable, it should be enough because I already have prepaid expenses from last year to count towards the purchase
HOME Brain Foods Skin Care Neurotechnology Brain Facts How 1 to 10 | <urn:uuid:4caba98f-be4c-4377-b921-09dcf9414d3c> | {
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It is very important to only burn dry wood. Who wants to buy water? It puts fires out. Ignore the bags of wood you sometimes see for sale at petrol stations and stores that are packed in plastic and with condensation dripping off the bag. Some unscrupulous firewood producers simply chop up fresh unseasoned timber, bag it and sell it, knowing that they will probably never meet the purchaser.
Good firewood producers source their logs and then stack them to air dry for at least a full year. They then process them in to logs and in to a shed where they can dry further. Only then are they fit for bagging and selling to the public.
Contrary to some common misconceptions, properly seasoned Conifer logs make excellent fuel and are perfectly safe to burn. The notion that Pine or Spruce might be dangerous or create more creosote than other wood types is an old wives’ tale. Tar and creosote building up in chimney linings is generally the result of burning wet timber. When seasoned properly, Conifer logs burn hotter and faster than denser hardwoods and are ideal for wood burning stoves. All open fires should have a fire guard in front of them for safety and all sources of flame should be guarded sensibly.
How to light an open fire or stove
The simplest and most environmentally friendly way to light a fire is to first crumple up a few sheets of an old newspaper on the grate or use a cube or two of our Eco-Friendly firelighters. Then spread a handful of Logon kindling over the paper/firelighter. On top of these, place smaller sticks and logs and then light the fire at the base. When lighting a stove, make sure the vents are fully open and the doors closed once the fire is lit. In a few minutes after lighting, the kindling and small logs will be blazing. Then add a few standard Logon Logs and once they are burning the vents on the stove can be turned down to provide long lasting and cheerful warmth. If you have an open fire the same applies but always take care with an open fire to have a fire guard in place if leaving a room unattended. Paper and kindling and logs come from sustainably managed woodland. Far cleaner and kinder to the environment than oil based firelighters or firelogs.
If you burn wet or green wood, the heat produced by combustion must dry the wood before it will burn, using up a large percentage of the available energy in the process. This results in less heat delivered to your home, and gallons of acidic water in the form of creosote deposited in your chimney. This can eat through the chimney lining and cause significant damage. Don’t forget, this will also increase the risk of a chimney fire, which can be dangerous, and is an expensive operation if the fire service has to be called out.
The problem is that as wet wood burns slowly, with little heat, the chimney flue does not get a chance to warm up. There is little draw (air moving up the chimney) which doesn’t help the combustion, and the flue remains a cold surface on which the creosote condenses. Dry wood will burn hot – heating up the flue, creating a fast draw, and shooting the smaller amount of vapours out of the chimney before they get a chance to condense.
Best Type For Burning
Some types of tree make better firewood than others. In general ash, oak, beech, birch, sycamore, hornbeam are all first class firewoods. All Conifers such as pine burn very hot when properly air dried and are more suited for Wood Burning Stoves and Gasifiers. Alder, willows and poplars have traditionally been considered poor firewoods due to their high moisture content and tendancy to smoulder in an open fire. However modern stoves are so efficient that they will burn any timber provided it is dry and willow is now being grown specifically as a fuel crop for making wood chip and pellets.
The Science Bit
Think of firewood as solar energy stored in trees. Yes, wood heating is good for the environment. Did you know that by heating your house with wood or burning wood in your fireplace, you are taking a stand in favor of the environment? It’s true, heating your home with wood does not contribute to the greenhouse effect the way fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal do. When oil, gas and coal are burned, carbon that has been buried within the earth for tens of thousands of years is released in the form of carbon dioxide, a by-product of combustion. The result is an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the main cause of the greenhouse effect.
Although carbon makes up about half the weight of firewood and is released as carbon dioxide when the wood is burned, it is part of a natural cycle. A tree absorbs carbon dioxide from the air as it grows and incorporates this carbon in its structure. When the tree falls and decays in the forest, or is processed into firewood and burned, the carbon is released again to the atmosphere. This cycle can be repeated forever without increasing atmospheric carbon. Heating with wood, therefore, does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Moreover, when wood energy displaces the use of fossil fuels, the result is a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
Wood is a natural fuel, and by using it, you stay in touch with the earth’s natural cycles. You also gain an awareness of the environmental impacts of your energy use.
When you buy Irish firewood, the money you spend does not go to a large company outside your locality, region or even province. It tends to stay close by, circulating within your community and strengthening the local economy. And there are few things more satisfying than building a natural wood fire on your hearth, then sitting back to delight in its beauty and soak up its warmth. You can feel good about heating with wood in several different ways. | <urn:uuid:8d6cbc0e-a0f3-4917-8d34-efb954c17d39> | {
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The North-South Road was a road dating from the Second Age that linked the northern kingdom of Arnor with the southern kingdom of Gondor. Most of this road had fallen into ruins by the time of the War of the Ring, though it was still usable in places as the 'Greenway'.
It originally ran from Fornost in the far north, southward for hundreds of leagues through Eriador passing by Bree (where it crossed the East-West Road) and through Andrath between the Barrow Downs and the South Downs. It then crossed Tharbad and from then on it was known as the Old South Road: it went through the Gap of Calenardhon (via the Fords of Isen). It passed across Calenardhon parallel to the White Mountains (in later years the regions of Westfold, Edoras and Eastfold) and eventually Anorien. It passed near Minas Anor and then led to Osgiliath and Minas Ithil. | <urn:uuid:05f8612f-3181-4134-9e1d-597f20915c15> | {
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A Utah district court has ruled that the Endangered Species Act has exceeded Congress’ authority to regulate private landowners. In a case involving the Utah prairie dog, which was listed as a threatened species in 1973, the court said that since prairie dogs were involved in interstate commerce, the federal government had no Constitutional authority to regulate them.
Ironically, the main threat to the Utah prairie dog before it was listed was none other than the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, which had the dual job of protecting endangered species and endangered pestiferous species. For decades, the Fish & Wildlife Service had poisoned prairie dogs throughout the West, saying they were bad for farmers and ranchers.
This poisoning continued even after the agency declared the black-footed ferret to be “the most endangered mammal in North America.” As it happens, black-footed ferrets get 99 percent of their food by eating prairie dogs, as well as make their homes in former prairie dog dens, but this didn’t stop the agency from poisoning prairie dogs.
A recent issue of the New York Times Magazine suggests that the technology for recreating species that have gone extinct in the last few thousand years will soon be available if it is not already. Scientists have already attempted to clone an extinct European wild goat known as a bucardo, and while the results were not successful they were clearly moving in the right direction.
Passenger pigeons in their native habitat, an Iowa woodland, from a diorama in the Denver Museum of Science and Nature. The background to this diorama was painted by Charles Waldo Love. The Flickr photo is by Jessica Lamirand; click image for a larger view.
Species that have been extinct for millions of years, such as dinosaurs, are beyond our reach. But the Times argues that recovery of such species as the passenger pigeon, which once numbered in the billions, and the woolly mammoth should both be possible in the very near future.
Black rhinos have reportedly been extirpated from Mozambique, and the loss is partly blamed on park rangers who were hired to protect them but who earned more money helping poachers. Supposedly, “conservationists are trying anything and everything to put a stop to” such poaching, including using “surveillance drones and hidden sensors, to monitor . . . human activity in reserves.”
Black rhinos in Kenya. Flickr photo by Gary MacFadyen.
Maybe, however, they haven’t tried everything. Rhinos are a difficult case because so few are left, but in general, African wildlife is doing best in countries with secure property rights. Unfortunately, Mozambique is not one of those countries. Someone may think they own land, but the country has few of the institutions needed for them to prove it. If you can’t prove you own land, think how hard it must be to prove you own wildlife.
A little-known agency in the Department of Agriculture is an out-of-control destroyer of wildlife, reports investigative journalist Tom Knudson in a lengthy series of articles in the Sacramento Bee. The agency, which calls itself the Wildlife Service, kills hundreds of thousands of animals each year. Thousands of non-target animals, ranging from endangered species to people’s pets, are killed by mistake, and in at least some cases the agency’s response is to shoot, shovel, and shut up.
The sad fact is that this has been going on for many years. Back in 1995, the Antiplanner wrote an in-depth audit of this agency, which was then known as “Animal Damage Control.” Prior to about 1985, this program was part of the Fish & Wildlife Service, but Congress moved it to Agriculture under the not-entirely wrong notion that FWS didn’t really have its heart in indiscriminately killing wildlife.
The so-called Wildlife Service provides an excellent example of why the left should re-examine its notion that “government is good.” This program was created a century ago, yet there was little reason then and less now for the federal government to be involved in wildlife control. At least a few species have come close to extinction thanks to this program, and it should be shut down immediately. Congratulations to Knudson and the Bee for publishing these articles.
Soon after (and possibly even before) Columbus sailed to the New World, Portuguese and Basque fishing boats were catching cod in the Grand Banks, the shallow seas around Newfoundland. By the 1960s, fishers were removing as many as 800,000 tons of cod from the Grand Banks each year. But in 1992, this seemingly inexhaustable fishery collapsed, forcing Canada to declare a moratorium to allow the fish to recover. No such recovery has taken place, and cod remain nearly non-existent in the area.
Part of the problem was that the Canadian government allowed the use of bottom trawlers that scraped the sea floor and destroyed the habitat vital for young cod. But a new book, Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can’t Predict the Future, places even more of the blame on the goverment planners in the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
The Atlantic Dawn, the world’s largest fishing trawler, can catch enough fish on one voyage to produce 18 million meals. | <urn:uuid:70c516d6-732d-4569-bc5d-8b6fea3bb151> | {
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Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite found in the human body in the form of tooth enamel and bone mineral, and even in Moon rocks brought back to Earth by Apollo astronauts.
Fluorapatite (or fluoroapatite) is more resistant to acid attack than is hydroxyapatite and in the mid-20th century, it was discovered that communities whose water supply naturally contained fluorine had lower rates of dental caries. Fluoridated water allows exchange in the teeth of fluoride ions for hydroxyl groups in apatite. Similarly, toothpaste typically contains a source of fluoride anions (e.g. sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate).
How Does Fluoride Strengthen Your Teeth?
Enamel, the outer layer of the crown of a tooth, is made of closely packed mineral crystals. Every day, minerals are lost and gained from inside the enamel crystals. Losing minerals is called demineralization. Gaining them back is called remineralization.
When it reaches your teeth, fluoride is absorbed into the enamel. It helps to repair the enamel by replenishing the lost calcium and phosphorous to keep your teeth hard. This process is caused remineralization. When fluoride is present during remineralization, the minerals deposited into the tooth enamel help strengthen your teeth and prevent dissolution during the next demineralization phase. Thus, fluoride helps stop the decay process and prevent tooth decay.
All children should use fluoridated toothpaste. If your children are younger than 6, be cautious about how they use it, however. Young children are more likely to swallow toothpaste after brushing instead of spitting it out. Use only a pea-sized amount of toothpaste when they brush. Encourage them to spit out as much as possible. Avoid flavored toothpastes that might encourage swallowing.
So, since we cannot get moon rocks to suck on for our dose of fluoride, visit Corne Smith Dental practice in Newlands, Cape Town for a variety of toothpastes for adults and kids that can help. | <urn:uuid:913d3e32-4601-4db3-9ef1-e506929141b7> | {
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Researchers have uncovered new details about the life of the pliosaur which roamed the earth in the Upper Jurassic era, 200 million years ago.
CT scans by scientists at the University of Bristol discovered that the reptile’s snout contained intricate nerve systems and it had a very keen sense of smell. The discovery was made after collating 2,000 individual scans from a fossilised skull.
“While looking at the CT scans we found that there were some branches and unusual channels that we never noticed before, so we thought it was a good idea to follow them and trace them digitally. In the end we discovered extensive neurovascular webs of channels,” explained David Foffa, a researcher at the University of Bristol.
The channels probably housed the maxillary artery and trigeminal nerve which carried signals to and from the upper jaw and snout. Researchers think they may have supplied blood and nerve connections to skin and soft tissue in the snout. This would have helped pliosaurs hunt prey and manipulate food in the water like a modern-day crocodile.
“We discovered that this kind of system which we found in the snout could be linked to prey detection in a way similar to how crocodiles act when hunting prey. In crocodiles the trigeminal nerve goes to some receptor in the snout which helps them to detect the movement of their prey,” said David Foffa.
Paleontologists have long thought pliosaur skulls contained small holes called foramina that led to internal channels, but this is the first concrete evidence of it. The pliosaur was around eight metres in length with a large crocodile head, a short neck and whale-like body.
It is believed the larger pliosaurs could have swallowed a cow in one single bite. CT scanning is helping to uncover the secrets of prehistoric life forms in unprecedented detail, while leaving fossils undamaged and intact. | <urn:uuid:e1c44910-c4c3-4c9b-b0e4-6ead89985ce1> | {
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How can the study of media history help us to understand the media today? Media Concepts Unit 1 7th November 2001 By WC: 1572 Abstract: This essay tackles the question of whether or not the study of media history can help us to understand the media today. The statement "ÃÂthe media today' is considered to broad and therefore, this essay attempts to represent the media today by questioning the principles of the news today and where they originated. This essay also attempts to find reasons for the content of modern television, as another way of understanding the media today. Finally concluding that the study of media does help us to understand the media today by looking at the changes before and after new media revolutions and the effects they had on the western culture and society.
Contents: 1. Abstract and Contents p. 1 2. Introduction p. 2 3. Section I p.
3 4. Section II p.5 5. Conclusion p. 7 6. Bibliography p. 8 Introduction: Understanding the question requires definitions of the following words; History; "ÃÂA continuous methodical record of important or public events' (Oxford Dictionary) and Media "ÃÂNewspapers and broadcasting, by which information is conveyed to the general public' (Oxford Dictionary) History can be looked at as a science. Considering that a historian collects together facts and accounts of an event, as a scientist conducts experiments to obtain his results, while both use their findings to come to a conclusion. When looking at the history of the media and putting the facts together, trends or similarities arise that lead us to conclusions, giving an understanding of the way the media functions and works in today's age.
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Mardi Gras for Texans: More than Just Beads and Booze
By: Piper Meeks, Contributor
The Mardi Gras tradition involves much more than just masks, beads, parades, King Cakes, and live entertainment. Mardi Gras, or “Fat Tuesday,” originated thousands of years ago in Rome as a religious-based event where people would basically gorge themselves with all of the meat and alcohol they could consume on the night before Ash Wednesday in preparation for several weeks of fasting, or Lent. The tradition spread from Rome to other countries, including France, Spain, England and Germany, among others.
Many believe the Mardi Gras tradition first arrived in the United States in the late 17th century when two French brothers, Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, were sent by King Louis XIV to defend France’s claim on its Louisiana territory, which, at the time, included the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The brothers settled near New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 3, 1699, and held a celebration, claiming the land as Point du Mardi Gras. Over the following years, the holiday was celebrated with lavish masquerades and street parties until the Spanish took control of New Orleans and banned the French tradition.
When Louisiana became a U.S. state in 1812, the Mardi Gras tradition returned in full force. A group of students who witnessed the Mardi Gras celebration in France decided to bring those traditions to the streets of New Orleans by wearing extravagant costumes and dancing in the streets on Mardi Gras in 1827. The Mistick Krewe of Comus, a secret society of New Orleans businessmen, incorporated marching bands and rolling floats in the Mardi Gras celebration of 1857, building the foundation for what would later evolve into the Mardi Gras celebration we are familiar with today.
Many states celebrate Mardi Gras, including Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and of course, Texas. Texas may not be as well-known throughout the country for its Mardi Gras traditions as other states that participate, but residents of Texas are more than familiar with this widely popular cultural celebration.
The first Mardi Gras celebration in Texas took place in Galveston in 1867. The first few years were celebrated with a masked ball and theatre performances until the first Mardi Gras Krewes emerged in 1871, which initiated a more extravagant celebration than seen in prior years.
Today Galveston’s Mardi Gras attracts over 200,000 people from Texas and all around the country, making it the largest Mardi Gras celebration in Texas. Over the course of three weeks, beginning on February 1st, there will be over twenty-eight different parades, including four brand new parades, and twenty balcony parties, which showcase thirteen different bands and artists for live entertainment. There are two different locations for the parades: the Galveston Seawall and the Uptown Entertainment District. The Seawall will host six parades, with two on each weekend. Hotels offer weekend packages at discounted prices so Texans and visitors alike can enjoy the Mardi Gras atmosphere without worrying about cost.
Galveston is not the only Texas city that has celebrated Mardi Gras since the 1800s. From the mid-1800s to the late 1870s, Jefferson, Texas, was a steamboat trading partner with New Orleans. Steamboats coming from New Orleans would travel north on the Mississippi River, detour onto the Red River, cross Caddo Lake, and then veer off onto to Big Cypress Bayou toward the Port of Jefferson. In these decades, the New Orleans heritage and culture had a big influence on the city of Jefferson, and in 1871 Jefferson held its first Mardi Gras celebration. Jefferson continues to celebrate Mardi Gras with live music and parades to this day. This year, the celebration will go on from February 8th through February 10th.
The Port Arthur and Dallas Mardi Gras celebrations began much later than those in Galveston and Jefferson. Port Arthur’s first Mardi Gras was held in February 1993 after three years of planning by the community. The celebration includes several parades and various artists and bands over a period of a few days. This year Port Arthur’s Mardi Gras will be held February 7th through February 10th and will feature carnival rides, ten musical guests, and eight parades, including a golf cart/ATV parade, a motorcycle parade, and a munchkin parade.
The Dallas area has only been celebrating Mardi Gras for a little over a decade. This year, Lake Dallas will hold a Mardi Gras celebration with parades, New Orleans style food, and live jazz music on February 12th. Fair Park in Dallas will hold a “Mardi Gras Texas Style” celebration on February 16th. The Randy Rogers Band and the Josh Abbott Band, both from Texas, will be headlining the event, which will host twenty-eight bands on five stages in just a single day.
The Mardi Gras tradition has evolved into much more than a religion-based event. Families look forward to participating in Mardi Gras balls and parades throughout the year. If you’re looking for some live entertainment, delicious New Orleans-style Cajun food, and extravagant Mardi Gras parades, there’s no need to go to New Orleans to find it. Texas has its own take on Mardi Gras, which some may argue might actually be better. | <urn:uuid:d21ae7de-7504-431f-bc6d-57520bca7fee> | {
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The Ohio River has been known by many names. For instance, the Shawnee called it Spaylaywitheepi while the Miami called it Causisseppione. In most Indian languages their word for The Ohio meant-
Trumpeter Swans, during their fall migration, would fly south over the Ohio and sometimes stay well into winter until it became too cold and they would continue their journey southward.
Some early accounts tell of migrating flocks in the hundreds!
24 x 48 Oil | <urn:uuid:f55acbbd-ea9b-45bb-9902-cd4eedf0cdd8> | {
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The world's biggest fish are hungry migrators on a mission, according to a tracking study that mapped whale sharks' long journeys around the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean to a favorite feeding hot spot off the Yucatan Peninsula.
And one whale shark's incredible 5,000-mile (7,200-kilometer) swim could even help solve the long-standing mystery of where whale sharks give birth—an event no scientist has ever seen.
The largest-ever study of whale shark migrations, nine years in the making, shows that the hundreds of school bus-sized animals that feed in a plankton-saturated stretch off the Mexican coast come from far and wide.
The gentle giants—which can reach up to 40 feet (12 meters) or longer in length, and weigh an average of 5 tons—use mouth filters to feed on the tiny plankton and small fish or eggs.
Whale sharks are known to gather at a dozen major feeding locations around the world, from western Australia and Indonesia to Belize. But between May and September, the waters of Mexico's Quintana Roo state, on the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, draw far more animals than other spots and attract an estimated 800 or more in a given season.
"From this one feeding area, these animals spread out over vast parts of the region—throughout the Gulf of Mexico, down into the Caribbean Sea, through the Straits of Florida up into the open Atlantic Ocean," said study co-author Robert Hueter, director of the Center for Shark Research at Mote Marine Laboratory. "We found animals coming back for as many as six years at a time. Clearly they are returning to this site to fuel up on the rich food that's there to carry them through much of the rest of the year."
(Related pictures: "Biggest Whale Shark 'Swarm' Found.")
The reliable numbers and accessibility of whale sharks at the site prompted Hueter in 2003 to begin accumulating the nine years of tagging and satellite tracking data that formed the backbone of the recent study by the Mote Marine Lab and Mexico's National Commission of Natural Protected Areas.
The amount of time invested, and data collected, by the study's authors is nothing short of phenomenal, said whale shark researcher Mike Maslanka, the Head of Department of Nutrition Science at Smithsonian's National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
"The summer work we do [at feeding aggregations] is just a tiny snapshot in the life of a whale shark," he said. "These tagging efforts allow us to discover more about what happens when they aren't gathering to feed in the summer. Without the tagging we wouldn't even have a glimpse into that part of their lives. That's the really cool part of this study."
Maslanka added, "These things are so big, to think that they 'disappear' is pretty amazing. It's the largest fish in the ocean and we don't know where it goes for six months of the year."
(The whale shark research was partially funded by a grant from the National Geographic Society.)
Birthing Mystery Solved?
Among more than 800 individuals studied, one animal stood out.
A mature and presumably pregnant female called Rio Lady was tagged and then tracked along an odyssey of some 4,800 miles (7,800 kilometers), which ended when her tag came off after five months of observation.
"She just kept going," Hueter said. "She swam out between Brazil and Africa until she passed the Equator, and that's where her tag came off."
But her journey, and other whale shark sightings in the remote region, could help answer a question that has plagued whale shark researchers for years: Where are all the females? Quintana Roo is more than 70 percent male, and other global aggregations show the same gender imbalance.
"You can't have a stable population with that many males. You don't see that in nature," Hueter said.
"The females have to be somewhere, and we hypothesize that mature, pregnant females undergo long migrations to the middle of the ocean, near seamounts or remote islands ... and that's where they give birth," Hueter explained. "In coastal zones where the feeding aggregations are, their young-which are less than two feet long at birth—might be subject to higher predation."
He added, "We feel good about the hypothesis, but it's out there to be tested. So now we'll have to see if it's proven right in the years to come."
Few very young whale sharks have been seen in nature. And discovering where the animals give birth, Maslanka said, is "the holy grail of whale shark biology." (Related: "Smallest Whale Shark Discovered—On a Leash.")
But the story isn't as simple as finding out what area or areas they use to pup. The find would lead to greater understanding of basic whale shark biology, much of which is still lacking because so much of the animals' lives are lived out of our sight.
"And from the perspective of ecosystem management, we'd want to make sure that area was protected over time so they could continue to pup in an unmolested state," he said.
Protecting the Gentle Giants
Using this study and others to determine where the animals travel, feed, and reproduce is key to protection of a species that is becoming increasingly beloved by ecotourists and others. (See video of divers swimming with a whale shark.)
"It's the largest fish in the ocean, and it's a real representative of healthy marine ecosystems," Maslanka said. "It can be a real flagship species for protecting the oceans, especially in the band that stretches around the Equator."
But as Hueter's group makes clear, conservation of the far-roaming animals will take international cooperation because whales spotted in one area may depend, in other seasons, on resources located many hundreds of miles away.
And while mating remains a mystery, whale shark genetics suggest that animals swap genes among far-flung geographic locales, and that only two large metapopulations exist—one in the Atlantic and another in the Indo-Pacific.
Each population requires management on a broad scale. The species as a whole is currently listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and is still hunted for fins and oil in some Asian waters. (Related: "Whale Sharks Killed, Displaced by Gulf Oil?")
Hueter said he's encouraged that whale sharks can be protected by the process that's already begun, notably in his study area, with the Mexican government's designation of a Whale Shark Biosphere Reserve in the feeding aggregation grounds.
There's more work to be done, he cautioned, but the species definitely warrants the effort.
"This is the largest fish that has ever lived, and it's charismatic," Hueter said. "It poses no danger to people who love to see it and swim with it in the wild. It might be the largest animal on the planet that you can be close to in it's natural environment and not be in any danger whatsoever." | <urn:uuid:f1f26874-183d-432c-851c-bc66a73d6a67> | {
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My introduction to genealogy came in the form of a television miniseries when I was eight. With the publication of Alex Haley's Roots in 1976, and the dramatization of the book that soon followed, genealogy gained in popularity at a rate which made established researchers shudder. With this rush of newbies into the field, standards of scholarship droppeda phenomenon which echoes to this day across the Internet.
But Haley's own research was thorough and correct: Wasn't it?
In the years after the book's release, it was attacked on all sides by historians, anthropologists, and professional genealogists. One article from 1984, by Elizabeth Shown Mills and Gary B. Mills, gives "The Genealogist's Assessment of Alex Haley's Roots."1 The authors make several crippling criticisms of Haley's methods and conclusions.
1. The Gambian griot (tribal story-teller and historian) from whom Haley learned of Kunta Kinte's family and of his capture was not an official griot at all, and previously had given a different account of the Kinte family to another researcher. The discrepancies included a different name for Kunta's father (Lamin, instead of Omoro). Haley had been warned by a Gambian archivist that "to get a long detailed and sustained narrative from [a village] elder is rare."2On the bright side, Mills and Mills show a connection Haley missed between the Wallers of Virginia and the Leas of North Carolinathe Leas had come from the same corner of Spotsylvania County (the two families may have been related). More exciting, the Waller family of Virginia did own a crippled slave (recall the scene where "Toby" is maimed for his escape attempt), but it was not Toby. It was a man called Hoping [Hopping] George, who was owned by Colonel William Wallerfather of brothers William and John Waller whom Haley believed to have owned Kunta Kinte. As "George" was a name common in Alex Haley's family, and Colonel William Waller also owned a slave named Isabell (Kinte's wife was supposedly named "Bell"), this might have been the true ancestor of Haley.
2. Haley had identified his ancestor as "Toby," a slave in the Waller family of Virginia, who appears in written records in 1768. He had also concluded that Kunta Kinte came from Gambia (based on the origin of words handed down in his family), and that he had arrived at Annapolis, Maryland. Haley looked for a slave ship arriving at Annapolis from Gambia before 1768, and found the Lord Ligonier, which arrived in 1767. He concluded (upon no other basis) that Kinte was aboard this ship.
3. Dr. William Waller of Virginia did own a slave named Toby, but did not own slaves named Bell (Kinte's wife) or Kizzy (their daughter). In fact, Waller's slave Toby disappeared from the record 22 years before Kizzy's supposed date of birth. (Note: The family is called "Reynolds" in the movie.)
4. "Missy Anne" (famously played by Sandy Duncan in the movie) could not have been Kizzy's childhood friend, as Haley writes. She was married with children by the time Kizzy was born.
