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test_pretrained_train_test_split

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A nutritionist from the University of Maryland Medical Center regularly provides a guest post. This week, Shanti Lewis weighs in on gluten-free diets. Have you walked in the grocery store lately and seen a plethora of products labeled "gluten-free?" Do you think that gluten free is a means to help you lose weight or improve your health? Here's what you need to know. What is gluten? Gluten refers to a protein composite found in wheat, barley and rye. Some people suffer from celiac disease where they have an autoimmune reaction to gluten. They may experience stomach pain, diarrhea, weight loss and chronic inflammation of the intestines when consuming gluten-containing foods. While celiac disease was once thought to be rare, recent studies show that 1 in 133 Americans may be affected. In addition, numerous Americans may suffer from non-celiac gluten sensitivity where they experience many of the same gastrointestinal complications of celiac disease, but do not experience damage to the intestines from chronic inflammation. The Food and Drug Administration has not finalized gluten-free food labeling regulations. As a result, consumers may feel confused by products, such as gluten-free water, and may opt to choose gluten free products that are more expensive but add little nutritional value. Over the past year, numerous celebrities have credited the gluten-free diet for helping them have more energy and decreasing belly bloat. Also, a "gluten-free" diet has been credited to cure fibromyalgia, fatigue and migraines. Claims that a "gluten-free" diet is a cure to numerous aliments are mostly anecdotal with the exception of individuals with true gluten insensitivity and celiac disease since no long-term studies can confirm such a connection exists. Many people believe that following a "gluten-free" diet can lead to quick weight loss, however, they fail to realize that substituting products for gluten-free versions may limit variety in their diet and lead to potential nutrient deficiencies in B vitamins, iron and folate if these products are not fortified. In addition, food manufacturers may increase the amount of sugar or fat in their "gluten-free" versions of processed foods to make their products taste better. Should you follow gluten-free diet? The answer is yes for those with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. By following a gluten-free diet, the average American will likely have to make major adjustments in their diet since gluten is often added as a thickener to different seasonings and condiments and is present in all products that contain wheat, barley or rye. While being more conscious of food choices is an advantage of the gluten-free diet, there is potential risk of nutrient deficiencies when vitamin-enriched whole grain foods are removed from the diet. Avoiding highly processed foods and choosing more fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, low fat dairy, nuts and gluten-free grains, such as quinoa can be a healthy diet for those suffering from gluten intolerance or sensitivity. Rather than focusing on gluten-free, the average American should work toward limiting processed foods and choosing a variety of vegetables, lean proteins, low fat dairy products, unsalted nuts, beans, vegetables and whole grains as a health goal in 2013. If you are experiencing chronic diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, fatigue or anemia and may be concerned that you cannot tolerate gluten, you should contact your health care provider. For more information on the gluten-free diet and hints on reading labels, consider checking out the Celiac Disease Foundation website (www.celiac.org) or celiac.com website (www.celiac.com).	<urn:uuid:324daaf2-9b5c-4058-bdb9-11aa5b40d7bf>	{ "date": "2016-10-23T16:18:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00479-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.944969892501831, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 739, "url": "http://www.vagazette.com/bs-fo-nutrition-gluten-20130115-story.html" }
Respiratory depression is characterized by a slow respiratory rate that does not provide for full expansion of the lung or provide enough oxygen to the tissues. Respiratory depression can be caused from a lung disease, a drug overdose or trauma. If it is not treated, it can be fatal. Abnormal Breath Sounds By listening to a patients breath sounds, the physician can quickly evaluate the quality of air movement in and out of the lungs. Abnormal or decreased breath sounds are a symptom of respiratory depression. Examples of abnormal breath sounds can include a high-pitched whistling sound heard in asthma, crackling sounds heard with pneumonia or decreased breath sounds heard with emphysema. A person with respiratory depression will have changes in their normal breathing pattern. A patient may initially try to breathe harder or faster to try to get more oxygen. When this happens the patient may show retractions of the neck muscles or the rib cage. But as the respiratory depression worsens, the breathing pattern may become very slow with very minimal chest movement being visible. The patient may have periods where there are pauses in breathing of more than 15 to 20 seconds, called apnea During early phases of respiratory depression the patient's heart rate may speed up as a response to the decreased oxygen being supplied to the vital organs, but will eventually slow down when it can no longer compensate. A very slow heart rate in a patient with respiratory depression is a sign of impending cardiac arrest. Position of Comfort As the patient is feeling the need to make an effort to get more oxygen they may become restless and agitated, "Sheehy's Manual of Emergency Care" notes. The patient will not want to lie down and will make every attempt to sit upright trying to make breathing easier. All vital organs of the body need oxygen. As the respiratory depression progresses oxygen delivery to the brain is decreased. When this happens the patient may start to appear confused and irritable which can progress to unconsciousness if it is not treated. As the patient worsens they will often have difficulty speaking. They will speak only one or two words at a time, not being able to complete a full sentence before trying to get more air, according to "Sheehy's Manual of Emergency Care." Laboratory studies will show that the body is holding onto carbon dioxide because of decreased respiratory effort. Treatment for respiration depression may require assisting the patient's breathing with a mechanical breathing machine.	<urn:uuid:c8992686-97ee-46f9-be9f-8a20fc7ba5dc>	{ "date": "2017-07-25T00:48:40", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424945.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725002242-20170725022242-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9337692856788635, "score": 3.40625, "token_count": 490, "url": "http://www.livestrong.com/article/236906-signs-of-respiratory-depression/" }
Join the movement of teachers and students working together with farmers to ensure everyone in this country has access to safe, affordable, healthy food and quality fibre every day and a brighter future for all. Agriculture can be used to teach science, geography and maths in context. Did you know it can also be used to teach art and multimedia? In fact the opportunities are endless. The Archibull Prize is a world renowned program with curriculum-linked teaching resources which explore the role agriculture plays in the health, wealth and happiness of Australians and many other people around the world. Your students can not only win cash prizes for their creativity, they can put their town on the map by participating in The Archibull Prize! It’s simple… the more students enjoy learning, the more they want to be at school and achieve. Over the past five years The Archibull Prize program has consistently shown that the students involved were deeply engaged in the range of learning experiences the program provided. Teachers saw the impacts first-hand of a successful combination of arts and multimedia activities, along with project-based processes across multiple key learning areas. Put simply, The Archibull Prize is a successful addition to the learning program for students, teachers love it because it meets the needs of the curriculum and enhances classroom engagement, and communities are able to engage with the program and schools in a meaningful way. In 2016 we are adding a new opportunity for you and your students to engage with agriculture – The Archibull Prize Connections Program. New challenges, new outcomes and a further enhancement of students’ abilities to connect with each other, their community and the agricultural sector through a digital world make this program a world first and a vibrant addition to the opportunities provided by Art4Agriculture and the Young Farming Champions program. The Archibull Prize is an innovative and fun program which provides student participants with opportunities to meet young farmers and engage in genuine farm experiences, gain knowledge and skills about the production of the food they eat, fibres they use and the environment they live in. The theme celebrates the role Australian farmers' play in feeding Australian families and many other families around the world. The average person doesn't consider the resources required to keep a city well fed let alone the world! We intend on telling this story. The Archibull Prize is an integrated program which will engage primary and secondary school students in agricultural and environmental awareness through art, design, creativity and teamwork by:	<urn:uuid:3a525605-b8cd-4bb8-ac75-d2d771319e34>	{ "date": "2016-07-26T19:49:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00322-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9540704488754272, "score": 2.796875, "token_count": 503, "url": "http://archibullprize.com.au/" }
Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia, with a population of more than 1.1 million. It is a coastal city situated on eastern side of Gulf St. Vincent, and is situated on the Adelaide Plains, north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, between the Gulf St. Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. It is roughly from the coast to the foothills but sprawls from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Queen Adelaide, the consort of King William IV, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for the only freely-settled British province in Australia. Colonel William Light, one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens in an area traditionally inhabited by the Kaurna aboriginal peoples. Light's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by parkland. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties, which led to world-first reforms. Today Adelaide is known for its many Festivals in Adelaide as well as for its wine, arts and sports. As South Australia's seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the cultural boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street and in various districts of the metropolitan area. Prior to British settlement, the Adelaide area was inhabited by the Kaurna Aboriginal tribe (pronounced "Garner" or "Gowna"). Acknowledged Kaurna country comprised the Adelaide Plains and surrounding regions - from Cape Jervis in the south, and to Port Wakefield in the north. Among their unique customs were burn-offs (controlled bushfires) in the Adelaide Hills which the early Europeans spotted before the Kaurna people were pushed out by settlement. By 1852, the total population (by census count) of the Kaurna was 650 in the Adelaide region and steadily decreasing. During the winter months, they moved into the Adelaide Hills for better shelter and firewood. South Australia was officially settled as a new British province on 28 December 1836, near the The Old Gum Tree in what is now the suburb of Glenelg North. This day is now commemorated as Proclamation Day in South Australia. The site of the colony's capital city was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, through the design made by the architect George Strickland Kingston. In 1823, Light had fondly written of the Sicilian city of Catania: "The two principal streets cross each other at right angles in the square in the direction of north and south and east and west. They are wide and spacious and about a mile long", and this became the basis for the plan of Adelaide. Light chose, not without opposition, a site on rising ground close to the River Torrens, which became the chief early water supply for the fledgling colony. "Light's Vision", as it has been termed, has meant that the initial design of Adelaide required little modification as the city grew and prospered. Usually in an older city it would be necessary to accommodate larger roads and add parks, whereas Adelaide had them from the start. Adelaide was established as the centre of a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress, and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals. Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen. Funds raised from the sale of land would be used to bring out working class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land. As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share the convict settlement history of other Australian cities like Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Hobart. Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and incompetent leadership. The first governor of South Australia, John Hindmarsh, clashed frequently with others, in particular with the Resident Commissioner, James Hurtle Fisher. The rural area surrounding Adelaide city was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from New South Wales and Tasmania. The wool industry served as an early basis for the South Australian economy. Light's survey was completed in this period, and land was promptly offered to sale to early colonists. Wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north by 1860. Governor Gawler took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, Adelaide Gaol, police barracks, hospital, and customs house and a wharf at Port Adelaide. In addition, houses for public officials and missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors were also constructed during Gawler's governorship. Adelaide had also become economically self-sufficient during this period, but at heavy cost: the colony was heavily in debt and relied on bail-outs from London to stay afloat. Gawler was recalled and replaced by Governor Grey in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: silver was discovered in Glen Osmond that year, agricultural industries were well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development. The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned. South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province. In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the turbid River Torrens. In 1867 gas street lighting was implemented, the University of Adelaide was founded in 1874, the South Australian Art Gallery opened in 1881 and the Happy Valley Reservoir opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn. Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but, with the return of droughts, entered the depression of the 1930s, later returning to prosperity under strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries. The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949, less of an increase than other states due to the state's economic limitations. World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Playford Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location. 70,000 men and women enlisted and shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of Whyalla. The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries. International manufacturers like General Motors Holden and Chrysler (now Mitsubishi) made use of these factories around Adelaide completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a twentieth-century city. A pipeline from Mannum brought River Murray water to Adelaide in 1954 and an international airport opened at West Beach in 1955. An assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 immigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973. The Dunstan Government in the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide 'cultural revival' - establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts. Adelaide hosted the Australian Grand Prix between 1985 and 1996 on a street circuit in the city's east parklands, before losing it to Melbourne. The 1992 State Bank collapse plunged both Adelaide and South Australia into economic recession, and its effects lasted until 2004, when ratings agency Standard & Poor's reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating. Recent years have seen the Clipsal 500 V8 Supercar race make use of sections of the former Formula One circuit. Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches from the coast to the foothills, and from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Adelaide Metropolitan Region has a total land area of , and is at an average elevation of above sea level. Mount Lofty is located east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of . It is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of Burra. Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation - swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. However, much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the Cleland Conservation Park and Belair National Park. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and Onkaparinga catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply, with Mount Bold Reservoir and Happy Valley Reservoir together supplying around 50% of Adelaide's requirements. Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first surveyor-general of South Australia, Colonel William Light. His plan, now known as Light's Vision, arranged Adelaide in a grid, with five squares in the inner City of Adelaide and a ring of parks known as the Adelaide Parklands surrounding it. Light's design was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first Governor, John Hindmarsh. Light persisted with his design against this initial opposition. The benefits of Light's design are numerous; Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily-navigable grid layout and a beautiful green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of 'ring roads' in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The inner ring route borders the parklands and the outer route completely bypasses the inner city through (in clockwise order) Grand Junction Road, Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue, Portrush Road, Cross Road and South Road. Urban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous satellite cities were built in the later half of the 20th century, notably Salisbury and Elizabeth on the city's northern fringes, which have now been enveloped by its urban sprawl. New developments in the Adelaide Hills region facilitated the construction of the South Eastern Freeway to cope with growth. Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's South made the construction of the Southern Expressway a necessity. New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth, however. The O-Bahn Busway is an example of a unique solution to Tea Tree Gully's transport woes in the 1980s. The development of the nearby suburb of Golden Grove in the late 1980s is possibly an example of well-thought-out urban planning. The newer urban areas as a whole, however, are not as integrated into the urban layout as much as older areas, and therefore place more stress on Adelaide's transportation system – although not on a level comparable with Melbourne or Sydney. In the 1960s a Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study Plan was proposed in order to cater for the future growth of the city. The plan involved the construction of freeways, expressways and the upgrade of certain aspects of the public transport system. The then premier Steele Hall approved many parts of the plan and the government went as far as purchasing land for the project. The later government elected under Don Dunstan shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. Some parts of this land has been utilised for transport (eg the O-Bahn Busway) while other parts have been progressively subdivided for residential use. \|Mean daily maximum temperature (°C)\|\|32.1\|\|31.3\|\|29.2\|\|26.3\|\|23.0\|\|19.1\|\|17.3\|\|18.2\|\|22.1\|\|25.4\|\|27.2\|\|30.0\| \|Mean daily minimum temperature (°C)\|\|20.0\|\|19.1\|\|17.1\|\|15.3\|\|13.2\|\|11.1\|\|9.4\|\|10.2\|\|13.4\|\|15.2\|\|17.3\|\|18.1\| \|Mean total rainfall (mm)\|\|19.2\|\|13.7\|\|26.2\|\|38.7\|\|62.6\|\|83.1\|\|77.8\|\|68.1\|\|63.6\|\|48.5\|\|29.6\|\|26.8\|\|558.1\| \|Mean number of rain days\|\|4.3\|\|3.4\|\|5.7\|\|7.9\|\|12.3\|\|15.4\|\|16.2\|\|16.4\|\|13.2\|\|10.8\|\|8.1\|\|6.7\|\|120.5\| \|Source: Bureau of Meteorology\| The Adelaide metropolitan area is divided between eighteen local government areas, including, at its centre, the City of Adelaide, which administers the CBD, North Adelaide, and the surrounding Adelaide Parklands. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when Adelaide and Australia's first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected. From 1919 onwards, the City has had a Lord Mayor, the current being Lord Mayor Michael Harbison. Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the Government of South Australia. As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the State Government co-operates extensively with the City of Adelaide. In 2006, the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created to facilitate the state government's collaboration with the Adelaide City Council and the Lord Mayor to improve Adelaide's image. The state parliament's Capital City Committee is also involved in the governance of the City of Adelaide, being primarily concerned with the planning of Adelaide's urban development and growth. As of 2006 Census, Adelaide had a metropolitan population of more than 1,105,839, making it Australia's fifth largest city. In the 2002-2003 period the population grew by 0.6%, while the national average was 1.2%. Some 70.3% of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states. Major areas of population growth in recent years were in outer suburbs such as Mawson Lakes and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 341,227 houses, 54,826 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,327 flats, units or apartments. Persons of high-income are concentrated on the coastal suburbs (such as Brighton and Glenelg), eastern suburbs (such as Wattle Park, Kensington Gardens, St. Peters, Medindie and College Park) and inner south-eastern suburbs (such as Waterfall Gully and Unley). Almost a fifth (17.9%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census. Over half of the population identifies as Christian, with the largest denominations being Catholic (22.1%), Anglican (14.0%), Uniting Church (8.4%) and Eastern Orthodox (3.8%). Approximately 24% of the population expressed no religious affiliation, compared with the national average of 18.7%. Overall, Adelaide is ageing more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. Just over a quarter (26.7%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 24.3%. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15 year olds), which composed 17.8% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.8%. Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 23.7% (262,367) of the total population. The north-western suburbs (such as Woodville and Athol Park) and suburbs close to the CBD have a higher ratio of overseas-born residents. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (7.3%), Italy (1.9%), Scotland (1.0%), Vietnam (0.9%), and Greece (0.9%). The most-spoken languages other than English were Italian (3.0%), Greek (2.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%), Mandarin (0.8%), and Cantonese (0.7%). Adelaide's economy is primarily based around manufacturing, defence technology and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries. It has large manufacturing, defence and research zones. They contain car manufacturing plants for General Motors Holden, and plants that produce electronic systems that are sold worldwide for applications in medical, communications, defence, automotive, food and wine processing and industrial sectors. The revenue of Adelaide's electronics industry has grown at over 15% per year since 1990. The electronics industry in Adelaide employs over 13,000 people, which is more than the automotive industry. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia are made in Adelaide. The global media conglomerate News Corporation was founded in and until 2004 incorporated in Adelaide and is still considered its 'spiritual' home by Rupert Murdoch. Australia's largest oil company, Santos (South Australia Northern Territory Oil Search), prominent South Australian brewery, Coopers, major national retailer Harris Scarfe and Australia's second largest listed investment company Argo Investments Limited call Adelaide their home. The collapse of the State Bank in 1992 resulted in large levels of state debt (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse had meant that successive governments had enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which had been a setback to the further development of the city and state. The debt has recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating. The South Australian economy, very closely tied to Adelaide's, still enjoys a trade surplus and has higher per capita growth than Australia as a whole. Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over AU$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product. 70% of Australian defence companies are located in Adelaide. The principal government military research institution, the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, and other defence technology organisations such as BAE Systems Australia and RLM, are located north of Salisbury and west of Elizabeth in an area now called "Edinburgh Parks", near RAAF Base Edinburgh. Others, such as Saab Systems, are located in or near Technology Park. The Australian Submarine Corporation, based in the industrial suburb of Osborne, was charged with constructing Australia's Collins class submarines and more recently the AU$6 billion contract to construct the Royal Australian Navy's new air-warfare destroyers. There are 466,829 employed people in Adelaide, with 62.3% full-time and 35.1% part-time. In recent years there has been a growing trend towards part-time (which includes casual) employment, increasing from only 11.6% of the workplace in 1991, to over a third today. 15% of workers are employed in manufacturing, 5% in construction, 15% in retail trade, 11% in business services, 7% in education and 12% in health and community services. The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over is $447 per week, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income is $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The 3 month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively. Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the South Australian Government and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as "Australia's education hub" and marketing it as a 'Learning City'. The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 23,300, of which 2,380 are secondary school students. In addition to the city's existing institutions, foreign institutions have been attracted to set up campuses in order to increase its attractiveness as an education hub. The tertiary education system in Adelaide is extensive. There are several institutes of TAFE South Australia throughout the city which provide vocational education and training. Additionally, there are three public and two private universities, all ranked within the world's top 400 in Times Higher Education. The University of Adelaide, with 20,478 students, is Australia's third-oldest and a member of the leading Group of Eight. It has five campuses throughout the metropolitan area, including two in the city-centre on North Terrace. The University of South Australia, with 30,901 students, also has two North Terrace campuses, of a total four throughout the metropolitan area. Flinders University, with 16,237 students, is located in Bedford Park alongside the Flinders Medical Centre. Carnegie Mellon became the first foreign university to open in Australia when it established two postgraduate campuses in the city-centre in 2006: the Heinz School Australia in Victoria Square and the Entertainment Technology Centre in Light Square. Cranfield University followed suit in 2007 and established a postgraduate campus in Victoria Square alongside the Heinz School. Another leading institution, the University College London, will establish its first international campus alongside Carnegie Mellon and Cranfield University in 2009, with postgraduate courses commencing in 2010. The two hundred year-old Royal Institution of Great Britain is also establishing an Australian counterpart in Adelaide which will formally open in 2009. At the level of primary and secondary education, there are two systems of school education. There is a public system operated by the South Australian Government and a private system of independent and Catholic schools. All schools provide education under the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) or, to a lesser extent, the International Baccalaureate (IB), with Adelaide having the highest number of IB schools in Australia. One notable secondary school is St Peter's College, which has educated more Nobel laureates than any other school in Australia, and is tied for third internationally behind New York City's Bronx High School of Science and Stuyvesant High School. While established as a British province, Adelaide attracted immigrants from many non-English speaking countries early-on, including German and other European non-conformists escaping religious persecution. The first German Lutherans arrived in 1838 bringing with them the vine cuttings that they used to found the acclaimed wineries of the Barossa Valley. After the Second World War, Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Poles and many other European nationalities came to make a new start. An influx of Asian immigrants following the Vietnam War, and more recently many African refugees, have added to Adelaide's multicultural mix. These new arrivals have blended with dominant Anglo-Saxon culture to form a rich and diverse cuisine and vibrant restaurant culture. As the state capital, Adelaide is also home to a great number of cultural institutions with many located along the boulevard of North Terrace. The Art Gallery of South Australia, with around 35,000 works, holds Australia's second largest state-based collection. Situated adjacent are the South Australian Museum and State Library of South Australia, while the Adelaide Botanic Garden, National Wine Centre and Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute are located nearby in the East End of the city. The Adelaide Festival Centre, on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much of the cultural activity in the city, with other venues including the Adelaide Entertainment Centre and the city's many smaller theatres, pubs and cabaret bars. The music of Adelaide has produced various musical groups and individuals who have achieved both national and worldwide fame. This includes notably the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, the Adelaide Youth Orchestra, rock bands The Angels, Cold Chisel, The Superjesus, Wolf & Cub, roots/blues group The Audreys, and popular Australian hip-hop outfit Hilltop Hoods. Famous rocker, Jimmy Barnes, spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of Elizabeth, while the first Australian Idol winner, Guy Sebastian, hails from North Eastern suburb of Golden Grove. American musician Ben Folds used to base himself in Adelaide when he was married to Australian Frally Hynes. In addition to its own WOMADelaide, Adelaide attracts several touring music festivals including the Big Day Out and Laneway. All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both analogue PAL and high definition digital services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of Mount Lofty. The two government-funded stations are ABC TV and SBS TV. The Seven Network and Network Ten both own their Adelaide stations (SAS-7 and ADS-10 respectively). Adelaide's NWS-9 is affiliated with the Nine Network and was owned by Southern Cross Broadcasting until the sale to WIN Corporation in May 2007. Adelaide also has a community television station, C31 Adelaide. The Foxtel pay TV service is available as cable television in a few areas, and as satellite television to the entire metropolitan area. It is resold by a number of other brands, mostly telephone companies. There are twenty radio stations that serve the entire metropolitan area as well as four community stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area. Of the twenty full coverage stations there are six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations. The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are Australian rules football, soccer and cricket. Adelaide is the home of two Australian Football League teams: the Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide Power. A local Australian rules football league, the SANFL, is made up of nine teams from around Adelaide. Adelaide's professional soccer team, Adelaide United, play in the A-League. Founded in 2003, their home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium, which has a capacity of 16,500 and is one of the few purpose-built soccer stadia in Australia. The Adelaide 36ers and the Adelaide Lightning play in national basketball competitions, with home games at the Distinctive Homes Dome. The Adelaide Thunderbirds play in the trans-Tasman netball competition, with home games at ETSA Park. Most large sporting events take place at either AAMI Stadium or the historic Adelaide Oval, home of the Southern Redbacks cricket team. Adelaide hosts an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of One Day International cricket matches. Memorial Drive Park hosts the Adelaide International, a major men's tennis tournament in the lead-up to the Australian Open. The Australian Grand Prix for Formula 1 racing was hosted by Adelaide from 1985 to 1995 on a street circuit in the city's eastern parklands. The Grand Prix became a source of pride and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful Clipsal 500 for V8 Supercar racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a rally of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds. The World Solar Challenge race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-year history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. In June 2007 The State Government announced a series of overhauls to the health sector that would see a new hospital constructed to replace the Royal Adelaide Hospital on the old railyards west of the Adelaide Railway Station. The new 800 bed hospital will cost AU$1.7bn, and be controversially renamed the Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Hospital, after the former Governor of South Australia. In addition to these changes, major upgrades would see the Flinders Medical Centre become the primary centre for health care in the southern suburbs while upgrades for the Lyell McEwin Health Service in Elizabeth would see that become the centre for the north. While the trio of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Modbury Hospital and Noarlunga Hospital would become specialist elective surgery centres. The Repatriation General Hospital would also expand its range of specialty areas beyond veterans' health to incorporate stroke, orthopaedic rehabilitation and aged care. Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east-west and north-south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan-wide public transport system, which is managed by and known as the Adelaide Metro. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the O-Bahn Busway, metropolitan railways, and the Adelaide-Glenelg Tram, which has also now been extended as a metropolitan tram through the city centre. Road transport in Adelaide has historically been comparatively easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Historically, Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having being able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, these roads are now often considered inadequate to cope with Adelaide's growing road traffic. Adelaide has one freeway and two expressways; the South Eastern Freeway, connecting the city with the Adelaide Hills and beyond to Murray Bridge, the Port River Expressway connecting Port Adelaide and Outer Harbor to interstate routes and the Southern Expressway, an interchangeable one-way road connecting the southern suburbs with the city proper. The Gawler Bypass skirting Gawler is another expressway style, high speed inter-urban corridor. A third expressway, the Northern Expressway (formerly the Sturt Highway extension), a northern suburbs bypass route, connecting the Gawler Bypass to Port Wakefield Road, started construction in 2008. There are also plans for major upgrades to busy sections of South Road, Adelaide, including road widening and underpasses of Anzac Highway (currently under construction), Grange Road, Port Road and the Outer Harbour Railway Line, during the first stage. Adelaide International Airport, located in Adelaide's west, is Australia's newest and most advanced airport terminal and is designed to serve in excess of 6.3 million passengers annually. The new dual international/domestic terminal replaces the old and ageing terminals known locally as the 'tin sheds', and incorporates new state-of-the-art features, such as glass aerobridges and the ability to cater for the new Airbus A380. In March 2007, Adelaide Airport was rated the world's second best airport in the 5-15 million passengers category at the Airports Council International (ACI) 2006 awards in Dubai.. The airport is designed to handle 27 aircraft simultaneously and is capable of processing 3,000 passengers per hour. Unusually for a major city, it is located only about seven kilometres (4.4 mi) from the CBD. Parafield Airport is Adelaide's second airport, mostly used for general aviation. It is located eighteen kilometres (11.2 mi) north of the CBD. Adelaide's energy requirements are met by a variety of companies who separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Some of the major companies are: TRUenergy, which generates electricity; ElectraNet, which transmits electricity from the generators to the distribution network; ETSA Utilities (formerly a government-owned company which was privatised by the Olsen Government in the 1990s), which distributes electricity from transmission companies to end users; and AGL Energy, which retails gas and electricity. Substantial investment has been made in maintenance and reinforcement of the electricity supply network to provide continued reliability of supply. Adelaide derives most of its electricity from a gas-fired plant operated by AGL Energy at Torrens Island, with more coming from power stations at Port Augusta and Pelican Point, and from connections to the national grid. Gas is mainly supplied from the Moomba Gas Processing Plant in the Cooper Basin, and is piped to Adelaide and other areas within the state. A small part of supply also comes from wind turbines at Sellicks Hill, and a trial of more turbines on city buildings is underway. Adelaide's water supply is gained from its reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para Reservoir. Further water demands result in the pumping of water from the River Murray. The provision of water services is by the government-owned SA Water.	<urn:uuid:cb9bf52d-bd55-4a46-9b25-492b1ea50895>	{ "date": "2015-03-29T00:21:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298015.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00286-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.966982364654541, "score": 2.796875, "token_count": 7003, "url": "http://www.reference.com/browse/urban%20expansion" }
A term primarily used on college campuses to descibe an area (usually a dorm room) that is safe for a person of any sexual orientation. Safe Space signs are small restangle pieces of cloth that are rainbow colored and have a blue square in the upper left corner with a yellow equal sign in it. The rainbow is used as a symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered rights. The blue square with the yellow equal sign inside it represents equality. My friend Jane has a Safe space sign on the door of her dorm room because she supports lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered rights. The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the mug	<urn:uuid:03eb5b99-4b70-4c5f-9910-c3c11abedc61>	{ "date": "2017-07-25T02:20:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424945.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725002242-20170725022242-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9277624487876892, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 162, "url": "http://www.urbandictionary.com/author.php?author=Beatles4Life" }
Chattahoochee River at Jones Bridge Park in Peachtree Corners, Georgia Map of the Apalachicola River system with the Chattahoochee highlighted in dark blue. \|State\|\|Georgia, Alabama, Florida\| \|Source\|\|near Jacks Knob\| \|- location\|\|Blue Ridge Mountains, Chattahoochee National Forest, Georgia\| \|- elevation\|\|3,550 ft (1,080 m)\| \|confluence with Flint River, near Jim Woodruff Dam\| \|75 ft (23 m)\| \|Length\|\|430 mi (690 km)\| \|Basin size\|\|8,770 sq mi (22,700 km2)\| \|- average\|\|10,090 cu ft/s (286 m3/s)\| \|- minimum\|\|0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s)\| \|- maximum\|\|195,000 cu ft/s (5,500 m3/s)\| The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida - Georgia border. It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River, a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles (690 km) long. The Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (ACF River Basin). The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF's drainage basin. The source of the Chattahoochee River is located in Jacks Gap at the southeastern foot of Jacks Knob, in the very southeastern corner of Union County, in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains. The headwaters of the river flow south from ridges that form the Tennessee Valley Divide. The Appalachian Trail crosses the river's uppermost headwaters. The Chattahoochee's source and upper course lies within Chattahoochee National Forest. From its source in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chattahoochee River flows southwesterly to Atlanta and through its suburbs. It eventually turns due-south to form the southern half of the Georgia/Alabama state line. Flowing through a series of reservoirs and artificial lakes, it flows by Columbus, the second-largest city in Georgia, and the Fort Benning Army base. At Columbus, it crosses the Fall Line of the eastern United States. From Lake Oliver to Fort Benning, the Chattahoochee Riverwalk provides cycling, rollerblading, and walking along 15 miles (24 km) of the river's banks. Farther south, it merges with the Flint River and other tributaries at Lake Seminole near Bainbridge, to form the Apalachicola River that flows into the Florida Panhandle. Although the same river, this portion was given a different name by separated settlers in different regions during the colonial times. Etymology and nicknames The name Chattahoochee is thought to come from a Muskogean word meaning "rocks-marked" (or "painted"), from chato ("rock") plus huchi ("marked"). This possibly refers to the many colorful granite outcroppings along the northeast-to-southwest segment of the river. Much of that segment of the river runs through the Brevard fault zone. A local Georgia nickname for the Chattahoochee River is "The Hooch". The vicinity of the Chattahoochee River was inhabited in prehistoric times by indigenous peoples since at least 1000 BC. The Kolomoki Mounds, now protected in the Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park near present-day Blakely in Early County in southwest Georgia, were built from 350 AD to 650 AD and constitute the largest mound complex in the state. Removal of Native Americans Among the historical Indigenous nations, the Chattahoochee served as a dividing line between the Muscogee (Creek) (to the east) and the Cherokee territories (to the west) in the Southeast. The Chattahoochee River became the dividing point for the Creek Confederacy, which straddled the river and became known as the Upper Creek Red Sticks and the Lower Creek White Sticks. The United States accomplished the removal of Native Americans, to extinguish their claims and make way for European-American settlement, through a series of treaties, land lotteries, and forced removals lasting from 1820 through 1832. The Muscogee were first removed from the southeastern side of the river, and then the Cherokee from the northwest. American Civil War Between the tributaries of Proctor Creek and Nickajack Creek on the Cobb and Fulton county lines in metropolitan Atlanta, are nine remaining fortifications nicknamed "Shoupades" that were part of a defensive line occupied by the Confederate Army in early July 1864. Designed by Confederate Brigadier General Francis A. Shoup, the line became known as Johnston's River Line after Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A month prior to the Battle of Atlanta, Shoup talked with Johnston on June 18, 1864 about building fortifications. Johnston agreed, and Shoup supervised the building of 36 small elevated earth and wooden triangular fortifications, arranged in a sawtooth pattern to maximize the crossfire of defenders. Sherman tried to avoid the Shoupade defenses by crossing the river to the northeast. The nine remaining Shoupades consist of the earthworks portion of the original earth and wooden structures; they are endangered by land development in the area. Since the nineteenth century, early improvements and alterations to the river were for the purposes of navigation. The river was important for carrying trade and passengers and was a major transportation route. In the twentieth century, the United States Congress passed legislation in 1944 and 1945 to improve navigation for commercial traffic on the river, as well as to establish hydroelectric power and recreational facilities on a series of lakes to be created by building dams and establishing reservoirs. Creating the manmade, 46,000-acre Walter F. George Lake required evacuating numerous communities, including the historically majority-Native American settlement of Oketeyeconne, Georgia. The lakes were complete in 1963, covering over numerous historic and prehistoric sites of settlement. Beginning in the late twentieth century, the nonprofit organization called "Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper" has advocated for the preservation of the environment and ecology of the northern part of the river, especially the part traversing Metropolitan Atlanta. In 2010, a campaign to create a whitewater river course was launched in the portion of the Chattahoochee River that runs through Columbus, Georgia. Between 2010 and 2013, construction took place on the river, the Eagle and Phenix and City Mills Dams were breached and a 2.5 mile Whitewater Course was formed in Uptown, Columbus. The project returned the river to its natural path across the Fall Line, as well as creating the longest urban whitewater course in the world. Several large manmade reservoirs, including Lanier, Walter F. George, West Point, and George W. Andrews, lakes are controlled by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The dams and reservoirs were developed following legislation by Congress of the mid-1940s for flood control, domestic and industrial water, hydroelectricity, recreation, and improved navigation for river barges. Most of the lakes were completed by 1963. Numerous historic and prehistoric sites were covered over by the lakes during the flooding of the reservoirs, including Oketeyconne, Georgia. The Georgia Power Company also owns a small series of dams along the middle portion of the river (the Columbus area) between West Point Lake and Lake Walter F. George. Several smaller and older lakes and dams also provide these services on a much smaller and more localized scale, including Bull Sluice Lake, which is held by the Morgan Falls Dam. This dam was built by the Georgia Railway and Power Company in 1902 to provide electric power for the Atlanta trolley system, which has long since been replaced by other forms of transportation. At various points, the Chattahoochee serves as the boundary between several counties and cities, as well as forming the lower half of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia. Within Georgia, it divides: - Habersham County and White County - Forsyth County and Hall County - Forsyth County and Gwinnett County - Fulton County and Gwinnett County - Sandy Springs and Roswell - Cobb County and Fulton County - Douglas County and Fulton County - Carroll County and Fulton County - Carroll County and Coweta County - Columbus, Georgia and Phenix City, Alabama - Georgetown, Georgia and Eufaula, Alabama Atlanta is built upon the crest of a large ridge, rather than in the floodplain of the river. This has contributed the preservation of much of the natural scenic beauty of the section that runs through metropolitan Atlanta. North of the metropolis, the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area protects other portions of the riverbanks in a region that is spread across several disconnected areas. The river traverses much of Atlanta's hilly topography of the northern suburbs. Wealthy suburban communities in northern metro Atlanta that abut the river include: Vinings, Buckhead, Sandy Springs, East Cobb, Roswell, Dunwoody, Peachtree Corners, Johns Creek, and Berkeley Lake. Since three states have needs related to the river, there has been increasing controversy since the late twentieth century related to competing development among the regions and the implications for the river. The enormous growth of metropolitan Atlanta has increased its water withdrawals from the river. This has effects downstream. For example, the oysters in the Apalachicola Bay of Florida depend on the brackish water mixture of river and ocean water, and the alternating freshwater and saltwater flows that the river and the tides provide. The amount of flow in the Chattahoochee has also been decreased by interbasin water transfers, where water is withdrawn from the Chattahoochee, but discharged as treated sewage water into another river, such as the Oconee River, which flow to the Atlantic Seaboard via the Altamaha River. Interest groups and the state of Florida have asked the U.S. Congress to intervene to reduce the priority given to put navigation of the lower Chattahoochee, south of Columbus, by river barge. This requirement causes large water withdrawals, which environmental supporters consider a waste of water needed to support habitats, especially during droughts. The navigation issue has aggravated the fight between Georgia, Florida, and Alabama over rights to the river water. A lawsuit has been filed in the case to reduce priorities given to navigation. The lawsuit is now in court, and may take years to resolve.[when?] The most recent major flooding of the Chattahoochee River took place in November 2009. This was caused by torrential rains from Tropical Storm Ida as it tore through the Georgia Piedmont. Downstream from Roswell, the Chattahoochee River remained in moderate flood stage. Streams affected by the September 2009 floods included the following: - Chattahoochee River - Vickery Creek - Johns Creek - Sweetwater Creek - Nancy Creek - Peachtree Creek - Oconee River - James Creek The second most recent major flood along the river occurred during the 2009 Georgia floods, with 28.10 feet (8.56 m) of water recorded at Vinings at the northwestern Atlanta city limit. The flood was over 5 feet (1.5 m) higher than the previous flood recorded in September 2004, as a result of Hurricane Fred. Numerous tributaries also swelled far over and beyond their banks. These were the highest water levels seen since 1990, and the second-highest ever since the large Buford Dam was built upstream. The National Weather Service in Peachtree City estimated that this was a 500-year flood event. The main stream gauges are located: - at Helen (near downtown) - near Cornelia (6 miles or 10 km northwest of) - near Buford (4 miles or 6 km northwest of) immediately down from Buford Dam - near Norcross (5 miles or 8 km north of) on Medlock Bridge Road - near Roswell (4 miles or 6 km southeast of) just off old Riverside Road - below Morgan Falls Dam TW - at Vinings (3 miles or 5 km southwest of) and Atlanta on Pace's Ferry Road bridge - near Campbellton (1 mile or 2 km northwest of) and Fairburn on Georgia 92 bridge - at Whitesburg (2 miles or 3 km southeast of) at Main Street (Georgia 18) bridge - at Franklin at Main Street (U.S. 27) bridge in downtown - at West Point (1 mile or 2 km "northeast", actually north, of the center of town) - at Columbus on 4th Street N (U.S. 280) bridge to Phenix City, Alabama - at Walter F. George Dam (USACE) in Fort Gaines - at George W. Andrews Lake & dam (USACE) south of Columbia, Alabama then in November 2009 it flooded Vinings again. Water-level forecasts are regularly issued only at Vinings and Atlanta. Forecasts are issued only during high water at Norcross, Whitesburg, West Point, and the Lake Walter F. George and Andrews Dams. All other locations have observations only. - Dukes Creek (White) - Smith Creek (White) - Chickamauga Creek (White) - Blue Creek (White) - White Creek (White) - Mossy Creek (White) - Amys Creek (Habersham) - Soque River (Habersham) - Mud Creek (Habersham and Hall) - Hagen Creek (Hall) - Flat Creek (White and Hall) - Helen gauge (HDCG1) - Big Creek (Hall) - Lake Lanier and Buford Dam (Dawson, Forsyth, Gwinnett, Hall, and Lumpkin) - Chestatee River (Dawson/Hall border, Forsyth/Hall border, and Lumpkin) - Six Mile Creek (Forsyth) - James Creek (Forsyth) - Johns Creek (Forsyth and north Fulton, city of Johns Creek, Georgia) - Bald Ridge Creek (Forsyth) - Audry Mill Creek (North Fulton) - Crooked Creek (DeKalb) - Young Deer Creek (Forsyth) - Four Mile Creek (Forsyth) - Dick Creek (Forsyth) - Level Creek (Gwinnett) - Haw Creek (Forsyth) - Two Mile Creek (Forsyth) - Shoal Creek (Gwinnett and Hall) - Suwanee Creek (Gwinnett) - Brushy Creek (Gwinnett) - Richland Creek (Gwinnett) - Rogers Creek (Gwinnett) - Norcross gauge (NCRG1) - Mavern Creek (north Fulton) - Old Mill Creek (north Fulton) - Vickery Creek (Forsyth, north Fulton) - Roswell gauge (RWLG1) - Willeo Creek (Cobb/Fulton border) - Bull Sluice Lake and Morgan Falls Dam - Ball Mill Creek (DeKalb and Fulton) - Beech Creek (Fulton) - Summerbrook Creek (Fulton) - Mountain Health Creek (Fulton) - Arrowhead Creek (Cobb) - Mulberry Creek (Cobb) - Nancy Creek (DeKalb and Fulton) - Nannyberry Creek (Cobb) - Nickajack Creek (Cobb) - Owl Creek (Cobb) - Rottenwood Creek (Cobb) - Sope Creek (Cobb) - Trout Lily Creek (Cobb) - Vinings gauge at Pace's Ferry (VING1) - Peachtree Creek (Fulton) - Proctor Creek (Fulton) - Cabin Creek (Fulton) - Camp Creek (Fulton) - Charlie's Trapping Creek (Fulton) - Crooked Creek (Fulton and Gwinnett) - Dog River (Douglas) - Hewlett Creek (Fulton) - Long Island Creek (Fulton) - Marsh Creek (Fulton) - Whitewater Creek (Fulton) - Sandy Creek (Fulton) - Sweetwater Creek (Cobb, Douglas, and Paulding) - Pea Creek (south Fulton) - Pine Creek (south Fulton) - Deep Creek (south Fulton) - Mill Branch (south Fulton) - Brock Branch (south Fulton) - Browns Lake (south Fulton) - Anneewakee Creek (Douglas) - Basket Creek (Douglas) - Bear Creek (Douglas) - Bear Creek (south Fulton) - Tuggle Creek (south Fulton) - White Oak Creek (south Fulton) - Turkey Creek (south Fulton) - Gilberts Branch (Douglas) - Hurricane Creek (Carroll and Douglas) - Wolf Creek (Carroll) - Snake Creek (Carroll) - Wahoo Creek (Coweta) - Whitesburg gauge (WHTG1) - Mulberry Creek (Harris and Talbot) - Pataula Creek (Clay, Quitman, Randolph, and Stewart) - Bull Creek (Muscogee) - Upatoi Creek (Chattahoochee/Muscogee border and Marion/Talbot border) - Moores Creek (Langdale, AL) - West Point gauge (WTPG1) - West Point Lake (Chambers, AL, Heard, GA, and Troup, GA) - Lake Harding (Harris, GA and Lee, AL) - Goat Rock Lake (Harris, GA and Lee, AL) - Lake Oliver (Lee, AL, Russell, AL, and Muscogee, GA) - Columbus gauge (CMUG1) - Walter F. George Lake (Barbour, Henry, Houston, and Russell, AL and Clay, Quitman, and Stewart, GA) - Omussee Creek (Houston, AL) - Lake Seminole (Jackson, FL, Decatur, GA, and Seminole, GA) - Acorn Creek Note that the above list is incomplete, and that each item is not in the exact order in which it joins the Chattahoochee. (For confluences now inundated by lakes, it may be impossible to determine from current maps exactly where they were.) The beauty of the Chattahoochee River is commemorated in the epic poem The Song of the Chattahoochee (1877), by the noted Georgian poet Sidney Lanier. Lake Lanier on the Chattahoochee is named for him. Country music artist Alan Jackson released his song "Chattahoochee" in 1993 as a single off his album A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'bout Love). "Chattahoochee" received Country Music Association awards for Single of the Year and Song of the Year. - List of Alabama rivers - List of Florida rivers - List of Georgia rivers - Metropolitan River Protection Act - Calculated in Google Maps and Google Earth - U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chattahoochee River - "Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin". River Basin Center. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010. - "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 02343801, Chattahoochee River near Columbia, GA" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 4 August 2010. - "EPA MyWaters Mapper". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2015-12-03. - "Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)". USGS. Retrieved 2015-12-03. - Barnett, Cynthia (2011-09-20). Blue Revolution: Unmaking America's Water Crisis. Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807003183. - "Chattahoochee River". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 November 2010. - "Kolomoki Mounds". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 November 2010. - Hatch, Thom (2012). Osceola and the Great Seminole War. New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 18–19. - "Land Lottery System". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 November 2010. - "Endangered Sites". Georgia Battlefields Association. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010. - "Oketeyeconne/Chattahoochee Theater", Historical Marker Database, accessed 23 June 2012 - "Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River System History" Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, US Army Corps of Engineers, accessed 23 June 2012 - "Chattahoocheee River National Recreation Area, National Park Service - "The Song of the Chattahoochee". About North Georgia. Retrieved 27 November 2010. - "Alan Jackson Biography". About.com. Retrieved 2007-08-07.	<urn:uuid:05f1d938-c006-49ae-a041-251ffc8e83c9>	{ "date": "2019-05-20T10:25:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255943.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520101929-20190520123929-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9133443236351013, "score": 2.9375, "token_count": 4536, "url": "http://www.gpedia.com/en/gpedia/Chattahoochee_River" }
Unintended Consequences of Trade Sanctions As the Iranian government continues to resist American political pressure to abandon its nuclear program, the United States and her allies have once again turned to economic sanctions as a method of enforcing their will — or, at least, so they intend. On June 9, 2010, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1929, which, among other things, bans the sale of armaments and the provision of military training to the Iranian military, and prohibits travel for certain blacklisted Iranian citizens. Unsatisfied, the United States and the European Union intends to enact even tougher economic sanctions of their own in the near future. Even worse, these are only additions to sanctions that have existed since the Revolution of 1979. Trade sanctions are meant to destabilize regimes, forcing them to compromise with the aggressing government. Sanctions do this by threatening the regime's survivability, by undermining any support it may have amongst the population. These are the intentions of the American government, supposedly as a result of Iran's "dangerous" nuclear program. (Ironically, sanctions may only increase the country's ambitions to become a nuclear power, as a weapons-starved Iran turns to the nuclear warhead as the only means to ward off American political aggression). Additionally, and tragically, despite American intentions, the more likely outcome is the unintended effect of pushing Iranians toward their government and undermining an otherwise growing local antiextremist movement. By definition, trade sanctions regulate exchange between Iranians and foreigners. Therefore, these individuals are directly punished by trade sanctions, not their respective governments. Those whose businesses rely on the import of foreign material are now forced out of the market. The thousands of individuals who live off of cheap, imported foodstuffs are now barred from doing so. This leads to impoverishment by forcing them to pay much higher domestic prices for less food. Thus, trade sanctions may also lead to outright mass starvation, as they did in the case of Iraq. There are also hundreds indirectly punished by the coerced restraint of mutual exchange. Those who rely on import-oriented industries for employment, for example, will soon find themselves without a source of income. The bottom line is that trade sanctions create poverty. As an ongoing example, trade sanctions that have been in place since 1979 have made it too difficult for Iranian airlines to modernize their aircraft fleets, or to procure the spare parts necessary to maintain them. The unfortunate result has been an increasing rate of aerial accidents, leading to the injury and death of at least dozens — if not hundreds — of individuals. It could not possibly be the fear that spare parts meant for Iranian civilian airlines may be used to maintain Iranian combat aircraft. It's doubtful that two very complex and very different machines use the same parts. The target of the embargo is really the Iranian people. The fact that trade sanctions directly impoverish the people of a country, not their government, is of no consequence to the those making the decision to impose said sanctions. In fact, this is the underlying objective sought. The sanctioners hope that the impoverished people will in turn recognize their governments as the ones at fault. But, historically speaking, this approach has been weighed and found wanting. (One continued, overwhelming failure of American embargo diplomacy is Cuba, which after 50 years of sanctions still remains a Communist dictatorship.) Furthermore, unlike Cuba, the existing political climate in Iran gives the United Nations's intensification of trade sanctions a very high opportunity cost — threatening the viability of a local opposition movement to the same government the United States is trying to destabilize. In 2009, in response to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial victory over Mir-Hossein Mousavi in the Iranian presidential election, a substantial percentage of the Iranian population protested the results. The situation proved chaotic, with hundreds arrested and at least five individuals executed. While what has become known as the Green Movement — in reference to Mousavi's campaign colors — does not represent the majority of the Iranian population, it's clear that political opposition to Ahmadinejad's presidency is growing. Finally, despite the Green Movement's relatively small size, it has formed the strongest resistance to the status quo in the Iranian government — stronger than that formed by Western threats and restrictions. Barack Obama's administration has chosen to avoid directly supporting — at least overtly — the growing democratic movement in Iran. From a libertarian perspective, such a policy of nonalignment is positive (although, let's not be fooled, Obama's actions are not guided by libertarianism). But ultimately the administration's and the United Nations's recent decisions to intensify sanctions are the worst stances they could have taken short of directly aiding the current Iranian regime to squash the political opposition. In other words, rather than being genuinely nonaligned, by continuing trade sanctions against Iran, the Obama administration is instead directly benefitting the existing Islamist regime. Perhaps the majority of Iranian citizens still support Ahmadinejad, and perhaps the short-term viability of an internal political revolution is extremely unlikely. What is important, however, is not the present strength of the opposition, but the potential growth of dissent. Trade sanctions can only impoverish the tens of thousands of Iranians who form part of this political opposition, thereby forcing them to look for protection in the arms of the very regime they oppose. Despite a multitude of poor political decisions — including price-fixing schemes that have created shortages in the targeted markets — Ahmadinejad's regime maintains popularity through social-spending programs. As such, in a country where people's accumulated wealth is threatened by trade restrictions, government aid may be the only recourse left. Ahmadinejad's government is likely more than happy to win people over by aiding those harmed by American trade sanctions. Furthermore, the Tehran government is probably thrilled to use American-led trade sanctions to vilify the West and legitimize its own power. It is truly disappointing that American foreign policy is directly contributing to the eradication of what would otherwise be a growing liberal political movement. Knowing that a growing sector of the antiestablishment movement is made up of young Iranian students, it is tragic that because of these economic sanctions the possibility of a new, more liberal generation of Iranians is being undercut. The greatest hope for Iranian democracy is being squashed, not by the repressive military of an overbearing authoritarian government, but by the bootheels of the self-styled beacon of liberty — the same "beacon of liberty" that invaded Afghanistan and Iraq to allegedly provide democracy to those peoples. A far more rational approach would be one of political and economic openness, or one that eases the creation of wealth in Iran — that completely eliminates the government's interventionism in Iran. A relatively wealthy Iranian population is less likely to support a local government bent on creating tension with other world governments, as this would create the potential of a threat to that accumulated wealth. Furthermore, an Iranian population unperturbed by foreign restrictions on their ability to produce can then shift the blame of continued poverty onto the local regime. It goes without saying that without foreign intervention, the local government will find it difficult to point the finger elsewhere. Most have heard the proverb, "the enemy of your enemy is your friend." Even a politician will agree that a political policy that harms the "enemy of your enemy" (the Green Movement, in Iran's case) is worse than a policy that neither benefits your friends nor harms your enemy. As such, it is stupefying how a government can support measures that undermine its own objectives. What is more incredible is that this is not a policy devised by a naïve or novice administration. It is the product of more than 30 years of American foreign policy, Democratic and Republican alike! It is worth mentioning that trade sanctions against Iran run counter to the welfare of the average American as well. Amidst high unemployment and stagnating private investment, it is amazing how the American government is willing to prioritize its own political machinations — political influence in the Middle East — over the well-being of the people it claims to protect. Admittedly, the economic benefit of free trade with Iran (as compared to the benefits of free trade with Europe or China, for example) may very well be limited, but it nevertheless stands that restricting trade is by no means a benefit. Trade sanctions hurt Americans and undermine the growing anti-Ahmadinejad movement, thereby also undermining the American government's own interests. Compounding this with the moral objection to sanctions (that which questions the moral legitimacy of American intervention concerning issues traditionally only within the jurisdiction of the Iranian people), and the fact that the so-called Iranian "threat" does not actually exist, one would be hard-pressed to find a reason to support the embargo. While nobody likes speaking in absolutes, it is very probable that there are absolutely no reasons to continue sanctions on Iran. It is far past the right time to reverse this disastrous political policy — but, given the current administration's track record, don't hold your breath.	<urn:uuid:3c9a46f8-4342-4c89-9b38-3b12dce57e04>	{ "date": "2014-07-28T16:55:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00294-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9580521583557129, "score": 2.703125, "token_count": 1819, "url": "http://mises.org/daily/4594" }
