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May 5, 2013 -- (Bronx, NY) -- Cancer chemotherapy can cause peripheral neuropathy--nerve damage often resulting in pain and muscle weakness in the arms and legs. Now, researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have discovered that chemo also induces an insidious type of nerve damage inside bone marrow that can cause delays in recovery after bone marrow transplantation. The findings, made in mice and published online today in Nature Medicine, suggest that combining chemotherapy with nerve-protecting agents may prevent long-term bone marrow injury that causes anemia and may improve the success of bone marrow transplants.
Constantly regenerating and maturing, the hematopoietic (blood-producing) stem cells in our bone marrow produce billions of red blood cells (RBC) every day. Cancer chemotherapy is notorious for injuring the bone marrow, leading to anemia, or low RBC counts. But just how chemotherapy harms the bone marrow has not been clear.
Anemia can lead to numerous health problems including chronic fatigue, tachycardia (abnormally rapid heartbeat), cognitive impairment, shortness of breath, depression and dizziness. In addition, studies have shown that cancer patients who develop anemia have a 65 percent increased risk of death compared with cancer patients without anemia.
In an earlier study, senior author Paul Frenette, M.D., professor of medicine and of cell biology and director of the Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research at Einstein, found that sympathetic nerves within bone marrow direct the movement of hematopoietic stem cells. (The body's sympathetic nervous system helps in controlling most internal organs--increasing heart rate and dilating the pupils of the eye, for example.)
"Since many chemotherapies used in cancer treatment are neurotoxic, we wondered whether they might also damage sympathetic nerves in bone marrow itself, impairing the ability of hematopoietic cells to regenerate and to manufacture RBCs," said Dr. Frenette. "This possibility hadn't been examined before."
Dr. Frenette and his colleagues treated mice with seven cycles of cisplatin, a common chemotherapy drug with known neurotoxic effects. The cisplatin caused peripheral neuropathy problems similar to those seen in cancer patients. The mice were then given fresh bone marrow transplants to see how well their marrow would regenerate. Despite receiving fresh stem cells, the cisplatin-treated mice had delayed recovery of blood counts compared to controls--suggesting that the prior cisplatin treatments had affected the bone marrow and prevented hematopoietic stem cells from regenerating. By contrast, mice treated with carboplatin--a non-neurotoxic chemotherapy--recovered their ability to produce blood after bone marrow transplantation.
To confirm that healthy sympathetic nerves in the bone marrow are needed to regenerate hematopoietic stem cells and produce RBCs, the researchers selectively damaged sympathetic nerves in bone marrow using chemicals or genetic engineering. In both cases, the mice with the damaged sympathetic nerves were less able than control mice to recover after bone marrow transplant.
The researchers found that injury to these nerves could be reduced by giving mice nerve-protecting agents along with chemotherapy. Mice treated with seven cycles of cisplatin along with 4-methylcatechol (an experimental drug that reportedly protects sympathetic nerves) showed improved response to bone marrow transplantation, compared to controls.
Dr. Frenette and his colleagues now plan to look for compounds that can protect sympathetic nerves in the bone marrow without reducing the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapies.
The title of the paper is "Chemotherapy-induced bone marrow nerve injury impairs hematopoietic regeneration." The lead author of the paper is Daniel Lucas, Ph.D., a postdoctoral reseacher in Dr. Frenette's laboratory. Other Einstein contributors are Christoph Scheiermann, Ph.D., and Yuya Kunisaki, M.D., Ph.D. Additional co-authors are Andrew Chow, M.D./Ph.D. student, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Ingmar Bruns, M.D., Ph.D., Einstein and Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; Colleen Barrick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD; and Lino Tessarollo, Ph.D., National Cancer Institute.
This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK056638) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL069438), both parts of the National Institutes of Health.
A patent application on this technology has been filed, which is currently available for licensing and further commercialization.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
About Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University is one of the nation's premier centers for research, medical education and clinical investigation. During the 2012-2013 academic year, Einstein is home to 742 M.D. students, 245 Ph.D. students, 116 students in the combined M.D./Ph.D. program, and 360 postdoctoral research fellows. The College of Medicine has more than 2,000 full-time faculty members located on the main campus and at its clinical affiliates. In 2012, Einstein received over $160 million in awards from the NIH. This includes the funding of major research centers at Einstein in diabetes, cancer, liver disease, and AIDS. Other areas where the College of Medicine is concentrating its efforts include developmental brain research, neuroscience, cardiac disease, and initiatives to reduce and eliminate ethnic and racial health disparities. Its partnership with Montefiore Medical Center, the University Hospital and academic medical center for Einstein, advances clinical and translational research to accelerate the pace at which new discoveries become the treatments and therapies that benefit patients. Through its extensive affiliation network involving Montefiore, Jacobi Medical Center -Einstein's founding hospital, and five other hospital systems in the Bronx, Manhattan, Long Island and Brooklyn, Einstein runs one of the largest residency and fellowship training programs in the medical and dental professions in the United States. For more information, please visit http://www. | <urn:uuid:3e29ab63-3517-4f57-baa3-61fa7610308d> | {
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A voluminous and exhaustive handbook of medical, surgical, and scientific terminology, containing concise explanations of the various terms used in medicine and the allied sciences, with phonetic pronunciation, accentuation, etymology, etc.
Most physicians will be pleased with the author's adoption of the anglicized pronunciation, adhering, as he does pretty closely to the general rules laid down in Worcester for the accentuation of English words.
The table of signs and abbreviations is the best we have seen. The table of suffixes and prefixes adds much to the usefulness of the work. While the systematic labor of the author has given us a very valuable dictionary, the publisher has done his part in issuing a book of handsome appearance, but of unnecessary size. The type is new, and attractive in style, but at least two sizes too large. The paper is of fine quality, but extra thick and heavy, the latter qualification | <urn:uuid:f20b8bda-e82d-4bbc-9c1d-8c8dd9c3b110> | {
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In the late 1800’s entrepreneurs came to Eastern Ontario, more specifically at a location between Limoges and Casselman, to cut down huge pine trees. These were sawed to a certain form and sent to Montreal harbor where they were shipped to England to build boats. In 1889, two sawmills were built by Morris Shaver and Peter Kelty, one on each side of he Ottawa Montreal’s Canada Atlantic Railway (CAR later CN) constructed in 1882. When the dwindling wood reserve came and also because of the October 5th 1897’s Great fire, the two mills finally closed not without leaving behind a small community called Gagnon named after the first Postmaster.
With the hard till of the French Canadians that established in the area, more houses were built, a Catholic school was erected, a cheese factory took in the milk production from the local farms. The community prospered. With evolution and modernization the area changed drastically specially after the second World War. In the late 1940’s the chese factory was sold as milk was being shipped to more modern facilities. The post office was transferred to Casselman and finally Limoges. In was in 1965 that the last students left the #4 Cambridge Separate School at Gagnon.
All the original buildings have now disappeared. The last farmer sold his cows in August 2009. With the construction Highway 417 between Ottawa and Montreal, Gagnon has become a somewhat subburb of Ottawa. Within a kilometre of the Gagnon Historical Park, Calypso, the largest aquatic park in Canada was built. More than 400,000 people a year enjoy the resort.
In 2001, a number of people formed a committee and in June 2002, a large crowd of over 150 people gathered at the site of the old Gagnon Village to inaugurate plaques commemorating the history of the old Village Gagnon. Since then a large shelter has been build, picnic tables set up, trees planted on what is now known as the Parc historique Gagnon Historical Park. In 2010, Réjean and Barbara built a new residence and gave their 1880 log house that was passed on from 4 other generations. This house was spared from the 1897 fire that destroyed South Indian (Limoges), most of Casselman and that included thousands of firewood that was piled at Gagnon.
In 2016, the second storey of the house was removed and a new roof installed. A Summer kitchen was added on the north side. The house holds a lot of artifacts
Anyone wanting to help with further renovation and maintenance, please contact us at: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:5a32325a-b7de-4570-bed1-e1e2e8672e8b> | {
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Hi everyone, nice to meet everybody in here, I got a simple question.
As far as I know, miRNA is derived from the long ssRNA sequence which can form a hairpin. And by introducing a specifically modified sequence which has 2 inverted tandem sequence flanking its both end, we can artificial create a hairpin which will then be processed by dicer and combine with AGO and form into a siRNA.
However, does organisms naturally possess any pathway or mechanism that can create siRNA via hairpin???
Thank you everyone for paying attention to my question. | <urn:uuid:dcf0510a-df53-43ad-a81c-2511510d4f15> | {
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We have converted 52 Miles per Gallon to 5.4 Litres per 100 kilometres.
52 MPG = 5.4
Fuel Consumption Converter
Use this tool to convert car fuel consumption from Miles per Gallon (MPG) to Litres per 100 kms. Find out the fuel (petrol or diesel) consumption of a car if it is defined in units you do not use or understand. | <urn:uuid:13917135-b450-4d5f-9030-1d309ba17b02> | {
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Chronic Wasting DiseaseHuman Health | Chronic Wasting Disease | CWD FAQs | Test Results | Carcass Disposal | Resources | Bovine Tuberculosis |
What is Chronic Wasting Disease?
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) appears to be a prion disease that attacks the central nervous system and causes fatal damage to the brain of white-tailed deer, mule deer, and Rocky Mountain elk. CWD is similar to, but significantly different from, scrapie (documented in domestic sheep for over 400 years), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE and often referred to as mad cow disease) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD and vCJD are the only nonhereditary prion diseases found in humans. All of these diseases attack the central nervous system and cause small holes to form in the brains of infected animals.
What Are the Symptoms?
In the later stages of infection, deer and elk infected with CWD will show signs of progressive weight loss, listlessness, excessive salivation and urination, increased water intake, depression and, eventually, death. Animals can be infected with CWD for months or years before outward signs of infection are evident. These symptoms are also found when an animal is infected with other diseases.
What Causes CWD?
The exact cause of CWD is not known at this time but the best scientific minds in the country feel that it is a prion disease. A prion is a mutated protein in the body that causes other normal proteins to fold abnormally and cause sponge-like holes in the brain. A growing body of research evidence indicates that this prion is the causative agent for CWD. The origin and life cycle of these prions are the target of ongoing research aimed at ultimately developing a management plan to eliminate, or at least contain, the existence of these prions in both wild and captive herds, as well as in the environment.
How Is It Transmitted Between Animals?
Although the exact method of transmission is unknown, it is known that CWD is transmitted from animal to animal. In all probability, the transmission is through body fluids like feces, urine, or saliva. Animals that are crowded or confined have a greater chance of encountering the body fluids of other animals and, therefore, a higher likelihood of becoming infected if the rogue prion is present. Animals that have a social system that includes close contact with herd mates also have a higher chance of becoming infected. Recent research indicates that CWD prions can survive in the environment after infected and exposed animals are removed.
Where Does CWD Occur?
CWD is a disease unique to North America. On our continent, it has been found in wild deer and/or elk in Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Utah, New Mexico, Illinois, New York, West Virginia and Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. In captive deer and or elk, it has been found in Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Captive operations in Cherry County, Cheyenne County, and Sioux County Nebraska have had elk test positive.
In the wild, CWD has been found in both mule deer and white-tailed deer. Free-roaming deer from Kimball, Cheyenne, Scottsbluff, Morrill, Banner, Box Butte, Dawes, Sheridan, Arthur, Hall, Keith, Red Willow and Sioux Counties have tested positive for the disease.
How are Animals Tested for CWD?
Currently, the acceptable tests require a microscopic examination of an animal's brain stem, retropharyngeal lymph node, or tonsil. For the brain stem or lymph node tests, the animal must be dead. The tonsil test only works on deer, not elk. Tonsil tests are not practical to use on wild animals as they must be tranquilized and held in captivity until results are known. The screening test for CWD is the ELISA test and takes two to three days; confirmation tests (IHC) require a much longer time to validate the initial finding.
Can Humans Be Infected with CWD?
There is currently no scientific evidence that CWD has or can spread to humans, either through contact with infected animals or by eating the meat of infected animals. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has conducted an exhaustive study of CWD and human risk and has stated: "The risk of infection with the CWD agent among hunters is extremely small, if it exists at all." However, as we are still learning about this disease, the Commission recommends that hunters take precautions to limit risks. First and foremost, do not harvest any animal that appears sick or is acting strange.
Note the animal's location and contact the Commission. Avoid cutting or puncturing the spinal cords or brains of animals taken in the areas where CWD occurs. Do not use household utensils to field dress or process your deer. Wear rubber or latex gloves when handling any harvested animal.
Can the Disease Spread to Other Animals, Such As Cattle?
Again, there is no indication or scientific evidence that the disease can spread to species other than deer or elk, but research in this area continues. Studies have shown that cattle placed in close and confined proximity with infected deer and elk have not developed the disease after living with them for over seven years.
How Common Is the Disease?
As more extensive steps have been taken to learn more about the disease, its spread, and its prevalence in both wild and captive deer and elk herds, the body of evidence continues to grow. It was once thought that the disease occurs naturally in less than 5 percent of the wild deer population and in about 1 percent of the wild elk population, largely based on studies conducted in the infected areas of Colorado and Wyoming. More recently, however, concern has increased that perhaps those numbers may be greater, particularly in the more socially oriented white-tailed deer populations.
Additionally, recent research indicates that there may be pockets of infection with very high rates of the CWD within the larger endemic area. Also, mature bucks appear to be infected at a higher rate than other portions of the population. Prevalence in the endemic area of Nebraska is generally less than 1 percent. However, there are portions of the Panhandle that approach 2 percent. No wild elk in Nebraska have tested positive for the disease. The Commission has tested over 33,000 deer from 1997 to 2007 with 133 deer testing positive for the disease.
What Action is the Commission Taking?
The Commission is currently supporting research to determine the impact of social behavior and movements on the spread of the disease. It will continue its surveillance program to track prevalence and distribution of CWD to provide hunters with this information. Commission staff cooperates with other state/federal agencies in information sharing and programs aimed at further understanding the disease. | <urn:uuid:4e2aee34-f493-41be-90c9-9eba807b12c6> | {
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Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
To the north and east of the Falkland Islands, shown here just to the left of center, the South Atlantic Ocean is vibrant with color. This true-color MODIS image from November 13, 2001, shows the waters in the South Atlantic swirling with the blues and greens that indicate massive amounts of microscopic marine plants called phytoplankton.
The variety of colors can be due to varying concentrations and types of phytoplankton and the chlorophyll and other pigments they contain. The bright blue swath to the east of the Falklands is most likely a blue-green algae called Trichodesmium or else coccolithophores, which make limestone (calcite) shells around themselves using dissolved carbon from the ocean water. Very dark green areas (almost purple in places), such as the area directly north of the Falklands, could be caused by extremely high levels of phytoplankton--so much light being absorbed by chlorophyll that the water appears dark.
Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally. | <urn:uuid:043bf2d1-501f-44cc-8cde-4f6111661c6c> | {
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As technology and social media continually flood our environment, Yingxia Cao, assistant professor of decision sciences department, attempted to gain insight into the amount of social media used in University classrooms.
In her lecture titled “Antecedents and Consequences of Social Media Utilization in College Technology,” Cao presented her findings of social media usage in the classroom based on self-reported data gathered from over 200 full and part-time faculty members.
“If faculty uses social media, they perceive that students are more satisfied and will have better outcomes,” Cao said of her findings.
The data collected was based on the faculty’s opinion of the expected benefits, academic pressure, perceived risks, professional pressure and their readiness to teach and use the technology.
“It depends on if teachers know what they’re doing,” said Martin Luke Galvan, sophomore accounting major, on social media use in the classroom.
Galvan discussed the use of social media by one of his high school teachers and how much it helped not only his writing skills, but also those of his classmates.
“We had a private Facebook group where we would have our homework on and where we could also post our work,” Galvan said. “There we could have our classmates help edit our work.”
Associate Professor of Marketing Jeanny Liu explained how she uses social media by having her entire class co-author a Wiki together, allowing her students to build upon different concepts and come together to create a project that represents different viewpoints in a cohesive manner.
“It would be interesting to look at what would motivate staff to incorporate social media usage in the classroom,” Liu said.
Cao stressed the importance of integrating different forms of social media into the classroom, claiming that the knowledge and know-how gained will help students later on in their future careers.
Some faculty and administrative staff in attendance claimed that it remains unknown if faculty’s usage of social media platforms in the classroom truly benefitted students learning because students were not represented in her studies.
Cao only collected data on whether or not the faculty believed their students’ performance improved due to technology used in the classroom, not if the students themselves saw improvement. Audience members in attendance suggested that the University encourage faculty to utilize more social media aspects in the classroom by helping faculty understand how to utilize new media, and even about new sites to experiment with.
“Her research is based on what facts motivate, or not, our faculty to use media,” said Liu. “When we see risky things, we don’t want to use it.”
Liu advocated for the faculty’s need to embrace more technology that would allow improved two-way communication between them and their students, stepping away from stagnant e-mail and becoming more accessible.
But Cao’s lecture demonstrated the importance in both the faculty and student’s understanding of social media and the proper use of the technology as it becomes more commonplace in the classroom, and work, environment.
Amanda Larsh can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:5bb11481-437e-44a9-8fc1-3c3109a81139> | {
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An aquarium contains just a tiny amount of water volume compared to natural waters. This has the disadvantage that all the water values can fluctuate from one extreme to the other in a very short time. However, a high level of stability and consistency is required for successful aquarium maintenance. The important thing here is a chemical analysis system that can be used to diagnose the water and can form a basis on which the cure (e.g. using water maintenance and filtration products) can be deduced.
Marine water aquaria in particular will not achieve the most important water values without regular checking. The concentrations of the key elements of calcium and magnesium especially are constantly changing in the aquarium, because they are consumed by corals and algae or are reduced by precipitation. Many organisms react very sensitively to such fluctuations in the water values. | <urn:uuid:36707519-ee74-45fd-9484-51bdeec65979> | {
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Running Can Affect a Woman's Body During Pregnancy
According to new research, biomechanical changes that happen during pregnancy can affect a woman's running stride, The New York Times reported.
In a study published in the journal BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth in March, researchers documented that women's walking strides grew wider and shorter during their pregnancy terms, leading them to "waddle."
While there is minimal research on how exactly pregnancy can affect a woman's running form, which may be due to the lack of women who run during their pregnancies, strong evidence that running during pregnancy doesn't harm a women's fetus, more attention is being given to the topic.
Plus, with marathoners like Kara Goucher and Paula Radcliffe, who trained during their pregnancies and returned to competition after giving birth, women may be less hesitant to hit the pavement.
A study published in The Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy also showed the biomechnical changes in a pregnant runner's body. One case, a 27-year-old- runner, began to see her pelvis increasingly tilt forward as her pregnancy progressed, and six months postpartum, the tilt remained.
Also, the runner displayed more side-to-side pelvic motion while running than she had before her pregnancy. Even a year after her last pregnancy, her right leg struck the ground harder than the left, absorbing more force with each stride.
"None of this was surprising," Dr. Bryan Heiderscheit, a professor of orthopedics and rehabilitation, said. "Pregnancy and labor stretch the muscles and connective tissues in the abdomen," which, in turn, allows the pelvis to tilt and sway. So unless a woman strengthens those affected muscles after giving birth, the tissues stay stretched."
Dr. Heiderscheit advises women to pull the belly up and in multiple times by "imagining that you're trying to cut off the flow of urine."
"I think it's time we acknowledge that having a baby is going to change how you run," Dr. Heiderscheit said. | <urn:uuid:c6201a2c-55c0-4c43-a405-bea0b8768c8e> | {
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Simplicity in walden essay
Why every student in america should read henry david thoreau's walden so they can witness the inspiration of a writer who embraced simplicity,. Simplicity is a great virtue which one can observe in life we are rightly advised by the wise elders to believe in 227 words short essay on simplicity. Home: classic 게시판 general walden self reliance essay – 123660 이 게시글은 0개 답변과 1명 참여가 있으며 마지막으로 pielabireti.
Walden has been an inspiration for thoreau's reach into modern times also comes with his civil disobedience essay, usa today's best-selling. A discussion of the work “walden” by henry david thoreau seems to praise the simplicity of the animal essay sample on walden and the art of zen topics. Walden themes from litcharts simplicity over a philosophy set out most famously and directly in ralph waldo emerson’s essay,.
A summary of themes in henry david thoreau's walden learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of walden and what it means perfect for acing. Photographer: ian britton the walden project at summit is a grassroots congregationally-based, intergenerational learning project that will draw attention to. An introduction to walden by henry david thoreau learn about the book and the historical context in which it was written. Hello i typed in “walden experiment” to see what would come up this morning, and happened upon this site i am a wife, mother of two, and full time special.
Guarda il video in ‘walden’ video game, the challenge is stillness while the game is all about simplicity, legacy say it could introduce walden to a. Thoreau walden transcendentalism essay – 675655 (thoreau, walden, 253) simplicity is one of the most basic ideals of transcendentalism. Comparison of emerson and thoreau word thoreau's walden and ralph waldo emerson's nature, there are parallel beliefs concerning simplicity,. Henry david thoreau was one of the most influential transcendental american writers and walden was one of the movement's most important works. Walden, henry thoreau's as well as composing the first draft of walden and a long essay on this is an edited extract from john updike's.
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Henry david thoreau was a poet and a philosopher who lived a life of simplicity in order to make a direct the effects of living at walden essay. In walden, one of thoreau's the simple life william zinsser in his essay, “simplicity,” describes the tendency people have to inflate their own words a. When i wrote the following pages, or rather the bulk of them, i lived alone, in the woods, a mile from any neighbor, in a house which i had built myself, on the shore. | <urn:uuid:0ef38167-0898-47f1-b3e4-25cdd6e76ed4> | {
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If you are concerned with preventing tooth decay and sensitivity, the dentists at Dr. Mady Group offer dental sealants.
A dental sealant is a plastic material used in dentistry to protect the surfaces of the teeth. Dental sealants are applied to decay-prone surfaces of the teeth, usually the back molars and pre-molars. Sealants come in the form of a liquid which quickly hardens to form a shield over these chewing surfaces.
Sealants keep out germs and food that can cause tooth decay. Food and germs can get stuck in certain areas because toothbrush bristles cannot brush them away. Food germs in the mouth change the sugar in food to acid which can start a cavity in the tooth. Sealants prevent decay from ever starting.
Children can benefit from sealants on their permanent molars as soon as the teeth come in, before decay has a chance to attack the teeth.
Sealants also have an important role to play in older family members since adults can still get dental decay. Patients afflicted with dry mouth, which affects about one-third of the adult population, can benefit from sealants. Sealants can also protect worn and sensitive surfaces on adult teeth.
First, we clean the teeth thoroughly so the surface is a little rough, which is easier for the sealant to bond. We rinse and dry the tooth again and the sealant is applied and hardens.
Please contact us to book your next dental appointment. | <urn:uuid:0ad9c8fe-1f8d-43fe-a073-cbc1e6c45815> | {
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3 Tips on Buying Green Building Materials
In recent years, many manufacturers have climbed onto the green building bandwagon. Hardly a product in use today can’t be replaced by a more environmentally sound alternative, and the variety of green building materials only promises to get better.
If you are building a natural home, be sure to consider alternative materials for foundations, walls, floors, and windows. If you are going to build a more conventional wood-frame house or just an addition, give careful thought to ways that you can use green materials.
Either way, these tips will help you maximize the benefit and satisfaction from your choice to build greener:
1. Don't expect perfection. Select the products and materials that meet the greatest number of green criteria possible. Some materials may meet the criteria, but cost too much — either to purchase or to ship to your site. Others may not be as aesthetically appealing as standard building materials. Still others may not provide the structural strength you require. (In some cases they could actually be stronger than standard materials.) Sometimes a product may meet only one or two sustainable criteria; nonetheless, it is an improvement over conventional building materials. Choose materials that offer the greatest gain for the environment and the health and welfare of the occupants of the house. One useful strategy is to concentrate on products that are used in great quantity, such as framing lumbar, insulation, tile, concrete, and drywall. Purchase as many green building products as you can afford.
2. Buy product made by companies that take actions to manifest their commitment to the environment. Pollution prevention programs are an important sign of environmental responsibility. Production of materials from recycled scrap or sustainably harvested forests is another.
3. Purchase from companies that treat their employees well; it indicates they truly care about the health and well-being of the people who are making them wealthy — or at least keeping them in business. | <urn:uuid:5d4de7a4-37f2-4d1c-870c-cf550a9e389e> | {
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Earlier today, a storm horse-chestnut tree, which lived to approximately 170, had already suffered from fungus and moth infestation; a judge stayed an order to remove it in 2007 following a popular outcry.
Fans will recall that Anne could view the tree from the Annex. “Nearly every morning I go to the attic to blow the stuffy air out of my lungs,” she wrote, “from my favorite spot on the floor I look up at the blue sky and the bare chestnut tree, on whose branches little raindrops shine, appearing like silver, and at the seagulls and other birds as they glide on the wind. As long as this exists, I thought, and I may live to see it, this sunshine, the cloudless skies, while this lasts I cannot be unhappy.”
Because this was clearly your next question, “tree” or “trees” is mentioned in In the Aeroplane Over the Sea three times:
• “And how you built a tower tumbling through the trees” (“King of Carrot Flowers Pt. 1”);
• “There are lights in the clouds/Anna’s ghost all around/Hear her voice as it’s rolling and ringing through me/Soft and sweet/How the notes all bend and reach above the trees” (“In the Aeroplane Over the Sea”);
• “Two-headed boy/There’s no reason to grieve/The world that you need is wrapped in gold silver sleeves/Left beneath Christmas trees in the snow” (“Two-Headed Boy”).
Storm Knocks Down Tree That Cheered Anne Frank [AP/Google] | <urn:uuid:c2b198ca-1aa8-4e61-a0aa-9ddd96eafdaf> | {
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Wave warning system approved; mysterious bat deaths
George Maul must be a happy guy these days.
Maul is a professor at Florida Tech in Melbourne. At least since 2002 he has been one of the few voices declaring that the east coast of the United States is in danger of severe damage from a tsunami. He was finally able to convince the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to install a series of monitoring devices in the Atlantic and Caribbean to warn of any big wave's approach, but it was a low-priority project destined to take years and years to finish.
That was up until Dec. 26, 2004, when a series of tsunamis killed more than 160,000 people in coastal areas ringing the Indian Ocean. Officials said the loss of life could have been less if some warning system were in place there.
Last week, U.S. officials agreed to spend $37.5 million to install detection buoys in the Atlantic, Pacific and Caribbean to detect the threat of a tsunami before it strikes shore. The system should be in place by 2007.
Also vital in the funding are plans for heightened public awareness of tsunami threats, plus more research and improvements and enhancements in gauges and other monitoring equipment already in place.
Tsunamis are usually created by earthquakes, underwater avalanches or after a meteorite strikes the ocean. The undersea disturbance creates a bubble of water only a few inches high that moves at speeds of upwards of 500 mph across the ocean. When the wave reaches shallower nearshore waters, the water starts to stack up, reaching heights of up to 20 feet.
The greatest tsunami threat in the States is in Alaska and Hawaii. There is an established warning system in the Pacific, though, which even includes speakers on some beaches in Hawaii to warn people to get to high ground.
However, severe tsunamis hit the western Atlantic every 100 years or so, and our time is up for another, Maul said.
In 1755, an underwater landslide - can there be an underwater landslide? - took place off Portugal, killing 10,000 people there. The wave reached Florida eight hours later but, since the state wasn't much of a tourist mecca then, the damage was minor.
Another tsunami hit the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1867 after an earthquake, casting a 20-foot wave into St. Thomas' Charlotte Amalie and a 30-foot wave into St. Croix's Christiansted Harbor. Maul has estimated a similar tsunami today could cause $500 million to $1 billion damage.
More recently, there was a rogue wave that hit Daytona Beach just before midnight in 1992 that injured 20 and damaged more than 100 cars. If it had been the next day - the Fourth of July - the damage may have been much worse.
Even Anna Maria Island was victim of a rogue wave on March 25, 1995. Called a "mini-tidal wave," there was no damage except to soaked towels and swamped beach chairs.
Island residents reported a 6-foot-high tidal wave - or a series of waves - striking the Island between 9:30-11:30 a.m.
Eyewitness Steve Gift literally hit the wave head-on.
Gift told The Islander at the time that he was riding through the pass near Bean Point on his personal watercraft when he spotted a huge wave breaking on the sandbar near the north end of the Island.
"I saw the wave and went to meet it near Passage Key," Gift said. "I'm 6 feet tall, and I had to look up at the wave. I'd guess it was at least 10 feet high or more."
Gift soared over the first giant swell on his 'ski. Then his small vessel began to "act up" - he later determined the impact of landing back into the Gulf had cracked one of the ceramic insulators on a spark plug - and he headed back to the Island.
"When I got near Cypress Street, I saw chairs and umbrellas tossed up into the grass, and a lot of people standing around looking wet," Gift said back then. "There were tidal pools where there have never been tidal pools before.
"Believe me, it's one wave I'll tell my grandkids about."
There was never any clear explanation as to the cause of the Island's mini-tsunami. There was no seismic activity in the Gulf, no reports of meteorites striking the planet, and the chances of an underwater avalanche in the usually placid Gulf were thought to be slight.
Weather experts were able to determine "ground zero" to be just south of Apalachicola between 6 and 8 a.m. that sunny morning. At the time, they were leaning toward two odd weather phenomena: A gravity wave or a dip in the jet stream that touched down in the Gulf.
The gravity wave - a rise in atmospheric pressure followed by a sudden drop in that pressure - seemed to move down the state than morning, weather officials said, with several stations reporting the fluctuation in barometric pressure. What was odd, though, was that such a gravity wave usually occurs with a cold front.
The skies were clear the morning of March 25.
The other possible option was that the miles-high jet stream took an unexpected dip down to the surface of the earth and touched the Gulf. The jet stream is literally a high-speed current of air that circles the globe.
A gravity wave was attributed to the cause of the Daytona Beach tsunami.
Early warning systems to notify the public about the pending threat of a tsunami seem to be a good thing, but I wonder if they could do more harm than good. If an earthquake-spawned tidal wave is detected off Africa and starts moving toward Miami Beach, could the affected area be evacuated in eight hours? Probably not.
Is it better to know or not know?
Wind generators fatal to bats
Power-generating wind generators are usually touted as being one of the greenest energy providers around, second only to solar power as a way to provide electricity without the burning of fossil fuels.
But researchers are now faced with a messy and potentially dangerous problem with wind power: the deaths of thousands of bats.
According to the Washington Post, a "wind farm" in West Virginia has killed thousands of bats, more than at any other such facility in the world. Environmentalists have claimed that wind turbines have caused the death of birds, particularly migratory feathered flocks, but never to the tune of the number of bat deaths.
The fatalities are putting a crimp in plans to expand wind facilities elsewhere in the eastern United States. Most wind farms are in the Great Plains or farther west. Plans are in the works to install about 700 new turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the next few years. The windmills are on towers about 350 feet high and catch the wind as it flows up or down mountains.
So what's the big deal about a few dead bats?
Remember that bats can eat their weight in bugs every night, and the insects they eat are the same bugs that cause crop problems. Less bats, more bugs, more pesticides to kill the bugs, more ecological problems elsewhere.
And we're not talking about just a few dead bats, either.
As the president and founder of Bat Conservation International in Texas put it, "Take the most conservative estimates of mortality and multiply them out by the number of turbines planned and you get very large, probably unsustainable kill rates. One year from now we could have a gigantic problem."
Bats navigate by using a very sophisticated radar system. Scientists don't know if the turbine sound is acting as some sort of bat attractor or if the noise is blocking the radar through some sort of stealth technology, making the bats blind to the threat.
This is definitely a story to keep on your radar screens.
Thanks for the memories, Paul
My old buddy Paul Bergin lost his battle with cancer Saturday morning. He was 60.
Paul was a freelance writer and had found a niche critiquing books, mostly mysteries. He had a couple of bookstores over the years and knew more about the art, science and trade of book collecting than anyone I've ever met. He was also a voracious reader who delighted in finding new authors and passing their works along to others.
One of the finest honors offered to Paul came from Stuart Kaminsky in his most recent book, "The Last Dark Place." The dedication: "For Paul Bergin, for his love and knowledge of the mystery and for his friendship."
I wish you well, my friend.
Paul's favorite opening line from any novel ever was from "The Last Good Kiss" by James Crumley. He had it memorized and would recite it without any provocation. In his honor:
"When I finally caught up with Abraham Trahearne, he was drinking beer with an alcoholic bulldog named Fireball Roberts in a ramshackle joint just outside of Sonoma, California, drinking the heart right out of a fine spring afternoon." | <urn:uuid:223efa13-f9f5-4f02-80e4-869bcae1e450> | {
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HearBuilder Online includes all four of our award-winning software titles. It works on multiple computers/iPads® simultaneously and there are five different subscription levels to meet your needs:
- Home (1 student)
- Specialist (20 students)
- Teacher (40 students)
- School (Unlimited Teachers and Students in One School)
- District (Unlimited Schools, Teachers, and Students)
HearBuilder Online gives you access to four different programs:
HearBuilder Following Directions (with Basic Concepts)
From the first day of school, students must be able to follow directions in order to focus on their classroom activities, interact well with other children, and behave properly. With HearBuilder Following Directions, they:
- Develop essential listening skills as they learn 40 basic concepts.