5. Tom Lea, the slaveowner who Haley says fathered Kizzy's child Chicken George, did not own the other slaves whom Haley says he owned. There are also other, chronological problems with the account of George's escape from his father's ownership.
Two major lessons may be drawn from Haley's mistakes and the subsequent efforts to correct them. First, oral tradition is fallible. It's not unusual for one's family history to be mangled as it is passed down from parent to child. People bearing the same name are conflated; whole generations are lost. Second, one doesn't have to rely on oral tradition, even if one's ancestors were denied the benefits of citizenship. It's not impossible to track the ownership and family connections of slavesit's just difficult.
Who said genealogy was supposed to be easy?
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Does bitter winter weather refute climate-change claims?
EarthTalk: The answer lies in the difference between ‘climate’ and ‘weather.’
A: On the surface, it certainly can appear that way. But just because some of us are experiencing a particularly cold and snowy winter, doesn’t refute the fact that the globe is warming as we continue to pump carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1997. The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that recent decades have been the warmest since at least around AD 1000, and that the warming we’ve seen since the late 19th century is unprecedented over the last 1,000 years.
“You can’t tell much about the climate or where it’s headed by focusing on a particularly frigid day, or season, or year, even,” writes Eoin O’Carroll in an online blog for The Christian Science Monitor. “It’s all in the long-term trends,” concurs Gavin Schmidt, a climatologist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
Most scientists agree that we need to differentiate between weather and climate. NOAA defines climate as the average of weather over at least a 30-year period. So periodic aberrations – like the harsh winter storms across many parts of the country this winter – do not call the science of human-induced global warming into question.
The flip side of the question is whether global warming is partly to blame for especially harsh winter weather. As was pointed out in a previous EarthTalk column, warmer temperatures in the winter of 2006 caused Lake Erie to not freeze for the first time in its history. This led to increased snowfalls because more evaporating water from the lake was available for precipitation.
But while more extreme weather events of all kinds – from snowstorms to hurricanes to droughts – are likely side effects of a climate in transition, most scientists maintain that any year-to-year variation in weather cannot be linked directly to either a warming or cooling climate.
Even most global warming skeptics agree that a specific cold snap or freak storm doesn’t have any bearing on whether or not the climate problem is real. One such skeptic,
Jimmy Hogan of the Rational Environmentalist website writes, “If we are throwing out anecdotal evidence that refutes global warming, we must at the same time throw out anecdotal evidence that supports it.” He points to environmental groups that hold up hurricane Katrina as “proof” of global warming as one example of the latter.
Got an environmental question? Write: EarthTalk, c/o E – The Environmental Magazine, Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881. Or e-mail: [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:2a76eb6b-e484-4bdd-916e-a2e5765bd4aa> | {
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WHAT IS COUNTERFEITING?
Counterfeiting is the manufacture, sale, import, and export of products that use a trademark, logo or design identical to another company’s trademark, logo or design (also known as a brand) without the brand owner’s consent. Counterfeit products are often referred to as "fakes" or "knockoffs."
In simple terms, counterfeit products are imitations of genuine products. Just about every industry falls victim to counterfeiting, including clothing, footwear, pharmaceuticals, home care products, baby formula, toys, electronic equipment, and even airplane and car parts. Counterfeiters con consumers into purchasing what a consumer assumes is an authentic, discounted product. In reality, the counterfeit goods are poorly constructed and use low quality or even dangerous materials. In some cases, counterfeiters display deceptive images of the product and consumers receive a product that looks nothing like what they thought they were purchasing.
Compounding the problem, counterfeit products can be found everywhere–from flea markets and garage sales, to sponsored social media content and online websites dedicated to selling knockoff products. The Internet has made it very easy for counterfeiters to sell fake goods.
WHY IS COUNTERFEITING BAD?
It’s not okay to intentionally use another company’s trademarks, logos or designs without the brand owner’s permission. In most countries, counterfeiting is prohibited by law and penalties can include fines and even imprisonment.It hurts other people.
While the scale of counterfeiting is difficult to comprehend, the International Chamber of Commerce estimates the total global economic value of counterfeit products is as much as $650 billion per year. Since 2008, over 2.5 million jobs have been lost due to the business of counterfeit goods. Counterfeiters may not pay taxes on the products they make, which hurts the economic strength of the immediate region. Manufacturers of counterfeit products are notorious for ignoring labour regulations and best practices. They may not provide fair wages or benefits to their employees, or adhere to child labour or anti-sweatshop laws.It’s dangerous for you.
You risk identity theft when shopping on websites selling counterfeit products, because these sites may not be equipped with industry-standard technology for protecting your payment method and confidential information. Additionally, there are no assurances that the materials counterfeiters use to make fake goods are safe. Counterfeiters do not have to follow consumer protection regulations which limit the use of toxic substances or processes. Terrorist groups, organised crime rings, and gangs have been known to finance operations using profits made from the sale of counterfeit goods.
HOW TO RECOGNISE AN ONLINE RETAILER SELLING COUNTERFEIT KEEN BRANDED PRODUCT
Check the website name.
If the website you’re visiting uses KEEN in its name or displays the KEEN logo, but the site doesn’t look authentic when compared to KEEN’s official retail website (www.KEENFootwear.com), it’s likely a website selling counterfeit product. Through the years, KEEN has found websites selling fake KEEN products using names such as www.cheap-keens.com, www.keenshoesretail.com, www.discountkeenshoes.com, and www.keenfootwearsale.com. For a list of authentic KEEN retail locations and store websites, see here. If you’re still not sure, email KEEN’s Fan Service Department at [email protected] further.
Counterfeiters often provide contact information that is hard to trace. For example, instead of a company email, a counterfeiter may use a Gmail or Hotmail account. Another useful strategy to determine if a website is operated by counterfeiters is to review the URL window, or directory pane. On most browsers, if the website is secure and operated by a company selling genuine products, a padlock icon will appear at the front of the website address during the checkout process. This means that the site has been verified by a trusted third-party authority and provides a valid certificate for the URL that you are visiting. The padlock icon means that the connection to this URL is secure.
Counterfeiters often offer consumers a number of options to pay for purchased goods, including wire transfers via Western Union and MoneyGram. Why? International wire transfers, such as Western Union and MoneyGram, cannot be cancelled or reversed and it is not possible to track the entity or person receiving the money. KEEN’s authorised online retail partners only use traditional methods for payment, such MasterCard, Visa, iDEAL or Klarna.
One more tip: marketplace sites, such as eBay, Alibaba, MercadoLibre, Taobao, and even Amazon, are common platforms used by counterfeiters to sell fake products. Always investigate a seller thoroughly before purchasing a product.Spot the knockoff.
Below are several clues to help determine if a KEEN-branded product you purchased is fake.
- Counterfeiters typically use inexpensive and flimsy cardboard material for shoe boxes, or will dispatch products without packaging.
- Product packaging includes wording that is misspelt.
- If you compare the counterfeit product to the images of footwear products on KEENFootwear.com, the fake shoes may appear distorted, “off” or altered.
- Colours and hues may differ from authentic products, and footwear outsoles may be thin, stiff or uncomfortable.
- The invoice from the seller may not provide contact information or an address.
COUNTERFEITERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA
Counterfeiters use KEEN trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property to manufacture cheap goods and pass them off as authentic KEEN products and have taken to the social media world advertising on sites like Facebook and Instagram. Watch out for ads that promote branded products to be much cheaper than they typically are. The ads appear as sponsored content and look authentic.
WHAT KEEN IS DOING TO COMBAT COUNTERFEITING
KEEN constantly monitors the Internet for knockoff goods and employs a global brand protection and anti-counterfeit team who work with customs and law enforcement agents around the world to slow the manufacture and sale of fake goods. KEEN also partners with customers and fans to investigate websites suspected of selling counterfeit KEEN products. Finally, KEEN provides information, such as this webpage, to help consumers make informed decisions about where they purchase goods.
WHAT YOU CAN DO
If you find a website, online store or social media advertisement that you suspect is selling or promoting counterfeit KEEN products send us an email at [email protected] and include the web address and a description of how you found the site.
Unfortunately, if you have purchased a counterfeit product, KEEN is not able to reimburse you or exchange the fake goods for authentic KEEN products. But, you do have recourse. Report the purchase to your bank or credit card provider and let them know you are a victim of counterfeit fraud.
From all of us at KEEN, thank you for your help and support. | <urn:uuid:687f0b18-9505-474b-ad8f-81f24371720b> | {
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Medicinal Marijuana Background
Prior to 1937, at least 27 medicines containing marijuana were legally available in the United States. Many were made by well-known pharmaceutical firms that still exist today, such as Squibb (now Bristol-Myers Squibb) and Eli Lilly. The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 federally prohibited marijuana. Dr. William C. Woodward of the American Medical Association opposed the Act, testifying that prohibition would ultimately prevent the medicinal uses of marijuana.
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 placed all illicit and prescription drugs into five “schedules” (categories). Marijuana was placed in Schedule I, defining it as having a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
This definition simply does not apply to marijuana. Of course, at the time of the Controlled Substances Act, marijuana had been prohibited for more than three decades. Its medicinal uses forgotten, marijuana was considered a dangerous and addictive narcotic.
A substantial increase in the number of recreational users in the 1970s contributed to the rediscovery of marijuana's medicinal uses:
• Many scientists studied the health effects of marijuana and inadvertently discovered marijuana's medicinal uses in the process.
• Many who used marijuana recreationally also suffered from diseases for which marijuana is beneficial. By accident, they discovered its therapeutic value.
As the word spread, more and more patients started self-medicating with marijuana. However, marijuana's Schedule I status bars doctors from prescribing it and severely curtails research.
The Struggle in Court
In 1972, a petition was submitted to the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs—now the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)—to reschedule marijuana to make it available by prescription.
After 16 years of court battles, the DEA's chief administrative law judge, Francis L. Young, ruled:
“Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known. ...
“... [T]he provisions of the [Controlled Substances] Act permit and require the transfer of marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule II.
“It would be unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious for DEA to continue to stand between those sufferers and the benefits of this substance. ...”
(September 6, 1988)
Marijuana's placement in Schedule II would enable doctors to prescribe it to their patients. But top DEA bureaucrats rejected Judge Young's ruling and refused to reschedule marijuana. Two appeals later, petitioners experienced their first defeat in the 22-year-old lawsuit. On February 18, 1994, the U.S. Court of Appeals (D.C. Circuit) ruled that the DEA is allowed to reject its judge's ruling and set its own criteria—enabling the DEA to keep marijuana in Schedule I.
However, Congress has the power to reschedule marijuana via legislation, regardless of the DEA's wishes.
In 1975, Robert Randall, who suffered from glaucoma, was arrested for cultivating his own marijuana. He won his case by using the “medical necessity defense,” forcing the government to find a way to provide him with his medicine. As a result, the Investigational New Drug (IND) compassionate access program was established, enabling some patients to receive marijuana from the government.
The program was grossly inadequate at helping the potentially millions of people who need medical marijuana. Many patients would never consider the idea that an illegal drug might be their best medicine, and most who were fortunate enough to discover marijuana's medicinal value did not discover the IND program. Those who did often could not find doctors willing to take on the program's arduous, bureaucratic requirements.
In 1992, in response to a flood of new applications from AIDS patients, the George H.W. Bush administration closed the program to new applicants, and pleas to reopen it were ignored by subsequent administrations. The IND program remains in operation only for the seven surviving, previously-approved patients.
Public and Professional Opinion
There is wide support for ending the prohibition of medical marijuana among both the public and the medical community:
• Since 1996, a majority of voters in Alaska, California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington state have voted in favor of ballot initiatives to remove criminal penalties for seriously ill people who grow or possess medical marijuana. Polls have shown that public approval of these laws has increased since they went into effect.
• A CNN/ Time poll published November 4, 2002 found that 80% of Americans believe that “adults should be allowed to legally use marijuana for medical purposes if their doctor prescribes it. ...” Over the last decade, polls have consistently shown between 60% and 80% support for legal access to medical marijuana. Both a statewide Alabama poll commissioned by the Mobile Register , published in July 2004, and a November 2004 Scripps Howard Texas poll reported 75% support.
• Organizations supporting some form of physician-supervised access to medical marijuana include the American Academy of Family Physicians, American Nurses Association, American Public Health Association, the New England Journal of Medicine and many others.
• A 1990 scientific survey of oncologists (cancer specialists) found that 54% of those with an opinion favored the controlled medical availability of marijuana and 44% had already suggested at least once that a patient obtain marijuana illegally. [R. Doblin & M. Kleiman, “Marijuana as Antiemetic Medicine,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 9 (1991): 1314-1319.]
Changing State Laws
The federal government has no legal authority to prevent state governments from changing their laws to remove state-level criminal penalties for medical marijuana use. Hawaii enacted a medical marijuana law via its state legislature in 2000 and Vermont enacted a similar law in 2004. State legislatures have the authority and moral responsibility to change state law to:
• exempt seriously ill patients from state-level prosecution for medical marijuana possession and cultivation; and
• exempt doctors who recommend medical marijuana from prosecution or the denial of any right or privilege.
Even within the confines of federal law, states can enact reforms that have the practical effect of removing the fear of patients being arrested and prosecuted under state law—as well as the symbolic effect of pushing the federal government to allow doctors to prescribe marijuana.
U.S. Congress: The Final Battleground
State governments that want to allow marijuana to be sold in pharmacies have been stymied by the federal government's overriding prohibition of marijuana.
Patients' efforts to bring change through the federal courts have made little progress, as the courts tend to defer to the DEA, which works aggressively to keep marijuana illegal. However, a Supreme Court case being considered during the 2004-2005 session could limit federal attacks on patients in states with medical marijuana laws.
Efforts to obtain FDA approval of marijuana are similarly stalled. Though some small studies of marijuana are now underway, the National Institute on Drug Abuse—the only legal source of marijuana for clinical research in the U.S.—has consistently made it difficult (and often nearly impossible) for researchers to obtain marijuana for their studies. At present, it is effectively impossible to do the sort of large-scale, extremely costly trials required for FDA approval.
In the meantime, patients continue to suffer. Congress has the power and the responsibility to change federal law so that seriously ill people nationwide can use medical marijuana without fear of arrest and imprisonment. | <urn:uuid:ffa3a10f-b003-43fe-aadf-46755870dc76> | {
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: Work in progress
I AM CANADIAN, and my computer uses winter air!
View Single Post
January 10, 2012, 08:06 AM
Join Date: Jan 2012
There is no risk in "freezing". Almost every extreme overclocking contest uses liquid nitrogen at well below 0C to cool their CPU, GPU and chipsets to reach their 5+ GHz clock speeds. The risk lies in condensation. Even though the air is considerably dryer in the winter than in our lovely Canadian summers, it still contains a fair amount of moisture in the form of water vapour. If any of the surfaces of your components hits the dew point, water droplets would form on them and you could run the risk of shorting something out.
Now, the good news is that you would probably have to go below 0C on the surface of one of your components for this to happen, so it is highly unlikely. For example:
Today, in Ottawa, the relative humidity is about 70%. From your info, your air temperature is about 10C. The dew point at that temperature and humidity is somewhere between -5C and -10C. It is not 100% impossible for this to happen, but is is unprobable. Where you run into real risk is near your hotter components (heat sinks, RAM, GPU). The higher the ambient, the higher the dew point. A quick blast of cold air over a component that is running with air around 20C would form dew at only 12C! YIKES!!
The ideal way to do this and eliminate risk would be to run the air intake over a mole sieve or dessicant system in order to remove moisture from the air, dropping its relative humidity. Knocking 10% off of the humidity could buy you an additional 7-10C of buffer on the dew point (depending on your temperatures and average humidity). EDIT: Or using dielectric grease, as mentioned above. Some people have even gone as far as to melt candle wax around problematic condensation spots. :)
Long story short, I like when others take advantage of what we are stuck with. Just be careful! No one wants to see you short out your whole system or even start a fire.
My System Specs
View Public Profile
Send a private message to Notagiant
Find all posts by Notagiant | <urn:uuid:9ed55ac7-7f7a-4460-9eae-b039220551fb> | {
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Left unchecked, weeds will change our landscape and destroy our natural heritage, and that includes endangering our rare and threatened birds.
Weedbusters is a weeds awareness and education programme that aims to protect our environment from the increasing weed problem. DOC has a lead role in the Weedbusters initiative.
Controlling weeds is an important part of conservation work, and unless everyone plays their part in stopping the spread of weeds we will be fighting a losing battle.
Join DOC and Weedbusters to fight a War on Weeds.
You can help make a difference. The weediest places are often those closest to towns as over 70% of invasive weeds were originally garden plants. Get involved to prevent new weed species damaging our ecosystems and species. | <urn:uuid:d8abb098-159d-43d7-bfce-a1eebe19cd3e> | {
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While much of the rest of the country is still buried under a blanket of snow, Central Texas is emerging from the coldest days of winter. This is the ideal time to plant cool season vegetables, before the hot summer sun makes conditions too unpleasant for these tenderer vegetables. Though some areas may still see frost at night in January, gardeners can plant many vegetables to harvest in April and May.
Plant broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower in January in Central Texas. For best results, set transplants about 1 foot apart. Protect very young tender plants from freezes with cold caps or garden fabric designed to shield plants from frost. Once the plants are established they will stand up to light frost. Warm days will cause the plants to bolt and flower.
Sow seeds for beets, carrots, radish and turnips by the last week in January. Sow seed 3 inches apart and thin to 6 inches apart by removing smaller seedlings. This will encourage development of larger roots. Root vegetables need soil that is free of rocks and other obstructions.
Chard, collards, kale, lettuce, mustard and spinach can all be direct-sown with seed in January in Central Texas. Water the seed well and thin as sprouts emerge. These sprouts are edible. When heat and sun intensify in spring, extend the life of the crop by shielding it with shade cloth, but summer's heat will cause these plants to go to seed.
Leeks and Onions
Transplant leeks and onions into the garden in February. Plant seedlings or "sets" of both bulb and green onions. Harvest green onions at any stage and bulbing onions after the tops yellow and die back.
English, sugar snap and snow peas are all cool-season crops in Central Texas. Sow in January and every two weeks through mid-February to ensure successive crops. The seeds may be slow to germinate, but once out of the ground will grow quickly. Most varieties need a trellis or some support. | <urn:uuid:1f5d2a83-3621-4d7c-99ab-199bb59c2bc4> | {
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Supporting World AIDS Day – 1 December 2015
We will be supporting World AIDS Day along with the Brunswick Centre on Tuesday 1 December to raise awareness of HIV and dispel some of the myths about the virus. World AIDS Day was the first ever global health day and the first one was held in 1988.
Cllr Viv Kendrick, our cabinet member with responsibility for Public Health said:
There are many myths surrounding HIV and the most important facts to know are that although HIV is not curable it is now treatable. In addition to this, people who are tested and diagnosed early can live a normal life with today’s modern treatment.”
This year on World AIDS Day, the National AIDS Trust are asking people to show solidarity with the 100,000 people living with HIV in the UK – and the 34 million world-wide – by wearing the universal symbol of HIV awareness, the red ribbon, and putting it on landmarks, people, clothes, buildings, and food.
In our area the number of diagnoses of HIV is increasing and worryingly the numbers of people being diagnosed late with HIV is high. Recent Health Protection Agency figures show that 40% of cases are diagnosed late. People who are diagnosed early enough respond more quickly to treatment options.
The Brunswick Centre, which provides sexual health and HIV services in our area, has reported that as a result of late diagnoses they are seeing people with illnesses and infections which have not been seen since the centre was first established 20 years ago. Sadly, they have seen people die who would still be alive if they had been diagnosed early.
The availability and range of HIV treatments today means that it is vital to get tested early. The sooner a person knows they have HIV, the sooner they can make choices around treatment options. Moreover, people with diagnosed HIV are less likely to pass on the virus as current HIV treatments play a vital role in prevention as they reduce the amount of HIV in the person’s body reducing the likelihood of onward transmission.
Condoms remain the most effective barrier to preventing HIV when used correctly and are widely available to buy or pick up for free from services such as the Brunswick Centre. In addition anyone who thinks they may have been exposed to HIV can now benefit from the availability of PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a month-long course of HIV drugs that can reduce the risk of HIV transmission. The drugs are the same ones taken by people with HIV. PEP is available from the sexual health clinics or A&E and should be taken no later than 72 hours after exposure to HIV.
Need more info?
The Brunswick Centre has an information sheet on its website, which you can print off and takento A&E or the sexual health clinic. This explains what they need to do and allows you to discreetly pass it to the receptionist so you don’t have to state, in a busy setting, why you are there.
For further confidential information and advice regarding any of these issues please contact either your GP or one of the following sexual health services:-
Your local Sexual Health Clinics
GUM Clinic at Princess Royal Health Centre, Huddersfield tel: 01484 344336
GUM Clinic at Dewsbury & District Hospital, Dewsbury tel: 0844 8118110
CASH Clinic at Dewsbury 01924 351550, Huddersfield 01484 344260 | <urn:uuid:4ffb58a7-f2fd-47a6-946c-dcccaeac1d8a> | {
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Tuesday, August 05, 2008
Hirsch, E. D., Jr. "The Religious Roots of 'Child-Centered' Education." CLASSICAL TEACHER (Summer 2007).
There are many disputes within the education field, but none so vituperative as the reading and math wars—the battles over how best to teach children to read and to solve arithmetic problems. These aren’t just disputes over instructional techniques--they are expressions of two distinct and opposing understandings of children’s nature and how children learn. The two sides are best viewed as expressions of romantic versus classical orientations to education. . . . Read the rest here: http://www.memoriapress.com/articles/hirsch.html. | <urn:uuid:163ff6ea-7c6b-4675-a102-ff92d2adb849> | {
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By Ken Zurski
In the early half of the 20th century, shortly after World War I ended, mathematician Edward Kasner, a professor at Columbia University, devised the concept of showing the common features of whole numbers, no matter how large. As an example, he came up with the number one followed by a hundred zeros.
Writing out such a large number was ridiculous of course, and at the time formal names didn’t exist for numbers larger than a trillion.
But he needed a name.
So he asked his nine-year-old nephew Milton to intervene. During a causal stroll in New Jersey’s Palisades Woods, Edward wondered if Milton could come up with one. “Googol” was the boy’s answer. So Milton’s silly sounding recommendation became “Googolplex,” or one followed by a googol zeros. Kasner began using the name in his classes.
Flash forward more than 70 years in 1995 when two Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin began collaborating on a search engine they originally called BackRub. The project began to attract investors and bandwidth grew. But they needed a new name, something catchier, something they could easily register online.
Google was chosen as the common spelling of Googol which, thanks to Kasner, was as close to an infinite number as possible.
“We picked the name “Google” because our goal is to make huge quantities of information available to everyone,” Page later recalled.
When they presented the name however, math traditionalists balked. “You idiots, you spelled it [Googol] wrong!” one chastised. But Google.com was available and Googol.com was not. Besides, Page said, “It sounds cool and [still] has only six letters.”
According to an official statement Google’s corporate website (yes, there is one): “The name “Google” reflects Larry and Sergey’s mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.”
Simple enough. But what about young Milton? How did the word “Googol” pop into his head? Speculation runs rampant here. A great niece of Dr. Kasner, Denise Sirotta, claims her father Edwin, Milton’s younger brother, should get some credit since he claimed the siblings came up with the name together. “He was asked for a word with a sound that had lots of O’s in it,” she said.
Another observation seems to make more sense especially in the imaginative mind of a toddler. Caroline Birenbaum, another great-niece of Dr. Kasner’s, speculates the word was inspired by a comic-strip character named Barney Google, who debuted in 1919. She says Dr. Kasner, liked cartoons.
“He may have tweaked the spelling to avoid any trademark issues,” she claims.
Barney Google was an American comic strip created by Billy DeBeck, that originally appeared on the sports pages. Google had big “banjo” eyes, a mustache, a large bulbous nose, and wore a tuxedo-type suit. He was an “avid sportsman and N’er do well” involved with some of the more contentious contests like poker, prize fights and horse racing. Google’s bow-legged horse “Spark Plug” was introduced in 1922, and nicknamed “Sparky.” The horse was a nag who rarely raced, but when he did it became a big media event. Millions of readers bought in.
A popular song was introduced, a foxtrot, titled “Barney Google and Spark Plug”
Barney Google—with the goo, goo, googly eyes,
Barney Google—bet his horse would win the prize;
When the horses ran that day,
Spark Plug ran the other way!
Barney Google—with the goo-goo-googly eyes!
In 1934, another character named Snuffy Smith joined the fray and Barney Google and Spark Plug were phased out.
So Google, the word itself, was in the public consciousnesses long before the giant search engine came along. Still, Kasner had no idea that it would become so popular in the next century.
So where did his inspiration for the seemingly infinite number come from?
Kasner, who never married, cited a description of unrequited love. In a divorce case, he explained, a woman called the commitment she had for her husband as “a million billion billion times and eight times around the world.” Kaisner was struck by the expansive description. “It was the largest number ever conceived of,” he said. So he set out to immortalize it.
And his little nephew inspired a name. | <urn:uuid:3b4ee422-1a92-4376-8fae-e9deae2d487b> | {
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Legal Aid Ontario has been speaking to people in the community about issues related to its Racialized Communities Strategy. Through it all, they have heard one concern raised again and again by community members, community agencies and staff at community legal clinics: more needs to be done to support children in conflict with the education system.
The available data supports this concern:
- The Toronto District School Board released data in 2013 for the 2006/7 school year, which revealed that Black students make up only 12% of high school students, but account for more than 31% of suspensions.
- In a 2003 Ontario Human Rights Commission report, most of those interviewed identified discrimination as the main reason why racial minority and disabled students are more often disciplined.
This online resource includes the following topics to help clients understand what their child's school can suspend or expel them for and what they can do if it happens to them:
- What can I be suspended or expelled for?
- What are my rights?
- What is Legal Aid Ontario doing to help? | <urn:uuid:37aedb88-9f59-4f1d-ba50-6244738abe6f> | {
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On the 13th to 15th May 2013 the FAO hosted an International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition which aimed to increase understanding of the role that forests, trees and agroforestry systems can play in improving the food security and nutrition of rural people. 1985 was designated the year of forests and food security but since then it has disappeared off the international agenda.
Forests, trees and agroforestry are often forgotten in national food security strategies and yet 1.6 billion people rely on forests and other natural systems for food and their livelihoods. Forests and trees are important in a number of ways:
- They provide affordable sources of food, nutrients, fibre and fuelwood as well as sources of income
- They help deliver clean water to agricultural lands…
View original post 296 more words | <urn:uuid:7ec561c0-db2e-4de0-a612-233aaf7f8aec> | {
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The first California condor chick of the season hatched at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park on March 14, 2014. This chick is the 183rd to be hatched at the Safari Park through San Diego Zoo Global’s California condor breeding program. The first hatched chick, and a second that hatched just a few days later on March 18, will both be considered for future release into the wild.