\|English for Beginners Practical English Travel English Telephone English Banking English Accounting English Dictionary\| \|Audio English.org » Dictionary » Q » Quadruple Time ... Quantum Theory\| Dictionary entry overview: What does quantized mean? • QUANTIZED (adjective) The adjective QUANTIZED has 1 sense: 1. of or relating to a quantum or capable of existing in only one of two states Familiarity information: QUANTIZED used as an adjective is very rare. Dictionary entry details \|Sense 1\|\|quantized [BACK TO TOP]\| Of or relating to a quantum or capable of existing in only one of two states Relational adjectives (pertainyms) quantum ((physics) the smallest discrete quantity of some physical property that a system can possess (according to quantum theory)) \|Learn English with... Proverbs of the week\|	<urn:uuid:01d30fb4-8be5-4441-bea6-7b028107be70>	{ "date": "2016-04-29T21:39:38", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111455.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00170-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7778269052505493, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 192, "url": "http://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/quantized.htm" }
Eastern Catholic Churches are, by definition, from Eastern countries such as Romania and the Ukraine. The US is a Western country, so it has no indigenous Eastern Catholic Church. Many Eastern Catholic Churches have eparchies and parishes in the US to serve immigrant communities here, but these do not actually constitute an "American Eastern Catholic Church". The closest thing we have to that is the Ruthenian Catholic Church in America. Though still part of the Ruthenian Catholic Church, it has become so ethnically mixed that it now just calls itself "The Byzantine Catholic Church in America". Its Liturgy is celebrated in English, and it is basically as close as any Eastern Catholic Church in America gets to being an "American Eastern Catholic Church". Some do. The Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a Western Catholic prayer, but some Eastern Catholics choose to include it in their personal devotions. Eastern Christians also have their own rosary, sometimes called the "Byzantine Rosary". This devotion involves the meditative recitation of the Jesus Prayer (Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner!) one hundred times, along with some other prayers. The Jesus Prayers are counted on a prayer rope, called a komboschoinia in Greek or a chotki in Russian. It is made out of wool and has either 33, 50 or 100 special knots in it, each tied in a cross-like form. Sometimes, the prayers are said on a string of 100 beads. The Byzantine Rosary is much older than the Western Rosary, dating back to the fourth century A.D.! It is an ancient and venerable Christian practice. Absolutely! We are all the same Catholic Church, so we have complete intercommunion with them. They are! Many Roman Catholics grew up with little exposure to other aspects of Catholicism. When they discover the Eastern Catholic Churches, it causes a kind of "culture shock", since they are so used to only one kind of Catholicism. But these Churches are just as Catholic as the Roman Rite: no more, no less! And worshipping with ones Eastern brothers and sisters can be a wonderful way to expand ones understanding of the universality of the Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church generally doesn't allow it, except by special dispensation for some converts from Anglicanism. But most of the Eastern Catholic Churches do ordain married men to the priesthood (but not to the episcopacy; only celibate priests can become bishops). That's their ancient tradition, and it is perfectly legitimate and valid for them. The tradition of a celibate clergy in the West is also legitimate for the Roman Rite. We have to broaden our understanding of what is "Catholic". Married Catholic priests do exist, mainly in the Eastern Catholic Churches, and they are just as "Catholic" as their celibate counterparts! Latinization is the wrongheaded practice of forcing Eastern Catholics to conform to the practices of the Roman Rite. It is rooted in a certain cultural arrogance; the attitude that "My form of Catholicism is the only 'correct' form". Latinizers have a lack of respect for the ancient Eastern rituals. They can neither appreciate their beauty and uniqueness, nor perceive how the Holy Spirit has formed them, distinct from the Roman Rite in policy and practice yet united to it in the one Mystical Body of Christ! Latinization is rare today, but has had tragic results in the past. It has caused resentment among Eastern Catholics, who (understandably) don't like being told that their Catholicism is "wrong" or "deficient" - when it isn't! This has sadly led to schisms and defections to Eastern Orthodoxy, where the Eastern ways are always preserved. The irony is that this foolish attempt to enforce unity through conformity just leads to more disunity! If a tree is known by its fruits (Matthew 7:16-20) then the bad fruits of Latinization are a strong testimony against it! The Vatican officially condemns Latinization and encourages Eastern Catholics to preserve their own traditions and customs. Latinization is essentially coercive, and it is usually forced on Eastern Catholics by Roman Catholics. If an individual Eastern Catholic feels an affinity with a certain Western devotion, and freely chooses to include it in his personal devotions, he may do so - though he should not completely abandon the practices of his own Christian tradition. The Vatican encourages Eastern Catholics to maintain and appreciate their own unique and beautiful customs. Now, if a Roman Catholic tried to force Eastern Catholics to pray the Western Rosary and throw away their Eastern forms of devotion, that would be Latinization! See the difference? Choice -vs- coersion. Certainly! Many Roman Catholics have discovered the spiritual benefits of ikons and the Jesus Prayer. Yes, a Catholic can transfer from one ritual Church to another, but it can only be done once in someone's life, so it should be preceded by much prayer. The Canon Law regulations on that can be found here. Yes; the process would be the same as for a "cradle" Roman Catholic. Incidentally, a catechumen can choose to join any Catholic rite when entering the Church. It could be done, but is discouraged. The Church does not want her children fleeing to another ritual Church just to avoid the disciplines of the Church of their birth! It would also entail a lot. One would have to learn the sacred language of the rite one joins, in order to celebrate the Liturgy in that language. Also, if you live in the US or Canada, the Eastern Rite bishop would have to send you to his homeland for your ordination, because of an old law which forbids Eastern Rites from ordaining married men in the US or Canada (I personally dislike that law because I feel the Eastern Catholic Church should not be restricted so. But for the moment it stands). So let's say a married Roman Catholic man in the US switches to the Ukrainian Catholic Church with the intention of becoming a priest. After studying for years in the Ukrainian Catholic seminary, learning Ukrainian and the Divine Liturgy in Old Slavonic (the liturgical language of that rite), he and his family would have to move to the Ukraine. After his ordination he would most likely have to live there for a few years, serving the Ukrainian people. After that, he and his family could be transferred back to the US. So it's not easy, but it could be done. Yet the Church discourages men from transferring to an Eastern Catholic Church just to get around the Roman requirement that priests be celibate. This isn't exactly a question about Eastern Catholicism, but I guess it's related. So here goes: The Roman rite has been the primary rite in the Western Church for a long time. During the Middle Ages, the Church had numerous smaller "sub-rites", which were essentially local alternate liturgies, not full-blown cultural expressions of Catholicism with their own canon law, traditions, etc. Most of these disappeared during the time of the Protestant revolt. Among the few that still exist are the Ambrosian rite, celebrated in Milan, Italy, and the Mozarabic rite in Toledo, Spain. But these are part of the Roman rite, not distinct like the Melkites, Maronites, or other Eastern Catholic Churches. Some Western religious orders have also had distinct liturgies, but I forget which ones or whether any still use them. I believe some of them adopted the the Paul VI Mass (the so-called "Novus Ordo") after Vatican II. In recent years, two more sub-rites (of sorts) have arisen in the Roman rite. The first is called "Anglican-Usage". In 1980, Pope John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision, allowing Episcopalian converts to use modified portions of the Book of Common Prayer as their liturgy. (For any who might not know, the Book of Common Prayer contains the liturgy of the Anglican and Episcopalian churches). Last I heard, there were only six Anglican-Usage parishes in the United States. They are each under the juristdiction of the local Roman Catholic bishop, and so do not constitute a distinct "Anglican Catholic Rite". Thus they more resemble a "sub-rite", like the Mozarabic. The second "sub-rite" is the Indult Tridentine Mass. Once the primary Mass of the Roman rite, it was replaced by the Paul VI Mass in 1969. Yet many traditionalist Catholics remained loyal to the Tridentine Mass, so the Holy Father gave special permission for its celebration in the encyclical Ecclesia Dei. Many bishops have established regular Indult Masses in their dioceses, and entire orders like the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter are dedicated to celebrating it, making the Indult Tridentine Mass perhaps the most widespread sub-rite in the Roman Catholic Church. Will any of these sub-rites ever become distinct Western Catholic Churches, like the various Eastern Catholic Churches? It is highly doubtful, since that would involve a "splitting" of the Roman rite. I don't believe the Vatican wants that to occur, even if the resulting new rite remains within the fold. Some traditionalists wish the Indult Masses would develop into a "Latin Rite" distinct from the Roman Rite, but this is unlikely to happen. I don't know enough about the Anglican-Usage to say whether it has the potential to become a distinct rite. \| Back: Eastern Catholicism \| Next: Eastern Catholic Links \| Joyful Catholicism \| Site Index \| Home Page \|	<urn:uuid:a91724f7-f60d-4e09-82ea-dd9fa0e7ebde>	{ "date": "2014-10-25T14:37:30", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00196-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9655261635780334, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 1979, "url": "http://home.earthlink.net/~mysticalrose/eastfaq.html" }
Chemical fertilizers, E.coli, mono-cropping, fast-food restaurants, unethical treatment of animals, high fructose corn syrup, natural, genetically modified, Monsanto, Tyson, exploitation of small farmers, obesity, diabetes, food safety… These are some of the words that accurately describe the current state of the food industry in the United States. There are a handful of big suppliers, who control the majority of the food system, who use highly mechanized processes to produce food that contains chemicals. Small scale farmers are forced to go out of business since they can’t compete with the massive multinational corporations, the dollar menu at McDonalds is cheaper than buying vegetables, and diabetes in the US is at an all-time high (Clemens). As more and more of the hidden costs of how agribusinesses work start to surface, the amount of people who question these methods start to increase. One of these people is Will Allen, who is the founder and owner of the non-profit organization Growing Power Inc. Allen is trying “to create an alternative to the nation’s centralized food system by teaching people how to grow food, cook food and embrace a way of living that’s sustainable.” (Allen, xiii) This paper will look at the actions of Growing Power Inc. through the lenses of consequentialism and evaluate this viewpoint in terms of its sufficiency to explain the situation. Continue reading The Growing Power of Urban Agriculture Will Allen believed that everyone, regardless of their economic status should have access to the same, healthy food, so he founded Growing Power Inc., a non-profit organization, which helps individuals, who don’t have access to “healthy, high-quality, safe and affordable foods”, gain access to these by providing education and technical assistance as well as through food production and distribution.	<urn:uuid:197cd7c7-5de9-4a1f-b38b-326139657499>	{ "date": "2019-07-23T23:23:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529737.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723215340-20190724001340-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9391045570373535, "score": 2.984375, "token_count": 380, "url": "https://stakeholderxiv.wordpress.com/tag/good-food-revolution/" }
October 23, 2013 - mezzanine (noun) - What does it mean? - 1 : a story between two main stories of a building often in the form of a balcony2 : the lowest balcony in a theater or its first few rows - How do you use it? - From our seats in the mezzanine, we could see and hear the concert perfectly. - Are you a word wiz? "Mezzanine" traces back to the Latin word "medianus." Which of the following do you think is one of the correct meanings of "medianus"?The Latin word "medianus" means "middle" or "median." Other words that trace back to "medianus" are "mean" and the word "median" itself. The "mean" we're talking about here isn't the one meaning "not nice," nor the one meaning "to have the meaning of." It's the "mean" that refers to a middle point between two extremes, among other things. "Median" refers both to a line drawn from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side, and to a value in a series arranged from smallest to largest below and above which there are an equal number of values, or which is the average of the two middle values if there is no middle value. Here's an example: the median of the set 1, 3, 7, 12, 19 is 7; the median of the set 2, 5, 7, 15 is 6.	<urn:uuid:36e3d980-2b73-48a5-8e88-551677382cc0>	{ "date": "2015-04-19T14:16:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639121.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00103-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9477384090423584, "score": 3.421875, "token_count": 322, "url": "http://www.wordcentral.com/buzzword/buzzword.php?month=10&day=23&year=2013" }
Arcesilaus (c. 315—240 BCE) Arcesilaus was the sixth head of Plato's academy. He turned the academy in a skeptical direction. After Plato's death, the headship of the academy passed to a series of men who developed metaphysical and ethical systems inspired by the positive arguments contained in dialogues such as the Republic and the Phaedo. Arcesilaus, however, turned away from such system-building and instead spent his energies in attacking the arguments of others. According to Cicero, the aim of such attacks was to produce epoche, or suspension of judgment. Some later commentators claim that by making this skeptical turn, Arcesilaus abandoned Platonism. However, sympathetic writers like the academic skeptic Cicero assert that much of Plato's writings are actually more in harmony with Arcesilaus' practice than with dogmatic system-building. In dialogues like the Euthyphro and Laches, Socrates is shown questioning other people's definitions of terms such as piety and courage. In so doing, Socrates shows that they do not know what they think that they know. However, Socrates' questioning does not lead to positive answers to the questions he raises. In the Apology Socrates claims that he has no knowledge of his own, but that he is wiser than other people only insofar as he knows that he does not know, whereas others are ignorant even of their own ignorance. Arcesilaus goes beyond this, saying that he knows nothing, not even that that he knows nothing. Later academic skeptics like Cicero also stress the tentative and exploratory nature of dialogues like the Republic: although they do contain positive arguments, the dialogue form, the back-and-forth among the speakers, and Socrates' own disavowals at many points of having conclusively established what he argues for should make us wary of looking at the dialogues as treatises that expound Platonic doctrine. The Stoics were the main target of Arcesilaus' attacks. The founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, developed a systematic and elaborate metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. Zeno claimed that there are certain sense-impressions—so-called kataleptic or "graspable" impressions—which are the foundation and criterion of knowledge. These impressions come from objects in the environment and accurately represent these objects. The Stoics also thought that the wise person would never assent to what is uncertain, and thus would never be mistaken. Arcesilaus argued that, according to the Stoics' own standards, the Stoic wise person would never assent to anything, since no sense-impression is ever infallible. For any sense-impression, Arcesilaus said, even if it is accurate, it is always possible in principle that there be a qualitatively indistinguishable sense-impression that is inaccurate, and the wise person would thus have no way of telling which sense-impressions are accurate andwhich ones are not. The Stoics thought that without a criterion for knowledge, it would be impossible to have any basis on which to act. Arcesilaus, however, said that we can act on the basis the eulogon—the "reasonable." The eulogon is not a criterion of knowledge, since what is eulogon can be mistaken, but it can be a basis of action. Arcesilaus left no writings of his own, so we must rely on second and third-hand reports in order to reconstruct his views. Even in ancient times, however, Arcesilaus' views were heavily debated. One major question is whether Arcesilaus himself thought that it is impossible to gain knowledge, or just that it is impossible, given the assumptions of the Stoics about the nature of knowledge. Similarly, it is not clear whether Arcesilaus advanced the eulogon as his own skeptical criterion for action, or whether he simply advanced it to rebut Stoic claims about the necessity of a criterion of knowledge for action. The author of this article is anonymous. The IEP is actively seeking an author who will write a replacement article.	<urn:uuid:2fd32bb2-c904-4c15-adcc-4835e351b39a>	{ "date": "2014-10-24T18:03:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646352.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00302-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9676068425178528, "score": 3.59375, "token_count": 858, "url": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/arcesil/" }
To prevent cruelty to animals by actively promoting their care and protection. To be the leading authority in animal care and protection. The objectives of the RSPCA in Australia are: - To prevent cruelty to animals by ensuring the enforcement of existing laws at federal and state level. - To procure the passage of such amending or new legislation as is necessary for the protection of animals. - To develop and promote policies for the humane treatment of animals that reflect contemporary values and scientific knowledge. - To educate the community with regard to the humane treatment of animals. - To engage with relevant stakeholders to improve animal welfare. - To sustain an intelligent public opinion regarding animal welfare. - To operate facilities for the care and protection of animals. These objectives are supported by a federation of member Societies known as RSPCA Australia, a National Council and administration.	<urn:uuid:9b94c910-2c83-4001-82ea-9639e6bf8e61>	{ "date": "2018-09-19T06:14:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155924.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919043926-20180919063926-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8875335454940796, "score": 2.828125, "token_count": 177, "url": "https://www.rspca.org.au/what-we-do/about-us/mission" }
- Mental Health» - Anxiety Disorders 10 Signs and Symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Psychology What are Signs of Social Anxiety? At any given time, anyone can exhibit signs and symptoms of social anxiety. Everyone can relate to experiencing social anxiety at some point in their lives. Even being a little nervous is a clear sign of letting that anxiety physically manifest itself. But it's normal for us in certain social situations to feel uncertain or uneasy. However, for some people the anxiety is so overwhelming and encompassing to the individual, it starts to have profound impacts on their lives. The thin line between a normal reaction and one that crosses the path into a possibly more serious disorder isn't an exact science. There's no one size fits all in the diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. People will exhibit signs and symptoms of anxiety differently, and will all handle it differently. Yet, there are particular ways people will express their anxiety in the form of behaviors that can easily be detected. Keep in mind that sheer observation alone is not enough to diagnose someone. The following are 10 signs and symptoms of possible social anxiety disorder. 1. Anxiety can Cause Muscle Tension When you're unprepared in a social situation, your muscles in your neck tenses up, your jaw impulsively clenches, and you may even sweat more than usual. For example, if you're spending time with one friend, and all of a sudden a group of people come walking in you're not familiar with--you freak out cause you're more or less obligated to socialize, and your body reacts to your anxiety. Constantly feeling uncomfortable with minor social interactions are a clear sign of severe anxiety. Anxiety and Mental Health 2. Anxiety Causes Sleep Problems Experiencing consistent insomnia or restlessness can very possibly be a by-product of stress and anxiety associated with the progression of the upcoming day. When one is constantly worried about how the next day is going to be, especially if there's a big test to take, or if they're required to make an announcement in front of others. Obviously, many people have trouble sleeping from understandable reasons, such as financial matters, or medical procedure. But if you're tossing and turning, over generally unimportant reasons, there's a good chance you may suffer from social anxiety disorder. Even more so, if you can't focus, and your mind is constantly racing with thoughts. Not being able to contain the flow of your thoughts can be quite maddening, and the resulting lack of sleep can compound the situation. Do you believe that everyone suffers from social anxiety, and it's a question of to what degree? 3. Fear and Anxiety The anxious person in question will harbor an extreme and crippling fear towards interacting with strangers or unfamiliar people, even established acquaintances. Individuals that avoid all forms of social communication, even having an irrational fear of ordering food in a restaurant, can justifiably be labeled as having social anxiety. Another sign is if a person refuses to enter a place of business on their own, always insistent on being escorted and accompanied by someone they know. I have a friend that literally gets panic attacks when there's too many bodies within her personal space, and she has trouble breathing, it is something she still struggles with to this very day. 4. Anxiety and Chronic Stomach Problems The uneasy feeling of anxiety may originate in the mind but can easily spread it influence to other areas of the body. Having regular stomach pains, cramps, diarrhea and constipation are general symptoms stemming from social anxiety. Some anxious sufferers even come down with bouts of IBS, short for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. It can turn into a vicious cycle of anxiety to upset stomach, and getting more anxious because of the symptoms they're exhibiting. Although because an individual has chronic IBS, doesn't necessarily mean they have a serious case of anxiety. But the two conditions will exacerbate each other. Stress has a tremendous effect on a person's gut, it's quite possible statements like "having butterflies in your stomach", or "following your gut" reflect that fact. 5. Anxiety and the Spotlight Effect This is a very specific form of anxiety, called performance anxiety. It includes giving a speech or announcement to a large body of people. It's quite normal to feel anxious for the impending moment of addressing a group of people that will most likely be judging you from your performance. Anyone sparing even a few minutes of their time while you're in the spotlight, will formulate criticism for your performance. But, performance anxiety can be overcome, much like any other mental barriers that vie to contain us, and keep us from our moments in the spotlight. Child Social Anxiety 6. Social Anxiety and low Self Esteem Anyone can feel a little bit self-conscious at times, especially if they're planning for an impending social event. Someone who compulsively fixes their hair or make up for hours, trying to get it exactly perfect before even considering leaving the house, let alone being at a social gathering without looking flawless. People with a more serious tendency for social anxiety will even have trouble eating in front of strangers. Being self-conscious and suffering from the symptoms greatly affects a persons' social life. Making it extremely challenging to keep and maintain friendships, and a gripping fear to venture from the perceived safety of their home. Essentially, a person that hardly ever leaves their home, being stuck at their front door can be considered suffering from a serious social anxiety disorder. 7. Constant Worry from Anxiety Symptoms The golden trademark of living with an anxiety disorder is the penchant to worry constantly about things that might not seem to matter, or wouldn't bother most people. We're talking about worrisome thoughts that take over a person' sense of peace and order. Technically, if the concern of the person is intense enough to interfere with a his or her daily routine, it is considered a generalized anxiety disorder. Social Anxiety Panic Attacks 8. Anxiety can Lead to Panic Attacks Experiencing an actual panic attack is no walk in the park. Imagine an intense helplessness that essentially freezes you in your tracks. One may also sweat profusely, hyperventilating, an increase in heart beats, numbness and hot flashes. If you have a panic attack, it doesn't necessary mean you have a more serious disorder. Anything can trigger a panic attack, it varies from person to person. 9. OCD and Anxiety Symptoms When someone is exhibiting a compulsive insistence on doing something a certain way, they are expressing anxiety and stress physically. Having an obsessive-compulsive disorder is very different than someone just being tidy, or pedantic. An individual afflicted with OCD feel an overwhelming need and urgency when it comes to doing thing. Sometimes they can also be seen as overly critical and perfectionists. The mental aspects of being compulsive manifest itself physically, such as facial ticks, a need to straighten and align specific objects, and rechecking to make sure it's just right. A friend of mine always need the volume at even number setting, she couldn't move forward until the volume bar was on an even-numbered setting. If your physiological reactions to anxiety is causing you to think and act compulsively, you might very well have some degree of OCD. Depression and Social Anxiety 10. Anxiety and no Self Belief Self-deprecation is common in people with anxiety problems. Persistently conjuring up reasons not to try something or not setting goals in fear that they will never be attained, even with a sufficient amount of effort. They will refrain from being hopeful, even though there is always hope to overcome anxiety. Individuals hampered by anxiousness and uncertainty will go out of their way to not be noticed, to fly under the radar in terms of possibly being singled out. Even if they were being singled out for a well-deserved commendation or recognition. This is quite possibly the most detrimental of ramifications due to social anxiety. Not possessing faith in oneself creates a situation of hopelessness that is unproductive and unhealthy. If you have any opinions or suggestion on other signs or symptoms of social anxiety, please do not hesitate to voice your opinion, thanks for reading--feel free to share this article with a friend or your social network.	<urn:uuid:b2f644c2-e011-457e-b738-b43111bb3f09>	{ "date": "2017-08-20T14:49:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106754.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820131332-20170820151332-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9545601606369019, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 1688, "url": "https://hubpages.com/health/10-Signs-and-Symptoms-you-Have-Social-Anxiety-Disorder" }
2008 World Health Report Emphasizes Importance of Primary Health Care Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jun 15;79(12):1051. The World Health Organization's (WHO's) 2008 World Health Report critically assesses the way health care is organized, financed, and delivered, and it refocuses global attention on primary health care.1 The report, “Primary Health Care—Now More Than Ever,” was released on the 30th anniversary of the Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care. In 1978, WHO members signed the Alma-Ata Declaration, which set an ambitious goal of “health for all” by the year 2000. Health systems emphasizing primary health care were seen as the means of achieving this goal. However, the approach was misunderstood by some who viewed primary health care as poor care for poor people, with an exclusive focus on public health and basic preventive care. The 1978 “health for all” movement struggled without a unifying and complete definition of primary health care or a set of principles for organization, delivery, and financing. However, the 2008 World Health Report demonstrates that global health status has significantly improved since the Alma-Ata Declaration. For example, 18,329 fewer children died each day in 2006 than in 1978.1 Yet the report found significant inequities across countries in health outcomes, access to care, and health care costs. Many nations have failed to respond to rising social expectations for health care that is patient-centered, fair, affordable, and efficient. To steer health systems toward better performance, the report calls for a return to primary health care. When comparing countries at the same level of economic development, those countries with health care that is organized around the tenets of primary health care produce a higher level of health for the same investment.2 The WHO proposes four core primary health care principles of effective health systems, which redefine in a more comprehensive and modern way the limited definition of 30 years ago: Enhanced patient-centered primary care services Strengthened community-centered public health policies Effective health system leadership These principles are aimed at realigning specialist-based, fragmented, and commercialized health systems to meet rising public expectations for effective, efficient, accessible, and affordable care. Although family physicians may not find an acceptable level of detail about their specific role in the primary health care–oriented system, going forward, the 2008 World Health Report provides a relevant and enabling foundation for family medicine. 1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2008. Primary Care—Now More Than Ever. http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/index.html. Accessed February 17, 2009. 2. Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457–502. Copyright © 2009 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact [email protected] for copyright questions and/or permission requests. Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions	<urn:uuid:daa3b24f-39a5-43be-8aea-ef7a2b87f1f3>	{ "date": "2013-12-05T10:14:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163043499/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131723-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9265801906585693, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 711, "url": "http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0615/p1051.html" }
I am sure many of you have heard people say, “Don’t eat fast food, it will give you acne” well, those sayings may just have some truth in them! An article published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics found that there is a relationship between a person’s diet and acne. Do not worry too much though, the research suggests that a diet alone cannot cause acne, but a person’s diet can certainly promote and aggravate blemishes. You are probably wondering what type of diet influences acne? The research suggests that eating foods that raise you blood sugar drastically/quickly and eating a large amount of dairy can increase acne. Foods like white bread, white pasta, white rice and baked goods tend to raise your blood sugar. Stick to whole grains and foods with fiber to decrease the spike in blood sugar. If you are craving that muffin, have another food item with it, such as milk to balance the increase of blood sugar from the muffin. Click here for more information on blood sugar and foods that increase it. Also do not stop eating dairy; dairy is very good for your bones and even your blood pressure. Eating three cups of dairy a day is a good place to start. You may consume more or less depending on your energy needs. Just opt for lower-fat dairy items such as skim or 1% milk, fat-free or low-fat yogurt and low-fat cheese. Click here for more information about your dairy needs and why it is important for your diet. For more information on this study click here:	<urn:uuid:04b34e1e-368a-4a12-9ce8-c7af5bc7d371>	{ "date": "2018-06-22T03:05:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864343.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622030142-20180622050142-00136.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955231249332428, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 333, "url": "https://katequealy.wordpress.com/2013/03/04/diet-and-acne/" }
Goats Performing the 2-Step Challenge (image) Queen Mary University of London Share Print E-Mail Caption This sequence shows how the goats needed to learn how to retrieve food from a box. They used a linked sequence of steps; first by pulling a lever with their mouths and then by lifting it to release the reward. Credit Queen Mary University of London Usage Restrictions Please credit Queen Mary University of London Share Print E-Mail Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.	<urn:uuid:46eb7baf-d1f6-4691-8f4f-f8f819815c90>	{ "date": "2017-02-24T04:02:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171281.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00108-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8935636878013611, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 132, "url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/70709.php?from=263468" }
Like people, garden beds benefit from snuggling under a warm blanket when the weather turns frosty. But in this instance, the blanket isn't stamped "Woolrich." Organic matter is a garden's cold-weather cover of choice, and the easiest and most effective way to provide it is to sow a cover crop. Cover crops are plants grown not to be eaten or admired, but to be cut down and dug back into the soil to enrich it. There are different crops for different climates, but all pay off big: Beds over-wintered with cover crops start spring leaps and bounds ahead of uncovered beds. Winter cover crops are an ideal way to add organic matter because they replenish soil nutrients depleted over the growing season, suppress weeds and disrupt their growing cycles, and build organic matter and soil integrity. They protect the life in the soil once harsh weather sets in, and at the same time regulate soil temperature and moisture. Grass crops such as oats and rye have an additional benefit, explains Vern Grubinger, vegetable and berry specialist with University of Vermont Extension. "Late in the growing season, they take up available nitrogen in the soil that would otherwise be lost to leaching since the garden crops are no longer growing and taking up nutrients. And they help prevent soil erosion caused by winter winds and water from rain and snow melt." What's more, "cover crops add variety to your rotation," says Tom Kaspar of the USDA Agricultural Research Service's National Soil Tilth Lab in Ames, Iowa. A grass cover crop is good for breaking up pest and disease cycles. And grasses germinate easily and consistently. Oats: Soil Saver and Mulch in One Fall-planted oats don't survive the winter in colder locations, but they'll absorb and store nutrients into the fall and then protect bare ground with the dead mulch they leave behind. "For northern gardeners, in Zones 6 and below, oats are the easiest winter cover crop to use, since they reliably die back, leaving a residue the next spring that does not require a lot of tillage to incorporate," advises Grubinger. "In fact, in a 'no-till' or 'low-till' garden, oats are ideal, because the residue can just be raked aside or spaded in before planting crops." For the gardener who hopes to avoid spring tillage or who doesn't want to wait for a just-killed cover to decompose before planting the next crop, oats are the answer. Sow them early enough--6 to 8 weeks before hard frost is expected--so plants can put on ample biomass before the mercury drops. Sow seed at a rate of about 1 1/2 pounds per 1,000 square feet. Winter Rye: Hardy Weed Warrior "Rye and buckwheat provide weed control by outcompeting weeds for resources such as sunlight and water," says Molly Hamilton, extension assistant at North Carolina State University. "And they produce toxic chemicals that inhibit germinating weed seeds and seedlings." Winter rye is the answer for gardeners who want a hardy cover crop to start late in fall and grow over winter, even when temperatures are barely above freezing. Don't sow it too late in the season, since extreme cold may prevent seeds from germinating or kill young seedlings before they've had time to toughen up. Broadcast rye seed at about 2 pounds per 1,000 square feet 2 to 4 weeks before the first frost. Rye's thick tangle of roots and tough stalks adds fibrous organic matter to soil, too. Work it in and let the bed sit for about 3 weeks before planting a spring crop. Annual Ryegrass: Nitrogen Booster A less hardy cousin of rye, annual ryegrass forms a dense mat of nitrogen-scavenging roots that can reach 3 to 5 feet underground, helping to break up compacted soil. Seed annual ryegrass at least 40 days before the first killing frost. If ryegrass sets seed, it can become a problem; turn it under in late spring before it goes to seed. Legumes: Plant Food Aplenty Winter legumes give your garden the nutrient recharge it craves in the off-season, providing an essential dose of nitrogen. For southern gardens, crimson clover and winter peas are favorites. Vetch--particularly hairy vetch--is often bred for winter hardiness, so it's a common choice in the North. What's more, a 2008 study by Cornell University found hairy vetch to be a prolific nitrogen producer, with some studies finding a "Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value" of around 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Using hairy vetch means you'll need less fertilizer, which saves money. Winter legumes can be mowed or incorporated after flowering. Sow about 50 days before the first killing frost. Seed hairy vetch at a rate of about 1/2 pound per 1,000 square feet; smaller-seeded crimson clover should be seeded at 1/4 pound per 1,000 square feet. Mix 'n' Match Many gardeners like to mix grass and legumes for biodiversity and biomass. Grains grow more quickly and protect slower-growing legumes. Oats, which die back over the winter and yield a sheltering mulch, work well combined with peas. Rye and hairy vetch team well together, but sow the two early enough to allow the vetch to establish. Beds nourished by cover crops give spring plantings a strong start. Fall-planted oats pull nutrients from the soil for crops to use in spring. If your last fall crop isn't ready to be harvested in time to plant cover crops so that they're safe from frost, simply sprinkle clover seed in between the rows of the growing vegetables. The clover will fill out and nourish the ground after harvest.	<urn:uuid:72a9cb6b-68bd-48d8-8db6-7d154feafa40>	{ "date": "2013-06-20T02:22:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9308262467384338, "score": 2.90625, "token_count": 1228, "url": "http://organicgardening.com/print/44072" }
Tooth-friendly ways to satisfy a snack attack The link between the food choices we make and our overall health, including teeth and gums, has long been recognized. We know that wrong snack choices made too often —and without following up with flossing and brushing—spell trouble for our teeth as well as the rest of our bodies. When you’re looking for a between-meals snack, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research suggests you think about: - The number of times a day you eat sugary snacks: If you snack throughout the day, choose foods without a lot of sugar and fat. - How long the sugary food stays in your month: Damaging acids affect your teeth for at least 20 minutes before they’re neutralized. - The texture of the sugary food: Chewing or sticky foods bathe your teeth longer in sugar. The U.S. Department of Agriculture encourages choices from its Food Guide Pyramid for snacks, as well as meals, instead of high-sugar beverages and foods: - Breads, cereals, other grain products - Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, nuts - Milk, cheese, yogurt Besides eating the right foods, maintaining your overall health includes flossing once a day, brushing twice daily, and scheduling dental checkups.	<urn:uuid:8d9f81f4-2317-4258-a62c-f0d014f3f9d2>	{ "date": "2015-07-05T07:45:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097354.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00216-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9400515556335449, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 283, "url": "http://www.humanadental.com/tools/articles/smartsnack.html" }
I don't know one left-handed person who isn't effusively proud of her left hand. Some will come right out and tell right-handed me they are more creative. But are they? A 2007 paper in the Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease found musicians, painters, and writers are more likely to be left-handed, but it's not their left hand or their right brain talking. It's the balance of the two hemispheres — the right and left brains' ability to work together — which results in the type of innovative problem-solving that reads as creativity. True lefties, the 20 percent of the left-handed with absolute right-brain dominance, are not any more likely to be creative than the righties. Most people who write with their left hands lack a dominant side of the brain, and this versatility gives them a creative advantage. Yet there's no reason the same trait couldn't be found in right-handers using both sides of their brains.	<urn:uuid:06e1840e-cd14-421d-bcc7-bae31c44f441>	{ "date": "2015-06-30T03:31:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091587.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00126-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9637994766235352, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 205, "url": "http://www.popsugar.com/love/Left-Handed-Creativity-Myth-9429207" }
Facts about Animal Research Without animal research, medicine as we know it today wouldn’t exist. Animal research has enabled us to find treatments for cancer, antibiotics for infections, vaccines to prevent some of the most deadly and debilitating viruses and surgery for injuries, illnesses and deformities. According to the US based, Foundation for Biomedical Research: “Animal research has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last century - for both human and veterinary health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, from dialysis to organ transplantation, from vaccinations to chemotherapy, bypass surgery and joint replacement, practically every present-day protocol for the prevention, treatment, cure and control of disease, pain and suffering is based on knowledge attained through research with lab animals.” But animal research hasn’t benefited humans alone. Animals also have improved healthcare and a longer lifespan. Farm animals, household pets, wild species and endangered species are all benefiting from the research conducted through animals. There are vaccines for rabies, distemper, tetanus, parvo virus and numerous other illnesses in cats, dogs and countless other domesticated animals. Cats now have a treatment for Feline Leukemia. It’s obvious that animal research benefits all living species and that we are all able to live longer, healthier, happier lives because of it. In fact, seven out of the ten most recent Nobel Prizes in medicine, were based on animal research. Here’s a link citing a list of 71 of the Nobel Prizes won in the last 103 years using animal models, including what animal they used. Examples of the Benefits from Animal Research and the Animals Involved: Smallpox (cow) has now been eradicated from earth, Polio has been eradicated from North America and people in countries all over the world are being successfully treated (mouse and monkey). Insulin is now able to help control diabetes (dog, fish). There are vaccines for tetanus (horse), rubella (monkey), anthrax (sheep), and rabies (dog, rabbit). A short list, far from comprehensive, of some of the achievements made possible by medical research and the animal used to develop it: An understanding of the Malaria lifecycle (pigeon), tuberculosis (cow, sheep), Typhus (guinea pig, rat, mouse), and the function of neurons (cat, dog). The discovery of anticoagulants (cat), penicillin (mouse), open heart surgery and cardiac pacemakers (dog), lithium (rat, guinea pig), treatment for leprosy (armadillo), organ transplantations (dog, sheep, cow, pig), laproscopic surgical techniques (pig), and a drug for AIDS treatment (monkey) Number of Animals Used The number of procedures and experiments involving animals in 2004 for the United Kingdom was exactly 2,854,944. The number of animals used is slightly less than this because some experiments used a particular animal more than once. In the UK in 2004, the a wide variety of institutions used animal research. The percentages of each are as follows: universities (42.1 %); commercial organizations (33.3 %); non-profit organizations (4.9 %); government departments (2.4 %); National Health Service hospitals (0.9 %); public health laboratories (0.6 %); other public bodies (15.8 %). The Types of Animals Used The animals used for research in the United Kingdom must be specially bred by registered license holders. Research is not performed on stray animals or unwanted pets. This is strictly illegal. The use of chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas is also banned. The majority of research is conducted on rodents, with a smaller percentage using fish, reptiles, and birds. A very small percentage is conducted in larger mammals. The exact percentages for animals used in the UK in 2004 were: 84% Rats, mice and other rodents. All specially bred laboratory species 12% Fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds (including many fertilised hen's eggs) 1% Small mammals other than rodents, mostly rabbits and ferrets 2.6% Sheep, cows, pigs and other large mammals 0.3% Dogs and cats. Specially bred for research. No strays or unwanted pets can be used 0.15% Monkeys, such as marmosets and macaques. Chimpanzees, orang-utans and gorillas have not been used in this country for over 20 years and their use is now banned. One of the most common questions asked is why scientists don’t use alternatives to animals. Living organisms are incredibly complex and scientists still only understand a very small fraction of the structures, chemicals, interactions and metabolic pathways in humans and animals. The only way for scientists to learn more about them is through organisms that possess these traits. That’s why animal research is so important for the future of medicine and the ability to treat and cure diseases. What few people realize is that multiple tests involving cells, DNA, proteins, and in-vitro techniques are used in the initial stages of biomedical research. It’s only when a point is reached where no experimental model can be substituted for a living organism. When working to learn new information in science, the process starts at the smallest level possible. This is often work done with DNA from cell lines or the proteins that cause disease. As scientists and researchers learn more about their topic, the level of complexity increases in the models they study. They may move on to bacterial cells, then mammalian (animal and human) cells, then into entire organs and eventually into animals. We don’t currently have the technology to make computer programs or other methods of replicating the intricate and highly sensitive models that an entire living animal provides us with. So asking why alternatives aren’t used is a misleading question. The experiments used that aren’t performed in animals are complementary to the experiments performed in animals and help researchers understand the big picture of a disease or system. If there are any methods that can be used before an animal to learn new information, British law dictates they must be used. Types of Animal Research Animal research falls under three broad categories: 1. Pure research 2. Applied research 3. Toxicology research Medical Research Council The Medical Research Council was established in 1913 in order to study diseases and illnesses and look for ways of treating or curing them. As they explain in their informational booklet, they study diseases through multiple models to best understand the mechanisms involved in the health aspects they research, using humans, cell cultures and animals. Thanks to the recent genomic revolution, sequencing of the human genome and many animal genomes, they now have a much greater understanding of which particular species share similar or different aspects of the human body, allowing animal research to become much more specific and targeted. It has enabled scientists to make educated decisions on which animals will serve as excellent models of varying diseases. The MRC states that approximately 30% of their research uses animals and the remainder of studies conducted are in other models, like those listed above. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) If animal research prevents toxicity effects in humans from new drugs, what happened with thalidomide? One of the major arguments against testing drugs on animals is the example of the drug thalidomide, known to chemists as (±)-N-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidyl)phthalimide, that caused birth defects. Thalidomide was introduced in 1956 and marketed as a sedative. Within several years, its use had spread around the world and women began taking it to help combat the nausea associated with pregnancy. In 1961, several physicians linked thalidomide with birth defects observed in their patients currently taking it. Almost immediately after, physicians worldwide began confirming these results. Soon after the discovery of the teratogenic effects became known, it was taken off the market. Thalidomide did initially pass safety tests in animals because the proper tests were not performed, namely testing thalidomide in pregnant animals. If a through battery of tests had been performed in animals, the teratogenic effects would have been caught. Those opposing animal research though, cite Thalidomide as the perfect example to show why animals cannot be used to replace humans. They claim that Thalidomide did not cause birth defects in animals, only humans, which is completely inaccurate. Once the drug was pulled off the market, additional tests in animals were done, and it was found that mice, rats, hamsters, marmosets and baboons all suffered similar effects as observed in humans. (See original literature below) Another note is that thalidomide was never approved in the USA because the Federal Drug Administration (FDA), felt there was too little data to prove its safety, and wanted additional tests. Part of the reason less animal tests were performed is because of lax regulations and a more limited knowledge of medical science. What wasn’t realized at the time, was that if a pregnant women suffered no side effects, neither would the fetus. This was also believed to be the same with animals. Medical research has now shown this to be false, as most medications of any kind need to be avoided during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary. Ultimately, the sales of thalidomide with insufficient pharmacokinetic data lead to the tragedy of an estimated 15,000 fetuses suffering birth defects. The ones who suffered from this situation were not the animals, but thousands of women who lost unborn children. Those children who did survive suffered from massive disfiguring deformities. Thalidomide only serves to highlight the inadequacy of the testing process at the time, not the inadequacies of animal testing. This misfortune could have been prevented had we conducted through animal tests, including pregnancy studies. A few more animals and countless human lives would have been saved. Fortunately, scientists and the medical community have learned from past mistakes. Laws and regulations have been revised and made much stricter. The tests conducted today before a drug is made available to the public finds teratogenic effects as well as numerous others. Time and time again, animal testing has proven its record as serving as an excellent indicator for how a drug will react in the human body. Some of the original journal articleson the research of Thalidomide: 1.Blake DA, Gordon GB, Spielberg SP. The role of metabolic activation in thalidomide teratogenesis. Teratology 1982;25(2):28A-29A.). 2.DiPaolo JA (1963). Congenital malformation in strain A mice: its experimental production by thalidomide. JAMA vol.183: 139-141 3.Homburger F, Chaube S, Eppenberger M, Bogdonoff PD and Nixon CW (1965). Susceptibility of certain inbred strains of hamsters to teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Toxicol Appl Pharmaco vol.: 686-69 4.Hamilton WJ & Poswillo DE (1972). Limb reduction anomalies induced in the marmoset by thalidomide. J Anat vol.11:505-50 5.Hendrick AG, Axelrod LR & Clayborn LD (1966). Thalidomide syndrome in baboons Natur vol. 210: 958-95 6.King CTG &; Kendrick FJ (1962). Teratogenic effects of thalidomide in the Sprague Dawley rat. The Lancet: ii: 1116 7.Rajkumar, SV (2004). Thalidomide: Tragic Past and Promising Future Mayo Clin Proc. 79(7). Animals are different from humans, so how can they accurately represent humans? Animal models are not perfect representations of humans and scientists are well aware of this. BUT, they do serve as excellent substitutes (mostly using mice, rats and other small rodents) for humans. As the genomic revolution has come around and the genomes of both humans and animals have been sequenced, we have realized that there are much more similarities between humans and animals than there are differences. It has also enabled us to identify where humans and particular animals are identical, as some animals serve as accurate representatives of a human’s anatomy, while others may share identical biochemical pathways. Genomic knowledge has made it so that animal research can be much more specifically targeted and accurate when representing a human, thus correctly predicting a how a human will react. For example, mice are one of the most commonly used vertebrate species in animal research. This is because they small, easy to care for and for animal researchers to handle and work with and importantly, they reproduce much faster than many larger animals, as they can produce up to 100 babies in a year. This is an important trait when researchers are studying heritable diseases or compounds that could cause birth defects (see question number 1 on thalidomide). Mice are actually considered the best model of inherited human diseases. This is because they share 99% of all the genes with humans! Their genomes are also easy to manipulate to replicate the human form making them even more similar to humans. What about cosmetic testing? Where does PRO-Test stand on cosmetic testing? Cosmetic testing is banned in the United Kingdom. It is also banned in the Netherlands and Belgium, and the European Union has passed legislation that outlaws animal testing in the year 2009. By 2014, products still being tested on animals in other countries will also be banned in the EU. Seeing as cosmetic testing is outlawed, PRO-Test does not need to take a stance on cosmetic testing. It is a non-issue. We also feel that it is currently irrelevant to our main goals as we are trying to promote research in animals to further medicine, health and science. posted by Kristina Cook at 4:21 PM	<urn:uuid:9301c4ce-667c-4ff5-9e1e-31a7c92a49e6>	{ "date": "2015-02-02T01:41:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122220909.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175700-00177-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9477484822273254, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 2880, "url": "http://www.pro-test.org.uk/StandUpArchive/2006_03_01_standupforscience_archive.html" }
Chilli plant cultivation– Chilli is one of the most valuable crops of India. The crop is grown largely for its fruits all over the India. It is used for vegetable, spIces, condiments, sauces and pickle. Dry chilli are used for curry powder. Red colour chilli is due to copsonthin. These article for chilli plant cultivation guide. Chilli plant cultivation Information Botanical name – Capsicum annum L and Capsicum frutesence L Family in Solanaceous. Chilli production countries Major chilli growing countries are India, chaina, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, Pakistan, Ghana and Bangladesh. India tops among all of these in expariting chillies. Climate for chili cultivation The chilli is a plant of tropical and subtropical regiora. It grows well in worm and humid climate and a temperature of 20-250 C. Temperature below 150C will result in reduce crop yield. This crop requires an annual rainfall of 25 to 30 inches. Excesive rainfall of flooding will damage the crop. Soil for chilli plant cultivation Chilli can be grown in wide range of soil. However the sandy- loam, clay loam and loam soil should rain in organic matter, well drained and well aerted. The soil PH value for best growth of chilli is 5.5 to 6.8. Avoid acidic soils as these are not suitable for chilli cultivation. Season of sowing January to February June to July September to October Seed rate depends on cultivar and soil type. Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg of seeds and cover with sand. However, on an average, 1 to ½ kg seeds required to cover the one hectore land. Apply carbofuran 3G at 10gm/sq. meter at sowing. Chilli can be growing in all type of soft but the sanday-loam, clay loam and loam soils are best suited forted, the soil must be well drained and well aerated. The land is preparation by given 2-3 ploughings and cold crushing after each ploughing. Compost or FYM @150-200 quintals should be spread and mixed well soil at least 15-20 days before sowing. At the last ploughing Aldrin or heftaf 10-15kg per acre should be applied to the soil to protect the crop from white ants and other soil pest. Varieties of Chilli Pusa Sadabahar, PusaJwala and plant c-1 are the chilli varieties for cultivation in uttarakhand. Green cayenne, yellow cayenne, Red Cayenne, Green Ball, Red Ball, there of many important varieties. Fresh chili seeds are sown in well prepared nursery beds. The nursery beds is usually raised from ground level and is prepared by thorough mixing with compost and sand. Seeds treated with Trichoderma are sown and covered thinly using sand. The seeds germination time is 5-7 days. About 40-45 days oil seedlings are trans planted in the actual field. Spacing for chilli farming 40-45 days old seedlings are used for transplantation. In some place, 60cm X 30cm or 45cm X 30cm or 30cm X 30cm spacing is also followed. However a spacing of 60cm X 30cm with a plant population of about 22,200 seedlings per acre or 45cm X 45cm with a plant population of 19,750 per acre are considered optimum. Driect sowing seed rate is 2.5-3.0 kg per acre. After 30-40 days of sowing thinning and gap filling is done on a cloudy day. Chilli is grown both as rain fed and irrigated crop. First irrigation is given after the transplanting and subsequent irrigation are given 5-7days interval depending on weather and conditions of soil during 4pm, it is an indication that irrigation is needed. However, under irrigated condition care should be taken to avoid using water contaminated with fertilizer, pesticide and fungicides, stagnation water should not be allowed in nursery beds and fields in order to avoid fungal infection. Manures and Fertilizer for chilli plant cultivation Chilli farming 10-11 tons/ha FYM or Compost is applied in fast time land preparation. ½ kg(50) N 50kg P, 50kg K should be applied after seed transplanting. Then 30 days goes 25 kg N mixed the soil, then 15-18 days goes 25kg N mixed the soil. 100kg N, 50kg P , 50kg K should be applied per hectare. chilli plant cultivation is highly perisable in nature. Usually is taken about 60-65 days after flowering for fruits to fully ripen. Harvesting of chilli crop depends on the purpose and market demand. Chillies which are used for vegetable purpose are generally harvested white they are still green but full grown. Chilli are harvested at red stage for caning purpose. Chillies under for drying are harvested at full ripe-stage which can be turned into chilli powder. The yield of chilli crops depends on the cultivar, soil type, irrigation and crop management practices. Dry chilli yield 2-3 tonnes/ha. Green chilli yield 10-15 tonnes/ha More study chilli plant cultivation then watch this video	<urn:uuid:96f97e04-ba78-4ef8-addc-7dc8a1297509>	{ "date": "2017-11-19T15:47:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9096561074256897, "score": 3.296875, "token_count": 1136, "url": "http://www.agricultivation.com/chilli-plant-cultivation/" }