- Become Master Toy Makers while building Toy Central factories.
- Learn to follow five different types of directions: Basic, Sequential, Quantitative/Spatial, Temporal, and Conditional.
HearBuilder Phonological Awareness (Speech Sound Awareness for Reading)
Before children can learn to read, they must be aware of the sounds that letters make in words, syllables, and sentences — or, in other words, they must have good phonological (sound) awareness skills. With HearBuilder Phonological Awareness, students:
- Practice nine activities to help them hear the sounds in words, syllables, and sentences.
- Earn instruments and band members to form the rock band The Phonemix.
- Move from basic activities (Sentence Segmentation, Syllable Blending, Syllable Segmentation) to more difficult ones (Rhyming, Phoneme Blending, Phoneme Segmentation/Identification) to the hardest tasks (Phoneme Deletion, Phoneme Addition, and Phoneme Manipulation).
HearBuilder Auditory Memory (Strategic Memory Training for Listening)
Next, children must be able to remember and recall information they have learned. With HearBuilder Auditory Memory, they:
- Practice memory strategies as they recall numbers, words, specific details, and multiple sentences.
- Embark on special missions with Recall Agents Kim and Joey to save Memory Town from Dr. Forgetsit.
- Learn memory strategies for answering WH questions.
HearBuilder Sequencing (2- to 6-Step Sequences)
Finally, students use all the information they learned in the first three HearBuilder programs to work on essential language and literary skills. With HearBuilder Sequencing, students will:
- Practice skills such as reading left to right, understanding important details, predicting, and identifying important parts of stories.
- Begin at the Sequencing Fun House, earn tokens to use in the Arcade, and then become Sequencing Superstars.
- Put 120 illustrated scenes in order, starting out with simple 2-step sequences and gradually progressing to 6-steps.
HearBuilder Online allows you to:
- Monitor progress and track data for student(s).
- Individualize each student program.
- Add background noise.
- Customize and print reports.
For more information, visit www.hearbuilder.com
or Call 1-800-277-8737 for School and District Quotes. | <urn:uuid:c514ed9d-e098-42a7-b30a-5c3e029eed98> | {
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Despite Male Youth's Similar Sexual Behaviors, MSM Have a Significantly Higher Risk of Acquiring HIV
September 21, 2016
There are no significant differences in overall sexual behavior among male high school students who identify as heterosexual, gay or bisexual. This Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finding is from the first national survey of HIV-related risk behaviors among male high school students. Despite not engaging in notably riskier sexual behavior, gay and bisexual male teens have an elevated risk of acquiring HIV because their sex partners are more likely to have HIV, and they are more likely than their peers to inject drugs.
First Estimates of Teen LGB Population
In the 2015 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, in which more than 15,000 high school students participated, 47% of male gay/bisexual students and 43% of male heterosexual students reported ever having sexual intercourse. A similar proportion of male students -- 32% of male gay/bisexual and 31% of male heterosexuals -- reported being currently sexually active.
This data was first presented at the 2016 International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, and then published online in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
The CDC survey has been conducted for more than 25 years, but this is the first time it has included questions on sexual orientation. "Foremost are [questions on] the social issues that result in isolation, marginalization, discrimination," Laura Kann, Ph.D., chief of the School-Based Surveillance Branch within CDC's Division of Adolescent and School Health told TheBody.com. Kann co-wrote the paper and delivered the presentation in Durban. "For the first time in 2015, we added two questions on sexual identity and sexual contact which allowed us to conduct these analyses."
Based on their findings, researchers estimated that approximately 321,000 high school students nationwide are gay or lesbian, 964,000 are bisexual and 541,000 have not defined their sexual identity. According to the CDC, these are the first national estimates of U.S. high school students' sexual orientation.
Gay/Bisexual Teens Least Likely to Be in Care
The CDC found that 12% of gay/bisexual male students and 14% of their heterosexual counterparts have had sexual intercourse with four or more partners. Fifty-three percent -- or slightly more than half -- of the sexually active male gay/bisexual students said they had used a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse. That compares with 62% of male heterosexual students. Despite the similarities, gay and bisexual youth have a substantially increased risk of becoming HIV positive.
"The transmission risk of receptive anal sex is about 17 times higher than vaginal sex," explains Kann. "Data from other surveys tells us that [HIV-positive] diagnoses among men who have sex with men [MSM] are 57 times higher."
Thus MSM teens' sexual partners are much more likely to be living with the virus. They also are more likely not to be aware of their diagnosis and not to be in care, increasing the likelihood that they are infectious.
Youth 13 to 24 years old accounted for more than one in five new HIV diagnoses in 2014. The overwhelming majority -- eight out of ten -- of these new infections was among gay and bisexual males. Of these, younger black and African-American men were the group most affected by HIV.
According to the CDC, youth with HIV are less likely to be linked to care than any other age group. Due to economic and social barriers, health disparities, stigma, homophobia and much more, black MSM with HIV are the least likely of any demographic to be linked to care and virally suppressed -- which would substantially reduce their likelihood of transmission.
The CDC study found disproportionately higher levels of drug use -- including injection drug use -- among gay and bisexual male students: over 10% of MSM versus 1.5% of heterosexuals. This also elevates the risk of infection. Most new infections among MSM are acquired through sexual intercourse; however, MSM who use drugs and lack access to sterile injection equipment are at even higher risk for both HIV and hepatitis C.
These results are consistent with other data showing that gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people abuse tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other substances at disproportionately higher rates. Many experts believe that multiple and intersecting stressors -- such as discrimination, racism, stigma, homophobia and poverty -- are the drivers behind unhealthy coping mechanisms.
In a press release on the report, the CDC noted that MSM students were also much more likely to have used a number of drugs that "may contribute to increased sexual risk behavior." The differences are dramatic. Gay/bisexual male students were eight times more likely to have ever used heroin, six times more likely to have ever used methamphetamine, three times more likely to have ever used cocaine and twice as likely to have ever used prescription drugs without a doctor's prescription.
School-Based HIV Education and Prevention
The new data underscore the need for additional research and multiple strategies to address sexual behavior and drug use-related risks for HIV infection among gay and bisexual male high school students. Such strategies include testing, education, linkages to and retention in HIV treatment, as well as school-based HIV prevention.
School-based HIV education and prevention remains a critical challenge. Only 22 states and the District of Columbia require sex education and HIV education, according to the Guttmacher Institute. Only 13 states have mandated that sex and/or HIV education be medically accurate. And educators in four states -- Alabama, South Carolina, Texas and Utah -- cannot show non-heterosexual orientation in a positive manner.
Many states that do not require comprehensive education around sex and HIV are located in the South, the epicenter of the U.S. epidemic. Of the 10 states with the highest rates of new diagnoses, eight are located in the South.
"It is very important that we address sexual and HIV education in a comprehensive nature [that] provides accurate information about sex. In the South, this often becomes subjective from the theology and belief systems across the Bible Belt," Kimberly A. Parker, Ph.D., associate professor of health studies at Texas Woman's University told TheBody.com. Parker has extensively researched HIV prevention strategies targeting African-American communities.
School-based sex and HIV education should include discussions of "sexuality, making informed decisions about reproductive health, engaging in preventive measures, [as well as] laws and stigma around sexuality and gender identity," Parker noted.
She emphasized the importance of making school-based HIV education more comprehensive to reach those gay and bisexual male students at the highest risk of acquiring infection.
"Younger black gay and bisexual men [often] say that school-based HIV education does not encompass them or their identities," Marvell L. Terry II, the Human Rights Campaign's HIV/AIDS project manager told TheBody.com. "If sex education is discussed, it is through the lens of heteronormative relationships."
According to Terry, this means that younger black gay men often learn about having sex with men by watching pornography, in which the use of condoms is not featured. Consequently, "some young gay and bisexual have the perception that they shouldn't or don't have to use condoms," he said.
"We can't ignore the fact that gay and bisexual [youth] are having sex at younger ages and are curious about exploring their growing bodies," said Terry. But, he emphasized, "they are not taught how to protect themselves and how to make the right decisions."
Rod McCullom has written and produced for ABC News and NBC, Scientific American, The Atlantic, The Nation, Ebony, Poz and many others. Rod is a Knight Science Journalism Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Burning Energy May Bulk-Up Your Brain Cells
The findings were presented at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America in Chicago. The researchers used MRIs and 3-D pictures of the brain to measure volume.
"If you want to maximize the effect on your brain, these physical activities are something people have to start engaging in earlier in life, in your 40s and 50s," says Raji.
Physical activities included swimming, hiking, aerobics, jogging, tennis, racquetball, walking, gardening, mowing, raking, golfing, bicycling, dancing, calisthenics or riding an exercise bicycle.
Those in the top 25% for physical activities burned off 3,434 calories a week, compared with 348 burned by those in the bottom 25%. It takes about 110 minutes to walk off 560 calories.
Though the study shows a link between activity and brain health, the findings don't prove that activity preserves brain matter, says Dave Knopman, a spokesman for the American Academy of Neurology.
"It could be the people with the bigger brains are more physically active," says Knopman, a neurology professor at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN.
The patients' conditions ranged from normal cognition to Alzheimer's dementia. Benefits were also noted in people who have mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, Raji says. Greater caloric expenditure was related to larger gray matter volumes, including the hippocampus.
While noting that biological changes in other parts of the brain (beyond gray matter) are also possible causes for dementia, Joshua Willey, a neurologist at Columbia University, says this study's focus on regions of the brain is encouraging.
"We care about the volume of the hippocampus because that seems to be the first area that's affected in Alzheimer's disease," Willey says. "That's the part of the brain most of us think of in terms of short-term memory. So this is exciting work." A 2011 study of 120 previously sedentary adults ages 55-80 found that those who walked around a track for 40 minutes three days a week for a year increased the volume of their hippocampus. Older adults assigned to a stretching routine showed no hippocampal growth.
Walking is aerobic in nature, making the heart, lungs and large muscle groups work harder than at rest.
"Virtually all of the activities examined in this study are some variation of aerobic physical activity, which we know from other work can improve cerebral blood flow and strengthen neuronal connections," he says.
Knopman gives the aerobic theory a thumbs-up: "People who are active are also less likely to have diabetes, high blood pressure, are less likely to be obese or have heart disease, all conditions associated with an increased risk of getting dementia."
To see more of USAToday.com, or to subscribe, go to http://www.usatoday.com.
Copyright 2012, USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co. Inc.
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The information and statements made throughout this web site have not been endorsed/evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration or any other governmental authority, unless otherwise specifically noted. We do not offer products or services for the benefits or purpose of diagnosis, prescription for, treatment of, or claims to prevent, mitigate or cure any viral or disease condition or be free from side effects. Please, seek the advice of a competent medical professional about anything you read on our site.RSS Feed | <urn:uuid:f004e8fb-96db-4d84-893e-f9420f02de9f> | {
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Multi-client WLAN Communications
This example demonstrates how to connect multiple ACKme modules running WiConnect to a network as Wi-Fi clients, and how to configure each module to send messages to one another. The requirements for this kind of application can vary considerably, here's a list of assumptions we made for this particular example.
- Each module has a pre-assigned static IP address. This makes it easy for a module to send a message to another specific module on the network since all modules have pre-assigned addresses
- A message may be sent from one module to one or more modules
- There is no security encryption at the network layer, all modules can read messages from other modules if they choose to do so
- Message delivery is NOT guaranteed. If a message is sent from one module to one or more modules, and the message fails to be received, there are no retries at the network layer (retries at the Wi-Fi layer still work though).
The simplest way to enable modules to send messages to one another on a local network is to send messages in UDP broadcast packets. To receive messages, each module runs a UDP client and listens for messages sent on the UDP broadcast address. While UDP broadcast provides a way to send messages successfully, it lacks the ability to address messages to individual clients.
A Simple Message Protocol
To address messages, a simple application layer message protocol can be used. The requirements of a simple message protocol are listed below.
- Each message must have a sender (the source of the message)
- Each message must have one or more recipients (the destination of the message)
- Each message must have a payload
The message packet structure shown in the following diagram provides everything needed.
- Source Address : Source address of the device sending a message. A 1 byte address provides up to 128 unique addresses, and 128 multicast addresses as explained below.
- Destination Address : Destination address of the recipient of the message. If individual destination addresses are limited to 0 through 127, then addresses 128 through 255 can be used as multicast addresses. If the sender wants to send particular types of messages to a group of clients, the sender uses a multicast address. Devices interested in those types of messages can listen on the particular multicast address of interest, in addition to their own address
- Payload : The message payload
This example assumes each Wi-Fi device has a pre-allocated (or static) IP address. There are several ways to achieve this.
- Setup the DHCP server on your Wi-Fi access point to always allocate a particular IP address to each Wi-Fi device based on the MAC address of the device (the MAC address of your ACKme module is available by reading the wlan.mac variable.
- Ensure that each device that joins the Wi-Fi AP uses a static IP address, and that no two clients use the same IP address. You can set a static IP address for your device using the static.ip variable. Note that you will also need to set the static.netmask and static.gateway variables.
For this example, we assume that IP addresses assigned to clients are numbered in the range 192.168.1.100, 192.168.1.101, 192.168.1.102, and so on. We also assume the Wi-Fi AP (which is the network gateway) has an IP address of 192.168.1.1. The assumed configuration of the network is shown here.
Before continuing, ensure your Wi-Fi AP is configured as described above. Or alternately, if you have a different configuration, ensure you have the IP addresses and ranges of your AP handy (you will need to substitute them below as required).
Commands to setup the first module M0 at address 0 (192.168.1.100) are shown below. Enter these commands now.
|WiConnect Commands for Module M0||Command Description|
With module M0 setup and ready, grab the next module (M1), plug it in and set it up using the same commands EXCEPT this time, change the
static.ip variable to
192.168.1.101 so module M1 has address 1.
Verify it works
With both modules setup and connected to the Wi-Fi AP and the UDP client started on both modules, let's test that messages sent from one module are received by the other module.
In the following WiConnect session, the source and destination addresses (separated by commas) have been added to each message according to the simple message protocol described previously. Also, note that any text entered after a stream_write command is not echoed to the terminal.
Example WiConnect Session
|Module 0||Module 1|
The stream_poll command is used here to check whether data has been received. A more convenient notification method is to setup a GPIO interrupt as described in the udp_client command.
Now you have two modules sending messages to each other, go ahead and add other modules to the network, remembering to increment the address for each new module.
This example describes a simple way to send messages between modules. There are other ways to achieve the same result, but the implementation of alternate methods is more complex.
- TCP client/server. Another option is to run a TCP server and TCP client on each module. Each time a module wants to send a message to another module, it must open a TCP client connection to the module it wishes to message. Each module must also run a separate TCP server to receive messages from other modules. This method provides guaranteed delivery, overcoming the potential for lost messages. Note that each module must solve the address problem described for UDP also.
|2015-02-19||Corrections to variable names||1.1+| | <urn:uuid:7c878d2c-4888-4361-9f61-367b55201477> | {
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From the Naval News Service:
- 1779 - Amphibious expedition against British in Penobscot Bay, Me.
- 1863 - U.S. Squadron bombards Fort Wagner, N.C.
- 1866 - Rank of Admiral created. David G. Farragut is appointed the first Admiral in the U.S. Navy.
- 1898 - Landing party from armed yacht Gloucester occupies Guanica, Puerto Rico.
- 1912 - First specifications for naval aircraft published.
- 1934 - First President to visit Hawaii, Franklin D. Roosevelt, reaches Hilo on board USS Houston (CA 30).
- 1941 - Bureau of Ordnance issues first Navy "E"certificates (for excellence) for industry.
- 1943 - Launching of USS Harmon (DE 72), first ship named for an African-American.
- 1990 - USS Cimarron (AO 177) rescues 25 refugees adrift southeast of Subic Bay, Philippines. | <urn:uuid:74971361-1f07-4ced-ae3a-502d96967a99> | {
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Penguins on the Brink?
Antarctic penguins have fascinated people since they were first discovered by Magellan's expedition in 1520; the expedition historian called them "strange geese," while the crew used the fearless birds as a source of food. Today, thanks to a combination of man-made climate change and increased fishing for krill - the bread and butter for many penguin species - these flightless birds are up against threats far greater than that posed by Magellan's hungry sailors.
The next few months may prove critical for the penguins, as a series of scientific conferences, culminating in an international policy meeting this fall, could make their lives easier - or perpetuate challenges for which millions of years of evolution never prepared them.
Although the Antarctic was once thought largely immune to the ravages of global warming, a steady stream of recent research has painted quite a different picture. According to the British Antarctic Survey, surface temperatures in Antarctica have risen by nearly 3 degrees Centigrade (5 degrees Fahrenheit) over the last 50 years - about 10 times the global average. Alarmingly, research by leading biologists has found that many of the iconic animals who call the Antarctic home, including several species of penguins, are experiencing sharp population declines.
Along the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, the population of Adelie penguins, one of the best known of all penguin species for their classic tuxedo-like look, has plummeted 65 percent over the past 25 years. And king penguins, according to a recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could be extinct within the next two decades. Researchers have also indicated that emperor, chinstrap and gentoo penguins - which, along with Adelies, are the only four penguin species that breed on the Antarctic continent itself - might not be far behind.
While global warming is destroying their habitat, man now is also competing with penguins for their principal food: a tiny, yet invaluable shrimp-like animal known as Antarctic krill. Measuring only a couple of centimeters in size, krill comprise the largest biomass in the Southern Ocean and serve as a key element in the Antarctic food chain - providing food for scores of penguin, whale and seal species. Yet even krill have to eat, and with a reduction in sea ice due to the warmer water associated with climate change, krill cannot find enough plankton on which to forage. This, in turn, sets in motion a chain reaction felt throughout the Antarctic food web.
The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, an organization comprising 25 member nations whose vessels fish in Antarctic waters, manages krill in the Southern Ocean. Last year the commission, which includes the United States, took important steps to regulate krill fishing by strengthening the system used to gather information from fishing vessels about the amount of krill caught each year. But with growing interest in krill as a source of feed for farmed salmon and of omega-3 oils for health supplements, we risk a significant expansion of fishing that could potentially undo these reforms.
The commission has been a pioneer in the management of marine resources. It is critical, moving forward, that it manages fishing not just with the goal of protecting the fish, but also with the objective of ensuring the survival of other parts of an ecosystem that depend on them - as penguins do on krill.
Over the next several months scientists and diplomats from many nations will hold a series of meetings, as policymakers prepare for the commission's annual gathering this fall. The Bush administration should ensure that the commission follows through on its pledge to implement its new polices for managing krill fishing.
It is also critical that the United States act quickly to cut its own carbon pollution and lead the world in implementing a new international treaty to avoid the worst impacts of global warming.
For decades, the United States has been a leader in protecting the Antarctic and its vast natural resources from short-sighted commercial exploitation. By holding the commission's actions to its words, the White House can ensure that the international commission continues to employ broad, science-based approaches to the management of marine resources well past the date when President Bush leaves office.
We may have moved beyond using the Antarctic's "strange geese" as food ourselves, but we'll need to regulate carefully our consumption of the penguin's own food if we want to stop the march into danger for these beloved birds. | <urn:uuid:c981de83-0523-44c2-aa93-4dfdebe0140b> | {
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The high-yielding capacity of some Chinese rice varieties with more than 1000 gm-2 of brown rice yield was verified and the process of yield formation examined in Yunnan Province, China. Through our research, it became clear that the high efficiency in the use of absorbed nitrogen during the formation of the rice grain contributed to their high-yielding capacity. To explore the potential of these high-yielding rice varieties other than for daily food, we evaluated their suitability for Japanese sake brewing. The physical and chemical propert ies of Yu-Za 29, ChiJing 9 and He-Xi 24 rice, harvested in Yunnan Province, were evaluated for the brewing of sake and compared with that of Nipponbare (one of Japan’s high -yielding rice varieties), Yamadanishiki and Iwai (two white -core rice varieties that are used exclusively for brewing sake), all harvested in Japan. As a result, it became clear that Chi-Jing 9 was more suitable for brewing sake than Nipponbare. Moreover, sake brewed from this variety has a better aroma and taste than that brewed from Nipponbare.
The effect of fertilization on growth of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is not fully understood. The importance of nitrogen application has been demonstrated; however, the required minimum amount remains unknown. This study examined growth of water yam under low fertile soil conditions on Miyako Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, from April 2013 to January 2014. Growth with urea application (N treatment) and without urea (control) was compared. N treatment had no effect on growth or tuber yield in soil with poor organic matter. Although yellowish leaves were observed in control plants, they continued to grow till the end of harvest. The findings suggest that water yam (cv. No. 511) is able to grow under poor fertile soil conditions such as the Holocene limestone soil of Miyako Island. The δ15N values of the N-treated plants suggested that nitrogen was absorbed from the urea; however, the source of nitrogen in the control plants was not identified. Moreover, the δ15N values of the control plants decreased with growth as in sweet potato, which are known to associate with nitrogen-fixing endophytes. In line with this, growth comparisons of N-treated and control plants suggest that water yam also absorbs nitrogen from the air, although further clarification is required.
An improved shoot micropropagation protocol of Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider (jojoba) through axillary-bud proliferation from nodal explants using combination of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) has been developed. Axillary buds were sprouted from nodal segments within two weeks on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combinations of BA and TDZ. The presence of TDZ in initiation medium increased the rate of explants with sprouting buds. To avoid adverse effects of prolonged exposure of explants to TDZ, cultures were transferred to TDZ-free MS medium fortified with various concentrations of BA for further multiplication, proliferation and elongation of induced shoots. The highest number of shoots per explant (29.5 ± 1.3) was achieved when 2.5 mgL-1 BA and 5.0 mgL-1 TDZ-exposed explants were sub-cultured for 6 weeks on MS medium containing 1.0 mgL-1 BA. Elongated shoots were rooted on 1/2 MS medium augmented with 2.5 mgL-1 IBA, which resulted in the highest average number of roots per shoot (7.4 ± 0.9). The regenerated plants were acclimatized and transferred to a growth chamber with 75% survival rate. Our results suggested that combination of BA and TDZ was effective for shoots multiplication and sprouting buds of jojoba explants, and that this protocol would be useful for the large-scale micropropagation of elite jojoba genotypes.
Jojoba is an important oil crop that produces unique wax ester in seeds. Genetic transformation of jojoba, however, has not been reported yet. In this study, we used nodal segments as explants for transformation of jojoba by an Agrobacterium strain harbouring a plasmid containing the GUS gene with an intron, as well as the hygromycin resistance gene. Multiple shoots were regenerated from axillary buds of the nodal segments that were infected by the Agrobacterium strain. GUS activity was detected by histochemical assay in nodal segments as well as in the regenerated shoots that suggests jojoba cells were stably transformed and regenerated. Sonication and shaking treatments of the explants did not significantly affect on the transformation efficiency, but rather negatively affected on shoot regeneration. To obtain the effective hygromycin concentration for the selection of transgenic shoots, we examined hygromycin sensitivity of non-transgenic shoots on jojoba explants, and found that none of the shoots survived on the medium with 30 mg L-1 of hygromycin. Regenerated shoots of Agrobacterium-treated explants were then selected on the same medium, and hygromycin-resistant shoots were observed with frequencies of 3.3 - 16.4 %. We also detected expression of the GUS gene in the hygromycin-resistant shoots by RT-PCR and GUS staining. This study is the first report of the successful introduction and expression of a foreign gene into jojoba, and will lead to generation of transgenic jojoba plants useful for the tropical and subtropical agriculture.
Oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has a lower seed yield and harvest index than other oil crops, and consequently produces a large amount of residue such as stem, receptacle, and oil cake. Our study attempted to use these residues as biochar for improving soil fertility, sunflower growth, and yield in subtropical island, Okinawa, Japan. To reveal the synergistic effect of biochar and inorganic fertilizer, we established four treatments: biochar (B), biochar + fertilizer (BF), fertilizer (F), and control, using biochar derived from bagasse (Exp. 1) and sunflower residue (Exp. 2). As a result, biochar application improved soil fertility, including soil electrical conductivity and mineral concentration. In spite of the initial positive effect of biochar application to plant growth this effect became negative later. The reason for this response might be the reduction of the net assimilation rate (NAR) during the later growth stage due to nitrogen deficiency after biochar application. Biochar application had a positive effect on sunflower growth during the early growth stage when the leaf area index (LAI) was dominant for the crop growth rate (CGR), while this effect became negative during the later growth stage when the NAR was dominant for the CGR. Further research is required to determine the effects of biochar application depending upon application methods, plant growth stages, and plant species.
The relationship between nitrogen absorption and growth of lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.) is not clearly understood. The results of our previous experiment that lesser yam was able to grow under poor fertile soil conditions without nitrogen fertilization; however, the source of nutrition was not identified. This study, which was conducted from April 2015 to January 2016 aimed to determine whether nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria are associated with lesser yam. Growth with urea (N treatment), with cow manure (CM treatment) and without nitrogen (control) was compared. N and CM treatment had a positive effect on growth and tuber yield in soil with poor organic matter. Control plants presented with yellowish leaves, but grew until harvest and had a tuber yield comparable with other treatments. Changing natural isotope values (δ15N) under N and CM treatment suggested that nitrogen was absorbed from the urea and cow manure, respectively; however, the source of nitrogen in the control plants was not identified. Isolation of nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria using an acetylene reduction activity test and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed five species of in the stem and roots of the lesser yam plants. These species were shown to be related to species in the genera Azospirillum, Devosia, Klebsiella, Rhizobium and Xanthomonas. The Rhizobium sp. was found in stem and the others were observed in the roots of lesser yam. All these species are known as nitrogen fixing bacteria and associate with plants growth. This is the first report to identify nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria associated with lesser yam.
Increasing rice yield in rainfed fields is one of the major agricultural challenges in Cambodia. As an answer to this challenge, we focused on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which has been reported to increase rice yield while reducing water use, and has actually been adopted by many farmers. To elucidate how SRI can increase rice yield under water constraint in rainfed fields, we conducted an interview study with 106 farming households in Popel commune, Tram Kak District, Takeo Province of Cambodia in 2015, and asked them about the wet season rice in 2014. The farmers cultivated rice in total of 167 fields, of which 35 fields were under SRI practices whereas 132 fields were under conventional ones. We found that SRI was practiced more often in fields where supplementary water was available from ponds, rivers, and tube wells than those without it. In the former fields, SRI increased rice yield, whereas it did not in the latter fields. In SRI fields without supplementary water, younger seedlings planted earlier should have experienced severer water stress than those in conventional fields, and lost advantage of SRI to develop more tillers and thereby more grains. The dependency of yield increase by SRI on supplementary water availability implies that the prospect of rice yield increase via greater adoption of SRI would hinge on the capacity to increase supplementary water availability in the rainfed fields. | <urn:uuid:c44c5ff0-9708-4d41-8fda-fef8fa5653c5> | {
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Students complete a variety of interdisciplinary activities as they explore the subject of tornados.
3 Views 9 Downloads
The Weather Channel Virtual Field Trip – Tornadoes
Tornadoes are violent and destructive, yet most people are fascinated by them. Topics such as safety and emergency preparedness are covered, in addition to hands-on activities like making a tornado in a bottle and plotting/mapping...
3rd - 8th Science CCSS: Adaptable
How Do Tornadoes Form?
Take your students on a storm chasing adventure from the safety of the classroom with this short video on tornadoes. From powerful thunderstorms to swirling twisters, this resource explains the necessary conditions and process involved...
4 mins 6th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:b59ddeb3-0ec0-4a27-ab28-b11ea449a28c> | {
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Did you know that over 8% of laptop and desktop users have security software installed on their computers, but only 20% of smartphone users do? Why is that? Discrepancies like that make smartphones a thief’s goldmine- full of unencrypted personal information and ripe for the picking. Here are some tips on how to protect yourself.
Record your phone’s identity number – The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is what identifies your phone to the network. It is located on the back of your phone underneath the battery. Make sure you keep this information so that you can report it to the police if your phone is stolen or lost.
Be careful when charging your phone at a charge point – Be very cautious if you desperately need to charge your phone while out and about. A lot of phones combine a data connection with the charger so you could end up having your data stolen without even knowing it. And who is providing the service? If you happen to use someone else’s computer, make sure you trust them.
Lock your phone and voicemail – PINs and passwords can be a pain as they put a barrier in the way of things you do repeatedly, however they are necessary. Don’t choose obvious PINs: for example, 3333, 1234, dates of birth and so on. Make use of the handset locks to protect your data and the voicemail code to protect your messages.
Always backup your data – Take a little time to think about what would happen if you lost your phone, phone numbers and photographs and how it would affect you. Take a few minutes to make a backup in a secure location. You won’t regret it.
Learn how to remotely lock and/or wipe your phone – Many handsets are now capable of apps which allow you to stop someone getting access to your data and, if you’re sure you can’t get it back, to delete your data. Some services can even help you locate your lost phone by using the GPS function of the device to find out where it is.
Be careful when clicking on links and scanning barcodes – Don’t be lured into clicking on a mysterious link to a web page. A phone’s screen is much smaller and it is often more difficult to see a full link to a website and make sure that it is what it says it is. If in doubt, don’t click. New technology allows barcode scanner apps to read Quick Response (QR) codes (they look kind of like square barcodes). These are often put in newspapers and on advertising boards. Do you know and trust the source? If not, don’t scan the barcode.
Be wary of Wi-Fi – However attractive it may seem to connect to free Wi-Fi when you’re out and about, take a second to consider who is providing that service and why. By connecting to an untrustworthy network, you could possibly allow an attacker to get into your accounts for social networking sites, your email and even your bank account.
Know what you are giving apps permission to do – Always think about what an application is supposed to be doing, where it came from, and who made it. Read the permissions that an app demands before agreeing. A common trick hackers use is to create a fake copy of a real app and host it on an alternative, unmonitored app store. Don’t fall for their tricks.
There you have it; eight ways to keep your phone and data safe. Don’t be foolish. Take some precautions. After all, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Make sure that you keep your smartphone somewhere safe. Never leave smartphones in your car or unattended. By reducing the opportunities a thief has to get to your phone, you reduce the risk of your phone being stolen or illegally used. | <urn:uuid:d74b6ceb-893e-4d15-8ac3-bcce5e7d8328> | {
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Threatened, Endangered, and Proposed (TEP) Plant Profile
Schwalbea americana, American chaffseed
Visit the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile link below for links to listing and other USFWS documents.
- Listed Endangered 1992
- Recovery Plan 1995 (PDF, 5.3 MB)
- Direct loss of habitat to development, road widening, and conversion to pine plantations
- Indirect effects of urbanization, including total fire suppression, which leads to the loss of the open ecosystems inhabited by Schwalbea | <urn:uuid:0092357a-f26d-454e-bc06-3c08e29da6c4> | {
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Interstellar hitchhikers now have another necessity beside towels that they need to cram inside their bindlestiffs. It's this new map of the entire universe, created as part of the University of Massachusetts' Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS).
- The 2MASS Redshift Survey created this universe map over the course of 10 years. It shows some 43,000 galaxies within 380 million light years of our planet. The Milky Way runs from left to right in the middle of the map.
Interstellar hitchhikers now have another necessity beside towels to cram into their bindlestiffs. It's this new map of the local universe, presented in Boston during the 218th meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
The map displays all the visible structures in space up to 380 million light years away from earth, including about 45,000 galaxies. Purple dots are the closest to us, then blue and green dots; orange and red structures are the farthest out. (Unless you believe in the, uh, "Space Mirror" conspiracy, in which case there are no galaxies beyond 150 million kilometers.) The map was created from 10 years of observations by two telescopes monitoring the ether in infrared, which allowed them to penetrate through the dusty "Zone of Avoidance" obscuring parts of the Milky Way. The project behind this effort is the University of Massachusetts' Two-Micron All-Sky Survey Redshift Survey (another link), quite an impressive mouthful.
The Milky Way has an unusual type of motion, caused by an unknown gravitational influence, that researchers hope this projection will help identify. You can read more about the map and its implications over at Space.com.
Curious about what the first good map of the universe looked like?