When the organization first began its breeding program, there were only 22 California condors left in the world. Today, there are more than 400, 232 of which fly free in California, Arizona and Baja California, Mexico. Many of the now-wild condors were hatched in breeding facilities and then introduced into their native range habitats, but some have actually been hatched to those introduced condors and have lived their entire lives in the wild, which is good news for their ecosystem.
“The California condor is a flagship species for an entire ecosystem,” said Dr. Michael Mace, curator of birds at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. “Their key role as a scavenger is to clean up carcasses, which prevents the spread of diseases such as botulism and anthrax, from which the condor is immune.”
Not only does the California condor help clean its environment, but preserving the habitat that California condors live in also protects many other endangered species as well, making it vital to bring the California condor back from extinction.
CONTACT: SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL PUBLIC RELATIONS, 619-685-3291 | <urn:uuid:976e2393-3051-4f2b-b789-0e85c6ac4bfb> | {
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The term “mesothelioma” in medical terms is defined as a form of cancer that proliferates at a very rapid rate after it has been diagnosed, which affects the mesothelial cells in the body. After a detailed study of this disease by several scientists around the world, it was concluded that in most cases the reason is direct contact with loose asbestos particles. This disease is generally known to be derived from an abnormality that results from inhalation of loose asbestos particles suspended in the air for a very long time. The chances of patients, diagnosed with mesothelioma, have very dark chances of survival that does not exceed one or two years and if it has been detected long and rigorous dosing drug was initiated on the patient, the patient is likely to live about five There are three types of mesothelioma, but the symptoms of the diseases depend on their types.
The symptoms vary from one another, but the general symptoms that are found in patients with different types of mesothelioma are weight loss, chest pain, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, plain cough and coughing blood. Diagnosis of mesothelioma in its early stages is not possible because of the surface symptoms is very late and these symptoms are not special signs indicating the particular disease but are common to other diseases too. Generally, the symptoms of mesothelioma look like that of other normal lung diseases. Most of the symptoms appear in the lungs, where the mesothelial cells covering the lungs and the cavity between them are affected due to prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibers. Consultation with the doctor is very necessary from time to time and necessary test should be performed to detect the main symptom disease.The symptoms of mesothelioma is a constant pain in the chest which is followed by short breaths and difficulty breathing due to the accumulation of fluid in the chest, which makes breathing even more difficult.
Among the other symptoms of the disease include abnormalities in the lungs, which can be diagnosed under the good supervision of the doctor with a CT-scan chest.Basically, mesothelioma advance disease in four stages. In the first stage, begins the formation of the tumor in the area of the lung wall and does not protrude to one side of the lung. And then, in the second stage of the tumor extends to other organs in the chest cavity, such as the heart. Then, in the third stage of their stretch to the other abdominal organs that affect all the other organs too. Finally, in the fourth and final stage of the tumor extends to all parts of the body and affects all parts negatively. These are some of the symptoms of mesothelioma disease, by which the disease can be followed in the initial stages of its onset. | <urn:uuid:f448c314-8229-48e4-bf8d-770eb7090d23> | {
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How to Determine Financial Leverage for Investors
A company's degree of financial leverage is the amount of the company that's funded using finances with fixed repayments, such as loans. Pretend for a moment that you’re deciding whether or not to buy stock in a company. Now pretend that this company has borrowed money to obtain capital.
Investors, both real and pretend, measure financial leverage like this:
Here’s how to use this equation:
Find both the EBIT and the net income on the income statement near the bottom.
Divide the EBIT by the net income to find the financial leverage.
The goal of this measurement is to determine how much of a company’s earnings are being taken up by the interest incurred by the company’s loans. Investors receive the amount of income they earn by owning shares in the company either as dividends or as increased stock value. So if the company’s earnings are being eaten up because the company didn’t utilize debt properly, that’s a bad thing for investors.
Debt isn’t necessarily a bad thing, though. If the company generates more earnings with the capital it raises by taking loans than the price of its interest payments, then the ratio of earnings to interest will increase, thus decreasing the company’s financial leverage.
If the debt payments are higher than the earnings created using borrowed capital, then the financial leverage ratio will increase. As you can see, financial leverage is an excellent measure of how well a company utilizes debt. | <urn:uuid:2565915a-1e21-41d7-bdd1-4b889db6800d> | {
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Authors: Hans Rosling
Most people in Brazil have left extreme poverty. The big hump is on Level 3. That’s where you get a motorbike and reading glasses, and save money in a bank to pay for high school and someday buy a washing machine. In reality, even in one of the world’s most unequal countries, there is no gap. Most people are in the middle.
As I mentioned, if you are reading this book you probably live on Level 4. Even if you live in a middle-income country, meaning the average income is on Level 2 or 3—like Mexico, for example—you yourself probably live on Level 4 and your life is probably similar in important ways to the lives of the people living on Level 4 in San Francisco, Stockholm, Rio, Cape Town, and Beijing. The thing known as poverty in your country is different from “extreme poverty.” It’s “relative poverty.” In the United States, for example, people are classified as below the poverty line even if they live on Level 3.
So the struggles people go through on Levels 1, 2, and 3 will most likely be completely unfamiliar to you. And they are not described in any helpful way in the mass media you consume.
Your most important challenge in developing a fact-based worldview is to realize that most of your firsthand experiences are from Level 4; and that your secondhand experiences are filtered through the mass media, which loves nonrepresentative extraordinary events and shuns normality.
When you live on Level 4, everyone on Levels 3, 2, and 1 can look equally poor, and the word
can lose any specific meaning. Even a person on Level 4 can appear poor: maybe the paint on their walls is peeling, or maybe they are driving a used car. Anyone who has looked down from the top of a tall building knows that it is difficult to assess from there the differences in height of the buildings nearer the ground. They all look kind of small. In the same way, it is natural for people living on Level 4 to see the world as divided into just two categories: rich (at the top of the building, like you) and poor (down there, not like you). It is natural to look down and say “oh, they are all poor.” It is natural to miss the distinctions between the people with cars, the people with motorbikes and bicycles, the people with sandals, and the people with no shoes at all.
I assure you, because I have met and talked with people who live on every level, that for the people living on the ground on Levels 1, 2, and 3, the distinctions are crucial. People living in extreme poverty on Level 1 know very well how much better life would be if they could move from $1 a day to $4 a day, not to mention $16 a day. People who have to walk everywhere on bare feet know how a bicycle would save them tons of time and effort and speed them to the market in town, and to better health and wealth.
The four-level framework, the replacement for the overdramatic “divided” worldview, is the first and most important part of the fact-based framework you will learn in this book. Now you have learned it. It isn’t too difficult, is it? I will use the four levels throughout the rest of the book to explain all kinds of things, including elevators, drownings, sex, cookery, and rhinos. They will help you to see the world more clearly and get it right more often.
What do you need to hunt, capture, and replace misconceptions? Data. You have to show the data and describe the reality behind it. So thank you, UNICEF data tables, thank you, bubble graphs, and thank you, internet. But you also need something more. Misconceptions disappear only if there is some equally simple but more relevant way of thinking to replace them. That’s what the four levels do.
Factfulness is … recognizing when a story talks about a gap,
and remembering that this paints a picture of two separate groups, with a gap in between. The reality is often not polarized at all. Usually the majority is right there in the middle, where the gap is supposed to be.
To control the gap instinct,
look for the majority.
Beware comparisons of averages.
If you could check the spreads you would probably find they overlap. There is probably no gap at all.
Beware comparisons of extremes.
In all groups, of countries or people, there are some at the top and some at the bottom. The difference is sometimes extremely unfair. But even then the majority is usually somewhere in between, right where the gap is supposed to be.
The view from up here.
Remember, looking down from above distorts the view. Everything else looks equally short, but it’s not.
Which statement do you agree with most?
A: The world is getting better.
B: The world is getting worse.
C: The world is getting neither better nor worse.
I remember being suddenly upside down. I remember the dark, the smell of urine, and being unable to breathe as my mouth and nostrils filled with mud. I remember struggling to turn myself upright but only sinking deeper into the sticky liquid. I remember my arms, stretched out behind me, desperately searching the grass for something to pull, then being suddenly hauled out by the ankles. My grandma putting me in the big sink on the kitchen floor and washing me gently, with the hot water meant for the dishes. The scent of the soap.
These are my earliest memories and were nearly my last. They are memories of my rescue, aged four, from the sewage ditch running in front of my grandma’s house. It was filled to the brim with a mix of last night’s rain and sewage slurry from the factory workers’ township. Something in it had caught my attention, and stepping to the ditch’s edge, I had slipped and fallen in headfirst. My parents were not around to keep an eye on me. My mother was in the hospital, ill with tuberculosis. My father worked ten hours a day.
During the week, I lived with my grandparents. On Saturdays my daddy put me on the rack of his bike and we drove in large circles and figures of eight just for fun on our way to the hospital. I would see Mommy standing on the balcony on the third floor coughing. Daddy would explain that if we went in we could get sick too. I would wave to her and she would wave back. I saw her talking to me, but her voice was too weak and her words were carried away by the wind. I remember that she always tried to smile.
This chapter is about the negativity instinct: our tendency to notice the bad more than the good. This instinct is behind the second mega misconception.
“Things are getting worse” is the statement about the world that I hear more than any other. And it is absolutely true that there are many bad things in this world.
The number of war fatalities has been falling since the Second World War, but with the Syrian war, the trend has reversed. Terrorism too is rising again. (We’ll get back to that in chapter 4.)
Overfishing and the deterioration of the seas are truly worrisome. The lists of dead areas in the world’s oceans and of endangered species are getting longer.
Ice is melting. Sea levels will continue to rise by probably three feet over the next 100 years. There’s no doubt it’s because of all the greenhouse gases humans have pumped into the atmosphere, which won’t disperse for a long time, even if we stop adding more.
The collapse of the US housing market in 2007, which no regulators had predicted, was caused by widespread illusions of safety in abstract investments, which hardly anyone understood. The system remains as complex now as it was then and a similar crisis could happen again. Maybe tomorrow.
In order for this planet to have financial stability, peace, and protected natural resources, there’s one thing we can’t do without, and that’s international collaboration, based on a shared and fact-based understanding of the world. The current lack of knowledge about the world is therefore the most concerning problem of all.
I hear so many negative things all the time. Maybe you think, “Hans, you must just meet all the gloomiest people.” We decided to check.
People in 30 countries were asked the question at the top of the chapter:
Do you think the world is getting better, getting worse, or staying about the same?
This is what they said. | <urn:uuid:689e5ed0-6b8a-442e-9772-5bc335d17813> | {
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I met my first undomesticated cockroach shortly after I moved into a run-down apartment in the “Sixth Borough” area of New Jersey.1 The encounter was rather anticlimactic. I’d flipped on the bathroom light, and no sooner thought Is that a cockroach? before it disappeared under the radiator. I felt slightly let down.
For a couple days, I talked about the roach to anyone who would listen. Having grown up in a rural town where cow-tipping is still an attractive pastime, I believed that the roach in my bathroom was a sign that I’d been inducted at long last into city life. And who knew it would be so easy? The cockroach became like the Egyptian scarab to me—creepy and uncomfortable, but a symbol of hope nevertheless.
Unfortunately, if my life were a B movie about swarms of killer roaches, this would be the part where the voice-over says: Little did she know . . .
Cockroach is an English word; according to the OED, the word was first recorded in explorer John Smith’s journal in 1624. “A certaine India Bug, called by the Spaniards a Cacarootch, the which creeping into Chests they eat and defile with their ill-sented dung [sic(k!)].” Apparently, English explorers thought cacarootch was as itchy on the tongue as a mouthful of stale hard-tack. So, in a well-intentioned attempt to simplify translation, they snapped the Spanish cucaracha in two, each piece being smelted and recast into English morphemes. Caca became cock (for male chicken), and rootch became roach, the familiar name of a freshwater fish. In search-engine terms, this means cucaracha inspired the statistically improbable phrase rooster-fish. [End Page 69]
But that’s not where the story ends. Sometime before 1848, the cockroach was linguistically castrated, having had cock removed for purposes of conversational propriety. Apparently, the rooster-fish had gradually insinuated itself into the minds of repressed Victorians as the penis-fish. The logic is brain-numbing. And we’re not even talking about marijuana yet.2
Most websites and dictionaries trace cockroach back to cucaracha and stop: the road drops off, the brambles close in. But where did cucaracha come from? That question is a bit more difficult. Some sources I found said cuca is old Spanish for caterpillar, but other sources pointed out that caca is familiarly used to mean poop. To track down racha, I was able to get in touch with a linguist who specializes in Spanish, but he came to the same conclusion I did: racha is a dead end. At this point—considering the caterpillars, the roosters, the poop, the fish, and the penises—the cockroach’s reputation is etymologically (but not entomologically) doomed.
In its most generous translation, cucaracha is frequently coupled with the somewhat benign English word woodlouse. I’m not really sure what a wood-louse is. But it conjures vague high school memories of Robert Burns’s poem “To a Louse”—“Ha! whaur ye gaun, ye crowlin ferlie?”—and since I just don’t know how to reconcile Scottish poets with penis-fish, the wood-louse is my dead end.
Shortly after I saw my first common cockroach, I saw my second. Then my third. I had the vague suspicion that roaches were like ants—that when you saw one, you were really seeing a hundred and one—but since I was happy in my ignorance, I didn’t attempt to confirm the fear.
Two or three times a week, I encountered a roach on the kitchen counter, the stove, or the bookshelf. But I tried not to let it get me down. Roaches, I rationalized, were just like crickets, except they’d gotten a bad rap. The roach and I had things in common—we both lived in a questionable building where the sunlight was scanty, where the neighbors dropped garbage out their windows, and where homeless people slept in the stairwells. The cockroaches, I thought, were functioning symbols of my life as a graduate student—striving, underestimated, excluded, and poor. How could I despise them?
Then, one day after a lukewarm shower, a roach fell out of my... | <urn:uuid:ad5f668a-9048-46ba-b6b4-4068a84bf1f9> | {
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Many house fires are preventable. Learn more about steps you can take to greatly reduce your risk for a house fire.
Cooking is the leading cause of home fires in the U.S. It is also the leading cause of fire injuries.
- Never leave your stove, oven, toaster or microwave unattended. Keep an eye on what you fry.
- Always wear short, tight-fitting sleeves when cooking.
- Keep towels, pot holders and curtains away from flames and heating elements.
- Clean cooking surfaces regularly to prevent grease buildup which can ignite.
- If a fire breaks out while cooking, put a lid on the pan to smother it.
- Never throw water on a grease fire.
- Heat oil gradually to avoid burns from spattering grease.
- Use extra caution when preparing deep-fried foods.
- Never use the oven to heat your home.
- Double-check the kitchen before you go to bed or leave the house. Make sure all small appliances are turned off.
- Never use gasoline, benzine, naptha, or similar flammable liquids indoors.
- Store flammable liquids in approved containers in well-ventilated storage areas.
- Never smoke near flammable liquids.
- Discard all rags or materials that have been soaked in flammable liquids after you have used them. Safely discard them outdoors in a metal container.
- Insulate chimneys and place spark arresters on top. The chimney should be at least three feet higher than the roof. Remove branches hanging above and around the chimney.
- Be careful when using alternative heating sources.
- Check with your local fire department on the legality of using kerosene heaters in your community. Be sure to fill kerosene heaters outside, and be sure they have cooled.
- Place heaters at least three feet away from flammable materials.
- Use only the type of fuel designated for your unit and follow manufacturer’s instructions.
- Store ashes in a metal container outside and away from your residence.
- Keep open flames away from walls, furniture, drapery and flammable items.
- Keep a screen in front of the fireplace.
- Have heating units inspected and cleaned annually by a certified specialist.
Matches and Smoking
- Keep matches and lighters up high, away from children, and, if possible, in a locked cabinet.
- Never smoke in bed or when drowsy or medicated.
- Provide smokers with deep, sturdy ashtrays.
- Douse cigarette and cigar butts with water before disposal.
- Have the electrical wiring in your residence checked by an electrician.
- Inspect extension cords for frayed or exposed wires or loose plugs.
- Make sure outlets have cover plates and no exposed wiring.
- Make sure wiring does not run under rugs, over nails, or across high-traffic areas.
- Do not overload extension cords or outlets.
- Make sure insulation does not touch bare electrical wiring.
Have you done all you can to prevent a house fire? Download this checklist from Fire is Everyone’s Fight to find out. | <urn:uuid:074b51ca-13c3-4a3b-93cc-448bbbc6c471> | {
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Did you know that the red pandas are one of the most endangered species on Earth? This is true, so by reading this essay you are going to learn how you can adopt a red panda, what their threats are, and what they eat.
When I say “adopt a red panda”, I mean you putting money towards the red panda. You can help by going to this website:https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/red-panda
Once you are in this website, you can learn how to adopt a red panda, what people are doing to help the red panda, why they matter, and what their threats are.
Red pandas have many threats. One of their biggest threats are humans. They get caught in traps that are meant for other animals. Or humans will kill them for their fur. Also, snow leopards are predators of the red panda. Also martens and some birds are predators of the red panda.
A snow leopard hunting for red panda
Red pandas eat a very healthy diet. They eat berries. Berries are healthy for humans and red pandas. They also eat bamboo. Lots and lots and lots of bamboo. They will also eat fruit and insects. Red pandas eat in a special way. They eat with 6 fingers! One of those fingers was a muscle that over time evolved into a special thumb.
Now that you have read this piece, you know what they eat, what their threats are and how you can adopt a red panda. With all of these reasons I really hope that they have changed your minds. Let’s help this panda! | <urn:uuid:08b29cb3-05c2-43ce-acb7-60e555cd389d> | {
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The Tithe | A Biblical Study
Please use the study document below to examine further what the Bible says about Tithing. You can also listen below to Pastor Greiner’s latest sermons on Tithing as part of the series
“T!+#e is not a Four Letter Word”, Part 1:
Key Old Testament Passages
Rob God? Blessings & Curses associated with holding back “tithes & offerings”
This passage sets a fascinating tone on the subject, introducing a challenge from God to “test” Him and see if. He doesn’t bless abundantly toes who faithfully give their tithes and offerings to Him by bring them to the storehouses of the Temple.
Abram gives a tenth (tithe) to Melchizedek (cf. Hebrews 7:1-10)
This is the first instance of a tithe being given in the Bible, and, as such, is important in setting the tone for all that follows.
In this story, Abram recognized Melchizedek as a priest of God Most High (before their was a Temple or a priesthood!) and offers him 10% of his spoils of war.
The tithe belongs to The Lord.
In this passage, an appendix of sorts to the rest of the book, God is describing how His people can set a cash value for what they intend to give to Him and what the cost would be to redeem the item itself (e.g., a person, animal, field, produce).
What is significant to note is the assertion that the tithe already belongs to The Lord (whether it is given to the Temple or not!).
Tithes and offerings go to the Levites, who in turn tithe to the High Priest 10% of their “income”
In this passage, we see how the Levites, as a tribe of priests, were given no inheritance in the Land, but as the “professional church workers” they were supported by the tithes and offerings given to the Temple, both food and money.
Interestingly, God also commanded that they tithe on their “income,” giving 10% to Aaron, who served as high priest.
Tithe from fields & produce. Eat it! But also remember the Levite (Numbers 18) and the poor
In this final word from Moses to the people on tithing, he exhorts them to give the tithe faithfully so that they would “learn to fear The Lord your God always” (v.23). Allowance is made for converting the physical tithe to a cash equivalent for easier travel to wherever the Tabernacle would have been set up at that time. The people were then encouraged to celebrate the occasion with a feast, to which the Levites would be invited, to eat the tithe.
In addition to this annual tithe, an additional tithe every three years was prescribed for the sake of the Levites and the needy (homeless, orphans, widows). This was to stay in their hometowns and not be given to the central sanctuary (Tabernacle/Temple).
Hezekiah reorganizes the priesthood and re-institutes the tithe
After a period of apathy during the reign of King Ahaz, King Hezekiah purified and restored the temple services. It is worth noting that Hezekiah, as king, led by example and the people followed with the result that their generosity led to more than enough than was needed.
Key New Testament Passages
Jesus speaks about tithing
It is important to observe that Jesus does not say much about tithing. As an observant Jew, He would undoubtedly have practiced tithing. When He does speak on the subject, He condemns those who take pride in their tithing and fail to give priority to “the weightier matters of the law.” By doing so, however, He does not suggest that tithing should be stopped, but that the other matters also be observed.
Jesus commends a widow’s generosity
After observing a widow giving a very small offering, Jesus raises her up as a model for generosity, since she gave all she had (100%), which was a much greater act of faith than the wealthy who gave out of their abundance.
An example of abundant generosity in the New Testament
Paul challenges the Corinthians to give generously to his collection for the poor in Jerusalem (Acts 11:29), using the extreme generosity of the Macedonians to encourage them.
Key principals of proportionality (2 Cor 8:12-14) and personal integrity (2 Cor 9:7) are emphasized, but no specific mention of a tithe is present.
Early Church practice
From the beginning, the Church brought their gifts to the Apostles to care for those in need.
Example of weekly giving
As Paul gives instructions for the special collection he was organizing for the needy in. Jerusalem, he commends weekly, proportionate giving.
Paul exhorts the church to compensate her pastors
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The General Council of the Judiciary was set out in the 1978 Constitution (Article 122), following the model of other neighbouring countries such as France, Portugal, and Italy, in particular. Its creation was then a true innovation of the Spanish constituent, since it is impossible to find any direct precedent in our history of an autonomous government organ of the Judiciary which guarantees the independence thereof.
In the history of Spain, there are some remote precedents of institutions and attempts to create an organ which would guarantee the auto-government of the Judiciary, at least partially, however, none of these attempts had the same nature and aim as the General Council of the Judiciary. Especially because an organ of such type only finds its true raison d'être within a democratic system, based on the separation of powers and the effective protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the persons.
Among these remote precedents there are the Central or Supreme Board (1849), the Organising Board of the Judiciary (1923) or the Judicial Council, created pursuant to the Royal Decree dated 18 May 1917, although it never started to work as it was revoked in July of the same year. It was re-established in June 1926, to be revoked in May 1931. None of these examples was a precedent stricto sensu. Neither was the Judicial Council created pursuant to the Act dated 20 December 1952, which worked until the implementation of the democratic constitutional system.
The Spanish constituent was influenced by the French Constitution of 1946, which regulates the High Council of Judicature in accordance with the provisions of Title IX. It constituted the precedent for the remaining organs with similar aims, set out later in the Italian Constitution of 1947 (pursuant to Articles 104 and 105), and in the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 (Article 220). The Italian model has been imported by the first Parliament in its fundamental aspects, with exception of its components, which, in the Spanish case, was set out in the Constitution.
The statutory development of the constitutional provisions has taken place through the Organic Act on the Judiciary mentioned in the Carta Magna. However, first the Organic Act 1/1980, dated 10 January, on the General Council of the Judiciary, due to the need to make the Constitutional Court operational, since two of its members should be appointed on a proposal by the General Council of the Judiciary, in accordance with the Constitution (Article 159.1). Subsequently, the Organic Act 6/1985 on the Judiciary, dated 1 July, was enacted, whereby the Council was definitely regulated, thus repealing the Organic Act of 1980, and which implied a change in the form of appointing the members with a judicial background. This system was reformed in 2001.
The Organic Act on the Judiciary in turn has undergone some subsequent partial reforms through the Organic Acts which, in some cases, have been enacted for that purpose, and in others, they affected said Organic Act due to the subject-matter (Military Jurisdiction, Tribunal of the Jury, etc.).
The General Council of the Judiciary is governed by the Constitution, the Organic Act on the Judiciary, and by its own internal regulations: The Regulations 1/1986, dated 22 April, on the Organisation and Operation of the General Council of the Judiciary, the approval of which is incumbent upon the Council.
The Spanish model has been a reference for the creation of similar constitutional organs in Latin America, especially in Argentina. | <urn:uuid:555b98ed-312e-48e2-9dcf-0a70149873ae> | {
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Relief Society. The name evokes as many images as there are women, eras, and countries. But regardless of time or place, Relief Society has meant sisters lifting one another spiritually, loving and taking care of one another, and absorbing insight and inspiration from other women headed in the same direction.
At the first meeting of the Relief Society, President Emma Smith stated, with no small amount of vision: “We are going to do something extraordinary.” 1 What has transpired through the past 150 years has been nothing short of extraordinary. And women have responded magnificently to a multitude of pressing calls.
In Czechoslovakia, during years the Church was not recognized there, a young Relief Society leader typed the entire Doctrine and Covenants so that sisters could have “scriptures,” since it was unlawful for religious books to be brought into the country.
A young Relief Society president in a Salt Lake City singles ward had repeated promptings one evening to visit a ward member. When she went to the girl’s apartment, she found her nearly incoherent from potentially fatal internal bleeding. She and a friend rushed the girl to the hospital, where emergency surgery was performed and the girl’s life was spared.
In a ward in Saipan where women speak thirteen different languages, the Relief Society president has dealt with language barriers by assigning different parts of the lesson to be taught in their own languages by different women—so everyone understands at least part of the message.
Chieko N. Okazaki, now first counselor in the Relief Society general presidency, was reared as the daughter of a Buddhist plantation laborer in Hawaii. She tells of her first encounter with Relief Society as a young girl:
“I knew there was one meeting with all of the ladies—wonderful, loving Hawaiian women who took care of me at church. That meeting was Relief Society. They ministered to me like angels.” She has since mused, “I wonder if I would be here today, serving in this presidency, if those wonderful Hawaiian sisters had not opened their arms to a shy Japanese girl and welcomed me.”
Relief Society spans the globe and represents women who come in every age, shape, and color; whose cultures, languages, and life experiences are as different as their values and beliefs are the same.
Throughout the world, other women’s organizations have come and gone. But if anything, the relevance of Relief Society in the lives of women and its importance to the Church are greater today than ever. Why has Relief Society—now the largest and oldest women’s organization in the world—flourished during 150 years in a world of change, upheaval, and transition?
Belle S. Spafford, the ninth Relief Society general president, endorsed Relief Society as an ideal vehicle to promote constancy amid change: “In the midst of all this change … Relief Society has been just as constant in its purpose as truth is constant. The purposes that were important for a handful of women in Nauvoo are still important to women worldwide. That is the miracle of Relief Society.” 2
“The Beginning of Better Days”
Relief Society began, appropriately enough, as a charitable act. When Sarah M. Kimball decided to provide clothing for men building the Nauvoo Temple, others offered to help. As the women sewed they discussed the idea of forming a “Ladies’ Society.” Soon Eliza R. Snow had drafted a constitution and bylaws for the new organization and presented them to the Prophet Joseph Smith for his approval.