Many species of shark are facing a serious threat to their existence because of worldwide fishing trends, environmentalists said Wednesday. Fishermen "used to cut the lines and let sharks go," said Pete Kinghts, executive director of WildAid, a San Francisco-based conservation group, told a shark conservation conference. In recent years, however, fishermen have kept the sharks to sell their lucrative fins. One-third of the more than 500 shark species are threatened with extinction or are close to being threatened, said Sarah Fowler of the World Conservation Union. "Fisheries can remove 50 to 90 percent of an entire shark (species) in only 10 years," said Fowler, according to the official Xinhua News Agency. Fowler told The Associated Press later that the projections were based on an ongoing study by the Conservation Union's shark research group. She and other experts at the conference said governments and non-governmental organizations must work together to educate the public and fishermen about overfishing. WildAid, which co-sponsored the conference, persuaded NBA star Yao Ming in August to pledge to give up eating shark's fin soup, a Chinese delicacy, as part of a campaign to promote wildlife protection in his homeland. WildAid says China is the world's biggest importer of shark's fins, which conservationists say are cut from sharks that are thrown back into the ocean to die. WildAid put the worldwide trade in shark's fins at 10,000 tons a year. Fowler estimated that 38 to 70 million sharks are killed each year for their fins. "It is difficult to change people's dining habits, but we can educate and engage the public to achieve sustainable development of the sharks and people's dining culture," Li Yanliang, deputy general director of Agriculture Ministry's Aquatic Wild Fauna and Flora Administrative Office, told the conference. Knights said that as the Chinese economy has grown, shark fin consumption has risen, exacerbating pressures on shark populations that were already vulnerable to overfishing because they breed so slowly.	<urn:uuid:600b5dc7-16b1-4557-b7a0-9d72d45c104b>	{ "date": "2016-06-01T05:26:09", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464054915149.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524015515-00046-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9685748219490051, "score": 3.03125, "token_count": 415, "url": "http://wildaid.org/news/environmentalists-warn-shark-troubles" }
Northeastern MN; Cook, Lake and St. Louis Counties DNR Parks and Trails Lake Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake on our planet, containing 10% of all the fresh water on earth. The lake's 32,000 square mile surface area stretches across the border between Canada and the U.S. Two countries, three states, one province, and many First Nations surround Superior's magnificent shoreline. Tell me more about this lake.	<urn:uuid:205c7dc3-5048-4f9f-8da2-cb90d0265c05>	{ "date": "2015-11-26T06:57:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446535.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00273-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8896670341491699, "score": 2.78125, "token_count": 99, "url": "http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watertrails/lswt/index.html" }
A number of doctors here go on volunteer missions overseas to treat poor local patients for free At least once a year, some doctors here trade their comfortable, air-conditioned consultation rooms to go overseas to treatment facilities that are often dirty and lacking basic amenities. But it is for a good cause: Their overseas medical missions benefit thousands of underprivileged people who may otherwise have little or no access to medical treatment, even if they could afford it. These caring doctors – who come from both private and public practice – forego not just their time, but sometimes their income as well, to volunteer for the missions, and do not charge for their services. Some volunteers even dip into their own pockets for travel expenses. Putting smiles back on faces Who: Dr Vincent Yeow (above), 47, head of the Cleft and Craniofacial Centre at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital and field medical director of Operation Smile Singapore Where: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Uzbekistan As a prominent plastic surgeon, Dr Yeow is used to seeing patients who want a sharper nose or bigger eyes. But his skills go beyond improving the appearance of the people he has treated. In fact, the affable doctor has put his training to arguably greater use, providing free surgical treatments for the poor in the region as the field medical director of Operation Smile Singapore. This charity provides free treatment to children and adults who suffer from cleft lips, cleft palates and other facial deformities. A cleft lip or palate is an opening in the lip or the soft tissue in the back of the mouth. It is caused by a number of factors including infection, maternal smoking and malnutrition. Five times a year, Dr Yeow, who is married with two sons aged 11 and eight, takes four or five days off from work in the hospital to go on such missions. Accompanying him will be a team of 10 to 40 people comprising surgeons, anaesthetists, nurses and administrators. Costs range from $40,000 to $100,000, including equipment required for the surgeries. The money is raised mostly from private or institutional sponsors. “On a typical service mission, we would perform 100 procedures,” he says. Although he has performed countless such procedures since embarking on his first mission in 1995, one particular case remains etched in his memory. “Once, when we were in Indonesia many years ago, there was an elderly man who brought his grandson in for surgery. Both of them had clefts of the lip and we decided to repair both,” he says. “When the old man saw his new face for the first time, he cried and couldn’t believe that he could look so good after all these years.” Seeing the smiles on his patients has served to galvanise Dr Yeow. When asked where he will be heading to next, he says in his typically understated manner: “Wherever there is a need.”	<urn:uuid:219667aa-8a16-4591-80de-cc6112769c92>	{ "date": "2016-05-29T05:41:50", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278389.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00111-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9761496782302856, "score": 2.59375, "token_count": 629, "url": "http://www.healthxchange.com.sg/News/Pages/Doctors-without-borders.aspx" }
An article by Daniel Rozell and Sheldon Reaven on water pollution risks associated with natural gas extraction from the Marcellus shale has been published in Risk Analysis. According to the authors: "The public policy decision to pursue natural gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale involves several potential risks and benefits. The crucial unknown is the potential risk of water contamination from hydraulic fracturing." "There are many types of water contamination that can result from the shale gas extraction process,including: gases (e.g., methane and radon), liquids (e.g., hydraulic fracturing fluids), and solids (e.g., drill cuttings). Because the hydraulic fracturing process generates primarily liquid waste products, this risk assessment only considers water contamination from drilling and hydraulic fracturing fluids." "Given recent public attention to the potential environmental risks of hydraulic fracturing, drillers have been making the transition to hydraulic fracturing components that are considered largely benign. However, even a benign hydraulic fracturing fluid is contaminated once it comes in contact with the Marcellus Shale. Recovered hydraulic fracturing fluid contains numerous materials from the Marcellus Shale formation in excess of drinking water standards, including: sodium, chloride, bromide, arsenic, barium, and naturally occurring radioactive materials such as uranium, radium, and radon. Thus, any drilling or fracturing fluid is suspect for the purposes of this study." The article identifies 5 sources of contamination: - Fracturing fluid transportation spills - Well casing failures - Underground fluid migration through fractured rock - Drilling site surface leaks and spills - Wastewater treatment and disposal	<urn:uuid:8eebc603-4a58-485c-9736-3743c778b0d1>	{ "date": "2019-05-21T23:48:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256586.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521222812-20190522004812-00136.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8906046152114868, "score": 3.546875, "token_count": 326, "url": "http://waterlawblog.blogspot.com/2012/" }
This is the VOA Special English Education Report. A new college guide in the United States compares educational requirements in seven subjects. These include math, science, writing and United States history or government. The other subjects are economics, foreign language and literature. The free online guide is from the American Council of Trustees and Alumni. The council is a nonprofit group that supports liberal arts education. Its president, Anne Neal, says these areas of knowledge are needed to succeed in a twenty-first century society and an increasingly connected world. Yet she told VOA's Faiza Elmasry it was surprising how many students can graduate with, in her words, a "thin education." Forty-two of the one hundred colleges and universities surveyed received the lowest marks. This meant they required two or fewer of the seven subjects. Five schools received a top grade for requiring six subjects. These were Brooklyn College in New York City, Texas A&M, the University of Texas-Austin, West Point and the University of Arkansas. Robert Costrell is a professor of education reform and economics at the University of Arkansas. He says many, if not all, of the top American colleges once had a core curriculum -- a set of courses required for all students. But over the years, many have dropped these requirements. Or they have "watered them down," Professor Costrell says, into what became known as distribution requirements. This system lets a student choose from a number of different courses to satisfy a requirement. ROBERT COSTRELL: "And in many cases these courses went too far, I would say, towards the fluffy treatment of serious material, and students could satisfy their requirement by taking such courses." Professor Costrell says schools should not only re-examine what they teach. They should also measure what students have learned -- for example, through some form of examinations or papers. A new report this week from the College Board showed that college prices continue to rise. But Anne Neal from the American Council of Trustees and Alumni says higher prices do not guarantee a better general education. In fact, the group found that the higher the tuition, the more likely that students have to develop their own general education. The college guide is on the Web at whatwilltheylearn.com. Anne Neal says her group is surveying more colleges. The hope, she says, is to discover what college graduates have really learned, and how ready they are to compete in the global marketplace. And that's the VOA Special English Education Report. I'm Steve Ember.	<urn:uuid:b52e9e53-ebe0-4063-b92a-cade106cd659>	{ "date": "2017-06-27T07:13:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321025.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627064714-20170627084714-00697.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.968586266040802, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 526, "url": "https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/a-23-2009-10-21-voa2-83141942/113428.html" }
Carefully manage your diabetes with proper food, physically active, monitor glucose level, have medicines, control pressure-cholesterol, quit smoking and regular doctor visit. Is it possible to manage diabetes without medication? Yes, many with type 2 diabetes can manage their diabetes without medication. How is it possible to manage your diabetes without medication? You can manage your diabetes (only type 2, not type 1) without medication and with certain lifestyle changes. - Food you eat can affect your blood-glucose level. Therefore, you need to take a healthy food with low to moderate amount of carbohydrate. Break up your 2 to 3 big meals into 4 to 5 smaller meals; it can reduce blood-glucose spikes. - Physical activity or regular exercise can help burn excess glucose in your blood stream, as well as reduce your insulin resistance (if you have). - Losing weight helps increase your insulin sensitivity, which has a direct relationship with your blood-glucose control. - Enough sleep can repair your body and nourishes the entire system, additionally supports the management of your blood-sugar level. - Stress is detrimental to your physical as well as mental health; proper stress management helps you to attain your target blood-glucose level. - Food - What you eat directly influences your blood-glucose levels. Follow the food pyramid for effective diabetes control or management. Take food at the same time also the same volume and never skip your food or even snack. - Physically active – try to make your busy in your daily life routine or spent some time for physical exercises such as walking, swimming, exercising and playing. It produces positive results in blood-glucose control as well as a drop in medicine (pills or insulin) requirements. - Lose weight – if you are obese or overweight, try to reduce weight by following food pyramid and increasing physical activity or exercising. Losing weight has a direct positive impact in your blood-glucose control. - Monitor glucose level – closely monitor your blood-glucose, check your blood-glucose using home glucose monitor, and make a record. If you maintain your blood-glucose near normal, then you can avoid many diabetic complications. - A1C test – Have A1C test at least two times a year. If you are very much concerned about your health, it is better to have A1C test for every three months. If you are able to maintain your blood-glucose near normal most of the time, then your A1C level will be at the best range. - Medicine – Have your medicine or insulin in the same time every day without skipping or delaying. Learn to adjust your medicines with respect to your daily activity change of any rare diet change. - Scheduled exams – Go for regular yearly exam for eye, kidney, heart, nerves, and teeth. If you have, any symptoms of diabetes complication immediately consult your doctor. - Vaccination – high blood-glucose can weaken your immune system, which makes routine vaccination is important for diabetics. Ask your doctor for details. - Foot care – Give a special importance to your foot. Wash your foot in lukewarm water, dry it gently, and moisturize it. Regularly check foot for any blisters, cuts, sores, redness or swelling, if found any consult your doctor immediately for treatment. - Blood pressure, Cholesterol – if you are hypertension and or cholesterol keep it in control with medication to avoid or postponed diabetes complications such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. - Aspirin - Aspirin interferes with your blood's ability to clot. Taking a daily aspirin can reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke a major concern when you have diabetes. - Do not smoke – if you are a smoker plan to quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including heart attack, stroke, nerve-damage, and kidney disease. - Alcohol – if you are a drinker, do so only in moderation and always with a meal. - Stress – stress causes hormonal imbalance and prevents insulin to work normally, end up with a high blood-glucose control. So take the stress seriously and try to calm yourself or practice meditation.	<urn:uuid:368153a9-b4c4-4029-b4c7-1eab82f15553>	{ "date": "2014-11-23T10:41:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379462.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00044-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.916861355304718, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 884, "url": "http://healthy-ojas.com/diabetes/diabetes-care.html" }
A decade ago, the best that doctors could offer Alzheimer's patients and their families was an early diagnosis. Today, doctors have four medications to offer, but there's no agreement on how helpful those drugs are. None of the medications cure Alzheimer's. But slowing the speed of the diseases' deterioration of the brain is exciting enough to psychiatrist Gary Small, who directs the University of California, Los Angeles Center on Aging, and has done significant research in Alzheimer's medications. "The families will come back and say the patient seems brighter, more independent," says Small. "They really notice differences in target symptoms." Small says that after patients take medication for about a month, families report changes. One woman noticed her husband stopped asking the same question again and again, and seemed less agitated and irritable. Another family noticed that dad would spend more time with the grandkids and would play pool more often with the family. Returning to these fun and familiar activities seemed to help him more. There's a synergy, says Small, between getting back to a normal routine and the medication. There are basically two classes of drugs now available. One includes three medications, sold under the brand names Aricept, Exelon and Razadyne. They work by bolstering a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps brain cells communicate. "These drugs will increase the amount of that brain messenger or that brain transmitter, so that there's better cellular communication," says Small. "They actually benefit memory and other forms of cognition. There's been studies showing they'll even reduce the caregiver burden." Caregivers report having to spending less time helping Alzheimer's patients once the patients start the medication. The fourth drug, Namenda, also strengthens the brain's cellular-communication system, but it works differently. It essentially cuts down on the "noise" in the brain's communication system so signals get through more effectively. Both types of medication can be taken simultaneously, which can increase their benefit. But Small cautions that the benefit, while noticeable for certain patients and their families, is small. Geriatric specialist Tom Finucane agrees. Finucane teaches at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He says that although patients do improve on memory and cognition tests, the improvement is tiny, and most studies show no meaningful, practical change. Finucane's patients and their caregivers haven't reported a difference, he says. "There really is no difference between these drugs and placebo." And he's concerned that the cost -- which can be $150 a month -- just isn't worth it. For his part, Small couldn't disagree more. Doctors have a responsibility to offer patients the best that's available, he says, and right now, that's one drug from each class.	<urn:uuid:0fcec035-1ba4-4679-8807-93c0795962e4>	{ "date": "2015-07-31T03:08:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988048.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00051-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613428115844727, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 566, "url": "http://www.mprnews.org/story/npr/5352086" }
5th Grade ELA(12 Units, 126 Lessons) Big Idea: Get students reading in self-selected high interest informational texts by having them fill book baggies. Favorites (41) Resources (24) Reflections (1) Big Idea: Informational text features such as titles, headings, photographs, maps, charts, time lines, and captions prepare students's mind for learning main ideas and supporting details. Favorites (17) Resources (18) Reflections (1) Big Idea: Partners collaborate as they determine the main idea and supporting details of an informational article. Favorites (125) Resources (24) Reflections (1) Big Idea: Generate synonyms based on context clues to tackle challenging words with ample opportunities to read lots of text on high interest topics Favorites (43) Resources (21) Reflections (3) Big Idea: Expand your student's vocabulary through explicit lessons on tier two root words and their derivatives. Favorites (45) Resources (19) Reflections (1) Big Idea: What is the best way to share your thinking about a nonfiction topic? Favorites (14) Resources (16) Reflections (1) Big Idea: Teach students why you double the final consonant, drop the final e, or do nothing before adding the -ed ending on one syllable words Favorites (13) Resources (23) Reflections (1)	<urn:uuid:206738d7-452a-46b9-b263-e6403d1d65e9>	{ "date": "2018-03-24T01:56:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649627.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324015136-20180324035136-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.811134397983551, "score": 4.09375, "token_count": 308, "url": "https://betterlesson.com/user/332280/60476/145990/teresa-klein/curriculum" }
July 28, 2012 · 10:00 AM Great Meadows Concord Lunch after the walk at the Colonial Inn, 48 Monument Sq, Concord center. Please carpool as parking is limited. Great Meadows is located just 20 miles west of Boston. The refuge was established in 1947 to provide nesting, resting, and feeding habitat for migratory birds. Roughly 85 percent of the refuge's 3,600 acres is comprised of valuable freshwater wetlands stretching along 12 miles of the Concord and Sudbury Rivers. Well known for its birdwatching opportunities, the public can also enjoy a variety of other wildlife-dependent recreational activities while visiting the refuge. The Concord Unit is over 250 acres of land abutting the Concord River. It consists of two large pools of water surrounded be woodlands. This combination makes it an attractive stopping place for many different types of migratory birds and summer residents. These pools are usually called impoundments because the water level is adjusted throughout the year by refuge managers to create conditions favorable for diverse wildlife. The draining of each pool is variably timed to benefit different groups of migrating birds. One pool is drained earlier in the season to encourage the growth of native forage plants that benefit fall-migrating waterfowl. The other pool is drained later in the summer to expose the invertebrate-rich mud flats that provide food for wading birds such as herons and egrets. Both pools are flooded in the fall and remain inundated until the following spring and summer.	<urn:uuid:ac53d277-4b62-4077-b802-fa28f28b3ff6>	{ "date": "2015-01-31T21:19:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115865430.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161105-00104-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9582309722900391, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 306, "url": "http://www.meetup.com/Boston-Walking/events/74683902/" }
EasyFunSchool has over 1,500 pages of free unit studies, science projects, recipe and craft ideas, history activities & many other resources to make homeschooling more enjoyable for both child and parent! © Cheryl Lazarus A Dinosaur Unit Study - Lesson 3 reprinted with permission How to Draw Dinosaurs book Wee sing cassette and songbook God Created the Dinosaurs of the World coloring book Camel illustrations from the Answers in Genesis Web-site Open with prayer - and read the memory verse together: And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth…. Genesis 1:21a Create your interest by announcing that today we are going to learn how to draw dinosaurs. Begin the lesson by practicing the basic shapes listed on page 5. Continue on to page 7 making a Triceratops. Let the children practice making several drawings. While they are working talk about how wonderful it must have been in God's perfect world (before sin entered the world). Music: Listen to "God Our Loving Father" (page 26 of Wee Sing More Bible Songs) and then sing it together. Allow children to listen to the rest of the cassette as they color the next project. Read and color page 14 of God Created the Dinosaurs of the World. Ask the children to color the animals the color they really are. While the children are coloring read Genesis 1:29-30 to them. Ask them what things might have been different then and explain that there were no "meat-eaters" when God first created the world. As a matter of fact nothing was even intended to die. We were meant to live forever. Ask them why they chose the color they did for each animal. Point out which animals we KNOW the colors of, how we know and then talk about the color of the dinosaur in the picture. Whatever color we choose for him will be a guess. What things could we base our guess on? Apply the sticker when done. Using the Camel Illustrations from the Answers in Genesis Web-site, show the children the picture of the skull. Ask the children what they "know" about this animal, what they can figure out from just the skull. Was it a meat-eater or a plant-eater? What would it have used its teeth for? What would it have looked like? Did it have hair, scales or skin? What color might it have been and why? Have the children write down their answers underneath the picture. After they have finished writing their answers in their best handwriting show them picture number 2. This is what someone else thought it might have looked like. Compare this drawing to what the children guessed and talk about the differences. Finally show them the final picture of what the animal really was - a camel. Explain that even though camels have sharp teeth they don't eat meat. Make the point that just because a creature has sharp teeth, it doesn't "prove" they were meat-eaters. In order to know for sure, we must actually be able to observe the animal. Since scientists can not observe living dinosaurs, they have to make their best guesses about them, just like they just did with the camel skull. Guesses are not facts, even a very intelligent guess is still not a fact. Ask the children to verbally explain to you the difference between a guess and a fact. Ask the children if they can think of any other animals that have sharp teeth but are not meat-eaters. Two other good examples would be the panda bear and the fruit bat. Look up any unfamiliar words. (Guess / Fact) Study spelling words. Teacher reviews writing and explains errors. When work is error free enter into their book. On to LESSON 4	<urn:uuid:07b095a0-d766-459c-9d9f-8ab802e2c5f4>	{ "date": "2017-09-24T03:13:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9604552984237671, "score": 3.953125, "token_count": 769, "url": "http://easyfunschool.freeunitstudies.com/article2217.html" }
Sentence 2- explain for more detail on how to answer agree or disagree questions please visit our opinion essay 71 comments on ielts writing task 2 essay. In the introduction, which is the first paragraph of the essay, myrtle will want to explain the issue and state her position for example. How to write a describe & explain essay how to write a supported opinion essay read more how to start an argumentative paper read more what is a. Most teens have a job after school some because they want to, whereas others have to on the other. Find and save ideas about opinion writing on pinterest see more ideas about transition words for essays, opinion writing opinion writing, and inform/explain. Ielts agree disagree essay sample answer if the instructions ask for your opinion – then your whole essay will explain your opinion and nothing else. Essay terms explained study guide to write a good essay pick out the main points on a subject and give your opinion. Required to write an essay based on your own personal opinion about a controversial topic every piece should contain some basic steps and elements. Explain opinion essay types of thinking styles in critical thinking opinion essay what makes a good friend essays on oedipus some institutions with strong faculty. An essay is a short form of literary composition based on a single subject matter, and often gives personal opinion explain, or entertain in fact, the essay. The concept of love december 10, 2011 to explain the process of “falling in love” (ie getting over differences in opinion. 10 english phrases to express your opinion in an essay in this article, you’ll learn 10 effective phrases that you can use to give your opinion in your essay. In this article we will give you some useful information that will help you to manage the writing an opinion essay. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on example of opinion essay. A movie review from a magazine or a collection of essays about the film an expert’s opinion may help you explain how your evidence is related to. Handout: how to write an opinion essay each of the body paragraphs should take one of your reasons and explain it in more detail. English ii writing write an essay explaining the importance of getting to know people before forming an opinion.	<urn:uuid:3a4092bd-1698-47d0-9c60-c0fadee181bc>	{ "date": "2018-10-16T09:48:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016093012-20181016114512-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9179255366325378, "score": 3.234375, "token_count": 464, "url": "http://zjessaypelh.dosshier.me/explain-opinion-essay.html" }
MOUNT VERNON, Ohio – Favorable climatic conditions this spring have put pond weed growth several weeks ahead of normal years. If you’re going to battle those weeds, do it now. According to Troy Cooper, Knox County ag extension agent, late May and early June are the best times to take preventative action against weeds. The best time to apply aquatic herbicides is when the target plants are actively growing and before they flower and produce seed. Undesirable vegetation in a pond can be controlled mechanically, biologically, or chemically. All three methods should be considered before making a decision to proceed. Hard work pays off. Vegetation around the pond edge can be controlled by hand pulling, cutting, or mowing. This can be effective against emergent weeds such as cattails and some submerged weeds and should start in spring when leaves first begin to appear. By repeatedly removing the leaves on these plants, the energy reserves in the root system become depleted and the plant eventually die, Cooper said, adding that this method requires dedication and persistence throughout the growing season, but can have noticeable results in one growing season. Biological control involves disrupting plant growth by modifying the aquatic environment through natural manipulation, or it can mean the introduction of a living organism capable of controlling weeds. Biological control includes the maintenance of a level of fertility high enough to foster a good microscopic plant and animal population in the water. This plankton population will making the water cloudy and prevent the light penetration necessary for weeds to become established. Cooper warns this form of control requires intensive management and more time than the average pond owner normally devotes to the pond. The use of the triploid white amur is another form of biological control. The white amur is a sterile, vegetation eating fish also known as a “grass carp.” They can live up to 15 years and weigh 60 pounds or more. The stocking depends on the percent of pond covered by plants and the types of weeds in the pond. “White amur tastes are similar to humans. Most of us prefer the ‘dessert’ type foods over the ‘brussels sprout/broccoli’ type foods,” Cooper said. “The same is true with the white amur, they will selectively eat the tasty weeds first and eat the ‘bad tasting’ foods only when there is nothing else to choose from.” This herbivorous fish should be considered as another tool for aquatic weed control and not as the ultimate solution. White amur represents a biological control option that may reduce the need to use herbicides. Cooper said this can be especially important for those who use their water for potable or livestock uses as well as for managers of larger private lakes where annual aquatic herbicide treatment costs are prohibitive. When chemical control is the most desirable and/or feasible method of control there are a few steps that should be followed to maximize effective weed control. Those steps include: proper identification of aquatic plant(s), proper herbicide selection and correct application rate and timing. When collecting plants for identification, every effort should be made to collect samples of each of the different kinds of plants present. Plant specimens should be placed either in a container with water or covered with wet paper towels and placed in a plastic bag. Once correctly identified the type of herbicide can be determined. The amount of herbicide to be applied varies with the product used. The application rate on the label is usually described on the basis of area (acres of water surface) or volume (acre-feet of water). In order to apply the proper amount, these characteristics of the pond or lake must be known. It is extremely important to read and follow the label when applying chemicals to a pond. Proper timing of herbicide/algaecide applications is extremely important for both effective control and to avoid other potential problems, Cooper said. Timing involves knowing what the water temperature is, waiting until vigorous plant growth is present, but not waiting too late in the summer when large quantities of weeds are present. The danger of applying when there is heavy weed concentrations is the risk of oxygen depletion in the water. As plant material decomposes, oxygen in the water is consumed. If too much plant material is decomposing oxygen levels may be too low for fish to live and a fish kill results. Early treatment of the water or applying herbicide/algaecide in to sections of the pond are methods to reduce the risk of a fish kill.	<urn:uuid:22ac522b-40ac-4023-995e-a7c543eb2843>	{ "date": "2015-04-19T14:07:37", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639121.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00103-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9375392198562622, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 933, "url": "http://www.farmanddairy.com/news/pond-weeds-getting-early-start/4745.html" }
1 Answer \| Add Yours From the onset, George Orwell criticizes all form of political tyranny. He saw first-hand how Communism, an extreme form of socialism develops in much the same away as any regime. As politics is such a sensitive subject and difficult to interpret, he uses farm animals in the development of this story about power, abuse of power and importantly, idealism. He drew analogies between his characters and the major proponents of the Russian Revolution in an effort to warn people of the dangers of any extremism. Animal Farm is a criticism of Communism but Orwell does not suggest that a western- style government is any better. The animals represent the Russian communists and the farmers represent noncommunist leaders. Mr. Jones proves an irresponsible and neglectful farm owner, and neither Mr. Pilkington nor Mr. Frederick hesitates to squash any animal uprisings that threaten his own supremacy. Being equal has never meant being the same but due to the fact that inequality is pre-existing because there will always be someone who is cleverer, more good-looking, a better speaker, dresser and so on equality remains an ideal and as such is open to abuse. The ignorance of some of the animals allows the pigs to slowly exert their superiority. Communism is based on the belief that an autocracy is okay until the system is established, whereafter the people will assume control themselves. Clearly this did not work for the animals. At the onset, when Jones is overthrown, the Commandments are based on what not to do and who not to be like as the animals have no base from which to create their own ideal. They can only supposedly improve on what existed before. The pigs are able to manipulate the animals due to the fear of returning to life under the humans. Orwell criticizes this abuse as it is so subtle at first. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer. Unfortunately, being a part of the whole is never enough and the elements - the pigs- ease the animals from one desperate situation into another. Orwell makes the distinction between what the animals think they are fighting for and what they are actually fighting for. As the novel progresses, the ideals are watered down to suit the pigs: No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets, and the sixth commandment says No animal shall kill another animal without cause. This culminates in the ultimate betrayal: All animals are created equal, but some animals are more equal than others. Read the 'recommended question' which will also expand your understanding of Orwell's intentions in writing Animal farm. We’ve answered 317,740 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question	<urn:uuid:42c67c20-e7f8-40ab-b489-9e8204b42012>	{ "date": "2016-10-26T02:32:22", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00335-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9622206687927246, "score": 3, "token_count": 561, "url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/animal-farm-what-some-george-orwells-specific-360948" }
5:30 pm to 6:30 pm The paper examines how California Indians resisted the pull of assimilation to non-Indian culture and undermined the homogeneity of federal Indian citizenship policy in the early twentieth century. Prior to 1924, Indians wishing to become United States citizens had to first demonstrate their assimilation to American culture through the ownership and appropriate use of land. In this way, the Indian Office hoped to align the individual, functional relationship with the state to an affective sympathy with the collective national culture. But this paper provides two case studies of how Indians navigated the crosscurrents of federal Indian policy, leveraging citizenship and off-reservation employment to strengthen Indian communities. AIS seminar papers are pre-circulated electronically two weeks prior to the seminar date. Email [email protected] to request a copy of the paper. Please do not request a paper unless you plan to attend.	<urn:uuid:d1904218-6f70-46af-b9d0-1393d5560f6e>	{ "date": "2013-05-21T17:29:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9110159873962402, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 181, "url": "http://newberry.org/04172013-good-fences-make-good-citizens" }
On August 30, 1813, a force of about 700 Creek Indians destroyed Fort Mims, in present-day Baldwin County, killing 250 defenders and taking at least 100 captives, in the first major battle of the Creek War. Some 400 American settlers, U.S.-allied Creeks, and enslaved African Americans had taken refuge inside a stockade hastily erected on the plantation of Samuel Mims, a wealthy resident of the Tensaw District of the Mississippi Territory. The Creek attack on Fort Mims, and particularly the killing of civilian men, women, and children at the end of the battle, outraged the U.S. public, thus prompting military action against the Creek Nation in what is now much of modern Alabama. Beginning in the 1780s, southeastern Indians came under increasing pressure by the new U.S. government to cede what whites considered excess land. American settlers wanted this land for farming, but the Creeks hunted hundreds of thousands of deer on it every year and depended on the deerskins they acquired for most of their income. They used the deerskins to barter for cloth, guns, steel tools, and myriad other manufactured goods. American politicians, anxious to obtain Indian lands for their own increasing constituencies, devised the plan of civilization. This policy called for U.S. federal agents to encourage Indian men to abandon hunting, adopt plow agriculture, and focus on growing cash crops. U.S. leaders hoped to assimilate Indian peoples to a way of life that would free up their vast hunting lands for American settlement. When implemented, the plan created bitter divisions in Creek society between those willing to adopt new ways and those who wished to retain with their traditional culture. The Creek men who carried out the massacre were members of the Red Stick faction (named for the red wooden war clubs they carried), followers of Shawnee leaders Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) and Tecumseh, who advocated death to any Indians who allied with the Americans and preached adherence to traditional Indian practices. In mid-1813, as the Creek Nation disintegrated in civil war, the Red Sticks determined to destroy a community of Creeks who had established plantations in the Tensaw District and had taken refuge at Fort Mims. A force of 700 Red Sticks, led by William Weatherford, Far-off Warrior (Hopvyç Tustunuke), and the prophet Paddy Walsh, rushed through the fort's open gate at noon. Half of the surprised, 100-man garrison of Mississippi Territorial Volunteers died with their commander, Major Daniel Beasley, in the first few minutes of battle. Captain Dixon Bailey, a Creek, and his 45 American and Creek militiamen repelled the Red Stick onslaught and for four hours successfully defended hundreds of civilians huddled inside the flimsy, one-acre stockade. Only when the attackers set the fort's buildings ablaze with burning arrows did resistance collapse. The Red Sticks' assault on Fort Mims ranks as one of the great successes of Indian warfare. The massacre of civilians, however, rallied American armies under the cry "Remember Fort Mims." The resultant Creek War culminated in a decisive victory for U.S. forces in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on March 27, 1814, and the Creek Nation's subsequent cession of over 20 million acres of land to the U.S. in the Treaty of Fort Jackson. Continuing outrage surrounding the Fort Mims Massacre contributed to the eventual forced removal of Creeks and other Indians from the Southeast in the 1830s. Halbert, Henry S., and Timothy H. Ball. The Creek War of 1813 and 1814. Edited by Frank L. Owsley Jr. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995. Owsley, Frank L., Jr. Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1981. Waselkov, Gregory A. Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813-1814. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006 Gregory A. Waselkov University of South Alabama Published March 15, 2007 Last updated April 3, 2013	<urn:uuid:32972172-8123-4958-a7bd-e69462aecbd1>	{ "date": "2014-12-20T01:30:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769305.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9282950758934021, "score": 3.890625, "token_count": 878, "url": "http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1121" }
LOCATION: Datchet, United Kingdom Former Associate Professor of French, Haverford College, Pennsylvania. Author of Céline; Camus. Primary Contributions (1) the body of written works in the French language produced within the geographic and political boundaries of France. The French language was one of the five major Romance languages to develop from Vulgar Latin as a result of the Roman occupation of western Europe. Since the Middle Ages, France has enjoyed an exceptional position in European intellectual life. Though its literary culture has no single figure whose influence can be compared to that of Italy’s Dante or England’s Shakespeare, successive periods have seen its writers and their language exercise an influence far beyond its borders. In medieval times, because of the far-reaching and complex system of feudal allegiances (not least the links of France and England), the networks of the monastic orders, the universality of Latin, and the similarities of the languages derived from Latin, there was a continual process of exchange, in form and content, among the literatures of western Europe. The evolution of the nation-states and...READ MORE	<urn:uuid:cf502627-ebe1-4411-825c-d5f395f52a4b>	{ "date": "2016-12-11T07:38:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544140.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00416-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9425446391105652, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 229, "url": "https://www.britannica.com/contributor/Patrick-McCarthy/1826" }
Rottnest Island is located 11 miles off the Western Australian coast. It is a populair holiday destination. area: 9 km² (7.3 sq mi) capital: Thomson Bay Settlement The first Europeans known to land on the island were Dutchman Abraham Leeman and his crew in 1658. His colleague Willem de Vlamingh spend 6 days exploring the island in 1696. He named it Rat Nest because of the large rats he observed. Actually these animals are small kangaroos called quokkas. A Quokka (source) More about Willem in the next instalment (or installment, depending on where you live) of this blog. The island is visited annually by nearly 500.000 visitors. The island features a.o. 63 beaches, snorkeling sites, a ship wreck trail and interesting road trips. next episode: black swan	<urn:uuid:d36b10f1-b08d-4a59-bdcc-fffb3cdb117c>	{ "date": "2015-09-02T21:44:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645293619.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031453-00052-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9244785308837891, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 188, "url": "http://www.robswebstek.com/2013/01/rottnest-island.html" }
As the Digital Media course draws to a close, it is time to reflect upon the Five Minds put forth by Howard Gardner and how these minds can influence our current and future teaching practices, and in reality, our current and future roles as global citizens. What is my mission as an educator? I feel that cellist Yo-Yo Ma, in his response to Gardner’s question about what constitutes good work (Chapter 6, The Ethical Mind) really laid out a formula for the teaching profession. To paraphrase: – to perform as excellently as possible – to be able to work together with others and develop common understanding and trust – to pass on knowledge, skill, understanding, and orientation to succeeding generations so that the joy of learning may endure I have taken liberties with his statement about music and applied it to teaching, but I feel the idea of “good work” spans all professions. I will take that a step further and say that, as a Catholic school educator, it is inherent upon me to model Christ-like action to all I meet. From our school mission statement come these words: Welcome to Our Lady of Perpetual Help School, educating Pre-School to Eighth Grade students in the Diocese of Allentown, Pennsylvania. We are proud of our school and glad to have you here. We strongly believe that close cooperation between the school and the home is essential in promoting the education of the children entrusted to our care. At Our Lady we strive to maintain a caring and peaceful environment in which all students can feel comfortable. We believe that this atmosphere will facilitate learning and nurture respect among students, teachers, and parents. In his remarks on the ordering of the Five Minds, Gardner states that “From the beginning one must begin by creating a respectful atmosphere toward others. In the absence of civility, other educational goals prove infinitely harder to achieve.” With such a noble, and at times daunting, mission for educators, to whom do we turn for our models? Who are the leaders in our quest to meet the needs of today’s students, the students who need 21st century skills developed and nurtured with 21st century tools by educators with a 21st century mindset? We cannot operate in isolation, relying solely on our own knowledge and creativity to meet the needs of our students. And so we develop our Personal Learning Networks, our groups of fellow educators, leaders in the field, gurus as it were, from whom we learn about the latest and greatest. These individuals point us to the cutting (or bleeding) edge, are often the first to try the tools or offer new ways to use old tools, who are willing to give it a go and let us know how it went. As the network expands and we participate in sharing opportunities, we ourselves occasionally may be the ones who offer a new twist, a fresh outlook, a way around a stumbling block. Being an old-timer, I am reminded of a shampoo commercial that showed a girl talking about a shampoo, and she told two friends, and they told two friends, and so on and so on… And just like viral video, the good ideas spread. The more groups you are part of, the more opportunities you have to get in on what is happening. How have I picked up on “the buzz”? What constitutes my PLN? I must start with the DEN. The Discovery Educator Network was the door-opener for me. Back in January of 2006 I applied to be a STAR educator and had some correspondence with one Lance Rougeux, who decided that I should not withdraw my application just because I felt I might not be able to do all that was expected of me. I am very glad he took a chance on me. Attending my first PETE&C that February was like opening the door from Kansas to Oz. There was no turning back. In addition to the fabulous learning opportunities afforded by the DEN, I have a blogroll listed here that is just a microcosm of the ed tech blogosphere. I must admit, however, that during the school year, and especially now taking a course, my opportunity to read my favorite bloggers’ thoughts has shrunk due to time constraints. I find it hard to choose just one to recommend. If I had to narrow the list I suppose I could choose two that have expanded my horizons more than any others. First is Steve Dembo’s Teach42 blog. Steve is known as a guru of Web2.0 tools, but he is passionate about empowering teachers and improving education. His post on Feet on the Ground or Head in the Clouds is a great example of what he is about and what he tries to do. An interesting conversation developed in the comment section as well. And I truly do agree with him that little tricks and tools may be just the thing to get a teacher energized, get the kids excited and engaged, and it may not solve the mysteries of the universe, but if it makes a difference in some classroom for some child, then why not give it a try? And if I had the chance to get an autograph or choose someone with whom I would love to have conversation over dinner, it would be Vicki Davis, aka Cool Cat Teacher. I could write several paragraphs on what I have learned by reading her posts. She shares the successes and failures, the tips for beginners because she remembers being one herself. She never lowers her standards and expects the best from her students and gives her best in return. How she finds time to sleep I have no idea, but it is obvious from her posts that her family comes first. I loved her post about burning three different colored candles, each representing a different facet of her life, and if one was burned down farther than the others she knew things were not balanced in her life. Can’t find the actual post, but it was very thought-provoking. So now when I look into the mirror (the dreaded mirror test?) I must ask myself if I am living up to my potential as an educator. Am I producing “good work” and encouraging others to do the same, both students and fellow teachers? Some days it is hard to motivate, and sometimes teachers are harder to motivate than students. And yet, aren’t we all students? Shouldn’t we all be life-long learners? That is the underlying theme of my Blackberry Alley blog. I began as a student, and went on to become a teacher, who has realized that she will always be a student, even as she continues to have students of her own. What I see in the mirror needs a little work (and I don’t mean just the wrinkles) but there is some promise. As I continue to develop my “five minds” perhaps I can be a model for my students of respect, good work ethic, and a touch of creativity. With periodic innoculations from my PLN as well as my students, I may yet pass muster. Man Plays Cello. Jupiterimages Corporation. 2006. Discovery Education. 13 October 2009 Buyer, Elizabeth. mirror.jpg. May 2005. Pics4Learning. 13 Oct 2009 <http://pics.tech4learning.com>	<urn:uuid:779f7643-cd36-4767-9dc2-ddadde97f523>	{ "date": "2018-07-15T20:48:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9731478691101074, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 1494, "url": "http://blackberryalley.edublogs.org/page/2/" }
Welcome to the salmon page of the 'I Am Fish' tour. These three guiding words, I am fish, appear simple. But they reflect an ancient and extraordinary web of biological activity that connects humans with the ocean. I am salmon It is possible through scientific techniques to measure the amount of nutrients originating from dead salmon that are sequestered into trees, bugs, our bodies or even a glass of wine. Salmon hatched as far south as the wine-growing watersheds of California head out to the open ocean, migrate and feed in the North Pacific and return back to California to spawn, die, and decompose. Up to a quarter of the nitrogen found in the leaves of grape plants in these watersheds originate from the carcasses of salmon. There are thousands of individual streams in the Canada's Pacific North Coast that support various species of salmon. These salmon provide a significant role transferring nutrients from marine to terrestrial ecosystems, and supporting species from grizzly bears to water shrews. And the millions of juvenile salmon that feed along Canada's coastal waters are themselves an essential food source for many other species. Why are salmon important to humans? Like no other animal, salmon interact with all human value systems; intrinsic, aesthetic, cultural, ecological, recreational, economic, spiritual, political, nutritional and social. There is no species more "valuable" in Canada's Pacific Ocean. All of these values originate from the salmon's biology. Salmon inhabit nearly all freshwater lakes and rivers in British Columbia. They are hatched in people's backyards weighing less than a penny, travel distances to Japan and back acquiring mass from the Pacific Ocean, and then return to their natal waters full of 'value'. In this journey they interact with human bodies and humanity in countless ways, from the taste receptors on our tongue to our adrenal glands when one strikes our fishing line, or from dopamine released in our brain resulting from the pleasure of simply watching them carry out their lives. Communities celebrate them through dance, festivals, and art. School children join efforts to save them. Fishermen make their living. Electoral seats are won and lost over how salmon are managed. And humans are just one animal that values salmon. From mayflies whose life span is only hours long to millennia-old red cedars, salmon are enmeshed throughout all coastal species. What can we do to protect them? Because they live in streams, lakes, rivers, estuaries and open ocean, the health of salmon populations are a good indicator of how well we are taking care of the marine and terrestrial ecosystems along Canada's Pacific coastline. If we have abundant healthy salmon runs, then we have probably achieved the goal of managing human activities with ecosystems in mind. Unfortunately we continue to lose salmon runs, and many salmon stocks are experiencing unprecedented declines, suggesting we have a lot more work to do. Salmon farming, habitat loss, climate change, and overfishing are all contributing to the loss of salmon.	<urn:uuid:8e33816b-fb2a-404e-bd8c-965452d2bab7>	{ "date": "2014-07-23T20:07:52", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883466.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00152-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.933334469795227, "score": 3.359375, "token_count": 598, "url": "http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/oceans/science/marine-planning-and-conservation/salmon/" }
Thursday, August 11, 2016 The Samaritan Hospital P.L. Sperr -NYPL Digital Collections The Samaritan Hospital, founded in 1906, once stood at the corner of 17th & Fourth Avenue. The top picture (above) shows the hospital in 1930, and the one underneath shows it after renovations three years later. The hospital, which operated as a non-sectarian institution, originated as a dispensary held in the basement of the Fifteenth Street Baptist Church (also at Fourth, where condo construction is currently stalled), and later moved to the "large, old-fashioned private residence" at 17th. An Eagle article of 1923 refers to an urgent need to expand the premises, given the severe shortage of hospital beds in the densely populated area. Local residents - "a large portion of Brooklyn's poorer classes" - were under-served. Plans for a new, six-story building included space for new beds & operating rooms - "the most modern of scientific equipment known to science," roof promenades, sun parlors, and even a direct entrance to the subway. From the appearance of the building in the 1933 photograph it looks as though these plans were scaled back considerably. In 1924, the Samaritan Hospital bought the Skane Sanatorium, on President Street between Sixth & Seventh, Though there were plans at the time to dispose of its Fourth Avenue property, the hospital stayed put until 1941, with the President Street hospital operating as the Skane Division until the merger. The Fourth Avenue building was razed after the move north, presumably a victim of expressway construction. Although a hospital clinic was set to remain behind, on 17th Street, it was destroyed by fire two days after the hospital's move. A new wing was added to the President Street buildings in 1942. The Samaritan Hospital survived for several decades longer, and was "evaluated" by New York Magazine in 1973 (see below). It was converted into co-ops in the 1980's.	<urn:uuid:0049536f-7ec3-4db0-bc7a-3135cb668a1f>	{ "date": "2017-08-18T16:29:29", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104704.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818160227-20170818180227-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9778250455856323, "score": 2.625, "token_count": 404, "url": "http://www.onemorefoldedsunset.com/2016/08/the-samaritan-hospital.html" }
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Wikipedia. frame (and frame analysis)the basic frameworks of understanding’ or ‘principles of organization of experience’ for making sense of social events (GOFFMAN, 1974). Frame analysis refers to ‘the examination of this organization of experience’ in general and in particular terms (e.g. what makes a joke a joke, or a mistake a mistake), and to the ‘vulnerabilities’ to which any frame is subject. (or skeleton), in engineering, the shell of any product, structural element, building, or installation; it consists of separate beams that are attached to each other. Frames are made of wood, metal, or reinforced concrete. The frame determines the strength, stability, durability, and shape of a product or installation. Strength and stability are provided by rigid attachment of the beams in interlocking connections or hinged joints and by special stiffening elements, which give the product or installation a geometrically invariant shape. The rigidity of frames is often increased by sheathing, casing, or walls on the product or installation. The skeleton of a building consists mainly of columns and of crossbeams, girders, and trusses, which rest on the columns and on which the ceiling and roof are laid. Depending on the type of building in which they are used, frames may be single-stage or multistage; one-bay, two-bay, or multiple-bay; and with the main load-bearing structures placed transversely, longitudinally, or in both directions. The skeletons of buildings may be complete or incomplete: a complete skeleton absorbs all vertical stresses of the building, and the elements of the skeleton are found throughout the building layout; an incomplete skeleton is placed only within a building in which the outer walls are load-bearing and, together with the skeleton, support the building. According to the way in which overall rigidity and stability of buildings are provided, a distinction is made between frame-type skeletons, in which the interlocking connections of the columns and crossbeams are rigidly constructed as frames capable of absorbing deformation moments and transverse forces from wind load and dead load, and skeletons with ties having articulated or partially binding joints, in which wind loads are absorbed by rigid horizontal and vertical stiffeners. REFERENCEDrozdov, P. F., and I. M. Sebekin. Proektirovanie krupnopaneFnykh zdanii (karkasnykh i beskarkasnykh). Moscow, 1967. N. V. MOROZOV (1) A photograph on film with the image of a phase of motion or the static position of the objects being photographed. The linear and spatial design, the brightness and color values, and the nature of the optical image in a frame, as well as the boundaries of the space depicted in the frame, are all dominated by the development of the idea and by the content of the scene being photographed. The design of a frame takes into account the qualities of dynamic composition that are influenced by the motion within a frame of the objects being photographed. When a moving camera is used, such motion is often combined with the motion of the frame itself. The format of a frame and its relative location on the film are determined by the dimensions and location of the film gate of the camera. The dimensions of frames with a sound track produced on standard 35-mm motion-picture film are as follows: height, 16 mm; width, 22 mm; aspect ratio, 1:1.375. For frames on wide, 70-mm film the aspect ratio is as high as 1:2.2; for the frames of a wide-screen film the ratio is 1:2.35. (2) A sequence frame (sequential section) is a component part of a film that contains a moment of the action as photographed by a moving or stationary camera. Each sequence frame must be organically and compositionally linked with adjacent frames in terms of the content, continuity of subject, and choice of composition, rhythm, and color values. (3) A scene frame (in screenplays used in producing films) is a narrative of contents and a detailed description of the frame being filmed, the action taking place in the frame, the dialogue, and also the sound track and the acting and staging decisions. A. V. GAL’PERIN (4) A photographic frame is a single image of an object being photographed, with boundaries limited by certain dimensions. The boundaries of a frame are determined during photography during printing on photographic paper, or in the production of slides. (5) A televison frame is a complete single televison image. It is composed of two partial images, the half-frames or fields. The odd-numbered lines of the picture being scanned are swept consecutively by the first field; the even-numbered lines (located between the odd-numbered lines) are swept by the second field. The number of lines in a frame varies; it is determined by the parameters of the television system (525, 625, 819 lines, and so on). Video signals modulate the electron beam in a picture tube only during forward sweep of the beam in scanning; during the return sweep the beam is extinguished and returns to the starting point of the next field. The field frequency is chosen to equal the nominal frequency of the power-supply line. For a frequency of 50 hertz (Hz) the frame is transmitted for a period of 1/25 sec; for a frequency of 60 Hz, for a period of 1/30 sec (or, one field for 1/50 or 1/60 sec, respectively). The number of frame changes per second n, the nominal number of lines z, and the line frequency fc exhibit the following relationship: n = f jz. The ratio of frame width to frame height (aspect ratio) is usually 4:3. N. G. DERIUGIN in engineering, a system whose elements (columns, crossbars, braces) are rigidly interconnected at some or all joints. Frames are used primarily as supporting members in various structures, such as buildings, bridges, and trestles, and in power equipment and transport machinery. Frame structures are made, for the most part, of reinforced concrete and also of metal or wood. A distinction is made between braced frames (see Figure 1, a), which are three-dimensional, and bent or portal frames; the latter are distinguished by a great diversity of design (see Figure 1, b, c, d, e, f). Frames are usually designed by the general methods of designing statically indeterminate structures: the moment distribution method, the slope-deflection method, and the combined method. In the design of complex frames such as skeletons of multispan, multistory structures, approximate methods of calculation are employed. Such methods are based on the approximate method and on the simplification of structural modes by, for example, disregarding the movement of joints in the design for vertical loading. L. V. KASABIAN ii. Transverse structural members of the fuselage supporting the longerons. A fuselage normally is divided into numbered frames. The number 1 frame is at the nose of the aircraft and subsequent frames are toward the rear. See also datagram, encapsulation, packet, Maximum Transmission Unit. frame(1) In computer graphics, one screenful of data or its equivalent storage space. See frame buffer. (2) In video capture, storage and playback, a single image in a series of consecutive images. See full-motion video. (3) In communications, a fixed block of data transmitted as a single entity. In local area networks (LANs), the terms frame and packet are used synonymously. See packet and Ethernet. (4) A separate window on a Web page. See frames. (5) In desktop publishing, a movable, resizable box that holds a graphic image. (6) In telephony, a rack for holding equipment, typically 23" wide by eight feet high. See rack mounted. (7) In AI, a data structure that holds a general description of an object, which is derived from basic concepts and experience.	<urn:uuid:c81cfd12-c465-4eb3-9a08-0fdbb1b87221>	{ "date": "2020-01-26T18:51:12", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.926219642162323, "score": 3.515625, "token_count": 1739, "url": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/FRAME" }