Here it is. This landmark piece of space cartography was drafted by William Herschel, English astronomer, discoverer of infrared radiation in space and a fanatic of mapping spiral galaxies. Hershel monitored the stars using a 40-foot-long telescope mounted in his garden:
This now-musty map was the precursor to the Redshift Survey. Here's another even more spectacular image from the survey, this time a near-infrared image of more than 1.5 million galaxies beyond the Milky Way: | <urn:uuid:291deea2-4a8a-4e67-a255-fc42ba1b7509> | {
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Black Women in America
Nominated for the 1995 Distinguished Publication Award of the Association for Women in Psychology A provocative, insightful volume, Black Women in America offers an interdisciplinary study of black women's historic activism, representation in literature and popular media, self-constructed images, and current psychosocial challenges. This new work by outstanding scholars in the field of race and gender studies explores the ways in which black women have constantly reconstructed and transformed alien definitions of black womanhood. Black women have an image of themselves that differs from those others impose. Collectively, the contributors to this anthology demonstrate that such socially constructed images hide the complexities and ambiguities, the challenges, and the joys experienced in the real lives of black women. Multifaceted in its approach, Black Women in America ...
- Front Matter
- Back Matter
- Subject Index
Part I: Black Women's Social History through the Lens of their Activism
- Chapter 1: African Women's Legacy: Ambiguity, Autonomy, and Empowerment
- Chapter 2: Organizing for Racial Justice: Black Women and the Dynamics of Race and Sex in Female Antislavery Societies, 1832–1860
- Chapter 3: Black Women and the NAACP, 1909–1922: An Encounter with Race, Class, and Gender
- Chapter 4: Racial Justice in Minnesota: The Activism of Mary Toliver Jones and Josie Robinson Johnson
- Chapter 5: The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on the Unionization of African-American Women: Local 282-Furniture Division-IUE, 1960–1988
- Chapter 6: Poor Black Sisters Decided for Themselves: A Case Study of 1960s Women's Liberation Activism
- Chapter 7: Searching for a Tradition: African-American Women Writers, Activists, and Interracial Rape Cases
Part II: Image Wars: Literary and Popular Constructions of Black Women
- Chapter 8: The Condition of Black Women in Spain during the Renaissance
- Chapter 9: The Rape Complex in the Postbellum South
- Chapter 10: On the Use of Medical Diagnosis as Name-Calling: Anita F. Hill and the Rediscovery of “Erotomania”
- Chapter 11: Sapphires, Spitfires, Sluts, and Superbitches: Aframericans and Latinas in Contemporary American Film
- Chapter 12: African-American Single Mothers: Public Perceptions and Public Policies
Part III: Performing their Visions
- Chapter 13: “Oh, what I Think I must Tell this World!”: Oratory and Public Address of African-American Women
- Chapter 14: Before Althea and Wilma: African-American Women in Sports, 1924–1948
- Chapter 15: Black Women in Concert Dance: The Philadelphia Divas
- Chapter 16: Sisters in the Name of Rap: Rapping for Women's Lives
Part IV: Contemporary Psychosocial Challenges
To Deborah G. Plant a Louisiana Warrior Woman
Copyright © 1995 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information address:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
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SAGE Publications Ltd.
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SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Black women in America / edited by Kim Marie Vaz.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8039-5454-9. — ISBN 0-8039-5455-7 (pbk.)
1. Afro-American women—Social conditions. I. Vaz, Kim Marie.
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Sage Production Editor: Astrid Virding
I teach the course “Black Women in America” to university students every semester. Students often ask how I maintain my enthusiasm term after term. Without fail I tell them that this is my one chance to communicate directly to large groups a body of information from a Black woman's standpoint; the one place in the university setting where Black women's experiences are center stage, where it is permissible to affirm and value Black women's achievements as well as examine the wounds incurred from living in a racist and sexist society. It is the one place where over the course of several months I can discuss the various ways in which Black women have constantly reconstructed and transformed alien definitions of Black womanhood. Within the content of the material are pragmatic strategies for changing one's own life conditions. Hence, the nature of the subject matter acts as a personal and group energizer.
Through this anthology, I wish to share my approach to teaching about Black women in America. The collection offers an interdisciplinary study of Black women's historic activism, representation in literature and popular media, self-constructed images, and current psychosocial challenges. The contributors are an outstanding group of scholars representing a variety of disciplines. All of the chapters in this anthology are being published here for the first time. The original research of these scholars provides a wealth of knowledge that will be useful to professors, students, cultural workers, and all those interested in Black Studies and Women's Studies.—[Page x]
This anthology benefited from a Research and Creative Scholarship grant from the Division of Sponsored Research at the University of South Florida and a grant from The Black Life Research Program sponsored by University of South Florida's Institute on Black Life. I would like to thank my colleagues at the University of South Florida for their support and encouragement, namely Juel Smith and the faculty and staff of the Department of Women's Studies and the Africana Studies Program. Marianne Bell's clerical assistance was invaluable. Dale Grenfell and Marquita Flemming at Sage Publications were unfailing in their enthusiasm for this project and I thank them. Kristin Bergstad proved to be an excellent and efficient copy editor. The anonymous reviewers' comments were very helpful to the contributors and I offer them our gratitude. My research assistant on the project, the insightful Gwynne Jenkins, generously gave more of her time than I could financially reward. Her commitment to the project accelerated the pace with which we were able to ready the manuscript for publication. I wish to thank the contributors to this anthology for their scholarly insights and forbearance.[Page xii]
Organization of the Anthology[Page xiii]
I have organized the chapters in this anthology into four main sections: Black women's organizing activities, societal images of Black women, images Black women have constructed of themselves and each other, and, finally, contemporary psychosocial challenges.A Legacy of Activism
In precolonial societies, gendered constraints on women's dietary habits, public decision making, and inheritance rights sought to subordinate women. Nonetheless, as Barbara A. Moss points out, African women were an integral part of their communities and often maximized their positions with resources gained by their own labor. Especially in matrilineal societies, individual African women could achieve high status as administrators in political systems and as spirit mediums in the religious arena. As part of the group, African women could band together to redress grievances against men and discipline male offenders. Enslaved African women passed on their legacy of resilience, resourcefulness, and spirituality to their African-American daughters who adapted these to confront and challenge the slave system.
One of the earliest forms of organized activism engaged in by Black women in the New World was female antislavery societies. Shirley J. Yee notes that all female organizations provided one arena through which free Black women could participate in the public domain and, at the same time, remain within acceptable boundaries of female behavior. Black women followed the practice of organizing separately from men and participating in specifically “‘female’ activities, such as fund-raising in support of male leadership.… Yet, the existence of sex-segregated social activities was, ironically, as liberating as it was [Page xiv]constrictive, for it helped sweep away the memories of slavery and create for Black men and women a sense of autonomy over their lives both inside and outside the home.”
Black women's positions within precolonial African societies and New World Black liberation movements can be described as “constrained but empowered” (Collins, 1990). This is evident not only from Moss's and Yee's work but from Dorothy C. Salem's chapter on Black women in the formation of the National Association For the Advancement of Colored People, 1909–1922, and Mary C. Pruitt's findings on female civil rights activists in Minnesota. Salem's work reveals that Black women were pivotal to the development of the NAACP. They worked as mobilizers of antilynching campaigns, as investigators, as administrators, as branch directors, and as fund-raisers. Although they were overlooked by Black male and White leadership for years when key appointments were made, they persisted in assisting the NAACP to achieve its goals. Mary Toliver Jones and Josie Robinson Johnson are examples of the women Ella Baker could have been speaking about when she said that women outnumbered men in the Civil Rights Movement and the Movement was largely carried by them. Mary Pruitt interviewed these Minnesota women who signed up for a lifetime of commitment to working for social justice. Pruitt describes how these women acted out of an ethic of responsibility and from a perspective of social change as involving long-term struggle. The Civil Rights Movement provided opportunities for the development of women's leadership on the one hand and for the improvement of the quality of work lives for Black women on the other.
Deborah B. Carter explores the intersection of occupational changes and social change movements and their impact on African-American women. During World War II, African-American women were able to move from domestic and farm jobs into the manufacturing sector. For the first time, Black women were in a position to be organized by a trade union. In addition, the Civil Rights Movement framed class struggle in terms of the conflict between Whites and Blacks. The movement brought new leadership and strategies and a new ideology on the relationship between Black inequality and racial discrimination in the labor market. As a result large numbers of African Americans, particularly women in low-wage occupations, unionized.
M. Rivka Polatnick's case study of the liberation activism of poor Black women demonstrates that the issues they confronted were more broadly based than those of middle-class White women and activist Black men. The Mt. Vernon/New Rochelle poor women's group linked race, gender, and class inequality as reflected in their agenda: welfare rights, decent housing, the overthrow of capitalism, militant resistance of male supremacy while emphasizing the common struggle with Black men against racial oppression, and defense of birth control as positive technology. Unlike middle-class White women's groups, these poor [Page xv]Black women valued mothering and family life and were alarmed about the implications of certain practices surrounding artificial reproduction. Polatnick concludes that White women did not “launch” nor do they “own” women's liberation activism; researchers and the general public must begin to think in less restricted ways about women's liberation. Polatnick's findings are reminiscent of Yee's in that Blacks defined abolitionist activity in more sweeping terms than did Whites. For Blacks, abolitionist activism entailed assisting runaway slaves, the establishment of literary societies to make up for the scarcity of schools for Blacks, opposition to recolonization, and the elimination of racism. Many Black academic feminists strive to construct knowledge from the perspectives of Black working-class women. This can prove difficult if Black intellectuals adopt the stance of a “spectator-writer” as opposed to that of a “progressive, activist-writer.” Joy James recounts the investigative activism of Ida Wells that incorporated dialogues with other activists and writers to divulge facts distorted or denied in White media. James analyzes the “narratives of conviction” of three Black feminists as they discussed the Central Park Jogger rape case. James cautions Black feminists against relying on White media exclusively, without considering Black and Hispanic coverage of situations affecting Black people. This, coupled with a lack of knowledge about Black women's antiracist and antisexist coterminous organizing, leads Black feminist writers to participate in the erasure of Black women's activism around issues of racial and sexual violence against women and fair trials for Black men and to reductive conclusions that Black women automatically subordinate sex to race.Socially Constructed Images
Images of Black women that have been constructed by European and European-American leaders of religious, social, literary, cultural, and political institutions throughout the centuries have retained a pejorative characterization of Black sexuality. Baltasar Fra-Molinero rereads Old World historical texts and literary testimonies and discusses the practices of slavery as well as the literary representations of Black women in 15th and 16th century Spain. These ideas and customs eventually were exported to the New World, serving to create and justify Black women's marginality and exploitation. In the literature of that period, Black women were characterized as having bad tempers and loose sexual morals. The writers portrayed Black women as committing infractions, specific to their supposed perverse morality, that resulted in physical punishment by their White masters. These masters charged themselves with the responsibility of defending the “honor of their households.” Mulatto women, on the other hand, escaped punishment and were exoticized by the largely White male writers of the era. [Page xvi]Yet, White women's fears of being cast aside as the object of affection by their husbands in favor of cunning and deceitful Black women also found its way into the literature, by at least one Spanish woman writer, to round out the negative characterizations of enslaved African women.
The actual sexual exploitation of Black women became a pervasive reality in the Old South and continued beyond emancipation. Madelin Joan Olds addresses the White Southern obsession with interracial sex in the postbellum period. Specifically, she explores the charge by White former slave owners that civil rights would encourage miscegenation. They reasoned that poor White men would be drawn to the beauty and wealth of affluent mulattoes, thereby producing children who could pass for White. Toward the turn of the century when Blacks made concrete progress, these former owners leveled the charge that Black men wanted to rape White women either because of Black equality or Black revenge. The revenge argument held that because of the concubinage relationship between White men and Black women, Black men were driven to rape White women. The equality argument proposed that it was the “New Negro,” raised in freedom and granted political participation, that sought to terrorize White women. Nevertheless, it was Black women who were more frequently cited by White writers as being responsible for the so-called sexual immorality of the race, even as Black men were thought to be menacing White women. It was Black women who produced the unchaste daughters, bestial sons, and enticing mulattoes. The Black rapist theme, Olds concludes, served to protect race, class, and gender interests; that is, dominance of Whites over Blacks, rich over poor, and men over women, and to bolster as well as aggravate the sexual and power ambitions of White patriarchs.
The ideas of Black women's sexual immorality so meticulously crafted in Spain and carried through the postbellum South resurfaced in 1992 as Anita Hill accused the nominee for the Supreme Court, Clarence Thomas, of sexual harassment while she worked for him at two separate government agencies. In her chapter, Bridget Aldaraca reviews the attempts by Thomas supporters on the Senate Judiciary Committee to discredit Hill's testimony by establishing that she was not a reliable witness because she was “acting out a fantasy of unrequited love for a man who was her superior.” Aldaraca notes that some Black writers on the subject also imbibed these ideas, suggesting that Thomas's remarks to Hill were simply Black male courting behavior.
Elizabeth Hadley Freydberg reviews the portrayal of Black women and Latinas in American Hollywood films. From this Eurocentric and androcentric industry flows the familiar societal stereotypes of both groups of women as prostitutes, whores, and drug addicts. Many contemporary male filmmakers, irrespective of race, retain this vision of Black women and Latinas, and these stereotypes continue to surface in modern films. Even though sophisticated and beautifully written works by women of color are readily available, Freydberg concludes [Page xvii]that there is no indication that complex stories about Black women and Latinas will be emerging from Hollywood in the near future. Given the additional reality that women of color directors and producers remain on the margins of the industry, we will continue to be bombarded with derogatory images of Black women and Latinas.
Negative attitudes about the poor, Blacks, and women are not confined to popular media but are inscribed in the current welfare and housing policy, as well. These views held by many government policy makers reflect an unwillingness to come to grips with poverty and racism. Shirley M. Geiger addresses the ideological, racial, gender, and class factors that influence public policy decision making. She finds that instead of acting to relieve the economic and social hardships facing poor Black women who head households, U.S. public policy seeks to control the behavior of these women and their children. Geiger urges Black women not only to conduct research into the areas of public policy strategies that would enhance the lives of large numbers of Black women, but to monitor the voting habits of politicians from areas with substantial numbers of Black women solo parents.Self-Expression
A Black woman is credited as being the first American woman political speaker to leave copies of her speeches and speak before a mixed audience of men and women. Maria W. Stewart delivered her first speech in 1832. Any woman daring to speak during this period had to contend with male hostility as it was delivered through the pulpit and through physical attacks by men during women's formal lectures. Charles I. Nero writes that although Black women have had a long history as public orators, public address anthologies—whether compiled by men, Black or White—have excluded their voices. White women also marginalize Black women as they reconstruct women's oratorical past. Another factor working to prevent the serious study of Black women's public address is the reliance on the model of great leaders. For men, women do not fit this model and for White women, Black women seldom figure as great women leaders. Moreover, those Black women whose speeches do find their way into print tend to be middle and upper class. Nero suggests that circumventing this class bias involves redefining public address to include a wide array of discursive practices, from poetry to naming behaviors.
Black women continually draw on institutions in the Black community to stretch the tight spaces they are assigned. It is to the African-American press that Linda D. Williams has turned to chronicle a wider range of images of Black women than ordinarily recorded in works on Black women. She debunks the lie about the absence of Black women athletes, managers, and owners in sporting activities as varied as [Page xviii]swimming, golf, tennis, basketball, and track. Williams urges researchers to look beyond the image of Black women as victims—an image which suggests that only recent government and judicial decisions created opportunities for Black women to participate in local, state, and national sport competitions. Using institutions in the African-American community, Black women created opportunities for themselves before Althea Gibson and Wilma Rudolph made their marks and in spite of racism and sexism. The African-American weeklies chronicled the activities of Black women's athletics and even sponsored tournament play for women.
Beginning in 1948, Marion Cuyjet provided opportunities for brown-skinned Black girls to develop the theoretical and technical knowledge necessary to become successful ballet dancers. Melanye White-Dixon chronicles the development of Cuyjet's Judimar School and profiles four of her students (Judith Jamison, Delores Abelson, China White, and Donna Lowe Warren) who pursued performing careers with professional dance companies. Throughout her chapter, White-Dixon highlights the survival strategies that Black dancers developed to cope with the racism of the professional White American dance companies.
Women rap artists are asserting their voices in a musical genre whose male performers are often blatantly sexist. Robin Roberts suggests that much of women's rap should be considered “practical feminist criticism.” Evidence of this comes through the women's clothing, mannerisms, posture, and physical stature and through their lyrics that declare that they are people deserving of respect, safe and pleasurable sex, and the right to be heard.Psychosocial Challenges
The authors of this section warn activists, policy makers, researchers, and relatives of older Black women not to make assumptions about them. Because they are not a homogeneous group, Black women must be allowed to state their own needs and directions for liberation. Bernita C. Berry's chapter explores older Black women's perceptions of the meaningfulness of their lives in spite of social and structural constraints. She finds that Black women are certainly aware that discrimination exists based on age, race, and gender, but these have not prevented them from creating satisfying lives. Many of the women in her sample report having fulfilling lives stemming from their relationships with their families, jobs, and community involvement.
A self-help group for African-American women rearing their daughters' crack cocaine exposed children in Tampa, FL, has engaged in the process of defining their own needs. Drawing on his clinical work with these women, Aaron A. Smith recounts how through the group the women began to identify the manner in which these new [Page xix]and unplanned demands jeopardized their own economic, physical, and emotional survival. Even though these women were married they received virtually no support from their husbands, and adult children and relatives were often antagonistic. Having imbibed society's negative views of Black women and experienced strained familial relationships since childhood, coupled with poor educational histories and bleak employment records, these women are also faced with the task of defending their grandchildren against the destructive behavior of their daughters. Through the grandmothers' group the women were able to fend off feelings of isolation, cope with guilt about having failed as mothers, and learn to claim their legal rights as grandmothers and ultimately as Black women.
The two chapters in this final section serve as a reminder that Black women have an image of themselves that differs from those others impose. Collectively the authors of this anthology demonstrate that socially constructed images hide the complexities and ambiguities, the challenges and the joys experienced in the real lives of Black women.Reference[Page xx]Collins, Patricia Hill. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
Appendix: A Brief Guide to Resources by and about African-American Women[Page 369]Compiled by
African-American women's studies is one of the most dynamic and rapidly growing bodies of literature in contemporary academia. Its writers, filmmakers, researchers, and artists actively challenge and expose White patriarchy and the silence it attempts to impose on African-American women. These cultural workers are bringing African-American women's lives to the forefront of the American consciousness.
This guide is but a brief introduction to this enormous and multifaceted body of literature. It has been coalesced with both students and teachers in mind. Its references sample the “classics” as well as noteworthy bibliographies and resource guides for in-depth research.Section 1. African-American Feminist Thought1986). Daughters of Jefferson, daughters of bootblacks: Racism and American feminism. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.(Bambara, ToniCade. (Ed.). (1970). The Black woman: An anthology. New York: New American Library.Bell-Scott, Patricia. (Ed.). (1989). Black women's studies [Special issue]. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 6, (1).1986). All American women: Lines that divide, ties that bind. New York: Free Press.(1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.. (Combahee River Collective. (1979). A Black feminist statement. In Z.Eisenstein (Ed.), Capitalist patriarchy and the case for socialist feminism (pp. 362–372). New York: Monthly Review Press.1981). Women, race, and class. New York: Random House.([Page 370]Hirsch, Marianne, & Keller, EvelynFox. (Eds.). (1990). Conflicts in feminism. New York: Routledge.1981). Ain't I a Woman? Black women and feminism. Boston: South End.. (Hull, GloriaT., Smith, B., & Scott, P.B. (Eds.). (1982). All the women are White, all the Blacks are men, but some of us are brave: Black women's studies. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press.LaRodgers-Rose, Frances. (Ed.). (1980). The Black woman. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.1984). Sister outsider. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press.. (1986). I am your sister: Black women organizing across sexualities. Latham, NY: Kitchen Table Press.. (Moraga, Cherrie, & Anzaldua, Gloria. (Eds.). (1981). This bridge called my back: Writings by radical women of color. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press.Smith, Barbara. (Ed.). (1983). Home girls: A Black feminist anthology. Latham, NY: Kitchen Table Press.1983). In search of our mothers' gardens: Womanist prose. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.. (Section 2. The History of African-American Women1981). National council of Negro women, 1935–1980. Washington, DC: Bethune Museum Archives.. (Crawford, Vicki, Rouse, J.A., & Woods, B. (Eds.). (1990). Women in the civil rights movement: Trailblazers and torchbearers, 1941–1965 (Black Women in United States History, Vol. 16). Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.1975). Black women in the cities, 1872 to 1975: A bibliography of published works on the life and achievements of Black women in cities in the U.S. Chicago: CPL Bibliographies.(1984). When and where I enter: The impact of Black women on race and sex in America. New York: Morrow.. (1988). In search of sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the challenge of the Black sorority movement. New York: William Morrow.. (1990). Daughters of sorrow: Attitudes toward Black women, 1880–1920 (Black Women in United States History, Vol. 11). Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.. (Harley, Sharon, & Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. (Eds.). (1978). The Afro-American woman: Struggles and images. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.Hine, DarleneClark. (Ed.). (1990). Black women's history: Theory and practice (Black Women in United States History, Vols. 9–10). Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.Hine, DarleneClark. (Ed.). (1990). Black women in American history: From colonial times through the nineteenth century (Black Women in United States History, Vols. 1–4). Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.Hine, DarleneClark. (Ed.). (1990). Black women in American history: The twentieth century (Black Women in United States History, Vols. 5–8). Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.1972). Black women in White America: A documentary history. New York: Pantheon.. (1979). The majority finds its past: Placing women in history. New York: Oxford University Press.. (1991). Disfigured images: The historical assault on Afro-American women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.. (1978). Beautiful, also, are the souls of my Black sisters: A history of the Black woman in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.(1990). To better our world: Black women in organized reform, 1890–1920 (Black Women in United States History, Vol. 14). Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.. ([Page 371]Sterling, Dorothy. (Ed.). (1984). We are your sisters: Black women in the nineteenth century. New York: Norton.1980). Teaching the history of Black women: A bibliographic essay. The History Teacher, 13, (2), 245–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/491925. (1991). Down from the mountaintop: Black women's writings in the wake of the civil rights movement, 1966–1989. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.. (Walker, RobbieJean. (Ed.). (1992). The rhetoric of struggle: Public address by African-American women. Hamden, CT: Garland.1987). Invented lives: Narratives of Black women 1860–1960. Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday.. (1985). Ar'n't I a woman? Female slaves in the plantation South. New York: Norton.. (1987). Mining the forgotten: Manuscript resources for Black women's history. Journal of American History, 74, 237–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908622. (Section 3. Social Conditions of Contemporary African-American WomenA. Career, Education, and Political Economy1991). Race, gender, and work. Boston: South End., & . (1988). Black women: A sociological study of work, home, and the community. Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall.(Bell-Scott, Patricia. (Ed.). (1984). Black women's education [Special issue]. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 1, (1).Bell-Scott, Patricia. (Ed.). (1986). Workers [Special issue]. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 3, (1).1991). Black women in higher education: An anthology of essays, studies, and documents, New York, 1987, New York: Garland., & . (Brookman, Ann, & Morgen, Sandra. (Eds.). (1988). Women and the politics of empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.1991). Black woman's guide to financial independence: Money management strategies for the 1990s. Oakland, CA: Hyde Park Publishing.(Collins, PatriciaHill, & Anderson, MargaretL. (Eds.). (1987). An inclusive curriculum: Race, class, and gender in sociological instruction. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association Teaching Resource Center.1984). Work and survival for Black women. Tennessee: Memphis State University, Center for Research on Women.. (1985). Employment for professional Black women in the twentieth century. Tennessee: Memphis State University, Center for Research on Women.. (1988). Black girls and women in elementary education [microfilm]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research & Improvement, Educational Resources Center.(1985). Labor of love, labor of sorrow: Black women, work, and family, from slavery to present. New York: Basic Books.. (1971). Tomorrow's tomorrow: The Black woman. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.(Malson, MichelineR., et al. (Eds.). (1990). Black women in America: Social science perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.1985). The political economy of Black women. In M.Davis et al. (Eds.), The year left 2: An American socialist yearbook (pp. 52–72). New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall.. ([Page 372]1987). Black women's career guide. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.. (1991). The habit of surviving: Black women's strategies for life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.. (Simms, MargaretC, & Malveaux, Julianne. (Eds.). (1986). Slipping through the cracks: The status of Black women. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.1986). Black women as workers: A selected listing of masters' theses and doctoral dissertations. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 3, (1), 64–65.. (Spanier, Bonnie, Bloom, A., & Boroviak, D. (Eds.). (1984). Toward a balanced curriculum: A sourcebook for initiating gender integration projects. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Swerdlow, Amy, & Lessinger, Hanna. (Eds.). (1983). Class, race, and sex: The dynamics of control. Boston: G. K. Hall.1990). The economic status of Black women: An exploratory investigation. Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.. (B. Health and Well-BeingBell-Scott, Patricia. (Ed.). (1985). Health [Special issue]. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 2, (2).Black Women's Liberation Group, Mount Vernon, NY. (1970). Statement on birth control. In R.Morgan (Ed.), Sisterhood is powerful (pp. 360–361). New York: Random House.1988). Black battered women: A review of empirical literature. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, (6), 266–270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1988.tb00865.x, & (1987). Violence against women and the ongoing challenge to racism. Latham, NY: Kitchen Table.(Fried, M.G. (Ed.). (1990). From abortion to reproductive freedom. Boston: South End.1990). Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding the gender rules. Journal of Sex Research, 27, (1), 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499009551541, , , & (Hall, ChristineC.I., Evans, B.J., & Selice, S. (Eds.). (1989). Black females in the United States: A bibliography from 1967 to 1987. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.1977). Suicide: Special references to Black women. Journal of Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, 5, (2), 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4950.1977.tb00252.x. (1990). Compounding the triple jeopardy: Battering in lesbian of color relationships. Women and Psychotherapy, 9, (1/2), 169–184.. (1980). The cancer journals. San Francisco: Spinster/Aunt Lute.. (Mitchell, EllaP. (Ed.). (1985). Those preachin' women: Sermons by Black women preachers. Valley Forge, PA: Judson.Mitchell, EllaP. (Ed.). (1988). Those preachin' women: Vol. 2. More sermons by Black women preachers. Valley Forge, PA: Judson.1980). Black women and religion: A bibliography. Boston: G. K. Hall.. (1986). Minority women, health and healing in the U.S.: Selected bibliography and resources. San Francisco: University of California, Women, Health & Healing Program., et al. (1985). Jambalaya: The natural woman's book of personal charms and practical rituals. San Francisco: Harper.. (1985). Chain, chain, change: For Black women dealing with physical and emotional abuse. Seattle: Seal Press, New Leaf.(White, EvelynC. (Ed.). (1990). The Black women's health book: Speaking for ourselves. Seattle: Seal Press.1984). The psychology and mental health of Afro-American women: A selected bibliography. Temple Hills, MD: Afro Resources., & . ([Page 373]1985). Black women's mental health: Aselected listing of recent masters' theses and doctoral dissertations. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 2, (2), 77–78., & . (C. Family and Relationships1990). Focusing: Black male-female relationships. Chicago: Third World Press.. (Allen, WalterR., et al. (Eds.). (1986). Black American families, 1965–1984: A classified, selectively annotated bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.1970). I know why the caged bird sings. New York: Random House.. (1988). Black women: A sociological study of work, home and the community. Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall.(1991). Double stitch: Black women write about mothers and daughters. Boston: Beacon.. (Gibbs, J., & Bennett, S. (Eds.). (1980). Top ranking: A collection of articles on racism and classism in the lesbian community. Brooklyn, NY: February Third Press.1987). It's a family affair: The real lives of Black single mothers. Latham, NY: Kitchen Table.. (1981). Black lesbians: An annotated bibliography. Tallahassee, FL: Naiad Press.(1984). Black mother-daughter relationships: A list of related readings. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 1, (2), 38–39., & (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. New York: Harper & Row.. (1986). The Black woman in America: Sex, marriage and the family. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.. (Section 4. Literature and Literary Critique of African-American WomenBell-Scott, Patricia. (Ed.). (1989). Women as writers [Special issue]. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 2, (1).1989). Black women writing autobiography: A tradition within a tradition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.(Braxton, JoanneM., & McLaughling, AndreeNicola. (Eds.). (1989). Wild women in the whirlwind: Afra-American culture and the contemporary literary renaissance. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.1991). Wines in the wilderness: Plays by African-American women from the Harlem renaissance to the present. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.. (1986). Index to poetry by Black American women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.(1985). Black feminist criticism: Perspectives on Black women writers. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.. (Gates, HenryLouis, Jr. (Ed.). (1990). Reading Black, reading feminist: A critical anthology. New York: Meridian Books.1989). Shadowed dreams: Women's poetry of the Harlem renaissance. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.. (1992). African-American women fiction writers, 1959–1986: An annotated bio-bibliography. Hamden, CT: Garland.(Jones, LolaE. (Ed.). (1991). 20th century Black American women in print. Acton, MA: Copley Publishing.[Page 374]Perkins, Kathy. (Ed.). (1989). Black female playwrights: An anthology of plays before 1950. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Pryse, Marjorie, & Spillers, HortenseJ. (Eds.). (1985). Conjuring: Black women, fiction, and literary tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.1989). The Harlem renaissance and beyond: Literary biographies of 100 Black women writers, 1900–1945. Boston: G. K. Hall., & . (Sherman, JoanR. (Ed.). (1988). Collected Black women's poetry (Vols. 1–4). New York: Oxford University Press.1988). Afro-American women writers, 1744–1933: An anthology and critical guide. Boston: G. K. Hall.. (1985). African-American women writers: A selected listing of masters' theses and doctoral dissertations. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 2, (1), 69–70.. (1991). The truth that never hurts: Black lesbians in fiction in the 1980s. In C.T.Mohanty et al. (Eds.), Third world women and the politics of feminism (pp. 101–129). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.. (1982). Black women in and out of print. In J.E.Hartman & E.Messer-Davidow (Eds.), Women in print: Vol. 1. Opportunities for women's studies research in language and literature (pp. 87–107). New York: Modern Language Association of America.. (Wall, CherylA. (Ed.). (1989). Changing our own words: Essays on criticism, theory, and writing by Black women. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Washington, MaryHelen. (Ed.). (1975). Black-eyed Susans: Classic stories by and about black women. Garden City, NY: Anchor.Washington, MaryHelen. (Ed.). (1980). Midnight birds: Stories by contemporary Black women writers. Garden City, NY: Anchor.1985). Prologue: The novels of Black American women, 1891–1965. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.. (1991). The pen is ours: A listing of writings by and about African-American women before 1910 with a secondary bibliography to the present. New York: Oxford University Press., & . (Compilers). (Section 5. African-American Women in the ArtsBell-Scott, Patricia. (Ed.). (1987). Artists and artisans [Special issue]. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 4, (1).1985). Beyond a dream: Black women in the arts. Los Angeles: Carnation.(1989). African-American women's quilting: A framework for conceptualizing and teaching African-American women's history. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14, (4), 921–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/494553. (1983). Reinventing our own image: 11 Black women filmmakers. Heresies, 16, 58–62.. (1983). Black women composers: Agenesis. Boston: Twayne Publishers.. (1981). Black women in American big bands and orchestras. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.. (1988). Black pearls: Blues queens of the 1920s. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.. (1990). Black women in television: An illustrated history and bibliography. New York: Garland., , & (1987). The grand dame of Afro-American art: Lois Mailou Jones. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 4, (1), 53–58.. ([Page 375]1986). Judith Jamison: Aspects of a dancer. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.. (1986). Viewfinders: Black women photographers, 1839–1985. New York: Dodd, Mead.. (1983). Gotta make this journey: Sweet Honey in the Rock [film]. New York: The Black Filmmaker Foundation.. (Producer & Director). (1991). Music videos, performance and resistance: Feminist rappers. Journal of Popular Culture, 25, 141–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1991.2502_141.x. (1988). Mama's pushcart: Ellen Stewart and 25 years of La Mama ETC [film]. New York: Women Make Movies., & . (Producer). (1990). And so I sing: African American divas of opera and concert. New York: Warner Books.(1982). Forever free: Art by African-American women, 1862–1980: An exhibition. Feminist Studies, 8, (1), 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3177581. (Section 6. Women of African Descent Throughout the Contemporary Diaspora[Page 376]1986). Black women of Brazil [film]. New York: Women Make Movies.. (Director). (1985). The heart of the race: Black women's lives in Great Britain. London: Virago., , & (1981). Trinidad women speak out. Redlands, CA: Libros Latinos.. (Compiler). (1990). Everyday racism: Reports from women of two cultures. Claremont, CA: Hunter House.. (Morgan, Robin. (Ed.). (1984). Sisterhood is global: The international women's movement anthology. Garden City, NY: Anchor.Nasta, Susheila. (Ed.). (1992). Motherlands: Black women's writings from Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.1992). Showing our colors: Afro-German women speak out. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press., , & (Robertson, Claire, & Berger, Iris. (Eds.). (1986). Women and class in Africa. New York: Africana Publishing.1992). Working miracles: Women's lives in the English-speaking Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.. (Steady, FilominaChioma. (Ed.). (1981). The Black woman cross-culturally. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.1987). Women in Africa and the African diaspora. Washington, DC: Howard University Press., , & (1986). Black sisters, speak out: Feminism and oppression in Black Africa. London: Pluto.. (1987). Black women in Canada: Embattled and battling for empowerment. Women's Studies International Forum, 10, (5), R59–R60., & (1992). Binding cultures: Black women writers in Africa and the diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.. (
About the Contributors[Page 391]
Bridget A. Aldaraca received her doctorate in Spanish literature from the University of Washington and a Master's of Social Work from Florida State University. She has published articles on feminism and ideology, women, and medicine in the nineteenth century. Her book, El Angel del Hogar: Galdos and the Ideology of Domesticity in Spain, was published in 1991. The Spanish-language version has been published by Siglo XXI (Madrid, 1992). Her work-in-progress is titled Hysteria and Sexuality: The Medical Construction of Women in Nineteenth Century Spain, to be published in Spain by Siglo XXI.