He told Sister Snow that while the bylaws were the best he’d ever seen, “this is not what you want. Tell the sisters their offering is accepted of the Lord, and He has something better for them than a written constitution.” He then invited the sisters to join him on 17 March 1842 in the room over his store, where he would “organize the sisters under the priesthood.” 3
Twenty sisters met with the Prophet that day. Joseph Smith began by outlining the purpose of an auxiliary for sister Saints: “That the Society of sisters might provoke the brethren to good works in looking to the wants of the poor—searching after objects of charity, and in administering to their wants to assist; by correcting the morals and strengthening the virtues of the community.” 4 Such was the beginning of the Female Relief Society of Nauvoo.
Lucy Mack Smith sensed the scope of this new auxiliary to the priesthood: “We must cherish one another, watch over one another, comfort one another and gain instruction, that we may all sit down in heaven together.” 5
During subsequent meetings, the Prophet elaborated on the role the society should fill and on its potential impact: “It is natural for females to have feelings of charity and benevolence. … If you live up to these principles, how great and glorious will be your reward in the celestial kingdom! If you live up to your privileges, the angels cannot be restrained from being your associates.” 6
Turning the Key
On 28 April 1842, Joseph Smith said, “I now turn the key to you in the name of God, and this Society shall rejoice, and knowledge and intelligence shall flow down from this time—this is the beginning of better days to this Society.” 7
President George Albert Smith later explained the significance of this action: “When the Prophet Joseph Smith turned the key for the emancipation of womankind, it was turned for all the world, and from generation to generation the number of women who can enjoy the blessings of religious liberty and civil liberty has been increasing.” 8
Society to Save Souls
Women of Nauvoo flocked to Relief Society in such numbers that two months later there were more than six hundred members and no building large enough to accommodate them.
Clearly, the Prophet intended the society to offer spiritual as well as temporal relief. “The Society is not only to relieve the poor, but to save souls,” he taught. 9 The spiritual nature of the meetings drew many women. After one meeting, the secretary recorded that “nearly all present arose and spoke, and the spirit of the Lord like a purifying stream, refreshed every heart.” 10
There was, however, no shortage of opportunity to render temporal relief in 1842 Nauvoo. There were meals to prepare, sick members to care for, homeless converts to assist, grieving mothers to comfort, and persecution to contend with. Lucy Mack Smith related of Emma Smith: “How often I have parted every bed in the house for the accommodation of the brethren, and then laid a single blanket on the floor for my husband and myself, while Joseph and Emma slept upon the same floor, with nothing but their cloaks for both bed and bedding.” 11 During bouts of the swamp fever that plagued Nauvoo, Joseph and Emma opened their home to the sick. When there was no more room inside, they slept outside.
Relief Society also provided a setting where women could bolster one another’s spirits. Many sisters had sacrificed homes and even loved ones for their newfound faith. Bathsheba Smith, just eighteen years old, lived in an unfurnished log home where only a blanket-door kept out the winter cold. Two months after she gave birth to a child, her husband, George A., left on a mission.
Emmeline B. Wells lost her first son when he was five weeks old, and shortly thereafter her husband deserted her. Heartbroken, she later recorded, “How dreadful when I remember my agony at that time, my utter loneliness.” 12 Later she married Daniel H. Wells. Similar scenarios were common. The sisters’ association with each other kept many women going.
By 1844 Relief Society membership exceeded 1,300. But after the martyrdom, and with increasing persecution, Brigham Young decided to “defer” operations of the society, and it ceased to function.
While there would be a 22-year hiatus from organized Relief Society activity, the foundation for an auxiliary of sisters had been laid and a model developed—one that welcomed all women regardless of age, nationality, or status; one built upon charity and spirituality; and one that demonstrated the strength and spiritual power generated when righteous women join together.
A precedent of providing relief—temporal, emotional, and spiritual—had also been set. Indeed, the key had been turned in their behalf.
Maintaining the Flame
In Winter Quarters Eliza R. Snow and others gathered in tents during the evenings to share testimonies. Amidst much sickness and death, sisters’ diaries recorded incidents of spiritual outpourings. 13
Emmeline B. Wells said that “during all this time the sisters never lost sight of [the Relief Society] as it has been established, nor the promises made to them of its future greatness, by the Prophet Joseph Smith.” 14
It was not until 1866 that Brigham Young instructed bishops to organize a Relief Society in each ward and called Eliza R. Snow (1866–87) to oversee the effort. Not long after the reorganization efforts began, President Young told President Snow that he had another assignment for her: “I want you to instruct the sisters.” In Nauvoo, Joseph Smith had done much of the teaching. Now President Snow rose to the challenge. Said one woman after hearing her speak, “I felt like shouting hallelujah while listening to Sister E. R. Snow.” 15
Sisters rejoiced in having an auxiliary to buoy each other up against the rigors of pioneer life.
Moving into the Twentieth Century
During the presidency of Zina D. H. Young (1888–1901), Latter-day Saint women endured intensifying national scrutiny and ridicule because of the Latter-day Saints’ practice of plural marriage. When in 1887, with the passage of a U.S. Congressional act against plural marriage, Utah women lost the right to vote (a right they had had since 1870), Latter-day Saint women joined the national women’s movement to support suffrage legislation. Local Relief Societies held suffrage meetings around the territory. Zina Young’s gentle nature endeared her to others, and she proved a genteel spokeswoman during a volatile era, with the result that the Relief Society began to exert its influence beyond the Utah Territory.
During her presidency, the Relief Society became a charter member of the National Council of Women. In March 1888 Emily S. Richards reported on the activities of 22,000 members of 400 local Relief Society organizations to the First International Council of Women: “They own many of the halls in which they meet, and such property is valued at $95,000. They have laid up wheat in granaries to the amount of 32,000 bushels, for seed or relief in case of scarcity. They assist in caring for the distressed, help to wait upon the sick and prepare the deceased for burial. … The Deseret Hospital, with a lady M.D. as Principal, and skilled nurses and attendants, is under their direction. They have fostered the silk industry, producing the raw material and manufacturing it into various articles. They encourage industry as well as intellectual culture. … [Relief Society’s] benefits are felt in every place where it extends, all its tendencies being to make women useful, progressive, independent and happy.” 16
The early twentieth century saw the complexion of Relief Society beginning to change. For the first time, few Latter-day Saint women had personal ties with Nauvoo. The stark demands of pioneer life were gradually diminishing, the Manifesto had ended the practice of polygamy, and the Church was spreading beyond the Intermountain West.
General Relief Society president Bathsheba W. Smith (1901–10) felt that Relief Society needed to innovate and, while staying true to the divine principles it was founded upon, respond to the interests of women of all ages. As a result, the Relief Society published its first Mother Education lessons, focusing on child-rearing ideas.
President Smith felt strongly that women needed to be spiritually self-sufficient and that Relief Society was the place for that to occur: “It is plainly necessary that women as well as men, cease not while life lasts to study diligently for the knowledge which is of greatest worth.” 17
The emphasis on education continued under general Relief Society president Emmeline B. Wells (1910–21). She felt passionately that Latter-day Saint women should be “the best informed of any women on the face of the earth,” and the Relief Society inaugurated the Relief Society Magazine in 1914.
Charitable activities continued to be a major thrust of the Relief Society, which owned livestock, real estate, and dress shops, the proceeds of which helped the needy. Wheat, which had been stored since 1876, was sent to survivors of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and to World War I victims (the Relief Society sold 200,000 bushels to the U.S. government). During this period the Relief Society adopted the motto “Charity Never Faileth.” By 1913, the Relief Society Guide was released, providing lesson outlines for four meetings per month.
From World War I through World War II
The three women—Clarissa S. Williams (1921–28), Louise Y. Robison (1928–39), and Amy Brown Lyman (1940–45)—called to lead the Relief Society from 1921 to 1945 had extensive experience with social, humanitarian, and welfare work. This dark period saw the world rebound from one world war, engage in a second, and limp through a major depression. Providing humanitarian aid and lifting sisters to new levels of social awareness were the themes of the day.
With the onset of the Depression in 1929, the Relief Society went where it was needed and did what it could, helping with community relief efforts, and, later, with the Church’s welfare plan. In 1937 the Relief Society established the Women’s Commission Store (later Mormon Handicraft) so women could market their home-crafted items.
Belle Spafford remembered Relief Society service during those days: “We would can fruits and vegetables working day after day after day. Almost before the bottles were cool, some of our finest people were standing in line to take the food. That’s the kind of situation we were up against.” 18
During World War II, sisters sewed and donated thousands of pieces of clothing and quilts to the Central Bishops’ Storehouse, making it possible to help many European Saints after the war. Women sewed hospital gowns in work meetings, taught Red Cross classes, and assembled first-aid kits. After the war, Relief Society sisters donated, sorted, sized, mended, and packed more than 500,000 articles of clothing for distribution among European Saints. The Relief Society demonstrated that religion and service were one and the same.
Relief Society, a Worldwide Influence
When the war ended, new challenges emerged. The new general president, Belle S. Spafford (1945–74), wrote: “It is my conviction that the time had come for Relief Society influence to be felt worldwide among womankind.” 19
During President Spafford’s nearly three-decade presidency, the Relief Society recorded many milestones. Her legendary leadership saw Relief Society grow to one million members in sixty-five countries. The Relief Society Building was completed after sisters donated more than $500,000 toward its construction. In 1970 auxiliaries were freed of the responsibility of raising money to support their activities and were supported by money from local budgets instead. And then, in May 1971, a change altered the face of Relief Society forever: all Latter-day Saint women, age eighteen and older, were to be enrolled as members of Relief Society. Every LDS woman was drawn into the circle of sisters.
Barbara B. Smith (1974–84) was called to the presidency of Relief Society during volatile times, with the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) arousing controversy in the United States. Under the direction of the Brethren, Relief Society walked a fine line, supporting women’s rights but opposing an amendment that did not allow for natural differences between the sexes.
Perhaps more than during any previous era, the Relief Society found itself in the position of representing Church attitudes towards women. When the ERA was defeated, the controversy swirling around the issue died down.
The Nauvoo Monument to Women—thirteen statues symbolic of Latter-day Saint womanhood—was completed during Barbara Smith’s administration. The monuments were dedicated in 1978 by President Spencer W. Kimball after women Churchwide had donated to its construction. For many, this ambitious project was a tangible symbol of the value of women.
Changes due to the Church’s rapid worldwide growth occurred during Barbara Smith’s presidency, as directed by the Brethren: the consolidated meeting schedule was introduced, providing for Sunday Relief Society meetings rather than the daytime weekday meetings; the first general women’s meeting was held in 1978, at which President Kimball implored sisters to become scholars of the scriptures 20 ; and the Relief Society doubled in size (to 1,600,000 members in eighty-nine countries and sixteen territories).
A New Time
President Gordon B. Hinckley instructed Barbara W. Winder (1984–90), when he issued her call as Relief Society general president, that her presidency would be for “a different time.” President Winder explained: “It is a time to heal, a time to bond women to women and women to men. We can have unity in diversity and diversity in unity. We don’t have to be like one another to enjoy sisterhood.” 21
It was also a time to meet needs of Saints throughout the world, especially in developing and emerging nations. A new curriculum with two Spiritual Living lessons per month was introduced, stake Relief Society boards were eliminated, and wards were given greater flexibility in administering programs. Flexibility and simplification were key guidelines.
Perhaps the most significant development during Barbara Winder’s presidency was a move toward unity among the three auxiliaries. With the approval of the First Presidency, the Young Women and Primary moved their offices into the Relief Society Building, and for the first time the three auxiliary presidents traveled internationally together. This model of unity was a pattern to be followed Churchwide to make the auxiliaries more effective in helping bring women and children to Christ.
With the call of Elaine L. Jack, Chieko N. Okazaki, and Aileen H. Clyde to the general presidency in 1990 has come a refocusing of the mission of Relief Society—a focus to fit the times. President Jack says: “The women in this church must be singular in purpose. We must seek first the kingdom of God. Today’s frantic schedules and desires to have it all have produced some whose attention to the path has become cluttered by too many demands and too many signals.” 22
The Lord has told us, through a living prophet, how vital the work of women is in the spectacular winding-up drama that will take place between now and the time He will come again. President Spencer W. Kimball prophesied: “Much of the major growth that is coming to the Church in the last days will happen to the degree that the women of the Church reflect righteousness and articulateness in their lives, and to the degree that they are seen as distinct and different—in happy ways—from the women of the world.” 23
“We need each other,” says President Elaine Jack. “We must connect in ways that comfort and sustain rather than compete. As sisters in Zion, we still have pressing calls. We have calls to teach the gospel, to live by example, to share our understanding with our neighbors and associates, to bring souls unto Christ by the way we live and the way we love one another.” 24
Relief Society is truly “something extraordinary.”
Minutes of the Female Relief Society of Nauvoo, 17 Mar. 1842; hereafter referred to as Nauvoo Minutes.
Ensign, June 1974, p. 15.
“Story of the Organization of the Relief Society,” The Relief Society Magazine, 1919, p. 129.
Nauvoo Minutes, 17 Mar. 1842.
Nauvoo Minutes, 24 Mar. 1842.
Joseph Smith, History of the Church, 4:605.
Nauvoo Minutes, 28 Apr. 1842.
Relief Society Magazine, Dec. 1945, p. 717.
Nauvoo Minutes, 9 June 1842.
Nauvoo Minutes, 19 Apr. 1842.
Lucy Mack Smith, Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet and His Progenitors (Liverpool, England: S. W. Richards, 1853), p. 250.
Emmeline B. Wells, Diary, Oct. 6, 1874, Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
Helen Mar Kimball Whitney, “Scenes and Incidents at Winter Quarters,” Woman’s Exponent, 15 Dec. 1885, p. 106.
“History of the Relief Society,” Woman’s Exponent, July 1903, p. 6.
Deseret News Weekly, 11 Aug. 1869.
Woman’s Exponent, 1 Apr. 1888, p. 165.
Ensign, Dec. 1977, pp. 41–42.
Belle S. Spafford Oral History, Historical Dept., The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
A Woman’s Reach (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1974), pp. 96–97.
Church News, 23 Sept. 1978, p. 3.
Janet Peterson and LaRene Gaunt, Elect Ladies (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1990), p. 197.
From unpublished notes in the possession of Elaine L. Jack.
Ensign, Nov. 1979, pp. 103–4.
From “The Mission of Relief Society,” unpublished address delivered at Relief Society Open House, Oct. 1990. | <urn:uuid:47dd0d8e-1329-4226-8d38-d3c4e822623d> | {
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The tragedy of the missing at Fromelles resonates once more 90 years after the battle. In June 2008 a further search for bodies began. It was initiated by a Melbourne school-teacher, Lambis Englezos. He was one in a group who became increasingly convinced that there were Australian and British bodies that had been buried by the Germans in mass graves who had not been recovered and re-interred after the war. Such claims needed to be backed up by careful research and this took some years to complete. It was hard to imagine how a large number of casualties could have been missed during post-war searches. However, Englezos eventually compiled such a weight of evidence that an official investigation was launched.
It was known that the Germans had conducted mass burials of allied troops after the battle of Fromelles. They had been thorough, recording the names of those they buried and usually gathering their identity disc. Through international resources, including the Red Cross, many families eventually received advice that their soldier son, husband or brother had been killed and buried by the Germans. Although there could be no expectation that after the war these bodies would be identified, it was presumed that they had been recovered from the burial pits and placed in British Commonwealth war graves under headstones bearing no names. There are many such burials in the war cemeteries around Fromelles.
Arising from Englezos's research it became the Australian Army's task to investigate a series of burial pits at Pheasant's Wood close to Fromelles to see if bodies might still be there. Wartime aerial photographs revealed that a series of large pits had been dug there. The Germans records suggested that there could be at least 170 Australians and a greater number of British troops in them. Digging, by skilled archaeologists, commenced. Everyone involved was determined that the utmost dignity and respect be applied to the task. By the time the initial work was completed on Friday 13 June it had been clearly established that the pits did contain bodies.
The discovery of the burials so long after the events of 1916 aroused wide interest and once again brought the battle of Fromelles to the forefront of public attention. Experts will now gather to discuss what further steps should be taken and how these men will be commemorated.
There is an Australian Department of Defence media release from the 31 July about the decision to
have the remains of the World War 1 soldiers - buried in mass graves near Fromelles in 1916 - exhumed and given individual burials with military honours. | <urn:uuid:87d50601-a4d2-4260-8967-ba7f239e5bc9> | {
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X Window Programming/GTK+
The GIMP Toolkit (abbreviated as GTK+) is a free and open source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces that was initially created in 1997 for the GIMP, a raster graphics editor, by Spencer Kimball, Peter Mattis, and Josh MacDonald — all of whom were members of eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF) at Berkeley University. GTK+ is licensed under the LGPL.
Unlike many other widget toolkits, GTK+ isn't based on Xt. The advantage of this is that it allows GTK+ to be available on other systems and to be much more flexible. GTK+ allows the end-user to configure the look of the toolkit, down to offering a number of different display engines. Engines exist which emulate the look of other popular toolkits or platforms, like Windows 95, Motif, Qt or NextStep. The disadvantage is that it doesn't have access to the X resource database, which is the traditional way for customizing X11 applications.
GTK+ 2 includes improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using Accessibility Toolkit, complete transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings and a more flexible API. However, GTK+ 2 lacks compatibility with GTK+ 1, and programmers must port applications to it. Starting with version 2.8 GTK+ relies on the Cairo library for rendering of vector graphics.
GTK+ uses the C programming language, although its designers use an object-oriented paradigm. The GNOME platform bindings provide for C++ (gtkmm), Perl, Ruby, Java and Python (PyGTK) bindings; others have written bindings for many other programming languages (including Ada, D, Haskell, Lua, Pascal, PHP, Pike and all .NET programming languages).
Environments that use GTK+
- The GNOME environment uses GTK+ as a base, which means that programs written for GNOME use GTK+ as their toolkit.
- Xfce also uses it as its base, though its apps typically do not depend on as many programs. (This is the difference between something being branded as a "GNOME program" and as a "GTK+ program".)
- The GPE Palmtop Environment, Maemo (Nokia's Internet-tablet framework), and Access Linux Platform (a new Palm OS-compatible Personal digital PDA platform) also use GTK+ as a base.
Those desktop environments are not required to run GTK+ programs, though. If the libraries the program requires are installed, a GTK+ program can run on top of other X11-based environments such as KDE or an X11-plus-window manager environment; this includes MacOS X if X11.app is installed. GTK+ can also run under Microsoft Windows. Some of the more unusual ports include DirectFB and ncurses. | <urn:uuid:952ef834-b499-453a-8ef0-937ff0aa0d51> | {
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JUCHEREAU DE LA FERTÉ, DENIS-JOSEPH, half-pay lieutenant; baptized 20 June 1661 at Quebec, son of Jean Juchereau* de La Ferté and Marie Giffard; died a bachelor; buried 9 Aug. 1709 at Quebec.
La Ferté’s presence among the fur-traders of Lake Superior in the autumn of 1683 is referred to in a letter of 12 April 1684 from Daniel Greysolon Dulhut to Governor Le Febvre* de La Barre. La Ferté went down again to Quebec the following spring, no doubt, since he took part in the governor’s expedition against the Senecas. He is mentioned as captain of the Cap-Rouge militiamen at the review which was held on 14 Aug. 1684 at Fort Frontenac. On 7 Aug. 1685 he took on Laurent Glory for a journey to the Ottawa country; in 1686 he was to be found at Michilimackinac, whence he was preparing to return to Quebec. He was apparently a member of Brisay de Denonville’s expedition against the Senecas in 1687, which included “La Ferté’s company.” It was apparently to this Juchereau that Buade* de Frontenac, on 15 Oct. 1691, gave a commission as a half-pay lieutenant.
At the beginning of 1694, La Ferté, together with Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Martigny, a cousin of Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville, and some other officers, was accused of disturbing the peace in Lower Town at Quebec. In the same year he went with Louis Jolliet* on a voyage of exploration to Labrador. He turns up as a midshipman on the Wesp in 1697; this was one of the five ships that Iberville was taking that year to regain Fort Nelson, in Hudson Bay. In the spring of the following year La Ferté’s was sent from France as a messenger to warn Frontenac of the preparations being made by New England against Canada.
There is no further mention of him until 1703, at which time he had a quarrel with an ensign named Noël Chartrain, to whom he administered a severe thrashing. An affair of this kind, between officers, was fairly serious. Rigaud de Vaudreuil, who was leaving for Montreal at that time, ordered the king’s lieutenant, Antoine de Crisafy, to put Juchereau in prison. The next day Crisafy, on the request of his wife, who was the prisoner’s cousin, set him free. Vaudreuil had to imprison him again on his return, thus rousing the ire of the attorney general, François Ruette d’Auteuil, and of the latter’s son-in-law Crisafy. Paul Dupuy de Lisloye, the lieutenant of the provost court of Quebec, presided at the trial. Chartrain thought Juchereau’s sentence too lenient, and the king allowed an appeal to be made to the Conseil Supérieur, provided that the judges were not related to the defendant. But in 1705 Vaudreuil was able to write that the incident was considered closed. Meanwhile, La Ferté had served as lieutenant to Morel de La Durantaye, who was in command of the Joybert, a brigantine which had been fitted out at Quebec in 1704 for privateering against the English in Newfoundland.
Denis-Joseph Juchereau was never more than a subaltern officer, and apart from his escapades he scarcely attracted any attention. At his death he was buried at the Hôtel-Dieu of Quebec, as were several members of his family.
“Correspondance de Vaudreuil,” APQ Rapport, 1938–39, 22–23, 86. Découvertes et établissements des Français (Margry), VI, 44. “Estat des employs vaquans ausquels Monsieur le comte de Frontenac . . . a pourvu en Pannde 1691 en attendant les commissions de sa majesté,” BRH, XIII (1907), 341. “Journal de Louis Jolliet allant a la descouverte de Labrador, 1694,” APQ Rapport, 1943–44, 195f. P.-G. Roy, Inv. coll. pikes jud. el not., I, 281. Bonnault, “Le Canada militaire,” 376. J.-B.-A. Ferland, Cours d’histoire du Canada (1534–1759).(2e ed., 2v., Québec 1882) II, 190. P.-G. Roy, La famille Juchereau Duchesnay: 54–56; Fils de Québec, I, 63–65; “Un corsaire canadien: Jean Léger de La Grange,” BRH, XXIV (1918), 65f. | <urn:uuid:4b79fc3e-e4f1-4066-ad23-18ba3da1ff0e> | {
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A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases.
A journey to a sacred place undertaken as an act of religious devotion. Its purpose may be simply to venerate a certain saint or ask some spiritual favor; beg for a physical cure or perform an act of penance; express thanks or fulfill a promise. From the earliest days pilgrimages were made to the Holy Land, and later on to Rome, where Peter and Paul and so many Christians were martyred. From the eighth century the practice began of imposing a pilgrimage in place of public penance. As a result, during the Middle Ages pilgrimages were organized on a grand scale and became the object of special Church legislation. In modern times, besides Rome and the Holy Land, famous shrines such as Lourdes, Fátima, and Guadalupe draw thousands of pilgrims each year from the Catholic world.
All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission. | <urn:uuid:2920f22c-7101-4ea3-a7d0-9e11d28f823a> | {
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Tempo, Space and Music
Would many self-proclaimed major figures of the music world only take time to think about this striking remark by Stanislavski - substituting ‘music’ for ‘theater’ - they should reconsider their own standpoint, if not drastically change their course. As far as we are concerned, we’d much rather think first, exchange opinions with others, work out the average of evidence and doubt, and try and apply the conclusions we have reached.
1) As far as Tempi are concerned, NOTHING is ever systematic, NOTHING is superfluous. Thus armed, we are ready to embark on our fundamental approach, which aims at identifying the rhythmic ‘direction’ of a piece of music. ‘Standard’ Italian names : adagio, andante, allegro, presto... are but composition tools which, associated to a score, indicate the general direction of the movement which animates it.
2) No Tempo indication should ever be read independently from its associate piece. Prestissimo by itself does not mean ‘as fast as possible’. Neither does adagio mean ‘as slow as possible’. The word Tempo is not synonymous with ‘speed’. Rather, it refers to a certain type of given movement, to be identified according to rhythm, form and affect.
3) Once the structure of the piece is understood and its movement determined, the rendition factor remains to be considered. Depending on it, possible fluctuations in the general movement are acceptable in so far as they do not disfort the structure of the text and its affect.
Unfortunately, Tempo nowadays no longer provides food fo thought - indeed, it has gone into the ‘fast-food’ category. Instead of being worked on, pieces are merely ‘repeated’. In some cases, one does not even bother to read the music again properly. Of course, in a way, what could be simpler than Mozart’s Tempo markings ? or more transparent than his writing ? But erring is human - and very easy, especially if one falls into the dual pitfalls of mannerism and automatism, aka tradition. How then can one even think of playing Mozart ? And which criteria should preside over the choice of tempi in order to restitute the organic unity of the piece ? There can be no ‘recipe’, no ready-made answer in that matter. Only a somewhat complex, and sometimes heavily academic approach, can lead to the necessary conclusions.
The original composition, and nothing but the original composition, is here the one and only legitimate reference. In consequence, a complete analysis of the piece (in terms of rhythm, harmony, form and style) is necessary. This should be enough in itself. But, since our approach and conclusions have already stirred up many objections, it seems fitting to give a brief and perforce non-exhaustive presentation of our theories and some of the major themes of our research.
One last word in order to answer a frequently asked question and to assess the scope of our study : our totally justified research is relevant for pre-20th c. repertoire (in some cases, even until 1911 - Mahler’s death).
We are most indebted to Prof. Willem Retze Talsma whose major work : Wiedergeburt der Klassiker (1980) launched the “TEMPUS - Tempo Giusto” movement, as it is known today in Germany and Holland. Professor Talsma’s scientific research dealt with the various issues of tempi and opened new avenues which, unfortunately, only few followers tread nowadays, like Dr Grete Wehmeyer and Dr Christoph von Gleich.
What about Mozart ?
Mozart never wrote any metronome markings. Not only was the metronome a later invention, but the composer never even used other timepieces, such as the chronometer or the clock, the use of which played a much too minor role. The few legitimate metronome markings to be found in his music are due to his contemporaries Czerny and Hummel. The information they provide should be read according to the same principles which apply to the interpretation of Beethoven’s tempo markings. But it makes no doubt both our reflection and the study and interpretation of ‘Italian’ markings as they are found in Mozart’s music should be based on the same principles. Composers used one system or the other out of the same frame of thought. One may well imagine that, apparently more constraining, and often read in a purely mathematical sense (as we tend to do again today, in a well-meaning but ill-directed attempt at ‘historical truth’), metronome markings lead to misinterpretations which -apparently- more ‘flexible’ indications would probably avoid. This may be the reason why many 19th c. composers, all in favour of metronome markings at first, stopped using them.