Union of Australian Women The Union of Australian Women was formed in 1950. Founding members included members of the Communist Party of Australia, the Australian Labor Party, members of the New Housewives Association and Christian activists. The organisation affiliated with the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement in the early 1960s and contributed to campaigns for racial equality for Indigenous Australians and for their right to land. Aboriginal activists Gladys O'Shane from Cairns and Pearl Gibbs from Sydney were members. Eva Bacon from Queensland, Barbara Curthoys from Newcastle, and Pauline Pickford, Secretary of the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights took active roles in the 1960s in the work for Aboriginal rights. Marjorie Oke, also an active member, formed a branch of the Aboriginal Advancement League in Gippsland, Victoria and invited Gladys O'Shane down from Cairns to address them. The Union of Australian Women was under surveillance by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, which considered it as a front for the Communist Party of Australia. It provided a voice for Indigenous activists such as Gladys O'Shane, Ruth Wallace, Muriel Callope and Marcia Langton, in their efforts to inform other women of the particular difficulties faced by Indigenous women.	<urn:uuid:11ec7b21-1e14-4193-8ad7-38a65ad77ab9>	{ "date": "2019-05-22T22:53:22", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256980.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522223411-20190523005411-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9615511894226074, "score": 3.015625, "token_count": 254, "url": "https://indigenousrights.net.au/organisations/pagination/union_of_australian_women" }
The original languages of the Bible are three: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. If one wishes to be a careful student of the Scriptures, he will want to do some research concerning the biblical languages, always keeping in mind that Jehovah chose words as the medium of his special revelation to mankind. The Hebrew of the Old Testament is a Semitic language (so called by modern scholars after the name of Shem, Noah’s oldest son). Both Hebrew and Aramaic are a part of the northwestern group of these tongues and were employed mainly in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. It is believed that Hebrew came from the Canaanite language. The Old Testament refers to its language in two ways. It is called the “language of Canaan” (Isaiah 19:18) and the “Jews’ language” (cf. 2 Kings 18:26, 28; Nehehmiah 13:24; Isaiah 36:11). It is not referred to as “Hebrew” until around 130 B.C. (prologue to the apocryphal Ecclesiasticus). In the New Testament, it is called “Hebrew” in John 5:2; 19:13; Acts 21:40. The Hebrew language was written in a script composed of twenty-two consonants (from right to left), and it extends back to at least 1500 B.C. Most Hebrew nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs consisted of only three consonants. Before the middle of the first millennium A.D., the Old Testament text was written without vowels or diacritical marks. Eventually, though, vowels were added because the ancients were fearful of losing the ability to pronounce the words as the language became more classical and the texts were no longer those of a living spoken tongue. Some good examples of early Hebrew writing are to be found on the Moabite Stone and the Gezer Calendar. Due to the fact that the original Hebrew was strictly consonantal, some words are difficult to define with certainty. For example, the Genesis record says: “Now Israel [Jacob] loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age: and he made him a coat of many colors” (Genesis 37:3). The sentence contains the expression Ketoneth passiym. The first word is clearly “coat,” but the second term is very rare. Scholars have suggested that it may mean “with long sleeves,” “with much embroidery,” “of choice wool,” or the traditional, “of many colors.” But no one knows for certain. The imagery of the Hebrew language is largely drawn from the activities and things of everyday life. It abounds with a variety of common figures of speech—parables, similes, metaphors, etc. As with other Semitic languages, Hebrew contains frequent anthropomorphic expressions (e.g., the “eyes of the Lord”). Any attempt to literalize these figures (as Mormon writers do when they suggest that God is a “man”) is the reflection of woeful misunderstanding. Aramaic is a close cognate language (actually a group of Semitic dialects) of Hebrew. The oldest extra-biblical example may be the Melqart Stele (ninth century B.C.) which mentions the warfare between Ben-hadad of Syria and Israel. Though Hebrew remained the “sacred” tongue of the Jews, they, like others in the Middle East, began using vernacular Aramaic for everyday conversation and writing sometime after the sixth century B.C. In the first century A.D., Aramaic, in one dialect or another, was the common daily tongue of the Palestinian Jews, though it is probable that many Jews also spoke Hebrew and Greek. In the New Testament a number of Aramaic expressions are transliterated into Greek (e.g., Talitha qumi [“Maiden, arise!”; Mark 5:41] and Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani, [“My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”; Mark 15:34]). In the New Testament epistles, there are several Aramaic words such as Abba (Galatians 4:6) and Maranatha (1 Corinthians 16:22). Some minor portions of the Old Testament were penned in Aramaic (Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26; Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:46-7:28; and two words in Genesis 31:47). Liberal scholars have contended that the Aramaic of the Bible is of late date, hence, those works of the Old Testament containing this dialect (mainly Daniel and Ezra) were thus composed much later than the periods traditionally assigned to them. However, Aramaic papyri, very similar to these works, have been discovered at Elephantine, Egypt, which date to the fifth century B.C. The critical charges are thus shown to be valueless. In passing we might note that there are also some “loan words,” within certain appropriate historical contexts, which appear to have been borrowed from other languages. The term “magicians” (hartummim) in Genesis 41:8 seems to be an Egyptian term. It probably refers to certain priests who had learned sacred writings and rituals at the temple schools. The word tirshatha (Ezra 2:63; Nehemiah 8:9) is of Persian origin, somewhat equivalent to “His Excellency.” It denoted one whose principal function was to assess and collect taxes (cf. Nehemiah 7:70; Ezra 1:8). The Greek language has passed through several major periods of change. The New Testament was composed during that era known as the Koine age. This was a period of universal or common Greek. The Greek language was freely spoken throughout the antique world in that span from about 330 B.C. to 330 A.D. Koine was the normal street language in Rome, Alexandria, Athens, and Jerusalem. When the Romans finally conquered the Greeks, it was Greek influence that flowed throughout the empire. Augustus, the emperor of Rome, inscribed his seal in Greek. Paul, writing to the saints in Rome, the capital city of the empire, sent his message in Greek, not Latin! G. L. Archer has noted: Greek was the most ideally adapted linguistic medium for the World-Wide communication of the Gospel in the entire region of the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt and the Near East. Accurate in expression, beautiful in sound, and capable of great rhetorical force, it furnished an ideal vehicle for the proclamation of God’s message to man, transcending Semitic barriers and reaching out to all the Gentile races. It is highly significant that the “fulness of times,” the first advent of Christ, was deferred until such time as Greek opened up channels of communication to all the Gentile nations east of Italy and Libya on a level not previously possible under the multilingual situation that previously prevailed (1975, 870). In the seventeenth century, some authorities contended that the language of the New Testament was on par with the Greek of the classical period. Later, some scholars argued that New Testament Greek was of a special variety, a “language of the Holy Ghost,” so to speak. Others contended that this was not the case. Adolf Deissmann argued that the New Testament was framed in “colloquial Greek,” i.e., the language of the common people. Scholars like A. T.Robertson supported this view. In recent years, however, a more balanced concept has arisen. It is now recognized that a variety of sources paved the way for the coming of the language of the New Testament. The literature of the classical period made a contribution. The Hebrew Old Testament played a part. The Septuagint (Greek version of the Old Testament) left a strong influence upon the New Testament (cf. Arndt and Gingrich 1967, xviii). Moreover, there is much to be learned from the ordinary records of the first century—the papyri (writings upon papyrus), the ostraca (notations on pottery fragments), and other inscriptions (coins, etc.) These shed much light on the New Testament. Finally, though, it must be recognized that the inspired writers of the New Testament took words which were common to their age, and employed them in a far loftier sense than any to which the world had ever put them before. To use the description of Nigel Turner, many New Testament words “acquire a deeper sense and a new consecration with the Christian vocabulary” (1981, x). Take, for instance, the word charis, “grace.” It is an old Greek term derived from the verb chairo, “to rejoice.” The Greeks used it for beauty, the “grace” of the physical form, favor, gratitude, etc. Anyone familiar with the New Testament, however, is certainly aware that the divine writers have taken this term and endowed it with a special flavor. It, among other things, denotes God’s great love as revealed in his redemptive plan—and that in spite of man’s unworthiness. Any who so wills to, can reach out (through obedience to the divine plan) and accept Heaven’s grace (cf. Ephesians 2:8-9; 2 Corinthians 6:1; Titus 2:11-12). In conclusion, we may note that there were providentially directed historical influences, and also divinely inspired guidance, in the formation of the books of the sacred Scriptures. Those who expend the time and energy (and expense in study tools) inquiring into these matters will be greatly rewarded for their diligence.	<urn:uuid:b88eea54-bd74-4dbc-95d0-065ae25abd58>	{ "date": "2019-12-07T07:22:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540496492.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207055244-20191207083244-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9590616226196289, "score": 3.875, "token_count": 2086, "url": "https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/200-languages-of-the-bible" }
Increase awareness and understanding of diversity among Library employees, including students, by: Providing training, workshops, and other educational opportunities, and incorporating diversity training into existing training opportunities (e.g., training for graduate assistants and student assistants). Training should focus both on general concepts and values and on issues relating to providing service and content to a diverse community; Developing mentoring programs for all new librarians and staff so that they better understand the Library's culture; Holding forums and discussions that feature participants from diverse communities that would allow employees to ask questions and improve their knowledge of other cultures, backgrounds, and people with disabilities; Promoting the understanding that diversity is a celebration of differences and identification of similarities; Collaborating with other campus-level groups with similar missions (e.g., CITES) and Improving the website overseen by the Diversity Committee so that it will serve as the hub of useful information for employees. Enhance teaching, learning and research by improving access to information resources that serve the needs of a diverse academic community. Associate University Librarians Recruit and retain faculty from diverse cultures and races and with disabilities that reflect societal demographics.	<urn:uuid:6866b51d-b473-48ba-9036-498210434d69>	{ "date": "2016-09-28T06:56:47", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661326.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9191142916679382, "score": 2.703125, "token_count": 243, "url": "http://www.library.illinois.edu/committee/diversity/goals.html" }
Here you can download the free lecture Notes of Advanced Computer Architecture Notes pdf & lecture notes – ACA notes pdf materials with multiple file links to download. Advanced Computer Architecture pdf notes book starts with the topics covering Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU, ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION, Full Adder, Binary Adder, Binary multiplier. Need for using arithmetic circuits in designing combinational circuits etc. Advanced Computer Architecture Notes pdf – ACA notes pdf file Advanced Computer Architecture Notes pdf – ACA notes pdf & lecture notes file to download are listed below please check it Lecture Notes & Advanced Computer Architecture pdf notes Advanced Computer Architecture notes ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS, ALU, FIXED POINT NUMBER AND OPERATION, FLOATING POINT NUMBERS & OPERATIONS. Carry Look Ahead Adder, Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU, ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION, Full Adder, Binary Adder, Binary multiplier. Need for using arithmetic circuits in designing combinational circuits, Half Adder, Full Adder, Binary adder, Subtraction, Binary subtractor, DIVISION. Multiplication, Binary multiplier, Multiplication Basics, Speedup techniques, Booth Re-coding, Restoring Division Algorithm, Non-Restoring Division Algorithm. To represent the fractional binary numbers, it is necessary to consider binary point. If binary point is assumed to the right of the sign bit, we can represent the fractional binary numbers as given below. PROCESSOR AND CONTROL UNIT, Basic MIPS implementation, BUILDING A DATA-PATH, CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME, PIPE LINED DATA-PATH AND CONTROL. HANDLING DATA HAZARDS & CONTROL HAZARDS, EXCEPTIONS, A basic MIPS implementation, An overview of the implementation, the ALU control, designing the main control unit, finalizing control. Designing instruction sets for pipe-lining, fetch instruction from memory, BUILDING A DATA-PATH, AN OVERVIEW OF PIPE-LINING, designing instruction sets for pipe-lining. Advanced Computer Architecture pdf Parallelism, characters of parallelism, microscopic vs macroscopic, symmetric vs asymmetric, rain grain vs coarse grain, explict vs implict, introduction of level parallelism, ex-plotting the parallelism in pipeline, concept of speculation, static multiple issue, static multiple issue with MIPS ISA, Dynamic multiple issue, parallel processing issue, types of dependencies, name dependence, output dependence, anti dependence, data tree dependence, control dependence, control dependence, resource dependence, anti dependence, instruction dependency graph, data dependency, SIMD architecture, MIMD architecture, message passing MIMD architecture, multi-core processor. MEMORY AND I/O SYSTEMS, MEMORY HIERARCHY, Primary memory, secondary memory, memory hierarchy, MEMORY TECHNOLOGIES. Random-Access Memory , Static RAM , Conventional DRAMs, Enhanced DRAMs, Accessing Main Memory , Disk Storage, CACHE BASICS – MEASURING AND IMPROVING CACHE PERFORMANCE. Calculating Cache Performance, Reducing Cache Misses by Move Flexibfle Placement of Blocks, Choosing Which Block to Replace, VIRTUAL MEMORY, TLBS – INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM, Input/Output, Peripherals and the System Bus. Follow us on Facebook and Support us with your Like	<urn:uuid:5bf5c24c-6fdb-4f9f-acb2-f50dec119a62>	{ "date": "2019-11-21T14:40:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7208028435707092, "score": 2.625, "token_count": 722, "url": "https://www.smartzworld.com/notes/advanced-computer-architecture-engg-notes-pdf-aca/" }
Could the war have been won without women? Author and Professor Holly Mayer thinks not. Learn more about the inner workings of the Continental Army. Harmony Hunter: Hi, welcome to the podcast. I'm Harmony Hunter. The Revolutionary War battlefield was no place for a lady in the 18th century, and the presence of women was discouraged. Nonetheless, women reported for duty. Some were motivated by patriotism, and others were forced by finances. Dr. Holly Mayer is our guest today. She's an author and professor at Duquesne University, and she's here today to share the stories of some of those women. Thank you for being here with us today. Holly Mayer: I am very delighted to be here. Harmony: Well before we get to talking about camp followers and the women who followed these Revolutionary Armies, let's start by talking about how the Army, the Continental Army of the 18th century is different from the Army of today. Why did the Army need all these people trailing along behind it? Holly: You know, it really is different. We're talking about what we call the Early Modern Era, versus the Modern Era, which comes in the 19th century and into the 20th century. So armies do not have all of the official kind of corps that we do now, where it is military members who are doing all of these support services. Now in the older traditional format of armies, it was very common to have camp followers. You are not going to have your strong, effective soldiers serving in the hospitals, always cooking, acting as servants for officers. You don't want them there, you want them drilling in the field and being prepared to fight. Why would you actually undermine your fighting force by putting these men elsewhere? But on the other hand, there are all of these other women and actually male civilians as well who are not effective fighters, but could serve the military forces. Why not put them to work? Harmony: So it's unofficial, but the Army does end up existing kind of in two halves: your official enlisted personnel, and also a whole encampment or whole following of people who trail along behind the Army to perform all of these services for it that it needs. Holly: Let me put it another way. When you say, "trail behind." Because we say "camp followers." What does that name mean? Ok, there is the camp. Camp is when you actually put down your stakes for your tents, you go into an encampment, you're cooking up your rations, you're drilling, everything else like that. And then the camp goes on the move, because if you are moving from one spot to the other you're going to get better food sources, maybe in another area, then you've got to move there. If another area is more secure, you're going to move your camp. If you're getting ready to go on campaign for the year, in other words, you are preparing to meet with the enemy and you are trying to find the proper battlefields in which to meet the enemy and you're on the move. So the camp starts to move. Then start to think about all of these extra personnel with them, these followers of the camp. Part of that is they are following because they are under orders. Washington, for example, when the Army was marching through Philadelphia, said, "Women will not march with the men." Because he said he wanted to put on a show. He wanted the citizens of Philadelphia to see armed men marching in ranks, looking really martial. This is the force that is going to win this war for you. He doesn't want them to see all of these scraggly women with them, because that's not quite the martial picture that he wants to present. So I want people to think of armies as this massive group of not just uniformed soldiers, but all of these supporting personnel that both look like they are disordering the Army â€“ which they are, they're making it harder to control the Army â€“ but at the same point, they are offering something in return. It doesn't look like they're offering much when they're simply following on a march, but once you get back into camp, yes they are. Harmony: Let's talk about that. What do we know about the types of people who end up becoming camp followers? Holly: I want to present that even Martha Washington can be considered a camp follower. But she is an officer's wife, and she is not a follower the way some of the enlisted soldiers' wives were. But for these others who are following, the majority of them are women with enlisted soldiers. Though we do have a few officers' wives, captains' wives: the lower officers' wives that might be following. We do have a few of those, not a lot. But the great majority are enlisted soldiers. We do see that some of them as soldiers' wives simply even if their community still belonged to the American side, if their husbands didn't actually have land or didn't have a business, and had been working for somebody else, who's going to support them? And then finally, yes, there were a few adventuresome women who thought, well, life would be better, it's boring here at home, I can't make anything here at home, I'm going to follow the Army and do it there. A few women did volunteer to be nurses on their own, or to be matrons in the hospitals. And in this case, you could say they were truly trying to find work that they couldn't find anywhere else. Thus they decided they would follow the Army that way. Harmony: We've talked about laundresses and nurses. What other types of jobs would women have found to make themselves useful to the Army? Holly: Again, I do want to emphasize the primary work that most of them found were as washerwomen, as laundresses. There weren't enough of them. Outside observers looked at the American Army and said it's always so dirty that they needed more women, they needed more people to do their washing for them. Nursing; again, they could volunteer or in some cases be impressed. At times there were not enough people to serve in the hospitals. Now this is not as professionals. Nurses were not trained professionals. They were not allowed to give medications, they were not supposed to perform things like that. They were primarily there to wash the wounded or ill soldiers, to clean up after them. Those kind of particular duties.Some of them volunteered if their own husband was sick or wounded. They would go in the hospital so that they could keep an eye on him at the same time that they were serving others. The only real professional woman was the matron. She came in there and she was supposed to supervise the nurses and she would have some duties about supervising supplies. So she was better-paid, had a higher position than what the nurses would have. The other primary duty that a woman would have would be as a servant. And that's again where you would find both African-Americans who were slave or free, or indeed white women acting as servants. Other officers also hired women as servants at various times, whether it be as cooks, as washing, or other kind of duties when they're in camp. I think where you see a lot of this, again, is when some of these officer's wives would come in camp and they need more help. The word would go out: is there any woman, anybody available to act as a servant? Harmony: It sounds like the Army had sort of a love-hate relationship with the women and the camp followers. Holly: Washington didn't want the women. He saw them as a drag on his Army in many ways. It could be literally that they're on the march and they're not moving as fast and he has to worry about their security. Is it possible that the enemy would attack the baggage trains, and then the possibility of in such an attack would hurt the women and children. And what do you do in a situation like that? It's harder for him to control them. So he did see it that way. They were a cost if you're going to ration them. We know over and over again that the Army did not have enough rations, and so what you're ending up doing is taking rations from soldiers to ration some of the women. The only way he could justify that is to say, "You will work for your rations. You will do this kind of washing duties. But you will do something for us in return for our support of you." I think the final part of it for Washington is that he had really hoped to create the image of a new kind of army: a virtuous, republican army of citizen-soldiers. That would be men that would leave their families and their homes behind and put all of their energies in serving their countries in serving this particular cause. He was worried that if you brought in all of these women and children that it no longer looks like that kind of virtuous citizen-soldier army. It resembles the British Army. It resembles other European armies that always had camp followers as well. That that was part of their traditions. He didn't want to look exactly like them in that way. In fact, he wanted his army to look like them in terms of discipline, or even better in discipline than they did. So he wanted the virtues of the best modern armies, but not what he saw as the vices of those modern armies. Instead he got a little bit of both. Harmony: Despite the fact that they bogged the Army down and they had a bedraggled appearance, do you think that the war could have been won without the help of women, camp followers? Holly: It's a really good question. Let me bring up another aspect of this. Everybody talks about just winning the war and thinking that's the end of the Revolution. There's winning the Revolution, and there's winning the war. I think without a doubt you needed women to win the Revolution. You needed them at the very beginning of the Revolution as they served to support boycotts. They were part of the mob actions to protest British actions. They were certainly important to the Army in the camps. They were important to maintaining the home front when men were away. Think about it. If they weren't there on the home front, maintaining the farms, how would you have fed the Army? Now, are they essential to winning the war? Yes. Now this is not to take away at all from the fact that the war had to be won militarily. They had to fight and they had to fight well. The Army didn't always fight well. But what the Army did was, it managed to stay in the field. It managed to stay active. It managed to stay a threat to the British for eight long years. To stay in the field and to be active like that in eight long years is not a matter of simply fighting. You're not fighting every single day; day in, day out, year in, year out. All of those days of those eight years. No, you're fighting very seldom. There's all these few little fights, and you've got the quick fights, the guerilla action. You've got the big battles, you've got the sieges. But what happens in between? What you have to do is to sustain the Army. How do you supply it? How do you keep it healthy? How do you keep it in the field? And that's where women were absolutely essential. They helped feed the Army, they helped keep it healthy, they helped sustain it through those eight years. They did some duties that released men to do the fighting that they had to do. So I am not taking away from the fact that the political founders were essential, the generals were important, the officers were important, the enlisted soldiers were important for fighting these battles. But to maintain an army in the long term, the women were absolutely essential to helping win the war by keeping the Army in the field. Harmony: Thank you for being our guest today. Holly: You're most welcome, it was fun!	<urn:uuid:b1c7f2bb-6f33-4863-b105-c449515ca096>	{ "date": "2016-05-03T10:41:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121423.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00178-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9908047318458557, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 2553, "url": "http://podcast.history.org/2011/05/09/women-of-the-revolution/" }
59.3% of Guatemala's population live in poverty, and 23.4% live in extreme poverty, meaning they make less than $1.25 a day. Because majority of the population living in rural villages are engaged in unpaid agricultural works, they cannot support their families. According to the Planning Secretariat of the Presidency (SEGPLAN, 2015), 46.5% of children between age 2 to 5 are suffering from chronic malnutrition, which results from deficiencies in all nutrients. Also, most of the children, rather than receiving proper education, have to stay home and work to support their families. They do not have opportunities to grow out of poverty. Good Neighbors USA believes that G.I.F.T Chickens is the solution to these problems. We believe the key to eliminate poverty is self-sufficiency. G.I.F.T Chickens allows families to generate steady income by selling the eggs in the market, giving these families an opportunity to escape the cycle of poverty. But most importantly, it allows families to send their children to school. Eggs are an excellent source of high quality protein, which is essential to all, but especially to children. G.I.F.T Chickens provides not only a good source but also a steady source of high quality protein to families suffering from hunger. After extensive research on our beneficiary families and with agreement to enroll their children in school, G.I.F.T Chickens will provide each family with one chicken house, 30 chickens, and 6 months worth of chicken feed and water. Good Neighbors Guatemala staff will Good Neighbors Guatemala staff will also vaccinate the chickens and provide trainings for the families on raising the chickens and selling the eggs. Each family will be closely monitored by Good Neighbors Guatemala staff regularly	<urn:uuid:68b10ff0-17da-4b81-a227-589e920e8002>	{ "date": "2018-05-26T09:37:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867416.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526092847-20180526112847-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9548606276512146, "score": 2.625, "token_count": 365, "url": "http://www.goodneighbors.us/support/chickens.gn" }
Gray Box Testing is a software testing technique in which the tester validates the functions of the system with only a partial knowledge of its internal working. This testing is a combination of both White Box and Black Box Testing, thereby achieving a better test coverage by validating the output of every function with the knowledge of how data flows through the internal nodes. Importance of Gray Box Testing This question is frequently asked by software teams. Why does Gray Box Testing have the advantage over White Box Testing and Black Box Testing? The answer is simple; it combines the advantages of both Black Box and White Box testing to achieve a wider test coverage. Therefore, you can say that Gray Box Testing allows the validation of both the UI, as well as business layers of the application. This testing technique is primarily used in integration testing. As an example, while testing some links on a website and finding them not working, the browser console can be opened to find the element and then the HTML edited, to test this issue on the fly. Gray Box testing also helps in nonfunctional testing and performance testing for example, since it makes it possible to navigate through different nodes of the application, thus making it possible for you to discover any performance bottlenecks on the go. Gray Box Testing Methods As discussed above, Gray Box Testing requires only a partial knowledge of the internal structure of the application. Therefore, tests can be designed using workflow diagrams, application algorithm, architecture diagrams, internal states of the application, and high-level specification. Below are different testing methods employed by Gray Box testing. Techniques used in Gray Box Testing - Orthogonal Array Testing or OAT: This technique gives maximum test coverage with the minimum number of test cases. It is used as a subset of all possible combinations. - Matrix Testing: In this technique, all variables defined in the applications can be tabulated and tested against the requirements. This testing technique states the standing report of the application under development. - Pattern Testing: Here testing is done based on the history of failures on the application. Ultimately, this validates the quality of the application against the design and plan. - Regression Testing: The application tests for any changes in code compared to the previous version, so a set of test cases will be run here. The test strategy would be to either run all the test cases, run test cases in a specific area or to test some risk-based test cases to cover the most important aspects of the application. Disadvantages of Gray Box Testing - Since the knowledge of code is limited to the tester, the ability to analyze each node of the application is limited. - If there is enough unit test coverage around the modules where the Gray box testing is planned, then the testing becomes redundant. - With limited White Box knowledge, testing of every path will be practically impossible, so some paths may go untested. Gray Box Testing reduces the overall cost of the project because bugs can be discovered very early and efficiently. It also helps in GUI testing, performance testing, security testing and Integration testing, thereby validating the quality of different attributes early in the life cycle of a project.	<urn:uuid:7991ee4b-ef5e-4434-95a6-2767c08130b6>	{ "date": "2018-12-09T21:25:00", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823183.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209210843-20181209232843-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.907621443271637, "score": 3, "token_count": 646, "url": "https://qa.world/gray-box-testing/" }
Cholera outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Republic of Congo 22 July 2011 - Cholera outbreaks are being reported along the Congo River, affecting the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Republic of Congo. In DRC, the outbreak was reported in March 2011 and has intensified in the last 3 to 4 weeks, affecting four provinces (Bandundu, Equateur, Kinshasa and P Orientale). As of 20 July 2011, a total of 3 896 cases, including 265 deaths have been reported, with an overall case fatality of 7%. In the Republic of Congo, between 14 June and 20 July 2011, a total of 181 suspected cases including 6 deaths have been reported from four provinces (Brazzaville, Cuvette, Likouala and Plateaux) with a case fatality of 3%. Four cases from Brazzaville and Likouala have been laboratory confirmed with cholera. There is high risk of the epidemic further spreading along the Congo River. The outbreak has been reported to have spread to new locations, particularly in Kinshasa, where there are large population groups with inadequate safe water. In response to the outbreaks, the governments of DRC and the Republic of Congo, international organizations and non-government organizations have intensified surveillance, case management and health promotion activities in the affected areas, in addition to setting up cholera treatment centres at selected sites. In DRC, WHO is conducting a rapid risk assessment to identify urgent needs for the coming weeks. Two epidemiologists, a health promotion officer and a logistician have been deployed to Kinshasa to support the response operations.	<urn:uuid:111dfa06-6e87-4632-8006-5cd1d747e5c4>	{ "date": "2015-08-04T01:25:41", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990177.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00273-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9611881971359253, "score": 2.84375, "token_count": 349, "url": "http://who.int/csr/don/2011_07_22/en/" }
The Norwegian Nobel Committee said U. S. President Barack Obama won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for “his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.” The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 is to be awarded to President Barack Obama for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples. The Committee has attached special importance to Obama’s vision of and work for a world without nuclear weapons. Obama has as President created a new climate in international politics. Multilateral diplomacy has regained a central position, with emphasis on the role that the United Nations and other international institutions can play. Dialogue and negotiations are preferred as instruments for resolving even the most difficult international conflicts. The vision of a world free from nuclear arms has powerfully stimulated disarmament and arms control negotiations. Thanks to Obama’s initiative, the USA is now playing a more constructive role in meeting the great climatic challenges the world is confronting. Democracy and human rights are to be strengthened. Only very rarely has a person to the same extent as Obama captured the world’s attention and given its people hope for a better future. His diplomacy is founded in the concept that those who are to lead the world must do so on the basis of values and attitudes that are shared by the majority of the world’s population. For 108 years, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has sought to stimulate precisely that international policy and those attitudes for which Obama is now the world’s leading spokesman. The Committee endorses Obama’s appeal that “Now is the time for all of us to take our share of responsibility for a global response to global challenges.” Oslo, October 9, 2009...Subscribe to our Print Edition!	<urn:uuid:27d3059f-a834-4c0c-9636-8b8112c1a2e3>	{ "date": "2015-04-25T23:16:52", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651873.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00148-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9517310857772827, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 356, "url": "http://www.thefloridastar.com/372/" }
Rice is a food staple and primary crop grown all over the world. There are several different types of rice — including long-grain basmati, black rice, white rice and sticky (or glutinous) rice — but in terms of health benefits, not all are created equal. Brown rice is one of the healthiest and most-studied types of rice. Brown rice's health benefits are partially due to the way it is prepared, according to the George Mateljan Foundation for the World’s Healthiest Foods, which promotes the benefits of healthy eating. White rice was once brown rice, but the hull and bran around the kernel are removed to make it white. With brown rice, only the hull of the rice kernel is removed during preparation. This leaves most of the rice kernel’s nutrition value intact. Brown rice can be turned into white rice by removing and polishing more of the kernel — but with that process comes a loss in nutrients. When brown rice becomes white rice, large quantities of B vitamins — including 90 percent of the B6 — half the manganese and phosphorus, more than half the iron, and all of the dietary fiber and essential fatty acids are lost. White rice may be enriched with nutrients, but this process does not yield a food as healthy as the original. Nava Atlas, author of several vegetarian cookbooks, wrote on her website, VegKitchen, “Although white rice is fortified, it still doesn’t reach the minimum nutritional requirements for one serving of food as specified by the FDA.” Brown rice is a highly nutritious food. It is a whole grain that is relatively low in calories (216 calories per cup), high in fiber, gluten-free and can be incorporated into a variety of dishes. Kelly Toups, a registered dietician with the Whole Grains Council, said, “Brown rice is a good source of magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, thiamin, niacin and vitamin B6, and an excellent source of manganese, with 88 percent of your daily manganese in just one cup cooked.” She noted that a "good source" food contains at least 10 percent of the recommended daily value of a nutrient in one serving, while an "excellent source" contains at least 20 percent of the recommended daily value of a nutrient in one serving. Toups told Live Science: “A large study found that those eating the most whole grains had significantly higher amounts of fiber, energy and polyunsaturated fats, as well as all micronutrients (except vitamin B-12 and sodium).” The USA Rice Federation notes that brown rice contains no trans-fat or cholesterol. It has only trace amounts of fat and sodium. Here are the nutrition facts for brown rice, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates food labeling through the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act: Brown rice, long-grain Percent Daily Values (%DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. \|Amt per Serving\|\|%DV\|\|Amt per Serving\|\|%DV*\| \|Total Fat 2g\|\|3%\|\|Total Carbohydrate 45g\|\|15%\| \|Cholesterol 0mg\|\|0%\|\|Dietary Fiber 4g\|\|14%\| \|Sodium 10mg\|\|0%\|\|Sugars 1g\| \|Manganese 1.8mg\|\|88%\|\|Protein 24g\| Toups added that recent research has pointed to even more nutrients residing in brown rice. One article published in Critical Reviews of Science and Nutrition looked at a variety of studies and concluded that whole grains, including brown rice, contain healthy antioxidants, which were previously thought to reside mostly in fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, Toups noted an article in Plant Foods Human Nutrition that showed the benefits of sprouting your own brown rice. “Brown rice is a reliable healthy option, but research shows that by sprouting it, you might get even more health benefits, like increased dietary fiber (6.1 to 13.6 percent more),” Toups said. Brown rice health benefits Brown rice’s high magnesium content is good for your heart, according to Toups. She said, “[Magnesium] is an important mineral for regulating blood pressure and offsetting sodium in the body. Therefore, it’s no surprise that whole grain consumption is associated with healthier carotid arteries and blood pressure levels.” A three-year study published in American Heart Journal revealed significant benefits for post-menopausal women with cardiovascular disease who ate whole grains, including brown rice, six times a week. The progression of the women’s antherosclerosis (plaque built up in blood vessels) slowed, as did the progression of their stenosis (the narrowing of the diameter of arterial passageways). The study related these benefits to the fiber present in whole grains, which has repeatedly been linked to a lower risk of heart disease, according to the Harvard University School of Public Health. The American Heart Journal study did not find similar benefits for women who got fiber from fruits, vegetables and refined grains like white rice. Furthermore, brown rice is abundant in the phytonutrient plant lignans, which may protect against various diseases including heart disease. A Danish study published in the Journal of Nutritionfound that women who ate a good deal of whole grains had significantly higher levels of this beneficial lignin in their blood. Digestion and gluten-free diets Brown rice contains 88 percent of the recommended daily amount of manganese. “Manganese is an important mineral that helps digest fats,” said Toups. Brown rice also contains 3.5 grams of fiber per cup, which is 14 percent of the USDA’s daily-recommended intake. Fiber is well known for its digestive benefits. It helps keep bowel movements regular, reducing constipation, and helps keep bowels healthy, according to the Mayo Clinic, which includes brown rice on its list of high-fiber foods. Furthermore, brown rice is “naturally gluten-free,” according to the USA Rice Federation. This makes it a popular staple of gluten-free diets, though LiveStrong warns that brown rice can become cross-contaminated with gluten in mixed-use kitchens. According to Toups, manganese can also help you “get the most from proteins and carbohydrates.” It helps turn them into energy so that you can keep moving. Brown rice also contains protein. “Unlike refined grains, which are missing about 25 percent of the grain’s protein, and are greatly reduced in at least 17 key nutrients, whole grains like brown rice are much healthier,” said Toups. She pointed to a large study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, which found that “those eating the most whole grains had significantly higher amounts of ... energy.” Additionally, brown rice is a slow-release carbohydrate, which can help maintain blood sugar levels and keep energy consistent, according to Optimum Nutrition Therapy. Several studies have noted a possible relationship between brown rice and lowering bad cholesterol levels. A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition suggests that the oil in brown rice plays an important role. This study looked at volunteers with moderately elevated cholesterol levels and concluded that the rice bran oil lowered their LDL (bad) cholesterol by 7 percent, while eating rice bran itself did not. Brown rice’s good fiber content may also aid in lowering cholesterol levels. According to Toups, fiber aids in digestion, which requires bile acids, which are made partly with cholesterol. As your digestion improves, the liver pulls cholesterol from the blood to create more bile acid, thereby reducing the amount of LDL. Toups pointed to a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition that looked at the effect of whole grains on patients taking cholesterol-lowering medications called statins. Those who ate more than 16 grams of whole grains, like brown rice, daily had lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than those who took the statins without eating the whole grains. “Whole grain intake and statin use were also significantly linked with healthier total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios and total cholesterol concentrations,” she added. Brown rice may help lower the risk of cancer thanks in part to its manganese. “Manganese may protect against free radicals, which are cancer-causing agents,” said Toups. Additionally, a British study published in the journal Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention analyzed the phenolic compounds in brown rice, brown rice bran and white rice for compounds associated with cancer suppression or reduction. Brown rice and brown rice bran had much higher concentrations of the useful compounds than white rice. Brown rice is particularly associated with lowered risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. Brown rice is a good source of selenium, which may be associated with reduced risk of colon and prostate cancer. A large-scale study published in the International Journal of Cancer looked at the lifestyle, blood samples, and dietary practices of over half a million participants in 10 Western European countries and found that higher selenium levels were significantly associated with lower colon cancer risk. Some research also shows that the fiber in brown rice may help reduce the risk of colon cancer. Another study published in the International Journal of Cancer found a “moderately reduced” risk of prostate cancer in American black men and white men with higher selenium concentrations in their blood. A cup of brown rice provides 35 percent of the daily recommended intake of selenium, which helps induce repair in damaged cells, which can help stop cancer cells from spreading, according to World’s Healthiest Foods. It also encourages the body to eliminate outworn or abnormal cells. Selenium also helps several antioxidants, which may be useful in cancer prevention, function properly. Brown rice may help reduce the risk of breast cancer through its dietary fiber content. A study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology looked at more than 35,000 women who consumed widely different amounts of dietary fiber and found that in pre-menopausal women, fiber from whole grains was significant in protecting against breast cancer. Toups pointed out that eating a lot of whole grains, such as brown rice, is associated with reduced risk of several diseases, including Type 2 diabetes. Recent studies are starting to look at brown rice and diabetes in particular. Toups referenced an Indian study of overweight individuals designed to look at diabetes risk and brown rice. Here, “the researchers found that IAUC (incremental area under the curve, a measure of blood sugar management) was 19.8 percent lower for the group eating brown rice and 22.9 percent lower for the group eating brown rice and legumes, as compared to the group eating white rice,” said Toups. “Fasting insulin was also markedly lower in the two brown rice phases of the study, showing brown rice’s potential role in reducing risk of diabetes.” Brown rice might also be beneficial for those already have Type 2 diabetes. A small study in the Philippines published in the International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition compared the effects of eating brown or white rice on blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic volunteers. Both groups showed reduced blood glucose levels eating brown rice instead of white, with the diabetic group showing a 35 percent reduction. Another study found similar results in American men and women. Whole grains, including brown rice, have recently been shown to be as antioxidant-rich as many fruits and vegetables. Antioxidants are known to function as anti-inflammatories that can help with everything from arthritis to asthma, according to World’s Healthiest Foods. According to Toups, brown rice in particular has been linked with decreased inflammation. She described a study of 40 overweight or obese women. “Participants were asked to consumer either 150 grams [about 5 ounces] of brown rice or the same amount of white rice daily, as part of a prescribed weight-loss diet. Eating brown rice had beneficial impact on both inflammation and cardiovascular risk markers, including decreases in weight, waist and hip circumference, BMI, diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP,” said Toups. Plenty of fad diets tout the virtues of avoiding carbs, but brown rice shows it’s not that simple. This whole grain is a carbohydrate that, studies show, may actually help you lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition studied over 70,000 American women free from serious illness for 12 years and found that “weight gain was inversely associated with the intake of high-fiber, whole-grain foods but positively related to the intake of refined-grain foods.” This reinforces the differences between refined grains like white rice and whole grains like brown rice. Another study conducted in South Korea found that overweight women who replaced one meal a day with a mix of brown and black rice for six weeks lost more weight and showed an increase in good cholesterol and antioxidant activity than those who replaced one meal with white rice. Metabolic syndrome risk reduction A study published in Diabetes Care suggested that eating whole grains like brown rice may help lower the risk of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Its symptoms include belly fat, low levels of good (HDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure and high triglycerides levels. The study followed more than 2,000 people for four years and found that metabolic syndrome was 38 percent lower in those who had high levels of whole grain fiber. On the other hand, those who had high glycemic indexes from eating refined foods were 141 percent more likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Risks of eating brown rice In 2012, Consumer Reports published an article stating that while arsenic is naturally present in a variety of foods, it is more likely to contaminate brown rice because brown rice absorbs a great deal of water while growing. However, the Food and Drug Administration analyzed over 1,000 rice samples, and in 2014 stated, “the arsenic levels that FDA found in the samples it evaluated were too low to cause any immediate or short-term adverse health effects.” The FDA advised maintaining a diet that includes a variety of whole grains. Additionally, those concerned about arsenic levels can cook their rice in six times the normal amount of water and reduce the arsenic level by about half, according to the FDA. More than 740 million tons of rice were produced worldwide in 2013, according to National Geographic. Most of it, about 671 million tons, was grown in Asia. The Americas were second, with 36 million tons, while Africa was third, with 28 million tons. Recent archaeological discoveries have found primitive rice seeds and ancient farm tools dating back about 9,000 years in China, according to the World's Healthiest Foods. Arab traders introduced rice into ancient Greece, and Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) brought it to India. The Moors brought rice to Spain in the eighth century, and the Spanish introduced it into South America in the 17th century. Cooking brown rice Brown rice, like all grains, should be rinsed thoroughly under running water, and any dirt or debris should be removed. To cook brown rice, add one part rice to two parts boiling water or broth. After the liquid has returned to a boil, turn down the heat, cover and simmer for about 45 minutes.	<urn:uuid:f26b6f51-50ff-4518-84b5-302be14c1f4f>	{ "date": "2017-08-24T03:08:54", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9551969766616821, "score": 3.375, "token_count": 3218, "url": "https://www.livescience.com/50461-brown-rice-health-benefits-nutrition-facts.html" }
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) evaluates the balancing act between the sympathetic nervous system (fight and flight) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest). An imbalance in HRV is the #1 risk factor for sudden cardiac death. The simple hand electro-sensor test shows you a report on the balance between your heart and nervous system in minutes. Heart Rate Variability analysis has acquired exceptional popularity over the last few years as one of the most effective predictors of nonspecific health risk. Scientific and clinical studies have established its usefulness in almost all branches of medicine. Level 1 Diagnostics QHRV is a noninvasive, fully automated computer-based system that provides Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) analysis for a quantitative assessment of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and autonomic balance (sympathetic and parasympathetic). Heart rate variability (HRV), or the beat-to-beat alterations in heart rate, is an accurate and reliable reflection of the many physiological factors modulating the normal rhythm of the heart. In fact, HRV provides a powerful means of observing the interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS). The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) plays an important role, not only in physiological situations, but also in various pathological settings such as diabetic neuropathy, myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF). HRV has a high association with the risk for sudden cardiac death, and arrhythmic complications. The QHRV test also offers the possibility of Accumulative Physical and Mental Stress Assessment. Chronic physical stress and accumulative mental stress are conventional health risk factors, triggering the development of life threatening specific diseases. The Mental Stress Index represents the body’s adaptability to internal and external stressors that are placed on the body every day. Mental Stress Index indicates the function of the ANS. This represents the level of stress the body is experiencing at the present time. If the stress resistance is low it can lead to physical problems and disease. The Physical Stress Index represents the fatigue or activity level of the body from a cellular level. The HRV Process The HRV test consists of two main components: a small EKG sensor with a pulse wave sensor and the accompanying analysis software. A five-minute recording of HRV is all that is necessary to quickly create an accurate assessment of the status of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. The sensor transmits the collected data to the PC for processing. The software uses advanced technology of recording and interpreting HRV signals in order to derive heart rate data. This heart rate data is used to ascertain the current state of inner balance and self-regulatory activity. The software and analyses are intuitive, easy-to-use and designed for success in the hands of a healthcare practitioner. Simple hardware and standard computer requirements ensure the QHRV test transitions seamlessly into virtually every health practice. - FDA cleared - Designed by a unique team of scientists and medical doctors with software engineering skills, the QHRV testing is of great value as a preventive healthcare tool. - The easy to understand report was developed and written by Dr. Steven Helschien, an expert in this field. - Quick and reliable. - Measurements of HRV are noninvasive and highly reproducible. - Detects arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), or loss of arterial elasticity, blood circulation status, the relative age (biological age) of blood vessels, and disturbances in the smaller blood vessels not found when measuring blood pressure with a cuff. - Assesses cardiovascular health, management of disease progression, and the effects of medication, therapies, lifestyle changes and dietary habits. Dantest is the global leader in the development, manufacturing and marketing of Heart Rate Variability / Pulse Wave Velocity / Autonomic Nervous System products and the manufacturer of Level 1 Diagnostics QHRV test equipment. Dantest develops biomedical software and hardware products designed to monitor physiology for research and educational purposes. The Simple Explanation HRV evaluates the balancing act between the sympathetic nervous system (fight and flight) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest). An imbalance in HRV is the #1 risk factor for sudden cardiac death. Heart Rate Variability (HRV), as monitored from an individual’s heart rhythm, is the most powerful indicator of both cardiovascular health and general well-being. HRV testing is a prognostic (predictive) indicator of cardiac condition, fitness, stress levels, aging, health risk levels, chronic disease condition and more. HRV training can result in enhanced health and wellness, as well as an increase in attention, concentration and short term/working memory. The 1994 Framingham Heart Study identified increased Heart Rate Variability (HRV) as the only common factor that was found in all healthy individuals. The Detailed Explanation Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as changes in the duration of consecutive cardiac cycles (heartbeats). Cardiac cycles may be measured by electrocardiography or electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). On the ECG, the pattern of a cardiac cycle has four major parts: a P wave (which represents the electrical vector spreading from the right atrium to the left atrium during atrial depolarization), a QRS complex (which represents depolarization of the right and left ventricles), a T wave (which represents repolarization of the ventricles), and a U wave (which represents repolarization of the papillary muscles). HRV is measured as the variation in duration between the R peaks on the QRS complexes between consecutive cardiac cycles. Other names for HRV include RR variability, RR period, cycle length variability, and heart period variability. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls heart rate, HRV, and involuntary functions such as breathing. HRV reflects the complex autonomic controls of heart rate. Thus, HRV measurements contain more information than measurements of heart rate alone. HRV was first described in 1847, when respiration (breathing) was noted to affect HRV by increasing heart rate during inspiration (breathing in) and decreasing during expiration (breathing out). The clinical significance of HRV was realized in 1963, when researchers showed that just before fetal death, changes in beat-to-beat length were detectable before changes in the heart rate itself. In 1987, HRV was reported to have prognostic value when decreased HRV was found to correlate with decreased survival (increased mortality) in myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) patients. Because numerous studies have demonstrated a link between HRV and poor prognosis after MI, HRV measurements are widely accepted for predicting risk of future cardiac events in heart attack survivors. HRV is also strongly associated with arrhythmias (abnormal heart rate), sudden cardiac death, and all-cause mortality in cardiovascular diseases in general. Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia is a leading cause of mortality in the United States, accounting for up to 500,000 deaths each year. Because measures of HRV are easily obtained non-invasively, HRV is gaining favor as a method of assessing autonomic function in routine clinical practice. HRV has been used to screen candidates for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) devices that may help control arrhythmias and prevent sudden cardiac death. However, the usefulness of HRV in screening ICD candidates has not been shown conclusively. Though most of the findings thus far are promising, additional evidence is needed to support the use of HRV (alone or with other cardiac risk measurements) in predicting sudden cardiac death in various cardiac conditions, including non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. HRV may also be altered in numerous non-cardiovascular conditions and neuropathies. Thus, HRV has been suggested as a plausible indicator in risk assessment for a number of cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Improving the diagnostic and prognostic value of HRV may require further optimizing its measurement techniques for specific conditions. - Heart rate variability (HRV) is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), also known as the visceral nervous system. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The nerves in the PNS connect various organ systems to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. The ANS functions at the subconscious level. In addition to controlling heart rate, it controls bodily functions such as sweating, digestion, and breathing. Because the autonomic control of heart rate can reveal abnormal changes in physiological functions, HRV may be very useful in making diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic determinations. - In addition to pathological (disease) conditions, there are a number of physiological factors in healthy individuals that may affect heart rate variability (HRV). While some of these factors (such as age and genetic makeup) cannot be controlled by individuals, other factors such as lifestyle choices (such as physical activity, smoking, and other lifestyle choices) are modifiable. Therefore, many lifestyle choices may affect HRV and its role in disease outcome. - Breathing: Respiration (breathing) was the first physiological factor noted to affect HRV. While it is not entirely clear exactly how breathing affects HRV, evidence from research conducted in canines suggests that an autonomous pulmonary reflex known as the Bainbridge reflex may be involved. Cardiac reflexes, as well as respiratory activities (such as rib cage movement) controlled by central nervous system (CNS), may also contribute to HRV. - Circadian rhythm: The circadian profile of HRV has been studied in healthy men and women, and was demonstrated to have a distinct day-night pattern that peaked at night and plateaued during the day. - Posture: In healthy subjects, rising from a supine (lying down) position to the upright (standing up) position increases resting heart rate and decreases the frequency of HRV. In the European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) study, HRV was found to consistently vary according to posture, independently of other factors. - Age: While it remains unclear whether resting heart rate varies with increasing age, it has been firmly established that maximal heart rate becomes lower as individuals grow older. Age is known to affect autonomic control of the cardiovascular system, and is a primary factor that may affect HRV. In the European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) study, HRV was found to consistently vary with age. - Gender: Females, under age 30, tend to have lower HRV than age-matched males. Gender differences in HRV begin to disappear at age 30 and disappear by age 50. This may be because sympathetic activity tends to decline more slowly with age in males than females. - Genetics: Genomic evidence from the Framingham Heart Study (a large multigenerational cohort study that began in 1948) strongly suggests that heart rate and HRV characteristics may be inherited and shared over multiple generations. The genes that appear to be involved include those that control the ANS and certain neural responses (such as those mediated by the cholinergic system). Modifiable lifestyle factors: - Physical activity: The ANS is known to control heart rate changes due to physical activity. Regular physical activity decreases heart rate during both rest and exercise in humans. It is still not exactly clear how regular physical training affects HRV. However, in several studies conducted in canines, endurance training (treadmill running) increased HRV and lowered risk for sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmia. - Smoking: Smoking is known to adversely affect the cardiovascular system in part by increasing heart rate and reducing HRV. This effect has also been demonstrated in humans and animals exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke, as well as in infants of smoking mothers. - Medications: Various medications, particularly those with anticholinergic effects (including tricyclic antidepressants and antispasmodics), are known to reduce HRV. Moreover, stimulants (such as caffeine and nicotine) increase heart rate and decrease HRV. Atenolol (a beta-antagonistic drug) has been shown to reduce HRV while losartan (angiotensin II receptor antagonist) increases HRV. - Pollution: Small-particulate air pollution and second-hand cigarette smoke have both been shown to either directly or indirectly affect the ANS. This is supported by studies in animals and humans that have associated increased heart rate and decreased HRV with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and related deaths. - Unlike simple heart rate, which does not need sophisticated technology or significant time to measure, heart rate variability (HRV) measurements involve special devices, statistical analysis, and continuous monitoring (often 24 hours or longer). - HRV is generally measured using electrocardiography (ECG or EKG). The electrocardiogram represents the cardiac cycle as a wave with four major parts: a P wave, a QRS complex, a T wave, and a U wave. HRV is measured as the variation in duration between the R peaks on the QRS complexes over consecutive cardiac cycles. The variability of the RR interval may be measured in various ways, usually using time or frequency domain methods. Newer methods of analysis have also been developed. - Time domain methods: The simplest measures of HRV are based on time domain methods, which determine the intervals of cardiac cycles. On an ECG recording, this is usually measured as the normal-to-normal (NN) interval between QRS complexes. The instantaneous heart rate may also be determined. Variation is then calculated as the difference in NN intervals (cycle length) or heart rate. These differences may then be calculated statistically as the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN). Typical recording times for statistical analysis are 24 hours, but short-term recordings of five minutes may also be used. The NN intervals may also be analyzed using geometric or fractal techniques by converting them into geometric patterns. Compared to statistical analysis, geometric analysis is more accurate if NN interval measurements are of low quality. However, because many NN intervals are needed for conversion into geometric patterns, fractal or geometric methods are not appropriate for analyzing shorter recordings (less than 20 minutes) and usually require recording times of 24 hours or more. - Frequency domain methods: HRV may be studied in the frequency domain by converting heart rate (time domain) to a power spectrum (frequency domain) using a mathematical algorithm called the Fourier transformation. High frequencies (over 0.15 Hz) indicate respiratory sinus arrhythmia, while lower frequencies reflect autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) factors. Reductions in frequency occur in patients with autonomic dysfunction, such as diabetic neuropathy. Frequency domain measures of HRV are more difficult to perform than time domain analyses. However, for continuous recordings of longer duration (such as 24 hours), time and frequency domain measurements are highly correlated.Heart rate variability with deep breathing: Deep breathing amplifies HRV, and combining HRV with deep breathing (HRVdb) is a very sensitive method of measuring ANS function. HRVdb methods correlate HRV with respiratory cycles,and usually measure the mean heart rate range (MHRR) and the expiratory-to-inspiratory ratio (E:I). HRVdb has been used reliably in autonomic function tests in various autonomic disorders, including neuropathies, neurodegenerative disorders, and autonomic failure. - Deceleration capacity: A relatively new method of analyzing heart rate dynamics measures HRV associated with decreasing (decelerating) but not increasing (accelerating) heart rate. This method is thought to specifically measure cardiac vagal tone, which comprises vagus nerve impulses that inhibit heartbeat. In a blind multicenter clinical study, altered deceleration capacity was shown to be a more powerful and accurate predictor of death after myocardial infarction. Photoplethysmography (PPG): The plethysmogram waveform represents pulsatile peripheral blood flow, which reflects both peripheral and central hemodynamics. PPG uses infrared light transmitted through the skin to noninvasively measure hemodynamic parameters, and is thus a useful measure of vascular dysfunction and heart rate variability. The accuracy of fingertip PPG for measuring HRV has been shown to be comparable to ECG, at least at rest. - There is a large body of evidence linking altered heart rate variability (HRV) with mortality, particularly in deaths due to arrhythmia. Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between HRV and poor prognosis after myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). Therefore, HRV measurementsare widely accepted in for predicting future complications and mortality in MI survivors. - A landmark study in 1987 tested the hypothesis that HRV may predict long-term survival after MI, and found that decreased HRV was strongly correlated with mortality after acute MI. Data reported in 1996 from the Framingham Heart Study found that in this large community-based study population, decreased HRV correlated significantly with increased risk of major cardiac events at a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, even after adjusting for other known cardiovascular risk factors. Subsequently, both the TRAndolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) study and the Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction (ATRAMI) study provided additional evidence that decreased HRV is linked with increased mortality after MI. - For non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, there are conflicting reports of association between reduced HRV and poor prognosis.However, in valvular heart diseases (such as chronic mitral regurgitation), lower HRV appears to predict future cardiac events. There is also evidence that reduced HRV may predict postoperative cardiac complications, which account for over half of postoperative sudden cardiac deaths (cardiac arrests). - There are indications that decreased HRV reflects autonomic disturbances, which may in turn predispose patients to ventricular fibrillation. Decreased HRV has also been shown to correlate with increased inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), which are associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac events. In a prospective cohort study, autonomic dysfunction (indicated by reduced HRV) and increased inflammation preceded sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients. - In a study involving 202 patients with severe chronic heart failure, short-term HRV was found to be a strong predictor of sudden cardiac death. This correlation has also been demonstrated in a random sample of 325 elderly subjects, in which fractal analysis of HRV strongly predicted cardiac death over a period of 10 years. - The prognostic value of HRV for sudden cardiac death may be improved by combining HRV measure with other parameters, such as heart rate turbulence and neurohormonal activation. - HRV is also altered in a number of non-cardiac diseases, including brain damage, depression, diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, end-stage renal disease, epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, schizophrenia, and uremic neuropathy. Many of these diseases carry an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Therefore, monitoring HRV has been considered for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in these conditions. - Heart rate variability (HRV) is strongly correlated with fatal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Therefore, it has been used to screen candidates for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement. Although HRV measurements are non-invasive and may provide useful prognostic information, it may not be safe to select patients for therapy based on HRV measurements alone. - In the Defibrillator in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (DINAMIT), altered HRV was used to select candidates for ICD placement in survivors of acute myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). Although there were fewer deaths among ICD patients than in non-ICD patients, this decreased mortality was offset by more deaths from nonarrhythmic causes. In the AzimiLide post Infarct surVival Evaluation (ALIVE) trial, stratifying (ranking) patients according to HRV also did not affect mortality in patients treated with azimilide (an antiarrhythmic drug). This may be because HRV has not yet been optimized for predicting mortality from non-arrhythmic effects of drugs. - This information was compiled and reviewed by Dr. Steven M. 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Short-term heart rate variability strongly predicts sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients. Circulation. 2003 Feb 4;107(4):565-70. - Lammers A, Kaemmerer H, Hollweck R, et al. Impaired cardiac autonomic nervous activity predicts sudden cardiac death in patients with operated and unoperated congenital cardiac disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Sep;132(3):647-55. - Magari SR, Hauser R, Schwartz J, et al. Association of heart rate variability with occupational and environmental exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation. 2001 Aug 28;104(9):986-91. - Mäkikallio TH, Høiber S, Køber L, et al. Fractal analysis of heart rate dynamics as a predictor of mortality in patients with depressed left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. TRACE Investigators. TRAndolapril Cardiac Evaluation. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Mar 15;83(6):836-9. - Mäkikallio TH, Huikuri HV, Mäkikallio A, et al. Prediction of sudden cardiac death by fractal analysis of heart rate variability in elderly subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Apr;37(5):1395-402. - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. - Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. - Politano L, Palladino A, Nigro G, et al. Usefulness of heart rate variability as a predictor of sudden cardiac death in muscular dystrophies. Acta Myol. 2008 Dec;27:114-22. - Selvaraj N, Jaryal A, Santhosh J, Deepak KK, Anand S. Assessment of heart rate variability derived from finger-tip photoplethysmography as compared to electrocardiography. J Med Eng Technol. 2008 Nov-Dec;32(6):479-84. - Shehab AM, MacFadyen RJ, McLaren M, et al. Sudden unexpected death in heart failure may be preceded by short term, intraindividual increases in inflammation and in autonomic dysfunction: a pilot study. Heart. 2004 Nov;90(11):1263-8. Shields RW Jr. Heart rate variability with deep breathing as a clinical test of cardiovagal function. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 2:S37-40. - Singh JP, Larson MG, O’Donnell CJ, et al. Genome scan linkage results for heart rate variability (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2002 Dec 15;90(12):1290-3. - So EL. What is known about the mechanisms underlying SUDEP? Epilepsia. 2008 Dec;49 Suppl 9:93-8. - Stein KM, Lippman N, Lerman BB. Heart rate variability and cardiovascular risk assessment. In: J.H. Laragh and B.M. Brenner, Editors, Hypertension, Raven Press, New York (1995) pp. 889–903. - Stolarz K, Staessen JA, Kuznetsova T, et al.; European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) Investigators. Host and environmental determinants of heart rate and heart rate variability in four European populations. J Hypertens. 2003 Mar; 21(3):525‑35. - Tapanainen JM, Thomsen PE, Køber L, et al. Fractal analysis of heart rate variability and mortality after an acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Aug 15;90(4):347-52. - Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):1043-65 - Thiriez G, Bouhaddi M, Mourot L, et al. Heart rate variability in preterm infants and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Clin Auton Res. 2009 Jun;19(3):149-56. - Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ Jr, et al. Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1996 Dec 1;94(11):2850-5. - Umetani K, Singer DH, McCraty R, Atkinson M. Twenty-four hour time domain heart rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Mar 1;31(3):593-601. Valentini M, Parati G. Variable’s influencing heart rate. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Jul-Aug;52(1):11-9. PM: 19615488’)” van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM, Kollée LA, Hopman JC, et al. Heart rate variability. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Mar 15;118(6):436-47.	<urn:uuid:b71007b4-ecf0-42f8-8537-0e3f19846bd1>	{ "date": "2018-02-19T07:48:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812556.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219072328-20180219092328-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.879918098449707, "score": 3.234375, "token_count": 6481, "url": "http://level1diagnostics.com/testing/heart-rate-variability/" }
Old English haldan (Anglian), healdan (West Saxon), "to contain, grasp; retain; foster, cherish," class VII strong verb (past tense heold, past participle healden), from Proto-Germanic *haldanan (cf. Old Saxon haldan, Old Frisian halda, Old Norse halda, Dutch houden, German halten "to hold," Gothic haldan "to tend"), originally "to keep, tend, watch over" (as cattle), later "to have." Ancestral sense is preserved in behold. The original past participle holden was replaced by held beginning 16c., but survives in some legal jargon and in beholden. Hold back is 1530s, transitive; 1570s, intransitive; hold off is early 15c., transitive; c.1600, intransitive; hold out is 1520s as "to stretch forth," 1580s as "to resist pressure." Hold on is early 13c. as "to maintain one’s course," 1830 as "to keep one’s grip on something," 1846 as an order to wait or stop. To hold (one's) tongue "be silent" is from c.1300. To hold (one's) own is from early 14c. To hold (someone's) hand "give moral support" is from 1935. Phrase hold your horses "be patient" is from 1844. To have and to hold have been paired alliteratively since at least c.1200, originally of marriage but also of real estate.	<urn:uuid:88a483a9-7e03-4079-b28c-40e47fc44937>	{ "date": "2018-07-22T03:48:21", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722022235-20180722042235-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9571343064308167, "score": 3.515625, "token_count": 339, "url": "https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/holds%20in" }
Japanese Pop culture. Anime and Manga Presented by: Makenzie Hartle. History of Manga. Anime and Manga Presented by: MakenzieHartle Manga, translated from the Japanese to mean “comics”, or “cartoon”, began in the late eighteenth century. During and after the U.S. occupation of Japan, American comics greatly influenced the development of the popular art form. Today, children around the world enjoy Mangaand everything it has to offer. Today, Mangais enjoyed by people of all ages. Younger children might enjoy something humorous such as Ouran High School Host Club (a.k.aOuranKoukou Host Club). Teenagers and college students enjoy the action packed series such as Naruto, Wolf’s Rain, or Death Note. There are series directed towards adults as well, but Mangais generally aimed towards the teenage generation. In the early 1900’s, Japan wanted to create live-action films, but lacked the funds to do so. To improvise, they created what is now called anime. Most animes are based off of mangas, or exact recreations of the mangas. This is the same with the animes and mangas listed in previous slides. Naruto, for example, was a popular manga before it ever became an anime. Today, anime is extremely popular not only in Japan, but in other countries around the world. In the United States especially, anime and manga has become increasingly popular among teens recently. Conventions, such as Tekkoshocon, which is held right here in Pittsburgh, bring together anime fans to celebrate Japanese culture.Anime Today As we have learned, Japanese pop culture, or more specifically anime and manga, influence people not only in Japan, but all over the world. People of all ages continue to love and enjoy manga every day, and will for years to come.	<urn:uuid:e36ebc92-16ca-4092-a8c0-2cc21246fa47>	{ "date": "2018-02-23T12:27:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814700.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223115053-20180223135053-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9588077068328857, "score": 3.015625, "token_count": 396, "url": "https://www.slideserve.com/fausta/japanese-pop-culture" }
More Images of SGR 0418+5729 Optical/Infrared Wide Field X-ray and Optical/Infrared Images of SGR 0418+5729 A magnetar is a type of neutron star that occasionally generates bursts of X-rays. They usually have a very strong magnetic field on their surface, ten to a thousand times stronger than for an average neutron star. Now, astronomers have spotted a magnetar, called SGR 0418, with a much lower magnetic field on its surface. Data from Chandra and several other X-ray observatories was used to make this measurement. The magnetar is seen as the pink source in the middle of the Chandra image. Optical data from the William Herschel telescope in La Palma and infrared data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope are shown in red, green and blue. SGR 0418 is located in our galaxy about 6,500 light years from Earth. (Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CSIC-IEEC/N.Rea et al; Optical: Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, La Palma/WHT; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech) Return to SGR 0418+5729 (May 23, 2013) Illustration of Magnetar This illustration depicts a magnetar, a type of neutron star that has a relatively slow spin rate and generates occasional large blasts of X-rays. Most magnetars have extremely high magnetic fields on their surface that are ten to a thousand times stronger than for the average neutron star. New data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, ESA's XMM-Newton and NASA's Swift and RXTE satellites shows that a magnetar in our galaxy called SGR 0418+5729 (SGR 0418 for short) is exceptional, with a surface magnetic field similar to that of mainstream neutron stars. The artist's impression provides a close-up view of SGR 0418. This illustration highlights the weak surface magnetic field of the magnetar, and the relatively strong, wound-up magnetic field lurking in the hotter interior of the star. SGR 0418 is located about 6,500 light years from Earth. (Credit: Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)	<urn:uuid:a356daef-3e02-4eb1-bf4a-a31e5e14e02f>	{ "date": "2014-09-22T18:14:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00045-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8853368163108826, "score": 3.265625, "token_count": 467, "url": "http://www.chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2013/sgr0418/more.html" }
WASHINGTON (AP) — A small comet survived what astronomers figured would be a sure death when it danced uncomfortably close to the broiling sun. Comet Lovejoy, which was only discovered a couple of weeks ago, was supposed to melt Thursday night when it came close to where temperatures hit several million degrees. Astronomers had tracked 2,000 other sun-grazing comets make the same suicidal trip. None had ever survived. But astronomers watching live with NASA telescopes first saw the sun's corona wiggle as Lovejoy went close to the sun. They were then shocked when a bright spot emerged on the sun's other side. Lovejoy lived. "I was delighted when I saw it go into the sun and I was astounded when I saw something re-emerge," said U.S. Navy solar researcher Karl Battams. Lovejoy didn't exactly come out of its hellish adventure unscathed. Only 10 percent of the comet — which was probably millions of tons — survived the encounter, said W. Dean Pesnell, project scientist for NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which tracked Lovejoy's death-defying plunge. And the comet lost something pretty important: its tail. "It looks like the tail broke off and is stuck" in the sun's magnetic field, Pesnell said. Comets circle the sun and sometimes get too close. Lovejoy came within 75,000 miles of the sun's surface, Battams said. For a small object often described as a dirty snowball comprised of ice and dust, that brush with the sun should have been fatal. Astronomers say it probably didn't melt completely because the comet was larger than they thought. The frozen comet was evaporating as it made the trip toward the sun, "just like you're sweating on a hot day," Pesnell said. "It's like an ice cube going by a barbecue grill," he said. Pesnell said the comet, although only discovered at the end of November by an Australian observer, probably is related to a comet that came by Earth on the way to the sun in 1106. As Comet Lovejoy makes its big circle through the solar system, it will be another 800 or 900 years before it nears the sun again, astronomers say. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory: http://1.usa.gov/upZJgS U.S. Naval Research Lab's Sun-grazing comet website (video, photos at bottom): http://bit.ly/sfAAN5 - Comet Lovejoy - Solar Dynamics Observatory	<urn:uuid:ebc61cf1-0aad-4b5d-94d8-28c02d887b10>	{ "date": "2016-02-08T17:40:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153736.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00284-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.963932991027832, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 534, "url": "http://news.yahoo.com/comet-defies-death-brushes-sun-lives-151858543.html;_ylt=Ak2tXzGNflqN_6jRkrqQ2HQbANEA;_ylu=X3oDMTQ2cmUwY2ZxBG1pdANBcnRpY2xlIFNlY3Rpb24gU2NpZW5jZQRwa2cDMzgwNzRiYjUtOWNlOS0zN2U0LTk0MmMtNDJjM2NiYTkwMWQyBHBvcwMxBHNlYwN0b3Bfc3RvcnlfY29rZQR2ZXIDMDY4NDI1MzAtMjgwYi0xMWUxLTk1NDYtZjM4YTFmOTk0MTI1;_ylg=X3oDMTMwcDdicWFyBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDYWZjYjE5YzEtZTAzNy0zZDlmLWExOTMtOTFmODQ1MjA5NjJkBHBzdGNhdANzY2llbmNlBHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQR0ZXN0Aw--;_ylv=3" }
Report: Banning coal in 2030 would affect only a few energy companies, while a ban in 2025 would cause significant costs for many Phasing out coal in energy production by 2030 would have only minor effects on energy companies, according to a survey commissioned by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. However, this would require that the Greater Helsinki area have access to reasonably priced biomass for replacing coal in energy production. Enforcing a ban on coal in 2025, on the other hand, would have serious economic impacts especially in Helsinki, Vaasa, Espoo and Vantaa, and coal would be replaced by biomass and to a significant degree by natural gas. Pöyry Management Consulting submitted its report on the effects of phasing coal in energy production to Minister of the Environment, Energy and Housing Kimmo Tiilikainen on 27 March 2018. The Minister discusses the report results and the future of the coal phase-out project in press conference. The Pöyry report focuses on the effects of phasing out coal in district heating networks and industry where coal has been a significant source of energy in recent years. Eight cities have large coal-fired units, accounting for 90 per cent of the coal used in energy production in Finland. Helsinki, Naantali, Espoo, Vantaa, Vaasa and Lahti topped the list in 2016. Phasing out coal by 2030 would have cost implications chiefly in Vaasa and Helsinki, where measures to replace coal would have to start earlier than currently planned. The estimate is that the other coal-fired power plants could be replaced before 2030. Banning coal in 2025 would have significant effects on district heat generation especially in Vaasa and Helsinki. It would have cost implications even in Espoo, Vantaa and Turku, but to a considerably lesser degree. The overall impact of phasing out coal by 2025 could grow to EUR 200 million in 2024–2033, based on the assumptions used in the study. The report estimates that the price competitiveness of coal will decrease in the future. However, banning coal would cause power plants additional costs due to earlier replacement investments, potentially higher production costs, premature decommissioning of existing equipment and additional investments in existing power plans. There will be a considerable market-driven drop in the capacity of coal-fired heat generation by 2030, while most replacement investments will take place in the mid-2020s. This will reduce the economic effects of the coal phase-out. It is estimated that the use of coal for energy will drop from 22 TWh in 2016 to around 5–7 TWh by 2025 and to 3.5 TWh by 2030, while the coal-fired district heat capacity will decrease from 2,055 MW to 1,100 MW by 2025 and to 480 MW by 2030. Finland aims to phase out coal in energy production in the 2020s, according to the current Government Programme. The National Energy and Climate Strategy puts forth that a Government proposal on a transitional period for phasing out coal power by 2030 will be prepared during this government term. Minister Tiilikainen requested Pöyry Management Consulting to even consider a scenario where coal power is phased out by 2025. Assessment of the impact of phasing out coal (report by Pöyry Management Consulting) Jenni Patronen, Principal, Pöyry Management Consulting, tel. +358 10 332 4330 Kari Vilén, Consultant, Pöyry Management Consulting Oy, tel. +358 10 334 9310 Anja Liukko, Senior Ministerial Adviser, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, tel. +358 29 506 2078	<urn:uuid:3b7511a5-7c26-47a6-871f-ef119c436f69>	{ "date": "2020-01-19T06:34:57", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9419496655464172, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 747, "url": "https://tem.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/selvitys-kivihiilikiellosta-vuonna-2030-vaikutuksia-vain-muutamalle-energiayhtiolle-kielto-vuonna-2025-toisi-merkittavia-kustannuksia-usealle" }
Few projects in the home improvement sector are greener than solar panel installation. After all, our reliance on fossil fuels can be blamed on everything from skyrocketing home heating and cooling costs to the potentially devastating effects of global warming, making it clear that anything a homeowner can do to reduce our dependency on non-renewable resources is a smart move from a green perspective. Add to that the fact that the sun is the most renewable energy resource in the solar system, and there’s no doubt that solar panel installation is as eco-friendly as it gets. Thanks to the rapidly advancing rate of technology, variations in the cost of solar from city to city and region to region, and the wide range of needs presented by different projects, it’s nearly impossible to pin down an average cost for solar panels across the board. Your best bet is to collect bids from several local contractors experienced in installation to get a specific estimate for your home. What we can tell you is that the benefits reach far beyond your initial investment. Solar panels are guaranteed to reduce your home energy bills for the next 20 to 30 years, making them an excellent example of a home improvement that is certain to pay for itself over time—and then some. “Avoiding the Payback Trap”: The True Value of Solar Panels That being said, a wise homeowner looks beyond investments and returns when considering whether to go green. Making your money back is a big incentive, to be sure, but other aspects of living earth-friendly are far more valuable. For example, what value would you place on freeing yourself from the mental burden of worrying about next month’s electricity bill, reducing your contribution to the production of harmful greenhouse gases, or passing a better world on to your kids and grandkids? The truth is that these things have value far greater than any energy savings you might enjoy, making the real value far greater than any figure using dollars and cents. Need to find a pro for your Solar Panel Installation?Find Pros Solar Panel Installation Tips - Grid-Connected Solar Panels—Grid connected systems are plugged into the wider utility grid in your area. When your solar panels are producing more electricity than you’re using, the excess is diverted to the utility company and your meter runs backwards, reducing your energy bill accordingly. When you use more electricity than your solar panels can provide, you draw from the larger system and your meter runs forward. These systems provide incentive to conserve energy, since it’s in your best interests to draw as little power as possible beyond what your solar panels provide. - Off-Grid Photovoltaic Systems—These systems run independently of your larger utility hookup. An off-grid system costs a little bit more than a grid connected system, mostly due to the installation and upkeep of batteries required for storing energy. - Supplemental Energy—Off-grid systems are also a good solution for outdoor lighting, electric fences, or other low-demand energy needs. They also provide a welcome supply of electricity during interrupted service. That can come in pretty handy, whether you’re looking for a post-blizzard cup of coffee or need to protect computer equipment and keep your home office up and running. - Remote Locations—If you live more than one-fourth of a mile away from existing electric lines, off-grid systems are often just as economical as paying to extend utility services to your location. - The Environment—Whether you choose a grid connected or off-grid system, installing photovoltaic solar panels will reduce your dependency on fossil fuels and help curb the production of greenhouse gases and other fossil fuel related pollutants. With to 20 to 30 years of service from a quality set of photovoltaic solar panels, the environmental benefits of going solar look pretty darn impressive. Making the Leap: Solar Panel Installation Installing a photovoltaic system in your home isn’t a piece of cake. It requires that your contractor understands the ins and outs of local regulations, acquiring the proper homeowners permits, working with your utility company, and making the most of any rebates that your municipality or utility provider may offer. Furthermore, since installing solar panels involves your home’s electrical system, roofing, and the installation of the panels themselves, it’s important that your contractor has intimate knowledge of all three aspects. If you think going solar is the right choice for you, be sure to talk to your contractor about installing a photovoltaic system, find a contractor who specializes in solar energy solutions, or seek out the services of a green consulting firm to help you plan and design the best, and greenest, solar energy collection system you possibly can. No Comments Yet You can be the first to comment!	<urn:uuid:4d820f90-2590-4bbc-bacf-8115791640b4>	{ "date": "2019-05-19T07:24:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254253.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519061520-20190519083520-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9311867356300354, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 973, "url": "https://www.homeadvisor.com/r/solar-panel-installation-tips/" }
Deepak Sarma explores the degree to which outsiders can understand and interpret the doctrine of the Màdhva school of Vedànta. The school is based on insider epistemology which is so restrictive that few can learn its intricate doctrines. This book reveals the complexity of studying traditions based on insider epistemologies and encourages its audience to ponder both the value and the hazards of granting any outsider the authority and opportunity to derive important insights into a tradition as an insider. Hindu Studies Book Series - Routledge This is a translation of the chapter on perception of Kumarilabhatta's magnum opus, the Slokavarttika, one of the central texts of the Hindu response to the criticism of the logical-epistemological school of Buddhist thought. In an extensive commentary, the author explains the course of the argument from verse to verse and alludes to other theories of classical Indian philosophy and other technical matters. Notes to the translation and commentary go further into the historical and philosophical background of Kumarila's ideas. The book provides an introduction to the history and the development of Indian epistemology, a synopsis of Kumarila's work and an analysis of its argument. Samkara (c.700 CE) has been regarded by many as the most authoritative Hindu thinker of all time. A great Indian Vedantin brahmin, Samkara was primarily a commentator on the sacred texts of the Vedas and a teacher in the Advaitin teaching line. This book provides an introduction to Samkara's thought which takes this as a central theme. The author develops an innovative approach based on Samkara's ways of interpreting sacred texts and creatively examines the profound interrelationship between sacred text, content and method in Samkara's thought. The main focus of the book is on Samkara's teaching method. This method is, for Samkara, based on the Upanishads' own; it is to be employed by Advaitin teachers to draw pupils skilfully towards that realisation which is beyond all words. Consequently, this book will be of interest not only to students and scholars of Indian philosophy, but to all those interested in the relation between language and that, which is held to transcend it. There is a steady and growing scholarly, as well as popular interest in Hindu religion – especially devotional (bhakti) traditions as forms of spiritual practice and expressions of divine embodiment. Associated with this is the attention to sacred images and their worship. In Indian philosophy and theology, the ideology of Vedanta occupies an important position. Hindu religious sects accept the Vedantic soteriology, which believes that there is only one conscious reality, Brahman from which the entire creation, both conscious and non-conscious, emanated. Samkhya and Yoga are two of the oldest and most influential systems of classical Indian philosophy. This book provides a thorough analysis of the systems in order to fully understand Indian philosophy. Placing particular emphasis on the metaphysical schema which underlies both concepts, the author adeptly develops a new interpretation of the standard views on Samkhya and Yoga. Filling the most glaring gap in Shrivaishnava scholarship, this book deals with the history of interpretation of a theological concept of self-surrender-prapatti in late twelfth and thirteenth century religious texts of the Shrivaishnava community of South India. This original study shows that medieval sectarian formation in its theological dimension is a fluid and ambivalent enterprise, where conflict and differentiation are presaged on "sharing", whether of a common canon, saint or rituals or two languages (Tamil and Sanskrit), or of a "meta-social" arena such as the temple. The Chaitanya Vaishnava tradition is famous for its depth of devotion to Krishna, the blue-hued Deity. Chaitanya Vaishnavas are known for having refined the practice and aesthetics of devotion into a sophisticated science. This imposing devotional edifice was constructed upon a solid foundation of philosophical argument and understanding. In this book, Ravi Gupta sheds new light on the contribution of Chaitanya Vaishnavism to the realm of Indian philosophy. He explores the hermeneutical tools employed, the historical resources harnessed, the structure of the arguments made, and the relative success of the endeavor. For most schools of Vaishnavism, the supporting foundation consists of the philosophical resources provided by Vedanta. The Chaitanya tradition is remarkable in its ability to engage in Vedantic discourse and at the same time practice an ecstatic form of devotion to Krishna. The prime architect of this balance was the scholar-devotee Jiva Gosvami (ca. 1517 - 1608). This book analyses Jiva Gosvami's writing concerning the philosophy of the Vedanta tradition. It concludes that Jiva's writing crosses 'disciplinary boundaries', for he brought into dialogue four powerful streams of classical Hinduism: the various systems of Vedanta, the ecstatic bhakti movements, the Puranic commentarial tradition, and the aesthetic rasa theory of Sanskrit poetics. With training in and commitments to all of these traditions, Jiva Gosvami produced a distinctly Chaitanya Vaishnava system of theology. The Sanskrit Mahabharata is one of the most important texts to emerge from the Indian cultural tradition. At almost 75,000 verses it is the longest poem in the world, and throughout Indian history it has been hugely influential in shaping gender and social norms. In the context of ancient India, it is the definitive cultural narrative in the construction of masculine, feminine and alternative gender roles. Today yoga is a thoroughly globalised phenomenon. Yoga has taken the world by storm and is even seeing renewed popularity in India. Both in India and abroad, adults, children and teenagers are practicing yoga in diverse settings; gyms, schools, home, work, yoga studios and temples. The yoga diaspora began well over a hundred years ago and we continue to see new manifestations and uses of Yoga in the modern world.	<urn:uuid:635456ed-b6b9-4e6b-8ffe-8e4381b5df3c>	{ "date": "2015-02-02T01:44:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122220909.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175700-00177-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9303082227706909, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 1235, "url": "http://www.ochs.org.uk/publications/hsbs_routledge" }
Self-assessment has been around since the most ancient times in the form of the admonition: Know Thyself. It emerged roughly four decades ago from work in psychology; it has been applied in that field, in medicine, and increasingly also in business. In business or professional activity, it is a tool that involves performing a critical analysis of one's own goals, interests, skills, and experience. It is also used by organizations as a self-evaluation tool. Among its many applications in the business world are employee development, team performance, and organizational change efforts. But self-assessment is perhaps most valuable for would-be entrepreneurs considering starting a new business. Are you really ready to make it on your own? Conduct a self-assessment. Future entrepreneurs, in others words, may be able to improve their chances of success in business by undertaking an honest and detailed self-assessment. By evaluating such personal traits as business skills, experience, and knowledge, financial goals, likes and dislikes, willingness to expend effort, and ability to meet challenges, entrepreneurs may be able to identify the business opportunities for which they are best suited. In some cases, self-assessment may even lead to innovative new business ideas. In addition, completing a self-assessment can help entrepreneurs recognize areas where they will need assistance or training. Increasing self-knowledge may also help entrepreneurs to attract investors and impress lenders. A good way to start in performing a self-assessment is to prepare a detailed resume. This document should list the entrepreneur's educational background and professional experience—describing the requirements and responsibilities of each job in detail—along with hobbies and outside interests. Using the resume as a guide, it may then be helpful for the entrepreneur to separate his or her professional attributes by functional area—such as marketing, accounting, or human resource management—and assign a competency level to each one. Finally, the entrepreneur may wish to create a list of personal attributes—such as ability with numbers, common sense, communication skills, organization skills, people skills, etc.—that may be useful in starting and running a small business. The mere process of thinking about and categorizing one's skills and experience can be informative. Not surprisingly, the tool of self-assessment can be applied to a wide variety of other business situations as well. For example, it can be used as an aid in employee development as part of a company's performance evaluation and training efforts. A common application is "360-degree feedback" systems—in addition to being evaluated by supervisors, peers, and subordinates, employees evaluate their own performance and participate in setting goals. Self-assessment can also be applied to teams of workers or even overall organizations to help identify strengths and weaknesses and improve performance. Teams might evaluate such elements of team performance as goal setting, communication, decision making, problem solving, and conflict management. At the organizational level, self-assessment performed with the participation of employees can help clarify a company's mission and goals, identify shortcomings, and generate ideas to increase competitiveness. Self-assessment, of course, especially in discovering one's personal goals, tends to depend rather highly on the person's thoroughness, honesty, and objectivity. People tend to overlook their own shortcomings—and there is the old proverb which says: "He who is his own lawyer has a fool for a client." Edward Inderrieden and his coauthors, writing in Journal of Managerial Issues on the subject of self-appraisals refer to what they call the "leniency effect," a phrase dating to studies of self-assessment and coined in the 1980s: people "cut themselves a lot of slack." Perhaps for this reason, self-assessment is often accompanied by interaction with at least one other person who can apply some critique to the perhaps too lenient views of the assessor. In the case of the entrepreneur, a trusted but senior mentor would seem best suited for this role. Branham, Leigh. The 7 Hidden Reasons Employees Leave: How to Recognize the Subtle Signs and Act Before It's Too Late. AMACOM, 2005. Caffyn, Sarah. "Development of a Continuous Improvement Self-Assessment Tool." International Journal of Operations and Production Management. November 2000. Hoag, Kevin L. Skill Development for Engineers: An Innovative Model for Advanced Learning in the Workplace. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001. Inderrieden, Edward J., Robert E. Allen, and Timothy Keaveny. "Managerial Discretion in the Use of self-Ratings in an Appraisal System: The antecedents and consequences." Journal of Managerial Issues. Winter 2004. Muchinsky, Paul M. Psychology Applied to Work. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006. Hillstrom, Northern Lights updated by Magee, ECDI "Self-Assessment." Encyclopedia of Small Business. . Encyclopedia.com. (November 19, 2018). https://www.encyclopedia.com/entrepreneurs/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/self-assessment "Self-Assessment." Encyclopedia of Small Business. . 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With many major companies now relying on complex information systems to store customer data, the possibility for hackers to compromise these systems is a real threat that puts the personal and financial information of everyday Americans at risk. For example, a report released by Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (PRC) on December 16 indicated that data breaches aren't specific to one industry, even though some of the most egregious breaches occurred when the databases of major healthcare firms were compromised. In total, the report found that 535 major breaches occurred. These breaches compromised more than 30 million records, but due in part to reporting inconsistencies, the real statistics on data bases could be far greater, according to the PRC. "This is a conservative number," the organization's director, Beth Givens, said in a press release. "We generally learn about breaches that garner media attention. Unfortunately, many do not. And because many states do not require companies to report data breaches to a central clearinghouse, data breaches occur that we never hear about." Due to the rise in data breaches, companies may need to hire more qualified technicians who have secured computer training or received accreditation from online certificate programs. By pursuing computer certifications in the right fields, IT professionals can enhance their resume to apply for these potential openings, whether the vacancies are in the video game or healthcare industry. As such, it can be beneficial for interested applicants to explore the current hiring market and then secure the necessary classes to enhance their skills in the eyes of employers. Providers that offer a mix of online and in-class learning could be the most beneficial, especially to individuals who have trouble concentrating when left to study in a potentially distracting environment or who find that hands-on learning programs help them learn better.	<urn:uuid:c5e20aef-57e3-418f-b273-b91c102153f0>	{ "date": "2019-08-24T04:20:09", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824041053-20190824063053-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9483810067176819, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 353, "url": "http://amsnews.alliance-micro.com/online-education/report-suggests-certain-industries-need-more-experienced-it-professionals/" }
Sedna was discovered as a minor planet on 13 November 2003 by Chad Trujillo, Michael E. Brown, and David Rabinowitz and reported on 15 March 2004. She is different than other heavenly bodies and the first object of its kind to be discovered. They have since been referred to as trans-Neptunian objects. She does not make her home in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter; Sedna's domain is beyond the Kuiper Belt, in what astronomers believe is the Inner Oört Cloud, from which comets are believed to originate. Sedna is about 1000 miles in diameter, which is very large for an Oört Cloud object. She is believed to be half rock, half ice and is the second reddest object in the Solar System, next to Mars. She has a highly elliptical orbit that extends out to approximately 84 billion miles from the Sun which takes approximately 10,500 years to complete. This translates into approximately one degree of movement in six months, but then she goes retrograde for about five and a half, during which time she backtracks roughly 00:45, resulting in forward progress of only 15 to 16 minutes of arc per year. Everyone alive today has Sedna natally in either Aries, which she entered permanently in February 1866, or Taurus, which she first entered in July 1965. She continued to retreat into Aries every year, however, until January 1968 when she entered Taurus to stay. Thus, if you were born between July 1965 and January 1968, you'd need to consult an ephemeris to know which sign she occupies on your particular natal chart, but after that she's been parked in Taurus, where she'll be for several years to come. Needless to say, no one reading this is going to be experiencing a Sedna Return anytime soon. Other objects in this class include Varuna, Ixion, Quaoar, Orcus and Eris. Unlike the asteroids and planets which were named after the gods and goddesses of Roman and Greek mythology, Sedna is named after the Inuit goddess of the sea. Her story varies somewhat in the various versions, but the basic myth tells of a beautiful girl with long, flowing hair, whose father was a great hunter who provided well for his family. So much so, that Sedna was quite comfortable and had no desire to leave home in spite of various offers of marriage, some of which were greatly encouraged by her parents, who like most parents wanted their child to move out. Sedna, however, was quite content, with no intention of marrying any of the local moolyaks. One day a mysterious, handsome stranger showed up in town clothed in fine furs and feathers. Sedna took one look and started to change her tune. This guy was hot, and she started rethinking her former position. Judging by his dress, he could support her as well or better than her parents had. The romance took its natural course, and pretty soon they were married with Sedna paddling away into the sunset with Mr. Wonderful to his island home. Like most marriages, once the vows were said things started to change. In this instance, Sedna soon discovered that Mr. Stud Muffin was actually a Fulmar, a dangerous bird spirit, in disguise. He was a lousy provider who left her cold and lonely on his desolate island for days at a time while he went off doing whatever it is birds do for a good time. Once in a while he'd show up long enough to throw her a fish or two, but that's about it. Needless to say Sedna is extremely distressed by this turn of events and starts wailing. Her cries reach all the way back to her village and at some point her father sets out in his kayak to bring her home. He was less than enchanted, however, that his foolish daughter was not only causing him trouble again but would resume being his problem to feed. When he gets to the island, Sedna is overjoyed and the two set out for home. The kayak, however, was a single seater, so Sedna had to balance herself on the bow. They hadn't gotten very far when the Fulmar returns and realizes what has happened. Unlike her parents, he's thoroughly outraged that his latest toy is leaving the nest, so he uses his powers to create a huge storm, causing the wind to blow and the sea to toss. Before long Sedna is tossed off the kayak and she tries desperately to climb back on, sort of like Jack trying to climb onto that piece of debris with Rose in the movie "Titanic." This sets the small, unstable boat to rocking. Her father was already in a panic with the waves crashing all around and he wasn't the slightest bit interested in getting into that cold water for anything. Figuring that his foolish daughter had caused her own problems, he decides to save his own life and let her get whatever she deserves. Sedna, however, is hanging on tight to the side of the boat and won't let go, so he starts whacking her hands with the paddle. Cold as they were, her fingers broke off and fell into the sea, where they morphed into various sea creatures such as seals, whales, walruses, dolphins, fish and so forth. Giving up in despair, Sedna sinks into the icy water and descends to Adlivun, the Arctic equivalent to the underworld, where her lower body transforms into a dolphin. As mother to all sea creatures, they obey her beckon call. When so commanded, they willingly sacrifice themselves as food to those in need, whether human or animal. Conversely, when Sedna is displeased, she keeps them far from shore or any human interaction, allowing those who have treated her so badly to nearly starve, as she had on the desolate island. With her fingers gone, Sedna cannot care for her once beautiful hair and when it becomes hopelessly tangled and snarled with seaweed and sundry sea creatures, her mood darkens far beyond any human incidence of PMS, with the possible exception of that astronaut who drove over a thousand miles in diapers to threaten her love rival (see Lilith page for details). When this happens, the only hope for the human race is for the local shaman to take whatever steps are necessary to either beckon Sedna to the surface so someone can comb out her hair or find her below. When that gets taken care of, she's satisfied again, at least for a time, and the food sources return. Sedna moves so slowly that her influence extends beyond the generational effect of the outer planets such as Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. If you're one of those people who believes there's no such thing as a coincidence, then you'll appreciate how the discovery and subsequent naming of heavenly objects always introduces a new archetype to the human family. For example, Uranus, planet of upsets and rebellion, was discovered in 1781, and heralded various events such as the French Revolution. Pluto, discovered in 1930, heralded the start of fascism. The complexity of Sedna's myth invites various symbolic factors to the fore. Besides the obvious ones of abuse, betrayal, and abandonment, one of the most popular associations is with an awareness of ecology in general and the plight of sea creatures in particular. When man is kind and obedient, they can partake of the sea's abundance; and when they're careless and cruel, they will eventually suffer. It's important to remember that every archetype has a positive and negative expression and Sedna will be no exception. The asteroid, Sedna, as well as all the others represent all elements of their respective myths, which include the behavior of all involved, in this case Sedna herself, her father, and the Fulmar as well as the sea creatures that sprang from her severed fingers. Stepping back to the first part of the myth, we have a distinct lesson of "be careful what you wish for." Originally, Sedna was proud and selfish, wanting only the best in abundance with no sacrifice on her part. Those that have always had a comfortable life aren't very enthusiastic about going out on their own and starting from scratch, yet their search for an easy life is rarely handed to them. The more they resist reality, the harsher the lessons may be. Nonetheless, new life can spring from tragedy. The story also contains a variety of examples of betrayal and abandonment as well as child and spousal abuse. These, also, are lessons for our time. By all appearances Mr. Birdman didn't necessarily suffer from his actions, but as goddess of the sea you can bet that Sedna instructed her figurative offspring to give him a wide berth, making his fishing expeditions significantly less productive than previously. Her father, also, would have ultimately paid a price for his cruel treatment, particularly that of severing her fingers. Our fingers and our ability to control them are what allow us to take care of ourselves physically. Someone or something that would deprive someone of that and disfigure them as well wants to render them helpless. Is perhaps Sedna also an icon of the disabled and does she perhaps herald the many scientific advances in robotics and prosthetics that are easing such burdens? Or does she represent the many women in the world who are the victims of backward societies that treat them in much the same way? What about those that are victimized by less harsh circumstances, but exacerbate their situation by their own unwillingness to accept responsibility for themselves? What of those who maintain a sense of entitlement, burdening tax-funded shamans to fulfill their needs? The depths of the sea are easily compared to that of our unconscious. It can be cold, dark and mysterious as well as churned to a frenzy by violent storms. Conversely, it can be the peaceful, tropical waters of the South Pacific or Caribbean. The depths of the sea are not always apparent from its surface, except to a trained observer. Yet deep within the sea, in what we would consider an entirely inhospitable environment, living creatures adapt and live, such as this one over 7800 feet below the surface caught by cameras on an oil platform. Could Sedna be the patron goddess of hurricanes or tsunamis? More astrological research will be required in all of these areas before we know for sure. However, a quick look at the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster that occurred off the coast of Alaska on March 24, 1989 at approximately 12:04 a.m. shows that transiting Sedna was at 09:55 Taurus. Without going into all the transits in force at the time on Exxon's incorporation chart (August 5, 1882, 10:00 a.m., Irving, Texas), it's interesting to note that the transiting Sun was less than a degree away from natal Sedna and transiting Sedna was sitting just barely in the 7th House of relationships and right on the cusp of Exxon's 8th House of death and regeneration, which is 09:59 Taurus. Can you think of any event that is more illustrative of betrayal of a trust, especially in Sedna's world of the north countries? When one thinks of environmental disasters that killed scores of wildlife and grievously damaged their habitat, particularly those creatures in the Arctic regions who were spawned by Sedna's severed fingers, this seems more than coincidence. Another interesting tidbit is that the asteroid Sedna's red color is attributed to tholin, a hydrocarbon sludge. [UPDATE MAY 2010: Follow this link for a detailed astrological description of the British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon catastrophe.] The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill in April 2010 also had Sedna transits active on BP's natal chart (July 2, 1962, 9:30 a.m., London, England). Natal Sedna is 28:44 Aries which the transiting Sun conjoined during the oil spill period; it's interesting to note that both spills occurred under an Aries Sun. Transiting Sedna was 21:23 Taurus, just past BP's Midheaven in the 10th House of reputation and status and between the Midheaven and natal Mars, about one degree from the midpoint. Transiting Neptune, significator of oil, and Chiron, the "wounded healer" were conjunct the descendant with Uranus transiting the 8th House of death and regeneration, all aspecting natal Sedna in one way or another. Another factor we shouldn't ignore is how rare it is for Sedna to be this close to Earth. Her orbit is highly elliptical and takes thousands of years to make one circuit around the Sun. Why is she paying us a visit at this time? Is this the first time in our planet's civilized history that warranted her presence? What are we supposed to learn now that we possibly weren't ready for or didn't need earlier? All the possible situations to which Sedna could apply are not new, but have been around as long as man himself. Maybe her message is simply that enough is enough. Some speculate that Sedna would be a better fit to rule Virgo than Mercury. Personally, I see more correlations to Scorpio or even Pisces. There are definite similarities to the Sedna myth with that of Ceres and Persephone's troubles with Pluto, another dark, covert, underworld figure. Pisces, by definition, are fish, ruled by Neptune, king of the deep, and the Pisces archetype includes martyrs. And of course there's also Cancer the Crab, another sea creature and, not coincidentally in my estimation, yet another water sign. Asteroids lend another layer of depth to a horoscope, being much more versatile and rich in meaning than the planets, which are more basic. With the possible exception of recently demoted Pluto, they typically co-rule Signs as opposed to ruling them, and are often involved with more than one. I can see Sedna fitting in with any of the water signs, especially Scorpio, though a case can be made for the others as well. Clearly she'd be a logical companion for either Pluto or Neptune in their respective domains. At any rate, she definitely bears watching, particularly as events occur that resonate with the themes of this largely dark and unhappy myth replete with lessons for today's world. Be careful what you wish for. For more information on how Sedna's placement in your chart may affect you, see the Sedna Addendum. * * * Astrologer Robin Armstrong has composed numerous enchanting celestial harp melodies which reflect the Sedna myth. All the Celestial Harp albums can be purchased on Robin's main site www.thewakingdream.net in the store under celestial harp items. The actual link to purchase the CDs or mp3 versions: There are sound clips at: Recent Youtube clips of the Celestial Harp: Forest Woodhenge Introduction Part 1: Celestial Harp at Forest Woodhenge Horoscope of the Moment Music Is Magic, Celestial Harp at the Masonic Temple, Part 1 : Celestial Ascension Experiences in Solitude - PART 5 Celestial Harp \| Main \| Contact Us \| Privacy Statement \| Astroblogs \| Astrocartography \| Aspects \| Compatibility \| Daily Astrocast \| Elemental Interactions \| History \| \| Horary \| Houses \| Life Applications\| Monthly Horoscopes \| Modes & Elements \| Moon Signs \| Natal Charts \| Planets \| Progressed Charts \| Religion \| \| Asteroids \| Research \| Site Map \| Transits \| Whobeda \| Zodiac Signs \| Age of Aquarius \| Shop our Store\| --Timing is Everything-- Copyright © 2008 - 2012 Valkyrie Astrology All Rights Reserved	<urn:uuid:03d7b691-9efb-4d5c-8e67-28111f2a4ea2>	{ "date": "2018-02-23T20:00:24", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223194145-20180223214145-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.974046528339386, "score": 3.09375, "token_count": 3233, "url": "http://valkyrieastrology.com/Makeover/asteroids/sedna.html" }
Back in the days of the Hapsburg Empire, there was a town in Bohemia called Budweis. The people in that town were called Budweisers and the town had a brewery which produced beer with the same name -- but different from the American Budweiser. Like many communities in Bohemia during that era, Budweis had people of both Czech and German ancestries, speaking different languages, though many were also bilingual. They got along pretty well and most people there thought of themselves as Budweisers, rather than as Czechs or Germans. But that would later change -- for the worse -- not only in Budweis, but throughout Bohemia. The mayor of Budweis spoke both Czech and German but refused to be classified as a member of either group. His point was that we are all Budweisers. As with virtually all groups in virtually all countries and in virtually all eras, there were differences between the Germans and the Czechs. Germans were more educated, more prosperous, and more prominent in business and the professions. The German language at that point had a much wider and richer literature, the Slavic languages having acquired written versions centuries later than the languages of Western Europe. Educated people of whatever ethnicity were educated in German. Those Czechs who wished to rise into the upper echelons, whether in business, the military, or the professions, had to master the German language and culture, in order to fit in with those already at the higher levels. People on both sides learned to live with this situation and Czechs were welcomed into the German cultural enclaves when they mastered that culture. In Budweis, they could all be Budweisers. As in so many other countries and in so many other times, the rise of a newly educated intellectual class in the 19th century polarized the society with ethnic identity politics. All over Bohemia, the new Czech intelligentsia urged Czechs to think of themselves as Czechs, not Bohemians or Budweisers or anything else that would transcend their ethnic identity. Demands were made that street signs in Prague, which had been in both Czech and German before, now be exclusively in Czech. Quotas were demanded for a certain percentage of Czech music to be played by the Budweiser orchestra. If such demands seem petty, their consequences were not small. People of German ancestry resisted ethnic classifications but the Czech intelligentsia insisted and Czech politicians went along with the trend on many issues, large and small. Eventually, Germans as well began in self-defense to think of themselves as Germans, rather than as Bohemians or Budweisers, and to defend their interests as Germans. This ethnic polarization in the 19th century was a fateful step whose full consequences have not yet ended completely, even in the 21st century. A crucial turning point was the creation of the new nation of Czechoslovakia when the Hapsburg Empire was broken up after the First World War. Czech leaders declared the new nation's mission to include a correction of "social injustice" so as to "put right the historic wrongs of the seventeenth century." What were those wrongs? Czech nobles who revolted against the Hapsburg Empire back in the 17th century were defeated and had their lands confiscated and turned over to Germans. Presumably no one from the 17th century was still alive when Czechoslovakia was created in the 20th century, but Czech nationalists kept the grievance alive -- as ethnic identity ideologues have done in countries around the world. Government policies designed to undo history with preferential treatment for Czechs polarized the existing generation of Germans and Czechs. Bitter German reactions led eventually to demands that the part of the country where they lived be united with neighboring Germany. From this came the Munich crisis of 1938 that dismembered Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. When the Nazis conquered the whole country, the Germans now lorded it over the Czechs. After the war, the Czech reaction led to mass expulsions of Germans under brutal conditions that cost many lives. Today refugees in Germany are still demanding restitution. If only the grievances of past centuries had been left in the past! If only they had all remained Budweisers or Bohemians.	<urn:uuid:7b17c4c9-ec23-410d-b0fe-a6674800e7cb>	{ "date": "2016-07-25T14:06:59", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824230.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00227-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9849662184715271, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 874, "url": "http://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2005/06/20/older_budweiser" }