Bernita C. Berry received her Ph.D. degree in sociology from Kent State University in 1988. Her special areas of expertise are race and ethnic relations, gender, and aging. She is a powerful motivational speaker and lectures on topics related to women and minorities. She has been on the faculty of sociology at Agnes Scott College and John Carroll University.
Deborah Brown Carter received her doctorate in sociology in 1988. Her dissertation was a case study of Local 282—Furniture Division—International Union of Electrical Workers. She has been on the sociology faculty at Radford University and Johnson C. Smith University. She teaches Deviance, Introduction to Sociology, the Sociology of Work and Occupations, Social Inequality Social Movements, and the Sociology of Alcohol and Drug Use. Her current research interest concerns alcohol use among African-American women.
Baltasar Fra-Molinero received his doctorate in Spanish literature from Indiana University, Bloomington. He is a Visiting Associate Professor in the Department of Romance Languages at Bates College. His dissertation was a study of the images of Blacks in Spanish Golden Age literature. He obtained his baccalaureate in English from the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and a doctorate in English from [Page 392]the University of Seville. His research focuses on the representation of minorities and marginalized groups in Spanish classical literature.
Elizabeth Hadley Freydberg, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of African American Studies at Northeastern University in Boston where she teaches Film History, Drama and Literature of African-American Women, and African-American Drama/Film. She was a Fulbright Lecturer (1989–1990) in the Department of Literature at Kenyatta University. She has been researching and writing on African-American women pioneers in aviation since 1984 and contributed biographical articles on five aviatrixes to Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia (1993). She has been awarded a 1994–1995 Rockefeller Fellow to write a feature filmscript based on her book, Bessie Coleman: The Brownskin Lady Bird (1994), the African-American aviatrix who barnstormed the United States during the 1920s. She is concurrently writing a bio-bibliography on Ethel Waters. Her publications include articles on film, feminism, women entertainers, and aviators and appear in Multiple Voices in Feminist Film Criticism; Spirit, Space and Survival; African American Women: A Biographical Dictionary; Notable Black American Women; Notable Women in The American Theatre: A Biographical Dictionary, and Visions Magazine for Film and Television.
Shirley M. Geiger is on the Political Science faculty at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. She teaches American politics, public policy, and the politics of the budget process. Her research interests include housing and social welfare policy; federal, state, and local budgeting; and women and politics.
Joy James teaches feminist theory and courses on African-American women activists in Women Studies at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. She has published articles in Z, Race and Class, and the Black Scholar; and is coeditor with Ruth Farmer of Sprit, Space, and Survival: African American Women in (White) Academe (1993). She is currently working on a book on African-American women's radicalism and political thought as well as research on race, representation, and sexual violence in American visual culture.
Gwynne L. Jenkins is a doctoral student at the State University of New York at Albany where she is working toward her doctorate in cultural anthropology. Her research interests include the critical analysis of anthropological fieldwork and theory from a feminist perspective. She has conducted research on midwifery in a Costa Rican community and on the political activism of African-American club women in Albany, NY, from the 1920s to the 1940s.[Page 393]
Barbara A. Moss is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Georgia in Athens. She received her Ph.D. from Indiana University. Research interests include Southern African history, African religious beliefs, passive resistance, and women's studies. She is presently working on a monograph, Holding Body and Soul Together: Women, Autonomy, and Christianity in Colonial Rhodesia.
Charles I. Nero is Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Chair of African American studies at Bates College. He has received research grants from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations. Research interests about African American conservatism, HIV/AIDS education, gay studies, and the 19th century oratory have appeared in Brother to Brother: New Writings by Black Gay Men, Howard Journal of Communication, Our Voices: Essays in Communication and Culture, Law and Sexuality: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Legal Issues, and Journal of Counseling and Development. He is presently completing a book-length work Reconstructing Manhood: Contemporary Black Gay Literature and film.
Greg Olds is currently publishing newsletters concerning story ideas for newspaper and TV editors. He has 25-years work experience as a newspaper reporter and editor. He was the editor of The Texas Observer, a political journal based in Austin, that covered state affairs in 1966–1970.
Madelin Joan Olds earned a doctorate degree in history from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1989. She was, until her death (fall 1989), a Professor of Political Science at Del Mar College, Corpus Christi, TX, where she had taught since 1966. In 1965–1966 she was on the faculty of Blinn College, Brenham, TX. In addition to her teaching, she was politically active in Corpus Christi and Texas state politics. She took some time off from Del Mar in 1972 to serve as director of research for the gubernatorial campaign of Frances T. “Sissy” Farenthold, a campaign that just barely failed to elect the state's second woman governor. She helped lead the research effort for a dissident group of Texas legislators in 1969—that came to be known as the “Dirty Thirty”—in their efforts to reform the state legislature, particularly its appropriations procedures. She served as a co-chair of a statewide committee appointed by Texas Lt. Governor Bill Hobby on ethics in government. At her death, friends, students, and fellow faculty members established a scholarship at Del Mar College in her name, the proceeds to be used, when possible, to assist women, particularly those beyond usual college age, in undertaking (or resuming interrupted) college studies pursuant to a career outside the home.
M. Rivka Polatnick (Ph.D., Sociology) teaches Women's Studies at San Jose State University. She is the granddaughter of Eastern European Jewish immigrants and the mother of Esta Joy. She has been active for [Page 394]women's liberation since the late 1960s, focusing especially on consciousness-raising, sexual harassment, racism, infant mortality, and other reproductive rights issues. The larger study from which her chapter derives is being revised for publication.
Mary C. Pruitt is a Professor of American Women's History at Minneapolis Community College. She is a cofounder of the Women's Studies Program, which recently celebrated its 20th anniversary. Her current research project, sponsored by the Minnesota Historical Society, is a study of the women of the Farmer-Labor Association (FLA) in Minnesota in the 1930s. Sources include newspapers (from the labor movement, the African-American community, settlement houses, women's clubs, and the FLA) and oral history interviews. The range of women's organizations across the political spectrum, from the moderate League of Women Voters to the far-leftist Rosa Luxemborg Women's League, is what kept the FLA a vital force in Upper Midwest politics for more than a decade.
Robin Roberts is on the faculties of English and Women's Studies at Louisiana State University. She has written numerous articles on women and popular culture, including two on women rappers. Her study of feminist science fiction, A New Species: Gender and Science in Science Fiction, was published in 1993.
Dorothy C. Salem, Ph.D., received her degree from Kent State University and is currently a Professor of History at Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland. Her research and training interests are in African American history, women's history, immigration history, the Progressive Era, and racial and ethnic relations. Her publications include African American Women: A Biographical Dictionary; and To Better Our World: Black Women in Organized Reform, 1890–1920; chapters in Encyclopedia of the American West; Handbook of American Women's History; Women Writing in the United States; Great Lives in History II: American Women; Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, and the forthcoming Images of Black Women, and journal articles, including “A White Woman in Black Women's Studies: A Personal Narrative,” in Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women (April 1990). She has received the American Fellowship from the AAUW, Summer Study Fellowship from NEH, and Gund Foundation Publication Grant for Women's Equity Issues in Comparative Cultures: A Handbook for Postsecondary Teachers. She has received the National Teaching Excellence Award from NISOD (1989), Besse Award for Teaching Excellence (1985), and Distinguished Alumnae Award, Cleveland State University (1990). She serves on the board of Children's Support Rights.[Page 395]
Aaron A. Smith is an Associate Professor of Social Work at the University of South Florida. He received his doctorate in Medical Sociology from the University of California, San Francisco. He has spent almost 30 years as a medical social worker and psychotherapist, specializing in family and couples work. He is presently involved in research relating to intergenerational issues experienced by the Black family involved with drug and substance abuse. He is also interested in studying the multiple influences of race, class, and gender upon the survival of Black families.
Kim Marie Vaz received her doctorate in Educational Psychology from Indiana University, Bloomington. Currently, she is on the faculty of the Department of Women's Studies at the University of South Florida. She is a co-producer of a video-essay titled Spirit Murder: Stopping the Violent Deaths of Black Women (available from USF's Video and Film Distribution Library, Division of Learning Technologies, Tampa, FL 33620). Her book, titled The Woman With the Artist Brush: A Life History of Yoruba Batik Artist, Nike Olaniyi Davies, will be published by the Foremother Legacy Series of M. E. Sharpe.
Melanye White-Dixon, dancer, educator, and historian, is an Associate Professor and coordinator of the Teacher Education Program in the Department of Dance at Ohio State University. She graduated from Spelman College and Columbia University and received her doctorate from Temple University. In 1991 she was honored as an Alumni Fellow for her contributions to teacher education in dance. Her research on African-American women in concert dance has been published in the Philadelphia New Observer; Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women; and the Dance Research Journal of CORD (Congress on Research in Dance). She serves on the board of directors of the American Dance Guild and is on the advisory board of Talking Drums! The Journal of Black Dance.
Linda D. Williams completed her undergraduate and master's degrees at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. She holds a Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where she wrote her dissertation: An Analysis of American Sportswomen in Two Negro Newspapers: The Pittsburgh Courier, 1924–1948 and the Chicago Defender, 1932–1948. She recently completed a chapter, “Sportswomen in Black and White: Sports History From an Afro-American Perspective,” in Women, Media, and Sport: Challenging Gender Values, edited by Pamela J. Creedon. She has served as a co-investigator for two major media studies sponsored by The Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles. The first, Gender Stereotyping in Televised Sports, was released in 1990, and the second, Coverage of Women's Sports in Four Daily Newspapers, was released in January 1991.[Page 396]
Shirley J. Yee graduated from the University of Scranton in 1981 with a B.A. in History and Communication. She earned her doctorate in History from The Ohio State University in 1987. Since 1988, she has been on the faculty of the Women Studies Program at the University of Washington, with adjunct appointments in the Department of History, American Ethnic Studies Department, and Canadian Studies Program. | <urn:uuid:156be406-655e-4c9a-956d-ab54fdbd091c> | {
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Article originally appears in CommonWealth, June 12, 2017
President Trump’s withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement, and the reactions to that retreat, are more theater than substance. Whether the United States is in or out does little to prevent the rise of clean energy at the expense of coal, nuclear, and other traditional sources of electric power. There are two reasons. One is political: all of the major states of the United States – California, Texas, New York, Massachusetts, Illinois, Minnesota – are committed to clean power. Support is strong, and the president’s decision to withdraw from the Paris Accord will have the opposite of its intended effect: It will only strengthen the convictions of the leaders of these states to pursue a clean-energy economy.
The second reason is even more fundamental: economic inevitability. Wind and solar energy prices are rapidly transitioning from expensive to irresistible. Twenty years ago, it was commonly believed that nuclear and hydroelectricity were the primary no-carbon power sources. Wind energy was still extremely expensive, and solar energy was a sideshow mainly used to provide lukewarm water for the showers of early adopters. | <urn:uuid:cc32b12f-ea85-4420-8c97-c82c7a1f060a> | {
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Columbus Day Ship
4. Cut 2 triangles out of the construction paper and allow your child to decorate them.
5. Poke 2 holes into each triangle that the straw will “thread” thru.
6. Sail your “ship”.
- Language Arts: Sing the nursery rhyme “Row Row Row Your Boat” while letting your child play with their craft. You can also teach them the rhyme “Columbus Sailed the Ocean Blue in Fourteen Hundred Ninety Two””. Rhyming words are a HUGE kindergarten skill.
- Math: 1. Dicuss the shapes involved in this craft (paper triangles, straw is a cylinder, whatever shape you choose to make the ship).
- Social Studies/History: Discuss with your child the reason we celebrate Columbus Day.
- Science: Place the “ship” in the bath tub and have your child blow on it. Then measure how far the ship “sailed”. Discuss how their breath is like wind and that you can make things move without actually touching them. | <urn:uuid:c38dc296-8187-4c98-bc90-107abe1e8a72> | {
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ABC of Sports Medicine: Overuse Injury In SportBMJ 1994; 308 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1430 (Published 28 May 1994) Cite this as: BMJ 1994;308:1430
- P N Sperryn
- New Victoria Hospital, Kingston, Surrey and the Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge, Middlesex.
The demands of training make overuse injury endemic in modern sport. High volumes of hard work underpin strength and stamina, while skills are honed through endless repetitious practice of event techniques.
Causes of overuse injury
Load too great for conditions
Technique or posture poor
Equipment faulty or of poor quality
Posture or anatomy inappropriate
Sports training and competition have intensified with the the trend towards professionalism. For instance, many club level runners now cover some 50-110 kilometres a week, mostly on hard surfaces, instead of the previous generation's 30-40 kilometres. Field event athletes may train with weights of over 130 kg, and the scope for injury is obvious. Swimmers, often young adolescents, can train for several hours a day, and the physical, mechanical, and mental stresses are important factors in many youngsters' decisions to drop out of sports prematurely.
An appropriate training load is one that the athlete is ready to manage on a given day but no ready definition exists of ideal or safe training loads. The concept of gradual and continuous training increments is central to the serious athlete's career development as well as safety. In today's sport, the winner is no longer the best athlete, but the one who succeeds in reaching the start - a statement well illustrated by the familiar pattern of outstanding athletes overtraining at the peak of their careers and breaking down in the run up to major competitions.
Progressive resisted exercise - for training and rehabilitation
Intensity of exercise increases gradually
Loads increase slowly (rather than starting exercise too intensively and increasing loads too fast)
A training history is essential for the diagnosis and management of injury in athletes. Overuse injuries result from unaccustomed overload, such as going to training camps, working on new techniques, or being pushed by over ambitious coaches. More unexpectedly, simply returning to normal training after a rest long enough … | <urn:uuid:e98ae61d-09fe-4926-884c-4e5aa621fb7f> | {
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Tremors before volcanic eruptions explained, plus more in this week’s news
By Science News, 16:34 PM February 25, 2011
Rising temperatures will release significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere from thawing permafrost, according to one of the first studies to quantify how much that carbon will contribute to global warming. A combination of global climate simulations suggests that frozen Arctic lands will go from being a net absorber to a net emitter of carbon sometime next decade, researchers from Boulder, Colo., report online February 15 in Tellus. They project that by 2200 Arctic perma...
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Green Building Designs Can Help Protect Homes During Natural Disasters
One of the best antidotes to climate change is rarely discussed. Buildings in the U.S. generate 40 percent of the global warming gases and use 70 percent of the electricity. If we do things right, we can cut energy use 90 percent in new buildings and 70 percent in retrofits while improving comfort and health. In new buildings, this may be done at no cost if integrated resilient design strategies are adopted. We can improve comfort, productivity, how students learn, health and security, often at no added cost.
Passive design utilizes the building's form, orientation, windows, thermal mass and materials to accomplish many energy and resource needs rather than relying on importing energy (electricity, heating oil, natural gas, firewood or coal) to the building. These techniques work not just for natural lighting but also for heating, cooling, ventilation, on-site electrical generation and water collection and storage. We describe this approach to building metabolism in our book, Passive Solar Architecture (Bainbridge and Haggard, Chelsea Green, 2011). It can be done most easily with new buildings but many very effective retrofits have been done as well, often cutting energy use by 50-70 percent.
In addition to effectively combating global warming and improving our built environment, passive solar architecture can create buildings that are less brittle in storms like Hurricanes Katrina, Irene and Sandy, earthquakes, terror attacks, wild fire and wind storms. Better design can insure that people are safe and secure even when the power goes off. When the next Great California Earthquake occurs, it will leave large areas without power for weeks. If it is midsummer or midwinter, many people will die and tens of thousands will be miserable. With a small PV system and rainwater harvesting, people can do even better in emergencies, with their own power and water.
Passive solar buildings can remain comfortable and functional even when the electrical grid and other services are down. This is in great contrast with so many of today's buildings that are unusable without their umbilical connection to the grid. These buildings are like people on an iron lung. Many don’t even allow natural ventilation because they have sealed windows. They are addicted to electrically powered heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Continue reading at Triple Pundit.
Homes with solar panels image via Shutterstock. | <urn:uuid:abdd0cca-fe4d-4a73-8552-46966557603f> | {
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- Six Common Questions about Spreading Hepatitis C
- How Long Can the Hepatitis Virus Live Outside the Body?
When Visiting Becomes Higher-RiskIf you already have liver disease from a cause other than hepatitis C, you should be especially careful to follow these prevention strategies if you're visiting someone with the hepatitis C.
There is also a small risk of getting hepatitis C if you live with someone who is infected. This is because you have more opportunities to come into direct contact with something contaminated with the hepatitis C virus. For example, sharing razors, nail clippers, or toothbrushes can, in theory, spread the virus. However, spreading of hepatitis C through these means is very unusual.
Prevention Controls SpreadThe best way to prevent spreading hepatitis C is to follow effective prevention strategies. Vaccination isn't an option for hepatitis C, but there are other ways to lower your risk of exposure to the virus.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/C/cFAQ.htm#transmission. Accessed September 20, 2009. | <urn:uuid:0b86a82e-0c0e-492a-af60-84553031026b> | {
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Nursing Researcher Works to Reverse Tide of Childhood Obesity
Source Newsroom: University of Texas at Austin
Newswise — Nine-year-old Martha sits in front of a poster that depicts a single chocolate chip sitting on top of five pounds of grapes. After several weeks participating in a University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing research program on healthy eating and weight management the message is not lost on her. The chocolate chip has the same amount of fat grams as the grapes.
She also is learning about the difference in good and bad cholesterol, the value of drinking eight glasses of water a day and eating smaller portions of food. Martha knows playing outside is better than watching television.
A single chocolate chip has the same amount of fat grams as five pounds of grapes
Children and parents in the study learn about healthy dietary habits, including the amount of fat content in various food products. Five pounds of grapes and a single chocolate chip each have .70 grams of fat. And, one chocolate-covered doughnut has the same grams of fat (21 grams) as 133 oranges.
She even takes time to read a few food labels as she walks down the grocery aisle with her mother.
Learning how to change in order to have a healthier lifestyle is the bottom line in Dr. Diane Tyler's study on children's health and weight. It is being conducted at the school's Children's Wellness Center in Del Valle and at the Wellness Enhanced Through Lifelong Learning clinic in Hays County.
The children and families served by the clinics are predominantly Hispanic, low-income and medically underserved.
"The number of overweight children has rapidly increased in the past three decades, with 14 million U.S. children overweight and an additional 8.6 million at risk for being overweight," said Tyler, an associate professor of nursing. "That's one in three children who are either overweight or at risk for being overweight."
Among Mexican American children of low-income families, the prevalence is higher. In fact, compared with other racial and ethnic groups, Mexican American children are among the heaviest.
"Experts agree as to why the obesity epidemic has occurred," Tyler said. "We haven't changed genetically, but our lifestyles and the environment have."
As former director of the School of Nursing Children's Wellness Center, Dr. Diane Tyler began to notice increases in Type 2 (adult onset) diabetes in children in the late 1990s. She believes preventive care with early intervention is the best approach to helping overweight children.
Research initiatives like Tyler's focus on preventing and treating overweight children. She received funding from the National Institutes of Health to study the effects of a 12-week weight management program on children's body-mass index, their waist circumference, quality of life, blood pressure, physical fitness, and lipid, insulin and glucose levels.
Her study focuses on reasonable weight-loss goals, physical activity, dietary management—and most important—family involvement.
"I was concerned about Martha," said her mother, who has eight children at home. "Once we got in the program, I decided I wasn't going to prepare separate meals for everyone. We are all doing this together."
Now, she said, Martha is playing baseball, jumping rope, running outside and eating less pizza, chips and cookies and more fruits and vegetables.
"Sometimes when I eat something she doesn't think is healthy, she tells me not to," her mother said.
Preventive care with early intervention is the logical approach to helping overweight children, especially because there is evidence that once an individual is obese, it is very difficult to lose and maintain weight loss, Tyler said.
"Given all that is out there—computers, videos, DVDs, fast food, larger food serving sizes—what can we as health providers do to encourage more physical activity and better eating?" she said. "How can we help overweight children and their families make behavior changes in order to have and maintain a healthy weight?"
According to the U.S. Surgeon General, overweight children have a 70 percent chance of becoming overweight or obese adults. This increases to 80 percent if a parent or both are overweight or obese.
"It is commonly known that the average adult gains about one pound a year until he or she is 60 years old," Tyler said. "So, if you are overweight during childhood, you are likely to have difficulty managing weight as an adult."
As former director the Children's Wellness Center, Tyler began to notice increases in Type 2 (adult onset) diabetes in children in the late 1990s.
Participants in the children's health and weight study have their blood pressure checked
Sister and brother Meagan and Matthew, who are participating in the children's health and weight study, have their blood pressure regularly checked. Nurses also monitor blood cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose.
"We were beginning to see children as young as 10 years old with health conditions that previously wouldn't develop until the age of 40 or 50 or later," she said. "Health care providers are very concerned about the impact of early onset of disease."
Diabetes is just one of the ill effects of being obese. In turn, persons with diabetes are at risk for strokes, heart disease, blindness, hypertension and kidney failure. Nationwide, there has been an increase in children being diagnosed not only with Type 2 diabetes but sleep apnea, orthopedic problems, liver disease, hypertension and other conditions usually seen only in adult patients.
Tyler has found that most people are concerned about their overweight children once they realize they are overweight.
Children in the weight management study range from 8 to 12 years old. Assessments are made to learn about their medical history, eating and activity patterns and general health-risk status. Weight-related conditions, such as elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels, have been found in many of the participants.
"We do not label children or use terms, such as 'obese,'" Tyler said, "but rather emphasize that we are trying to help them grow into a healthy weight so they don't become overweight adults."
In this research and in a previous pilot study at the Children's Wellness Center, Tyler found that few of the overweight children consumed fruits and vegetables and many engaged in only sedentary activities. In the pilot study, it was found that the majority perceived themselves as "big," wanted to make changes in their body size and wanted family members to participate in making changes with them.
Meagan exercising outside
Meagan is trying to eat healthier and has learned the importance of regular exercise.
Although many were in the very high body mass index percentile, they perceived themselves to be healthy or healthier than others.
"Many people, including Hispanics, will take action only if they perceive their health to be poor and overweight children, especially in low-income populations, may actually be seen as an indicator of good health," Tyler said.
She concedes that this perception of being healthy in the presence of multiple indicators of poor health may pose challenges to successful intervention.
To help children in the study learn the value of "moving whenever you can" they are given pedometers to wear. Jump ropes, sport balls and water bottles also are handed out and the children fill out an activity log, which includes pedometer time and time viewing television and videos.
Tyler said children should try to get at least 60 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days.
Playing football, decreasing sugar drinks and drinking eight glasses of water a day have become part of 12-year-old Angel's routine. He has been in the program for three months.
Liz White received her master's degree in nursing last year and now works with Diane Tyler on the research. She says some families are still eating too much fast food, but others are trying hard to make improvements.
"Since Angel has the same body build as his father and grandfather, I became worried," said his mother, Lorena. "Now, we are learning what we need to do—about different kinds of fats, what cooking oils are better to use and many other things."
Tyler is getting a range of results from those who have been in the study for a few months.
"Some families seem to have made no change at all," said Liz White, who received her master's degree in nursing last year and is now working with Tyler. "The families say they want to make changes, but when I do food frequency surveys, it seems like they are still eating lots of fast food. And, of course, it follows that those kids aren't losing weight and in some instances are gaining weight."
But, said White, there are other children who are trying hard to at least make changes and improvements are being seen.
"These kids may not lose a lot of weight," White said, "but they are at least maintaining the same weight while they continue to grow, which means their body mass index is going down."
Lab results for these children also are improving, White said.
"We monitor blood cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose," she said, "and often it seems that we see those improve before we see improvement in the child's weight."
Changes in parent's marital status, lost jobs and income problems make it even more challenging for parents who want to make modifications in what their child eats, said White.
"Unfortunately," she said, "there appears to be more family chaos with these particular families."
And sometimes, said White, the mother is more concerned about the child's weight than the father "so there is some disconnect there, which also makes it harder to enforce changes at home."
Clinical nurse specialist Mary Moran also works with families in the study. She worries about pizzas and French fries served at school lunches and the fact that most children get physical education only two or three times a week.
Mary Moran, a clinical nurse specialist who also is working with Tyler, agrees that prevention and working with families are critical.
"Starting with kids who are already overweight is much harder," she said. "Most people know that never starting bad habits is easier than trying to correct them."
There are many factors working against the families, said Moran.
"We hear stories about what is offered for school lunch, for example," she said. "Most of our families qualify for free school lunches and breakfasts. They can't afford to take their own healthy sack lunch to school.
"So the kids get breakfast pizzas everyday and French fries as the main vegetable. Plus, they get physical education only two or three times a week."
But the blame does not fall totally with the schools.
"Ultimately, parents have a huge role in this because these kids are too young to go out and buy their own food," White said. "If mom and dad are buying lots of junk food and don't buy fruits and vegetables, the kids have no chance."
Like Tyler, the nurses are careful not to use labels with the children.
"Our aim is teaching a lifetime of healthy choices, not getting them to lose weight," said Moran. "Putting a label on their weight status puts more emphasis on their current measurements or how they look. The goal is to make positive changes for life, not to lose 10 pounds in the next few weeks."
It is also important for parents to be good role models for children, said Tyler.
"If they see you eating healthy and enjoying physical activity," she said, "they will want to do the same, hopefully for the rest of their lives." | <urn:uuid:739a0334-0845-45f1-b8f3-b86c619ece44> | {
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Devi, CD Surma and Nagaraj, M and Nath, G (1986) Axial heat conduction effects in natural convection along a vertical cylinder. In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 29 (4). pp. 654-656.
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MANY TRANSPORprTo cesses occur in nature and in industrial applications in which the transfer of heat is governed by the process of natural convection. Natural convection arises in fluids when the temperature changes cause density variations leading to buoyancy forces. An excellent review of natural convection flows has been given by Ede [I]. Recently, Minkowycz and Sparrow [2, 31, Cebeci , and Aziz and Na [S] have studied the steady, laminar, incompressible, natural convection flow over a vertical cylinder using a local nonsimilarity method, a finite-difference scheme, and an improved perturbation method, respectively. However, they did not take into account the effect ofaxial heat conduction for small Prandtl number. It is known that the axial heat conductioneffect becomesimportant for low-Prandtl-number fluids such as a liquid metal.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||Copyright of this article belongs to Elsevier Science.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Physical & Mathematical Sciences > Mathematics|
|Date Deposited:||11 Aug 2009 09:42|
|Last Modified:||19 Sep 2010 05:40|
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- Social Studies
- The Arts – Visual Arts
Which strands will it fit with?
- Social Studies: Place and Environment, Identity, Culture, and Organisation
- The Arts: Understanding the Visual Arts in Context
- Mathematics: Geometry
Thinking; Relating to others; Using language, symbols, and text; Participating and contributing.
Levels of achievement
Which topics of study can it support?
- Pūrākau – storytelling
- Innovation and invention
- Mathematics and society
- New Zealand art and artists
How long might this take?
Allow 15–20 minutes to explore all the different parts of Te Marae.
Note that you don't need to remove your shoes to visit this marae, but you are welcome to.
Why should I take my class to visit the marae?
- Rongomaraeroa is a unique marae concept and design created by leading Māori artists.
- It is a fantastic example of using modern art techniques to tell traditional stories.
- It is an authentic, living, working marae.
- Rongomaraeroa belongs to everyone, through a shared whakapapa (genealogy) and the mana (power) of the taonga (treasures) held in Te Papa's collections.
What is there to do there?
- Explore the wharenui (meeting house), right up to the back wall, and look at the designs.
- Use the rubbing block (permanently fixed) to fill out your own whakapapa (genealogy) sheet at the desk in the wharenui.
- If the weather is fine, go outside to the waharoa (gateway), and look at all the different carvings on the gate. Also check out the artworks in the Te Āti Awa gateway on your way out.
- Notice the flag flying. It signals the iwi (tribe) in residence – whichever is the subject of Te Papa's latest iwi exhibition. The flag also indicates the kawa or protocol to be used on The Marae during a pōwhiri, or Māori welcoming ceremony. These protocols differ from iwi to iwi.
- Do the pōwhiri (Māori welcoming ceremony) interactive.
What should I know about this?
- Rongomaraeroa is the creation of master carver Cliff Whiting and the Māori advisory group to Te Papa, Ngā Kaiwawao. They came up with the idea of developing a fully functional marae, which would embrace the concept of mana taonga and the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The official opening was on 30 November 1997.
- The name of Te Papa’s marae, Rongomaraeroa, comes from the name given to a place in the heavens by the atua, or Māori gods, where they could meet in peace to discuss and settle issues.
The wharenui (meeting house)
- Its name is Te Hono ki Hawaiki, meaning the links to Hawaiki, the traditional homelands of the Māori. The kinship groups it represents encompass all the iwi and other cultures whose treasures and stories are held at Te Papa. This is particularly shown by the carving of the traditional story of Māui taming the sun, as depicted on the maihi (arms of the meeting house). Māui is an important figure in many Pacific cultures.
- The stained glass door, made by Robert Jahnke, represents Ranginui, the sky father. The tiled flooring, designed by Kura Te Waru Rewiri, depicts Papatūānuku, the Earth mother. When the stained glass door is opened (it is pushed upward), it re-enacts the traditional Māori story of the separation of Ranginui and Papatūānuku. The tukutuku (woven panels) on the walls were made by students from Toi Haukura, the Māori School of Design at the Tairawhiti Polytechnic in Gisborne.
- Another Māori story depicted along the roof of the meeting house is the creation of the first woman, Hineahuone (the woman made from sand), by her father Tāne Mahuta, the god of the forest. He is represented in the doorway of the meeting house. Other stories depicted inside the meeting house include that of Māui the trickster turning his brother-in-law, Irawaru, into a dog, and the story of Paikea the whale.
- New Zealand’s other cultures are represented along the back wall of the meeting house. The changing relationship between Māori and Pākehā is portrayed inside the cupboards housed in the poutokomanawa (the central heart post of the meeting house).
Back to the top
Possible topics for discussion
- Rongomaraeroa is your marae: what do you like about it?
- How does Rongomaraeroa compare with Te Hau Ki Turanga – the more traditional wharenui nearby in the Mana Whenua exhibition on Level 4?
Focus on the use of contemporary materials to tell traditional stories; compare and contrast techniques and effectiveness.
- Do you recognise any of the stories or people represented in the wharenui? They include, Ranginui and Papatūānuku, Māui, Paikea, and Tāne Mahuta. Can you see any others?
- Can you recognise any of the jobs shown on the back panels of the wharenui? Do these relate to you and your family?
- What do you think the colours represent? Why did the artist choose them?
The bright and beautiful colours are the same as those our ancestors would have seen in their own environment – the colours of flora and fauna, native birds, clay and mud, rock, the rays of the sun, and in rainbows.
- What are the different parts of Te Marae and the wharenui?
The main parts are the tekoteko (head), the maihi (arms), the amo (legs), the tāhuhu (backbone), the heke (ribs), and the poutokomanawa (central heart post).
- What are the wharenui carvings made of? Why?
It was decided to use custom wood, or MDF, instead of using traditional, native timbers, such as tōtara. As the carvings were mostly made by students, this meant precious native timbers would not be wasted if mistakes were made.
- Can you see or find any repeating patterns or sequences? What shapes have been used? Are they two dimensional or three dimensional?
The following are all located close by Rongomaraeroa in the Mana Whenua exhibition on Level 4.
- Te Hau ki Turanga wharenui (meeting house) from the Rongowhakaata iwi.
- Te Tākinga pataka kai (food store house) from the Ngāti Pikiao hapū (sub-tribe).
- Watch a Tales from Te Papa video about Te Tākinga pataka kai.
- Mākōtukutuku wharepuni (sleeping house), from the Ngāti Hinewaka hapū.