A little solace for Wolfgang’s tormented soul, though : one cannot interpret his music without being able to understand the relationship between his writing and the peripheral tempo marking attached to it. Isaac Newton used to say that his writing was purposely “difficult” in order to discourage bad mathematicians. Unfortunately, until the beginning of the 19th c., composers did not succeed in discouraging that many people.
Theoretical data - or : the why ? factor
Rhythm is the cornerstone, the center of gravity of music. It is the basis of all musical discourse, formal research, and effect and should be every composer’s, musician’s or pedagogue’s major preoccupation. Miswritten or misunderstood, the rhythmic structure of a piece may shatter all or almost all its affect.
Ever since the Renaissance, reflections on the movement of music have spawned numerous theoretical writings. In many cases, these reflect the musicians’ own preoccupations. Some composers and theoreticians give but the characteristics of every type of time-signatures, trusting musicians to ‘do it right’. Others, aghast at hearing so many different interpretations of one and the same piece, and fearing the resulting distorting effect on their music, are visibly trying to find a reliable way to make their intentions clear.
The chasm between duality and language :
How can one indicate the movement of a piece ? Until the very beginning of the 19th century, both theoreticians and composers have been advocating, and resorting to, three fundamental tools :
1) the human pulse (systole/diastole) ;
2) words (Italian markings : adagio, andante, allegro, presto... tempo ordinario, tempo giusto) ;
3) the ticking of the clock or the pendulum (the second).
Since the beginning of the polyphonic era, the bar unit is associated to the human pulse. This evidence, to be taken carefully, has two immediate consequences. First : every bar is immediately perceived as a two-part unit, according to the organic systole/diastole movement. Second : as a consequence of the evolution of the musical language and instrumental music, rhythmical structures became more elaborate, and needed more specific transcription.
During the 16th century, it became clear that the ‘human pulse’ was much too vague an indication. French and Italian composers were mostly concerned with precising the character or affetto of the music with specific words. At the same time, various attempts to rationalize rhythm even more lead to the invention of mechanical devices such as the clock.
It will take Italian expressions more than 100 years to impose themselves. Their French counterparts were too much associated with dance movements and ‘airs de caractere’ to survive and finally vanished. But the core information given by Italian expressions was soon reduced to a simple general indication about the piece being slow or moderate or fast. As to mechanical devices, the pendulum will be first superseded by the chronometer, which in turn will evolve to become our metronome, almost two hundred years after it was first invented. Theory and practice thus developed almost in parallel.
The few minor problems which sometimes exist due to the too general character of the main Italian Tempi indications should - in theory - disappear with the association of numerical values and time signatures. Yet it is not so. And the main question is to know whether to apply numerical values in a mathematical or a metric sense.
The main idea is that the thesis-arsis (down-up) principle is actually common to both methods in order to determine the tempo. This principle takes us back to the human pulse systole-diastole system; to the movement of the clock, and, by analogy, to the two clicking sounds of the metronome arm.
This proves fundamental for, most of the time, metronome movements will be set by analogy with the human pulse. For example, the following metronome marking : “72” = crotchet in 4/4 should be read thus : the metronome is set to “72” and the crotchet - the unit of time, the beat - is materialized naturally by the dual movement (left/right) of the metronome arm (in a modern, «mathematical», reading of the metronome markings, this means : “36” = crotchet).
Anyone interested in knowing how far this fundamental rule of metrics applies to other arts besides music and dance, should consider the language of poetry and drama. Without metric syllabic subdivision, can one conceive the tranquil ‘quatorzain’ (lines of seven metrical feet with two clearly marked caesura), or the manifold expressions of the Shakespearean iambic pentameter (blank verse)? The story goes much further than a simple analogy between written dialectics and musical language.
The metrical answer !
Analytical notions on the unit of time and its mathematical and metrical uses :
What are the basic principles for applying the unit of time to Italian or general tempi markings?
We rely on the cross examination of three essential data :
1. note value (whole note, half note, crotchet, quaver, etc.) ;
2. time signatures (4/4, 3/4, 3/8, 6/8 etc.) and their respective beats (1/4, 1/8 ...) ;
3. agogics : adagio, andante, allegro, presto... .
The starting point is the unit of time in the bar. The quicker the Tempo, the longer the value of the unit of time. The reverse is also true. This mirror effect is essential to identify the mathematical indications or understand the resulting metric.
Time signatures with time unit : crotchet
Time signatures with time unit : half note
At the end of the 18th century, this leads to the notion of tempo giusto, a notion which is in danger of becoming inert. Its reference is an Alla Breve time signature in which the half note reads : half note = 60 or 72 or 80 with the subsequent subdivisions. According to theory, tempo giusto is at the very core of every musical composition, even if more or less hidden under indications which do not designate it directly. But the problem is to analyse the relationships between agogic markings, time signature and unit of time, within an organic relationship with tempo giusto. The necessity of such an interpretation is the controversial point between our analytical and artistic approach and the usual one.
After careful study of various original metronome indications, first of all Beethoven’s, we are convinced that they in themselves are not problematic. It is rather their reading which may induce complications. In general, mathematical indications will call for a metrical reading (i.e. keeping in mind the subdivision of the measure unit to which the metronomic indication applies).
Thus, in the first movement of Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, the mathematical indication crotchet = 88 imposes the following metric reading : quaver = 88.
On the other hand, metrical readings should be neither systematic nor totally detached from their context of rendition, especially adagi and andanti. We shall not talk about the way these principles are applied differently to different Tempi, slower or faster, in simple or compound time. But the principles stand firm, and the issue is now clearly out in the open.
The evidence of equivalence :
The consequence of numerous Tempo changes within a piece will be a clear equivalence between slower and livelier parts, and as far as transitions are concerned, between simple and compound times. In order to be perceived as identical, a rhythmic cell or a thematic motif must be written differently, if the Tempo has changed. If careful rhythmic, formal and thematic analysis shows that this motif must indeed be perceived identically, one should establish the organic relationship between two Tempi and follow it up.
From a formal point of view, smaller or longer note values resulting from rhythmic equivalences are a tool and a major help for the defence and reading of metronome markings which have come down to us as metric. This is purely structural practice, much in use in the 18 and 19th c. The fluctuations resulting from doubling or dividing units of time mark the equivalence very precisely. And so musicians will understand they must take into consideration the inner movement of what has just been played and of what is going to be played.
Setting the bar as the center of gravity of metrical reading is in keeping with the basic principles of music theory. We have endeavoured to prove that, instead of a standardized mechanical reading of metronome markings, careful perusing of a score is the only way to decipher its writing, substance and form.
Two completely opposite principles preside over the decision to take a composer’s tempo markings literally. One is a desire to understand how a piece is written, to identify its inner and outer coherence and that of the indications which give us access to its rhythmical reality. This seems to us to be the right path. The other is an approach that tends to isolate Tempo markings from their actual conditions of rendition. We fear that this ‘unavoidable & legitimate mathematical logic’ approach not only leads to a relative view of their value but also renders sterile the musical discourse one supposedly understands. Tools meant and used to determine tempi are fundamental in the formation of thought.
“(...) Grey, my dear friends, are all theories, but green the golden tree of life. (...)”
Goethe / Faust
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Managing Modern Desktops and Devices (MD-101T02)
As demand for organizations to enable workforces to be more mobile, a desktop administrator’s role is really is no longer about just “desktop” management. With BYOD becoming commonplace and the need for employees to access line of business apps on personal devices, the scope of desktop administration must include both desktop and mobile devices, regardless of ownership. During this two days course, you’ll be introduced to key components of modern management and co-management strategies. You’ll examine what it takes to incorporate Microsoft Intune into your organization and how to use it to manage modern desktops and devices. You’ll also learn about methods for deployment and management of apps and browser-based applications.
This course was designed for IT Professionals who manage and deploy desktops and devices in their organization.
This is the second in a series of three courses for the Modern Desktop Administrator. These courses help learners prepare for the Modern Desktop Administrator exam (MD-101).
Pohađajte naše zvanične Microsoft obuke u Beogradu, putem virtuelne učionice (online, uživo) ili u vašim prostorijama (on-site).
Specijalni popusti se odobravaju prilikom prijave više učesnika koji istovremeno pohađaju obuku iz vaše kompanije, državni i neprofitni sektor, itd. Kontaktirajte nas da biste saznali više. | <urn:uuid:563c7ecf-9515-416d-bf5e-b6ce35d2b337> | {
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For an Online M.Ed. in Instructional Design and Technology Degree, your classes may include:
Integrative Design and Evaluation
This course examines the development of curricula for education and workplace learning and development. Comparison of evaluation design, curriculum design, and instructional design is presented to assist learners in understanding the similarities and differences in these fields of education. Learners will have the opportunity to study how to develop learning objectives. Program evaluation techniques will be introduced.
Foundations & Models of Instructional Design
This course provides a foundation for the practice and evaluation of instructional design as well as an in-depth elaboration of standard instructional design models and associated methodologies. Course includes strategies for development of objectives, taxonomy classification schemes, content analysis procedures, and instructional strategy selection, as well as adaptation and adoption of available resources.
Instructional Media & Learning Environments
This course introduces candidates to foundational concepts and skills for personal and professional use of technology, including productivity software. This course explores instructional technology including definition and components of design and development. The use of technology in the classroom as well as distance learning is covered.
Designing for Computer Mediated Learning
The course examines the use of computer-mediated learning environments in classroom, lab and distributed learning contexts. Candidates will work on specific projects related to their field of practice, creating computer-based instructional materials reflecting problem definition, learner analysis, objectives specification, criterion tests, construction, strategies selection, formative validation, and evaluation. Attention is given to ethical and legal issues regarding the appropriate use of copyrighted material.
Online Learning: Design & Development
This course explores the organization, development, and delivery of distance learning programs. Additionally, this course explores course logistics, technology applications, and student management systems. Candidates will engage in discourse with instructors, peers, and other experts while creating Internet resources to be used in their own educational settings. By the end of the course, candidates will have an electronic portfolio of their work and be prepared to assume leadership roles within their specific contexts related to technology. | <urn:uuid:24bec6ee-2cda-4e87-b0e5-47aaa3a7ae5a> | {
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|Schraer, William D. and Stoltze, Herbert J. Biology: The Study of Life. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999: 151.||"With the use of the calorimeter, it has been determined that the amount of heat given off by 1 gram of protein is about 4 kilocalories."||16.8 MJ/kg|
|Esminger, Audrey H. and Esminger, M.E. The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods and Nutrition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1995: 388.||"However, energy needs of the body have a higher priority. As a source of energy, protein yields about 4 kcal/g."||16.8 MJ/kg|
|Veterinary Diet Manual. Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital Nutrition Support Service. 29 Nov 2001.||"To multiply the % of kcal as protein or carbohydrate, multiply the grams by 4; for fat multiply by 9."||16.8 MJ/kg|
|American Meat Institute Foundation. The Science of Meat and Meat Products. San Francisco: Reinhold, 1960: 60.||"Where energy values are given, they have been calculated on the basis of 4 calories per gram for protein and carbohydrate, and 9 calories per gram for fat."||16.8 MJ/kg|
|Ahrens, Richard A. Protein. World Book Online Americas Edition. 14 May 2003.||"Proteins produce about 1,800 calories per pound (4 calories per gram), the same amount provided by the carbohydrates."||16.8 MJ/kg|
A nice, tasty tenderloin steak lying on a plate just waiting for you is just what you want after a long day of hard work. At the same time you have your eyes on that juicy piece of meat, you still want to look good and maintain the minimal weight that you "always" see on your scale. Unfortunately, a person's desire for a tasty food, that is usually not the healthiest, is fulfilled and the person's health suffers. Well, in order to maintain a healthy body, a person must always consider the energy density of the foods they eat on a daily basis. The energy density of a food is the amount of energy provided per mass. In order for the body to function, it uses up this energy, and whatever energy is left over will be seen when the person looks in the mirror. This is so because foods that have a higher energy density are rich in fat. Also,the water content and the presence of fiber also influence energy density. The quantity of water in a food increases the weight of the food, but it doesn't increase its calorie value.
Foods like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that provide energy to the body have an energy density. The energy density of proteins and carbohydrates is 4 cal/g, while the energy density of fat is 9 cal/g. The kilocalorie is the unit that is commonly used in the US to measure the energy content of food. Though, the joule is the unit of energy in the International System of Units or Le Systeme International d' Unites (SI). One food calorie equals 4200 joules. Also, the kilogram is the SI unit for mass. In SI units the energy density of protein and carbohydrates is 16.8 MJ/kg and of fats is 37.8 MJ/kg.
If a person maintains the usual volume or energy density of the food they eat, yet lower the calories in proportion, they'll consume fewer calories and feel just as full. Basically this means that if a person eats a pasta salad with less pasta and more vegetables, they will still be just as full as if they ate a pasta salad with more pasta and less vegetables. The only difference between the two salads would be the amount of calories per salad, the salad with more vegetables would of course be lower in calories and it would in effect have a lower energy density. This type of strategy can decrease the calorie content of meals by 30%.
David Dukhan -- 2003 | <urn:uuid:96d8dd20-e645-4581-aaae-138ed6acd518> | {
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Help reduce stray dog/cat overpopulation in Greece!
The stray dog and cat population in Greece is a serious problem. On the streets of Greece, cats and dogs often lose their life due to vehicle accidents, being poisoned by humans, or dying from hunger, thirst or disease. There are simply too many stray animals to help with adoption alone. Spaying and neutering these animals is the only humane solution. Argos Animal Welfare Society is helping by providing spay/neuter to as many cats, kittens, dogs and puppies as possible, but they need our help.
Neutering stray cats and dogs will not only reduce the number of companion animals born on the streets, but improve the welfare of adult animals as well. In areas where the strays have been neutered, people pend to treat them better and are less likely to poison these poor animals. Once the number of homeless dogs and cats is reduced to a manageable number, Argo Greece will better equipped to focus their efforts on providing successful adoptions to their local community.
You can help. Just $35 provides one spay/neuter for one stray cat in Greece.
Argo Greece's mission is to protect all animals in Greece. Due to huge overpopulation and abuse of strays in Greece, their primary mission is providing spay/neuter to stray dogs and cats.
GreaterGood.org has ultimate authority and discretion with regard to the distribution of its funds. All expenditures made are consistent with the exempt purposes of GreaterGood.org. | <urn:uuid:ec43cb6c-1d32-4203-8821-c3be503d905b> | {
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Universal basic income is a concept that pertains to giving an amount of money to citizens without any requirements or conditions other than being legal citizens and probably a certain minimum age (most likely what’s considered as the working age). Although the idea of handing out money for free is generally viewed in a negative rather than a positive light, maybe it’s time to rethink and reconsider our perceptions.
Ideally, the amount of guaranteed basic income should be enough to cover basic needs like food, clothing and shelter, but insufficient for everything else. That way, recipients will still be motivated to work — either as a part-time or full-time employees, or an entrepreneur with a small business — to earn more so they can afford not just their needs, but maybe some small luxuries too.
Although the possibility that some might become satisfied with simply receiving income without having to do anything else, the hope is that not many will go down this road. Instead, with basic income as their safety net, more individuals will start taking more risks — doing what they love, what they want to do, or what they’re passionate about, rather than working in some industry because they don’t have a choice.
Of course, giving free income to each citizen is no small undertaking. If it’s done, let’s say, in the U.S., a $1,000 monthly income for each of its 319 million residents will amount to around $4 trillion every year. And where will the funds come from? Most likely from taxes that will have to be increased, especially for individuals who can afford to pay higher tax rates.
But will the cost be worth the benefits that free income is suppose to give? Just think — with guaranteed income, one will no longer be forced into doing something he/she does not want to because he/she knows that even without having to work, at the very least, there’ll be food on the table. Which means basic unconditional income might become instrumental in ending one of the world’s oldest problems – human trafficking. No one really believes that anyone who has a choice and is in their right frame of mind will voluntarily sell their body for money, right?
And what about the many who are forced to stay in jobs they don’t want because they have no other choice? As more people have the luxury of actually choosing what job they want to do, the threat of robots replacing the human work force may then be solved too. The jobs people don’t really want to do, will be the jobs that robots will take on. It’s a win-win situation. Robots will not displace workers, instead, they will replace workers who want to be replaced.
When people aren’t forced into anything, they’ll be able to do the things that they really want to do. And of course that will mean happier people and a happier world.
Although it might be too presumptuous to assume that having guaranteed basic income may lead to a happier world, you have to admit that it’s not impossible. And with all the threats we’re facing — from global warming ending our planet, to AI taking over, and gene manipulation giving birth to superhumans – having something to look forward to is quite a welcome change. That’s why it’s encouraging to note that the move to push universal basic income is gaining momentum. There’s still hope for us after all. | <urn:uuid:531a81cc-7608-4748-8998-42787f961322> | {
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Hamstring Injuries in Cricket
Hamstring muscles run down the back of the thigh to the knee and are very active when batting, bowling, fielding or running between wickets and so are placed under a massive amount of strain.
If a hamstring injury occurs then there are 1-4 different grades of hamstring injury; with 1 representing an acute, indirect muscle disorder and higher levels representing structural muscle and/or tendon injury.
Therapyroom1 provides advice on hamstring injuries and treatment to:
- promote good healing
- gradually repair injury and strengthen the hamstrings and/or other muscle groups
- and progress exercises to prevent recurrence
Back injuries can place additional strain on the hamstrings and adjacent nerve structures.
In Part 3 we will look at Side Strain | <urn:uuid:b0c1723c-3648-444e-ba51-c7bf4dc26dc8> | {
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Is Your Child a Bully?
Most children experiment with mean behavior at some point, but an estimated 13 percent of boys and 8 percent of girls have chronically bullied one or more children. Any child can be a bully, even very popular, well-adjusted kids, and they do it for a variety of reasons, says Susan Limber, PhD, professor of psychology at Clemson University. "Often, children who bully have a strong need for power and dominance, and they seem to enjoy controlling others," says Dr. Limber. Many kids bully because it's rewarding in some way, whether they take someone's lunch money or get a boost in social status. Worse still, the behavior is contagious. "If the kids doing the bullying are popular and admired, others often join in," adds Dr. Limber.
Parents are often unaware of their kids' bullying behavior unless alerted by a teacher or another parent, says Susan Swearer, PhD, associate professor of school psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Stay aware of your child's behavior by keeping your ears open. "Your kids' conversations in the car, on the phone or with siblings will provide clues," says Dr. Swearer. "If you hear them being mean—saying someone's fat or stupid—call them on it immediately. Ask them how they would feel. And watch your own speech as well for sarcasm and putdowns."
It's not enough to teach empathy; you have to show it too. From infancy on, encouraging kids to think about how others feel has been shown to reduce bullying and aggression, says Amanda Nickerson, PhD, associate professor of school psychology at the University at Albany-SUNY. In fact, a warm, close relationship with a mother who is empathetic toward others reduces the risk of a child turning into a bully. In other words, telling kids to be nice to one another is fine, but letting them see you do it is even more powerful. "Parents often forget that they are moral guides for kids," adds Rachel Simmons, author of The Curse of the Good Girl. "They'll gossip about other children in front of their own kids and unwittingly play an active role in who gets excluded. Yet when bullying starts, schools get blamed, and the parents of the bullies aren't held to any kind of responsibility."
If you do see your kids behave unkindly toward other children, let them know that it's not OK and establish consequences. "Parents aren't here to be kids' friends," says Dr. Nickerson. "We're here to teach them how to treat their peers with respect. That means letting them know you have high standards for their behavior toward others."
Is Your Child Being Bullied?
Proactive parenting is an important step if you think your child is or could be a victim of bullying. When Julie Hertzog's son, who has Down syndrome, entered middle school in suburban Minneapolis last year, she worried. "I know having a disability put him at a greater risk," says Julie, who works as the bullying prevention director for the PACER Center in Minneapolis, which advocates for children with disabilities. But instead of just crossing her fingers, she took action: "I worked with my son's teacher, who asked four students—not necessarily the class president or anything, just four good kids—to act as peer advocates. They said they would look out for my son, and let a teacher know if they saw anyone picking on him." The system not only worked, it was so effective that the school is now assigning peer advocates to other students. Such strategies succeed because they encourage kids to take responsibility for what happens around them, Julie says, and those concrete ideas can change the entire culture of a school.
Carla Ring also took action when she felt the school wasn't doing enough to deal with the bullies tormenting her daughter. "They told her it was all in her head, which really added to her sense of hopelessness," Carla says. Enraged, she turned to a local newspaper, sharing her family's story. Thanks to the publicity from the article, she was able to connect with other parents of bully victims. As a group, they went to a school committee meeting, asked for a task force and got it. "I had to get loud," Carla says. "Parents should know that they're probably not going to be popular with the school. But by making sure parents were represented on the task force—not just school officials, who sometimes have a vested interest in pretending everything is fine—I'm hoping we can really make positive changes at the school." | <urn:uuid:d59dde3a-0f8a-45d4-bdf9-caedf0bfc29c> | {
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Scientists send cameras into unexplored Pacific trench—find…very little?
posted Tuesday, March 4, 2014 at 3:21 PM EDT
Usually when you hear of scientists sending cameras into the very deepest parts of the ocean, you expect to hear stories of bizarre and wonderful creatures. Of blobfishes and enormous jellyfish. But sometimes, you don't see anything that exotic—but that's just as interesting, for totally different reasons.
A recent expedition organized by the University of Aberdeen's Oceanlab and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in New Zealand sent a camera down into the depths of the previously unexplored New Hebrides trench in the Pacific. The cameras went as far down as 7,000m (almost 23,000 feet), and was loaded with bait to attract animals. What the scientists discovered was far less biodiversity than they had expected. They saw grey cusk eels, red prawns, and arrow-tooth eel pouts, but not much else.
Talking to the BBC, Oceanlab's Dr. Alan Jamieson said:
"The surprising thing was that there was a complete and utter lack of one of the most common deep sea fish we would expect to see. Anywhere else around the Pacific Rim, around the trenches we've looked at, you see a lot of grenadiers - they are quite a conspicuous part of the deep-sea community. But when we went to the New Hebrides trench, we didn't see a single one.
"But what we did see was a fish called the cusk eel. These turn up elsewhere but in very, very low numbers. But around the New Hebrides trench, these - and the prawns - were all that we saw."
The reason for this it seems, is that the trench is a low nutrient environment—and in fact, so are the waters above it. The eels are able to thrive in these difficult situations, but there's not enough there to support a much larger variety of biodiversity.
And while that might not be as exciting as some sort of deep sea monstrosity—it's still very interesting in its own right. | <urn:uuid:a2d5e6b0-426b-464e-a98c-a80d080e7fae> | {
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The speed and size of the hard disk
In the audio recording process, the sound going out from the guitar/any instruments are analog in nature, hard disk cannot store analog data, so the function of the audio interface is to convert analog to digital audio. It is then stored in the hard disk.
In year 2004 using crude onboard soundcard, I record at 16 bit/44.1 KHz since this is the only supported recording bit depth and sampling rate by my device on that time. Starting in 2011, I now record at least in 24-bit/48KHz using my Saffire Pro 40 audio interface. The resulting digital audio are larger in file size and would need a bigger hard disk drive capacity.
I recommend a dedicated hard disk drive for saving digital audio files (not including your OS, which would be in another hard disk drive). Aim for a size around 1TB; this should get you started without worrying about large file size.
The speed of the hard disk is important because during recording and the audio interface performs the analog to digital conversion, the disk will store these data. It will spin measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) during the read and write access. So a slow rotating disk can have problems with recording. It is recommended to select a faster hard disk such as 7200 RPM range or even better (those optimized for recording).
I currently install 2 disk drives: Western Digital 160 GB 7200 RPM Hard Drive in my PC.
In early 2012, I upgraded to 1 TB hard drive dedicated for recording 24-bit audio. Hard drives today are cheaper than it was before. You should also learn how to back up your sound recording masters for the long term.
CPU Speed and Optimum Operating System
The faster the CPU, the more information can be processed.Use the faster processor you can afford. You can even use 64-bit processors paired with very high RAM for a more efficient DAW.
The CPU commands the transfer of data from the audio interface to hard disk when using what we call as PIO (Programmed input/output) mode. PIO mode stresses the CPU too much. This is not a recommended data transfer mode because transfer of information coming from the audio interface are being passed via the CPU for checking then the CPU will transfer to the disk to save.
The most recommended is DMA (Direct memory access), all data transfers from the hard disk will not pass the CPU for checking, this is optimal during recording.
The quickest way to check when PIO mode is activated is when you hear clicks, pops and distortion when audio is being played back despite having a fast CPU and a large RAM. This will add serious latency problems. You can read the following tutorials on how to change it back to DMA mode:
Recommended OS tweaks for PC – read the “Second Tweak”.
Windows Xp or Windows 7 optimization guide– for Firewire and USB audio interface -read tip #6.
You can as well refer to the above tutorials on how to optimize your operating system for best operation.
Size of your RAM
RAM is called Random-Access-Memory, one of the most important components in a computer system. Its main role in computer audio recording is a fast temporary storage of data.
Instead of querying hard disk all the time. RAM stores the data temporarily, for faster data transfer. So in a computer audio recording, big RAM is much needed. For a typical Pentium 4 system, I recommend a RAM of at least 1GB. In 2012, you can easily get 4GB RAM for your 32-bit DAW computer, then with 64-bit processors and operating system you can even install 8GB of RAM comfortably with supported motherboards. Insufficient RAM can cause latency and audio dropout.
The quality of your studio monitors
I highly recommend, whatever type of studio monitor brand you like to use, make sure:
a. It has wide and flat frequency response (around 53Hz to 20,000 Hz)
b. It is a stereo sound system (2.1 is recommended for audio mixing, more than that is just confusing)
c. Has subwoofer dedicated to deep bass. As a sidenote, there is a lot of debates on this. Some pros do not recommend mixing with subs. I recommend having one if your music contains a lot of bass content such as dance music.
d. Medium to high power amplifier can be played loud without distortion or cracking.
For complete recommendations on studio monitors, refer to this post.
The noise coming from the connections
Noise is unwanted in recording because it will surely destroy your recorded signal. Noise can be further classified as “hum” (low frequency noise, such as 60Hz hum from power lines) or “hiss” (high frequency noise). Although all system has noise, in computer audio recording it is highly suggested to keep it at minimum. To learn more about noise and some preventive measures; it is recommended you read this article on the common causes of noise in recordings and the solutions.