Prophet Solomons (pbuh) Death Then when We decreed that he [Solomon] should die, nothing divulged his death to them except the earthworm that ate his staff; so that when he fell down, it was made clear to the jinns that if they had truly had knowledge of the Unseen, they need not have stayed there, suffering humiliating punishment. (Qur'an, 34:14) The Qur'an does not contain much information about the prophets' deaths. However, it does relate some important details about Prophet Solomon's (pbuh) death. For example, at the moment of his death he was surrounded by jinns who probably were trying to complete their assigned tasks. Not realizing that he was dead, they continued to work. This verse suggests that the jinns do not have any true knowledge of the Unseen, for if they did, they would have stopped working. As this verse emphasizes the words humiliating punishment, they were working very hard on a task and were afraid of Prophet Solomon (pbuh). Thus, they did not stop when he died as they did not realize he was dead until the staff broke. The words in Arabic translated here as earthworm are dabbat al-ard. Dabba means animal or beast. Coming from debbe, which means a light walking or to struggle, it is used for animals and insects. Ard means ground or floor. Therefore, the expression dabbat al-ard can be thought of as referring to any animal, not just the earthworm.	<urn:uuid:d704baf2-22d3-40f5-ba95-304af67c844f>	{ "date": "2016-12-06T08:13:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541886.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00064-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9889550805091858, "score": 2.96875, "token_count": 320, "url": "http://evolutiondeceit.com/en/books/3007/Prophet-Solomon-(pbuh)/chapter/3416/Prophet-Solomons-(pbuh)-death" }
You’ve probably been hearing about the flu for a while now — especially how important it is to get your flu shot. But maybe you’ve also known friends or co-workers who recently became sick to their stomachs, saying they had a “stomach flu.” Do you know what a “stomach flu” actually is? Is it really a type of flu at all? Today we’ll briefly explain what each illness is and what the symptoms of each are so you can get a better idea of what you might be suffering from. What is the Flu? The flu is the common name for influenza viruses. According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the flu is a contagious respiratory illness that affects anywhere from 5 – 20% of the U.S. population each year and hospitalizes more than 200,000 patients yearly due to complications. A “Stomach Flu” is Actually Not the Flu Sometimes when people have stomach problems, from serious cramping and nausea to vomiting, they say they have the “stomach flu.” But technically, there is no such condition. The flu is a respiratory illness and usually doesn’t affect the digestive system. What people refer to as a “stomach flu” is actually called gastroenteritis. According to WebMD.com, that means there’s an “irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines… caused by a virus, bacteria, parasites in spoiled food or unclean water, or another trigger.” A true flu will actually seem more like a serious and hard-hitting cold than a stomach or other digestive issue. Here are some of the symptoms of each to help you better determine what you really might have so you can treat your illness accordingly until you’re able to visit your doctor for a proper diagnosis. Symptoms of the Flu - Extreme tiredness - Dry cough - Sore throat - Runny or stuffy nose - Muscle aches The CDC also notes that while stomach symptoms may appear, those symptoms are more common among children, and they are “rarely the main symptoms of influenza.” [source] Symptoms of Gastroenteritis (or the “Stomach Flu”) Because gastroenteritis can be caused by both viruses and bacteria (among other triggers), symptoms can vary. But according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) of the National Institutes of Health, here are some symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. [source] - Watery diarrhea - Abdominal pain According the New York Times, bacterial gastroenteritis has similar symptoms but also potential bloody stools and loss of appetite. Bacterial gastroenteritis is also a common result of food poisoning from bacteria in spoiled or undercooked foods. [source] As you can see, some symptoms of gastroenteritis are shared with influenza viruses like headaches and fevers. The abdominal pain might also seem similar to the muscle aches of a flu, and since being ill in general can make someone feel worn out, it’s possible some people confuse that with the serious exhaustion common to the flu. If you’re ill for a prolonged period of time, are concerned that you may become seriously dehydrated or that you may be suffering from other complications of either disorder, please seek medical attention right away. It’s never a good idea to simply guess as to what’s wrong with you. Your healthcare professional may be able to prescribe an antiviral or antibiotic medication that can help, or alert you to any further treatment needed. * Disclaimer. The author is not a medical professional and information is not designed to serve as medical advice. Facts provided in this article are strictly for informational purposes. Please seek the assistance of a qualified healthcare professional if you become ill.	<urn:uuid:fed422ad-20a9-48b5-a211-1e25bd7cb77d>	{ "date": "2019-05-20T11:02:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255943.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520101929-20190520123929-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541810750961304, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 808, "url": "https://www.dirjournal.com/blogs/what-is-the-difference-between-the-flu-and-a-stomach-flu/" }
A nice study reminding agricultural experts to be modest about what is known and unknown about complex cropping systems in West Africa. Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa are known to improve soil fertility and redistribute water under their crowns in parkland systems. A field experiment was conducted to separate above and below-ground interactions between these species and associated Sorghum bicolor using root trenching and crown pruning during three cropping seasons. Trenching increased soil water availability because Sorghum plants displayed higher leaf water potential -0.73 ± 0.11 MPa in the trenched plots than control plots -1.32 ± 0.14 MPa. There were no significant differences in grain 315 ± 80 kg ha-1 versus 217 ± 48 kg ha-1 and straw biomass 1639 ± 295 kg ha-1 versus 1307 ± 278 kg ha-1 yields between trenched and control plots. Crown pruning increased sorghum grain yield in the trenched plots in 2008 and 2009 under P. biglobosa while the opposite happened under V. paradoxa. Better performance of Sorghum in the trenched plots under unpruned V. paradoxa trees than pruned trees could be an indication that light was less limiting under this species as previously thought but also that crown removal induced soil water evaporation and decreased soil water content under this species. An implication of this is that recommendations for including trees in cropland, or for management of existing trees within cropland, must be context and species specific.	<urn:uuid:5e4a99da-be55-463d-9582-ed2103f7e097>	{ "date": "2017-05-29T22:43:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613135.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529223110-20170530003110-00364.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411091208457947, "score": 3.421875, "token_count": 318, "url": "https://mkevane.com/2014/10/04/how-do-nere-and-karite-trees-change-sorghum-yields-in-burkina-faso/" }
CAFTA: What Could It Mean for Migration? CAFTA: What Could It Mean for Migration? A number of factors can influence the connection between free trade and migration, particularly between developed and less developed countries. Yet it is believed that more trade can lead to less international migration as the less-developed country increases its exports and its economy expands. However, trade and economic opportunities in general do not automatically spur development in poor nations where migration can mean a search for well being driven by economics as well as deeply rooted cultural, social, and psychological causes. Indeed, in the case of Central America, the reasons for high rates of emigration to the United States began with devastating civil wars in the late 1970s and early 1980s but have become more complex over time (see Central America: Crossroads of the Americas). The Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) between the United States, five Central American countries, and the Dominican Republic may be the most important economic event in the region in 20 years. The agreements could allow some of the poorest Central American countries to combine their existing benefit from remittances (one of the "profits" of migration) with the job creation and investment opportunities free trade can offer. CAFTA, after a few years of discussion, took a leap forward in August 2004 when Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and, later, the Dominican Republic, agreed to establish with the United States stable and permanent regulations, based on reciprocity, for trading both goods and services in areas such as telecommunications, finance, insurance, and consulting, among others. The new rules also would make it easier for U.S. companies and others from the rest of the world to invest in CAFTA countries, and CAFTA countries would see improvements in current tariff preferences, including the elimination of U.S. quotas for all products except sugar. The CAFTA process started when Costa Rica, which signed free-trade agreements with Mexico in 1995 and Canada in 2002, proposed bilateral trade negotiations with the United States. However, the United States was only willing to negotiate with a block of Central American countries. CAFTA's implementation requires every country's legislature to ratify the agreement; only Costa Rica's legislature has not done so (the U.S. Congress approved CAFTA in July 2005). However, CAFTA came into force for El Salvador on March 1, 2006, because the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) determined that El Salvador had taken sufficient steps to complete its commitments under the agreement, including adopting new laws and regulations where necessary. The U.S. government will put CAFTA into effect on a rolling basis for the remaining signatory countries — Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua — as they meet the agreement's requirements, for which they have a maximum period of two years as of March 1, 2006. Arguments for and Against CAFTA With their high rates of poverty, CAFTA's Central American member countries — including leader-of-the-pack Costa Rica — are in need of foreign direct investment (see Table 1). The World Bank and others believe CAFTA would make it easier for Central America to obtain capital and that free trade would also modernize economies and societies as well as reduce poverty. Table 1. Economic Indicators in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (2004) Also, CAFTA could strengthen an already solid trade relationship. No other market in the world is as important to Central America as the United States. In 2001, the value of trade between the United States and the six CAFTA countries totaled US$32 billion, US$15 billion in exports and US$17 billion in imports — more than the trade between the United States and Russia, India, and Indonesia together. Over 15,000 U.S. companies have operations in the region, and Central America, with over 40 million consumers, is the second-largest market in Latin America after Mexico. Not surprisingly, the agreement has strong opponents. In Central America, some believe it would exacerbate poverty and hurt small farmers. Still others believe it would make medicines more expensive, cripple social security systems and impair public services like insurance and telecommunications for low-income consumers. Central American Integration Coordinated trade and integration measures date back to December 1960, when four countries — El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Honduras — established the Central American Common Market (CACM, Mercado Común Centroamericano) trade organization; Costa Rica joined two years later. CACM's aim was to set up a common market and customs union within five years. In the years leading up to CACM, a number of bilateral trade agreements between Central American countries had been signed. The United States, interested in countering the threat of communist Cuba, was eager to see economic integration and development in Latin America. In early 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced the Alliance for Progress, an ambitious, 10-year plan that sought to bring to all the people of the Americas homes, work, land, health, and schools. At this time, there was minimal migration from Central America to the United States with the exception of Honduran migration to New Orleans. This migration flow began with the close trading relationship between New Orleans-based Standard Fruit Company and banana growers in Honduras. By mid century, the relationship had led to the settlement of many Hondurans of all socioeconomic backgrounds. In 1970, Hondurans represented 12.8 percent of Louisiana's foreign-born population. Although Central American countries saw improvement in some economic indicators during the 1960s, by the early 1970s both CACM and the Alliance for Progress, for various reasons, had fallen short of their long-term goals of creating greater economic and political cooperation (CACM) and in bringing Latin America out of poverty and establishing democratic governments (Alliance for Progress). CACM collapsed in 1969 because of war between Honduras and El Salvador but was reestablished in 1991, once the region had become more peaceful. The Organization of American States (OAS), a regional agency whose members include all countries in the Western Hemisphere, dismantled its permanent committee on the Alliance for Progress in the 1970s. By the 1980s, Central American countries had begun a process to open trade with the rest of the world, dismantling unilaterally the high tariffs crafted for CACM 20 years earlier. In 1983, 24 countries around the Caribbean basin, including five in Central America and some in South America, signed the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) with the United States. CBI allowed these countries to export commodities, including fresh produce, fresh and frozen seafood, specialty foods, medical and surgical supplies, and other goods to the United States without paying tariffs. The program also included U.S. government assistance for economic development. CBI was expanded in 2000 to include the U.S.-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA), which allows "import sensitive" articles such as apparel and footwear to enter the United States free of quota and duty. Because, in 1994, the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) gave advantages to Mexico in areas such as apparel, CBI countries experienced some disinvestment and slower growth of their exports. CBTPA is meant to level the playing field with Mexico and also to help countries devastated by Hurricanes Mitch and Georges in 1998. CBI and the CBTPA provisions have been very successful in promoting new and more Central American exports to the U.S. market, which in turn has created many local jobs in the apparel industry and nontraditional agriculture and promoted the modernization needed in any development process, particularly in agricultural and rural areas. For example, small entrepreneurs in the region have been able to abandon subsistence agriculture because they face few hurdles in sending new products to the United States. Table 2. Exports to the United States from Central American Countries with CBI Designation, 2004 At the same time, CBI and CBTPA also have limitations that have hindered development. As a unilateral instrument of the United States, the U.S. president has the authority to "withdraw, suspend, or limit benefits if he determines that the country is not meeting designation criteria." Consequently, such uncertainties have made businesses more cautious. From CBI to CAFTA CBTPA is set to operate until September 30, 2008, unless the United States signs another trade agreement with any of the beneficiary countries. While most analysts believe the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), in discussion since the mid 1990s, could replace CBI/CBTPA, CAFTA's implementation will also affect CAFTA countries that belong to CBI. As of March 1, El Salvador became ineligible for duty-free treatment under CBTPA, but some temporary adjustments will have to be made prior to others countries receiving full CAFTA status. In the long-term, once all the CAFTA-signatory countries that belong to CBI become full-fledged CAFTA countries, the process of modernization and change could be accelerated. Unlike CBTPA, CAFTA implies a set of permanent and lasting rules. Businesses that were previously hesitant to invest in Central America because of the threat of unilateral suspension could become more willing to make economic commitments. What CAFTA Says About Migration Unlike some of the other trade agreements the U.S. has signed (notably NAFTA and Chile), CAFTA explicitly avoids linking trade provisions with temporary migration or visas. In fact, the agreement includes an understanding that states, "No provision of the Agreement shall be construed to impose any obligation on a Party regarding its immigration measures." In the case of services provided across borders, chapter 11 of CAFTA says that workers providing those services will be subject to the laws of the host country. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) gives the example of a Costa Rica musician who wants to bring his services to the United States. The musician would have to pursue a visa through existing U.S. channels; he would not be eligible for any special consideration because of CAFTA. At the same time, no CAFTA country would be allowed to limit the number of "natural persons" (individuals) that may be employed in any kind of cross-border service. In addition, all parties have agreed to work together to set standards for education and experience requirements in certain professions; all members would recognize these standards, eliminating the basis for discrimination. NAFTA and Migration To understand what CAFTA may mean for migration, it's instructive to look at the effects of NAFTA. When the U.S. Senate debated NAFTA in the mid 1990s, the argument of "more trade and less international migration" was used convincingly. Mexico also believed that NAFTA would create new jobs at home and decrease the pressure to migrate. Ten years later, different evaluations support different results. According to USTR, migration flows from the areas in Mexico that received NAFTA-related investment have decreased. Yet, although the number of Mexican jobs in manufacturing increased, net job gains have been either modest or flat, depending on the measurement and its timing; wages in the United States and Mexico are not close to converging. Most notably, Mexican immigration, particularly of unauthorized immigrants, increased sharply after NAFTA went into effect. As already noted, NAFTA allows for temporary migration but only of certain professionals under strict guidelines; no provisions were made for the temporary movement of low-skilled workers. Some analysts have argued that NAFTA cannot be blamed for increased migration. Rather, Mexico's financial crises and restructuring efforts, the booming U.S. economy, and strong migration networks, among other factors, have had more powerful effects on migration. A reasonable conclusion could be that, although international trade can create some economic conditions that eventually reduce migration trends, migration does not depend only on trade-agreement provisions. Also, reducing poverty requires a comprehensive strategy that can include trade but cannot be built on trade alone. CAFTA's Possible Effects on Migration Today, approximately five million people from Central America — about 50 percent of them without legal status — live in the United States, according to estimates from the International Organization for Migration (IOM). While the first large wave arrived in the 1980s after fleeing civil war at home, others came after natural disasters, such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998. Over the last 25 years, the United States has become the top destination of those seeking to escape persecution and those wanting a better life. At the same time, many Central American immigrants maintain close ties to their home countries, sending remittances and returning frequently to visit. The effects of CAFTA on these migration patterns will depend on the intensity with which the agreement can induce economic growth in both marginal urban areas and rural areas. It will also depend on how economic growth affects social development. Studies by the University of Michigan and the World Bank indicate that the agreement could create more than 300,000 new jobs and could increase the region's GDP by US$5.3 billion. If the agreement does not succeed in reducing poverty, then it should not be expected to reduce migration. Additionally, if the U.S. economy continues to grow and laws regarding legal, work-based migration are not changed, then the United States will likely continue attracting workers from Central America. In other words, the sole existence of CAFTA, as with NAFTA, will not reverse established migration patterns. CAFTA was a key issue in Costa Rica's hotly contested presidential elections in February 2006. Pro-CAFTA candidate (and former president and Nobel Peace Prize laureate) Oscar Arias was named the winner in March, and Costa Rica is expected to make the needed legal reforms to comply with CAFTA's terms of negotiations. Except for El Salvador, the rest of the CAFTA countries still need to institute legal changes, including reforms on local intellectual property, labor, and services laws. At this time, only Honduras' legislature has taken the necessary steps for compliance. Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and Guatemala will definitely take more time. Considering the history of Central American economic integration, the established migration patterns between the region and the United States, and the slow roll out of CAFTA, no major changes, either in economics or migration, can be expected in the near future. This article is based on Salomon Cohen's report for the IOM office in Guatemala entitled "The Effects of the Free Trade Agreement Between Central America, the United States and the Dominican Republic in Central American Migratory Processes." The report is available here. Brown, Drusilla, Kozo Kiyota, and Robert M. Stern (2005). "Computational Analyses of the U.S FTAs with Central America, Australia and Morocco." Discussion paper No. 527, the University of Michigan. Revised January 31. Available online. Papademetriou, Demetrios, John Audley, Sandra Polaski, and Scott Vaughn (2003). "NAFTA's Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere." Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available online. U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (2000). "Guide to Caribbean Basin Initiative." November. Available online. Office of the United States Trade Representative (2006). "Statement of USTR Rob Portman Regarding Entry Into Force of the U.S.-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) for El Salvador." February 24. Available online. Office of the United States Trade Representative. "CAFTA Briefing Book." Available online.	<urn:uuid:315bb389-d126-4dd8-8eb5-a9f1a893eddc>	{ "date": "2016-10-26T02:18:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00335-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9495773911476135, "score": 3.265625, "token_count": 3242, "url": "http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/cafta-what-could-it-mean-migration/" }
Dark matter hides light from lonely stars Light riddle Halos of mysterious dark matter could be hiding large numbers of unseen stars on the fringes of galaxies, according to a new study. The discovery, reported in the journal Nature, could explain why there's more light in the universe than there are stars to produce it. "Existing explanations such as very distant far away galaxies and nearer very faint galaxies can't explain this discrepancy," says lead reseracher Professor Ned Wright of the University of California. "The idea of not-so-far-away faint galaxies (producing this light) is off by a factor of about ten, while the 'distant galaxies' hypothesis is off by a factor of about a thousand." In large clusters of galaxies, astronomers have found much higher percentages of this light discrepancy, as high as 20 per cent. To solve the riddle, Wright and colleagues used NASA's Spitzer infrared space telescope to map a region of the sky ten billion light years away in the constellation Boötes. Blocking out the light "There were a large number of galaxies in that field, so we cut out the light from those galaxies by masking them," says Wright. "We ended up with a picture of the sky, with all the galaxies cut out which you expect to be perfectly uniform and dark, but we still see small amounts of light coming from somewhere." Wright and colleagues measured this unexplained light, which they call fluctuations, and found it appeared to be coming from stars hidden in the halos of dark matter surrounding galaxies. "Galaxies are collections of stars that sit inside a more extended halo of dark matter," says Wright. "We can't see the dark matter but we know it's there because of its gravitational impact on the galaxy." Flung out by gravity Wright and colleagues, contend that about one star in every thousand are flung out of their galaxies by the gravitational perturbations produced during galactic mergers. "When these galaxies merge not all of the stars end up in the merged galaxy," says Wright. "It's these stars, which end up hidden in the dark matter, that are providing the additional light we're seeing." He says he always felt galaxies were a lot fuzzier than expected. "This fuzziness means there no sharp edge to the galaxy boundary."	<urn:uuid:eadc9145-d7bf-4e20-9811-aa9a647567ad>	{ "date": "2015-05-04T04:12:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453690104.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041450-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9494389295578003, "score": 3.828125, "token_count": 483, "url": "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/10/29/3619459.htm?site=science&topic=space&listaction=subscribe" }
Foraging for wild plants and hunting wild animals is the most ancient of human subsistence patterns. Prior to 10,000 years ago, all people lived in this way. Hunting and gathering continued to be the subsistence pattern of some societies well into the 20th century, especially in environmentally marginal areas that were unsuited to farming or herding, such as dense tropical forests, deserts, and subarctic tundra . Earlier foragers also occupied productive river valleys in temperate zones until these areas became farmlands during the last 5,000-8,000 years. Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains. They do not plant crops and the only domesticated animals that they usually have are dogs. These useful animals often have multiple functions for foraging peoples. They serve as pets, hunting aids, watch-animals, camp refuse scavengers, and even surplus food when needed. Some foragers in East Africa and Western North America are known to have periodically regenerated the productivity of their environments by intentionally burning grasslands and sparse woodlands. This encouraged the growth of tender new vegetation which attracted game animals. It is likely that controlled burns of this sort were used by foragers elsewhere in the world as well. Foragers rely mainly on their own muscle power in carrying out their subsistence tasks. Most labor is done individually or in small groups of relatives and friends. There is an almost a complete absence of occupational choice. Every man is primarily a hunter of animals and every woman is mainly a gatherer of plants. Economic roles are mostly based on gender and age. However, it is not unusual for some tasks to be performed by either men or women. Gathering of firewood as well as collecting mollusks, insects, and other small game for food are often non-gender specific activities. Most foraging societies do not establish permanent year-round settlements. Rather, they have relatively temporary encampments with tents, brush huts, or other easily constructed dwellings. The length of time that they stay in any one location is largely determined by the availability of food and water that is readily obtainable. In regions that experience seasonal variations in climate, foragers usually carry out a round of migrations determined by the resources that can be exploited at particular times of the year in different areas of their territories. In this way, they increase the amount of food and can support somewhat larger populations than otherwise. However, their migrations are limited by the fact that most foraging societies travel on foot. Foraging population densities are very low compared to other subsistence patterns. In harsh, relatively unproductive environments, densities of foragers have been as low as one person per 10-50 square miles. In rich environments, the densities have been as high as 10-30 people per square mile. The optimal community size usually is about 25-30 people, depending on the availability of food and water. However, the band size tends to stabilize well below the carrying capacity of the local environment. Social factors rather than food scarcity usually limit the community size. With increased numbers of people, there is increased potential for social conflict. The result is a splitting of the band. Fissioning of the community into two bands that go their own way has the effect of preventing a large population concentration that could strain the carrying capacity of the environment. Anthropologists have identified three major variations of the foraging subsistence pattern: 1. pedestrian (diversified hunting and gathering on foot) 2. equestrian (concentrating on hunting large mammals from horseback) 3. aquatic (concentrating on fish and/or marine mammal hunting usually from boats) Equestrian and aquatic foragers have specialized subsistence patterns. They focus their food getting efforts on a limited range of species. This allows them to become very efficient at harvesting them. As a result, they usually have abundant food supplies and larger communities than pedestrian foragers. However, there is a downside to a specialized subsistence pattern. It can be a precarious way of life in a changing environment. An epidemic or other catastrophic event can rapidly reduce the numbers of animals that are the focus of the hunt. In contrast, the diversified subsistence approach of most pedestrian foragers has the advantage of relative economic security if there are fluctuations in the weather, water supply, or periodic die-offs of the food sources. The disadvantage of a diversified subsistence pattern is that the total amount of food calories acquired is often less and the amount of time required to secure them is greater. The general foraging way of life described above mostly fits the pedestrian pattern. This has been the commonest form of hunting and gathering. At one time, pedestrian foragers lived on all continents except Antarctica. Prior to the invention of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, almost all people lived in this way. They occupied the rich fertile valleys, hills, and grasslands. By the early 20th century, however, this subsistence pattern survived only in marginal areas that farmers and herders were not able to or interested in exploiting. The most well known pedestrian foragers were the Australian Aborigines, the San speakers of Southwest Africa, the pygmies of West Central Africa, most California Indians, and the Paiutes of the Great Basin in Western North America. Other pedestrian foragers lived in marginal areas of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Surviving pedestrian foragers have been heavily impacted by large-scale agricultural societies. Few if any of these foragers are still following their old subsistence pattern exclusively. \|Pedestrian foragers during the late 19th century\| The pedestrian hunting and gathering way of life was highly mobile. Most of these societies moved their camps several times a year and had temporary dwellings. The number of people living in a camp also often varied throughout the year depending on the local food supply. Material possessions were generally few and light in weight so that they could be transported easily. Subsistence tools included such things as simple digging sticks, baskets, spears, and bows and arrows that could be easily replaced when needed. This settlement flexibility is an efficient way of responding to changing environmental opportunities. Equestrian foragers have evolved in only two areas of the world--the Great Plains of North America and the sparse grasslands of Southern Argentina. In both cases, pedestrian foragers acquired horses from Spanish settlers in the early 17th century. Over several generations, horse breeding and riding skills were honed. This resulted in a revolutionary change in these Native American societies. The horse became the principle mode of transportation and dramatically increased hunting success in the pursuit of big animals. These societies became larger, more mobile, and were now able to travel over larger areas throughout the year. Horses allowed them to effectively follow the seasonal migrations of large herbivores over hundreds of miles. In North America the prey of choice for the Sioux , Crow , Cheyenne , and others was the bison or buffalo. In South America, the guanaco was hunted by the Tehuelche . Guanacos are camelids related to the domesticated llamas, alpacas, and vicuñas. North American bison South American guanaco The equestrian foraging societies became male dominated and warlike. This was particularly true on the Great Plains of North America after the widespread acquisition of guns in the 19th century. Raiding other societies to steal horses and defeat enemy warriors was the principle path to respect and success for men. Their societies acquired hierarchical , almost military-like forms of political organization with chiefs at the top. In contrast, pedestrian foragers are comparatively peaceful and have very democratic political systems that usually lack fulltime leaders. North American equestrian foragers of the Great Plains in the late 19th century The combination of aggressiveness and high mobility made it very difficult for the U.S. and Argentine armies to subdue the equestrian foragers during the last half of the 19th century. In both countries, it required a number of army regiments with rapid fire guns and light artillery. In the case of the North American Plains Indians, decimation of the bison herds at that time by non-Indian hunters was the most important factor in subduing them because it destroyed their traditional subsistence base. All equestrian foragers were forced to move from their homelands to relatively small isolated reservations. Today, their survivors are mostly living in poverty with little hope for their future. of the Americas Aquatic foragers focus their subsistence activities on fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and/or marine mammals. The most well known aquatic foragers lived on the Northwest Coast of North America from the Klamath River of California to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. These societies specialized mostly in salmon fishing along the rivers and hunting seals and whales off the coast. Other aquatic foragers occupied the coastal regions of the American subarctic, the Channel Islands of Southern California, the southern tip of South America, the coastal areas of Eastern Siberia, and a few other regions of the world. The exploitation of fish and other marine resources is usually a far more reliable and productive form of foraging than the diversified hunting and gathering of most foragers who live away from the coasts and major rivers. Among the Northwest Coast Indians, settlements were usually permanent. On Vancouver Island in Western Canada, the Kwakiutl and some of their neighbors built split plank wood homes and large community halls for ritual performances, dances, and feasts. They had the leisure time to invest considerable effort in creating elaborate clothing, masks, and large wood carvings (e.g., totem poles and boxes). They also had relatively complex social stratification for foraging peoples. Politically powerful men had titles and privileges reminiscent of Medieval European lords. Aquatic foragers of the Northwest Coast of North America in the late 19th century Today, many aquatic foraging societies continue exploiting marine resources but as part of the international economy. They fish commercially with well equipped modern boats and sell most of their catch to buy things that they do not produce themselves. Apparently, no aquatic foragers still solely practice their traditional subsistence patterns. Misconceptions about Foraging The most common image of the hunting and gathering way of life until recently was that of an uncertain existence in a harsh environment and a short miserable life. This view was more of an ethnocentric projection than an accurate description of the lives of foragers. It was based on our tendency to pigeonhole human societies in terms of an outdated evolutionary framework. It was assumed that if the technology is simple then life must be grim. It was a vestige of the Victorian belief that our "civilized" lives are not only more efficient but also more comfortable than those of "primitive" peoples. Ethnographic research carried out over the last half century has largely demolished this myth that foragers in the past had to struggle for existence. In fact, they usually had a food supply that was adequate and reliable. Most of them only had to expend minimal labor to provide for their basic needs. What is particularly surprising to people in industrialized nations is that foragers often lived well into old age with few signs of anxiety and insecurity. Outside of the subarctic , most foragers subsisted mainly on nuts, vegetables, fruits, and even protein rich insects. Hunting large animals was relatively unreliable. Among the San speakers of the Kalahari Desert in Namibia and Botswana, 60-80% of the diet came from non-meat sources, especially nuts and roots. Since women provided most of the vegetable foods, they were responsible for the majority of the calories that were consumed. Men mostly provided the most desirable food, which was meat. The San way of life was remarkably efficient. While they had few days that were free of subsistence activities, the ratio of labor expenditure to production was low. The ethnographer Richard Lee discovered that adult San spent only about 2½ days of 6 hours each week hunting and gathering. Young people did not fully join the work force until around 20 years old. The 60% of the society that were healthy adults, provided the food for everyone by working only 15 hours a week. Foragers have rightly been referred to by Richard Lee as the most leisured people. In the United States today, less than 1% of the population produces all of the food for the entire society. Given this remarkable efficiency, it is worth asking why the rest of us work 40-50 hours a week, often with considerable psychological stress. Foragers often have long lives compared to people in the industrial societies of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Richard Lee discovered that 10% of the San were over 60 years of age and the elderly, blind, senile, and crippled were supported by their families. In the United States today, 10-15% of the people are over 60 and life expectancy is in the low to mid 70's. However, living to an advanced age in the Western World is a very recent trend primarily resulting from modern medicine. In 1900, the average life expectancy in the United States was only 50. At the time of the American Revolution, it was 35. By comparison, the San lived relatively long, healthy lives. Note: The most well known San speakers of southern Africa are the !Kung or Ju/'hoansi . They maintained their traditional foraging way of life into the 1960's. Since then, they have been increasingly forced into smaller territories that are not adequate to support their population by foraging. Today, most of them are poor subsistence farmers in Namibia. In 2002, the government of Botswana drove their surviving San foragers out of the Central Kalahari Desert because they continued to hunt in what was declared a game reserve. In 2004, a delegation of these San went to Washington D.C., the World Bank, and the United Nations to plead for help. They were hoping that world public opinion would force Botswana to allow them to return to what has been their homeland probably for the last 20,000 years. Few have paid heed to their appeal. This page was last updated on Monday, October 30, 2006. Copyright © 2001-2006 by Dennis O'Neil. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:b01d131b-2635-430a-a847-8907cb4da665>	{ "date": "2019-04-20T04:23:03", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528523.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420040932-20190420062932-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9698142409324646, "score": 3.890625, "token_count": 2903, "url": "https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/subsistence/sub_2.htm" }
People are buzzing here in Seattle about the idea of making a commitment to city-wide carbon neutrality by 2030 an explicit part of the city's planning, environmental and economic development strategies. That's damn exciting. One of the issues that looks to rear its wonky head quickly is "what does carbon-neutral mean?" Because we're dealing with complex systems (systems in fact so complex that no one person can actually know them as a whole), the challenge of dividing those systems into measurable parts is mind-bendingly difficult. Simply knowing where to draw the boundaries between one part and another becomes a huge task. Just to take a few for-instances: Are toys manufactured in China but played with by Seattle children part of China's footprint, or ours? Are emissions captured by trees growing in the city's watershed fair to count, or not? Are barrels of oil burned by the U.S. military part of Seattle's climate impact or not? By necessity, solving these kinds of definitional problems will take both a lot of researched argument and a fair number of judgment calls. Some people seem to think that the fact that there's no readily agreed-upon definition of climate neutrality means that having it as a goal is pointless. These people are silly. In the real world, the definitional issues are absolutely critical to the work as a whole, so not only is arguing out what we mean by climate neutral not a distraction, it's a key part of the process. It's part of what will focus our minds on the work to be done; it's part of the benefit we'll be offering the world by doing this; it's even, potentially, a modest local economic development strategy, since expertise in these issues will without question become a marketable, exportable skill in the future. So let's have that argument, loudly and in public. In fact, let's have that argument in a very public way: let's put our definitions to a public vote. Let's run a competition with various teams coming up with basic models of measuring climate neutrality and ways of explaining them in terms regular people can understand (remembering that in Seattle, a majority of citizens have college educations and at least some understanding of the environmental issues involved). For instance, a team might say, "we believe that we should only measure what actually happens in the city limits, and believe that it all probably balances out in the end," while another might announce that "unless we trace all Seattle consumption back to its source carbon impacts, we're cheating, so we'll develop models for doing that," while still a third might come up with another angle. Let the teams develop the models, and their explanations for why they think their models are best. Have a jury select the three strongest cases. Then let the people of Seattle vote on which one they think makes the most sense. A definition of carbon neutrality selected by popular vote would have all sorts of benefits. The competition to put forward models would drive modeling/footprinting innovation. The development of campaigns to win votes for those models would encourage new ways of explaining these complex issues through design, storytelling and education. The media debate between them would enrich the public's understanding of the issues. The private process of weighing which standard to vote for would give citizens a chance to wrestle with their own thinking about the issues, and better inform themselves. The selection of a winner would mean that we had a standard backed not just by the scientists and policy-makers, but by the people of the city as a whole. That, in turn, could be one of the project's biggest legacies. In a nation where science and rational debate on climate are under brutal political assault, having a major city pick its own standard based on science and rational debate would itself be a bold move. Let the people vote for the future they want! This is a great idea! I'm all for it. At the same time, you might be interested to know that other cities are moving forward on carbon neutral objectives. Just this morning I talked with Rachel Nunn at Keep Stirling Beautiful about their project called Going Carbon Neutral Stirling. We can learn from their example. As part of Seattle's Innovation Engine, the project I'm coordinating in the region to catalyze our creative throughout for the long haul, there is already talk among local carbon emission experts about the definition of carbon neutral. We're all coming together to take your call to action seriously! Director, Cognitive Policy Works Project Coordinator, Seattle's Innovation Engine Joe, does the Stirling group have any actual targets? I couldn't find them on their site. (Worth noting, too, that the kind of challenge carbon neutrality is differs significantly between North American and European cities...) Naomi Devine writes: Great column. I can give you a bit of perspective on how this is going in British Columbia. I wrote the Carbon Neutral Plan for Whistler, and our council passed it in September 2009. We will be Canada's (and North America's) first carbon neutral municipality - beginning in 2010. Much hinges on the definition, and this is turning into a political issue by implication. Your thoughts on scope are quite important; scope is defined in BC by the provincial government. Municipalities in BC signed on to the voluntary BC Climate Action Charter (in 2008) and agreed to this main point: to become carbon neutral in operations in 2012. Scope is defined as traditional municipal services (including contracted services). Whistler (and BC's government) went for the definition of carbon neutrality that calls on measuring, reducing, and then purchasing third-party verified offsets to get to our theoretical zero. (In BC we can purchase them from the newly formed Pacific Carbon Trust, the crown corp that procures verified offsets in BC). This is where contention is appearing - now that municipalities are having to contend with carbon for the first time, they are wanting the political benefit of keeping the carbon offset money local as well. So - some are investing in energy reduction projects in their boundaries, with no verification, leaving one wondering if they achieve any reductions at all. There is no way to assure this, thus leaving some areas in a situation where you could have public money being invested for no or little carbon reduction benefit. This concerns me because it would further erode tenuous public support for climate action. Thanks for jump-starting this conversation (again), Alex. The goal of carbon neutrality -- or zero emissions -- is exciting because of its ambition and simplicity. And yet the technical challenges, as Alex notes, could maybe be daunting. What may be even more daunting is how to tie this goal for Seattle to a broader global plan of action, i.e., how to make the goal even more than a great rallying cry and also make it a key piece of the global technical and ethical challenge of addressing climate change? I'd like to see a definition for carbon neutrality that builds from the latest scientific findings on what global emission reductions are necessary (e.g., to meet a 2 degree C warming guardrail) as well as a fair means of assigning responsibility for those emission reductions (e.g., sometimes called burden sharing or carbon budgeting). Taking such an approach -- and downscaling it to a city scale -- could provide both a scientific and ethical basis for a definition of a carbon neutral Seattle. (And I'm working on such a definition...maybe for the contest!) I love the spirit of what you're proposing but I think a "public vote" is the wrong tool. Mass coliseum-style voting on complex issues tends to produce lowest common denominator campaigns that miss out on our collective intelligence. The right tool for this is something more like what Perth (Australia) did in 2004 when they urgently needed to come up with a plan to deal with sprawl and to get past their bitter conflicts around that issue. They ran an amazing process which they called Dialogue with the City. It included a lot of what you're hoping for: thoughtful media campaigns, online dialogue, small working groups, iterative large group process, .. in short, deep deliberative democracy. I agree wholeheartedly that one of this project's (and McGinn's) biggest legacies could be institutionalizing truly participative democracy - but only if we learn from and adopt the process models that are out there (such as Perth's and also British Columbia Citizen's Assembly on Electoral Reform), proven, and truly innovative. Phil-- I support the idea* of a deliberative process, but the reality that seems to always emerge in Seattle is a debilitating process... a descent into boringness, into NIMBY obstructionism, into watered-down goals, into the rule of the iron butt. Process is so broken in Seattle that I'm suspect of it being fixed at this level. Have an expert panel pick the best three options, have the people vote on which one they like -- combines the best in representative democracy w/ genuine public debate. IMHO... your mileage may vary... But let's say I'm totally wrong: how would you structure that process? What would be its goals and outcomes? Alex -- Count me in -- this is terrific. I know Phil has thought deeply about deliberative democracy. I'm attracted to your straight-over-tackle approach, and don't pretend to know which is best, but it seems worth thinking about more -- with the guiding principle that genuine public ownership is the goal. There's a decent chance that an approach like Phil's would produce a more thoughtful outcome. But yours would produce more buzz, and I think that's worth a lot in the sense that it affirms that this is on the front burner of our collective agenda. The trick would be to come out the other end with something we can implement....but political will is the lion's share of that trick. While we're "defining" it we might also want to think about renaming/recalibrating it. "Neutrality" has always struck me as, well, neutral, when I think we are shooting for passionate engagement. I would be attracted to calibrating it off of 350 ppm....which probably does mean pretty damned close to zero in 2030. And what to call it? Carbon-free? Not to jump the gun on the public process, but I think the role of offsets should be seriously constrained. We ruled them out entirely for the Green Ribbon Commission, but of course that was a less ambitious goal. I'd rather see Seattle go full bore at the really tough issues like reducing the use of liquid fuels, than punt them and offset -- even if it means higher risk of falling short or adopting a somewhat less aggressive goal. Really appreciate your leadership on this.... That's a big question, so here are just some initial thoughts. First, I'm not aware that Seattle has ever tried well-designed deliberative process on anything like city scale. Yes, we've had some high profile charrettes, but unless they're connected to decision-making authority, they're just exercises. We're stuck in the model of self-selecting committees and councils on the one hand, or open public meetings with a line at the microphone on the other. Both are pretty bad models. Second, this can't just be about the "definition of carbon neutrality." That's your inner wonk speaking. It won't resonate with the public. We need to have a deep collective conversation around the whole idea of making Seattle carbon neutral. And even that framing may or may not be the right one. Goals: create a sense of collective responsibility and engagement; collective empowerment; deep education; collective buy-in for the conclusions. You cannot mandate massive transformation from the top-down. We have never tried to do it by inviting people into shared responsibility. Process: IMO two of the key process elements are: 1. Use stratified random sampling to ensure that SOME of the key deliberating bodies are truly representative of the public. 2. Use a hybrid process to enable a large number of people to participate. A good place to start in thinking about the process would be to model it after Perth: 1. Start with broad public engagement. Use surveys, media partnerships, talk radio, etc. to start the conversation around the topic of carbon neutrality. 2. Use a large-scale deliberative process (such as 21st century town hall) to come to some guiding principles for the work groups. The key thing Perth did here was use some simulation tools to force people to make the tough trade-offs. 3. Have work groups that are empowered to make implementation-level decisions. As I said, this is not thought through, it's just one example of an approach that is profoundly better than the way we make our biggest, most critical decisions today. Just saw KC's comment that crossed paths with mine. The thing that I love about the Perth process is that it combined the small-scale "thoughtful" processes with very buzz-oriented, large-scale conversations. They're not mutually exclusive, they can be complementary. I'm not sure how they define it in Stirling, Scotland. I'll ask Rachel to come and post a comment here to share their approach. I resonate especially well with Phil's last comment about finding a way to have our mission resonate deeply with the core identities of people throughout the Puget Sound region. It's perhaps less important - from the perspective of community transformation - how we go about the technical aspects of defining carbon neutrality. The more essential thing is that the vision we collectively articulate engages people in a way that will carry them through a 20 year process. Oh, and Phil, perhaps we should talk about the idea of connecting a high profile charrette with decision-making authority. The model we're developing for the Seattle Innovation Engine will incorporate both throughout a deep structural web of activities. Great idea. Would such a model look different in Seattle than it would in, say, a rural area or even a single household? And if not, could teams outside of Seattle participate? ps. I think there's a little typo in "let's put our definitions to a pubic vote." Proofreading alert: Are you sure you want to "put our definitions to a pubic [sic] vote"? :) That aside, I agree that it's time for some kind of big public process / community conversation locally, & deeply appreciate your leadership in making that happen. I will help however I can. Is this a private party or can anyone join in? (Alas, the Melbourne 2030 vision is a sick joke these days) Sounds like what might be needed to achieve this is something similar to the Energy Descent Action Plans of the Transition Town movement (I'm thinking of the story telling side) Anyway, as a first guess, I would say that emission measurement should be divided in two: emissions you're responsible for but can't do much about (national stuff like the military usage alluded to above) and the stuff you can do something about. Concentrating on the latter, I would define it as any emissions that are a direct result of the actions of Seattle residents. So, yes, the carbon footprint of toys from China are in. (You buy, you offset) Sequestration should be creditted in the same way. National emissions you have no control over should be measured for reasons of comparison: is it possible to proactively offset them, or do they loom over all other efforts like the Chinese coal industry? Similarly, local emissions may prove impractical to deal with or measure. Nevertheless, they should be identified and not just swept under the carpet. Are toys manufactured in China but played with by Seattle children part of China's footprint, or ours? I would say that the purchase price of any good or service must include the total cost of it's manufacture. The competitiveness of capitalism drive companies to the equilibrium between doing anything to lower the cost to produce, and the cost of penalties incurred to do so. These penalties include lost revenue due to poor public opinion reducing sales. Focusing only on those costs of natural resources and waste, these must be things that can be measured and are monitored other parties. At the moment, we are primarily concerned about waste. Ideally, waste should be processed to return the constituent elements back to the place in the environment that they were taken. That is to say, if the carbon content of the waste came from the ground, it must go back into the ground. The entity that does the processing will of course charge the manufacturer for this cost which then gets passed on to the consumer. Therefore, toys made in China are part of China's footprint, but the offset is paid by the purchaser in Seattle. The only wrinkle in this is of course, the monitoring of waste and adherence to policy. It is my opinion that if the policy adherence is poor at the location of manufacture, it is the responsibility of the importer/purchaser to make up the difference. Specific to the given example, the US should tariff the import and the tariff used to offset the gap in China's waste processing. Typo fixed, thanks! Good comments -- interested to hear what others think, as well. I wholeheartedly support KC’s suggestion that we calibrate the goal to 350 ppm. Doing so would make our Seattle model a key and replicable part of a global plan. And in the context of a 350 ppm goal, I think we need to consider adding another piece to our puzzle: support for emission reductions in developing countries. Since the world needs to depart radically from its current emissions trajectory – and assuming that the responsibility for making these cuts should lie more with those who (1) have emitted more historically and (2) have more capacity to invest in solutions – then the U.S. (Seattle included) would need to take even more responsibility for a global solution than the cuts we make ourselves. In particular, we would need to financially support dramatic emission reductions in developing countries that have not been large emitters and that still struggle to meet basic human needs. The implications can be striking. One 2008 analysis (the Greenhouse Development Rights) calculated that if we account for responsibility (historic emissions) and capacity (income), the U.S. would need to reduce its emissions by over 50% (compared to 1990 levels) by 2030 as well as pay for reductions in the developing world equivalent to more than 60% of U.S. 1990 levels. Now, those two figures add to more than 100%. In other words, a fair system for assigning global responsibility for addressing climate change may require that we go the equivalent of carbon negative. So, too, in Seattle. I think our goal should include both ambitious cuts in Seattle as well as support for emission reductions in developing countries. Depending on how we define it, that may require that our goal be even lower than zero. Or, maybe instead, that we define zero relative to our global obligation, not just to our local emissions. I'm glad you are still pushing this idea. I say shoot the moon and plan for a carbon negative* city by 2030 if we're really serious about Seattle leading the way to 350. We've got a long backlog of carbon debt to clear. Stop talking, start planting trees. Phil Mitchell comments that he's "not aware that Seattle has ever tried a well-designed deliberative process on anything like city scale." I can think of one. Let's think back to that very deliberative process completed just a decade ago in Seattle for community-generated neighborhood plans. Imperfect, yes. And at times painful. But 15,000+ community members managed to sit down and craft comprehensive plans for their 38 neighborhoods in just a few years and be committed enough to those plans to work and tax themselves for their implementation. What if we started up a similar process with the goal of a carbon neutral (or carbon negative) Seattle by 2030? Let the neighborhoods (with a little help from the City) define carbon neutral. As an on-the-ground community organizer I'm thinking a top-down this-is-what-comes-out-of-design professionals-charrettes approach is exactly what is not needed right now. We need the multiplicity of great, quirkly, unexpected, site-specific, and yes even bad ideas to flavor the stew of a vibrant, carbon neutral city. Show me a plan that can and will be implemented for carbon neutral Laurelhurst and I'll show you a plan doomed to fail in Capitol Hill and South Park. i support the idea of pinning the targets to 350ppm, as suggested by others, but also it should be pinned to a given quantity of carbon emitted during a given time otherwise you could have vastly different emissions reduction curves and vastly different quantities of total emission over the period.	<urn:uuid:edc27033-b547-4a03-8220-4722f6e27099>	{ "date": "2014-10-21T10:21:41", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00313-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9636921286582947, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 4282, "url": "http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/010928.html" }
Polio, also known as poliomyelitis is a very serious, contagious condition. Polio can affect both adults and children but thankfully, as a result of successful vaccines, polio is becoming very rare in most countries. The Americas, U.K. and most of Europe are free of polio as a disease but with people taking more exotic holidays, vaccine is still important. What causes polio? Polio is caused by any one of 3 polio viruses, known as types 1, 2 and 3. Polio is spread by contact with infected faeces or in fine droplets of moisture, which contain the virus. The droplets are produced when the infected person coughs or sneezes, another person then inhales these droplets and may become infected. What are the symptoms of polio? The majority of people infected with polio will not have any symptoms. Polio’ s symptoms if present range from flu like symptoms – fever, sore throat, headache and vomiting to muscle pain, fatigue and stiffness of the back and neck. What are the effects of polio? If you get severe polio known as paralytic polio, it can cause paralysis in the legs or other parts of the body and even death. How is polio treated? How do I avoid getting polio? There is a very successful vaccine for polio and you must ensure your child has the vaccine. The polio vaccine is usually given to babies at 2,3 and 4 months. The 1st booster is given when your child is between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The 2nd booster is given when your child is between the ages of 13 and 19. Unlike other immunizations the polio vaccine is given by mouth, in the form of a liquid. If you are travelling to a country where polio is still common (e.g. parts of Africa), a booster vaccine may be needed. Check with your doctor that you did have the polio vaccine when you were younger.	<urn:uuid:b87fc78c-589b-469f-a593-f49cef915a13>	{ "date": "2019-10-23T16:07:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987834649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023150047-20191023173547-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9674371480941772, "score": 3.71875, "token_count": 401, "url": "https://homehealth-uk.com/polio/" }