- Te Huka ā Tai Discovery Centre. Check out the marae-building puzzle, the books in the library, or the resources on the computers in the research room. | <urn:uuid:93c25949-2911-42d7-84e0-98bde0ef4fad> | {
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In this video, Jason Rasgon discusses population replacement strategies to control vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. "Population replacement" is the replacement of wild vector populations (that are competent to transmit pathogens) with those that are not competent to transmit pathogens. There are several theoretical strategies to accomplish this. One is to exploit the maternally-inherited symbiotic bacteria Wolbachia pipientis. Wolbachia is a widespread reproductive parasite that spreads in a selfish manner at the extent of its host's fitness. Jason Rasgon discusses, in detail, the basic biology of this bacterial symbiont and various ways to use it for control of vector-borne diseases.
24 Related JoVE Articles!
Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction
Institutions: Rutgers University, Koç University, New York University, Fairfield University.
We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the "cloud" and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.
Behavior, Issue 84, genetics, cognitive mechanisms, behavioral screening, learning, memory, timing
Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Institutions: University of Sydney, University of Hull, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals, Addenbrookes Hospital.
Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual's use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual's postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.
Medicine, Issue 82, Posture, Computerized dynamic posturography, Ankle brachial pressure index, Peripheral arterial disease, Intermittent claudication, Balance, Posture, EquiTest, Sensory Organization Test, Motor Control Test
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
Institutions: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient’s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.
Medicine, Issue 88, Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite, computer-based testing, 25-foot walk test, 9-hole peg test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Low Contrast Visual Acuity, Clinical Outcome Measure
From Voxels to Knowledge: A Practical Guide to the Segmentation of Complex Electron Microscopy 3D-Data
Institutions: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Modern 3D electron microscopy approaches have recently allowed unprecedented insight into the 3D ultrastructural organization of cells and tissues, enabling the visualization of large macromolecular machines, such as adhesion complexes, as well as higher-order structures, such as the cytoskeleton and cellular organelles in their respective cell and tissue context. Given the inherent complexity of cellular volumes, it is essential to first extract the features of interest in order to allow visualization, quantification, and therefore comprehension of their 3D organization. Each data set is defined by distinct characteristics, e.g.
, signal-to-noise ratio, crispness (sharpness) of the data, heterogeneity of its features, crowdedness of features, presence or absence of characteristic shapes that allow for easy identification, and the percentage of the entire volume that a specific region of interest occupies. All these characteristics need to be considered when deciding on which approach to take for segmentation.
The six different 3D ultrastructural data sets presented were obtained by three different imaging approaches: resin embedded stained electron tomography, focused ion beam- and serial block face- scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM, SBF-SEM) of mildly stained and heavily stained samples, respectively. For these data sets, four different segmentation approaches have been applied: (1) fully manual model building followed solely by visualization of the model, (2) manual tracing segmentation of the data followed by surface rendering, (3) semi-automated approaches followed by surface rendering, or (4) automated custom-designed segmentation algorithms followed by surface rendering and quantitative analysis. Depending on the combination of data set characteristics, it was found that typically one of these four categorical approaches outperforms the others, but depending on the exact sequence of criteria, more than one approach may be successful. Based on these data, we propose a triage scheme that categorizes both objective data set characteristics and subjective personal criteria for the analysis of the different data sets.
Bioengineering, Issue 90, 3D electron microscopy, feature extraction, segmentation, image analysis, reconstruction, manual tracing, thresholding
Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases
Institutions: Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences.
The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.
Behavior, Issue 91, open field activity, functional testing, behavioral testing, skeletal muscle, congenital muscular dystrophy, muscular dystrophy
Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease
Institutions: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center.
There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease.
Behavior, Issue 90, Exercise, locomotor, Parkinson’s disease, aging, treadmill, bradykinesia, Parkinsonism
Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
Institutions: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e.
, “startle probes”). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g.
, neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g
., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.
Behavior, Issue 91,
Startle; electromyography; shock; addiction; uncertainty; fear; anxiety; humans; psychophysiology; translational
Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults
Institutions: Emory University School of Medicine, Brigham and Woman‘s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple step elements. Adapted tango involves movement initiation and cessation, multi-directional perturbations, varied speeds and rhythms. Focus on foot placement, whole body coordination, and attention to partner, path of movement, and aesthetics likely underlie adapted tango’s demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. In this paper, we describe the methodology to disseminate the adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and to implement the adapted tango by the trainees in the community for older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Efficacy in improving mobility (measured with the Timed Up and Go, Tandem stance, Berg Balance Scale, Gait Speed and 30 sec chair stand), safety and fidelity of the program is maximized through targeted instructor and volunteer training and a structured detailed syllabus outlining class practices and progression.
Behavior, Issue 94, Dance, tango, balance, pedagogy, dissemination, exercise, older adults, Parkinson's Disease, mobility impairments, falls
Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models
Institutions: University of Missouri, University of Missouri, University of Missouri.
This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e.,
high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.
Medicine, Issue 97, mouse, murine, rodent, swallowing, deglutition, dysphagia, videofluoroscopy, radiation, iohexol, barium, palatability, taste, translational, disease models
A Rat Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Resuscitation by Conventional Closed-chest Technique
Institutions: Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.
A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans is herein described. The model was developed in 1988 and has been used in approximately 70 peer-reviewed publications examining a myriad of resuscitation aspects including its physiology and pathophysiology, determinants of resuscitability, pharmacologic interventions, and even the effects of cell therapies. The model featured in this presentation includes: (1) vascular catheterization to measure aortic and right atrial pressures, to measure cardiac output by thermodilution, and to electrically induce ventricular fibrillation; and (2) tracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation with oxygen enriched gas and assessment of the end-tidal CO2
. A typical sequence of intervention entails: (1) electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation, (2) chest compression using a mechanical piston device concomitantly with positive pressure ventilation delivering oxygen-enriched gas, (3) electrical shocks to terminate ventricular fibrillation and reestablish cardiac activity, (4) assessment of post-resuscitation hemodynamic and metabolic function, and (5) assessment of survival and recovery of organ function. A robust inventory of measurements is available that includes – but is not limited to – hemodynamic, metabolic, and tissue measurements. The model has been highly effective in developing new resuscitation concepts and examining novel therapeutic interventions before their testing in larger and translationally more relevant animal models of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
Medicine, Issue 98, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Hemodynamics, Myocardial ischemia, Rats, Reperfusion, Ventilation, Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular function, Translational medical research
Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis
Institutions: University of Northern Colorado, Arizona State University, Iowa State University.
The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and 2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment.
Bioengineering, Issue 87, prosthesis inertia, amputee locomotion, below-knee prosthesis, transtibial amputee
Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Institutions: National Institute of Aging.
Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive methods1
. Subjects are placed in the supine position and allowed to rest quietly for at least 10 min prior to the start of the exam. The proper cuff size is selected and a blood pressure is obtained using an oscillometric device. Once a resting blood pressure has been obtained, pressure waveforms are acquired from the right femoral and right common carotid arteries. The system then automatically calculates the pulse transit time between these two sites (using the carotid artery as a surrogate for the descending aorta). Body surface measurements are used to determine the distance traveled by the pulse wave between the two sampling sites. This distance is then divided by the pulse transit time resulting in the pulse wave velocity. The measurements are performed in triplicate and the average is used for analysis.
Medicine, Issue 84, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA), Arterial stiffness, Aging, Cardiovascular, Carotid-femoral pulse
Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules
Institutions: Princeton University.
The aim of de novo
protein design is to find the amino acid sequences that will fold into a desired 3-dimensional structure with improvements in specific properties, such as binding affinity, agonist or antagonist behavior, or stability, relative to the native sequence. Protein design lies at the center of current advances drug design and discovery. Not only does protein design provide predictions for potentially useful drug targets, but it also enhances our understanding of the protein folding process and protein-protein interactions. Experimental methods such as directed evolution have shown success in protein design. However, such methods are restricted by the limited sequence space that can be searched tractably. In contrast, computational design strategies allow for the screening of a much larger set of sequences covering a wide variety of properties and functionality. We have developed a range of computational de novo
protein design methods capable of tackling several important areas of protein design. These include the design of monomeric proteins for increased stability and complexes for increased binding affinity.
To disseminate these methods for broader use we present Protein WISDOM (http://www.proteinwisdom.org), a tool that provides automated methods for a variety of protein design problems. Structural templates are submitted to initialize the design process. The first stage of design is an optimization sequence selection stage that aims at improving stability through minimization of potential energy in the sequence space. Selected sequences are then run through a fold specificity stage and a binding affinity stage. A rank-ordered list of the sequences for each step of the process, along with relevant designed structures, provides the user with a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the design. Here we provide the details of each design method, as well as several notable experimental successes attained through the use of the methods.
Genetics, Issue 77, Molecular Biology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computational Biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Protein, Protein Binding, Computational Biology, Drug Design, optimization (mathematics), Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, De novo protein and peptide design, Drug design, In silico sequence selection, Optimization, Fold specificity, Binding affinity, sequencing
Predicting the Effectiveness of Population Replacement Strategy Using Mathematical Modeling
Institutions: University of California, Los Angeles.
Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy. Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.
Cellular Biology, Issue 5, mosquito, malaria, popuulation, replacement, modeling, infectious disease
Building a Better Mosquito: Identifying the Genes Enabling Malaria and Dengue Fever Resistance in A. gambiae and A. aegypti Mosquitoes
Institutions: Johns Hopkins University.
In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections. Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.
Cellular Biology, Issue 5, Translational Research, mosquito, malaria, virus, dengue, genetics, injection, RNAi, transgenesis, transgenic
Experimental Approaches to Tissue Engineering
Institutions: Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Issue 7, Cell Biology, tissue engineering, microfluidics, stem cells
Interview: Glycolipid Antigen Presentation by CD1d and the Therapeutic Potential of NKT cell Activation
Institutions: La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology.
Natural Killer T cells (NKT) are critical determinants of the immune response to cancer, regulation of autioimmune disease, clearance of infectious agents, and the development of artheriosclerotic plaques. In this interview, Mitch Kronenberg discusses his laboratory's efforts to understand the mechanism through which NKT cells are activated by glycolipid antigens. Central to these studies is CD1d - the antigen presenting molecule that presents glycolipids to NKT cells. The advent of CD1d tetramer technology, a technique developed by the Kronenberg lab, is critical for the sorting and identification of subsets of specific glycolipid-reactive T cells. Mitch explains how glycolipid agonists are being used as therapeutic agents to activate NKT cells in cancer patients and how CD1d tetramers can be used to assess the state of the NKT cell population in vivo following glycolipid agonist therapy. Current status of ongoing clinical trials using these agonists are discussed as well as Mitch's prediction for areas in the field of immunology that will have emerging importance in the near future.
Immunology, Issue 10, Natural Killer T cells, NKT cells, CD1 Tetramers, antigen presentation, glycolipid antigens, CD1d, Mucosal Immunity, Translational Research
Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education
Institutions: Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Texas Christian University.
Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement methodology for assessing student learning outcomes at either the course or program level. The development and application of assessment rubrics provides an unequivocal measurement methodology to ensure a quality learning experience by providing a foundation for improvement based on qualitative and quantitatively measurable, aggregate course and program outcomes. Learning outcomes are the embodiment of the total learning experience and should incorporate assessment of both qualitative and quantitative program outcomes. The assessment of qualitative measures represents a challenge for educators in any level of a learning program. Nursing provides a unique challenge and opportunity as it is the application of science through the art of caring. Quantification of desired student learning outcomes may be enhanced through the development of assessment rubrics designed to measure quantitative and qualitative aspects of the nursing education and learning process. They provide a mechanism for uniform assessment by nursing faculty of concepts and constructs that are otherwise difficult to describe and measure. A protocol is presented and applied to a doctoral nursing education program with recommendations for application and transformation of the assessment rubric to other education programs. Through application of these specially designed rubrics, all aspects of an education program can be adequately assessed to provide information for program assessment that facilitates the closure of the gap between desired and actual student learning outcomes for any desired educational competency.
Medicine, Issue 40, learning, outcomes, measurement, program, assessment, rubric
A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Scale
Institutions: University of California, San Francisco.
Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al.
, 2005, Gensel et al.
, 2006, Anderson et al.
, 2009), as the majority of human SCI occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). Behavioral deficits include loss of forelimb function due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for human patients with cervical SCI is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical SCI (Girgis et al.
, 2007, Gensel et al.
, 2006, Ballerman et al.
, 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al.
, 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement.
The current measurement technique, the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The IBB was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 SCI, and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique.
The IBB, like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the IBB scale could be used to assess recovery following other types of injury that impact normal forelimb function.
Neuroscience, Issue 46, spinal cord injury, recovery of function, forelimb function, neurological test, cervical injuries
Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care
Institutions: Brandeis University, Brandeis University.
The Institute of Medicine has targeted patient-centeredness as an important area of quality improvement. A major dimension of patient-centeredness is respect for patient's values, preferences, and expressed needs. Yet specific approaches to gaining this understanding and translating it to quality care in the clinical setting are lacking. From a patient perspective quality is not a simple concept but is best understood in terms of five dimensions: technical outcomes; decision-making efficiency; amenities and convenience; information and emotional support; and overall patient satisfaction. Failure to consider quality from this five-pronged perspective results in a focus on medical outcomes, without considering the processes central to quality from the patient's perspective and vital to achieving good outcomes. In this paper, we argue for applying the concept of fair process in clinical settings. Fair process involves using a collaborative approach to exploring diagnostic issues and treatments with patients, explaining the rationale for decisions, setting expectations about roles and responsibilities, and implementing a core plan and ongoing evaluation. Fair process opens the door to bringing patient expertise into the clinical setting and the work of developing health care goals and strategies. This paper provides a step by step illustration of an innovative visual approach, called photovoice or photo-elicitation, to achieve fair process in clinical work with acquired brain injury survivors and others living with chronic health conditions. Applying this visual tool and methodology in the clinical setting will enhance patient-provider communication; engage patients as partners in identifying challenges, strengths, goals, and strategies; and support evaluation of progress over time. Asking patients to bring visuals of their lives into the clinical interaction can help to illuminate gaps in clinical knowledge, forge better therapeutic relationships with patients living with chronic conditions such as brain injury, and identify patient-centered goals and possibilities for healing. The process illustrated here can be used by clinicians, (primary care physicians, rehabilitation therapists, neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychologists, and others) working with people living with chronic conditions such as acquired brain injury, mental illness, physical disabilities, HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, or post-traumatic stress, and by leaders of support groups for the types of patients described above and their family members or caregivers.
Medicine, Issue 48, person-centered care, participatory visual methods, photovoice, photo-elicitation, narrative medicine, acquired brain injury, disability, rehabilitation, palliative care
Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT
Institutions: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio .
Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between different soft tissues and body fluids is inherently poor in micro-CT images 1
. Under these circumstances, visualization of blood vessels becomes a nearly impossible task. To overcome this and to improve the visualization of blood vessels exogenous contrast agents can be used. Herein, we present a methodology for visualizing the vascular network in a rodent model. By using a long-acting aqueous colloidal polydisperse iodinated blood-pool contrast agent, eXIA 160XL, we optimized image acquisition parameters and volume-rendering techniques for finding blood vessels in live animals. Our findings suggest that, to achieve a superior contrast between bone and soft tissue from vessel, multiple-frames (at least 5-8/ frames per view), and 360-720 views (for a full 360° rotation) acquisitions were mandatory. We have also demonstrated the use of a two-dimensional transfer function (where voxel color and opacity was assigned in proportion to CT value and gradient magnitude), in visualizing the anatomy and highlighting the structure of interest, the blood vessel network. This promising work lays a foundation for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of anti-angiogenesis preclinical studies using transgenic or xenograft tumor-bearing mice.
Medicine, Issue 47, vessel imaging, eXIA 160XL, microCT, advanced visualization, 2DTF
Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods
Institutions: Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New York University , New York University , New York University .
Most of the choices we make have uncertain consequences. In some cases the probabilities for different possible outcomes are precisely known, a condition termed "risky". In other cases when probabilities cannot be estimated, this is a condition described as "ambiguous". While most people are averse to both risk and ambiguity1,2
, the degree of those aversions vary substantially across individuals, such that the subjective value
of the same risky or ambiguous option can be very different for different individuals. We combine functional MRI (fMRI) with an experimental economics-based method3
to assess the neural representation of the subjective values of risky and ambiguous options4
. This technique can be now used to study these neural representations in different populations, such as different age groups and different patient populations.
In our experiment, subjects make consequential choices between two alternatives while their neural activation is tracked using fMRI. On each trial subjects choose between lotteries that vary in their monetary amount and in either the probability of winning that amount or the ambiguity level associated with winning. Our parametric design allows us to use each individual's choice behavior to estimate their attitudes towards risk and ambiguity, and thus to estimate the subjective values that each option held for them. Another important feature of the design is that the outcome of the chosen lottery is not revealed during the experiment, so that no learning can take place, and thus the ambiguous options remain ambiguous and risk attitudes are stable. Instead, at the end of the scanning session one or few trials are randomly selected and played for real money. Since subjects do not know beforehand which trials will be selected, they must treat each and every trial as if it and it alone was the one trial on which they will be paid. This design ensures that we can estimate the true subjective value of each option to each subject. We then look for areas in the brain whose activation is correlated with the subjective value of risky options and for areas whose activation is correlated with the subjective value of ambiguous options.
Neuroscience, Issue 67, Medicine, Molecular Biology, fMRI, magnetic resonance imaging, decision-making, value, uncertainty, risk, ambiguity
Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns
Institutions: University of Calgary , University of Calgary .
We demonstrate methods for the detection of architectural distortion in prior mammograms of interval-cancer cases based on analysis of the orientation of breast tissue patterns in mammograms. We hypothesize that architectural distortion modifies the normal orientation of breast tissue patterns in mammographic images before the formation of masses or tumors. In the initial steps of our methods, the oriented structures in a given mammogram are analyzed using Gabor filters and phase portraits to detect node-like sites of radiating or intersecting tissue patterns. Each detected site is then characterized using the node value, fractal dimension, and a measure of angular dispersion specifically designed to represent spiculating patterns associated with architectural distortion.
Our methods were tested with a database of 106 prior mammograms of 56 interval-cancer cases and 52 mammograms of 13 normal cases using the features developed for the characterization of architectural distortion, pattern classification via
quadratic discriminant analysis, and validation with the leave-one-patient out procedure. According to the results of free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis, our methods have demonstrated the capability to detect architectural distortion in prior mammograms, taken 15 months (on the average) before clinical diagnosis of breast cancer, with a sensitivity of 80% at about five false positives per patient.
Medicine, Issue 78, Anatomy, Physiology, Cancer Biology, angular spread, architectural distortion, breast cancer, Computer-Assisted Diagnosis, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), entropy, fractional Brownian motion, fractal dimension, Gabor filters, Image Processing, Medical Informatics, node map, oriented texture, Pattern Recognition, phase portraits, prior mammograms, spectral analysis
Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell – Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone
Institutions: German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute, German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Wimasis GmbH, Charité - University of Medicine.
Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. However, the analysis and quantification of cellular localization is difficult, as in many cases it relies on manual counting, thus bearing the risk of introducing a rater-dependent bias and reducing interrater reliability. Moreover, it is often difficult to judge whether the co-localization between two cells results from random positioning, especially when cell types differ strongly in the frequency of their occurrence. Here, a method for unbiased quantification of cellular co-localization in the bone marrow is introduced. The protocol describes the sample preparation used to obtain histological sections of whole murine long bones including the bone marrow, as well as the staining protocol and the acquisition of high-resolution images. An analysis workflow spanning from the recognition of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types in 2-dimensional (2D) bone marrow images to the quantification of the direct contacts between those cells is presented. This also includes a neighborhood analysis, to obtain information about the cellular microenvironment surrounding a certain cell type. In order to evaluate whether co-localization of two cell types is the mere result of random cell positioning or reflects preferential associations between the cells, a simulation tool which is suitable for testing this hypothesis in the case of hematopoietic as well as stromal cells, is used. This approach is not limited to the bone marrow, and can be extended to other tissues to permit reproducible, quantitative analysis of histological data.
Developmental Biology, Issue 98, Image analysis, neighborhood analysis, bone marrow, stromal cells, bone marrow niches, simulation, bone cryosectioning, bone histology | <urn:uuid:5627bdb2-5132-45f0-9603-2ba3559ac1e6> | {
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A simple urine test may be an effective way to identify individuals whose health may be in jeopardy because their bodies hold onto too much sodium, hiking their risks for high blood pressure, researchers report.
For the study, researchers tracked 19 patients — 10 to 19 years old — who visited the office of a pediatric nephrologist. Urine tests showed eight retained sodium and seven of them were already hypertensive.
"Eight kids were holding onto sodium and the amounts ranged anywhere from a few milligrams to hundreds of milligrams over the course of a doctor's visit," Mulloy said.
The findings were presented at recent meeting of the American Heart Association in New Orleans.
Nearly 31 percent of American adults are hypertensive and more than half do not have their high pressure under control, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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No faults in any way are found in him;
All virtues in every way dwell in him
Thus begins the Hymn to the Buddha (Satapancasataka), a poem by the 1st century poet Matrceta. It is considered to have played some part in the popularization of Buddhism at that time, and even now is a good introduction to the atheistic religion. At first it looks like an eulogy for the Buddha, but as one reads the full text it becomes apparent that it is not just a blind eulogy to a person but encapsulates the message of the Buddha in verse. It speaks about the Buddha’s concerns (the noble eight fold path)- Compassion, Speech, Teaching, Guidance and Deeds, among others. An extract from ‘In Praise of Speech’:
Your speech is excellent in three ways,
based on fact it is truthful
because its motive is pure it causes no confusion
and being relevant it is easily understood.
Continue reading “Hymn to the Buddha” | <urn:uuid:adfee5dc-ecde-4553-9a69-de2264e0b8ae> | {
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This multiple choice practice is meant to be completely quickly, so instead of reading an entire passage, it is broken down into small 5 small sections. This can be used as a daily warm-up or a quick small group practice.
It has 5 multiple choice questions and an answer key at the end.
Includes simple sentence, compound sentence, and complex sentence questions.
Revising and Editing
STAAR Test Practice | <urn:uuid:9505968f-80ed-4457-9624-f09bb2d3fe38> | {
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In economic parlance, this is known as a Pigovian tax, because it is meant to correct an undesirable outcome in the market, or what the British economist Arthur Pigou defined as a negative externality in this case, the greenhouse gas emissions that are responsible for global warming.Even in this case, including a standard carbon tax involves certain risks.A common objection to a carbon dividend is that it would defeat the original purpose of a carbon price, which is to encourage people to reduce emissions.Assuming that your driving behavior does not change, a carbon tax of $230 per ton the level needed just to put us on a path toward limiting global warming to 2.5 C above preindustrial levels would raise your monthly fuel expenditure by $59, to $134, or 79 percent.A straightforward carbon tax is inherently regressive, because it imposes the same cost on the poor as it does on the rich. But a carbon dividend inverts this effect, because every dollar that is returned will be worth more to a low-income household than it will be to a wealthy one.In short, a carbon dividend would distribute money from predominantly wealthy high polluters to predominantly low- and middle-income low polluters, all while reducing CO2 emissions.
FOLLOW THIS ARTICLE | <urn:uuid:6296eabf-d91d-4696-9205-6fb75a29cbe7> | {
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Silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent for thousands of years.
Across many different civilizations, the rich preferred to drink out of silver cups because it “purified” their water, and even as recently as one hundred years ago it was commonplace to drop a silver coin in a container of milk to keep it fresh longer. Colloidal silver was commonly used as an antibiotic before the invention of penicillin, and modern research has shown that colloidal silver is an effective antibiotic and antiviral. There is some controversy over the safety of consuming colloidal silver, particularly the risk of a condition called argyria, which is a permanent blue/gray discoloration of the skin caused by toxic build-up of silver in the body. The risk of acquiring argyria is completely overstated and is used as a scare tactic by competition. While it is possible to get argyria from ionic silver, it is next to impossible to acquire argyria from true colloidal silver.
To understand the safety of silver, you need to understand the difference between colloidal silver and ionic silver.
A colloid is a small particle suspended in a solution, in this case, silver particles suspended in water. The key word here is “suspended:” it is not actually dissolved in water. Colloidal silver gets absorbed easily into the body, and is readily excreted through the urine, meaning only a miniscule amount, if any, gets stored in the body. Colloidal silver can be safely administered intravenously, and there are no reported cases of argyria from consuming true colloidal silver.
Ionic silver, however, is very different. It is created by dissolving silver in water through electrolysis, which creates monoatomic silver ions. Because silver ions give up one electron to achieve stability, ionic silver is highly reactive and can build up in the body, causing argyria when taken in very high amounts. All of the recorded cases of argyria have either happened in an industrial setting, or from someone who attempted to make colloidal silver at home, but accidentally made ionic silver. Unless you are a highly trained professional chemist, DO NOT attempt to make colloidal silver.
Pictured above: Paul Karason, the famous “Blue Man”. The media has falsely reported that he acquired Argyria from colloidal silver, when in fact he actually consumed approximately 750 mL of homemade ionic silver every day for 13 years.
Another important factor to consider about colloidal silver is particle size. The smaller the particle size, the more surface area, and thus the lower concentration needed to be an effective dose. With smaller particle sizes, doses closer to homeopathic concentrations can be used. This reduces even further what little risk there is from true colloidal silver. BioPure Microsilver and Argentyn 23 are two top quality brands that meet these specifications. The EPA safety limit for Argentyn 23 (a 23 ppm concentration) is 100 gallons over 70 years, which is a massive amount, and even this is extremely conservative.
Colloidal silver has been shown to be an effective antimicrobial for hundreds of different kinds of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and biofilm.
It has mechanisms of action that work on different levels. While silver is directly bactericidal, and inhibits cell division and DNA replication, it also destroys biofilm that bacteria produce as protection. True colloidal silver gets absorbed rapidly in the upper digestive tract—it does not pass all the way through the intestines, so there is less harm on the microbiome. The effect of silver on the gut microbiome is dose-dependent, and doses that are enough to kill pathogens, but not enough to kill healthy microbes can be used.
Colloidal silver is most commonly consumed orally, but is also popular as a nasal spray for sinus conditions, and can also be used intravenously and topically. Typically, colloidal silver is used for months at a time with long breaks in between. It is generally not recommended to be used continuously for a year or longer, but again, colloidal silver does not build up in the body, so even long periods of time can be safe.
By Bryant Rubright | <urn:uuid:340c6ff2-05e9-4ea1-bf4f-f7d87869d3d0> | {
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About the Image: The data for the high resolution image of the solar surface was provided courtesy of P. Brandt (Kiepenheuer Institut fur Sonnenphysik, Freiburg, Germany), G. Sharmer (Uppsala, Sweden) and G. Simon (National Solar Observatory). Primary image processing by D. Shine, Lockheed Corporation.
The Basic Facts About the Surface Layer
| This is a very high resolution image of the sun in white light.
The sun is covered with grainy spots which are actually the tops of convection cells. The bright center of each cell is hot, rising material and the dark edges are cooler dropping gases. These grains are very similar to the cells in a bubbling pot of soup. Though they look very small, the cells are actually quite large (shown against a map of the US for size comparison). The layer of gas that is responsible for the visible light, that we see, is only as deep as the half width of Michigan.
The other very intersting feature in this picture is the dark sunspot. Sunspots are often associated with violent activity on the sun. They are an important tool for predicting space weather disturbances. | <urn:uuid:c0a2edac-dd97-45ba-9803-90e539e60620> | {
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Repetitive Motion Injuries and Chronic Back Pain
A very common phrase used in the work place and that is responsible for many work related injuries is called Repetitive Motion Injuries. This is when the employee during their workday has to make a repetitive movement to complete the tasks necessary for the usual and customary duties of their employment.
An example would be a factory worker who has to place cans coming off of the assembly line into boxes to be delivered. The employee all day lifts the cans with their right hand and bends to the right side placing the cans in the box. Many times the employee ends up with low back pain from the repetitive bending at the waist towards the right side.
Another example is the Police Officer that gets in and out of his car all day long, and sits in his car writing his reports. Most time in a police car, there is what is called right car seat break down. This is when the right side of the driver’s seat breaks down due to the officer entering and exiting the car. If you put a level across the seat, you would see that it would be uneven, slanting towards the entrance side of the car. Now you put the office with an extra 23 pounds of equipment sitting in that vehicle for up to 6 hours a day, and there you have it, low back pain caused by repetitive motion syndrome.
So what is the answer?
The answer is to be aware of the causes of these problems and address them to lessen or eliminate the injuries before they occur. In office settings, the new buzzword is to have an “ergonomically designed work station.” Different from the police officers day, the work station of a stationary office worker can be designed to make the chair more conducive for sitting for prolonged periods of time, and to make the computer and work area at a better level to keep the employees head even when working and not leaning forward. Even for the police officer however, light equipment can be worn such as a nylon gun belt as opposed to the leather ones certain departments still use. The car seat can be check regularly and replace when left car seat break down occurs. With the factory worker, they can be trained to utilize both sides of their body, changing their position regularly and having the items to place in boxes at a better level to lessen the chance of injury.
Reducing or eliminating these problems are something that companies are very actively looking at today more than ever due to the high cost of workers compensation insurance for their employee. There are companies designed exclusively for creating more ergonomically work areas in all aspects of the work force.
If you are an employer, or an employee, you need to be aware of this type of injury and work closely with your human resource division to find the best way to get the most productivity out of yourself or your employees with the least amount problems occurring. This is one aspect of the work force that to be proactive will result in a better working situation for all.
The Non-Surgical Spine Care Center specializes in non-surgical treatment solutions for chronic back pain sufferers due to a multitude of causes, including repetitive motion injuries. If you are suffering from chronic pain due to repetitive motion injuries, visit www.NoSpineSurgery.com. | <urn:uuid:efd6067f-8097-4bb5-bb2a-5d8cbcf09a65> | {
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What is Bitcoin?
Learn More About Bitcoin
Bitcoin is an online currency, used much like a pre-loaded gift card or credit card when shopping online. It offers additional privacy, more protection from identity thieves, and much cheaper costs for merchants to accept. And those savings get given to shoppers as cheaper prices!
In an age where governments and corporations are monitoring our every move online, Bitcoin is a breath of fresh air. Bitcoin isn't exactly anonymous, but it is *much* more private than checks, credit cards, or Paypal. You can also use Bitcoin to purchase privacy-enhancing products like Private Internet Access.
You can learn more about Bitcoin and how to use it at WeUseCoins. They provide a great resource for beginners and have up to date information on their website. | <urn:uuid:41e7430c-801b-496b-b4ae-15b3b2745e88> | {
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silchester Roman excavations
Silchester how it all began
The excavations at Silchester have become a landmark in the study of Roman Britain. Eight years after CA’s last report (CA 177), we ask excavators Mike Fulford and Amanda Clarke for an update. Their work reveals the transition from Iron Age Britain to Roman Britannia was riddled with conflict.
The Victorian plan of Roman Silchester – Calleva Atrebatum – reveals several buildings whose orientation does not conform to that of the Roman street-grid. This unusual fact led earlier archaeologists, notably Aileen Fox, to speculate whether there was an ‘Old Town Plan’. One of the key reasons for choosing Insula IX for a long-term below The Iron Age oppidum and the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) from the air, showing the new excavations in Insula IX in progress.
Why are so many of Roman Silchester’s excavated buildings misaligned with the Roman street-grid? Shown here is the evidence for two Iron Age streets (highlighted) at the end of the 2010 season on Insula IX. This layout determined the orientation of buildings within the Roman insula until the end of the 3rd century AD. Is this the answer? Did the Atrebatian notables of Calleva deliberately ignore the new Roman layout in favour of the old? And was this an act of anti-Roman resistance?
current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk research excavation was that it contained buildings on contrasting orientations: how did these differently aligned buildings fit into the history of the town? House 1 of the Victorian excavation of 1893-1894 – oriented about 45° in relation to the Roman grid – was contained within our trench. Early on, we established that it had been demolished by about AD 300. But when was it built? We have now confirmed that this large townhouse originated as two separate masonry houses of the early 2nd century AD, and that these were subsequently amalgamated and rebuilt as a single dwelling in the early 3rd century. However, we have also discovered that the first phase of building in stone was preceded by a timber
January 2011 | | <urn:uuid:56c7a92c-ac75-4c41-9fba-7c8c90d1653f> | {
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|Monday, Feb 25, 2013 - 1:30 PM
"Monty's Adventures In Music Town"
And a 1, and a 2 and a 1, 2, 3! The kids are playing in the school band, but Red doesn't know what instrument to play! The super readers soar into the book Monty's Adventures in Music Town and meet a loveable monster named Monty who has the very same problem. Will the super readers be able to help Monty pick an instrument before the big show, or will their efforts fall flat? Educational Objectives: To learn some basic music concepts. Young viewers will catch the alphabet, rhyme with OW words, find out what the word "woodwind" means, and use the power to read to change the story. D | <urn:uuid:dac97211-2ffc-464c-aeac-4e6744f43e8f> | {
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(Phys.org) —Vitamin C is found in many foods, and, among other things, is used to prolong shelf life. However, it is not stable in air or at room temperature. Cut fruits turn brown and the tastes of foods change. In the journal Angewandte Chemie, German researchers have now presented a systematic study of the processes that occur during the degradation of vitamin C.
Vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is a reducing carbohydrate and can react with amino acids, peptides, and proteins. These types of reactions between carbohydrates (sugars) and proteins belong to a class of reactions known as Maillard reactions, which are named after the man who discovered them, Louis Camille Maillard. Maillard reactions are ubiquitous: They make our toast crispy, are responsible for the smell of browning meat, and give roast potatoes their aroma.
However, the Maillard reactions of vitamin C are less pleasant. They are involved in the browning of cut fruit and can cause changes in the flavor of foods. In addition, the Maillard degradation of vitamin C in the body may be involved in clouding the lenses of the eyes and in the age-related loss of elasticity in the skin and sinews.
The process of vitamin C degradation has previously not been truly understood. Marcus A. Glomb and Mareen Smuda at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg have now comprehensively studied the amine-catalyzed degradation of vitamin C in a model system. By using vitamin C molecules marked in various places with 13C isotopes, they were able to trace the products of the Maillard reaction back to their original positions in the vitamin C structure. They also carried out experiments under an atmosphere of 18O2 isotopes and quantified all of the primary fragmentation products. This allowed them to clarify about 75 % of the Maillard-induced degradation reactions of vitamin C: the end products are carbonyl and dicarbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, and amides.
Among other compounds, the researchers identified N6-xylonyl lysine, N6-lyxonyl lysine, and N6-threonyl lysine as unique characteristic end-products of vitamin C Maillard systems. In the future, identification of these compounds will make it possible to differentiate between vitamin C related Maillard reaction products and those stemming from other reducing carbohydrates like glucose.
The insights gained from this model system help to clarify the changes that occur in vitamin C containing foods during storage and preparation, even though the reaction pathways in real systems are naturally far more complex. These experiments also lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the negative effects of vitamin C degradation in the body.
Explore further: Roasting Does More than Enhance Flavor in Peanuts
Glomb, M. Maillard Degradation Pathways of Vitamin C, Angewandte Chemie International Edition: dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201300399 | <urn:uuid:b926d5a7-91e8-4518-aacf-58bf805a7253> | {
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The unit in the last place of
- iOS 7.0+
- macOS 10.9+
- Mac Catalyst 13.0+Beta
- tvOS 9.0+
- watchOS 2.0+
- Xcode 8.0+
- Core Graphics
This is the unit of the least significant digit in the significand of
self. For most numbers
x, this is the difference between
x and the next greater (in magnitude) representable number. There are some edge cases to be aware of:
greatestis a finite number, even though the next greater representable value is
Finite Magnitude .ulp
xis not a finite number.
xis very small in magnitude, then
xmay be a subnormal number. On targets that do not support subnormals,
xmay be flushed to zero.
This quantity, or a related quantity is sometimes called “epsilon” or “machine epsilon”. We avoid that name because it has different meanings in different languages, which can lead to confusion, and because it suggests that it is a good tolerance to use for comparisons, which is almost never is.
(See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_epsilon for more detail) | <urn:uuid:5a74d192-432a-4b82-8249-2ff175a61536> | {
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UNICEF was established on 11 December 1946 by the United Nations to meet the emergency needs of children in post-war Europe and China. Its full name was the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. In 1950, its mandate was broadened to address the long-term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere. UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations system in 1953, when its name was shortened to the United Nations Children's Fund. However, UNICEF retained its original acronym. UNICEF's work is carried out in 191 countries through country programmes and National Committees. Some 88 per cent of the organization's approximately 7,200 posts are located in the field. There are eight regional offices and 126 country offices worldwide, as well as a research centre in Florence, a supply operation in Copenhagen and offices in Tokyo and Brussels. UNICEF headquarters are in New York (see: http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_faq.html ).
UNICEF on under-5 year old infant deaths in US Alliance-occupied Occupied Afghanistan (2010): “Total population (thousands), 2007 - 27145
Annual no. of under-5 deaths (thousands), 2007 – 338 … GNI per capita (US$), 2007 – 250 … Life expectancy at birth (years), 2007 – 44. .
.UNICEF: Afghanistan statistics (2010): http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/afghanistan_statistics.html . | <urn:uuid:2fa84b0a-35d4-4efb-8dd1-b0a03152973f> | {
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The Mint Act of 1890 allowed for change of coin designs every 25 years, and the dime, quarter, and half dollar were eligible for a redesign in 1891. An initial competition to come up with a new design was opened only to 10 eminent U.S. sculptors, but when those invited presented a list of requirements that included compensation for every entry, whether selected or not, the Treasury demurred. The contest was instead opened to the general public; judges for the entries included Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber, Boston engraver Henry Mitchell, and artist Augustus Saint-Gaudens. None of the entries were deemed satisfactory, though; just two of about 300 entries were awarded even an Honorable Mention. Mint Director Edward Leech deemed the competition a ‘wretched failure’, and assigned Barber the task of redesigning all the coins that were eligible for a change.
Photos used with permission and courtesy of Heritage Auction Galleries
Barber’s design is said to be modeled after Morgan’s Liberty on the dollar, though other than perhaps the somewhat stoic appearance of both models, the comparison would likely not be obvious to a casual observer. In contrast to the dollar, Barber faced his Liberty to the right, shortened and covered most of her hair, and minimized the headband that displayed LIBERTY, instead featuring a laurel wreath around the base of the cap. He also replaced the naturalistic eagle used on the reverse of Bust and Seated half dollars with one reminiscent of Robert Scot’s Heraldic eagle from the early 1800s. The Barber dimes, quarters, and half dollars are some of the few coin types to be known by the name of the designer (Gobrecht and Morgan dollars, and Saint-Gaudens double eagles being the others), but this type is also known as Liberty Head. Barber half dollars were produced for 24 years, a design that both started and ended according to the terms of the 1890 Mint Act.
On the obverse Liberty faces right, with tightly constrained hair barely visible below a prominent wreath of laurel that surrounds the base of a hat; the wreath is tied at the back by a ribbon. Above the forehead is a small band that displays LIBERTY. Inside the dentilled rim are the words IN GOD WE TRUST at the top, the date at the bottom, and completing the circle, six-point stars connecting the phrases, six stars to the left of Liberty and seven to the right. The designer’s initial B is toward the back of the base of the neck. The reverse displays a somewhat awkwardly proportioned eagle with outstretched wings and legs, the dexter claw (viewerÕs left) clutching an olive branch and the sinister a bundle of 13 arrows. The eagle holds in its beak a flowing ribbon displaying E PLURIBUS UNUM, and a Union shield is across the chest. The rim is dentilled and around the periphery of the surface are UNITED STATES OF AMERICA at the top (overlapped by the tips of the eagle’s wings) and HALF DOLLAR at the bottom, the phrases separated by two centered dots. Thirteen five-point stars fill the field above the eagle below STATES OF. Half dollars were minted at Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Denver; O, S, and D mintmarks are below the eagle and above the DO in DOLLAR.
Several hundred business strike Barber half dollars have been certified for each year, with nearly 30,000 coins total in census/ population reports. Prooflike examples have been identified. The 1892-O Micro O is the most infrequently seen, with fewer than 50 pieces currently certified. Prices are moderate for most dates and mintmarks through MS60, expensive to near-Gem, and very expensive finer than that. Higher priced issues include the 1892-O Micro O (very expensive at lower grades, extremely expensive finer than Select Uncirculated); and some New Orleans and San Francisco issues (particularly the 1904-S), expensive as MS60 and finer. Several thousand proof Barber half dollars have been certified, including Cameo and Deep Cameo pieces. Prices are moderate to Select Proof, expensive from PR64 through PR66, and very expensive finer than that. Prices of proof Barber halves are uniform from date to date, with Cameo and Deep Cameo examples listing at higher prices (higher for Deep Cameo), particularly as Gem and finer.
Designer: Charles E. Barber
Circulation Mintage: high 5,538,000 (1899), low 124,230 (1914)
Proof Mintage: high 1,245 (1892), low 380 (1914)
Denomination: Fifty cents (50/100)
Diameter: 30.6 mm, reeded edge
Metal Content: 90% silver, 10% copper
Weight: 12.5 grams
Varieties: Several known, most minor die variations. The 1892-O, Micro O is the best known, showing a smaller than normal O mintmark, presumably from a punch designed for the quarter rather than the half dollar.
Coin Encyclopedia: www.ngccoin.com
The Complete Guide to Barber Halves. David Lawrence Feigenbaum. DLRC Press.
The Complete Guide to Certified Barber Coinage. David Lawrence Feigenbaum and John Feigenbaum. DLRC Press.
The Authoritative Reference on Barber Half Dollars. Kevin Flynn. Brooklyn Gallery.
The Official Red Book: A Guide Book of United States Coins. R.S Yeoman (author), Kenneth Bressett (editor). Whitman Publishing.
A Guide Book of United States Type Coins. Q. David Bowers. Whitman Publishing.
The Experts Guide to Collecting & Investing in Rare Coins. Q. David Bowers. Whitman Publishing.
Walter Breen’s Encyclopedia of U.S. Coins. Walter Breen. Doubleday. | <urn:uuid:e5a25a11-72f5-41cb-8de3-755f62a94456> | {
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When I was in high school, my science teacher, Mr. Grimme, presented us with an interesting problem.
“Tell me how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.”
We worked on it in groups, and the next day when we walked into class, there at the front of the room was a bag of bread, peanut butter, jelly, plates, and a knife. I don’t think anyone was able to complete the task with a result that could reasonably be called a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. If you’ve never done this before, you should go try it with your kids. It’s a hilarious example of the importance of giving clear directions.
Child: “Take two pieces of bread and place them on a plate. Put peanut butter on one piece of bread…”
You: Pick up the jar and place it on the bread.
Child: “Remove peanut butter from jar with the knife. Spread it onto the bread…”
You: Scoop out about a third of a jar of peanut butter. Begin spreading it all over the bread–both sides, the edges, everywhere.
Unless you’re presented with a five page manual on the making of a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, with diagrams and references, it’s pretty easy to purposely misunderstand an instruction. It’s also a good indicator of how much we take for granted regarding prior knowledge and inferred meaning when we communicate new ideas. When kids start the peanut butter and jelly sandwich challenge, there are a lot of assumptions that they make. They assume you know how to make a sandwich or how to open a jar, but once they recognize the extent of your feigned ignorance, they stop taking things for granted. They’ll start telling you what jelly is, how to hold a knife, the angle to hold the knife when spreading, the history of the sandwich. This is a particularly useful skill to have when learning to write code. Realizing you don’t know what the computer can understand, or already knows how to do, is the first step in giving it instructions.
The last half of Hello Ruby: Adventures in Coding is filled with fun activities similar to this, designed to get your child to start thinking like a computer. The beauty of the activities is that they never come across as homework, despite being tied to each chapter of the book. They’re more like one of those puzzle books you’d pick up at the dollar store, only instead of word finds and “Which One Is Different,” they are introductions into programming concepts such as booleans and if-then-else statements. You can help Ruby pick out her clothes for the day (remember, she only wears blue or yellow on Tuesdays!), find out which of the statements made by the Bugs is true and which is false, and learn some of Ruby’s favorite dances (and make up some of your own as well). You can check out some of the activities on the Hello Ruby website.
You can learn more about Hello Ruby: Adventures in Coding from the publisher’s website. | <urn:uuid:bd1a428d-66b0-4735-81f7-dfe3d695a6ff> | {
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Sustainable architecture, prefabricated housing, CO2- neutral living – all of these are not ideas from the last couple of years, even though the current media attention could create this impression.
The US of the 1960s – admittedly also due to the rising oil prices – was a hub for forward-looking and alternative architecture. Richard Buckminster Fuller, one could call him the guru of ecological thinking at that time, set new standards with inventions such as the geodetic dome – a masterpiece regarding the relationship between material use and constructive strength.
The Los Angeles-based Michael Jantzen, who met Buckminster Fuller as a student in the 1970s, is one of the few of that generation of architects who have stuck to the idea of revolutionising the traditional way of building and offering new architectural solutions in line with the flexible and impermanent life style we practiced long ago.
The M-house is one of Michael’s most expressive architectural works. Here is how he describes it:
“The M-house consists of a series of rectangular panels that are attached with hinges to an open space frame grid of seven interlocking cubes.The panels are hinged to the cubes in either a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The hinges allow the panels to fold into or out of the cube frames to perform various functions.
Some of the panels are insulated and contain windows and doors. These panels can completely enclose spaces that are heated and cooled. Other uninsulated panels fold in or out, over and around, open platforms to shade the sun, deflect the rain, or block the wind. Some of the panels unfold from the face of the cubes to become places to sit, places to sleep, places to work, or places to eat. Most of the slotted panels are oriented over and around these open platforms.
The platforms and the cube frames, are supported by adjustable legs which are attached to load bearing foot pads. In many cases the support frames do not require a foundation, and they can be adjusted to accommodate terrain variations.”
All of the M-house components are interchangeable and can be increased or decreased in numbers and size. The panels can be made in a curved configuration and from many different types of materials.
The existing M-house panels are assembled with a steel structural frame which supports thin sheets of a concrete composite. All of the exposed surfaces of the structure are painted.
The M-house was designed to function as a single private vacation retreat, or in multiple numbers and configurations, as a complete stand-alone, high-tech resort complex. The house can be designed to be self sufficient, powered by alternative energy sources such as the sun and the wind.
The M-vironments were developed to accommodate a wide range of markets. With different sizes, shapes, materials, and panel types, the system can be used for exhibit structures, pavilions, play environments for kids, retail spaces, office modules, and many other commercial applications.
Here an example of Michael Jantzen older works: | <urn:uuid:55c8f0cd-9ca9-47f1-885d-5bbb6f7d77a0> | {
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|Deer Resistant Plants|
While no plant is completely deer resistant there are several species that you can choose from that are attractive in the garden and are less desired by our four legged friends. While some plants such as hosta, arborvitae and yew are referred to as "deer candy" other selections are often avoided due to their taste, texture or aroma. The selections that I will mention are plants that provide color and interest all season long in the garden and are hardy in USDA zone 7. Many of these plants are also drought tolerant.
The first two "deer resistant' plants I would like to mention are Spirea and Barberry. These deciduous shrubs are both very popular for their colorful foliage, and in the case of spirea, for its summer blooms. Barberry and Spirea are frequently used in foundation plantings, raised island beds, rock gardens and border gardens.
|Barberry 'Rosy Glow'|
Our next candidate for a "deer resistant" garden is Buddleia or Butterfly Bush. A deciduous shrub, Buddleia davidii is hardy to zone 5 and produces prolific purple blooms throughout mid to late summer. There is also now a new dwarf variety 'Lo and Behold'.
On the "deer resistant" perennials list is coreopsis. Coreopsis or 'Tick seed' displays beautiful daisy-like flowers throughout the entire summer and is drought tolerant once established. It is hardy in USDA zones 4-8.
|Nepeta 'Little Titch'|
Nepeta 'Walkers Low' is another favorite long blooming perennial that deer do not forage on. It comes in a variety of different heights ranging from 'Mussinii' which is taller to 'Little Titch' which is a dwarf form.
If you have a shaded area with deer try Astilbe. Astilbe is a popular perennial that comes in a variety of sizes and colors and thrives in low light. There are many varieties of Astilbe ranging from white to pink to red and salmon. The one shown here is Astilbe 'Sprite' which is hardy in USDA zones 4-8.
Next is perennial Salvia or sage. Salvia thrives best in USDA zones 3-8, is "deer resistant" and blooms throughout the summer with regular dead-heading. There are many varieties of sage to choose from.
|Peony 'Karl Rosenfeld'|
If you enjoy having ornamental grasses in your garden they are also "deer resistant". There are many varieties of grasses to choose from including the well-known Fountain Grasses Pennisetum Alopecuroides 'Hameln' or 'Little Bunny' as well as the Maiden Grasses Miscanthus Sinensis 'Gracillimus' or 'Morning Light' among others.
|Crape Myrtle 'Sioux'|
Crape Myrtle, a favorite tree in the landscape also happens to be on the deer do not eat list. Crape Myrtle once more popular in the Carolina's is now also popular in the northeast and is hardy in USDA zones 7-9. Crape Myrtle come in a variety of colors and sizes. Shown here is Crape Myrtle 'Sioux'.
|Chamaecyparis 'Gold Mop'|
There are various evergreens that are that can also be grown in the "deer resistant" garden. The one shown here is Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Gold Mop'. Gold Mop Cypress is a lovely golden evergreen that retains its color all year long, grows 2-3 feet in height and is hardy in zones 4-8.
Deodara Cedar 'Aurea'
Deodara Cedar is also unfavored by deer and is a beautiful focal point in the landscape. Deodara Cedar is a large pyramidal evergreen with graceful cascading branches and golden needles hardy to USDA zone 6.
|Ilex 'Nellie Stevens' (Nellie Stevens Holly)|
Next on the list are Ilex or the hollies. For the most part deer do not prefer most hollies. I have seen cases where the deer are hungry enough that they will nibble on the new spring growth of the plant but will not touch the more mature inner growth. The more jagged the leaf on the variety of holly you choose the better.
As mentioned in the beginning of this article, no plant is completely deer resistant. If the deer are hungry enough they will tend to nibble on plants in the landscape but there are some plants that are much less attractive to deer for various reasons. The species of plants I have mentioned in this article are the plants I have found to be most successful in the garden over my past fifteen years as a designer. I hope you find this list to be helpful and informative. As Always, Happy Gardening.
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The idea of getting sushi or sashimi fresh from the ocean may sound like a good thing, but this isn't always the case. Tuna, however, is one fish that is relatively safe to eat raw without freezing it first, but not without a small risk to your safety. To minimize this risk, take care when preparing and serving tuna, and don't eat raw tuna every day.
Video of the Day
Many types of fish contain parasites that can make you sick if you eat the fish raw from the ocean. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires that fish meant to be eaten raw be frozen at a temperature of -4 degrees Fahrenheit or below for at least 168 hours, or one week. Freezing gets rid of most, but not all, of these parasites, so there is still some risk. Tuna is one of the exceptions to this rule, because it doesn't usually contain these parasites. It can still be contaminated with bacteria or other organisms, however, especially if you don't take care to keep raw tuna away from other types of raw meat or fish, or if you don't store and prepare it properly.
Unfortunately, fresh tuna can be high in mercury, in part because they are large fish near the top of the food chain. Types of raw seafood that are lower in mercury include salmon, eel, abalone, shrimp, clam, scallops, squid, crab, trout, sea bream and octopus. Choose these types more often when eating sushi or sashimi. Big eye and ahi tuna are highest in mercury. Yellowfin tuna is a bit lower in mercury, and skipjack tuna is the lowest-mercury choice among fresh tuna. Canned white tuna is similar in mercury content to yellowfin tuna, and canned chunk light tuna is the type of tuna lowest in mercury.
If purchasing tuna to be eaten raw, make sure that it is sushi grade. Check that the store you buy it from keeps it separate from non-sushi grade fish, and that seafood handlers use separate gloves, cutting boards and knives for sushi-grade fish. Keep the fish frozen or refrigerated until you are ready to use it, and don't leave it out of the refrigerator for more than two hours. Use clean cutting boards and utensils to prepare raw tuna, and wash your hands before and after preparing the fish.
Who Should Avoid Raw Tuna
Pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems should avoid eating any raw fish, including tuna. The American Pregnancy Association recommends that pregnant women avoid big eye and ahi tuna. It also recommends that pregnant women eat no more than three 6-ounce servings per month of canned white tuna or yellowfin tuna, and no more than six 6-ounce servings per month of skipjack tuna or canned light tuna. The mercury in tuna can cause problems with the unborn child, and the potential contamination with organisms that cause foodborne illnesses could also be dangerous. Cooking kills many of these organisms. Children also should avoid eating fresh tuna because of its high mercury content, but can safely eat up to 12 ounces of lower-mercury fish, such as canned light tuna, or 6 ounces of canned white tuna per week, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. | <urn:uuid:7776f007-3a74-4855-ac02-789054d0266f> | {
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2012-2013 Flu Season Drawing to a Close
Flu Vaccine Still Best Way to Prevent Flu
March 29, 2013 – Flu activity is continuing to decline, according to this week’s FluView, which reports that influenza-like-illness (ILI) in the United States has fallen below baseline for the first time since early December. Other indicators are declining as well, signaling that the flu season is drawing to a close. The March 29, 2012 FluView covers influenza activity reported from March 17-23, 2013.
Flu seasons vary in their timing and severity.
This season, influenza activity started about 4 weeks early and was intense. Influenza-like-illness rose quickly to well above the baseline of expected activity and remained elevated for 15 consecutive weeks, making this season slightly longer than average. For the past 10 seasons, ILI has remained above baseline an average of 12 consecutive weeks with a range of one week to 16 weeks.
Surveillance systems that track flu-associated hospitalizations and deaths give insight into the severity of the season.
Flu-associated hospitalizations began to rise in mid-December with sharp increases seen among people 65 years and older. The cumulative hospitalization rates among seniors went from 17 per 100,000 people for the week ending December 15, 2012 to 182 per 100,000 during March 17-23, 2013. While hospitalization rates have leveled off, this is the highest proportion of persons 65 and older hospitalized for flu that has been measured since this kind of record-keeping began during the 2005-2006 season. People 65 and older accounted for 50 percent of all reported hospitalizations. The cumulative influenza-related hospitalization rate across all age groups is now 42 per 100,000 people.
Surveillance for deaths tells a similar story. CDC monitors flu-related deaths through the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System, which reports the total number of death certificates processed and the number of those for which pneumonia or influenza is listed as the underlying or contributing cause of death in 122 U.S. cities. Pneumonia and influenza diagnoses (P & I) first rose above the epidemic threshold the week ending January 5, 2013 and peaked the week ending January 19, 2013 at 9.9 percent. This was the highest recorded P & I in nearly a decade, but it is comparable to recorded percentages for past severe seasons, including 2003-2004 when P&I reached 10 percent. P&I was above epidemic threshold for 11 weeks this season.
Pediatric deaths are the only nationally notifiable outcome for seasonal influenza. CDC reported an additional 5 pediatric deaths this week for a total of 110 to date for the 2012-2013 season. The number of pediatric deaths is likely to climb further as additional deaths are reported.
The 2012-2013 season will close out on September 28, 2013. The 2013-2014 season begins on September 29, 2013.
Last season, which is an example of a mild season, there was very little influenza activity and ILI was elevated only slightly for just one week. Comparatively, the 2012-2013 season is more like the 2003-2004 and 2007-2008 influenza seasons, which were characterized as “moderately severe” and associated with more flu illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths.
This season, an estimated 134.9 million doses of seasonal flu vaccine were distributed. Final vaccine uptake estimates are expected in the fall of 2013.
Just as flu seasons vary, how well the flu vaccine works each season can vary too. Each year CDC studies how well the seasonal flu vaccine protects against having to go to the doctor for influenza illness. This season, early flu activity allowed CDC’s U.S. Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network to collect enough data across five sites to publish interim results of vaccine effectiveness (VE) twice; once in January 2013, and updated adjusted results on February 21, 2013.
February results showed the 2012-2013 flu vaccine reduced the risk of flu-associated medical visits from influenza A (H3N2) viruses by one half and from influenza B by two-thirds for most of the population. This means that vaccinated people reduced their risk of having to go to the doctor for influenza by more than half, thus providing significant benefit to the person getting vaccinated and to public health in general.
CDC’s estimates for influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended illness during 2012-2013 are consistent across age groups, with the exception of among people 65 and older. The overall VE against influenza A and B viruses among people 65 and older was 27 percent. While VE for people 65 years and older was similar to other age groups for influenza B viruses, it was lower for influenza A (H3N2) viruses. The reasons for this aren’t clear, but it’s possible that some people 65 and older did not mount a good immune response to H3N2 from vaccination.
While VE in older people was lower this season, significant benefit has been measured in this population during other years. A study out of Canada in 2007-2008 found influenza VE of 57 percent among adults 50 and older. Studies out of Europe conducted during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 found influenza vaccine VE of 60 percent and 65 percent. The U.S. VE Network also has measured higher VE point estimates than were measured this season in older people.
Flu vaccine can not only reduce your risk of getting sick with flu, it also can reduce your risk of being hospitalized from flu and may reduce your risk of dying from influenza. One recent example, a study published on February 28, 2013, showed that vaccination reduced the risk of hospitalization in older adults by more than 70 percent in 2011-2012.
Vaccination, particularly for people 65 and older, remains a priority. According to CDC, while it can vary in how well it works, flu vaccination is the best tool currently available to protect against influenza infection. CDC recommends that – with rare exception – everyone aged 6 months and older should get an annual flu vaccination to protect themselves and their loved ones against the flu.
For more information on this season’s VE, including the answer to the question “Should people 65 and older still get vaccinated?” see Vaccine Effectiveness for 2012-2013.Top of Page
- Page last reviewed: March 29, 2013
- Page last updated: March 29, 2013
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Miller turns, for his setting, to the grim days of the Salem witch trials, and brings into focus an issue that still weighs heavily on the American civilization: the problem of guilt by association. Historical fiction.
From Arthur Miller, America's most celebrated playwright, a searing portrait of a community engulfed by hysteria, inspired by Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist "witch-hunts" in the 1950s "I believe that the reader will discover here the essential nature of one of the strangest and most awful chapters in human history," Arthur Miller wrote in an introduction to The Crucible , his classic play about the witch-hunts and trials in seventeenth-century Salem, Massachusetts. In the rigid theocracy of Salem, rumors that women are practicing witchcraft galvanize the town's most basic fears and suspicions; and when a young girl accuses Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch, self-righteous church leaders and townspeople insist that Elizabeth be brought to trial. The ruthlessness of the prosecutors and the eagerness of neighbor to testify against neighbor brilliantly illuminate the destructive power of socially sanctioned violence. Written in 1953, just after Miller received a Pulitzer Prize for Death of a Salesman, The Crucible mirrors the anti-communist hysteria inspired by Senator Joseph McCarthy's "witch-hunts" in the United States. Within the text itself, Miller contemplates the parallels, writing "Political opposition. . . is given an inhumane overlay, which then justifies the abrogation of all normally applied customs of civilized behavior. A political policy is equated with moral right, and opposition to it with diabolical malevolence. " .
Arthur Miller's Pulitzer Prize-winning play that forever changed the meaning of the American Dream Willy Loman, the protagonist of Death of a Salesman, has spent his life following the American way, living out his belief in salesmanship as a way to reinvent himself. But somehow the riches and respect he covets have eluded him. At age sixty-three, he searches for the moment his life took a wrong turn, the moment of betrayal that undermined his marriage and destroyed his relationship with Biff, the son in whom he invested his faith. Willy lives in a fragile world of elaborate excuses and daydreams, conflating past and present in a desperate attempt to make sense of himself and of a world that once promised so much. Widely considered Arthur Miller's masterpiece, Death of a Salesman has steadily seen productions all over the world since its 1949 debut, including the multiple Tony-award-winning 2012 Broadway production directed by Mike Nichols and starring Philip Seymour Hoffman as Willy Loman and Andrew Garfield as his son Biff. As the noted Miller scholar Christopher Bigsby states in his introduction to this edition, "If Willy's is an American dream, it is also a dream shared by all those who are aware of the gap between what they might have been and what they are. " .
Lawrence Newman is an ordinary man living in an ordinary neighborhood. He just wants to lead a quiet life; the possibility of violence against others such as the Jewish candy store owner on the corner may excite him but he would rather be an observer than a participant. Then he gets a new pair of glasses, and his troubles begin. suddenly he looks Jewish and people in his neighborhood and at his office start looking at him differently. Aafter he finds love with a woman who also looks Jewish but is not, things become more complicated and more frightening. Newman used to be tolerated if not totally endorsed by the members of the "christian front" who live in his block. Now they begin to regard him the same way they do finkelstein who owns the candy store. Instead of being one of the crowd, Newman has become an alien. What can he do to deny the false label of Jew? Or should he deny it? and this is the crux of this brilliant, wrenching novel. As Newman's visual focus changes with the new glasses, his mental focus also undergoes a change. He begins to question his own prejudices and values. His fear of danger and his need to belong clash with his growing uneasiness about the moral stand of the people he has hitherto admired, and he finds that the choices he makes will affect his life and his hope for love and happiness. This story takes place in 1945 but it is just as powerful and relevant today.
America's greatest playwright weaves "a vivid, crackling, idiomatic psychosexual horror tale. " -Frank Rich, The New York Times In A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller explores the intersection between one man's self-delusion and the brutal trajectory of fate. Eddie Carbone is a Brooklyn longshoreman, a hard-working man whose life has been soothingly predictable. He hasn't counted on the arrival of two of his wife's relatives, illegal immigrants from Italy; nor has he recognized his true feelings for his beautiful niece, Catherine. And in due course, what Eddie doesn't know-about her, about life, about his own heart-will have devastating consequences. "The play has moments of intense power. . . . Miller plays on the audience with the skill of a master. " -Clive Barnes, New York Post .
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A metallic taste in the mouth can be unpleasant and is not that uncommon. There are several possible explanations for the condition ranging from those which can be easily remedied to more serious underlying medical problems.
Metallic taste in mouth causes
A common cause is from bleeding, because the pigment in red blood cells contains iron. If you bite your tongue by accident, suffer trauma to the mouth, or have gum disease which can cause spontaneous bleeding from inflamed gums, then you will likely have a metal taste for a while, or notice it now and again.
Having such a taste in your mouth can also be caused by medication or by a physical condition which triggers an upset in your body chemistry.
Infection in the mouth and gingivitis, or gum disease, are localised causes but there might be an underlying more general cause, such as pregnancy causing hormonal changes, or an illness such as kidney stones, heart failure, diabetes or cancer.
Toxicity from a poison such as lead or mercury is another possibility. Amalgam fillings when new, or conversely when very old, can give off small amounts of mercury vapour and a slight metallic taste. The amounts of mercury released, however, are so small that this is not generally recognized (by scientific review) as a health problem.
There is a rare form of poisoning caused by plankton-eating fish such as herring and sardines called clupeotoxin poisoning and this can be quite serious.
Some vitamin supplements might induce a metal taste, but conversely a deficiency in some vitamins such as B12 or of minerals like zinc, can have a similar effect.
You might also become aware of a metallic taste if your sense of smell has recently been impaired, perhaps as a result of a cold, allergy, sinusitis, or nasal polyps. A metal taste is often experiencing when one has a persistent cough.
Other causes of the problem include smoking, dehydration, or reduced salivary gland function. A sore throat or antibiotic therapy can also disturb your sense of taste, at least for a while.
The sensation has been noticed by people suffering from head and neck conditions such as cancer or Bell’s palsy, or conditions like gastroesophageal reflux, diabetes, or Parkinson’s.
Most often, however,this issue results simply from poor oral hygiene inducing a chronic inflammation of the gums, together with other unhealthy lifestyle factors such as smoking.
The remedy for a metallic taste in your mouth depends, of course, on identifying the factor(s) causing the condition and eradicating them. This can often be simply a matter of undertaking proper, thorough tooth-brushing and flossing and giving up unhealthy habits such as smoking or heavy drinking.
Anyone who has a persistent bad taste in their mouth despite practising good oral hygiene, should check with their dentist for possible causes like gum disease, and then if necessary also see their doctor to check for any general systemic disease.
Keeping well hydrated during the course of a day helps to combat bad tastes, and a quick clean of the teeth in a mirror using dental floss after lunch can help keep the breath fresh and the mouth free from unpleasant tastes.
Advocates of certain branches of medicine such as traditional Chinese might interpret a metal taste in the mouth as indicative of a general body imbalance brought on by factors such as inadequate sleep, a poor diet, or too much stress. These could certainly be contributory factors to some degree and might warrant consideration.
A metallic taste can occur occasionally for reasons mentioned and is very rarely a serious sign. But a persistent problem needs to be investigated to determine the cause and remedy. | <urn:uuid:01fe15e5-663b-4227-bdd7-5b1d74238ad9> | {
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The nature of the line is critical in fly fishing, because the line is more massive than the fly, and it is actually the line which is cast.
In the 17th century the line was horsehair, but the fly was dropped on the water, not cast. Later fly lines were made of silk, and the sizes were identified by letters on a scale from A (0.060 inch in diameter) to I, decreasing in diameter by 0.005 inch with each step, so I was 0.020 inch in diameter.