The quality of DAW (Digital Audio Workstation) software
This is important. Quality DAW can offer a wide recording features to maximize recording quality. There are lots of high quality DAW like Reaper and Adobe Audition. Pro tools from Digidesign is an industry standard and commonly used in big project studios.
Starting in year 2011, my new personal favorite is Reaper. It only costs $60 to license and you can get a lot of features and superb 64-bit internal processing (read this article for details)
Read the following tutorial below if you are still building your PC/DAW hardware system:
The quality of your motherboard
I used the top of the class motherboard at the time (2004) I built my computer. It was Asus P4P800-X. It was far expensive than any class during that time. But I say, it was worth it. P4P800-X has the best onboard soundcard I have tried and helps me to record some songs.
Powerful motherboards offer so many RAM slots, PCI slots, faster connections. And above all, it offer fast onboard USB or Firewire connectivity crucial for hooking up your external audio interface for optimum recording quality.
The quality of your headphone
Although not very important but it you will use this to check the audio during a recording process or review the mix in a headphone. It is not recommended to rely on headphones for your entire audio mixing process, find out why in this tutorial.
The acoustic treatment of your room
You can do some testing on your room acoustics to assess monitoring accuracy. Then listen to a professionally mixed CD to assess the bass levels, treble levels and mid frequencies. Learn how to treat your room properly to create an accurate monitoring environment..
The quality of your CD-drive
This is usually important during the mastering process, wherein a mastered track will be burned down to CD audio, this will use the CD drive. If your CD drive is not optimized for audio, then you will have problems. The best CD burner/writer & media for mastering/computer audio recording applications requires very slow burning speed of around 1x to 4x.
It is because the slower your burning speed, the higher accurate it is. The faster the burning speed, the more prone to errors. It is why master CD to be submitted for replication needs to be burned at a slow rate to prevent digital errors during CD replication.
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"From Bourbon to Binary," by Paul Collins. New Scientist, 22 November 2003,pages 52-53.
This article, which appears in the "Histories" column, tells the little-knownstory of John Atanasoff, who around 1940 built what was probably the firstelectronic binary computer in a dingy basement at the University of Iowa. Hewent off to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington during World War II,and when he returned to the university, his machine was gone. Since then,disputes have erupted about the capability of his machine, which was calledABC. To see what the ABC could actually do, a team at the University of Iowabuilt a replica in 1997. "With the building of the replica, the magnitude ofthe ABC's achievement has become clearer," the article states. "Unlike thebase-10 behemoths that followed, the ABC was an affordable, desk-sized binarymachine."
--- Allyn Jackson | <urn:uuid:ecb9eab0-7c7c-426c-bc40-75ad459f9417> | {
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Unless international carbon-capping treaties are implemented, fossil fuel consumption (with their greenhouse gas emissions) will increase 50% by 2030, largely resulting from growth in energy consumption in China and other developing nations.
"The Energy Information Administration's long-range forecast to 2030 said the world is not close to abandoning fossil fuels. It said the steepest increases in energy use will come in China and other developing economies, including some in the Middle East and Africa, where energy demand is expected to be 85 percent greater in 2030 than it is today.
The outlook largely assumes no mandatory international agreements on capping greenhouse gases, especially heat-trapping carbon dioxide...Fossil fuel use "could be altered substantially" by such deals, the report said. Without such limits, the annual amount of carbon dioxide flowing into the atmosphere would be 51 percent greater in 2030 than it was three years ago, the study said."
"Global demand for liquid fuels - mostly oil - will grow to 113 million barrels a day by 2030, nearly one-third more than is consumed today, the report said. But high prices could have an impact, shaving demand by as much as 13 million barrels a day." | <urn:uuid:8d237e32-b5c0-4472-95b6-642d590b0618> | {
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The plimpy is a kind of fish, shaped like a ball with two long, rubbery legs and webbed feet. The freshwater plimpy is a species of the plimpy which inhabits streams and rivers. Other species live at the bottom of deep lakes. Plimpies eat snails.
If you happen to spot a plimpy with its legs tied in a knot, you will know that merpeople are around, since they consider the plimpy to be a pest and tie their legs so they drift away (FB). The stream near Bottom Bridge, behind the Lovegoods’ house, contains Freshwater Plimpies that Xenophilius uses to make soup (DH20). The Gulping Plimpy is possibly the same species as the Freshwater Plimpies, since Luna talks about warding them off with Gurdyroots (HBP20).).
"plim" Eng. a dialect word for becoming plump [NSOED] | <urn:uuid:07e14343-95d4-4df8-939e-f0f35450fb39> | {
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North-hemisphere ice-shelf melts on summer and grows on winter. I would expect appreciable changes on sea-level between seasons, but sea-level looks equal on winter than on summer.
Why doesn't sea level show seasonality?
Sea level has a strong seasonal signal. The annual variability is less than the daily changes associated with tidal forcing in most locations, but still can be on the order of 5-10 cm (maximum values about 15 cm).
The causes of the seasonal fluctuations are mostly associated with seasonal changes in wind intensity and patterns, changes in temperature that relate to thermal expansion, and in salinity (haline contraction) and river discharge fluctuations. The annual sea level cycle is only partially related to ice melt and this effect tends to be quite local.
The largest sea level seasonal cycles are associated with areas in the vicinity of large rivers with strong seasonal cycles (e.g., Bay of Bengal). Also, there is a lot of spatial variability in the seasonal cycle with the northern hemisphere having a larger signal (likely caused by the stronger seasonality in wind patterns).
An example of the seasonal cycle can be seen in the monthly data from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) for Woods Hole, MA (USA) (in m offset to avoid negative values in the PSMSL database). The monthly data shows strong seasonal variability and also a clear trend. As the data is monthly averaged, the tidal oscillations are filtered out. Most sea level rise graphs tend to use annual data and thus the seasonal information is not included.
In the Arctic there is mostly floating sea ice and the mass of this does not change the sea level.
When snow falls on the floating sea ice the weight of the snow is the same as the weight of the sea water it displaces so there will not be any change in sea level from this.
But the snow falling on land during winter is water temporary removed from the sea, so the sea level will drop a little during winter. See seasonal changes in sea level.
In the Antactic winter, the sea level drop will be less as most of the snow will fall on the floating ice and on a narrow band of land ice around Antarctica. This is mainly due to the circumpolar wind around Antarcica where less moist air will blow into the interior of Antarctica.
The tiny bit of snow falling in the central part of Antarctica is called diamond dust, this is tiny flat ice crystalls; they will sublimate before or soon after they reach the ground due to the dry air and low temperature. | <urn:uuid:43014c90-a322-4302-a4a6-1cb757640d31> | {
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A lot of good-looking things were created for bad reasons: to package politics, justify violence, make some men seem mighty and others weak. A visit to an art show can be a delight, but also a walk through blighted history. As an example, consider “Samurai! Armor From the Ann and Gabriel Barbier-Mueller Collection” at the Museum of Fine Arts here, a stellar display of exquisite combat hardware.
As a class of career warriors, samurai (or bushi) took nascent form in Japan in the eighth century A.D., when existing methods of organized warfare weren’t working. The imperial army, made up largely of conscripted peasants, was having no luck subduing separatist tribal groups. So the government turned to regional militia bands to finesse the matter.
These forces, formed by provincial clan leaders, were basically private protection societies, miniature armies, adept at equestrian skirmishes. And although competitive with one another, they quickly saw the wisdom of forging strength-in-numbers bonds. As their collective power grew, imperial power receded. By the 12th century, Japan was fully in the hands of an armed elite, headed by leaders called shoguns, for whom samurai worked.
Over time, this samurai society, formulated a self-defining ethos known as bushido, or “the way of the warrior,” based on an idealizing code of conduct for living and for dying (ritual suicide was preferable to dishonor), with Confucian and Buddhist overlays. Simultaneously, a new visual culture evolved, one that blended extremes of brutality and delicacy, as if justifying one with the other. For centuries, the samurai had their work cut out. War was constant, its form gradually changing. Early on, equestrian archery was the preferred mode. Later, the use of massed infantry came into favor and swords became the chief weapon, followed eventually by firearms introduced from Europe (or from China, depending on the source you read).
With shifts in military campaign style came adjustments in defensive technology. For every situation, suits of armor were designed: light and flexible for cavalry encounters; heavy and encasing for warding off sword blows on the ground. And astonishing things these head-to-toe containers were: exaggerated versions of layered-look fashion, a species of mechanical couture with detachable parts.
One of the almost two dozen complete suits of armor in the show — all on loan from the Ann and Gabriel Barbier-Mueller Museum in Dallas — was made around 1600 for a member of the Mori clan, a landholding family, and is still (this is rare) intact. Its basic sartorial components included shoulder guards, shin guards, sleeves, thigh protectors, a skirt and a chest protector, along with a helmet, gloves, mask and boots, and a cushioning layer of silk underwear.
In addition, it comes with a range of indispensable accessories, among them two swords, a longbow and quiver of arrows, a selection of hats, a military baton, a fireproof coat and a large folding fan, ornamented with a big-red, rising-sun dot.
Organizing and dressing must have been a production. When certain suits of armor are fully assembled, they look like portable fortresses. They give the same impression of ornamental impenetrability as samurai castles, like those at Himeji and Matsumoto, with their pretty peaked roofs and escarpmentlike walls.
The centerpiece of almost any suit of armor is the helmet, and the large selection of these in Boston gives a vivid sense of their imaginative possibilities. Some examples are fairly plain. The oldest here, from the Kamakura period (1185-1338), is essentially an inverted iron bowl prickly with protruding rivets. A 16th-century helmet inspired by a European prototype is similarly straightforward, though images of lions and peonies, inlaid in silver and gold, give it a sun-glinting flair.
Beyond this, though, we’re on uncharted millinery terrain, part Easter Parade, part Halloween. There are helmets in the shapes of dragons, devils, eggplants, axes, ocean waves and rhinoceros horns. Some have face guards in the form of scary, glowering faces. The most eye-catching of all have sculptural enhancements on top.
Some additions are clan or family crests cast in gilded metal: chrysanthemums, a crescent moon, a butterfly. Others are Buddhist images. One 16th-century helmet has a lacquered figure of the bodhisattva Fudo Myoo planted, like a miner’s lamp, above its brim. Another, with flame-shaped flanges rising from its crown, is conceived as fiery jewel, with the symbol of the patron goddess of archers at its center. A third is capped by a single piece of upright wood, about four feet tall, painted to represent a hawk’s feather.
As whimsical as such adornments appear, their original purpose was strategic. They made the wearer conspicuous in the smoke and chaos of the battlefield, signaling his allegiances, and reducing the danger of his becoming a target of friendly fire.
And some emblems were pointedly aggressive. One dry lacquer crest, which survives without its helmet, takes in the shape of a hybrid creature, a nightmare combination of fish, snake and bird of prey. With its wicked eyes and gaping mouth it’s absolutely hypnotic, and on the attack. Look at me, it says, and be afraid.
By the time this piece was made in the 18th century, the samurai, as a class, were pretty much out of a job. Peace had reigned for more than a century, the direct product, some historians say, of shogunal rule, and would last for a century more. Certain ex-soldiers became bureaucrats; others roamed the land seeking work as security guards for hire. The samurai phenomenon became a ceremonial affair, an exercise in nostalgia.
To perpetuate that exercise, armor continued to be produced, growing ever more baroque. Most of the material in the exhibition dates from this late period. And its Boston presentation — overseen by Niña Barbier-Mueller Tollett, the daughter of the collectors, and Jessica Liu Beasley — is appropriately theatrical, culminating in a life-size tableau of warriors mounted on horses, all parties armored to the teeth.
It’s an effective sight and can hardly be accused of sensationalizing an art that was sensationalizing by design. But it also reinforces the show’s triumphalist take on art and history, which tells us little we didn’t know.
Samurai culture, or some martial-arts notion of it, has long been a standard Western model of “Japanese-ness,” and an ethnic cliché. (The Metropolitan Museum mounted a samurai extravaganza in 2009.) Buddhism is invariably cited as the softening agent in the militant picture. But Buddhism and violence have never been mutually exclusive and certainly are not now, as recent reports of monks encouraging attacks on Muslims in Myanmar suggest.
As to the bushido code, you don’t need to be a warrior to live a morally disciplined life; the opposite is, and was, just as likely to be true. Either way, the matter is complicated, and the story this exhibition tells could use some complication.
Why not take the occasion to cast a look back on a notable 20th-century samurai, the novelist Yukio Mishima (1925-70), who, toward the end of his life, subscribed to the bushido code, became a right-wing nationalist, formed a private militia and committed by-the-book ritual suicide when things didn’t go his political way.
That, of course, is too much, too hard. Shows like this one encourage us to lighten up, treat art history as entertainment, a tractable narrative of pleasures and tensions, but no ethical stakes. Now and again, however, it’s worth darkening the picture. Humans are extremely aggressive animals. Our art reflects this, even if we don’t want to see. | <urn:uuid:8bfe5d10-5893-415c-8b53-445b9a8597e8> | {
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The Animal that Lives Without Air
When little or no oxygen is dissolved in the blood of most animals or humans, death quickly follows. The chemistry by which our cells generate energy to stay alive needs oxygen. When oxygen runs short, a second, temporary, energy-producing system kicks in. This system doesn't need oxygen, but it produces lactic acid that can kill living cells. Therefore, this second energy system is an emergency measure, used only when seriously starved for oxygen.
To avoid this dangerous situation, many amphibians and reptiles that hibernate in ponds, lakes and rivers have the ability to remove oxygen directly from the water through special tissue on their throats. However, the painted turtle and the mud slider hibernate as close to the freezing line below the water as possible. As a result, they often hibernate in water where the oxygen is quickly used and have lived completely without oxygen for up to 120 days. How do they do it?
During the summer, the turtle stores large amounts of a carbohydrate that can provide energy without using oxygen. The turtle has a unique built-in system that detoxifies the poisonous lactic acid that is built up. As a result, the turtle can live for months with no oxygen in its blood or in the water around it.
This unique ability is based on a sophisticated understanding of biochemistry. It's clearly not the result of a genetic accident. It can only be the work of the unique creativity of our Creator! | <urn:uuid:fc15c83e-b9b9-49ef-911e-a30c53bfb194> | {
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People should stop wasting time and money looking for the Tasmanian tiger, according to new Australian research.
Dr Diana Fisher and Dr Simon Blomberg from the University of Queensland's school of biological sciences report their findings in a recent issue of Conservation Biology.
Since the last wild thylacine was captured in 1933, there have been ongoing searches and numerous unconfirmed sightings of the carnivorous marsupial.
But, says Fisher, such efforts are misguided.
"There's been more search efforts for the thylacine than any other mammal globally," she says.
"I think that's just a waste of money." | <urn:uuid:de3a8e2d-55a2-46f5-b084-34bf246ed8f8> | {
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It can be a devastating disease and it has cut short many lives, including, famously, those of Big Brother contestant Jade Goody, who died aged 27 in 2009, and Argentina's First Lady Eva Peron, who died in 1952 aged 33.
Increasingly, however, science is closing in on cervical cancer. It is extremely heartening that there has been a major reduction in cases of cervical abnormalities - potential precursors to cancer - among young women who have been vaccinated as schoolgirls against the types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause most cases of the disease.
This highlights the importance of encouraging maximum take-up among 12- and 13-year-old girls, more than 90 per cent of whom have had the vaccination since 2008. Some parents have refused the opportunity to have their daughters immunised, perhaps seeing it as unnecessary, but they may feel differently in the light of the new figures, which demonstrate a 55 per cent reduction in pre-cancerous abnormalities among girls who had received three doses of it.
The programme appears to have had another great benefit too, in producing a slightly higher rate of attendance for smear tests among young women. However, more needs to be done to tackle a worrying decline in screening uptake in older age groups. Some 14 per cent fewer women aged 25-29 are having regular cervical smears now compared to a decade ago and 10 per cent fewer aged 55-59 are having them.
Cervical screening saves lives, pure and simple, by detecting any pre-cancerous cells and allowing for them to be treated to prevent cancer developing.
Some women simply do not realise how critically important the smear test is, hence their failure to attend screening; others are afraid or embarrassed about the procedure, straightforward though it is. Some fail to make an appointment because they forget or struggle to find the time, while others mistakenly believe it is a test to detect cancer rather than pre-cancerous abnormalities, and stay away out of fear.
That appointment with the surgery nurse, however, could turn out to be the most important 10 minutes of their lives. In 2012, nearly 300 Scottish women were diagnosed with cervical cancer and more than 100 died of the disease. Were it not for the cervical screening programme, the numbers would have been higher.
Health boards must do what they can to improve attendance. Social marketing appears to be working in the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde area, where a campaign has produced a 20 per cent increase in attendance in a month, but it may be that, as with other types of awareness-raising campaign, such as that targeting seasonal drink-driving, the exercise has to be repeated regularly.
There are some forms of cancer that are very hard to detect until they are advanced and thereafter hard to treat. Cervical cancer, by contrast, is a disease that can often be prevented. Vaccination and regular smear tests are both effective in helping prevent the illness, and should be whole-heartedly promoted and embraced.
We moderate all comments on HeraldScotland on either a pre-moderated or post-moderated basis. If you're a relatively new user then your comments will be reviewed before publication and if we know you well and trust you then your comments will be subject to moderation only if other users or the moderators believe you've broken the rules
Moderation is undertaken full-time 9am-6pm on weekdays, and on a part-time basis outwith those hours. Please be patient if your posts are not approved instantly. | <urn:uuid:7f48011a-c8d3-4542-afaf-dad4202ecccb> | {
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- Grasp suspension handles and momentarily step back until
arms are extended forward and straight. While keeping arms straight
and shoulders back, step forward so body reclines back behind
suspension handles. Position body and legs straight at desired
angle hanging from handles with arms straight. Internally rotate
shoulders so elbows are positioned directly outwards with arms
straight or slightly bent. Shoulder should be positioned approximately
90° relative to torso position.
- Pull handles out to sides while keeping stiff elbow position
and maintaining shoulder at 90° plane to torso throughout
exercise. Raise up until upper arms are in-line to one another.
Return to original position in same plane and repeat.
- Upper arms should travel in transverse path at shoulder level
without allowing elbows to drop to minimize Latissimus
Dorsi involvement. A very upright position (ie: very light
resistance) with one foot positioned slightly back (see 'Easier')
is typically required for proper execution. Take care to maintain
tension on suspension trainer near top of movement. Dismounting
can be achieved by walking backward until body is upright or
stepping out at top of movement.
- Resistance is least when body is positioned upright at top
of exercise. Movement can be made easier with staggered foot
position by placing one foot slightly back (as shown), as most
commonly performed in this particular exercises.
- Apart from a regular stance (no staggering feet). This movement
can be made more challenging by placing feet more forward, thereby
angling body back at initiation of movement. In which case, stance
can be on heels with forefeet pointing upward. See Gravity
Vectors for greater understanding of how body angle influences | <urn:uuid:21d39250-56e5-42bc-9dc2-11523476cb5f> | {
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oats, Grant Heilman Photographyedible starchy grain of the oat plant (species Avena sativa), a cereal widely cultivated in the temperate regions of the world. The flowering and fruiting structure, or inflorescence, of the plant is made up of numerous branches bearing florets that produce the caryopsis, or one-seeded fruit.
The wild oat was first found in western Europe, apparently as a weed mixed with barley. Wild oats spread from there to other parts of the world. Common oats are grown in cool, temperate regions; red oats, more heat tolerant, are grown mainly in warmer climates. Among cereals, oats are second only to rye in ability to survive in poor soils. With sufficient moisture, oats will grow on soils that are sandy, low in fertility, or highly acidic.
Although oats are used chiefly as livestock feed, some are processed for human consumption, especially as breakfast foods. Rolled oats, flattened kernels with the hulls removed, are used mostly for oatmeal; other breakfast foods are made from the groats, kernels with husks removed, but unflattened. Oat flour is not generally considered suitable for bread but is used to make cookies and puddings. Oat grains are high in carbohydrates and contain about 13 percent protein and 7.5 percent fat. They are a source of calcium, iron, vitamin B1, and nicotinic acid. The grain is used as livestock feed in both pure form and in mixtures. The straw is used for animal feed and bedding. Oat plants provide good hay and, under proper conditions, furnish excellent grazing and make good silage (stalk feed preserved by fermentation). In industry oat hulls are a source of furfural, a chemical used in various types of solvents.
Leading oat-producing countries include the United States, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Canada, France, Poland, Finland, Germany, and Australia. The demand for oats has been somewhat reduced by competition from hybrid corn and alfalfa. | <urn:uuid:2d5aec24-c684-48fb-b039-a6f7a92eedc7> | {
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First Aid For Cats
What is first aid?
First aid is initial treatment given in a medical emergency. Its purpose is:
- To preserve life
- To reduce pain and discomfort
- To minimize any risk of permanent disability or disfigurement
In an emergency, what should I do first?
- Keep calm and assess the scene for any additional threats to you or your pet. This is important for everyone's safety.
- Keep your cat warm, as quiet as possible, and keep movement to a minimum, especially if there is possible trauma, broken limbs, or any neurological symptoms.
- Contact your veterinary hospital, inform them of the situation and get specific first aid advice.
- To safely move or transport an injured cat, use suitable container such as a strong cardboard box or a cat carrier (remove the top for easy and safe access to the carrier; don't push an injured cat through the small door or opening). Drop a blanket or thick towel over the patient. Tuck it in carefully or maneuver the cat onto the blanket so it can be gently placed in the container. The blanket will help stabilize the neck and spine and prevent inadvertent clawing or scratching from the injured pet.
- Get to the veterinary hospital as soon as possible, but drive carefully! | <urn:uuid:f475f04a-e6af-403f-ae68-ef1fa0766425> | {
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13 Aug Dogs & Wolves Are Recognized For PTSD Therapeutic Healing
Dogs are a man’s best friend for a reason. They’re loyal, cuddly, protective, serving, and smart companions that instinctively know how to comfort you when you’re down or even rescue you in an emergency. Service dogs have been trained to help the blind or those who are disabled; cute, furry pets serve as adorable companions for the elderly to ease their loneliness and improve their overall well-being, and canines have been instrumental in helping law enforcement officials crack down on crime. Now, dogs – more specifically, wolves — have gained recognition for their ability to heal individuals who have turned to drug and alcohol abuse to cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other co-occurring disorders.
Wolves understand you better than dogs can
Just when you thought dogs can understand you better than humans can, researchers have discovered that wolves are better at connecting with humans than their domesticated relatives. Scientists have established through DNA analysis that dogs descended from wolves, but what makes wolves better at healing is the absence of domestication. A study examining the difference between dogs and wolves was conducted to see whether both species could make use of communicative cues such as direct eye-contact and pointing gestures to make causal inferences in order to find hidden food. The results showed that wolves were able to understand cause and effect whereas the dogs could not, and domestication has an impact on socialized animals.
If you love dogs, you will love Wolf-Assisted Therapy!
At New Method Wellness, a premier dual diagnosis treatment center in San Juan Capistrano, wolf-assisted therapy is one of many holistic therapeutic modalities offered to our clients. Wolf-assisted therapy is used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. When traditional talk therapy doesn’t work, animal-assisted therapy such as wolf-assisted therapy will strengthen the therapeutic alliance between clients and their therapists, ultimately leading to improved treatment outcomes.
Is PTSD interrupting your job performance at work? Try Wolf-Assisted Therapy
If you have suffered trauma from combat, unresolved childhood issues, sexual domestic violence or other catastrophic events, anything can trigger you to have flashbacks, and triggers can come in any form. One of the most harmful effects of PTSD is the impact it has on your job when you dissociate from your physical environment during one of your flashbacks. Trauma survivors suffer from memory loss, cognitive impairment, anxiety disorders, poor relationships with colleagues, and poor physical health.
Wolf-Assisted Therapy has been proven especially effective with trauma-focused therapy. If you are an employer who suspects that an employee may be suffering from PTSD, or if you have a colleague may need some extra help because he or she is drinking to cope with symptoms associated with depression and anxiety, please reach out to New Method Wellness, one of the nation’s best centers for drug and alcohol addiction treatment. | <urn:uuid:29aa4df3-ac9b-4dc1-b731-6ff569f96360> | {
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Dry mouth happensour body doesn’t make enough saliva to keep your mouth moist. Do you have trouble chewing, swallowing or even talking? Do you always wake up at nigh feeling thirsty? Is bad breath or tooth decay a frequent problems for you? Probably, you might be suffering from dry mouth though these are just a few of the common symptoms of the condition. If left alone, dry mouth can lead to serious dental problems such as cavities and mouth infections. It can be caused by a number of conditions – medications, certain diseases and conditions, nerve damage to the salivary glands, cancer therapy, poor lifestyle choices such as smoking or chewing tobacco. But you can take up several steps to relieve or control your dry mouth symptoms.
- Breathe through your nose, and not your mouth.
- Try utilizing a room vaporizer to add moisture to the bedroom air
- Drink lots of water as this will help keep your mouth moist.
- Try to cut back on sugary or spicy foods.
- Avoid caffeine and alcoholic beverages as these can woesen your symptoms.
- Chew sugarless gum or eat sugar-free candies to stimulate your salivary glands.
- Brush and floss your teeth often, atleast 2-3 times a day.
- Avoid tobacco products
- Avoid over-the-counter antihistamines which is an decongestants as these can make a dry mouth worse. | <urn:uuid:41bc47bc-0300-4635-ab44-127ce1d037cc> | {
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Judgment of the Dead
The Judgment of the Dead is known primarily after the New Kingdom and later on, through illustrated vignettes appearing on funerary papyri that were part of the Book of Coming Forth by Day. However, two earlier versions of this process are attested in Egyptian texts. The earliest, the divine tribunal that continuously operated in the under-world, is attested first in the late Old Kingdom hieroglyphic tomb-chapel inscriptions, with threats to would-be tomb robber, and in Hieratic "letters to the Dead." An inscription from the tomb of the 5th Dynasty official named Hetep-her-akhet reads: "As for any people who would enter this tomb unclean and do something evil to it, there will be judgment against them by the great god." Letters to the dead were prompted by some unfortunate situation in which the writer or close relative of the deceased has found himself. The deceased, or some other person in the afterlife, is addressed in the letter as the cause of the misfortune, and is requested to either desist from its malign influences or to institute legal proceedings in the beyond against that one responsible for the misfortune. One example of such an Old Kingdom letter is by a man named Shepsi who addresses his father, "Is it in your presence that I am being injured by my brother even though there is nothing that I, your son, did or said?.Since you had said regarding me, your son, "It is in my son Shepsi that all my property shall be vested,".Now my fields have been taken possession of by Shers son Henu. Now that he (my brother) is with you in the same city of the dead, you must institute litigation with him since you have witnesses at hand in the same city."