Heading west on Highway 12, the mountains give way to the gold-gray plains of sagebrush and native grasses. It is a dry, monotonous landscape and it hides its treasures like the sea. Wyoming big sagebrush dominates the vista, splattered at random across the plains like coagulated paint. Its sparse foliage clings to gnarled limbs whipped day and night by hard winds. The first white naturalists who looked on this land saw in sagebrush a symbol of wilderness. They named the genus Artemisia after the Greek deity Artemis, who presides over hunters and all things wild. The bush's bitter pungency and tenacious existence are synonymous with the American West. "Remember that the yield of a hard country is a love deeper than a fat and easy land inspires," wrote journalist and historian Bernard DeVoto. "Throughout the arid West the Americans have found a secret treasure ... a stern and desolate country, a high bare country, a country brimming with a beauty not to be found elsewhere." Over the millennia the greater sage grouse evolved as the precise expression of this tough country. It is a sagebrush obligate, wholly dependent on the desiccated little bush. Maybe that's why the species is so damn fragile. In March 2010, after years of legal wrangling and scientific research, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared that the greater sage grouse warranted federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. But the agency refrained from action. Other species were a priority for protection, it claimed, and the service placed the bird on a waiting list. Under direction from a federal court, it has until 2015 to decide if the West's most iconic grouse will receive the legal protection of the federal government. The sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, is the storied hermit diva of the upland game bird world. It entered written history on March 2, 1806, when Meriwether Lewis described the species in his journal as the "cock of the plains." He observed that the bird needs wide-open spaces, and its habitat requirements are specific and nonnegotiable. "The scale at which the birds perceive their environment is huge compared with most other species," says Dave Naugle, a wildlife biologist at the University of Montana who has studied the greater sage grouse for 13 years. "During the nesting season they use dry sagebrush upland. When it is time to raise their chicks they move to wetter lowland sites, and in the winter 98 percent of their food is sagebrush so they need large tall stands of it." They tolerate very little human disturbance, he adds. Barely a peep. The sage grouse once made its home in 13 Western states and three Canadian provinces. Naugle estimates that their numbers were in the millions. Legends contend that their seasonal migrations could blot out the sun and fill the sky with a feathered moving mass. Today the species is in precipitous decline across the West. Arizona, Nebraska, Saskatchewan and British Columbia no longer harbor the greater sage grouse. There are only marginal populations in Nevada and California, which prompted the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to move forward with listing a subpopulation in those states. Sage grouse in the Dakotas are vulnerable to extirpation. Scientists estimate that the total population throughout the range is down to 200,000 birds. "Loss and degradation of sagebrush habitat has resulted in at least a four decade-long sage-grouse population decline and extirpation of the species from [at least] 46 percent of its native range," Naugle wrote in a report prepared for the Bureau of Land Management. Contemporary land uses conspire against the grouse. "Scientists have identified at least 26 different land uses and related effects that negatively impact the sage grouse," says Mark Salvo, a federal lands policy analyst with Defenders of Wildlife. "Sod busting was historically the most important threat to sage grouse in the eastern part of their range, and now it's oil and gas development. In the western part of their range, it is mostly cheatgrass invasion and livestock grazing." The decline of the species is due to years of habitat degradation—more than a century of ranching and row cropping, and decades of oil and gas drilling, subdivision development, invasive species encroachment, disease and depredation. The result makes it all but impossible for the grouse to survive on its native home range in the sagebrush steppe of the North American plains. Now, the Endangered Species Act, or ESA, looms large. Oil and gas companies, coal corporations, row crop farmers, cattle ranchers, real estate developers and an array of other powerful interests are desperate to avoid an ESA listing because it will be bad for the bottom line. But how else do you protect a bird that has its beak in everybody's business? The Lehfeldts, a ranching family in the small town of Lavina, population 187, run thousands of Rambouillet sheep on 12,000 acres of sagebrush plains. On a recent Friday, Ben Lehfeldt, stout, black-haired and boyish, sits at the family's dining room table talking about sage grouse. Ben's father, Bob, and mother, Marie, sit next to him. On the wall behind the table is a shrine to the Lehfeldt ancestors, black and white photos of the five preceding generations that called Lavina home. Ludwig Lehfeldt, Ben's great-great-grandfather, built this house in the 1890s. Out the window, the Musselshell River flows east along the crooked valley. The Lehfeldt family ranch is part of a major effort to avert the need for ESA protections in sage grouse country. The effort is called the Sage Grouse Initiative, or SGI, and it began in Montana. Launched in 2010, SGI is a multi-agency strategy to promote ranching as a way to protect and improve sage grouse habitat. The initiative, spearheaded by the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service, or NRCS, works with ranchers to reduce overgrazing of the native grasses and forbs that are a crucial part of sage grouse habitat. The birds rely on these plants for cover and food. "The whole premise of SGI is that what's good for ranching is good for sage grouse," says Mark Szczypinski, a wildlife research technician with Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks who works with SGI. "So if the range is healthy and productive for a rancher, it will more than likely be that way for sage grouse too." According to state estimates, 65 percent of sage grouse habitat in Montana is privately owned. Much of that land is used for ranching, and so rancher cooperation is crucial for the bird's survival. The Lehfeldts signed up with SGI in 2010. With the agency's financial assistance, they developed a grazing plan, fenced new pastures and built water tanks so they can rotate their sheep across the landscape more frequently. Additional rotation means less pressure on any one parcel of land. They started lining their fences with shiny reflective markers to keep the grouse from flying into fatal strands of barbed wire. Szczypinski flagging fences reduces sage grouse collisions by an estimated 83 percent. "We put 13 miles of flagging up, six miles of fencing and we added 13 water facilities," says Bob Lehfeldt in a barely audible voice. "Another 2,400 acres are going into the SGI soon." "We couldn't have done that type of project in a five-year period without the help of NRCS," adds Ben, who speaks with authority. "Maybe we could have done it over the next 30 years." The Lehfeldts are clearly pleased with the program.	<urn:uuid:3e5bf726-a095-42a2-a9ed-83110d7f32f1>	{ "date": "2016-07-29T18:46:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831770.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00250-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9441743493080139, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 1637, "url": "http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/bird-in-a-bind/Content?oid=1916384" }
Today is the 50th anniversary of the Voting Rights Act. This landmark legislation helped to level the playing for African Americans in the South somewhat until the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a vital portion of the law, the majority claiming that the South is changed. The South has, to the contrary, not changed enough to stop trying to disenfranchise African-Americans, most notably with ID requirements that have a similar effect to the nefarious poll taxes of the Jim Crow era. These laws are justified by a fraud problem that is nonexistent. This situation is a travesty. The time has come restore the franchise once and for all to those, particularly minorities, who law been blocked from voting by the law and its application. This restoration starts with three measures: - Restore the Voting Rights Act – This has been proved in congress and blocked by Republican’s who need to be turned out of office. - Automatic Registration – People become registered voters when they become citizens or turn 18. Oregon has just made such a procedure the law of the land. This eliminates duplication, saving both the government and voters money and time. This makes easier for all citizens to vote and for the government to prevent fraud. - Franchising ex-cons – it is high time that we stop disenfranchising felons who have been released. Whether they are paroled or finished their sentences, if they have done their time, they have done their time, and it makes no sense to keep punishing them. This would have a huge impact since so many African-Americans spend time in prison. These are just the beginning. We also need to have a holiday for voting so people do not have to rush out to vote during lunch hour or on the way home or on the way to work. Voting should be fair for everyone, not just those who are wealthy enough to overcome the obstacles.	<urn:uuid:552314c0-5fb7-44de-8958-d711f275ecfe>	{ "date": "2019-12-07T01:49:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540491871.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207005439-20191207033439-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9735990762710571, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 378, "url": "https://gainesvillegreenocrat.wordpress.com/category/elections/" }
Many of the characters in The Poisonwood Bible, especially Orleanna Price and her four daughters, struggle with society’s expectations for how women should behave. On one hand, they have to contend with Nathan Price, who represents one set of sexist social expectations for women (those of the Christian and Western world); on the other, the Price women face the sexism of the Congo, where the vast majority of women have no education, and where it’s not uncommon for men to have multiple wives. One of the basic similarities between these two forms of sexism is the idea that women should be docile and domestic. Nathan Price is reluctant to let his children attend college, because he believes that women should stay in the home, take care of the children, and not have proper jobs or careers. It’s clear enough that the villagers of Kilanga believe in the same principle—most of the women in the community are married off by the time they’re 10 or 12 (since women’s primary purpose is to take care of the house and children, there’s no point in waiting around longer to see what kinds of careers they’re fit for). Ironically, then, Nathan and the Congolese men have a great deal in common: they subscribe to the same form of sexism. This is especially surprising considering the contrast that Kingsolver draws between the domineering West (represented by Nathan and by the Belgian and U.S. governments) and the exploited Congolese (represented by the people of Kilanga, Lumumba, etc.)—even an exploited culture, it would seem, can still endorse the exploitation of its own women. Because Kingsolver’s protagonists are women, their development over the course of the novel suggests some ways that women learn to fight sexism and misogyny. Interestingly, the Price sisters seem to end up attaining a greater degree of autonomy and power in the Congo than they would have had they grown up in the United States. Because of the fragility of Congolese society (during the course of the novel the government changes hands at least three times) Adah, Leah, Rachel, and even Ruth May are forced into situations where they’re forced to lead, teach, control, and fight—in other words, to conform to the male stereotypes of their own society. Encouraged by their successes in the Congo, the Price sisters enter adulthood and continue to disrupt sexist expectations. Adah becomes a doctor (traditionally a male-dominated profession) and even Rachel, who seems perfectly willing to play the role of a ditzy, pretty lady, ends up owning her own successful hotel. Witnessing the collapse of a culture—a sexist, misogynistic culture—teaches the Price children to question any culture that orders them to be inferior to men. Women and Sexism ThemeTracker Women and Sexism Quotes in The Poisonwood Bible “Nakedness,” Father repeated, “and darkness of the soul! For we shall destroy this place where the loud clamor of the sinners is waxen great before the face of the Lord.” No one sang or cheered anymore. Whether or not they understood the meaning of “loud clamor,” they didn’t dare be making one now. They did not even breathe, or so it seemed. Father can get a good deal across with just his tone of voice, believe you me. The woman with the child on her hip kept her back turned, tending to the food. Once in a great while we just have to protect her. Even back when we were very young I remember running to throw my arms around Mother’s knees when he regaled her with words and worse, for curtains unclosed or slips showing—the sins of womanhood. We could see early on that all grown-ups aren’t equally immune to damage. My father wears his faith like the bronze breastplate of God’s foot soldiers, while our mother’s is more like a good cloth coat with a secondhand fit. “That road,” said our mother, bemused, gesturing with a lazy bent wrist out the window. “Why, I can’t imagine.” She shook her head, possibly not believing. Can she allow herself not to believe him? I have never known. “It was at the end of a dry season, Orleanna,” he snapped. “When it’s hot enough the puddles dry up.” You brainless nitwit, he did not need to add. But where is the place for girls in that Kingdom? The rules don’t quite apply to us, nor protect us either. What do a girl’s bravery and righteousness count for, unless she is also pretty? Just try being the smartest and most Christian seventh-grade girl in Bethlehem, Georgia. Your classmates will smirk and call you a square. Call you worse, if you’re Adah. Nelson squatted on his heels, his ashy eyelids blinking earnestly as he inspected Mother’s face. Surprisingly, she started to laugh. Then, more surprisingly, Nelson began to laugh, too. He threw open his near-toothless mouth and howled alongside Mother, both of them with their hands on their thighs. I expect they were picturing Rachel wrapped in a pagne trying to pound manioc. Mother wiped her eyes. “Why on earth do you suppose he’d pick Rachel?” From her voice I could tell she was not smiling, even after all that laughter. “He says the Mvula’s, strange color would cheer up his other wives.” Oh, it’s a fine and useless enterprise, trying to fix destiny. That trail leads straight back to the time before we ever lived, and into that deep well it’s easy to cast curses like stones on our ancestors. But that’s nothing more than cursing ourselves and all that made us. Had I not married a preacher named Nathan Price, my particular children would never have seen the light of this world. I walked through the valley of my fate, is all, and learned to love what I could lose. “He is the one wife belonging to many white men.” Anatole explained it this way: Like a princess in a story, Congo was born too rich for her own good, and attracted attention far and “wide from men “who desire to rob her blind. The United States has now become the husband of Zaire’s economy, and not a very nice one. Exploitive and condescending, in the name of steering her clear of the moral decline inevitable to her nature. “Oh, I understand that kind of marriage all right,” I said. “I grew up witnessing one just like it.”	<urn:uuid:d197df52-7724-484e-846e-c9cbc58c1bda>	{ "date": "2017-07-20T14:37:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423222.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720141821-20170720161821-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9701725244522095, "score": 3.03125, "token_count": 1439, "url": "http://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-poisonwood-bible/themes/women-and-sexism" }
The EPA's Latest Unscientific Power Grab by Jeff Stier Why would the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) overturn its own scientists and decide to regulate trace levels of perchlorate in drinking water after it recently decided it didn't need to be regulated?1 Earlier this month, the EPA announced it will develop a standard for how much perchlorate would be allowed in tap water. When the EPA reviewed the chemical's safety profile in 2008, it found that the low level of perchlorate in water supplies did not present a health concern that could be reduced by regulation. And there haven't been groundbreaking studies to change that.2 Nor does it cite any major change in our exposure to the chemical. What has changed is an increasing adherence to the unscientific precautionary principle, which requires that unless we can prove something absolutely safe, we should assume it is not. In this case, because the chemical presents risks to animals at high doses, advocates argue it must be regulated, reduced, or perhaps banned, without consideration of cost or whether the regulatory action shows any health benefit. As EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson awkwardly put it at a recent Senate hearing on water regulation, "I don't know how you price the ability to forestall a child who may not get autism if they are not exposed to contaminated water." In other words, we don't know, but we have to protect children from industrial chemicals regardless of the cost or our lack of knowledge. (Her example about autism and water is completely out of left-field.3) Perchlorate, which occurs naturally in the environment and is also man made, has even been used as a medication. At appropriate doses, the chemical blocks iodine uptake in the thyroid, which is useful in an overactive thyroid. So activists have been claiming that it has the same effect at very low level environmental levels. But the environmental exposure is many thousands of times smaller than the pharmaceutical dose of 400 milligrams daily and has not been shown to affect the thyroid.4 In fact, human studies of workers exposed to perchlorate showed no increased thyroid function.5 But you won't hear that from the advocates seeking to regulate perchlorate. Because one major source of exposure to the chemical is from rocket fuel, activists repeatedly argue that citizens shouldn't be forced to have rocket fuel in their drinking water. This rhetoric disregards the fact that there are traces of almost everything everywhere. When you are arguing against rocket fuel in tap water, you don't need the science. Unfortunately, celebrity medical correspondents such as CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta repeat the scary claims without even questioning their validity.6 Journalists ought to investigate these activist-driven scares, educate the public about basic science, and explain how science applies to such controversies. Instead, all too often, reporters drink it up and spout it out, lending credibility to the misinformation but shedding no light on the issue. Once the populace is sufficiently scared, regulators become apparent heroes by promulgating draconian, unscientific and self-justifying regulations. But regulations have costs. We all want safer air, water, food, and products. But so long as we have finite dollars to spend, we must prioritize our regulatory agenda based on scientific evidence rather than fear, hyperbole, rhetoric, and anti-capitalist elements always out to demonize industry. Will EPA use actual science to regulate perchlorate? Why should they? They are lauded by self-appointed environmental groups each time they come down on the side of precaution. The more they regulate, the more they are rewarded. Over-regulation may invite litigation from self-interested industry, but this only allows the regulators to further assume a mantle of the champion of the people. In fact, the agency touts the nearly 33,000 comment letters on their earlier decision not to regulate perchlorate, as a reason for reversing course.7 This will make great fund-raising fodder for the activists who prompted the letters, but it isn't how we ought to go about regulating chemicals. It is impossible to accurately calculate the cost of each unnecessary regulation, but the cost to all of us is staggering. Perhaps these costs would be worth it if they saved lives, but because the charges against perchlorate in drinking water are so unfounded it makes this particular regulatory plan particularly hard to swallow. Jeff Stier is a Senior Fellow at the National Center for Public Policy Research and directs its Risk Analysis Division. This article was originally published on Townhall.com. 1 "Perchlorate," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., available at http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm as of February 24, 2011. (This decision reverses a 2008 preliminary determination, and considers input from almost 39,000 public commenters on multiple public notices.) 2 Ibid. (On October 10, 2008, EPA published a preliminary regulatory determination for perchlorate. This notice requested public comment on its determination that perchlorate did not occur with a frequency and at levels of public health concern and that development of a regulation did not present a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water systems. The October 2008 notice also describes in detail EPA’s basis for its preliminary determination not to develop an NPDWR for perchlorate.) 3 John C. Dvorak, "Smug EPA Director Says Contaminated Water Causes Autism," Dvorak Uncensored, February 3, 2011, available at http://www.dvorak.org/blog/2011/02/03/smug-epa-director-says-contam as of February 24, 2011. 4 J. Wolff, 1998. "Perchlorate and the Thyroid Gland," Pharmacol, Rev. 50:89-105. 5 S.H. Lamm, L.E. Braverman, et al., 1999, "Thyroid Health Status of Ammonium Perchlorate Workers: A Cross-Sectional Occupational Health Study," Journal of Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 41:248-260. 6 "EPA to Set Limits on Chemicals in Drinking Water," CNN, February 2, 2011, available at http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/02/02/epa.water.chemical/ as of February 24, 2011. 7 "Perchlorate." (The Agency received nearly 33,000 comment letters on the October 2008 notice. To ensure transparency and opportunity for public input on its decisionmaking, the Agency developed and published a supplemental notice on August 19, 2009.)	<urn:uuid:7dbcfd65-d259-4b85-9cb3-41f6f65cd48e>	{ "date": "2013-12-04T16:11:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163035819/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131715-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9529271125793457, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 1368, "url": "http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA620.html" }
What are 2 direct and indirect characterization quotes from the book Of Mice and Men on the characters Slim and Carlson? I can only use chapters 1-5. Thank you. In discussing Steinbeck's direct and indirect characterization in his novella Of Mice and Men, I will focus on Carlson, since your question really should be expressed as two separate questions in accordance with the eNotes requirements. It would seem that Steinbeck's choice of a title drawn from Robert Burns' poem was intended to apply, not just to George and Lennie, but to most of the characters. Candy did not plan to end up as a "swamper," and Crooks did not intend to end up in his degraded and precarious situation. Curley's wife wanted to be a movie star. Curley himself wanted a bride who would make him happy and not causing him anxiety and getting him into fights. Carlson is directly characterized as a cold, taciturn, selfish man, but Steinbeck exhibits some sympathy for him through indirect characterization. Carlson's Luger is a very important object in the story. (The gun has to be a one-of-a-kind weapon because there is a question about who stole it until George takes it out of his pocket in chapter six. If it had been a Smith & Wesson .38 revolver, for example, it could not be instantly identified as Carlson's gun.) If Carlson was in his early twenties when he was discharged after World War I ended in 1918, then he would be in his early forties at the time Steinbeck's story takes place. Carlson probably had no idea that he would end up doing hard farm labor for fifty dollars a month, with a bunk and mealtimes where there was hardly enough food to go around. He is another character whose plans didn't work out. Carlson obviously treasures that German Luger. It probably represents the one time in his life when he felt strong and brave and important, the one time when he felt he had a genuine purpose in life. He might have even been a noncommissioned officer. So many men were getting killed in the trench warfare that field promotions were an everyday occurrence. Chances are he took that Luger away from a German officer in his one moment of glory. He uses the pistol to fire only one shot--but this is how Steinbeck describes what he does with it after he has killed Candy's dog: Carlson found a little cleaning rod in the bag and a can of oil. He laid them on his bed and then brought out the pistol, took out the magazine and snapped the loaded shell from the chamber. Then he fell to cleaning the barrel with the little rod. . . .Carlson finished the cleaning of the gun and put it in the bag and pushed the bag under his bunk. The way he treasures that gun shows that it symbolizes a lot of things to him which he no longer possesses, including youth, great expectations, and courage. He is a man who was capable of better things than being a bindle-stiff doing back-breaking unskilled labor to sustain a bare existence. Maybe this is why the smell of Candy's old dog was so much more offensive to Carlson than it was to the other men. The smell was a constant reminder that he was getting old himself, that he was living in a bunkhouse with no wife, no family, no home, no privacy or dignity, sleeping on a "burlap sack of straw that was a mattress" and keeping his meager belongings in an apple box nailed to the wall "with the opening forward so that it made two shelves for the belongings of the occupant of that bunk." The sensitive reader can understand why Carlson may seem sullen and surly, even somewhat cruel. He is a loner among loners, a man with no future and no hope.	<urn:uuid:e0f8b607-e410-4bc2-a0b1-f2cfde406390>	{ "date": "2018-01-18T11:42:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887253.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118111417-20180118131417-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9882959723472595, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 788, "url": "https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-2-direct-indirect-characterization-quotes-364305" }
One of the most common types of fractures is a broken nose, or nasal fracture. Nasal fractures may occur in a variety of situations including from sporting injuries, motor vehicle accidents and interpersonal violence. The upper part of the nose is made of bone, and the lower part is cartilage. When a nose is broken it is generally the upper part that breaks although the cartilage can break or warp as well. It the broken parts of the nose haven’t moved from their original position then the break does not require treatment and will usually heal without any problems. However, if the broken parts of the nose have shifted then the nose will look abnormal and there may be problems with breathing through the nose. My nose is broken, what should I do? If you have a broken nose it is advisable to seek prompt medical attention so contact us to arrange an urgent appointment. X-rays and CT scans are usually unnecessary unless there are concerns about other facial fractures or injuries. When you see Dr Tomlinson she will ask you questions about your breathing and the appearance of your nose, and together you will determine if surgery is necessary to restore your nose. If there is a visible deformity most individuals choose to undergo surgery to correct the nose position. Surgery for a broken nose Surgery for a broken nose should be performed within 2 weeks in adults and within 10 days in children. If the nasal bones are broken but the cartilage part of the nose (the ‘septum’) is unbroken then nasal fracture surgery is relatively straightforward. An anaesthetic is administered and then Dr Tomlinson manipulates the bones back into their normal position and ensures that the nasal airway is open. A simple cast or splint is then applied to prevent the bones moving out of place over the following week. If the surgery is performed more than 2-3 weeks after the time of the injury then it is not possible to simply manipulate the nose back into position. In these circumstances if the nose is to be fixed it must be re-broken to move it from where it has set in position. If the nose has set in position then a full “septorhinoplasty” may be required to restore the nose to its former position (or a new position, should you wish to change the shape of your nose from its original appearance). A septorhinoplasty involves surgically repositioning the cartilage and bones of the nose. It is wise to take a couple of days off work after having a broken nose fixed. After three weeks no restrictions are required, as the nose heals relatively quickly. Are there Medicare or private health insurance rebates for nasal fracture surgery? Surgery to repair a broken nose and to correct nasal deformities after trauma is eligible for Medicare and health insurance rebates. Correcting pre-existing deformities including nasal humps and nasal tip work is not eligible for Medicare and health insurance rebates. Image from Larry Brown Sports	<urn:uuid:f7450526-8857-4bbf-aba0-af9ee2d20537>	{ "date": "2018-11-16T23:15:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9360695481300354, "score": 2.828125, "token_count": 608, "url": "https://jilliantomlinson.com.au/face/broken-noses-nasal-fractures" }
Starting garden plants indoors allows you to grow your favorite ornamental or vegetable seedlings for much less expense than purchasing nursery seedlings. Keeping seedlings warm and well-hydrated can be difficult indoors, as lack of light and dry heated air tends to dry out the soil and weaken the plants. Make a small greenhouse out of an old aquarium to maximize the light in your home and provide seedlings with a high-humidity environment. Cut a sheet of plastic cell-packs to fit inside the aquarium. Cell-packs are small, connected seedling pots that are readily available at garden centers. Place a 2-inch layer of gravel inside the aquarium. Set the cell-pack sheet on top of the gravel. The gravel elevates the cells above any excess water that drains out so the soil doesn't become overly soggy. Fill the cell-packs with a moist potting mixture. Use a sterile, soilless potting mix formulated for seed starting. Water the soil in the cell-packs until the potting mix is evenly moist throughout. Sow two seeds per cell-pack at the depth recommended on the seed envelope--generally at a depth twice their diameter. Sow seeds that require light for germination directly on the soil's surface. Place a sheet of glass over the top of the aquarium. Alternately, cover the top with plastic wrap. Set the aquarium in a warm spot. Seeds should germinate within seven to 21 days, depending on the specific variety. Set the aquarium under a fluorescent light fixture that holds either one grow-light bulb or has both a warm-white and a cool-white bulb in it. Move the glass or vent the plastic wrap so one corner is exposed. Leave the lights on for 12 to 14 hours a day, or twice as long as the recommended light requirements on the seed packet. Water the soil in the cell-packs when the surface begins to dry. If heavy condensation builds up inside the aquarium, remove the glass or plastic covering for one day to allow the excess moisture to evaporate.	<urn:uuid:08f8404a-2d8c-4d70-8fdc-a251a657b04a>	{ "date": "2017-01-20T20:25:31", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00156-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8934471011161804, "score": 3.421875, "token_count": 423, "url": "http://www.gardenguides.com/114252-start-garden-plants-aquarium.html" }
I began researching Christmas in the colonies for the Social Studies portion of my daughters’ homeschooling lessons. It became such an interesting subject, I decided to use it as a blog article… New England Colonies: Christmas celebration was banned from 1659 -1687 because it reminded Puritans of church traditions in England, where Christmas had fallen into drinking, gambling, and sometimes violence. By the French and Indian War, Christmas had made its way into some parts of the New England colonies, as both the French and British soldiers who remained and settled after the war tended to celebrated Christmas. During the American Revolution, middle and southern colony soldiers came to assist New England patriots in the war and these men observed Christmas. The New England colony most lenient toward Christmas was Connecticut. Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts in 1636 because the rules there were too strict and he began a new settlement in Connecticut with wider religious freedom. There are Connecticut Christmas sermons and stories dating to 1774, and perhaps even before that (A Connecticut Christmas: Stories, Poems and Sermons, 1774-1918, by Ed Ifkov). In addition, some Dutch settled in Connecticut, but their big day of celebration was Epiphany (Three Kings Day). [As most of the Dutch settled in NY, see below] Middle Colonies: Christmas celebration started on Christmas Eve and lasted 12 days until Epiphany (also called Three Kings Day). Food was very important, but it was a light meal on Christmas Eve and off to church, as this was mainly a religious holiday. Most folks were Anglicans or Roman Catholic and on Christmas morning, it was church again, then a big feast at home later. The Quakers did not celebrate Christmas, nor did the Baptists. The tradition of Christmas trees, then called Paradise trees, was brought to New Jersey by German soldiers fighting for the British (1775/76). The ornaments were handmade bits of colorful cloth or yarn, pinecones, and the like. Middle colony homes were decorated with bits of holly on mantles and in windows. The Dutch in New York celebrated Christmas, with their big celebration on Epiphany, when stockings were hung. On this day, Sinter Klaas came and left small gifts for children, such as a hair ribbon, a small flute, socks, nuts, or bits of chocolate. With the exception of the Dutch, Christmas giving was not aimed at children. It was a time for masters to give to servants, for employers to give to employees, for craftsmen to give to apprentices, and usually it was a small gift in coins. Christmas day meals included wild turkey, goose, deer meat, rabbit stew, fresh fish, a fruited Christmas loaf, spice cookies, apple cider, and beer. For the Dutch, Christmas day activities included ice-skating on frozen ponds and streams. Southern Colonies: As in the middle colonies, the southern colonies started their celebration on Christmas Eve and it lasted 12 days through Epiphany. Most folks were Anglicans who had a light Christmas Eve meal and went to church. Christmas morning meant church services followed by an early feast at home on Christmas Day. In the evening, they went caroling and visiting. In the southern colonies, Christmas celebrations often included a public dance. Richer people had balls in their mansions during the 12 days of Christmas. Fox hunting would follow during the remaining 12 days. Homes were decorated with bits of holly on mantles and in windows. As in the middle colonies, Christmas was not a children’s holiday, but a time of giving by the richer to the poorer. The gift, often a few coins. Typical Christmas day meals included wild turkey, beef, goose, deer meat, rabbit stew, fresh fish, apple dumplings, gingerbread cookies, wine, and spirits.	<urn:uuid:9cfe75c3-0e6c-4280-8dbd-bd13fdc6c8a4>	{ "date": "2019-05-27T07:22:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262029.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527065651-20190527091651-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9795708060264587, "score": 3.5, "token_count": 781, "url": "https://nikechillemi.com/2009/12/04/christmas-in-the-american-colonies/" }
Solar voltaic panels, which at their best only have about 25 percent efficiency for converting direct sunlight into electricity, have even less efficiency than this when dust and heavy air pollution is factored in. A number of solar innovations can deal with desert dust and sand storms including Martian technology from earth to Mars space programs for ‘zapping’ dust from solar panels on terrestrial unmanned exploration vehicles. Due to frequent dust and sand storms in the United Arab Emirates (like at Shams solar plant) and other parts of the Middle East, the efficacy of the solar cells is reduced even less if they are afterwards covered with dust. In order to alleviate this problem, a researcher, Sergey Biryukov at Israel’s Ben Gurion National Solar Energy Center came up with the idea of using an electrical field to “charge” the dust particles and repel them from the solar panels.He also specializes in optimizing solar energy output under clouds. But in his new technique Biryukov applies two electrodes to repel the dust. One electrode charges the particles through a process called field charging, or ion bombardment. This gives all particles, regardless of size, the same charge, Biryukov says. Another electrode bearing the opposite charge then repels the particles. According to another researcher at the Center, David Faiman, the dust particle repelling technique also is useful in periodic cleaning of the panels. Watch how electric charge can repel dust: Areas in the Middle East where fog storms and dust storms are frequent and solar energy is beginning to be incorporated into local electrical systems may well benefit from Biryukov’s technique, one it is put into actual production. Better yet: Biryukov has created a special computerized control system designed to pick the right moment for cleaning of the dust. Read more on solar panel issues and maintenance: Could These Egyptian Laser Panels be the Future of Solar Panels? DIY Solar Panels Made of Grass That Anyone Can Make Chamelic Invents Answer for Desert Solar & Dust Martian Technology Proposed for Zapping Dust From Solar Panels Top image Dubai Afternoon Sand Storm by Shutterstock; lower image of dusty Amman, Jordan by Laurie Balbo	<urn:uuid:dd15c2d9-a7ca-4b20-b2ea-f267a5286fd2>	{ "date": "2014-12-19T20:56:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768957.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00059-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9026472568511963, "score": 3.328125, "token_count": 459, "url": "http://www.greenprophet.com/2013/03/dusting-off-solar-panels-with-an-electric-charge/" }
While scientists are unsure of the molecular causes of Parkinson’s Disease, they do know the disorder’s tremors and other motor dysfunctions are linked to a loss of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra, a structure in the midbrain. Dopaminergic neurons are our main source of dopamine, which is responsible for emotional response and plays an important role in movement. For many years, their loss has been viewed as irreversible. But a new paper by Brad Morrison’s research group in the Department of Biological Sciences at Boise State University suggests the possibility of regrowth of dopaminergic neurons in adult mammals. Co-authors are Joshua Albright, Iva Stojkovska, Abir Rahman and Connor Brown. Their results, published in the journal Neuroscience Letters, also show that the rate of replenishment for these neurons is similar to the rate of loss observed in an inflammatory response mouse model of Parkinson’s Disease. This may indicate that inflammatory insult inhibits the natural generation of neurons leading to Parkinson’s Disease. This is significant because Parkinson’s disease is the most common motor disorder and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Current medications treat only symptoms and after time lose effectiveness. Learning how to regenerate these neurons could offer potential avenues for preventing neuronal loss and better inform stem cell transplantation efforts. Morrison hypothesized that cells could regenerate in adults but were somehow being blocked in Parkinson’s Disease, explaining progression of the disease. This goes against current dogma, which posits that only a handful of neuronal populations are able to regenerate in adult mammalian brains. Taking a novel approach, he devised a system to genetically trace the lineage of dopaminergic neurons from stem cells. After removing the gene from stem cells using recombinant DNA technology, he then waited six months. At the end of that time, he saw that removal of the gene affected mature dopaminergic neurons, implying that they must be replenished by stem cells. He now is characterizing the stem cells responsible for this process as well as looking at the potential correlation of inflammation and a reduction in dopaminergic neurons. NeuroscienceNews.com would like to thank Brad Morrison for making us aware of this Parkinson’s disease research. Source: Kathleen Tuck – Boise State University Image Credit: The image is credited to the researchers/Neuroscience Letters. Original Research: Full open access research for “Nestin-positive/SOX2−negative cells mediate adult neurogenesis of nigral dopaminergic neurons in mice” by Joshua E. Albright, Iva Stojkovska, Abir A. Rahman, Connor J. Brown, and Brad E. Morrison in Neuroscience Letters. Published online January 20 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.019 Nestin-positive/SOX2−negative cells mediate adult neurogenesis of nigral dopaminergic neurons in mice The primary clinical motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) result from loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Consequently, neurogenesis of this group of neurons in the adult brain has drawn considerable interest for the purpose of harnessing endogenous neurogenerative potential as well as devising better strategies for stem cell therapy for PD. However, the existence of adult neurogenesis for DA neurons within the SN remains controversial. To overcome technical and design limitations associated with previous studies, our group has developed a novel genetic mouse model for assessing adult nigral DA neurogenesis. This system utilizes transgenic mice that express a tamoxifen-activatable Cre recombinase (CreERT2) under the control of the neuronal progenitor cell promoters nestin or Sox2 leading to suppression of the DA neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) via excision of exon 1 by flanking loxP sites in adult animals. This study reports that six months following initiation of a six week treatment with tamoxifen mice with nestin-mediated Th excision displayed a significant reduction in TH+ neurons in the SN. This finding indicates that nestin-expressing cells regenerate DA neurons within the SN of adult animals. Interestingly, no reduction was observed in TH+ cells following Sox2-mediated Th excision suggesting that a nestin+/SOX2− precursor cell population drives DA neurogenesis in the adult SN. This information represents a substantial leap in current knowledge of adult DA neurogenesis, will enable improved in vitro and in vivo modeling, as well as facilitate the harnessing of this process for therapeutic intervention for PD. “Nestin-positive/SOX2−negative cells mediate adult neurogenesis of nigral dopaminergic neurons in mice” by Joshua E. Albright, Iva Stojkovska, Abir A. Rahman, Connor J. Brown, and Brad E. Morrison in Neuroscience Letters. Published online January 20 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.019	<urn:uuid:913db3d7-9063-4db6-9267-e585f99caed3>	{ "date": "2017-03-23T00:28:56", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00391-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9009441137313843, "score": 3.421875, "token_count": 1051, "url": "http://neurosciencenews.com/dopaminergic-neuron-regrowth-3655/" }
What You Should Know About Cancer Causing Foods The foods we eat have a direct effect on our health, which means cancer foods are a reality. Foods high in antioxidants help to prevent cancer, but there are other foods that contain carcinogens and are very harmful to the body. Foods and drinks such as soda or even the food additives we ingest today seem to be causing an increase in the national cancer rates. Understanding more about foods that can cause cancer (and why) is an important lesson that will help you improve your long-term health. As with most things, any food eaten in moderation is probably okay, but here are some key foods to look out for: Overcooked meat or meat that is charred is a source of carcinogens. Studies show an increased risk of pancreatic cancer for those people who regularly ate charred meat. People who prefer charred meat are 60% more likely to develop the deadly form of cancer. The best ways to minimize your risk is by cooking the meat ahead of time and finishing it on the grill, or just cut off the charred pieces. There are conflicting studies about the risk of carbonated beverages and esophageal cancer risks. The direct link is not there, but carbonated drinks tend to add to obesity and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or GERD, which can increase your risk of developing cancer. Processed foods are convenient, but they can also pose a health risk. While there are many common food additives found in processed foods, the biggest issue with processed foods is the associated risk for obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for many different types of cancer. Reading the ingredients list on foods you buy is the best way to avoid over processed foods. The fewer the number of ingredients, then the healthier the food is (on average). Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and vegetables are good for you and can reduce your risk of cancer, however, fruit and vegetables contain pesticides and other harmful chemicals on their skin, unless you buy organic. Too many chemicals in your body can elevate your cancer risk. Experts recommended cleaning your fruits and vegetables as a way to eliminate some of the chemicals on the surface, but buying organic produce is an easy way to cut back on the amount of chemicals you ingest. Cancer risk is increasing overall, but the food we eat has a direct impact on our own personal propensity to develop cancer. Avoiding unnecessary toxins from the food you eat is one of the best ways to minimize your cancer risk. There are environmental elements that can also increase your risk of developing cancer, however, what you ingest for energy is an area of cancer prevention that you can easily control. Spending a little more time preparing whole foods pays dividends down the road. - Why High Fat Diets Can Lead To Cancer - Breast Cancer Nutrition: Foods To Love And Avoid - How Cancer Can Be Caused By Beta Carotene - Prevent Cancer With A Vegetarian Diet - The Cancer Diet Nutrition Guide And Food List	<urn:uuid:85d6ed0f-8344-464e-9d26-059c66d07d38>	{ "date": "2013-12-10T07:56:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164013027/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133333-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9547403454780579, "score": 3.453125, "token_count": 605, "url": "http://www.3fatchicks.com/what-you-should-know-about-cancer-causing-foods/" }
Yvette Delph Comments On the Future of HIV/AIDS Research Yvette Delph: Antiviral Project Director for Treatment Action Group In the 20 years since AIDS was first described, HIV has been identified as the causative agent, tests for HIV have been developed, three classes of antiretroviral drugs (ARDs) have been licensed, and much has been learned about the effects of HIV disease and the drugs used to treat it. Even more needs to be learned. There is still no cure. Current ARDs cause major and sometimes fatal side effects, they need to be taken for life and their effectiveness against HIV is compromised within months in many people. And an effective vaccine is a very long way off. There is a great need for new classes of ARDs that are effective against new HIV targets. The last new class of agents to reach the market, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), was first licensed in the US in June 1996. There are some new drug classes in the pipeline. Hopefully they will provide effective ways of combating HIV, especially HIV that is resistant to current ARDs. These new drug classes include: There are other potential new targets in the HIV infection and replication cycle, which also offer the hope of novel, effective drugs against HIV. These include: Another important area of research is in the area of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). It is difficult to predict the blood levels of the current ARDs even when taken as prescribed and, because they are so prone to the development of both resistance and toxicity, it is postulated that adjusting drug dosages based on monitoring of drug levels may increase efficacy and decrease toxicity. Studies are underway involving TDM of protease inhibitors and NNRTIs. Initial results are conflicting but promising. TDM of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) is not feasible at this time, as intracellular levels of nucleoside triphosphates would need to be measured. Other areas of research which require greater attention and resources are: the effects of gender, ethnic, racial and age differences as well as co-morbidities (like hepatitis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease) on HIV disease, its treatment and care. As the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) HIV increases, options and strategies for salvage therapy are an increasing and urgent need. In general, pharmaceutical companies have not been willing to cooperate in studying investigational agents together in highly treatment-experienced persons. This is a disgrace that needs to be remedied urgently. Structured intermittent therapy (SIT) is being studied for varying therapeutic strategies, including: as an immune stimulant (auto vaccination); for management of MDR; and for reduction of toxicity. SIT research deserves to be closely followed -- especially as a possible way to decrease toxicity, for which it seems to hold the most promise. There is also a great need for well-designed, systematic research into the long-term (more than five years) effectiveness and toxicity of ARDs. Questions like when to start antiretroviral therapy (ART), what to start with, and when and how to change ART remain unanswered. Effective mechanisms for detecting known as well as unknown long-term toxicities of ARDs need to be developed and implemented. There is much that remains to be answered about HIV treatment. It is imperative that adequate resources be dedicated and, even more important, the political will mustered to address these issues with the necessary urgency. This article was provided by AIDS Community Research Initiative of America. It is a part of the publication CRIA Update. Visit ACRIA's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.	<urn:uuid:8e4dd8d3-090f-4860-903b-8673dbb32428>	{ "date": "2018-03-24T23:59:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.966646671295166, "score": 3.03125, "token_count": 761, "url": "http://www.thebody.com/content/art14316.html" }
Gerard Manley Hopkins, (born July 28, 1844, Stratford, Essex, Eng.—died June 8, 1889, Dublin), English poet and Jesuit priest, one of the most individual of Victorian writers. His work was not published in collected form until 1918, but it influenced many leading 20th-century poets. Hopkins was the eldest of the nine children of Manley Hopkins, an Anglican, who had been British consul general in Hawaii and had himself published verse. Hopkins won the poetry prize at the Highgate grammar school and in 1863 was awarded a grant to study at Balliol College, Oxford, where he continued writing poetry while studying classics. In 1866, in the prevailing atmosphere of the Oxford Movement, which renewed interest in the relationships between Anglicanism and Roman Catholicism, he was received into the Roman Catholic Church by John Henry (later Cardinal) Newman. The following year, he left Oxford with such a distinguished academic record that Benjamin Jowett, then a Balliol lecturer and later master of the college, called him “the star of Balliol.” Hopkins decided to become a priest. He entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1868 and burned his youthful verses, determining “to write no more, as not belonging to my profession.” Until 1875, however, he kept a journal recording his vivid responses to nature as well as his expression of a philosophy for which he later found support in Duns Scotus, the medieval Franciscan thinker. Hopkins’ philosophy emphasized the individuality of every natural thing, which he called “inscape.” To Hopkins, each sensuous impression had its own elusive “selfness”; each scene was to him a “sweet especial scene.” In 1874 Hopkins went to St. Beuno’s College in North Wales to study theology. There he learned Welsh, and, under the impact of the language itself as well as that of the poetry and encouraged by his superior, he began to write poetry again. Moved by the death of five Franciscan nuns in a shipwreck in 1875, he broke his seven-year silence to write the long poem “The Wreck of the Deutschland,” in which he succeeded in realizing “the echo of a new rhythm” that had long been haunting his ear. It was rejected, however, by the Jesuit magazine The Month. He also wrote a series of sonnets strikingly original in their richness of language and use of rhythm, including the remarkable “The Windhover,” one of the most frequently analyzed poems in the language. He continued to write poetry, but it was read only in manuscript by his friends and fellow poets, Robert Bridges (later poet laureate), Coventry Patmore, and the Rev. Richard Watson Dixon. Their appreciation of the strangeness of the poems (for the times) was imperfect, but they were, nevertheless, encouraging. Ordained to the priesthood in 1877, Hopkins served as missioner, occasional preacher, and parish priest in various Jesuit churches and institutions in London, Oxford, Liverpool, and Glasgow and taught classics at Stonyhurst College, Lancashire. He was appointed professor of Greek literature at University College, Dublin, in 1884. But Hopkins was not happy in Ireland; he found the environment uncongenial, and he was overworked and in poor health. From 1885 he wrote another series of sonnets, beginning with “Carrion Comfort.” They show a sense of desolation produced partly by a sense of spiritual aridity and partly by a feeling of artistic frustration. These poems, known as the “terrible sonnets,” reveal strong tensions between his delight in the sensuous world and his urge to express it and his equally powerful sense of religious vocation. While in Dublin, Hopkins developed another of his talents, musical composition; the little he composed shows the same daring originality as does his poetry. His skill in drawing, too, allowed him to illustrate his journal with meticulously observed details of flowers, trees, and waves. His friends continually urged him to publish his poems, but Hopkins resisted; all that he saw in print in his lifetime were some immature verses and original Latin poems, in which he took particular pleasure. Hopkins died of typhoid fever and was buried in the Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin. Among his unfinished works was a commentary on the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order. After Hopkins’ death, Robert Bridges began to publish a few of the Jesuit’s most mature poems in anthologies, hoping to prepare the way for wider acceptance of his style. By 1918, Bridges, then poet laureate, judged the time opportune for the first collected edition. It appeared but sold slowly. Not until 1930 was a second edition issued, and thereafter Hopkins’ work was recognized as among the most original, powerful, and influential literary accomplishments of his century; it had a marked influence on such leading 20th-century poets as T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, W.H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and C. Day Lewis. Hopkins sought a stronger “rhetoric of verse.” His exploitation of the verbal subtleties and music of English, of the use of echo, alliteration, and repetition, and a highly compressed syntax were all in the interest of projecting deep personal experiences, including his sense of God’s mystery, grandeur, and mercy, and his joy in “all things counter, original, spare, strange,” as he wrote in “Pied Beauty.” He called the energizing prosodic element of his verse “sprung rhythm,” in which each foot may consist of one stressed syllable and any number of unstressed syllables, instead of the regular number of syllables used in traditional metre. The result is a muscular verse, flexible, intense, vibrant, and organic, that combines accuracy of observation, imaginative daring, deep feeling, and intellectual depth. Hopkins’ letters reveal a brilliant critical faculty, scrupulous self-criticism, generous humanity, and a strong will. His friends paid tribute to his personal integrity and to his rare “chastity of mind.” Coventry Patmore wrote of him: “There was something in all his words and manners which were at once a rebuke and an attraction to all who could only aspire to be like him.”	<urn:uuid:b37d2168-9387-4374-a1f4-1d1d825603fd>	{ "date": "2015-03-28T19:24:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00162-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.984696626663208, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 1353, "url": "http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/271533" }