The old system wasn't capable of describing all the ways the nylon and Dacron lines introduced after World War II differed. In particular, it didn't indicate density: nylon is less dense than silk, and Dacron denser. A new system was introduced in which letters indicated construction. “HCH”, for example, was a double taper line and “HCF” was a weight-forward line. Descriptions were sometimes added to the designation, such as “HCH sinking Dacron”.
In 1961, the American Fishing Tackle Manufacturers Assn. introduced a new system based on describing by a series of numbers the weight of the first 30 feet of the line, exclusive of any untapered tip on a tapered line.
Important characteristics were assigned code letters:
|L||level line, constant diameter|
A line is designated by giving the symbol for the taper, followed by the number for the weight, followed by the symbol for its sinking/floating characteristic. So, for example, a DT-9-F line would be double taper, the first 30 feet measured from the beginning of the taper would weigh between 230 and 350 grains, and it would float.
Notice that this system does not take into account the diameter, finish, composition, or braid of the line.
Copyright © 2000 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A new era in space exploration dawned Tuesday as a slender rocket shot into the dark Florida sky before sunrise, carrying the first private spacecraft bound for the International Space Station.
"We're now back on the brink of a new future, a future that embraces the innovation the private sector brings to the table," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said. "The significance of this day cannot be overstated."
The unmanned SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 3:44 a.m., carrying 1,300 pounds of food, clothing and scientific experiments on a demonstration mission to gauge the company's ability to safely and efficiently deliver supplies to astronauts staffing the orbiting station.
M Paul Lloyd wrote:I expect they are finally beginning to understand why space travel is so very expensive. )
Anonymous1952 wrote:SpaceX would be more accurately described as public private partnership than "commercial space travel".
At least 40% of the Dragon is publicly funded by NASA. Plus SpaceX is using the publicly financed facilities at Cape Canaveral. Their only "business" is supplying the ISS which is funded with taxes from around the world.
The problem is not the public private partnership which in many ways is very healthy and appropriate.
The problem is too many of those associated with SpaceX are opposing public funding of our social safety nets as they sing the praises of free market capitalism while at the same time they lap up massive subsidies from the public trough.
When hedge funds, venture capitalists, private business banks, and capital raised from stock sales fund 100% of such projects, then their advocates can brag about the success of private sector space travel.
"It looks like we've got us a dragon by the tail," NASA astronaut Don Pettit radioed to NASA Mission Control in Houston.
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Ask a question about 'Gypsy Breynton'
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is the heroine of an eponymous series of books written by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, born Mary Gray Phelps, was an American author and an early advocate of clothing reform for women, urging them to burn their corsets.- Biography :...
. The books were written in 1866-7 for Sunday school
Sunday school is the generic name for many different types of religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations.-England:The first Sunday school may have been opened in 1751 in St. Mary's Church, Nottingham. Another early start was made by Hannah Ball, a native of High Wycombe in...
s and so are of an improving nature. Gypsy, as the name indicates, is an impetuous tomboy
A tomboy is a girl who exhibits characteristics or behaviors considered typical of the gender role of a boy, including the wearing of typically masculine-oriented clothes and engaging in games and activities that are often physical in nature, and which are considered in many cultures to be the...
who lives a chaotic life lacking a system. Her development and experiences provide the basis for the restrained moralising of the stories.
The four books in the series are
- Gypsy Breynton
- Gypsy's Cousin Joy
- Gypsy's Sowing and Reaping
- Gypsy's Year at the Golden Crescent | <urn:uuid:2f465f72-b58b-4869-948a-924697aeb414> | {
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The Zulu are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique. Their language, isiZulu, is a Bantu language; more specifically, part of the Nguni subgroup. The Zulu Kingdom played a major role in South African History during the 19th and 20th centuries. Under apartheid, Zulu people were classed as third-class citizens and suffered from state sanctioned discrimination. They remain today the most numerous ethnic group in South Africa, and now have equal rights along with all other citizens.
The rural Zulu economy is based on cattle and agriculture. Consequently, the main staple diet consists of cow and agricultural products. This includes barbecued and boiled meat; amasi (curdled milk), mixed with dry, ground corn or dry, cooked mealie-meal (corn flour); amadumbe (yams); vegetables; and fruits. The Zulu traditional beer is not only a staple food but a considerable source of nutrition. It is also socially and ritually important and is drunk on all significant occasions.
Drinking and eating from the same plate was and still is a sign of friendship. It is customary for children to eat from the same dish, usually a big basin. This derives from a "share what you have" belief which is part of ubuntu (humane) philosophy.
Older Zulu women wear clothes that cover their bodies. They wear isicholo( Izzy-chow-low ), a wide hat made of straw and decorated with beads (ubuhlalu). They also wear isidwaba, a pleated skirt made of cowhide and softened by hand. Younger women sometimes decorate their 'isidwaba' with beads, whereas older women wear it plain. Clothing for Zulu girls is mainly made of beadwork and is usually revealing.
Beads are the pride of the Zulu nation. Zulu beadwork encompasses a symbolic language that may include reprimands and warnings, messages of love, and encouragement. Different beads carry symbolic meanings that may be used during courtship. When a young man proposes love from a woman, she gives him a gift of betrothal beads as an indication of her acceptance of him. This acceptance is usually followed by lobolo (bride price) by which the young man pays eleven cows to the woman’s family.
Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot Souvenir de Mortefontaine (1864), Louvre
Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (July 17, 1796 – February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter and printmaker in etching. Corot was the leading painter of the Barbizon school of France in the mid-nineteenth century. He is a pivotal figure in landscape painting and his vast output simultaneously references the Neo-Classical tradition and anticipates the plein-air innovations of Impressionism.
Corot was the leading painter of the Barbizon school of France in the mid-nineteenth century. He is a pivotal figure in landscape painting. His work simultaneously references the Neo-Classical tradition and anticipates the plein-air innovations of Impressionism. Of him Claude Monet exclaimed "There is only one master here—Corot. We are nothing compared to him, nothing." His contributions to figure painting are hardly less important; Degas preferred his figures to his landscapes, and the classical figures of Picasso pay overt homage to Corot's influence.
Historians somewhat arbitrarily divided his work into periods, but the point of division is never certain, as he often completed a picture years after he began it. In his early period, he painted traditionally and "tight"—with minute exactness, clear outlines, thin brush work, and with absolute definition of objects throughout. After his 50th year his methods changed to focus on breadth of tone and an approach to poetic power conveyed with thicker application of paint, and about 20 years later, from about 1865 onwards, his manner of painting became full of mystery and poetry, created with a more impressionistic touch. In part, this evolution in expression can be seen as marking the transition from the plein-air paintings of his youth, shot through with warm natural light, to the studio-created landscapes of his late maturity, enveloped in uniform tones of silver. In his final 10 years he became the "Père (Father) Corot" of Parisian artistic circles, where he was regarded with personal affection, and acknowledged as one of the five or six greatest landscape painters the world has seen, along with Hobbema, Claude Lorrain, Turner and Constable. In his long and productive life, he painted over 3,000 paintings.
Corot approached his landscapes more traditionally than is usually believed. By comparing even his late period tree-painting and arrangements to those of Claude Lorrain, such as that which hangs in the Bridgewater gallery, the similarity in methods is seen. Compared to the Impressionists who came later, Corot’s palette is restrained, dominated with browns and blacks (“forbidden colors” among the Impressionists) along with dark and silvery green. Though appearing at times to be rapid and spontaneous, usually his strokes were controlled and careful, and his compositions well-thought out and generally rendered as simply and concisely as possible, heightening the poetic effect of the imagery. As he stated, “I noticed that everything that was done correctly on the first attempt was more true, and the forms more beautiful.”
In the 1860s, Corot became interested in photography, taking photos himself and becoming acquainted with many early photographers, which had the effect of suppressing his painting palette even more in sympathy with the monochromic tones of photographs. This had the result of making his paintings even less dramatic but somewhat more poetic, a result which caused some critics to cite a monotony in his later output. Théophile Thoré wrote that Corot “has only a single octave, extremely limited and in a minor key; a musician would say. He knows scarcely more than a single time of day, the morning, and a single color, pale grey.” Corot responded:
“What there is to see in painting, or rather what I am looking for, is the form, the whole, the value of the tones…That is why for me the color comes after, because I love more than anything else the overall effect, the harmony of the tones, while color gives you a kind of shock that I don’t like. Perhaps it is the excess of this principal that makes people say I have leaden tones.”
In his aversion to shocking color, Corot sharply diverged from the up-and-coming Impressionists, who embraced experimentation with vivid hues.
In addition to the landscapes (so popular was the late style that there exist numerous forgeries), Corot produced a number of prized figure pictures. While the subjects were sometimes placed in pastoral settings, these were mostly studio pieces, drawn from the live model with both specificity and subtlety. Like his landscapes, they are characterized by a contemplative lyricism, with his late paintings L’Algerienne (Algerian Woman) and La Jeune Grecque (The Greek Girl) being fine examples. Corot painted about fifty portraits, mostly of family and friends. He also painted thirteen reclining nudes, with his Les Repos (1860) strikingly similar in pose to Ingres famous Le Grande Odalisque (1814), but Corot’s female is instead a rustic bacchante. In perhaps his last figure painting, ‘’Lady in Blue’’ (1874), Corot achieves an effect reminiscent of Degas, soft yet expressive. In all cases of his figure painting, the color is restrained and is remarkable for its strength and purity. Corot also executed many etchings and pencil sketches. Some of the sketches used a system of visual symbols—circles representing areas of light and squares representing shadow. He also experimented with the cliché-verre process—a hybrid of photography and engraving. Starting in the 1830s, Corot also painted decorative panels and walls in the homes of friends, aided by his students.
Corot summed up his approach to art around 1860, “I interpret with my art as much as with my eye.”
The works of Corot are housed in museums in France and the Netherlands, Britain and America.
Pettson and Findus is a series of children’s books written and illustrated by Swedish author Sven Nordqvist. The books feature an old farmer (Pettson) and his cat (Findus) who live in a small ramshackle farmhouse in the countryside. The first of the Pettson och Findus book to be published was Pannkakstårten in 1985 (first published in English in 2007 as Pancake Pie).
To date, nine story books have been published in Swedish, plus a puzzle book, song book and cook book. The books have worldwide book sales of over 6 million and have been translated into 44 languages. There are two alternative English translations of the characters' names: in the books published in the UK by Hawthorn Press, as well as those published in English by Swedish publisher Opal, they have the original names, Pettson and Findusin, while in the books published in the USA by Carolrhoda Books they are called Festus and Mercury.
In addition to the books, there are also three Pettson and Findus 75-minute long animated films, an animated TV series of 26 25-minute parts, computer games and board games. In December 1993, the Swedish TV company SVT broadcast one of the Pettson and Findus stories, Tomtemaskinen (The mechanical santa), as its annual Christmas “Advent calendar”, with one 15-minute part shown each day up until Christmas Eve. In 2000 the world of Pettson and Findus was recreated full scale at the Junibacken Children’s Museum in Stockholm.
The Moomins are the central characters in a series of books and a comic strip by Finnish illustrator and writer Tove Jansson, originally published in Swedish by Schildts (and later in Finnish by WSOY) in Finland. They are a family of trolls who are white, round and furry in appearance, with large snouts that make them resemble hippopotamuses. The carefree and adventurous family live in their house in Moominvalley, in the forests of Finland, though in the past their temporary residences have included a lighthouse and a theatre. They have many adventures along with their various friends.
In all, nine books were released in the series, with five picture books and a comic strip also written by Jansson being released between 1945 and 1993.
The Moomins have since been the basis for numerous television series, films and even a theme park in Finland.
The books in the series, in order, are:
1. The Moomins and the Great Flood (Originally: Småtrollen och den stora översvämningen) - 1945. 2. Comet in Moominland, Some editions: The Happy Moomins - (Originally: Kometjakten/Kometen kommer) - 1946. 3. Finn Family Moomintroll (Originally: Trollkarlens hatt) - 1948. 4. The Exploits of Moominpappa, Some editions: Moominpappa's Memoirs (Originally: Muminpappans bravader/Muminpappans memoarer) - 1950. 5. Moominsummer Madness (Originally: Farlig midsommar) - 1954. 6. Moominland Midwinter (Originally: Trollvinter) - 1957. 7. Tales from Moominvalley (Originally: Det osynliga barnet) - 1962 (Short stories). 8. Moominpappa at Sea (Originally: Pappan och havet) - 1965. 9. Moominvalley in November (Originally: Sent i november) - 1970 (In which the Moomin family is absent).
The first book, known in English as The Moomins and the Great Flood (Originally: Småtrollen och den stora översvämningen) was finally published in English in 2005 (though only in Finland).
There are also five Moomin picture books by Tove Jansson:
1. The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My (Originally: Hur gick det sen) - 1952. 2. Who Will Comfort Toffle? (Originally: Vem ska trösta knyttet) - 1960. 3. The Dangerous Journey (Originally: Den farliga resan) - 1977. 4. An Unwanted Guest (Originally: Skurken i Muminhuset) - 1980 (No English translation published). 5. Songs from Moominvalley (Originally: Visor från Mumindalen) - 1993 (No English translation published).
The books and comic strips have been translated from their original Swedish and English into many languages.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA is an Arab country and the largest country of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Jordan on the northwest, Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west.
The Kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. In English, it is most commonly referred to as Saudi Arabia. The current Kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State.
Saudi Arabia is the world's leading petroleum exporter. Petroleum exports fuel the Saudi economy.
Two new stamps sets devoted to 200th anniversary of N. V. Gogol are available since 1st April 2009.
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (1 April [O.S. 20 March] 1809 – 4 March [O.S. 21 February] 1852) was a Ukrainian-born Russian writer. Although his early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, were heavily influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing and identity, he is often called the "father of modern Russian realism he was one of the first writers to criticize his country's way of life. The novels Taras Bul'ba (1835; 1842 [revised edition]) and Dead Souls (1842), the play The Inspector-General (1836, 1842), and the short stories Diary of a Madman, The Nose and The Overcoat (1842) are among his best known works. With their scrupulous and scathing realism, ethical criticism as well as philosophical depth, they remain some of the most important works of world literature.
The film by the Nikolay Gogol's book "Taras Bulba" will be released on April, 2nd 2009.
New stamps set devoted to 150th anniversary of A. S. Popov is available since 16th March 2009.
Alexander Stepanovich Popov (March 16 [O.S. March 4] 1859 – January 13 [O.S. December 31, 1905] 1906) was a Russian physicist who first demonstrated the practical application of electromagnetic (radio) waves, although he did not apply for a patent for his invention.
Beginning in the early 1890s he continued the experiments of other radio pioneers, such as Heinrich Hertz. In 1894 he built his first radio receiver, a version of the coherer. Further refined as a lightning detector, it was presented to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7, 1895 — the day has been celebrated in the Russian Federation as "Radio Day". The paper on his findings was published the same year. In March 1896, he effected transmission of radio waves between different campus buildings in St Petersburg. Upon learning about Guglielmo Marconi's system, he effected ship-to-shore communication over a distance of 6 miles in 1898 and 30 miles in 1899.
The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família, often simply called the Sagrada Família, is a massive Roman Catholic church under construction in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Construction began in 1882 and continues to this day. The temple is scheduled to open for worship by September 2010.
The Sagrada Familia was designed by Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), who worked on the project for over 40 years. Gaudi devoted the last 15 years of his life entirely to the endeavor. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2026. On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked, "My client is not in a hurry." After Gaudí's death in 1926, work continued under the direction of Domènech Sugranyes until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936.
Parts of the unfinished church and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war by Catalan anarchists. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the lost plans as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940 the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The current director and son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol, has been introducing computers into the design and construction process since the 1980s. Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher. Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades.
According to the newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya, 2.26 million people visited the partially built church in 2004, making it one of the most popular attractions in Spain. The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse. As of 2006, work concentrates on the crossing and supporting structure for the main tower of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave which will become the Glory façade.
Recently, the Ministry of Public Works of Spain (Ministerio de Fomento in Spanish), has projected the construction of a tunnel for the high speed train just under where the principal façade of the temple has to be built. Although the ministry claims that the project poses no risk to the church, the engineers and architects of the temple disagree as there is no guarantee that the tunnel will not affect the stability of the building. A campaign is being waged by the Sagrada Família preservation society (Patronat de la Sagrada Família) and the neighbourhood association AVE pel Litoral.
Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet (25 June 1852–10 June 1926) – in English sometimes referred to by the Spanish translation of his name, Antonio Gaudí – was a Spanish Catalan architect who belonged to the Modernist style (Art Nouveau) movement and was famous for his unique and highly individualistic designs.
List of Gaudí buildings:
Bellesguard's Tower Barcelona 1900-1909 Casa Milà Barcelona 1905-1907 Casa Batlló Barcelona 1905-1907 Casa Botines Leon 1891- Casa Calvet Barcelona 1888-1900 Episcopal Palace of Astorga Astorga (Leon) 1883-1913 El Capricho Comillas (Cantabria) 1889- Sagrada Familia Barcelona 1882-now Casa Vicens Barcelona 1883-1888 Church of Colònia Güell Santa Coloma de Cervelló(Barcelona) 1908-1914 Park Güell Barcelona 1883-1888 Palau Güell Barcelona 1885-1890 Hotel Attraction New York Only Project
The University of Alaska Fairbanks, located in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, is the flagship campus of the University of Alaska System, and is abbreviated as Alaska or UAF. UAF is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant institution, as well as participating in the sun-grant program through Oregon State University. It is also the site where the Alaska Constitution was signed in 1956. UAF was established in 1917 as the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines, first opening for classes in 1922.
UAF is home to seven major research units: the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station; the Geophysical Institute, which operates the Poker Flat Research Range; the International Arctic Research Center; the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center; the Institute of Arctic Biology; the Institute of Marine Science; and the Institute of Northern Engineering. Located just 200 miles south of the Arctic Circle, the Fairbanks campus's unique location is situated favorably for Arctic and northern research. The campus's several lines of research are renowned worldwide, most notably in Arctic biology, Arctic engineering, geophysics, supercomputing, and aboriginal studies. The University of Alaska Museum of the North is also on the Fairbanks campus.
In addition to the Fairbanks campus, UAF encompasses seven rural and urban campuses: Bristol Bay Campus in Dillingham; Chukchi Campus in Kotzebue; Interior-Aleutians Campus, which covers both the Aleutian Islands and the Interior; Kuskokwim Campus in Bethel; Northwest Campus in Nome; and the Tanana Valley Campus in Fairbanks, UAF's community college arm. Fairbanks is also the home of the UAF Center for Distance Education, an independent learning and distance delivery program.
Thanks KRIS! It will be great if you will send your postal address to my e-mail. BLOG
The Miag-ao Church was built in 1786 by Spanish Augustinian missionaries and was declared as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Baroque Churches of the Philippines" in 1993. On the front facade, which is flanked by two watchtower belfries, one can see the unique blending of Spanish and native influences.
The central feature of the bas-relief facade is a large coconut tree which reaches almost to the apex. While an integral part of the Philippine landscape, the coconut tree is also the subject of lore. According to an old Philippine legend, the coconut tree was the only bequest from a loving mother to her two children, a tree which sustained them for life. On the church's facade the coconut tree appears as the "tree of life" to which St. Christopher carrying the Child Jesus on his shoulder is clinging to. The lesser facades feature the daily life of Miagaowanons during the time. Also depicted are other native flora and fauna, as well as native dress.
The church and its watchtowers were also built to defend the town and its people against raids by the Moros. It therefore has thick walls and, reportedly, secret passages. Indeed stretching along the Iloilo coast are defensive towers, but none that equal the size of the Miag-ao. It is because of this defensive purpose that it is sometimes referred to as the Miag-ao Fortress Church.
Friesland is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known as Frisia. In order to distinguish it from the other Frisian regions, it is commonly specified as Westerlauwer Frisia, Westerlauwer Friesland, West Frisia or West Friesland. The latter two names may lead people to confuse the region with the neighbouring landscape called 'West-Friesland', in the North Holland province.
Up until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân.
Friesland has 643,000 inhabitants (2005) and its capital is Leeuwarden (Ljouwert), with 91,817 inhabitants, in the center of the province.
Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the area governed by the Republic of China (ROC), which governs the island of Taiwan, Diaoyu Island, Paracel Islands, Itu Aba Island among Nansha Qundao(Islands) known as Spratly Islands, Orchid Island and Green Island in the Pacific off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands off the coast of Mainland China which are both part of Fujian province in the People's Republic of China and Republic of China. In the aftermath of World War II, the ROC gained control of Taiwan from the Japanese in 1945, but lost control of mainland China to Chinese Communist Party 4 years later in 1949 as a result of the Chinese Civil War. The Kuomintang (KMT) government then retreated to the island and moved the capital to Taipei. The island groups of Taiwan and Penghu (except the municipalities of Taipei and Kaohsiung) are officially administered by the ROC as the Taiwan Province. In practice, almost all government power is exercised at the national and local (city/county) levels.
The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims Taiwan as its province although the PRC has never controlled Taiwan or any of the current territory commonly referred to as "Taiwan". Taiwan had been a part of China for hundreds of years until Japanese took it over in 1895, it is currently under the administration of the Republic of China since 1945. In 1895, Japan took control of Taiwan following the military defeat of the Qing Dynasty in First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan later fell under Chinese control again after Japan surrendered to the Allies subsequent to Japan's military defeat in World War II. The PRC considers itself the successor state of the Republic of China and therefore entitled to all its holdings, including Taiwan.
The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa (from Portuguese (Ilha) Formosa, meaning "beautiful (island)"), is located in East Asia off the coast of China, southwest of the main islands of Japan but directly west of the end of Japan's Ryukyu Islands, and north-northwest of the Philippines. It is bound to the east by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait, to the west by the Taiwan Strait and to the north by the East China Sea. The island is 394 kilometers (245 miles) long and 144 kilometers (89 miles) wide and consists of steep mountains covered by tropical and subtropical vegetation.
Though for decades following the re-establishment of the Republic of China in Taiwan, it was politically a single-party authoritarian state, the ROC has since evolved into a flawed democracy in Asia. Its rapid economic growth in the decades after World War 2 and the government's relocation to Taiwan has brought it to an advanced economy status as one of the Four Asian Tigers. This economic rise is known as the Taiwan Miracle. It is categorized as an advanced economy by the IMF and high-income economy by the world bank. Its technology industry plays a key role in the global economy. Taiwanese companies manufacture a giant portion of the world's consumer electronics, although most of them are made in their factories in mainland China.
Latvia is a North European Baltic country in European Union. It is bordered to the north by Estonia, to the south by Lithuania, and to the east both by Belarus and the Russian Federation. Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers 64,589 km² and has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian, but not with the Estonian language. Today the Latvian and Lithuanian languages are the only surviving members of the Baltic languages of the Indo-European family. The modern name of Latvia is thought to originate from the ancient Latvian name Latvji, which, like the name of Lithuania, may have originated from the river named Latva or Latuva, which may be today's Lates upe.
Latvia is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into 26 districts. The capital and largest city is Riga.
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with her son, the Tsarevich Alexei, 1913
Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (later Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova) (6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918), was Empress consort of Russia as spouse of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of the Russian Empire. Born a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, she was given the name Alexandra Feodorovna upon being received into the Russian Orthodox Church, which canonised her as Saint Alexandra the Passion Bearer in 2000.
Interest in Islamic art has grown enormously in recent years. Reflecting this awareness, in December 1998 Malaysia became home to Southeast Asia’s largest museum of Islamic art. The building occupies 30,000 square metres, situated amid the leafy surroundings of central Kuala Lumpur’s Lake Gardens.
The Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia houses more than seven thousand artefacts, as well has an exceptional library of Islamic-art books. The art objects on display range from the tiniest pieces of jewellery to one of the world’s largest scale models of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. The aim is to create a collection that is truly representative of the Islamic world. Instead of concentrating on works from the heartlands of Persia and the Middle East, IAMM also puts the emphasis on Asia. China and Southeast Asia are especially well represented. The third component of the Malaysian melting pot is India, which is also given special status. India, China and the Malay world are in an exceptional category. Other parts of the collection are displayed according to type rather than geographical origins in the museum’s 12 galleries.
The style of the museum building is modern, with an Islamic feel created by the details rather than by the structure itself. Iranian tile workers transformed the iwan-style entrance into a ceramic tapestry that frames a welcoming verse from the Qur’an. On the roof, these artisans turned the dome-construction traditions of Central Asia into the building’s crowning glory. The turquoise-coloured domes are now a landmark on the Kuala Lumpur skyline.
Inside the building, the angularity of 21st century design is contrasted with the soft, rounded forms of the five domes that dominate the museum’s interior. Laboured over by craftsmen from Uzbekistan, these imposing features help form an ambience that is both airy and harmony. The seamless continuity of light and space is maintained throughout the galleries and into other areas of the museum, such as the library and the restaurant.
It is the Pierre Auguste Renoir's "Two girls at the piano" (1883) on the postcard. This painting was shown in Rome at the exghibition “La maturita tra classico e moderno” in 2008. Description of the exghibition follows: "The exhibition is called “La maturità tra classico e moderno” is dedicated to Renoir’s artistic production which followed his journey in Italy, by retracing this phase of his work through an itinerary made up of 150 pictures.
The painter arrived to Italy in autumn 1881, going from the North to the South of the country. Renoir’s journey initially was just a study and work trip, to search inspiration, a motivating force to take himself out of the Impressionist movement. Inspiration which swept the artist and which came from the vision and study of Italian classic artworks, proved by notes, sketches and drafts gathered in a sort of travel book which Renoir wrote during his stay in italy.
Therefore the exhibition tries to emphasize the importance of this Italian “awakening” of the artist, but also highlights the absolut variety of the artistic genius of Renoir, who during his long career used different tecniques to paint very different subjects.
The exhibition’s artworks which come from prestigious private collections from all over the world, portrait young women in their simple acts and activities but full of sensuality, so…mothers, ladies and children, but also the more recent artworks dedicated to the landscapes.
Therefore the exhibition remarks on this artist’s complexity, who gets lost between lights and colours, and who was swept up by inspiration which he had to follow and to adapt to his mood and to every period of his life."(Source)
A Coruña is the most North-western Atlantic-facing province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and North, the Pontevedra Province to the South and the Lugo Province to the East.
Galicia is an autonomous community in northwest Spain, and was one of the first kingdoms of Europe (Kingdom of Galicia). Its component provinces are A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra. It borders Portugal to the south, the Spanish regions of Castile and León and Asturias to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west.
Hello! My name is Yana. Welcome to my blog, devoted to my hobby!
I collecting New Year and Christmas stamps, art stamps and stamps with Mozart.
Also I collecting postcards with city and town views, land views, art postcards, music related postcards, Nouvelles Images postcards, New Year and Christmas themed postcards and so on.
I have a dream to open a museum of New Year where I can show my postcards and stamps collection and to demostrate a symbols of New Year from many countries, to tell about New Year celebration in various countries.
Not a long time ago I began collecting tickets:
It is my address:
Togliatti, Samara obl.,
P.O. box 5154 | <urn:uuid:54ad51fa-4a26-474a-9c49-8df72d0ddede> | {
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Champlain and the Founding of Quebec
"I arrived there on the 3rd of July, wrote Samuel de Champlain in 1608, "when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement, but I could find none more convenient or better situated than the point of Quebec.”
"I arrived there on the 3rd of July, wrote Samuel de Champlain in 1608, "when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement, but I could find none more convenient or better situated than the point of Quebec.” Champlain stepped ashore and unfurled the fleur-de-lys, marking the beginning of that city and indeed of Canada.
Until Champlain, the entire New World adventure had brought only disappointment and death for France. Explorers from Jacques Cartier to the Sieur de Monts had all failed to leave any permanent mark.
Champlain the visionary would change that history. He dreamed not only of adding a great domain to France but of bringing wealth through the fur trade, of spreading the faith and of penetrating the mysteries of the great and baffling continent. He persuaded the Sieur de Monts to write off his Acadian ventures and fired him with a new energy for an expedition to Quebec. There, he told De Monts, he would "plant himself on the great River of St Lawrence, where commerce and traffic can be carried on much better than in Acadie. De Monts got his trade monopoly renewed, appointed Champlain governor and set the shipwrights of Honfleur to work modifying vessels for the voyage to Canada.
De Monts sent one ship, Le Levrier, under the command of Gravé du Pont to trade at Tadoussac. Le Don de Dieu, commanded by Champlain, was sent to establish a post at Quebec.
Le Don de Dieu sailed from Honfleur on April 13, 1608, raised Cape St Mary's, Nfld, on May 26 and reached Tadoussac on June 3. There, Gravé du Pont was a virtual prisoner of the tough Basques who ridiculed his claim to a monopoly on trade. Champlain, the consummate diplomat, made peace with the Basques and resumed his course up the St Lawrence, arriving off Cap Diamant on July 3.
Champlain set the men to work felling the butternut trees. They dug sawpits and sawed the logs into planks. Their "habitation was an ambitious structure of three stories, a kind of miniature Bastille. It had a gallery running around the outside and was embellished with a dovecote, which only nobles were allowed to set up in France. The whole structure had a moat around it and a drawbridge before the main entrance. Most of the materials were prepared on the spot but the handsome glazed windows were brought from France.
Before the work was done, Champlain had to put down a mutiny. Several of his men, angered that they were not to share in the profits of the fur trade, planned to murder him and sell out to the Basques. One of the conspirators lost his nerve and told Champlain, who arrested the gang of five. A hastily arranged trial found all five guilty. The ringleader, Jean Duval, was hanged and his head was stuck on a pike; the others were sent back to France in chains for punishment.
|Champlain built the "habitation" which was part fort and part village in 1608 at the site of present-day Québec City (courtesy John Ross Robertson Coll/Metropolitan Toronto Library).|
After the crisis the work resumed through September and some land was cleared and planted with winter wheat and rye. Everything was made ready, but the first winter was severe. A harsh frost descended in October and snow in mid-November. Eighteen men were afflicted by scurvy and ten died.
When spring finally broke up the ice in April 1609, only eight of the 24 men who wintered at Quebec were still alive. Yet the ever-confident Champlain made preparations to set off on an expedition against the Iroquois.
These days, it is incorrect to praise the exploits of European explorers. There is understandable sympathy for the First Nations who were "discovered and who suffered the consequences of an invasion. Meanwhile, historians are busy disputing that history is made by "great men or that in Champlain's case that his legend was formed at the expense of his Protestant colleague De Monts. Nevertheless, most of us cling to the idea that individuals do change the course of history and that special admiration is due to those who influence the beginnings of things. In Canada, at the head of such a list, stands Samuel de Champlain.
As an American poet once put it, Canada is a country almost invented out of his single brain. "This was a great adventurer, a tremendous energy, one of the foremost colonizers of our continent." | <urn:uuid:bbda4301-d18f-4e32-89ae-657455e00fa9> | {
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Celiac Diagnosis Changes Boy’s Life
Whatever the reason, an untold number of people will remain undiagnosed for years. This is because many physicians in North America still consider it a digestive disease and are often unaware of its daunting variety of symptoms.
“You can be irritable and tired, you can have symptoms of schizophrenia or ADHD, or you can experience tingling in your hands and your feet,” Green says. Or, you may lack coordination, have restless legs and seizures. “It can be a neurological or psychological condition.”
A recent Canadian case study illustrates this: the boy involved had celiac disease but his symptoms had been confused with autism.
“Just as vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, thiamine insufficiency can cause beriberi and vitamin D inadequacy can lead to rickets – deficiency of certain essential nutrients can result in brain malfunction, potentially manifesting as a developmental disorder,” wrote Edmonton physician Dr. Stephen Genuis.
Given that celiac disease can affect the brain and development, Green notes the importance of screening for it. “You’d think people should be routinely screened more often, especially since the treatment, a gluten-free diet, is so simple,” he says.
But on this continent, “the prevalent thinking is that if symptoms such as stomach bloat are not present, then look elsewhere for a cause.” Green can’t emphasize celiac tests enough.
Many parents of autistic children will experiment with a gluten-free diet, hopeful for improvement. Yet Green says that no matter the effects of the diet, it is important to test for celiac because the disease could be the cause of neurological symptoms.
If there is an official diagnosis of celiac, you’d know that the gluten-free diet requires lifelong adherence, and this would indicate that other family members need testing, as the Murphys discovered.
The first step in screening is a blood test. If that is positive, it’s usually followed by a biopsy of the small intestine to confirm the diagnosis. Screening must take place while patients are still eating gluten because if they stop, the test can result in a false negative.
Next Page: Other Children Get The Diagnosis | <urn:uuid:7b7d9dcb-8fe3-494e-ba09-a0442fe0b2a0> | {
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Hardly Nothing else worries a mother, more than her child’s fever spikes.
Is there any physiological need of fever. Is there any positive impact of having fever in human, when we are fighting against an infection?
Yes. Fever has a positive impact on health of both children and adults, when they face the challenge posed by different kinds of infections.