References to these continuous tribunals can also be read in the early Middle Kingdom funerary literature called the Coffin Texts. Here the afterlife is a continuation of life on earth, with death merely a temporary interruption. Plaintiffs can bring cases to the authorities, who would then execute justice. The "great god" of the tribunal is not named, though he may be Osiris, the god who is lord of the underworld. One example of such a textual reference comes from Coffin Text spell 335 which says in part: "Hail to you, Lords of Truth, the tribunal which is behind Osiris, which puts terror into those who are false when those whom it protects are at risk."
In the later version of the judgment, when the divine tribunal determines whether the deceased individual is worthy of eternal life, death marks the moment determining the immortality of the individual. People are now considered either pure or evil, with the evil dying a second death to become mt, or damned. But the good become transfigured as akh or spirit. This divine judgment is expressed figuratively by the use of scales which were used by accounting scribes to weigh precious metals with objective calculation in treasury accounts.
At death, each individual becomes Osiris if declared justified or "true of voice", resuscitated into new life, as Isis did when she magically revived Osiris, and like Horus, who was declared as "telling the truth" in his physical and legal battles with Set over the inheritance of the kingship from Osiris.
Unambiguous references to scales of reckoning occur in the Coffin Texts, such as CT spell 335 and CT spell 452, the latter referring to "that balance of Ra on which Maat is raised,"; four coffins of the 12th Dynasty bear a text of CT spell 338in which the dead are polarized as good and evil. This text refers to various divine tribunals, and asks that the deceased be vindicated against his foes just as the god Thoth vindicated Osiris against his own foes. One line reads, "the tribunal which is in Abydos on that night of counting the dead and the blessed spirits."
The Instruction of Merikare says "Do not trust in length of years-they are a lifetime as an hour; when a man is left over after mourning, his deeds are piled up beside him.As for the man who reaches them, without doing evil, he will abide there like a god, roaming free like the lords of time." It was apparently important to the ancient Egyptians that they be remembered as having lived rightly and in accordance with some ethical guidelines. The 6th Dynasty tomb of an official named Nefer-Seshem-Re carefully noted that the deceased "spoke truly, did right, spoke fairly, rescued the weak from one stronger than he, gave bread to the hungry, clothes to the undressed, respected father, pleased mother." [paraphrased] The passage of centuries did nothing to change this desire to be remembered as having lived rightly. The New Kingdom tomb of the mayor Paheri listed his own good conduct: "I told no lie to anyone. I did the tasks as they were orderedI was a model of kindliness."
The classic exposition of judgment at death comes in the Book of Coming Forth by Day, in Chapter/spell 30 and in chapter/spell 125 and the so-called weighing of the heart. To the Egyptians, the heart, or ib, rather than the brain, was the source of human wisdom and the center of emotions and memory. Because of its apparent links with intellect, personality and memory, it was considered the most important of the internal organs. It could reveal the persons true character, even after death, so the belief went, and therefore, the heart was left in the deceaseds body during mummification. In the weighing of the heart rite, the heart of the deceased is weighed in the scale against the feather of the goddess Maat, who personifies Order, Truth, what is right. Spell 30 was often inscribed on heart scarabs that were placed with the deceased. The spell appeals to the heart not to weigh down the balance or testify against the deceased to the keeper of the balance. Part of the spell gives instructions for making the heart scarab: "Make a scarab of nephrite adorned with gold and put within a mans breast, and perform for him the ceremony of opening the mouth, the scarab being anointed with myrrh."
In spell 125, the deceased is first led into the broad court of the Two Maats or Two Truths, to declare innocence of wrongs before the great god, and before the full tribunal of forty-two divine assessors, including Osiris and Ra. Some of the denials reflect the precepts of the Instruction genre of Egyptian literature, whereby the father instructs a son or apprentice in the correct way to behave. Others are related to the priestly oaths of purity taken at the moment of entering priestly service. The style of the declarations are in the form of "I have not done X."
The illustrations, or vignettes, of the "weighing of the heart" often include the four sons of Horus as protectors of the internal organs of the deceased after mummification. These were represented by the canopic jars. They were named Imseti, who was human-headed and guarded the liver, Hapi, who was baboon-headed, guarding the lungs, Dua-mutef, jackal-headed, guarding the stomach, and Qebeh-senuef, falcon-headed, for the intestines.
During the 18th Dynasty, the scales are depicted as being managed by Thoth, in his baboon form, beside the god Osiris who is seated on his throne. Later 18th Dynasty versions make Anubis, god of embalming, the deity in charge of the weighing, and they now add a monster called Ammut, Swallower of the Damned. If the heart proved to be false, and the deceased wicked, Ammut would swallow the heart and the deceased would die a second death. The earliest manuscript showing Anubis and Ammut is the Book of Nebqed during the reign of either Tuthmosis IV or Amenhotep III.
Ramessid illustrations start to shift from the weighing of the heart to the declaration of innocence. In the Papyrus of Hunefer, Anubis leads the deceased to the scales, which he then oversees alongside Ammut, following which Anubis leads the justified deceased to the enthroned Osiris.
Supplementary figures in the vignettes often include the goddesses Isis and Nephthys supporting Osiris, and in the standard Late period version, one or two figures of the goddess Maat. Later vignettes generally include a secondary human figure beside the scales: from the Ramesside period it was the ba-soul of the deceased; from the Third Intermediate Period, it was a crouching figure; and from the Late Period, it was a divine child on a scepter.
- Ancient Egyptian Literature translated by Miriam Lichtheim
- Letters from Ancient Egypt by Eduard Wente
- Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts by Raymond O. Faulkner
- Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
- Hieroglyphics and the Afterlife by Stephen Quirke
- Dictionary of Ancient Egypt by Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson
- The Book of Going Forth by Day translated by Thomas G. Allen
- The Book of Going Forth by Day translated by Raymond O. Faulkner
Who are we?
Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online. | <urn:uuid:a7344f9f-d774-4ad8-a69c-76399e0fd685> | {
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Canada’s Indigenous population growing 4 times faster than rest of country
OTTAWA – A high fertility rate and a growing sense of self are fuelling an explosion in the ranks of Indigenous Peoples, according to fresh census numbers that lay bare the demographic challenges facing one of the most vulnerable and poverty-stricken segments in Canada.
Nearly 1.7 million people identified as Aboriginal in the 2016 census, Statistics Canada says – a 4.9 per cent share of the total population and a breathtaking 42.5 per cent increase since 2006, a growth rate more than four times that of their non-Indigenous counterparts.
The agency attributes the spike to both natural growth – increased life expectancy and a high fertility rate – and the fact that Indigenous people appear to be more willing to identify themselves on the census as either First Nations, Metis or Inuit.
Jean-Pierre Corbet, assistant director social and aboriginal division
“Sometimes it could be in specific provinces, where more and more people are emphasizing the importance of reporting ourselves as Aboriginal Peoples,” said Jean-Pierre Corbet, the assistant director of the agency’s social and Aboriginal division.
“Some people might discover that they have ancestries so they identify themselves as being a member of the Aboriginal population.”
Those claiming Metis heritage are behind the biggest chunk of growth, numbering 587,545 last year, an increase of 51.2 per cent since 2006, followed by First Nations at 977,230 people, a 39.3 per cent spike, and 65,025 Inuit, an increase of 29.1 per cent.
Paradoxically, the Aboriginal population in Canada is both young – 32.1 years old, on average, compared to 40.9 years old for non-Aboriginals – and aging: 7.3 per cent of Indigenous Peoples were 65 or older in 2016, compared with 4.8 per cent in 2006.
It’s a demographic double-whammy of sorts, considering that median personal income for Aboriginal people is just $25,526, compared with $34,604 for the rest of the country, while nearly one-quarter live below Statistics Canada’s poverty threshold.
Wednesday’s release was chock full of similarly sobering economic indicators.
One in five Indigenous people lived in a dwelling in need of “major repairs,” compared with six per cent of the non-Indigenous population. In the case of First Nations and Inuit, the ratio is closer to one in four, particularly for those living on reserves. One in 10 lived in a home too small for their family.
In Iqaluit, poverty and inequity are on display on a daily basis, said Qaumariaq Inuqtaqau, a 31-year-old Inuk activist who has been aggressively lobbying the federal Liberal government to improve the quality of life for Indigenous Peoples.
Young Inuit families must often scramble to find shelter, bouncing from home to home before ending up in unheated tents and shacks in the blistering cold – dire conditions that often exacerbate the high rate of suicide and put parents under unbearable pressure, Inuqtaqau said.
“It is very hard on them,” he said. “Hard on the baby, too.
“The only thing they are thinking about is how hard is living, to live on their own land.”
Statistics Canada’s projections show that the Aboriginal population in Canada will top 2.5 million over the next 20 years.
“There is actual growth in the population, but there is also an embracing of the identities under Aboriginal indicators,” said Michael Haan, an associate professor in the school of sociology at Western University in London, Ont.
“People who would not necessarily have identified as Aboriginal in the past are more likely to do so and that suggests there’s this mobilization of populations around a category.”
Things are only going to get worse before they get better, warned Inuqtaqau.
“A lot of kids are going more hungry. We’ve already been seeing that around town. There’s already been two deaths in less than two months from freezing to death outside.”
Chief Kevin Hart, the Manitoba regional chief for the Assembly of First Nations, oversees the water, housing and infrastructure portfolio for his organization. He doesn’t mince words when describing the magnitude of the challenge.
“These costs are enormous,” Hart said. “It is going to cost billions upon billions of dollars…. The reality is I need to build 175,000 homes in the First Nations in Canada right now just to catch up.”
The federal government should prioritize skills and training for First Nations, Hart added, suggesting the booming youth population can help build homes in communities where they are so desperately needed.
First Nations child advocate Cindy Blackstock, the executive director of the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society, said the federal government needs to develop a clear timetable for addressing a problem it persists in understating.
“They really set up an architecture where we, as First Nations, are supposed to be thankful for this little first step of progress,” Blackstock said, citing 110-year-old documents that show a causal link between government intransigence and Indigenous child deaths.
“I think 110 years is long enough to wait. They need to put out a plan.”
Indigenous Services Minister Jane Philpott said the census data will be a valuable tool as the government continues to build her brand new department, which will be focused on priorities like education, housing and drinking water.
“It is always really helpful to have data to drive decision making,” Philpott said.
“Indigenous populations are the youngest and fastest growing parts of Canadian society but that really allows us to see that as a real focus for our new department … it is making sure children are first.”
From his perch in Iqaluit, Inuqtaqau remains skeptical. Everyone, he sighed, knows Ottawa can “talk the talk.”
“They can’t walk the walk,” Inuqtaqau said.
“The day that I start seeing some changes … we’re going to be surprised. We’ve been neglected for so many years.”
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What is it all about
Earthing is one of the most fundamental things you can do to improve your health. It simply means that you have direct skin contact with our wonderful planet, nothing else. The most basic form of earthing yourself is to walk barefoot on grass, earth, sand and rocks as humans have done since time immemorial. Bathing in the sea, lakes and rivers is also a great way to get grounded. Unfortunately for our health, we have insulated ourselves from contact with our Earth by using shoes with rubber soles, walking on insulating wooden or plastic floors, sleeping without Earth contact and spending pretty much all our lives insulated from contact with the surface of our amazing planet.
When we restore direct contact with Earth a number of intriguing things happen. First and foremost, it is essential to understand that the surface of Earth is ”alive” with an unlimited supply of free electrons. This is a well established scientific fact although it is not well known to most people. What does that mean to you? Nothing if you do not have direct skin contact with the Earth, meaning the skin of your body, such as bare feet, making contact with the ”skin” of the Earth. With direct contact your body absorbs the natural, subtle energy on the ground - the free electrons. When you routinely stay in contact with the ground the electrons restore and stabilise a natural electrical state in your body and and reset your natural biological rhythms.. Keep in mind that your body - from the cells to the organs - work electrically. Think of your heart and nervous system as examples. The energy system from the Earth also appear to significantly reduce chronic inflammation, regarded as the primary cause of most modern illnesses.
These systemic effects leads to benefits for our health and wellbeing, all explained in detail in the book "Earthing" written by Clint Ober, Stephen Sinatra, M.D., and Martin Zucker. Benefits include better sleep, feeling more rested when waking up, reduced pain and stress and higher energy.
Co-author and renowned integrative cardiologist, Stephen Sinatra, M.D., who has over 30 years practicing in medicine says,
“I regard Earthing as the greatest health breakthrough in all my years in medical practice. Regular grounding (another name for Earthing) restores the body’s natural electrical state, calms the nervous system, reduces inflammation, and improves circulation. No pill on Earth can do what Mother Earth does!”
The discovery of significantly beneficial effects on health through earthing the body was made by Clint Ober, a retired cable TV executive, in 1998. Mr Ober is quick to point to the fact that many cultures throughout history have emphasised and honoured the importance of connectedness to the Earth. However, he appears to be the first to pursue research to substantiate the connection in modern, scientific terms. He did so by attracting interested researchers with expertise in electrophysiology and biophysics. To date, they have produced over 20 studies that reveal unique and intriguing changes in physiology, sleep, blood chemistry and inflammation. These studies, summarised in the Earthing book, have opened a new and promising field of environmental biological research - how the planet we live on affects our bodies. These scientific studies can be found on our research page or online at the Earthing Institute.
Recognising that most people will not - and obviously cannot - go barefoot each and every day, a variety of earthing products are available. These systems include conductive sheets, mats and bands. The earthing product you wish to use only needs to be connected to a ground rod, water pipe or the electrical ground. That’s it! All you have to do then is to sleep on the sheet, or place your feet on the mat under your computer desk or while you read or watch TV. Earthing pads are also available for placement on a chair, sofa or why not in your pet's basket. There is nothing else to do. The electrons will flow from the Earth into your body as you sleep, work or relax. It is the equivalent of being barefoot outdoors.
You will find the earthing systems on the shop page of this website. Think about how many hours you actually have direct physical contact with our Earth in a year and compare that with sleeping connected to the Earth every night. Do you see the benefits?
We at Earthingpeople aim to increase public knowledge about this revolutionising discovery and in doing so, helping others attain better health and quality of life. | <urn:uuid:5017a7f3-eeb5-4946-945f-9041b4c11591> | {
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Americans consider eye contact an important non-verbal form of communication, but many people may not offer a direct eye gaze for many reasons. Anxiety or a cultural difference may reduce the likelihood of some people making eye contact with you. To enhance your communication with others, consider the various reasons why people avert their gaze. While it may be common for you, direct eye contact takes on a different meaning with others.
People with anxiety issues may not make eye contact with you. People with social anxiety in particular are less likely to look you in the eyes. This form of anxiety makes people fearful to communicate and interact with others for fear of embarrassment. According to the Social Anxiety Institute, their unwillingness to make eye contact can manifest as simple avoidance of direct eye gaze or, at the extreme, a fear that they have an evil eye, which makes others uncomfortable.
A lack of eye contact may be due to a difference in culture. In Western culture, eye contact indicates attentiveness, but in other cultures, it may show disrespect. Hispanic, Native American, Asian and Middle Eastern cultures all see eye contact as disrespectful. People from these cultures are not likely to look you directly in the eyes. When interacting with these people, acknowledge the cultural difference and do not make eye contact necessary. They are still listening, even if not looking at you directly.
People may avoid eye contact with you due to low self-esteem. Many believe eye contact is a marker of confidence and assertiveness. For those who combat low self-esteem, eye contact is hard to maintain. They may not feel assured enough to sustain long periods of eye contact. They may also look down or speak with a low tone. Assuage their fears by accepting their nonverbal behavior and offer affirmations and support.
When people avert their gaze, they may be thinking. Maintaining eye contact consumes some of people's cognitive resources. By breaking a gaze, they are better able to concentrate and formulate answers to questions. Instead of being a sign of disrespect or dishonesty, someone who won't make eye contact may be trying to come up with thoughtful answers to your questions. When asking questions, give your communication partner time to process their answer. Looking away does not have to mean he is avoiding the question. Rather, he is likely trying to come up with the best answer and looking away facilitates this process. | <urn:uuid:d9573c9c-32df-426a-bb92-b6f28a6b2141> | {
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Thousands of asteroids lie in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. These asteroids lie in a location in the solar system where there seems to be a jump in the spacing between the planets. Scientists think that this debris may be the precursors of a planet, which was prevented from forming.
Asteroids are small boulders with either rounded or irregular shapes, which can be as large as a few football stadiums in size.
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Herugrim was the sword of King Théoden of Rohan, hidden from him for many years by his traitorous councilor Gríma Wormtongue. After being cured by Gandalf, Théoden recovered the sword, and rode with it to the Battle of the Hornburg and the Battle of Pelennor Fields.
Herugrim means "Very fierce or cruel, savage" in Rohirric, as translated through Old English. It has been noted that herugrim is in the Mercian dialect of Old English (the spelling of the "standard" West Saxon dialect would have been heorugrim).
|Weapons of Middle-earth|
|Aeglos · Andúril · Anglachel · Angrist · Anguirel · Aranrúth · Belthronding · Black Arrow · Bow of Bregor · Daggers of Westernesse · Dagmor · Dailir · Dramborleg · Durin's Axe · Glamdring · Grond · Gúthwinë · Gurthang · Herugrim · Morgul-knife · Narsil · Orcrist · Red Arrow · Ringil · Sting| | <urn:uuid:73d3297a-66cf-428d-a217-f2306e3bb8af> | {
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Sacred Values and the “Devoted” Rather than the “Rational”
Dying and Killing for Sacred Objects
By Richard A. Koenigsberg
Scott Atran developed the concept of “sacred values” to explain terrorism and suicide bombings. Does this concept illuminate Western forms of political violence as well?A Library of Social Science Newsletter (February 2006) was entitled “Dying for the Sacred Ideal.” More recently, my article “Killing and Dying for the Sacred Ideal” appeared in the journal Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society (2009).
I discuss how people attach to sacred objects that are conceived as “more significant than the self.” Collective forms of violence arise based on the identification of “enemies” imagined to be acting to destroy a sacred object.
Warfare constitutes a vehicle allowing people to demonstrate devotion to a sacred object. Terrorists die and kill for Allah, for a Palestine homeland, or for the Caliphate. Western people in the 20th Century died and killed for sacred objects given names such as Germany, France, Great Britain and America.
Suicide bombers die and kill for Allah. A similar “moral proposition” lies at the heart of Western political culture: “It is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country.”
Atran observes that devoted actors in the Middle-East commit to a sacred cause and make “costly sacrifices,” including dying and killing. These devoted actors die and kill in the name of moral imperatives “independently of concrete material goals.”
Based on 25 years of research on the First World War, I find it astonishing that historians and political scientists cling to a “rational choice” model of political behavior. Nothing was gained or accomplished by virtue of fighting this war—unless one views mass-slaughter and monumental destruction as an “accomplishment.”
Jay Winter—one of the best and most prominent historians of the First World War—concludes his magnificent eight-part video series (The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century, 1996) in a tone of baffled bewilderment, summing up as follows:
Using Atran’s terminology, it is clear that the way the First World War was fought “defied cost-benefit calculations” (to put it mildly). Actions undertaken by participating nations were “all out of proportion to prospects of success.”
Comprehension of the First World War begins by viewing what occurred through the lens of sacred values. The First World War constituted a monumental demonstration of devotion. One might even characterize this war as a sacrificial competition, as each nation fought fanatically in the name of the “transcendent object” with which citizens had fused their beings.
Nazism, similarly, is a case study of how “sacred values” may generate death and destruction on a vast scale. Heinrich Himmler—speaking of the extermination of the Jewish People in a speech delivered to SS officers and Nazi officials at Posen in October 1943—declared: “We had the moral right, the duty to our own people, to kill these people who wanted to kill us.”
In his speech at Posen, Himmler concludes—speaking about the extermination of the Jews: “We can say that we have carried out this most difficult task out of love for our own people.” Just as a terrorist may claim that he carries out acts of violence for love of Allah, so does Himmler claim that genocide was undertaken out of love for the German people.
Hitler framed the moral imperative as follows: “We may be inhumane, but if we rescue Germany we have performed the greatest deed in the world.” Think of any case of political violence with which you are familiar. Doesn’t Hitler’s logic apply?
Political actors are usually aware that they generate violent acts that result in death and destruction. Under ordinary circumstances, these actions would be considered inhuman. However, when undertaken in the name of rescuing a sacred object, all other moral values are abandoned. Political violence constitutes a rescue fantasy: performing the noble, necessary task of saving a sacred object.
— Richard A. Koenigsberg, PhD. (718) 393-1081 | <urn:uuid:15d56ec2-9544-401c-a2f9-b8a595f30edd> | {
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Friday, March 6, 2015
Hemochromatosis occurs when an excess of iron is absorbed and stored in the body. The extra iron ends up in the body’s organs and causes damage. If not treated, the liver, heart and pancreas can fail.
Typically healthy people absorb about 10% of the iron in the food they eat. If you have hemochromatosis, you may absorb as much as three times that amount. Because your body has no natural way to excrete iron, the extra just stays there.
If you or a family member has hemochromatosis, treatments and dietary changes can help you manage the disease.
For treatment, excess iron must be removed from the body and damaged organs must be repaired.
The main treatment is to remove excess iron from the body. This is called phlebotomy or having blood drawn like when donating to a blood bank. The process is as follows:
Upon diagnoses, one should follow a special diet to reduce the amount of iron absorbed in your digestive tract. Suggestions include avoiding the following:
Primary hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder. If you or someone in your family has it, everyone should be tested to see if they inherited the gene.
Hereditary hemochromatosis is mainly caused by a defect in a gene called HFE, which helps regulate the amount of iron absorbed from food. The two known mutations of HFE are C282Y and H63D. C282Y is the most important. In people who inherit C282Y from both parents, the body absorbs too much iron and hemochromatosis can result.
Hemochromatosis is typically more common in men than women and occurs more frequently in Caucasians of western European descent. About five people out of 1,000—0.5 percent—of the U.S. Caucasian population are susceptible to developing the disease Types of hemochromatosis include:
Primary hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder. If you have this condition you absorb too much iron through your digestive tract causing iron to accumulate in the body. If you have not been diagnosed with hemochromatosis, you are more likely to develop this type of the disease if a family member has had or has this condition.
Secondary (acquired) hemochromatosis can be complication of other blood-related disorders that require many blood transfusions treatment. It also occurs in cases of long-term alcohol abuse or as a result of other health complications.
Juvenile hemochromatosis leads to severe iron overload, liver and heart disease in adolescents between 15 and 30.
Neonatal hemochromatosis causes rapid iron buildup in a baby’s liver that can be deadly.
Symptoms of hemochromatosis include:
**Remember – many people have no symptoms when they are diagnosed.
For proper diagnosis, a doctor or nurse will conduct physical evaluations. During these evaluations they may look for a swollen liver and/or spleen, and skin color changes. Blood test may be taken including:
Complications of hemochromatosis include:
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|Dates||1844 - 1916|
|Born||Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States|
|Died||Dakota, United States|
Thomas Eakins spent virtually his entire life in and around Philadelphia, except for a three-and-a-half-year period between 1866 and 1870 when he was an art student in Paris. Primarily a painter and sculptor, Eakins did not make photographs for exhibition. He made private portraits of family and friends, scientific documents, and used his photographs as teaching tools for his art classes and his work in other media.
"Should men make only the statues of men to be looked at by men, while the statues of women should be made by women to be looked at by women only? Should the he-painters draw the horses and bulls, and the she-painters...the mares and cows?"
So Eakins defended his predilection for the nude studies in non-formal settings that make up the bulk of his photographic work. The use of these photographs in the classroom eventually led to Eakins's dismissal as Director of Instruction at the Pennsylvania | <urn:uuid:5e7d69c9-c586-4118-a117-313e748a6e6f> | {
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detection of fast neutrons...elastic scattering of neutrons from nuclei. They exploit the fact that a significant fraction of a neutron’s kinetic energy can be transferred to the nucleus that it strikes, producing an energetic recoil nucleus. This recoil nucleus behaves in much the same way as any other heavy charged particle as it slows down and loses its energy in the absorber. The amount of energy transferred varies...The preferred conversion reaction for the direct detection of fast neutrons tends to be the elastic-scattering interaction. The resulting recoil nuclei can absorb a significant fraction of the original neutron energy in a single scattering and then deposit that energy in a manner similar to that of any other charged particle. The scattered neutron, now with a lower energy, may either escape...
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. | <urn:uuid:b8d02755-68c5-491e-9836-e9af1aedbe9f> | {
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Free Newsletters - Space News - Defense Alert - Environment Report - Energy Monitor
by Staff Writers
Sydney (AFP) May 6, 2013
Millions of birds that stop at coastal wetlands during annual migrations could die as rising sea levels and land reclamation wipe out their feeding grounds, researchers warned Monday.
The study into the migratory habits of shorebirds predicted that a loss of 23 to 40 percent of their main feeding areas could lead to a 70 percent decline in their population.
Led by a team of scientists from Australia's government-backed National Environmental Research Programme, the study said some areas have already reported alarming population losses of 30-80 percent.
"Each year, millions of shorebirds stop at coastal wetlands to rest and feed as they migrate from Russia and Alaska to the coasts of Southeast Asia and Australasia," said researcher Richard Fuller.
"We've discovered that some of these wetlands are highly vulnerable to sea level rise and might be lost in the next few decades.
"If the birds can no longer stop at these areas to 'refuel', they may not be able to complete the journey to their breeding grounds."
The researchers studied wetlands along migration routes across Alaska, Russia, China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand.
In many cases rapid coastal development and reclamation for agriculture were already chewing into tidal wetlands the birds use as feeding grounds on their long journeys, which sometimes extend half way around the world.
Species showing signs of being in trouble include the bar-tailed godwit, curlew sandpiper, great knot, grey-tailed tattler, lesser sand plover, and red knot, said the study, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society journal.
The scientists used "graph theory", a mathematical approach, to estimate the impact of the loss of these wetlands on shorebirds.
It found that if a tidal wetland habitat served as an important "stepping stone" for the shorebirds, a small amount of habitat loss could trigger disproportionately large declines in bird populations.
"This is because some of these tidal wetlands are 'bottleneck' sites where the majority of the birds stop to refuel," said Takuya Iwamura, of Stanford University.
"For example, we discovered that a sea level rise of 150 centimetres (59 inches) may result in the loss of 35 percent of coastal wetlands, but it could lead to a 60 percent decline in curlew sandpipers, eastern curlews and great knots."
The scientists are embarking on a second study to identify the best ways to save the disappearing shorebirds and get a better grip on the scale of the problem.
Water News - Science, Technology and Politics
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:d0340622-4b72-4d4a-a6ea-32317dc942a0> | {
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On 6 March 1812 Edward Eagar, John Hosking and Thomas Bowden birthed the beginnings of our organisation by holding Australia’s first Methodist meeting in the Rocks, Sydney.