What is Ewing sarcoma (ES)? Ewing sarcoma is a cancer that occurs primarily in the bone or soft tissue. Ewing sarcoma can occur in any bone, but most often it is found in the long bones such as the femur (thigh), tibia (shin), or humerus (upper arm). It can involve the muscle and the soft tissues around the tumor site as well. Ewing sarcoma cells can also spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body including the bone marrow, lungs, kidneys, heart, adrenal gland, and other soft tissues. As you read further below, you will find general information about Ewing sarcoma. If you would like to view summary information about cancer first, see the cancer overview. Ewing sarcoma accounts for about 2 to 3 percent of childhood cancers. About 250 children and adolescents are diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma each year in the US. It is the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Ewing sarcoma most often occurs in children between the ages of ten and 20. The number of males affected is slightly higher than the number of females. How does Dana-Farber/Boston Children's approach ewing sarcoma? Children and teenagers with ewing sarcoma are treated through the Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Program at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center. Dana-Farber/Boston Children's specialists are known for treating children with the most complex cases as well as for their expertise in delivering specialized treatments. We take an in-depth, multidisciplinary approach to care that ensures that your child receives a personalized treatment plan—as well as supportive care before and after his treatment. For your child’s care, we draw on the expertise of specialists such as: - pediatric orthopedic and general surgeons who are nationally recognized for their expertise in removing bone and soft tissue tumors - pediatric experts from every needed medical subspecialty, including pathology, radiology, physical therapy and bracing/casting - experienced pediatric nurses - Child Life specialists, psychologists, social workers and resource specialists What causes Ewing sarcoma? The exact cause of Ewing sarcoma is not fully understood. There seems to be no known risk factors or prevention measures avaliable. However, researchers have discovered chromosomal changes in a cell's DNA that can lead to Ewing sarcoma formation. These changes are not inherited. They develop in children after they are born for no apparent reason. In nearly 85 percent of these cases, the change involved the fusing of genetic material between chromosomes #11 and #22. When a certain piece of chromosome #11 is placed next to the EWS gene on chromosome #22, the EWS gene gets "switched on." This activation leads to an overgrowth of the cells and eventually the development of cancer. The exact mechanism remains unclear, but this important discovery has led to improvements in diagnosing Ewing sarcoma. Some physicians classify Ewing sarcoma as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). This means the tumor may have started in fetal, or embryonic, tissue that has developed into nerve tissue. What are the symptoms of Ewing sarcoma? The following are the most common symptoms of Ewing sarcoma. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include, but are not limited, to the following: - pain around the site of the tumor - swelling (mass) and/or redness around the site of the tumor - weight loss, decreased appetite - paralysis and/or incontinence (if the tumor is in the spinal region ) - symptoms related to nerve compression from tumor (i.e., numbness, tingling, paralysis, etc.) The symptoms of Ewing sarcoma may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis. How is Ewing sarcoma diagnosed? In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination of your child, diagnostic procedures for Ewing sarcoma may include: - multiple imaging studies, such as: - x-rays — a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. X-rays are very useful in the diagnosis of bone tumors and frequently they allow the physician to distinguish benign from malignant bone tumors. It is the first diagnostic study, and often gives the doctor information regarding the need for further testing. - bone scans — a nuclear imaging method to detect bone and metastatic tumors. It will determine if there are any abnormalities in other bones. - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) — a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. This test outlines the extent of the tumor within the bone and joint and the relationship of the tumor to the muscles, nerves and blood vessels. - computerized tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan) — a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays. They are used primarily to assess the chest and lung for metastatic tumors. - biopsy of the tumor — a sample of tissue removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope. This procedure establishes the diagnosis and distinguishes a Ewing sarcoma from other bone tumors. - bone marrow aspiration/biopsy (to detect cancer cells) — a procedure that involves a small amount of bone marrow fluid and tissue to be taken, usually from part of the hip bones, to further examine the number, size, and maturity of blood cells and/or abnormal cells. Ewing sarcoma is difficult to distinguish from other similar tumors. Diagnosis is often made by excluding all other common solid tumors, and by the use of genetic studies. How is Ewing sarcoma staged? Once Ewing sarcoma has been diagnosed, the tumor is staged. This process indicates how far the tumor has spread from its original location. The stage of a tumor suggests which form of treatment is most appropriate, and gives some indication as to prognosis. A Ewing sarcoma may be localized, meaning it has not spread beyond the bone where it arose or beyond nearby tissues, or metastatic, meaning it has spread to lungs, bones other than the bone that the tumor originated in, or to other organs or structures of the body. What are the treatments for Ewing sarcoma? Specific treatment for Ewing sarcoma will be determined by your child's physician based on: - your child's age, overall health, and medical history - extent and location of the disease - your child's tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapies - how your child's physician expects the disease may progress - your opinion or preference Treatment may include one or more of the following: Surgery for Ewing sarcoma involves the biopsy, surgical removal of the tumor, bone/skin grafts, limb salvage procedures, amputation, and/or reconstruction, all performed by a surgeon. The type of surgery will depend on the size and location of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread. Types of Surgery - Limb-salvage surgery: It is sometime necessary to remove all or part of a limb. In most cases, however, limb-sparing surgery is used to avoid amputation. This however is considered only if the orthopedic surgeon determines that it is possible that the tumor, and wide margins of healthy tissue surrounding the tumor, can be removed. Through limb-sparing surgery, all of the bone and cartilage involved with the tumor, including some degree of muscle surrounding it, is removed, while nearby tendons, nerves and vessels are saved. The bone that is removed is replaced with a bone graft or with a metal prosthesis. Subsequent surgery may be needed to repair or replace the reconstruction, which can become loose or break. Patients who have undergone limb-salvage surgery need intensive rehabilitation. It may take as long as a year for a patient to regain full use of a limb following limb-salvage surgery. Rarely, patients who have limb salvage procedures may eventually have to undergo amputation because of a severe complication or tumor recurrence. Radiation therapy is occasionally given either before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells. - Amputation — In many cases, if your child's orthopedic surgeon determines that the tumor cannot be removed because, for example, it involves the nerves and blood vessels, amputation is the only surgical option. (This is rarely needed in Ewing sarcoma; however, because radiation is an acceptable means to treat the local tumor.) During the operation, doctors ensure that muscles and skin form a cuff around the amputated bone. A cast may be applied in the operating room which permits a temporary artificial leg (prosthesis) to be applied during the first few post-operative days for walking. Crutches are used for several weeks. As the swelling decreases (10 to 14 days) the patient is fitted for a plastic, temporary socket and prosthesis, which is used for 2 to 4 months until the stump is healed sufficiently to accept a permanent artificial leg. The advantages of an amputation are that it is a simple operation with minimal chances of surgical complication and it definitively removes the local tumor. The functional outcome is good with the modern prostheses available today and with "immediate-fit" prostheses applied in the operating room. Although the patient will probably have a limp with above-the-knee amputations, the procedure is functional and stable. He/she will be able to walk, climb stairs, swim (with the prosthesis on or off) and participate in many sports such as skiing, basketball, baseball, and tennis although running will be limited. The functional limitations are left to the imagination and determination of the patient. Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that works by interfering with the cancer cell's ability to grow or reproduce. Different groups of drugs work in different ways to fight cancer cells and shrink tumors. Chemotherapy may be used alone for some types of cancer or in conjunction with other therapy such as radiation or surgery. Often, a combination of chemotherapy drugs is used to fight a specific cancer. Certain chemotherapy drugs may be given in a specific order depending on the type of cancer it is being used to treat. While chemotherapy can be quite effective in treating certain cancers, the agents do not differentiate normal healthy cells from cancer cells. Because of this, there can be many adverse side effects during treatment. Being able to anticipate these side effects can help the care team, parents, and child prepare, and, in some cases, prevent these symptoms from occurring, if possible Chemotherapy is systemic treatment, meaning it is introduced to the bloodstream and travels throughout the body to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be given: - as a pill to swallow - as an injection into the muscle or fat tissue - intravenously (directly to the bloodstream; also called IV) - intrathecally — chemotherapy given directly into the spinal column with a needle Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays from a specialized machine to damage or kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiotherapy is a standard treatment method for control of the primary tumor and at times is used instead of or in addition to surgery. The specific method of treating the primary tumor is decided upon by the treatment team. Radiation may have side effects, especially in growing children, and patients who survive Ewing sarcoma are at a small risk for developing a second malignant tumor several years later. For that reason, the primary tumor is surgically removed without using radiation therapy whenever possible. Stem Cell Transplant Stem cell transplant is a treatment involving stem cells, a specific type of cell from which all blood cells develop. Stem cells develop into red blood cells to carry oxygen, white blood cells to fight disease and infection, and platelets to aid in blood clotting. Transplantation of normal stem cells from another person is used to help restore normal blood production in patients whose own ability to make any or all of these blood cells has been compromised by cancer, intensive cancer treatment, or other types of damage or abnormality. The use of cells from another individual is called allogeneic transplantation. Stem cells collected form patients themselves prior to intensive treatment can also be used to supplement the recovery of the patient's own cells after particularly aggressive course of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The use of a patient's own cells is referred to as autologous transplantation. Stem cell transplantation and the treatment needed to manage its effects are complex. Your physician will give you more detailed information on what to expect. Rehabilitation includes the following: - physical/occupational therapy and psychosocial adaptation - prosthesis fitting and training - supportive care — any type of treatment to prevent and treat infections, side effects of treatments, and complications, and to keep your child comfortable during treatment - continuous follow-up care — a schedule of follow-up care determined by your child's physician and other members of your care team to monitor ongoing response to treatment and possible late effects of treatment Prognosis for Ewing sarcoma greatly depends on: - the extent of the disease - the size and location of the tumor - presence or absence of metastasis - the tumor's response to therapy - the age and overall health of your child - your child's tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapies - new developments in treatment As with any cancer, prognosis and long-term survival can vary greatly from child to child. Every child is unique and treatment and prognosis is structured around the child's needs. Prompt medical attention and aggressive therapy are important for the best prognosis. Continuous follow-up care is essential for a child diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. Late effects of radiation and chemotherapy, as well as second malignancies, can occur in survivors of Ewing sarcoma. New methods are continually being discovered to improve treatment and to decrease side effects. What is the latest research on Ewing sarcoma? Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center is conducting numerous research studies that will help clinicians better understand and treat Ewing sarcoma. One current national study in which Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber are participating involves dose compression, a way of giving more chemotherapy in hopes of improving outcomes for Ewing sarcoma patients. With the help of hematopoietic growth factors (proteins that stimulate marrow cells to grow and produce blood cells), patients can receive chemotherapy every two weeks instead of every three weeks, increasing the amount of therapy over a given time period. In the area of stem cell transplantation, the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Transplant Program is one of only eight institutions around the country that are investigating the use of umbilical cord transplantation. Also under study is a novel method for preventing graft versus host disease, a serious complication that occurs when transplanted cells do not recognize the tissues and organs of the recipient's body and react against the recipient's tissue. The result of this treatment approach, if it continues to be as successful, will be that the degree of match between donor and the recipient will not need to be particularly close, greatly increasing the pool of potential donors for each patient. This could also eliminate the need for long-term drug therapy traditionally needed to treat graft versus host disease. Other types of treatment currently being studied include: - angiogenesis inhibitors — substances that may be able to prevent the growth of tumors by blocking the formation of new blood vessels that feed the tumors - biological therapies — a wide range of substances that may be able to involve the body's own immune system to fight cancer or lessen harmful side effects of some treatments - the functional outcomes of bone allografts and metallic prostheses for limb salvage in Ewing sarcoma. Childhood Ewing Sarcoma The National Cancer Institute provides the PDQ pediatric cancer treatment information summaries as a public service to increase the availability of evidence-based cancer information to health professionals, patients, and the public. Fortunately, cancer in children and adolescents is rare, although the overall incidence of childhood cancer has been slowly increasing since 1975.Children and adolescents with cancer should be referred to medical centers that have a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists with experience treating the cancers that occur during childhood and adolescence. This multidisciplinary team approach incorporates the skills of the primary care physician, pediatric surgical subspecialists, radiation oncologists, pediatric oncologists/hematologists, rehabilitation specialists, pediatric nurse specialists, social workers, and others to ensure that children receive treatment, supportive care, and rehabilitation that will achieve optimal survival and quality of life. Guidelines for pediatric cancer centers and their role in the treatment of pediatric patients with cancer have been outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics.At these pediatric cancer centers, clinical trials are available for most types of cancer that occur in children and adolescents, and the opportunity to participate in these trials is offered to most patients/families. Clinical trials for children and adolescents with cancer are generally designed to compare potentially better therapy with therapy that is currently accepted as standard. Most of the progress made in identifying curative therapies for childhood cancers has been achieved through clinical trials. Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2002, childhood cancer mortality has decreased by more than 50%. For Ewing sarcoma, the 5-year survival rate has increased over the same time from 59% to 76% for children younger than 15 years and from 20% to 49% for adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Childhood and adolescent cancer survivors require close follow-up because cancer therapy side effects may persist or develop months or years after treatment. Origin and Incidence of Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors Studies using immunohistochemical markers, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and tissue culture indicate that classic Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and Askin tumor (chest wall), as well as extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EOE) are all derived from the same primordial bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell.The incidence of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs) is approximately three per 1,000,000 per year and remained unchanged for 30 years. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries reports an overall incidence of ESFT of one per 1,000,000 in the U.S. population. The incidence in patients aged 10 to 19 years is between nine and ten per 1,000,000. The same analysis suggests that the incidence of Ewing sarcoma is nine times greater in U.S. Caucasians than African Americans. The median age of patients with ESFT is 15 years, and more than 50% of patients are adolescents. Well-characterized cases of ESFT in neonates and infants have been described. Based on data from 1,426 patients entered on European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Studies (EI-CESS), 59% of patients are male and 41% are female. Primary sites of bone disease include the following: - Lower extremity (41%). - Pelvis (26%). - Chest wall (16%). - Upper extremity (9%). - Spine (6%). - Skull (2%). For EOE, the most common primary sites of disease are the following: - Trunk (32%). - Extremity (26%). - Head and neck (18%). - Retroperitoneum (16%). - Other sites (9%). Approximately 25% of patients will have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Prognostic Factors for Ewing Sarcoma There are two major types of prognostic factors for patients with Ewing sarcoma: pretreatment factors and treatment response factors. - Site: Patients with Ewing sarcoma in the distal extremities have the best prognosis. Patients with Ewing sarcoma in the proximal extremities have an intermediate prognosis, followed by patients with central or pelvic sites. Patients with tumors of the sacrum have a very poor prognosis. - Size: Tumor volume has been shown to be an important prognostic factor in most studies. Cutoffs of either 100 mL or 200 mL are used to define larger tumors. Larger tumors tend to occur in unfavorable sites. - Age: Infants and younger patients (<15 years) have a better prognosis than adolescents aged 15 years or older, young adults, or adults. - Gender: Girls with Ewing sarcoma have a better prognosis than boys. - Serum lactate dehydrogenase: Increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels prior to treatment are associated with inferior prognosis. Increased LDH levels are also correlated with large primary tumors and metastatic disease. - Metastases: Any metastatic disease defined by standard imaging techniques or bone marrow aspirate/biopsy by morphology is an adverse prognostic factor. The presence or absence of metastatic disease is the single most powerful predictor of outcome. Patients with metastatic disease confined to lung have a better prognosis than patients with extrapulmonary metastatic sites. The number of pulmonary lesions does not seem to correlate with outcome, but patients with unilateral lung involvement do better than patients with bilateral lung involvement. Patients with metastasis to bone only seem to have a better outcome than patients with metastases to both bone and lung. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are under investigation as a staging tool that may provide additional information and alter therapy planning. Whole body MRI may provide additional information which could potentially alter therapy planning. - Standard cytogenetics: Complex karyotype (defined as the presence of 5 or more independent chromosome abnormalities at diagnosis) and modal chromosome numbers lower than 50 appear to have adverse prognostic significance. - Detectable fusion transcripts in morphologically normal marrow: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction can be used to detect fusion transcripts in bone marrow. In a single retrospective study utilizing patients with normal marrow morphology and no other metastatic site, fusion transcript detection in marrow was associated with an increased risk of relapse. - Other biological factors: Overexpression of the p53 protein and loss of 16q may be adverse prognostic factors. High expression of microsomal glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme associated with resistance to doxorubicin, is associated with inferior outcome for Ewing sarcoma. The following are not considered to be adverse prognostic factors for ESFT: - Pathologic fracture: Pathologic fractures do not appear to be a prognostic factor for ETB. - Histopathology: The degree of neural differentiation is not a prognostic factor in Ewing sarcoma. - Molecular pathology: The EWS-FL1 translocation associated with ESFT can occur at several potential breakpoints in each of the genes which join to form the novel segment of DNA. Once thought to be significant, two large series have shown the EWS-FL1 translocation is not an adverse prognostic factor. Treatment response factors to preoperative therapy Multiple studies have shown that patients with minimal or no residual viable tumor after presurgical chemotherapy have a significantly better event-free survival compared with patients with larger amounts of viable tumor. Female gender and younger age predict a good histologic response to preoperative therapy. Patients with poor response to presurgical chemotherapy have an increased risk for local recurrence. For patients who receive preinduction and postinduction chemotherapy PET scans, decreased PET uptake following chemotherapy correlated with good histologic response.	<urn:uuid:e2613d5a-8de0-4ef7-a8d0-c7ca6d9a91f5>	{ "date": "2014-09-20T19:58:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133564.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00084-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9314794540405273, "score": 3.765625, "token_count": 5023, "url": "http://www.dana-farber.org/Pediatric-Care/Treatment-and-Support/Ewing-Sarcoma.aspx?phase=Before_Treatment" }
Digital signage is a relatively new technology that’s growing at a rapid pace. The advent of DVDs in the 1990s was the catalyst that propelled the display industry from VHS-powered cathode-ray-tube TV monitors to true digitally enhanced flat panel displays. Ever-evolving, the industry is quickly moving away from disc-based media and now relies almost exclusively on computer players to deliver pure digital content. The displays themselves have progressed as well. While flat and rectangular will always be a popular choice, designers can now create screens in almost any shape and curvature. “Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know more.” ― Confucius High resolution, pixel pitch, LED, LCD, etc., etc., – at the end of the day, what do all these terms mean as they relate to your potential digital display? As the technology advances, the associated terminology has grown. As is often the case when any tech assimilates into the mainstream, digital signage terms with distinct definitions are now being used interchangeably. Additionally, new words are springing up like weeds. For anyone considering digital signage, a basic understanding of key industry words is recommended. Common Digital Signage Terms Video Wall: A video wall consists of multiple computer or television monitors tiled or overlapped to form what appears to be one large screen. LCD Display: A flat-panel display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals via a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. LED Display: A display solutions that uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display. Their brightness makes them perfect for outdoor and indoor applications. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a light source made up with a two-lead semiconductor that emits light when activated. LEDs have many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime and smaller size. Light-emitting diodes are now used in diverse applications including LED digital signage. Pixel: In digital imaging, a pixel, or pel (picture element) is a physical point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable display element in a display device; so therefore, it is the smallest controllable element of a picture represented on a display. On an LED or SMD-LED (surface mount device – LED) display, a pixel is in actuality an LED lamp composed of three “sub-pixels,” each of which is an individual LED comprising the three RGB (color) components. Pixel Pitch: A term used to describe the distance between pixels on televisions, monitors and other display screens. When discussing flat panel or curved display panels, where the display is either a light-reflecting or light emitting technology, pixel pitch is measured on the surface of the screen or display in millimeters. The term “pixel pitch” is typically reserved for LED display technology. Narrow Pixel Pitch: A term describing LED displays with a minimum amount of space between pixels, usually 2.5mm or less. The narrower the pixel pitch, the clearer the display looks in up-close viewing. Nixel: The building blocks of NanoLumens displays are our Nixels. Built with patented technology, these specialized LED modules give seamless pictures and a beautiful display. High Resolution vs. High Definition: High Definition and High Resolution are terms that attempt to describe the clarity and sharpness of digital content being delivered via some form of viewing technology. High definition and high resolution are often used interchangeably and sometimes share a similar connotation depending on the audience, but they are actually quite different. Both are measures of resolution, which is defined as the fineness of detail that can be distinguished in an image. In order for a digital image or video content to be considered “HD” it must meet 3 specific criteria: 1) The display must be a widescreen format incorporating a 16:9 aspect ratio, 2) have a resolution of at least 1280 pixels x 720 pixels, and 3) a frame rate between 24 and 30 frames per second. In order for something to be “true HD”, it must have a resolution of 1920 x 1080, commonly known as 1080p (p stands for progressive scan). These constraints were created as units of standardization for the AV industry. High resolution can refer to any display with a resolution that is sharp and finely detailed. As long as an image looks clear and detailed to the human eye, it can be considered to have a high resolution, even though it may or may not be HD. High Dynamic Range — imaging technique used to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging. Contrast Ratio –– ratio of full on luminance of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color off (black). The post Digital Signage Knowledge is Key When There’s a Purchase in Your Future appeared first on www.nanolumens.com. About the Author NanoLumens' Marketing Manager, seasoned marketing professional with 15+ years of progressive experience in fast-paced digital media environments. Excellent writing and graphics skills. Track record of achieving exceptional results in content creation, marketing and Search Engine Optimization. And I collect Super hero stuff. :)More Content by Joey Davis	<urn:uuid:cf4cd638-e3b4-4b69-ad91-a9cd51d7c6bd>	{ "date": "2017-10-17T22:33:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822513.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017215800-20171017235800-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9156249165534973, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 1106, "url": "http://resources.nanolumens.com/consultants/knowledge-is-key-when-there-s-digital-signage-in-your-future" }
Details: A Colonial Cooking Fireplace Simple, classical mouldings surround this cooking fireplace. Moulding patterns are numbered in Abbott's drawings. The profiles of those mouldings, drawn to scale, appear in the sketch at the bottom of this page. (For a clearer view of the above elevation, click here.) Fort Western, in Augusta, Maine, was built in 1754. The kitchen pictured here dates back to sometime in the building's pre-1800 days. Depended upon for heat as well as cooking, fireplaces such as this one were the natural center of cold-weather life in many New England houses. They were generous in proportion -- this one is about five feet wide by four feet high -- and often had a cooking oven to their side, as does this fireplace. Fort Western was carefully documented in 1937 by Charles E. Abbott, an employee with the Depression-era Works Progress Administration. Abbott's drawings and photos provide a fascinating glimpse into the ornamentation of a pre-1800 cooking fireplace in rural New England. Today, the fireplace remains largely as Abbott found it more than 60 years ago, as the color photo, taken in July 2000, shows. The kitchen as of July 2000. (Ken Holmes photo) The same room in 1937	<urn:uuid:83b7c4f7-bf1c-4a1f-9ffb-70211198c926>	{ "date": "2018-04-20T20:20:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944682.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420194306-20180420214306-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9652727246284485, "score": 2.828125, "token_count": 259, "url": "http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/details-a-colonial-cooking-fireplace.shtml" }
Salt Is No Friend to Heart or Head A process called meta-analysis was used to combine and analyze data from 13 previous studies. The advantage of this approach is that it allows for large numbers of people to be studied together, increasing the likelihood that relationships between dietary salt and risk of disease will be discovered, if they exist. The study revealed that: - Higher salt diets are linked to higher rates of strokes and cardiovascular events (heart attacks). Even among people with normal blood pressure, higher salt intakes increased disease risk. - The relationship between salt and risk of strokes and cardiovascular events is dose-dependent: the more salt a person eats, the higher his or her risk of these diseases. - For a 5-gram per day difference in typical salt intake, there is a 23% increased rate of stroke and a 17% increased rate of cardiovascular events. For example, a group of people eating an average of 10 grams of salt per day will have 23% more cases of stroke and 17% more cardiovascular events compared with a group eating 5 grams of salt per day. - At the population level, a 5-gram reduction in daily salt intake could lead to 1.25 million fewer deaths from stroke and approximately three million fewer deaths from cardiovascular disease worldwide. Salt vs. sodium Salt is made up of sodium and chloride. In the US the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is given in terms of sodium, not salt. The maximum recommended intake of sodium is 2,400 mg (2.4 grams) per day. To convert grams of sodium into grams of salt, multiply by 2.5. This means 2.4 grams of sodium is the same as 6 grams (2.4 x 2.5) of salt. Average salt intake in the US is 10-12 grams per day. This means most of us need to cut our salt intake in half to reduce our risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. To reduce your salt intake: - Processed food is the single biggest source of salt in the American diet. Particular salt offenders include soup, crackers, chips, bread and baked goods, cereal, sauces and dressings, cold cuts and deli meats, pickled foods, and cured and smoked foods. - Read labels and avoid foods with more than 240 mg of sodium, or more than 10% of daily intake, per serving. - Decrease dietary salt slowly over time. As your taste buds adapt, you will be amazed at how salty things you used to eat now taste. - Remove the shaker from the table to reduce the temptation to salt your food. - Iodized salt is one of the main sources of dietary iodine in the US, so Americans eating less salt need make sure to get enough iodine from other sources, such as a multivitamin that contains this mineral. - Cook with less salt. - Limit salty items such as soy sauce, ketchup, broth, and bullion cubes. - Always chose “no salt added” when buying canned foods. (BMJ 2009; Online First Nov 24, 2009)	<urn:uuid:e9501b08-0e50-40b6-84e4-d6882ebc1175>	{ "date": "2014-03-09T04:48:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999673133/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060753-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9392989277839661, "score": 3.375, "token_count": 641, "url": "http://www.pccnaturalmarkets.com/health/feature/salt-is-no-friend-to-heart-or-head_11488_4/~default" }
Every time a scientist thinks he’s solved the mystery of the fairy circles, someone else comes up with another answer. The bare, circular patches of land—some as wide as a helicopter landing pad and ringed by a border of tall grasses—freckle the landscape from Angola to South Africa. In 2012, a researcher claimed the circles were “alive,” finding that they appeared and disappeared at regular intervals; he saw no evidence that insects or lack of nutrients were causing the formations. But in March, another researcher blamed termites, citing termite tunnels and specimens that he found within the circles. Now, there’s a new hypothesis. In a paper published this month in PLOS ONE, researchers measured the size and density of fairy circles in Namibia and fed data on soil chemistry, moisture content, climate, and vegetation into a computer model. The model suggested that competition between plants is causing the bizarre formations. In the harsh desert environment, plants compete for resources belowground, and some don’t survive. When weaker grass dies, its absence facilitates growth of neighboring plants. The vegetation gap expands until it reaches a size that limits competition between grasses. The circles do not appear further west in Namibia, where it’s even drier, suggesting that they are dependent on a certain balance of not-too-much but not-too-little rainfall. Because the circles occur only over this narrow range of rainfall, short-term changes in precipitation may cause the circles to appear and disappear. Case closed? Not quite. To definitively prove the culprit, researchers will need to go into the field and tinker with fairy circle variables such as moisture and soil chemistry. For now, the mystery still endures.	<urn:uuid:416fe7cf-7cec-4ee4-9c95-d871006ef381>	{ "date": "2014-11-01T09:46:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905189.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00083-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9409043788909912, "score": 3.9375, "token_count": 355, "url": "http://news.sciencemag.org/africa/2013/08/scienceshot-fairy-circle-mystery-gets-new-explanation" }
(PhysOrg.com) -- Countries rich in oil have long been associated with the "resource-curse paradox" - a principle which states they will suffer, rather than benefit, in the long run. Not so, new research by a Cambridge Gates scholar suggests. Being an oil-rich country is not a curse, but the volatility of oil income can prevent a country from capitalising on its assets, according to a new series of studies by economists including Gates alumnus Kamiar Mohaddes . The study, "Does oil abundance harm growth?," published in the journal Applied Economics Letters, argues that previous assumptions that oil abundance is a curse were based on methodologies which failed to take into account cross-country differences and dependencies arising from global shocks, such as changes in technology and the price of oil. Kamiar says: The idea that oil and resource abundant countries are cursed, the so-called resource curse paradox, has been around for some time and is based largely on the experiences of countries in Africa and the Middle East. But if you have a certain level of income and suddenly you discover billions of dollars worth of oil that will last you for decades, why should you be made worse off? The researchers studied data from the World Bank over the period 1980 to 2006 for 53 countries, covering 85% of world GDP and 81% of world proven oil reserves. They found that oil abundance positively affected both short-term growth and long-term income levels. The researchers from the University of Cambridges Faculty of Economics also have a grant from the Economic Research Forum (ERF) to investigate the impact of commodity price volatility on economic growth. Using data on 118 countries over the period 1970-2007, they discovered that it is the volatility in commodity prices, rather than abundance per se, that drives the resource curse paradox. These results are to be published as an ERF working paper entitled Commodity price volatility and the sources of growth. The research suggests the importance of diversifying exports away from a handful of primary commodities to technology intense goods. It also suggests that resource abundant countries could manage the volatility better by investing oil revenues in sovereign wealth funds to use at a later date. This volatility channel of impact has been overlooked in the literature despite the fact that countries specialising in the export of just a few primary products are usually exposed to substantial commodity price uncertainty and macroeconomic instability, says Kamiar. What we hope is that policymakers will use this research to put more emphasis on better management of resource income volatility to create a more stable macroeconomic framework. Explore further: A healthy public domain generates millions in economic value—not bad for 'free'	<urn:uuid:924c0c92-1b77-4949-b7ec-584c3225eec0>	{ "date": "2015-03-26T19:45:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131292567.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172132-00046-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9447111487388611, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 544, "url": "http://phys.org/news/2011-04-benefits-barrel.html" }
Mitsubishi G4M Betty The Mitsubishi G4M (long designation: Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 attack bomber: 一式陸上攻撃機, 一式陸攻 Isshiki rikujō kōgeki ki, Isshikirikkō) was the main twin-engine, land-based bomber used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II. The Allies gave the G4M the reporting name Betty. Japanese Navy pilots called it Hamaki (葉巻, "cigar", lit. "leaf roll") due to its cylindrical shape. The G4M had very good performance, especially range, which was achieved by its structural lightness and an almost total lack of protection for its crew, with no armor plating or self-sealing fuel tanks. These omissions proved to be its weakness when confronted with American fighter aircraft during the Pacific War. The G4M was similar in performance and missions to other contemporary twin-engine bombers such as the German Heinkel He 111 and the American North American B-25 Mitchell. These were all commonly used in anti-ship roles. The G4M Model 11 was prominent in attacks on Allied shipping from 1941 to early 1944, but after that it became increasingly easy prey for Allied fighters.	<urn:uuid:5a6feb01-35d0-4787-8997-2b565c67b97d>	{ "date": "2019-05-22T02:34:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256724.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522022933-20190522044933-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9714503884315491, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 285, "url": "https://murphs-models.webs.com/mitsubishi-g4m2-betty" }
How to keep colds at bay this fall When fall arrives, for many this means cold and flu season is well on its way too. Colds are unwelcomed nuisance and it can make one feel very unproductive. This is especially true as many of us have a lot to juggle such as work, school, family, cleaning and other tasks. So, having a cold can really put one behind, if they have a lot to accomplish. However, before cold and flu season really hits hard there are many things that can be done to help boost the immune system. A strong immune system helps to keep one from becoming easily infected by a cold or flu bug. One way to make sure you aren’t as susceptible to the cold or flu bug is by getting proper rest. Pushing oneself to get everything accomplished on the to-do list may make one feel accomplished. However, it can also make one ill. This is because during sleep the body rejuvenates itself and allows for it to fight off any bugs and/or viruses. Not allowing the body to perform this process, makes it easier for one to get sick. One should allow for at least six to eight hours of sleep per day. Frequent handwashing is also a must when trying to keep illness away. Washing hands helps to keep bugs that cause cold and flu away. Surfaces should also be washed down and sanitized as much as possible to keep germs from spreading. Lastly, eating a nutrient rich diet especially that has abundant sources of fresh fruits and vegetables. Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables helps to ensure that the body gets enough of the proper vitamins and nutrients to stay healthy. Fresh fruits and vegetables are naturally abundant in immune boosting vitamin C which helps to minimize the risk of contracting a cold. Drinking herbal teas and plenty of water are also ways to help the body stay healthy throughout the fall. - Alex Pieles	<urn:uuid:ad7482ea-35ad-4ac2-8e3d-2ae8be9a2f9d>	{ "date": "2018-08-20T03:48:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215523.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820023141-20180820043141-00696.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9755638241767883, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 392, "url": "https://www.belliestobabies.net/blogs/news/72763651-how-to-keep-colds-at-bay-this-fall" }
the smallest of the formed elements in blood, a disk-shaped, non-nucleated blood element with a fragile membrane, formed in the red bone marrow by fragmentation of megakaryocytes . Platelets tend to adhere to uneven or damaged surfaces, and there are an average of about 250,000 per mm3 of blood. The bone marrow produces from 30,000 to 50,000 platelets per mm3 of blood daily, which means that in any ten-day period all the platelets in the body are completely replaced. Called also thrombocyte The rate of platelet formation seems to be governed by the amount of oxygen in the blood and the presence of nucleic acid derivatives from injured tissue. At any given time about one-third of the total blood platelets can be found in the spleen; the remaining two-thirds are in the circulating blood. Their primary functions are related to coagulation of blood. Because of their adhesion and aggregation capabilities they can occlude small breaks in blood vessels and prevent escape of blood . They also are able to take up, store, transport, and release serotonin and platelet factor 3. Abnormally high numbers of platelets occur in the presence of malignancy, splenectomy, asphyxiation, polycythemia vera, and acute infections. A very low count can occur as a result of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pernicious anemia, and allergic conditions, and during cancer chemotherapy. Many drugs can cause a toxic decrease in the number of platelets. Platelet response to vascular injury. From Malarkey and McMorrow, 2000. factors important in hemostasis which are contained in or attached to the platelets: platelet factor 1 is adsorbed coagulation factor V from the plasma; platelet factor 2 is an accelerator of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction; platelet factor 3 is a lipoprotein with roles in the activation of both coagulation factor X and prothrombin; platelet factor 4 is capable of inhibiting the activity of heparin. platelet (plat'let) [Gr. plate, flat] PLATELET PLUG FORMATION AND CLOTTING A round or oval disk, 2 to 4 µm in diameter, found in the blood of vertebrates. Platelets number 130,000 to 400,000/mm3 . They are fragments of megakaryocytes, large cells found in the bone marrow. Synonym: thrombocyte for illus.; megakaryocyte for illus.; thrombopoietin Platelets contribute to chemical blood clotting and to other aspects of hemostasis. Platelet factors are the chemicals released by platelets to initiate the first stage of (intrinsic pathway) chemical clotting. When a capillary ruptures, platelets adhere to each other and to the cut edges of the vessel, forming a platelet plug. Blood clotting may be beneficial (e.g., in preventing blood loss from wounds) or may be harmful when it occurs within arteries or veins inside the body (e.g., during coronary thrombosis). Blood clotting is a positive feedback cascade that may continue and occlude an unbroken vessel. Thrombocytopenia (reduced platelet count) occurs in acute infections, anaphylactic shock, and certain hemorrhagic diseases and anemias. Thrombocytosis (increased platelet count) occurs after operations, esp. splenectomy, and after violent exercise and tissue injury. Deetjen, Hermann, German physician, 1867-1915. Deetjen bodies - a disklike cytoplasmic fragment found in the peripheral blood where it functions in clotting. Synonym(s): platelet Bizzozero, Giulio, Italian physician, 1846-1901. Bizzozero corpuscle - an irregularly shaped disklike cytoplasmic fragment of a megakaryocyte found in the peripheral blood; functions in clotting. Synonym(s): platelet Hayem, Georges, French physician, 1841-1933. Hayem hematoblast - an irregularly shaped, disklike cytoplasmic fragment of a megakaryocyte found in the peripheral blood where it functions in clotting. Synonym(s): platelet Hayem solution - a blood diluent used prior to counting red blood cells. - obsolete term for acquired hemolytic icterus. Synonym(s): Widal syndrome Zimmermann, Karl W., German histologist, 1861-1935. polkissen of Zimmermann - mesangial cells that fill the triangular space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Synonym(s): extraglomerular mesangium n a disc found in the blood of mammals that is involved in the coagulation and clotting of blood. platelet activating factor n 1-0-alkyl-2-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet-aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. n a clumping together of platelets in vitro, and likely in vivo, by a number of agents, such as adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and collagen, as part of a sequential mechanism leading to the initiation and formation of a thrombus or hemostatic plug. platelet aggregation inhibitors n.pl the drugs or agents that antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation. n the number of platelets found in 1 mm3 of blood; the normal range is between 200,000 and 300,000 platelets. platelet-derived growth factors n a type of protein released by platelets of the blood that aid in the repair and regeneration of connective tissue. n 1. the transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. n 2. a treatment modality used in treating hemophilia and other conditions of impaired blood coagulation. a small disk or platelike structure, the smallest of the formed elements in blood. Blood platelets (called also thrombocytes) are disk-shaped, non-nucleated blood elements with a very fragile membrane; they tend to adhere to uneven or damaged surfaces. They average about 250,000 per cubic millimeter of blood and are formed in the red bone marrow by fragmentation of megakaryocytes, the largest of the bone marrow cells. Platelet production is controlled by a hormone, thrombopoietin, and regulatory lymphocytes acting at the stem cell level. At any given time about one-third of the total blood platelets can be found in the spleen; the remaining two-thirds are in the circulating blood. The functions of platelets are related to the clotting of blood. Because of their adhesion and aggregation capabilities platelets can occlude small breaks in blood vessels and prevent the escape of blood. Platelets which have adhered to exposed collagen in damaged vessels release ADP in milliseconds which in turn initiates the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a very potent prostaglandin which causes platelet aggregation and localized vasoconstriction. Fibrinogen, factors V and VIII, calcium ions, platelet phospholipid (PF-3), associated with the platelet membrane are also released. Substances contained within the platelet granules such as thromboglobulin, heparin neutralizing activity (PF-4) mitogens such as platelet derived growth factor, thrombospondin, ADP, serotonin and calcium ions are also released by aggregated platelets. platelet-activating factor (PAF) see platelet-activating factor the adherence of platelets to any area with damaged blood vessels; an important component of hemostasis. the progressive accumulation of platelets, attracted by other platelets once adhesion begins. Thromboxane A2 causes irreversible platelet aggregation. platelet aggregation test a known platelet aggregating factor such as collagen, ADP or thrombin is added to a suspension of the platelets under test and the degree of aggregation measured by decrease in turbidity of the suspension. may be performed directly (in a hemocytometer chamber) or indirectly (estimating from the stained blood smear by number per field or in comparison to the number of white blood cells), expressed as number of cells per liter of blood. platelet-derived growth factor one of three growth factors released by platelets which undergo the release reaction; the growth factors stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. platelet distribution width (PDW) an indication of variation in platelet size which can be a sign of active platelet release. platelet factor 3 (PF-3) test, platelet release test test the antiplatelet activity of serum; used to detect circulating antiplatelet antibodies. Antibody-antigen reactions involving platelets cause the release of PF-3 from platelets which in turn shortens the contact-activated clotting time of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). factors important in hemostasis which are contained in or attached to the platelets: platelet factor 1 is adsorbed clotting factor V from the plasma; platelet factor 2 is an accelerator of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction; platelet factor 3 is a phospholipid with potent procoagulant activity; platelet factor 4 is capable of inhibiting the activity of heparin (heparin neutralizing activity). mean platelet volume (MPV) elevated level is an indication of increased megakaryocyte shedding of platelets and decreased level is seen in thrombocytopenia. platelet plug formation see platelet aggregation (above). platelet release reaction measured by the degree of secondary ADP-mediated aggregation that occurs. This is assessed by the amount of PF-4, PF-3 or serotonin, etc. released. tested by testing the adhesiveness of a suspension of the subject platelets to a glass bead column or standard size filter. platelet rich plasma plasma prepared by centrifugation to separate out red blood cells but not platelets for transfusion. platelet storage-pool disease an inherited autosomal thrombopathia in American foxhounds and cats characterized by a deficiency of platelet storage granules. transfusion of fresh, nonchilled whole blood is the usual method of transfusing platelets to an animal with thrombocytopenia.	<urn:uuid:02a5132c-cf30-48d4-8da3-d674726950a8>	{ "date": "2016-07-28T14:28:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828283.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00128-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8891588449478149, "score": 3.421875, "token_count": 2339, "url": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/platelet" }
State water officials have announced they are likely to release a record-low allocation of water to cities and farms next year– just five percent of what water contractors have requested. Though still preliminary, it’s the lowest allocation since the State Water Project began delivering water back in 1967. The announcement may have caught some by surprise, since Department of Water Resources (DWR) data would seem to show reservoirs at higher levels than last year at this time, with major reservoirs at 69% of storage capacity, compared to 57% last year. When I asked DWR Deputy Director Susan Simms about it, even she was stumped at first. But then she called me back to say that the data includes both federal and state reservoirs, and the state’s storage levels at both Lake Oroville and San Luis Reservoir (shared with the feds) is actually lower than last year (52% and 48% of “normal,” respectively). And, she says, the state has to contend with pumping restrictions to protect both salmon and delta smelt this time around. DWR Director Lester Snow told reporters this morning that there’s nothing in the recently passed bundle of state water bills that can provide any immediate relief. And if you thought the prospect of increased precipitation from El Nino could save the day, don’t get out the umbrella just yet. David Rizzardo, Chief of the state’s Snow Survey section, estimates there’s only a 50-60% chance of a stronger El Nino kicking in this year. December and January will be the most telling months–but precipitation from El Nino would likely be concentrated in the southern half of the state. Officials say that would provide more “flexibility” in meeting water needs systemwide, but all of California’s biggest reservoirs are located in the northern part of the state. December water delivery estimates almost always get a boost once it starts snowing. Last year’s initial projection was 15%, and that was later revised upward, eventually to 40 percent. Snow called today’s estimate “very conservative.” If you think the five percent figure is supposed to scare us, it is. Water officials want to send a message that Californians need to be prepared to conserve. The state’s drought coordinator, Wendy Martin, just returned from a water tour in Australia, where she says she saw water-saving measures in place that California has yet to fully develop: storm water recapture, water recycling, and more. Martin also observed that the Australians now wish that they’d taken the epic drought of the last several years more seriously, sooner.	<urn:uuid:6d477782-9863-4b52-b168-445bdc6abd83>	{ "date": "2014-10-21T16:19:47", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444493.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00170-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9678248167037964, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 548, "url": "http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/tag/dwr/page/2/" }
Physiography: The science of physical geography. Courtesy Tennessee Division of Geology. As you travel across Tennessee, you may notice that one part of the state looks very different than other parts of the state. That's because, there are six distinct physiographic regions within Tennessee. Moving west to east, the regions are: Gulf Coastal Plain. The western one-third of the state is relatively flat, and the elevation is relatively low. At the far west is the Mississippi River which forms the border of Tennessee and Missouri and Tennessee and Arkansas. The Nashville Basin. If you are traveling along the Tennessee/Kentucky border (as you would on TN52), you may miss this region. However, it's definitely there! Nashville and the surrounding areas are actually in a low spot -- the Central Basin or Nashville Basin as it's called. If you want to see this, go south a few miles from Portland on TN109. You'll drop down a 6% grade [which the locals call "The Ridge" into Gallatin. You just went from the Highland Rim into the Nashville Basin. You may also go south on TN10 from TN52 in Lafayette. The drop "down the ridge" starts just a few hundred yards south of the intersection. The Highland Rim. This is the area surrounding the Nashville Basin. It is several hundred feet higher than the Nashville Basin. In the summer, it is often a few degrees cooler on the Highland Rim. In the days before air conditioning, some people used to leave Nashville and venture up to the Highland Rim because it was a little cooler. The Cumberland Plateau. If you are on I-40, you'll notice a big change in elevation just east of Cookeville. This is the Cumberland Plateau. If you are on I-24, you'll be on top of the Cumberland Plateau after you've crested the mountain at Monteagle. Monteagle Grade, by the way, is one of the notorious roads in the United States for truck drivers. It has even been featured in country music songs! The next time you're on the mountain, notice the two runaway-truck lanes for trucks that might lose their brakes heading down the grade. The Great Valley of Tennessee. This is a series of low valleys and ridges that covers most of East Tennessee. The Unaka Mountains. This region consists of rugged mountains on the Tennessee/North Carolina border. The Great Smoky Mountains are part of the Unaka Mountains. These divisions are explained nicely in this article for Middle School	<urn:uuid:2e56c18c-f58a-47b0-9522-32fb6f8c3184>	{ "date": "2014-08-30T12:11:48", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835119.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00100-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9429448246955872, "score": 3.53125, "token_count": 522, "url": "http://www.tn52.com/physiographic_regions.htm" }
Were you looking for information about Scoliosis? Scolliosis is a common misspelling of scoliosis. Scoliosis is a condition characterized by a side-to-side curvature of the spine. Although the causes are usually unknown, some cases of this musculoskeletal disorder are caused by a disease, injury, infection, or birth defect. Treatment for scoliosis (which may involve observation, bracing, or surgery) is based on the person's age, how much more the person is likely to grow, the type of scoliosis, and the degree and pattern of the curve. (To learn more about this condition, click Scoliosis. This article covers topics such as research findings, diagnosis, and effective and ineffective treatment options. You can also click any of the links in the box to the right for specific information.)	<urn:uuid:228ffce1-b4eb-4c31-ba45-1d64532d1e67>	{ "date": "2014-10-22T22:22:54", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447660.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00074-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9465399384498596, "score": 3.65625, "token_count": 176, "url": "http://kids.emedtv.com/scoliosis/scolliosis.html" }
How to Create Sustainable PackagingBy: phase1 Over the past 10 years or so, the packaging industry has been moving in the direction of environmentally-friendly packaging. This move has, and continues to be, driven by a host of factors, which include: - Retailer requirements - Public perception - Economic issues, particularly those involving petroleum - Governmental agencies With so many influential factors, developing eco-friendly product packaging has proven to be a challenging process. While that’s the case, the process has also been revealing in several key ways. The process has shown that completely sustainable product packaging simply doesn’t exist in today’s marketplace, for instance. This revelation shows that the goal of developing environmentally-friendly product packaging is to make incremental improvements with each development to reduce the environmental impact that packaging has overall. The process has also taught manufacturers that trade-offs are necessary when it comes to packaging. From glass to paper to plastic and aluminum, every packaging material has its pros and cons, making it necessary for companies to choose materials based on their own applications and mission. Finally, the process of developing sustainable product packaging has made it obvious that packaging already has a small footprint when considered in the context of the supply chain. In fact, packaging is often responsible for less than 10 percent of a product’s carbon footprint with raw material manufacturing and consumer usage being responsible for the majority of a given product’s carbon footprint. However, while packaging is responsible for a minor part of an item’s total carbon footprint, it’s still a vital component of the supply chain. After all, if packaging fails to protect products or it’s ineffective at motivating consumers to buy and consume them, all of the energy that was used to produce these products will have been wasted. How to Switch to Environmentally-Friendly Packaging Just because creating sustainable product packaging is challenging, it doesn’t mean switching to environmentally-friendly packaging is. While there is currently no packaging that’s 100 percent eco-friendly, greener packaging may still be available for your products. Since consumers are increasingly aware of how eco-friendly products are, you can make your products stand out by making the switch to environmentally-friendly packaging. Here are some tips to help you make the move to eco-friendly product packaging: - Adopt a Lifecycle Approach: You can use a Life Cycle Assessment tool to learn about the environmental impact that different packaging options have. While many LCA tools are readily available, it’s important to pick one and stay with it. That’s because different tools may measure the same packaging differently as sustainability metrics and standards continue to evolve in the future. - Evaluate Every Aspect of Your Packaging: To make the move to sustainable product packaging, look for packaging that won’t sacrifice the integrity of your products and that’s produced using less material. Advances are always being made with containers, caps and other packaging components that reduce the package-to-product ratio. - Make Packaging Reusable: Depending on what you sell, you may have an opportunity to make your packaging reusable while reducing your product’s carbon footprint. If you package food in a container, for instance, you can use a container that consumers can use to store other foods after they’ve used your product. Work With Phase 1 Prototypes For more than 10 years, Phase 1 Prototypes has been making prototypes for companies that want to minimize their product’s carbon footprint. One of the hardest things to do is find a business that can keep up with the eco-friendly advancements being made in product packaging. We’re recognized as an industry leader because we’ve successfully created numerous proprietary substrates when we’ve created prototypes for clients who wanted to literally do what no one had done before. If you can design sustainable product packaging, we can make a mockup of your design. Give us a call to learn more now.	<urn:uuid:0e775c37-3ac8-486c-adf4-29d0db192abf>	{ "date": "2019-06-18T04:48:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00376.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9464041590690613, "score": 2.890625, "token_count": 827, "url": "https://phase1prototypes.com/create-sustainable-packaging/" }
Piles of books, LEGO blocks scattered across the floor, soft toys strewn all over the couch and pieces of doodles stuffed in the strangest places. Sounds familiar? Mess and clutter is a common sight when there are children in the home. Believe me, the experience of stepping on a piece of LEGO would remind any parent of the necessity of housework charts. Unless you fancy some LEGO foot reflexology, having children who are taught to tidy up their spaces is a step towards raising a housework champion. While housework and children don’t sound like they get along, children should be taught to be responsible helpers. The enthusiasm for helping out could have dissipated once the children were growing up or aware that someone else would clean up their mess. We may plead, threaten or bribe our children to be responsible for household tasks, but these methods might not really encourage a sense of responsibility. How would you feel if your child, now 20 and staying in a university hostel asks for help cleaning the room or doing the laundry? Would you regret not training your child to be more independent? Knowing how to make their beds, clear the trash, iron their own clothes, clean the home, prepare simple meals, caring for pets are skills that remain relevant for life. Housework gives children hands-on training in the basic life skills they will need to thrive as they head out on their own, while developing crucial traits such as hard work, responsibility and even delayed gratification. Want to raise a responsible and independent adult? Start today! Here are 5 ways we can encourage our children to take their share of the housework cheerily: 1) Welcome help and do it with a smile Teach your children that everyone helps in the house, not just the adults. It is often innate for young children to want to help, take advantage of the eager beavers by training them early. My three-year-old, for instance, has a keen interest in all things culinary. He frequently helps out in the kitchen by washing vegetables, mixing ingredients or pouring sauces. While he might create more mess by helping out, we still encourage his presence because of his exuberance. You could start with simple tasks such as watering plants, sorting out the laundry, putting away toys. Please don’t reject them if they volunteer, let them help you! Patiently guiding the little hands would go a long way. The skills will definitely be useful when your child lives independently at the hostel, during overseas postings or when they start their own families. Housework should also not be a “chore” that no one likes. Smile while fulfilling those household responsibilities – they ought to be done with joy and pride! Adults can model this by refraining from whining or making disparaging comments. Praising your child for a job well done would reiterate how the child is contributing. Guiding the child to carry out the task well helps them to learn it well, and better as they perform it regularly. 2) Housework is another form of play Inject some fun into housework! While preparing meals, you can let the little ones help with plucking leaves from stems, washing vegetables, stirring the batter, etc. They would also love “play-pretend” while helping out. One could be the “finest chef from Italy” and the other could be an aspiring MasterChef judge. Siblings could even compete against each other to see who can pluck the most leaves or chop the finest carrots. Just remember to use kid-friendly knives and tools! If it’s a seemingly mundane task, play some familiar tunes from your child’s favourite movies and they will be grooving and working joyfully. The soundtrack from “Star Wars” for instance, lightens up the mood and helps speed up everyone’s pace. 3) Challenge your child For older children, they can be perfectly capable of cooking up a storm if you let them. Encourage your child by having them in charge of dinner! From planning the meal, buying the ingredients, slicing, weighing, cooking, they learn a whole lot of skills from managing the budget to reading scales and thermometers. Who wouldn’t love to choose what they could eat? This would minimise the mealtime woes many parents face and turn fussy eaters into appreciative diners. Alternatively, they could take turns organising a “family night” such as games’ night or movie night! Such opportunities would encourage them to take different perspectives in deciding the appropriate food, games and plan the relevant budget or schedule accordingly. It is a wonderfully subtle way of letting the child lead, while practising the art of planning. 4) Give them a chance to rule Everyone loves to be “the boss”, so let your child have a say in the assigning of housework or tasks. They would love to decide what they will do and can even think of better ways to do them. You could be surprised at what the child prefers to do. My six year old for instance, has requested to help wash the car! Sometimes, children would not cooperate. You could hear them out if they refuse to carry out the task. It could be too challenging, or it could be an indication to let them choose their task. 5) We are a team! Each family member has his roles and responsibilities. Give your children a sense of purpose so they would understand they are part of a team. Children of all ages thrive on praise and are more inclined to help out if they feel appreciated for what they have done. “Great job cleaning the floor! Now it’s sparkly clean!”, “That was difficult but you did it well!” are words that would encourage the child. This reinforces how the family is a team. It would be honey to our ears when we hear our children say “How can I help?” to us, acknowledging their ability to contribute. However, reward your child with caution. Both monetary and non-monetary rewards could result in motivation that’s extrinsic rather than intrinsic. Taking a shower or making beds ought to be daily tasks that are mandatory. More challenging types such as mowing the lawn or cleaning shoe cabinets can be rewarded appropriately. Ultimately housework forms a good training ground for children to learn to serve the needs of the community at large. Housework helps children succeed Research by Marty Rossman, a professor at the University of Minnesota, has shown that one of the best predictors of success as an adult is whether that person started helping out at home from an early age. The longitudinal study conducted by Professor Rossman tracked 81 individuals from the age of 3 and concluded that the amount of housework participants did impact how well-adjusted they were as adults in having more meaningful relationships with others and more successful careers. Completing housework willingly requires mature judgement, less impulsivity and more awareness of others’ perspectives and needs. These are skills that develop gradually as children grow and mature, and these skills will surely last a lifetime. In addition, doing housework gives the child the opportunity to reciprocate just as their parents and elders have done so much for them. Children will see themselves as important contributors to the family and feel a connection because of their roles. Also, your child will gain a sense of empathy and extend this to the wider community. Giving them a sense of responsibility would give the child confidence to meet future obligations and challenges. You would feel immensely proud to see your child all grown up when your efforts are paid off! To get a sense of what chores are age-appropriate for your child, I’ve found this list (https://bit.ly/2zxJPjm) extremely helpful. Children can help out from the ages of 2 if you let them! As a parent, I would love to see my child be an independent and responsible adult. But that will need to wait as household chores beckon. Start early and make housework part of the daily routine! In no time, will your child be attuned to the rhythm of household responsibilities. Have fun! Ee Jia is a parent of two highly energetic boys, runs a health food retail and distribution startup and also writes for a living in her free time. While she occasionally ‘enjoys’ LEGO foot reflexology, she hopes there will be a day she can stop singing the “Clean Up” song.	<urn:uuid:e95fd73b-97f4-40b8-8e89-a5a36596d41d>	{ "date": "2019-11-14T00:52:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667767.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114002636-20191114030636-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9642525315284729, "score": 2.9375, "token_count": 1748, "url": "https://tittleforparents.com/blog/should-kids-help-around-house/" }

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