An educated lawyer from Ireland, Edward Eagar had been convicted of forgery in England and sentenced to death, but while in prison he converted to Christianity and his sentence was reduced to life as a convict in the new colony.
He arrived in Australia carrying a letter from his chaplain stating that he was indeed a changed man. He was assigned to Rev Robert Cartwright as a teacher for his children and soon set up Bible classes around the Windsor area.
Edward Eager’s legacy lives on through a homeless centre in Darlinghurst, Sydney, known as Edward Eagar Lodge.
John Hosking had been raised in a London household devoted to God and to education. In 1808 his father, master of a Methodist day school, was invited by an Anglican chaplain of the new colony, Rev Samuel Marsden, to take charge of the Orphan School in New South Wales.
The family arrived in Sydney a year later and took an active role in encouraging Christian devotion and welfare through the Methodist Society and also the philanthropic group that later became the Benevolent Society.
Thomas Bowden, arrived in the colony in January 1812, taking over the more important of the two charity schools in Sydney, the Government School, as the highest paid teacher of the time.
Within two months of arriving he convened the first gathering of Methodists in the colony for a worship service—a ‘class meeting’—at his home attended by Eagar and Hosking. Before long two classes were meeting regularly in the city and another at Windsor.
Convinced of the need for dedicated pastoral leadership, Bowden wrote a compelling and successful appeal to the British Methodist Conference to send a minister to Australia.
Following a petition from Sydney to the British Methodist Conference asking for a minister, Rev Samuel Leigh, from the Wesleyan Missionary Society, arrived in Sydney in August 1815.
Samuel Leigh held his first service in the Bowden cottage in the Rocks and sought to establish a Methodist presence further afield in the rural area of Castlereagh, where farmer John Lees took responsibility for building Australia’s first Methodist Church. Leigh officially opened that church in 1817 and also convened preaching locations in burgeoning agricultural areas like Parramatta, Windsor and Liverpool.
Our church began to thrive and it wasn’t long before a second missionary preacher, Rev Walter Lawry, joined Leigh. Foundation stones were laid for chapels in Windsor (September 1818) and Macquarie Street (January 1819). Finally, in March 1819, Leigh opened a chapel in Princes Street, on land given by retired soldier Sergeant James Scott. (Princes Street and the chapel on it were demolished in the 1920s to make way for the Sydney Harbour Bridge but the Bradley Highway southern approach roughly follows Princes Street’s alignment.)
Leigh was keen to know what life was like for the people he wanted to serve. Going from door to door, he took his own personal survey of their needs and understanding of their place in God’s creation. He quickly saw the need for more homes to have their own copy of the Bible and set about providing them. But words without actions only go so far, and so he matched this rapid and deliberate growth in the ministry of the Word with programs and groups dedicated to turning words into deeds.
Later in 1819, responding to a petition from Leigh, Governor Macquarie provided a building for rent that could house up to 50 poor and unwell people in what later became known as the Sydney Asylum for the Poor. By 1822, under the ministrations of Leigh and Lawry, the church was running four Sunday Schools, including one teaching up to 100 convict boys to read. By 1826, 12 chapels existed in and around Sydney, Parramatta and Windsor and the country’s first Methodist circuit required travel in excess of 150 miles (241km). | <urn:uuid:76b24204-9f14-42df-aae4-943b5120dd55> | {
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The truth that cows produce a ton of greenhouse gases within the type of methane is a scientific truth that individuals are likely to withdraw in casual local weather discussions (do you might have any)? not?). It seems that one of many different fundamental pure contributors of greenhouse gases is a a lot smaller however a lot bigger creature.
In a brand new examine revealed in Proceedings of the Royal Society B researchers from the College of Montana reveal that leaf-cutting ants are additionally d & # 39; Main fuel producers, pumping unbelievable quantities of various fuel, nitrous oxide.
Leaf-cutting ants, widespread in lots of components of the continent, do precisely what their title suggests. After chopping items of foliage leaves, ants are likely to type stacks of natural matter to advertise the expansion of fungi that they eat. One of many byproducts of this tradition methodology is made up of giant quantities of nitrous oxide.
"You can’t stroll in a rainforest with out chopping leaves, scrolling in lengthy strains and digging nests," stated researcher Fiona Soper in a press release. "Our analysis in Costa Rica exhibits a job hitherto unsuspected for these ants in tropical forests: to create emission hotspots for nitrous oxide, a greenhouse fuel."
Throughout a visit to Costa Rica, the scientific workforce studied almost two dozen leaf-cutting ant colonies and located that these stacks of decaying plant materials had been able to producing twice as a lot nitrous oxide as the encircling rainforest. The workforce even compares the quantity of fuel generated by stacks of photographs to "cow dung lagoons".
"Leaf-cutting ant colonies are very organized and put all their waste in colony dumps, very similar to our landfills or compost piles," Soper stated. "These landfills create superb situations for micro organism that produce nitrous oxide, producing point-to-point emissions that may compete with human-designed methods, corresponding to wastewater therapy crops."
The workforce rapidly factors out that ants are usually not answerable for local weather change – it's fairly clear that humanity is by far the most important contributor to this environmental disaster – however fuel manufacturing nonetheless deserves to be deepened | <urn:uuid:2e457ad8-2605-4fd1-b5fc-fab3a847ed28> | {
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After our hectic daily time-table, we always attempt to relax by listening a few in the soothing songs to refresh our soul. While using the technology developing every day, the children is going to be attracted towards animated cartoons and hi-tech games. But it’s also an indisputable undeniable fact that music still appears having a viable approach to growing the imaginations of kids. As music may be the universal language of mankind we’re not able to ignore its importance within our lives.
Music sometime plays therapeutic role to stimulate our hormones. People of each and every age bracket, class and society choose to hear soft and melodious songs. Children frequently concentrate on individuals musics that are made by their parents. So it’s essential for your folks to get a taste and acquire the idea of hearing great music tracks in their children. Kids start learning music training employing their preschools, since they are trained various songs and rhymes. Really, music training receive more priority than other subjects in their early many years of schooling. The majority of the carried out to engage the children in performing good and productive work.
Music may be the only sensual pleasure without vice. However, there are lots of kinds of music that are particularly composed to cater the particular volume of music enthusiasts. Because the metal along with the pop music serve the over active music enthusiast, love and romantic songs are loved using the emotional persons. Additionally, for children the kids music can serve their intention. It’s been found that kids struggling with learning disabilities and developmental delays readily react to music. Thus, it may be pointed out that music could even help boost response mechanism in individuals. Music is considered because the effective method of getting entertainment for your children. If they’re uncovered inside it inside the very youthful age your feeling of adventure and excitement may be produced inside them.
Children’s music is considered as thrilling and efficient because it enables you to definitely develop both interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects one of the kids. Furthermore, it sports ths kid to improve their functional abilities and lift the creative and expressing abilities. It’s the only language that you simply can’t say an average or sarcastic factor. It assists to you to get the social skills in the kid. People also have a inclination to influence apparent from the houses to go to their office as well as other work. The primary ingredient that affects the introduction of a young child is the fact that he or she must spend constantly alone or doing other untidy things. Consequently when there are lots of options for sale nowadays, you need to make the most of these sources. Advancement and innovation in technology had offered many amazing gadgets to improve our comfortableness. You can select a competent and sturdy ipod device to ensure that the kids have enjoyable time when you’re away. You may also select the music tracks that are particularly composed for your kids and they are categorized as children’s music. These music tracks are often composed in simple language and they are frequently sang by kids. It can help the kids to have the songs as they possibly can effortlessly correspond while using singer.
Various online retailers are particularly made to cater every group. These online stores display various latest gadgets, books and music tracks etc to assist totally free styles in every way possible. Additionally, these stores are regularly updated to provide optimum satisfaction for that customers. You’ll be able to certainly register towards the authentic online store’s portal to avail these products in the choice. They might possess the various segments to avail their preferred product. These stores are quickly altering the mindsets of people since they always attract totally free styles with lucrative offers and gifts. Visit websites like these to buy the most recent children music together with attractive gifts and provides. You are getting various genres of music tracks that are particularly categorized to facilitate totally free styles in their search. Select a skilled songs and buy individuals to supply your boy or daughter a enjoyable experience. | <urn:uuid:c02e52dd-fbce-4a77-bf9f-7e3d52b43af4> | {
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|hiv or aids
Jun 22, 2000
hi, I just found out my best friend has hiv, she hasn't told me yet. I found out on some papers she left in my car. what kind of precautions should I take to not contract this and I'm not going to treat her any different but I have a family and need to know.
| Response from Dr. Henry
Simple precautions such as not sharing razors, toothbrushes, or needles is the first lesson. Casual contact (touching, light kissing) is essentially 100% safe in the absence of gross blood, urine, stool contamination (Very usual to have those) so basic cleanliness, hand washing, cleaning clothes/dishes with soap/warm/hot water is the next lesson. Learning more about HIV/AIDS (see the body section on basic background about HIV/AIDS) is another lesson. Learning how to be supportive to your friend will also be a valuable step to take. Keith Henry, M.D.
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Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material. | <urn:uuid:48163574-d4c6-4378-9fca-661d913a1ad8> | {
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Water supply and use in Australia needs to be viewed in the context of Australia's climate. In recent years rainfall has been variable and many parts of NSW have experienced prolonged periods of drought. The average total rainfall throughout NSW in 2007 was 543 mm, slightly less than the long-term average of 566mm. In 2002 and 2006, there were major rainfall deficiencies in NSW, with rainfall levels falling below the long-term average by 245mm and 215mm respectively. Sydney recorded a higher annual rainfall than the state average, but rain that falls in Sydney does not always reach large storage dams.
Energy significantly contributes to all sectors of the economy, including supplying power to households and industry. The amount and type of energy used by households and industry has considerable implications for the environment, including depletion of natural resources, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Between 2001 and 2006, total energy usage in NSW and ACT increased by 3%. This increase was mainly due to the combined energy consumption levels of the Electricity Generation and Transport industries rising by 3%. In the same period, residential consumption decreased slightly by 1%.
In 2006, the Electricity Generation and Transport industries together accounted for 58% of the total energy consumption in NSW and the ACT. Residential energy use accounted for 8% of total direct energy consumption, though household use of transport and demand for products and services contributes to energy consumption in almost all industries.
Human actions, particularly burning fossil fuels, (coal, oil and natural gas), are increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases that trap more heat and change the climate. Global warming is widely perceived as one of the most significant international environmental issues. Most energy consumed in NSW comes from non-renewable fossil fuels, and the main sources are black coal (53%) and petroleum (38%). Between 2001 to 2006, the largest increase for fuel use was black coal, rising by 9% over this period. Black coal provided 89% of the total NSW electricity generation in 2006-07, compared with 7% provided by renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass or biogas.
In 2005, NSW net greenhouse emissions across all sectors totalled 158 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, and have decreased slightly (-1%) since 1990. The Stationary Energy sector (mainly electricity generation) is a major contributor to greenhouse gases, and accounted for almost half the total net emissions. Between 1990 to 2005, the largest sectoral increases in greenhouse gas emissions occurred in the Stationary Energy sector (26%), and the Transport sector (17%). Growth in these sectors was offset by a decline in net emissions from the Land Use and Forestry (-61%) and Agriculture (-20%) sectors.
Agricultural Commodities, Australia (cat. no. 7121.0)
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), Australian Energy Consumption and Production, 1973-74 to 2005-06
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), Australian Energy National and State Projections to 2029-30
Australian Bureau of Meteorology <http://www.bom.gov.au>
Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System <http://www.climatechange.gov.au/inventory>
Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2005
Domestic Water and Energy Use, NSW (cat. no. 4621.1)
Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices (cat. no. 4602.0)
National Forest Inventory, Australia's State of the Forests Report, 2003, Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra
National Forest Inventory, National Plantation Inventory, Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra 2001-2007
Natural Resource Management on Australian Farms (cat. no. 4620.0)
NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change <http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au>
Schedules 1 & 2: Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 No. 101, and Schedules 4 & 5: Fisheries Management Act 1994 No. 38
Water Account, Australia (cat. no. 4610.0)
Water Use on Australian Farms (cat. no. 4618.0)
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The song and lessons are available on Teaching French through Songs & Games.
Vocabulary for Body Parts in French
Savez-vous planter les choux, à la mode, à la mode,
Savez-vous planter les choux, à la mode de chez nous?
On les plante avec les mains, à la mode, à la mode.
On les plante avec les mains, à la mode de chez nous!
Teaching Tips from Denise Gagné Williamson:
For each successive verse, the highlighted word is replaced by the name of a different body part. I usually have the students make the suggestions, as long as they say the word in French. (With early Kindergarten or Grade One, I may allow them to make the suggestion in English, and then repeat it for them in French, asking them to also repeat it after me. However, by the fifth or sixth time we've done the song, I would insist that they say the word in French.)
Depending on your level of comfort with movement, and the age of the student, the singers could indicate the body part named using their hands only, for instance by tapping their head in beat while singing “on les plante avec la tête,” etc. For those braver souls, and for younger students, I suggest using the named body part to tap on the floor directly. In this instance, of course, in order to tap one's head, it would mean being somewhat upside down!
See more of our French Songs
Recordings,Books and Lessons. © Denise Gagné Williamson.
All rights reserved. Used with permission.
French Song Lyrics | <urn:uuid:8f53d17f-d30b-4dfc-8371-61b0d0f97893> | {
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Studies have shown that Blacks and Hispanics with AIDS have a greater likelihood of dying than Whites with AIDS and that women with AIDS have a 20 percent greater likelihood of dying than men with AIDS. A study conducted at Houston's Thomas Street Clinic by Baylor of College of Medicine researchers looked at whether the T-cell response of persons who had "sustained viral suppression" differed by ethnicity or gender, and whether this difference in T-cell response might account for the difference in survival. "Sustained viral suppression" was defined as 2 consecutive viral load counts less than 400, the last of which was at least 120 to 240 days from the beginning of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A total of 79 men and 24 women were included in this analysis. Even after adjusting for variables like AIDS, baseline viral load and T-cell count, and use of a protease inhibitor, women were found to have a better T-cell response (+66 cells) to sustained viral suppression than men. No difference was found by ethnicity. The researchers conclude that "gender-specific optimal therapy needs to be defined."
Studies presented at the International AIDS Conference in Barcelona continue to suggest that early treatment to preserve defenses against HIV may work best in persons treated during the earliest time of infection and may not work as well in persons treated even a few weeks later. In one study, patients treated after infection but before testing positive for antibodies were able to maintain a viral load less than 5,000 while off anti-HIV drugs for up to 3 years after a series of treatment interruptions. In contrast, patients treated after about 2 months of the initial symptoms of HIV infection (also known as acute retroviral syndrome) were not able control their viral load when drugs were stopped, even when some of them received a vaccine to help their immune system. The bottom line seems to be that early treatment preserves the immune system's defenses against HIV only if it is started during the earliest moments of that infection, preferably during acute retroviral syndrome.
Doctors and physicians have debated the question of whether a person can be infected with HIV and then re-infected with another strain. In other words, once you have an established infection with one strain of the virus, can you get another strain? A case was presented at the Barcelona conference suggesting that indeed a person can be infected a second time with a different strain of virus. In that case, a patient was taking anti-HIV medications and undergoing a series of treatment interruptions. After controlling the virus well for some time, the patient's viral load suddenly shot up unexpectedly. At first, the researchers thought that the patient's virus might have mutated into a different, more aggressive strain. After analyzing the patient's virus, they found a different strain of HIV than the one that had been originally detected. After questioning, the patient admitted to having unprotected sex during the time of the appearance of the new strain of HIV. Despite the fact that many doctors and researchers have warned about the possibility of this type of second infection, generally referred to as "superinfection," very few actual cases have been reported.
It used to be that doctors were advised to begin anti-HIV therapy as soon as the patient's T-cell count dropped below 500. After a few years it became apparent that HIV would not be eliminated with early treatment and that while anti-HIV drugs are good at suppressing the virus, they also have long-term toxicities. Soon the recommendations changed and the current guidelines for treatment recommend that patients without symptoms wait until their T-cell count has dropped below 350 before starting treatment. What if you were one of the patients who started treatment under the previous guidelines? For instance, what if you started therapy when you had 450 T cells? Is it safe to stop your drugs until your T-cell count drops to below 350?
A study reported at the Barcelona conference indicates that patients who started anti-HIV drugs at higher T-cell counts may safely stop their drugs. In that study, patients who started anti-HIV drugs with more than 350 T cells and a viral load of less than 60,000 were divided into 2 groups. In one group, the patients continued their medications; in the other group, they stopped their drugs. The patients who stopped therapy had a rebound in their viral load, but it was still lower than the viral load they had at the beginning of treatment. Those who stopped had a small drop in their T-cell count (only 14 cells at about 6 months). Given the long-term toxicities of anti-HIV drugs, it may be worthwhile stopping them until a time when they become necessary.
A total of 297 patients who had never taken anti-HIV drugs were enrolled in the study. Half had a viral load less than 79,500, the other half had a viral load higher than 79,500 (44 percent of the patients had a viral load of over 100,000 copies). Half the patients had a T-cell count greater than 300 and the other half had a T-cell count less than 300 (35 percent had less 200). The combination of Sustiva/Ziagen/Epivir resulted in better viral suppression than the other combinations, even among persons with viral loads greater than 100,000. The T-cell count increases were comparable among all 3 regimens.
The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) presented the results of Study 384 at the Barcelona Conference. The study was designed to answer the following questions:
Results in persons who had never taken anti-HIV drugs before this study showed the combination of Retrovir + Epivir to be superior to Videx + Zerit, but only when combined with Sustiva. Sustiva was superior to Viracept, but only when combined with Retrovir + Epivir. Overall, the 4-drug regimen outperformed the 3-drug regimen, but not when compared with the best 3-drug regimen, which was Sustiva + Retrovir + Epivir. Part of the problem with this study is that the twice-a-day tablets of Videx were used in the comparison. The results might have been different if the once-a-day Videx EC had been used. In the end, the results suggest that the combination of Sustiva + Retrovir + Epivir is a good first combination for persons who have never taken anti-HIV drugs.
Gilead Sciences reported the results of Study 903 at the Barcelona Conference. The study combined Sustiva + Epivir with one of the following:
The study involved about 600 patients who had never taken anti-HIV drugs. Half the patients had T-cell counts greater than 279 and the other half had less than 279. After 48 weeks on the anti-HIV drugs, the 2 combinations produced almost identical viral suppression and T-cell increases. The study seems to prove that Zerit and Viread are equivalent when taken as part of a first regimen.
A study called EFAVIP-2 (EFAvirenz in Very Immunosuppressed Patients) compared the use of Sustiva and protease inhibitors not boosted by Norvir. The patients in the study all had T-cell counts less than 100, high viral loads (half of them with greater than 250,000), and started with an initial regimen that had Sustiva or a protease inhibitor as an anchor drug. More patients quit the study because of side effects and adverse effects in the protease inhibitor group. More patients had continued viral suppression and better T-cell increases in the Sustiva group. Some commentators point out that this may not be a fair comparison because almost all protease inhibitors are currently boosted by a small dose of Norvir. But the bottom line is that Sustiva produced good results in patients with very advanced HIV disease.
In a study reported in the Barcelona conference, 33 patients with multiple drug failures were given a combination of only Kaletra and Fortovase (2 protease inhibitors boosted with Norvir) after resistance testing showed the patients were resistant to most nucleoside drugs. After 24 weeks, 82 percent of patients had a viral load less than 400 and 58 percent had a viral load less than 50. Half the group experienced a T-cell count increase of greater than 158.
Physicians often comment to their patients that "mild liver enzymes elevations are common among HIV-positive patients" and not a cause for concern. A study reported at the Barcelona conference seems to indicate that this attitude may be wrong. Researchers from Pittsburgh analyzed data from more than 5,700 patients and found that persons with mild to moderate elevations of liver enzymes (0.5 times up to 2 times the normal levels) had an increased risk of death -- almost double the risk of those with normal enzyme levels. Patients with 2 or more times the normal range had a greater than 5 times increased risk of death. Elevated enzymes are generally associated with damage to the liver that can result from the use of anti-HIV drugs, viral hepatitis, or alcohol abuse. Chronic hepatitis in particular has been known to increase substantially the risk of liver cancer and the researchers conclude that additional research is needed to ensure that anti-HIV drugs are not increasing this risk.
No, it's not the latest water-resistant, fuchsia-colored lipstick from Maybelline. It's a new type of experimental anti-HIV drug that keeps HIV from entering T cells and other susceptible cells. In studies reported at the Barcelona conference, this drug (also known as enfuvirtide and commonly known as T-20) was added to the "optimized" regimen of highly drug-experienced patients. How do you optimize a drug regimen? By taking into account the drug history and using resistance (genotypic and phenotypic) testing, the researchers were able to choose the drugs most likely to work in these drug-experienced patients. The patients were then divided into 2 groups. In one group, the participants were given the optimized regimen; in the other group, the participants were given the optimized regimen plus Fuzeon. Two studies using this design were reported. The first study called TORO-1 (T-20 versus Optimized Regimen Only) had the following results:
This article was provided by The Center for AIDS. It is a part of the publication HIV Treatment ALERTS!. Visit CFA's website to find out more about their activities and publications. | <urn:uuid:3827d9a6-3c8f-4901-8ba6-76b1615b3467> | {
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Sustainable tourism can be managed effectively to protect the local environment. Using examples discuss how this can be achieved.
3 Answers | Add Yours
The biggest example that came to mind when you asked this question was, believe it or not, Walt Disney World in Orlando.
Unbeknownst to many, the city of Orlando, FLA is by far one of the southernmost points of the Bible Belt. The community of the inner town is deeply religious, hugely homogeneous, loves routine and the conservatism of Southern traditions.
They are FAR removed from the Disney culture, yet, they co-exist (as if a parallel universe) with their highly cosmopolitan, and immensely visited counterparts in the Disney Buena Vista territory set aside for Disney.
This was a strategy, actually. Walt Disney wanted his tourist attraction to be unique. He got the part of land offered to him (formerly a huge swamp) and transformed it.
Yet, the original Orlando natives, although at first met this adventure park with a bit of zealousness, were able to rip the benefits of good commerce and the consistent influx of city funds.
Yet, as of this day, they are completely separated from the Disney universe, and continue life as in the deep South, hidden from the screaming kids and the crazy tourists, and still enjoying a quiet Sunday afternoon at church.
One answer lies in the move towards "green" construction and engineering. Today you'll find many of the newer resorts and tourist destinations that are energy efficient, use minimal water, recycle and then use recycled material.
Most hotels today offer guests the option of not having the linens and towels washed everyday - particularly sustainable because there is a built in economic incentive for these businesses as it is much cheaper not to wash them. Government subsidies and tax breaks exist in many states and at the federal level that encourage older resorts and hotels to retrofit green as well. A large number of California hotels and resorts rely partially on solar power for this reason.
Sustainable tourism refers to tourism activities is carried on in such a way that it generates income and employment for the local population at the tourist destination resorts in such a way that it does not cause any damage to its ecology or culture in long term. It requires management of tourism activities in such a way that it meets the need of the tourists as well as the host community while preserving and enhancing the environment, culture, biodiversity and life support system in future.
One example of sustainable tourism is the approach adopted by Paradise Resort and Bay, Granada, Westindies. To eliminate carbon emission from power generation to meet tourist requirements this resort has installed a 80 kW windmill. Further it uses equipments that are selected to minimize energy consumption. It has built a surface well to collect rainwater from hill around the resort, and minimizes use of water and generation of polluting waste water by avoiding unnecessary washing of towels and linen. Also the resort has many programs to help the local residents in their farming and other activities.For more details of this tourist destination visit the website referred below.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:a1d6cbb8-1b48-43a5-b637-99432906e459> | {
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A letter or symbol on a coin that identifies the mint of origin.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. An inscription stamped on a coin indicating the mint of origin.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a mark on a coin that identifies the mint where it was produced
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Silver Kennedy half dollars were minted at Philadelphia and Denver; the D mintmark is to the left of the bottom tip of the olive branch.
Without Motto Saints were minted in Philadelphia and Denver; the D mintmark is located above the date.
Stars, No Drapery half dimes were produced at Philadelphia and New Orleans; the O mintmark is located below DIME and above the bows of the ribbon.
Liberty Seated quarters were minted at Philadelphia and New Orleans; the O mintmark is located above QUAR.
No mintmark is shown; all were produced at Philadelphia.
Bronze Indian Head cents, both circulation and proof issues, were produced every year in Philadelphia, and at San Francisco in 1908 and 1909; the S mintmark is located on the reverse, below the tie of the ribbon, and slightly off-center to the right.
All copper-nickel Indian Head cents were produced in Philadelphia; no mintmark is displayed.
The design, which also incorporates The Perth Mint’s ‘P’ mintmark, is struck in ‘high relief’ on the 1oz coin.
The Shield nickel has dentils along the rim of both sides, and all were struck at Philadelphia so none display a mintmark.
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Land Use Rules
For many, rural is somewhere out in the country, someplace away from it all. True, but it can also be within a city’s boundaries or on that increasingly common area know as the Urban/Rural Interface (where urban meets rural).
Use the following information as a guide to understand the definitions, how your property is zoned and the rules governing what you can do with it. It is how Clackamas County government interprets rural, and how it applies the state and local rules and regulations. This may differ from land use rules within city limits.
Unincorporated Communities and Rural Lands
Unincorporated Communities or Rural Centers are settlements located outside urban growth boundaries in which concentrated residential development is combined with limited commercial, industrial or public uses. Rural lands are lands that are outside urban growth boundaries. These rural lands are typically suitable for sparse settlement such as small farms, woodlands or a variety of small to large acreage home sites. They typically do not have public facilities, or have limited facilities, and are not necessarily suitable or intended for urban small lot development. They are often, but not necessarily, too small to be of meaningful agricultural or forest use.
Agriculture areas are lands in the county capable of being farmed. They are suitable for farm uses because of good soil, suitability for grazing, good climate conditions and have existing (or the potential for) irrigation. Agriculture lands have appropriate land use patterns with areas of large lots, existing farming or land necessary to support farming on land close to existing farms.
Forest areas are composed of existing and potential forestlands suitable for a variety of commercial forest uses. Also included in this definition is land needed for watershed protection, wildlife and fish habitat, recreation use, lands with extreme climate, soil capable of growing trees and steep hillsides requiring vegetative cover for stability. Forestland provides buffers from small lot rural residential development, provides wind breaks, has large unpopulated areas for wildlife habitat and includes areas along scenic corridors. | <urn:uuid:158c3029-c732-4eb1-8f57-69767fd8f964> | {
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