Evidence is accumulating on this regard..
We are only opposing the positive effects of fever on our system that is trying to help us, by giving fever controlling medications
Fever is part of the body’s natural response to infection. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there must be some benefit to it
In evolutionary terms, ” fever ” the human’s response would have given a fighting chance of survival. In more biological terms, there is evidence that some microorganisms are adversely affected by temperatures above 37°C and some host response mechanisms perform better at higher body temperatures.
We doctors meticulously prescribe paracetamol and advice the parents to give it …after vaccination…
Is it the right thing to do?
It has been shown in studies that if we use paracetamol to control fever, then the desired effect of producing the antibody levels ( the chemicals that fights against infective agents) decreases. Meaning that we could be potentially decreasing the effectiveness of vaccines.
Fever is beneficial and it is a trivial issue in most minor illnesses such as coughs and colds. But how about the effects of paracetamol in sick children and adults in intensive care?
It has been shown that treating fever even in sick children and adults are not very beneficial.
But It is true that very high body temperatures can disrupt cellular metabolism and cause organ damage. Temperatures above 41.5°C is called hyperthermia, and temperatures this high can cause significant morbidity including brain damage and hence it is important to bring down such high temperatures pretty quickly.
Does reducing the fever with medicine, help avoiding fever related fits in children
There is no evidence to suggest that it helps to reduce the chanes of febrile fits ( fever related fits)
Paracetamol use isn’t very useful..It it so … should we be using paracetamol just because it is so safe… 🤒is it really safe?
Evidence is accumulating on this regard that it is not a wonder drug of safety if it is used on long term basis
Then…What is the only purpose of giving paracetamol in children and adults?
The purpose of using antipyretics (fever medications) is to alleviate the discomfort of a child, not for fever per se
If your child has fever but he or she is running around, then you do not need to give them any medications just to control the fever…Same thing is applicable to you grown ups…
Fever…It is hot, but chill out and don’t take any medications.…
(Paediatricians like me would be interested in what causes the fever, rather than the fever per se..There is always exceptions… Fever in an infant below 6 months of age, needs thorough evaluation) | <urn:uuid:e7bbc833-b43e-4ded-837d-8c8966167ac6> | {
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Definition of basilar in English:
Of or situated at the base of something, especially of the skull, or of the organ of Corti in the ear.
- Transverse sections through the pons show that it consists of two parts - the basilar, or ventral pons, and the dorsally located pontine tegmentum.
- Many arterial branches arise from the vertebral and basilar artery to supply the medulla oblongata and the pons.
- The sphenoidal sinus may be absent or small; it may be very large and extend into the basilar process of the occipital bone, the greater or lesser wings of the sphenoid, or the pterygoid processes.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:ff3914c0-8caa-4ea9-8f81-ec3fd29bd500> | {
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Dr Sarfati, a Ph.D. chemist, explores some of the most-cited ‘explanations’ of biochemical evolution, and shows how they point to a Creator, not ‘time and chance’.
An animation of the basics of a cell’s protein synthesis system. Origin-of-life scenarios need to explain how this came into existence without (supernatural) intelligent design (see points 14 and 15).
There is almost universal agreement among specialists that earth’s primordial atmosphere contained no methane, ammonia or hydrogen — ‘reducing’ gases. Rather, most evolutionists now believe it contained carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Miller-type sparking experiments will not work with those gases in the absence of reducing gases. See The Primitive Atmosphere.
The atmosphere contained free oxygen, which would destroy organic compounds. Oxygen would be produced by photodissociation of water vapour. Oxidized minerals such as hematite are found as early as 3.8 billion years old, almost as old as the earliest rocks, and 300 million older than the earliest life. There is also evidence for organisms complex enough to photosynthesize at 3.7 billion of years ago (Rosing, M.T. and Frei, R., U-rich Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland—indications of >3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 217:237–244, 2004). Also, red jasper or hematite-rich chert cored from layers allegedly 3.46 billion years old showed that ‘there had to be as much oxygen in the atmosphere 3.46 billion years ago as there is in today’s atmosphere. To have this amount of oxygen, the Earth must have had oxygen producing organisms like cyanobacteria actively producing it, placing these organisms much earlier in Earth’s history than previously thought.’ (Deep-sea rocks point to early oxygen on Earth, 24 March 2009) NB: these ‘dates’ are according to the evolutionary/uniformitarian framework, which I strongly reject on both biblical and scientific grounds — see How long were the days mentioned in the Biblical creation account? and Evidence for a Young World).
Catch-22: if there was no oxygen there would be no ozone, so ultraviolet light would destroy biochemicals. Also, the hydrogen cyanide polymerization that is alleged to lead to adenine can occur only in the presence of oxygen (see Eastman et al., Exploring the Structure of a Hydrogen Cyanide Polymer by Electron Spin Resonance and Scanning Force Microscopy, Scanning 2:19–24, p. 20).
All energy sources that produce the biochemicals destroy them even faster! The Miller–Urey experiments used strategically designed traps to isolate the biochemicals as soon as they were formed so the sparks/UV did not destroy them. Without the traps, even the tiny amounts obtained would not have been formed.
Biochemicals would react with each other or with inorganic chemicals. Sugars (and other carbonyl (>C=O) compounds) react destructively with amino acids (and other amino (–NH2) compounds), but both must be present for a cell to form.
Without enzymes from a living cell, formaldehyde (HCHO) reactions with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are necessary for the formation of DNA and RNA bases, condensing agents, etc. But HCHO and especially HCN are deadly poisons — HCN was used in the Nazi gas chambers! They destroy vital proteins.
Abundant Ca2+ ions would precipitate fatty acids (necessary for cell membranes) and phosphate (necessary for such vital compounds as DNA, RNA, ATP, etc.). Metal ions readily form complexes with amino acids, hindering them from more important reactions.
No geological evidence has been found anywhere on earth for the alleged primordial soup. See Primeval soup — failed paradigm
Depolymerisation is much faster than polymerisation. Water is a poor medium for condensation polymerisation. Polymers will hydrolyse in water over geological time. Condensing agents (water absorbing chemicals) require acid conditions and they could not accumulate in water. Heating to evaporate water tends to destroy some vital amino acids, racemise all the amino acids, and requires geologically unrealistic conditions. Besides, heating amino acids with other gunk produced by Miller experiments would destroy them. See Origin of Life: The Polymerization Problem.
Polymerisation requires bifunctional molecules (can combine with two others), and is stopped by a small fraction of unifunctional molecules (can combine with only one other, thus blocking one end of the growing chain). Miller experiments produce five times more unifunctional molecules than bifunctional molecules. See Origin of Life: The Polymerization Problem.
Sugars are destroyed quickly after the reaction (‘formose’) which is supposed to have formed them. Also, the alkaline conditions needed to form sugars are incompatible with acid conditions required to form polypeptides with condensing agents. See The RNA World: A Critique.
Long time periods do not help the evolutionary theory if biochemicals are destroyed faster than they are formed (cf. points 4, 7, & 9).
Not all of the necessary ‘building blocks’ are formed; e.g. ribose and cytosine are hard to form and are very unstable. See Origin of life: Instability of building blocks.
Life requires catalysts which are specific for a single type of molecule. This requires specific amino acid sequences, which have extremely low probabilities (~10–650 for all the enzymes required). Prebiotic polymerisation simulations yield random sequences, not functional proteins or enzymes. See Proteins and Casket Draws, Could monkeys type the 23rd Psalm? and Cheating with Chance.
The origin of coding system of proteins on DNA is an enigma. So is the origin of the message encoded, which is extraneous to the chemistry, as a printed message is to ink molecules. Code translation apparatus and replicating machinery are themselves encoded — a vicious circle. A code cannot self-organize. See Self-Replicating Enzymes? | <urn:uuid:cbc348c7-711c-497b-906c-d88676e18daf> | {
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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
(of a communications system or computer circuit) allowing the transmission of signals in both directions but not simultaneously.
- ‘Two-way radio is the classic half-duplex medium of communication.’
- ‘The Land Mobile Radio system provides intermixed digital voice and data transmission over multiple 9,600 baud, half-duplex channels.’
- ‘This is because 802.11 allows only for half-duplex communication.’
- ‘With the latest integrated power amplifier allowing an output power of 5dBm, it meets the need for a cost-effective and physically small half-duplex data transceiver.’
- ‘AGP is only a half-duplex interface, so data can be going from system memory to graphics memory or vice versa, but not both at the same time.’
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:4b196339-e20c-4913-a0fa-d8d223fb3b51> | {
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Well, depends on the definition of optimization:
#More of a C-style optimization for memory usage
for i in range(len(string)/2): #rounds down, which is OK because middle letter can be ignored
if string[i] != string[-i-1]:
else: return True
#Optimizes developer time XD
return string == reverse(string)
I'm a big fan of http://projecteuler.net/
for programming puzzles. A friend of mine would try to solve each one with 1 line.
Originally Posted by Tonsko
Apologies for thread resurrection.
I saw this last night while browsing, and it's a nice little problem, if not especially taxing. As a novice, I originally thought it would be best to break it down into an array and do something complicated such as reversing the order of the array and then comparing them. But there is no need - after further reading, having seen the string tools available. Once I was thinking along those lines, it took about 20 mins.
So here's a solution (in python rather than C) - anyone got any optimisation tips?
length = len(string)
while j > 0:
if string[i] == string[j-1]:
print 'Not a palindrome'
if j == 0:
print 'Word is a palindrome'
input = raw_input()
The mild advantage of this is that it's not typed, so works equally well with palindromic numbers. For the c problem, I guess you'd have to put in some type checking to sanitise the input before doing anything. | <urn:uuid:d04054b2-c160-48b2-9ced-33c0dccad00a> | {
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The Handbook for 1940, which is the thirty-second issue, is arranged similarly to that of last year. The chief changes are: (1) The table of constellations has been re-set, giving the English as well as the Latin names; (2) The table of brightest stars has been completely revised by Dr. Harper and includes the latest available information; (3) An account of the transit of Mercury in 1940 is given.
The small star maps at the back necessarily contain only a few objects. Four similar maps 9 inches in diameter are obtainable from the Director of University Extension, University of Toronto, for one cent each. Observers desiring fuller information are recommended to obtain Norton’s Star Atlas and Reference Handbook (Gall and Inglis, price 12s 6d; supplied also by Eastern Science Supply Co., Boston, Mass.). The sixth edition contains late information.
For the preparation of the material in the volume Dr. F. S. Hogg, Assistant Editor, is largely responsible; but hearty thanks are due to all the staff of the David Dunlap Observatory for their assistance.
C. A. Chant.
David Dunlap Observatory,
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Creating music using rhythms and C pentatonic Downloads 950 0
Creating with quarter, eight, half, quarter rest notes and a C pentatonic scale.
File Type: SMART Notebook lesson
Grade: Kindergarten, Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3
Date submitted: July 19, 2012
Submitted by: penelope quesada
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First we will cover wing twist, of which there are two kinds, geometric twist and aerodynamic twist. A technical definition of geometric twist would go something like this: "an actual change in the airfoil angle of incidence, usually measured with respect to the root airfoil." (Raymer, Aircraft Design) In other words, if you were to look at a wing from the side, the airfoil (cross section) of the wing would rotate as you moved away from the aircraft fuselage. In most aircraft, the airfoil twists down as we move along the wing further from the fuselage. This is referred to as "washout."
Aerodynamic twist is defined as "the angle between the zero-lift angle of an airfoil and the zero-lift angle of the root airfoil." In essence, this means that the airfoil of the wing would actually change shape as it moved farther away from the fuselage. Typically the zero-lift line is rotated downward toward the wing tips, similar to geometric twist.
Regardless of whether you are talking about geometric or aerodynamic twist, the purpose is the same. Twist is applied to wings so that the outboard section of the wing does not stall first. When an aircraft is pitching nose up and increasing its angle of attack, the airflow over the wing eventually reaches a point where it becomes turbulent, causing a loss in lift. By twisting the outboard portion of the wing down, the stall is delayed in that area, simply because the angle of attack is lower in that region. Why is the outboard portion of the wing so important? It is because that is where the ailerons are located. By maintaining lift on the outboard portion of the wing, the pilot is still able to maintain roll control of the aircraft in the event of a stall. A good example of wing twist can be seen in the F-18 Hornet as illustrated here.
Now let's talk about dihedral. Much like twist, there is an actual geometric dihedral, and an effective dihedral.
First we will talk about dihedral. Dihedral is the upward angle of the wing from the vertical when seen from the front, or nose of the aircraft. If each wing is angled 5° up from the horizontal, then the wing is said to have 5° of dihedral. A good example of geometric dihedral can be seen on the P-3 Orion shown here. The opposite of dihedral is called anhedral, and, of course, refers to a wing that is angled down. A good example of an aircraft with geometric anhedral is the Sea Harrier exemplified here.
Effective dihedral is pretty much what it sounds like. Effective dihedral is the effect of other aspects of the aircraft configuration that produce an effect similar to geometric dihedral. Many aspects of an aircraft's configuration can effect its effective dihedral, but two major components are wing sweep and the wing location with respect to the fuselage (such as a low wing or high wing). As a rough estimation, 10° of sweepback on a wing provides about 1° of effective dihedral, while a high wing configuration can provide about 5° of effective dihedral over a low wing configuration.
All this talk of anhedral and dihedral leads to the question of why one would want use either of these on an aircraft. The simple answer is they provide lateral (roll) stability. Let's consider an aircraft rolling to the right. As it does so, the right wing produces more lift than left wing, causing the rolling motion. At the same time, however, this increased lift creates an increased drag, which causes the aircraft to yaw to the left, an effect known as adverse yaw. This is why pilots need to apply rudder in the direction of the turn.
Now let's consider the advantages of dihedral. When an aircraft with dihedral is yawing to the left, the dihedral causes the left wing to experience a greater angle of attack, which increases lift. This increased lift tends to cause the aircraft to then return to level flight. I know this is very confusing in words, but if you stick your arms out in the air and recreate all of these motions, it should make sense. Sometimes it helps to only consider the yaw, and ignore the roll. The end result of all of this is that dihedral tends to make an aircraft more stable. For some aircraft, like fighters, stability really isn't a good thing. A slight instability in an aircraft lends to increased maneuverability, which is highly desirable in fighter and attack aircraft. This is why most aerobatic planes and military fighters utilize some amount of anhedral.
The observant aerophile will also notice that most large transports, such as the C-5 Galaxy and Antonov An-225, have noticeable anhedral, but are far from what anyone would consider "maneuverable" (nor do they need to be). Indeed, these aircraft are laterally stable. In fact, the anhedral is required to keep the aircraft from becoming too stable! Recall the earlier discussion on how wing sweep and wing location can affect the effective dihedral. Large transports have both a high wing and a considerable amount of wing sweep, both of which create a large amount of effective dihedral. To counteract this large amount of dihedral, some geometric anhedral is required. Otherwise the aircraft would be overly stable, making turns extremely difficult, and an aircraft that can only fly in one direction isn't much use to anyone.
So to sum up this discussion, the above photo illustrates a forward view of a Cessna 152 and clearly shows
the type's small amount of wing dihedral, which we believe is what the questioner refers to as the wing "twisting
- answer by Doug Jackson, 2 December 2001
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May, 1834. The second settler in Onarga, John Miller, was born in West Virginia on February 12, 1801. He married Peggy Stewart who also came from West Virginia. In May of 1834, John Miller and his family arrived at Jesse Amos' homestead. Liking the location, Miller made a claim and built a shelter about fourteen feet square. This shelter was open on one side, but he and his family lived in it for two seasons, returning to Covington, Indiana the first winter on account of sickness. The first spring, he broke about five acres and the second, about twenty. The latter year raised a good crop. Miller came with four good horses and when he came back from Covington, he brought three cows. In the fall of 1835 he moved into a comfortable cabin converting the first shelter into a stable. By trade, Miller was a wagon maker. He was a hale and hearty man and frontier life suited him.
Thomas M. Pangborn and Ransom B. Pangborn came to Spring Creek from Franklin County, OH. Purchased land for themselves and for brother Cyrus.
1. Loved EVANS was born in 1800 in VT. He died in KS. He was married to Mahala KYRK (daughter of John KYRK and Sarah ____) in OH. He passed his last days and died in Kansas. Mahala KYRK was born January 9, 1810. She died February 11, 1849 in Onarga. She was buried in Pangborn Cemetery, Onarga. They had the following children:
+2 i. Mahala EVANS (born on March 15, 1839).
3 ii. Ann EVANS was born in 1843 in OH.
4 iii. Owen EVANS was born in 1844 in IL. He died on January 4, 1863. He was buried in Onarga Cemetery, Onarga, Iroquois, IL.
5 iv. Lydia A. EVANS was born in 1850 in IL.
6 v. Jane EVANS was born in 1852 in IL.
7 vi. Earl EVANS was born in 1854 in IL.
8 vii. Joanna EVANS was born in 1856 in IL.
9 viii. Ellen EVANS was born in 1858 in IL.
10 ix. Lucretia EVANS was born in November 1859. She died on December 15, 1860 in Onarga, Iroquois, IL.
11 x. Frank EVANS was born in 1860 in IL.
2. Mahala EVANS was born March 15, 1839 in Iroquois Co. IL. She died June 12, 1924 in Onarga. She was married to Frederick (Horace) LOCKWOOD (son of Walter LOCKWOOD and Dorothy BARNES) April 28, 1870 in Onarga, Iroquois, IL. Frederick (Horace) LOCKWOOD was born August 14, 1824 in Dunham, Mississippi Co., Quebec, Canada. He died July 18, 1913 in Onarga. He was buried in Onarga Cemetery. They had the following children:
+12 i. Alma Dolly LOCKWOOD (born on September 10, 1871).
+13 ii. Grace May LOCKWOOD (born on May 10, 1880).
12. Alma Dolly LOCKWOOD was born on September 10, 1871 in IL. She was married to Edward EVERETT on October 5, 1899. Edward EVERETT resided in 1907 in Benton Co., AR. They had the following children:
14 i. Frederick EVERETT.
15 ii. Marion EVERETT.
13. Grace May LOCKWOOD was born on May 10, 1880 in Onarga, Iroquois, IL. She died in 1966 in Onarga. She was buried in Onarga Cemetery, Onarga, Iroquois, IL. She was married to Charles HILDENBRAND (son of Heinrich [Henry] HILDENBRAND and Wilhelmina KREIS) on December 8, 1877 in Thawville, Iroquois, IL. He died November 9, 1953 in Onarga. He was buried in Onarga Cemetery. They had the following children:
16 i. Harold Lee HILDENBRAND was born on September 26, 1903 in Onarga, Iroquois, IL. He resided 104 N. Walnut, previous home of Moses H. Messer in Onarga.
Cyrus PANGBORN comes to Onarga from Ohio with other relatives: his parents John and Miranda (Miller) Pangborn, Miranda Miller (age 15) and William Hunter Miller (age 13, brother to Miranda), Sarah Miller (age 8, sister to Miranda and William), Truman Bishop Hall and his 7-mo-pregnant wife, Maria (Pangborn - sister to Thomas, Ransom & Cyrus) Hall. Cyrus Pangborn had married Mary Jane Gilmore on May 2, 1845 in Ohio. She had succumbed to typhoid and died on August 9, 1845, on the way to Illinois. They had only been married two months. He had to bury her in timber beside the trail. This party arrived at the Spring Creek settlement on August 25, 1845. John Pangborn, father of Thomas, Ransom and Cyrus, died in Onarga September, 1845 and was the second person buried in the Pangborn Cemetery.
John Shipley first blacksmith in Onarga; before that time people went to Milford. Teachers from 1840 to 1850: Rev. T. B. Hall, Mahlon Boyd. Overabundance of wild game begins to thin out; deer, wild fowl, brants, prairie chickens, wild hogs & turkeys. Numerous snakes; rattlesnakes. Corn bread special for Sundays.
Teachers from 1850 to 1860: Miranda Miller [Falkenburg], Addison Lockwood, Violetta Boswell, James Lindsey. Naming of Onarga? AmerIndian for "Lone Tree" is A-NAR-GA.
Addison Lockwood precedes his family in settling at Spring Creek. Son of Walter and Dorothy Barnes Lockwood, born in Canada in 1829. Spent childhood and youth in Columbus, Ohio. Went west at age 21, settled in Onarga. Married Ellen LASH between 1850 and 1853; she died and he married Rebecca E. SCOTT in 1853. They had no children known of. Addison died November, 1881 in Minneapolis, MN. at the age of 52. Parents and siblings moved from Ohio to Onarga in 1856.
(this information is contributed by The Lone Tree Leader of Onarga Vol. 3, No. 96 Friday August 20, 2004 page 6-reprinted with permission of Patricia Goff)
Onarga Review from The Lone Tree Leader
1855 - Moses Haynes Messer settled in Onarga on government land. Thomas A. Novell was keeper of the first hotel in Onarga - the "Onarga House."
1856 - First Methodist Church built in Onarga --one story, seating 75, cost about $1500 and sold in 1865. Thomas R. Barnes opened a saloon and erected a large building. T. B. Johnson opened a harness shop. Mr. Pond was the first photographer. Moses Haynes Messer Justice of the Peace 1856-1868. Walter Lockwood and wife Dolly, children Ellen, Amelia, Frederick, Elmer, moved from Union County, Ohio to Onarga and bought a farm. their son Addison had moved to Onarga in 1850. Also living nearby were three children of Walter's brother David: Silas C., Walter A., and Angeline Lockwood Dillon. Walter's brother David stayed behind in Union County, Ohio all of his life.
1857 - First Agricultural Fair in Onarga. D.B. Peck built second store building in Onarga.
1858 - Wooden school building erected at 100 North Evergreen, cost $1,025. Moses H. Messer, civil engineer and surveyor, built residence at 104 N. Walnut. Dr. William A. Babcock immigrated from CT to Onarga with others. Settled 1 and belonging to ICRR. Moses Haynes Messer was married to Lucinda Lehigh, daughter of Experience Lehigh. Schoolhouse built 30 x 48 12ft. high, built by Horace Pinney.
1859 - Presbyterian Church erected building at corner of Wilson and Maple; second building in 1881 at 309 W. Seminary, burned in 1905, rebuilt, remodeled in 1975. Moses Haynes Messer held office of County Surveyor 1859-1865.
1860 - Terrible prairie fire coming from the SW to Ridge. It had been set by deer hunters. William Hunter Miller married Ellen Lockwood in Onarga. Double wedding with William's sister, Miranda and Rev. D.A. Falkenburg. Wedding at the home of Ransom B. Pangborn performed by Hon. Moses H. Messer. [note: the reason information on William H. Miller and the Lockwoods is included here is because they are my ancestors. William came to Onarga with the Pangborns in 1845--he was only 13 years old. I have yet to discover the reason William emigrated with the Pangborns at such an early age. Patricia]
1860 - Home at 404 West Seminary built by Judge Charles H. Wood. Although Onarga was not incorporated until 1853, there were 273 residents of Onarga Township during the Civil War, 1861-1865.
1862 - First Library building erected.
1863 - Grand Prairie Seminary and Commercial College opened in Methodist Church. In 1880 had 327 students; peak enrollment 655 in 1904, but only 55 in 1917. February 9, the city voted to become incorporated.
1864 - Allan Pinkerton, detective, purchased the Larch Farm property north of Onarga; developed site and built dwelling house (still existing) between 1873-1880; named for 8500 larch trees he planted. (1550N 620E). Grand Prairie Seminary built.
1865 - Onarga Nursery Company started by R. B. Cultra, still family owned now in the 4th generation. The Onarga Nursery is the oldest existing Onarga Business. R. B. Cultra built his residence at 314 N. Poplar, currently (1998) residence of his great grandson.
1865-7 - Exploratory shaft for coal sunk 527 feet, 1 1/4 miles north of Onarga.
1866 - Hiram W. Lawhead opened Photography Gallery.
1867 - Brick two-story school building at 100 n. Evergreen built by R. B. Cultra. Construction began on two story brick schoolhouse 32x50. Finished by Dec. 1867. P.T. Rhodes and Isaac Amerman opened first bank; closed 1870, succeeded by Benjamin H. Durham in 1871. Onarga Horticultural Society promoted growing small fruit; for several years, nearly 100 acres of strawberries shipped to Chicago, St. Louis, Peoria; raspberries, etc.; some years more than 100 tons of grapes raised.
1868-9 - Block of six, two story with basement stores 20ft. wide built on Chestnut street.
1870s - Tile mill operated two miles east of town at Spring Creek. Ira Palmer, a civil war doctor, had his office in his home still extant at W. Lincoln and North Evergreen Street. Hedge apples (Osage Orange) sold for $50 per bushel to grow livestock-proof fences because of a state law "restraining all stock from being free commoners."
1870 - Peter Rissner and son built a two story 40' x 90' building with basement at 109 N. Chestnut. Sol Blotcky opened Onarga Mercantile Co. in this building in 1812; closed 1959. 1870 Census records show Walter and Dolly Lockwood living at the home of William Hunter Miller and his wife, Ellen Lockwood Miller.
1872 - Addition to north side of school building at 100 N. Evergreen. First newspaper published, continued 120 years, folded in 1992. Onarga Leader-Review: According to Beckwith's History of Iroquois County, the first issue of the newspaper that was to become the Onarga Leader-Review was published by John Low in the winter of 1872. It had been preceded by a number of other attempts to establish a newspaper in the village, on of which, The Times, moved to Watseka and became the Watseka Times. Little of the Leader-Review's history between 1872 and 1901 has been documented, but in 1901 the paper was purchased by the Carter Bros. In April of 1939, the Leader was purchased by Marvin M. Craig of fairbury who popularized the journal with his unique brand of humor through the vehicle of his column "Follow the Leader." The column highlighted the foibles of the local citizenry and local events as well as the trails and tribulations of a small town newspaper. Some time during the late 1960s, the paper ceased being printed in Onarga and was printed by "offset" in Fairbury. In August of 1968, the Onarga Leader Review became a member of the Cornbelt chain of newspapers owned by Mr. and Mrs. James Roberts of Fairbury. In 1991, the paper was purchased by Ron Zink who attempted to centralize the advertising and circulation. In 1992, the Leader passed into the hands of Leader Publishing at Pontiac who killed the Onarga Leader Review in November 1992 at the venerable age of 120 years. Residence at 308 W. Seminary built by Peter Risser who had a general store. Robert Blaine Cultra (who also was the founder of the Onarga Nursery) was the contractor; his grandson, Duane, is the present owner. Amy Lillian Miller born-daughter of William Hunter Miller and Ellen Lockwood Miller. She later married Jesse E. Morgan (Jesse actually a Soper; mother was Matildaa Burnham Soper Morgan and father was Eugene J. Soper. They were divorced in1872 and Jesse was raised as a Morgan).
1873 - Allan Pinkerton builds The Larch Farm. Miranda Miller Pangborn, mother of Judge Thomas, died in Onarga at age 89. Ellen Lockwood Miller dies at her own hand. Daughter Amy is only 1 year old.
(this information is contributed by The Lone Tree Leader of Onarga Vol. 3, No. 98 Friday September 3, 2004 page 6-reprinted with permission of Patricia Goff)
The Lone Tree Leader "Newspaper With Personality"
Based in Onarga; covers Onarga, Gilman, Crescent City, Ashkum, Danforth, Roberts, Piper City and Thawville. Recently, we're moving into Clifton and Buckley.
Sections in the newspaper include: the always popular "ArtNotes" which is a humorous column that sometimes borders on "racy"; "Onarga Review", which includes historical and genealogical information on people and places in the Onarga area; regular columns by correspondents in Piper City, Crescent City, Thawville and Danforth; and interesting happenings.
We pride ourselves on the number and quality of photographs we include. One of our goals is to get the younger people to READ a newspaper, and it is becoming increasingly popular with the high school students because of our extensive school events coverage.
The meaning behind the name of the newspaper:
"Onarga, by the red men named, Lone Tree, the Indian version." First line in a poem written by an ancestor of Durwood Shawl, a genealogical researcher with ties to Onarga. The poem was written at a 1906 Greene Family reunion at the home of Mrs. Sylvester Howard in Onarga. The "Leader" part comes from the old Onarga newspaper, "The Onarga Leader and Review".
Arthur C. Jones and Patricia Dissmeyer Goff, publishers 111 W. Seminary Ave., Onarga, IL 60955 Phone: 815-268-4770 Fax: 815-268-4771 Patricia Cell: 815-471-4790 Art Cell: 815-471-4791 email: [email protected]
The Lone Tree Leader will be submitting genealogical information, data, and history about ONARGA to the Iroquois County site here at Illinois Trails so keep checking back for it!!!!
Check out their website too!! The Lone Tree Leader
Attached is a letter and Bible record I recently received from the Patton family file from the Tippecanoe County Historical Society.
The Lewis family of record here is the family of Thomas and Anna Lewis, who moved to Sheffield Township around 1830. (land patent April, 1829). The land patent states that Thomas Lewis lived in Butler County, Ohio at the time of issue.
Thomas Lewis (a.1778-1870) Anna Lewis (a.1778-1870)
They are buried in Baker Cemetery, Sheffield Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.
Their children were
Henry B. Lewis (1797-1889) ( lived in Clinton County) Buried in Baker Cemetery
Elizabeth Lewis Miller (1803-1881) m. George Miller in Butler Co., Ohio. Buried in
Burr Oak, Kansas
Jane Lewis Mattix ( 1808--??) m. Jacob Mattix---prob in Butler Co., Ohio
James Alpheus Lewis (1811-1855) Buried in Iroquois County, Illinois
My line: James Alpehus Lewis and Lydia Patton were married in Tippecanoe County on August 7, 1834 (consent from her mother Abigail Patton and her brother Joseph Henry Patton). Lydia Patton Lewis was born in Butler County, Ohio and died in Burr Oak, Kansas (1818-1882)
The children of James and Lydia Lewis were all born in Sheffield Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.
Alpheus Lewis (1835-1872) buried in Ornarga, Illinois (m. Mary Louisa Brown)
Thomas Lewis (1837-1934) buried in Burr Oak, Kansas
Calvin Lewis (1840-1926) buried in Burr Oak, Kansas
William Lewis (1842-1883) buried in Onarga, Illinois (m. Phoebe Brown)
Sarah A. Lewis (1844-1910) buried in Kansas (m. Benjamin Brown)
David Lewis (1847-1920) buried in Onarga, Illinois
Mary Jane (Jenny) Lewis (1850-1944) buried in Burr Oak, Kansas (m. William
Riner, m. Ziby Aldrich)
* note: Mary Louisa and Phoebe Brown were sisters.
My grandmother Hazel Lewis Parsons (1895-1993) was the next to youngest child of Calvin Lewis (from his third marriage).
The letter and information about the Patton Family Bible from Mary Jane Lewis Riner Ziby was compiled by a Kansas researcher in 1944. The original letter along with the bible data is in the Patton file in the Tippecanoe County Historical Society in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. The Patton genealogy information from this file was printed in the Ohio Genealogy Magazine in 1962 and is all over the Internet. I mention this in case researchers are interested in the original documents.
The James Lewis family, James and Lydia Patton Lewis and their seven children, moved from Tippecanoe County, Indiana to Iroquois County, Illinois in 1853. I think they settled near Milford. James died in 1855. Three of their sons, Thomas, Calvin, and William, joined Company M of the 9th Regiment of the Illinois Cavalry and served from 1861-1864. After the Civil War, around 1870, Thomas and Calvin Lewis pioneered in Burr Oak, Kansas. The youngest daughter, Mary Jane Lewis, married William Riner, son of Daniel and Mary Riner of Onarga. Later Calvin Lewis married Belle Hunt Frye, daughter of Mary Riner Clayton and granddaughter of Daniel and Mary Riner. The children of the Patton family were born in Butler County, Ohio and the children of James and Lydia Patton Lewis were born in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. Most of the surviving children of the Daniel Riner and James Lewis families settled in Burr Oak, Kansas in the 1870s-1880s.
Charlie Lewis is the son of Calvin and Belle Hunt Lewis.
Dan Lewis is the son of Calvin and Belle Hunt Lewis
Elleen Lewis Tegley is the daughter of Charlie Lewis
Thomas Lewis is the son of James and Lydia Patton Lewis and the brother of Calvin Lewis.
Diana Skeels Harper lived in Onarga and is buried there.
Robert Richland Skeels married Susannah Riner in Onarga. They later settled in Burr Oak, Kansas. Their children were Daniel Henry Skeels and Mary Skeels Grubbs.
John W.Grubbs had a large farm near Onarga from the 1850's on. Several of his children settled in Burr Oak, Kansas after 1870. I recently received the family picture album and am slowly scanning the pictures from the 1880's-1900. This album was the property of Susannah Riner Skeels and later her daughter Mary Skeels Grubbs, who married Harvey J. Grubbs, son of John W. Grubbs.
In a few months I hope to be able to share these photos with interested researchers, but don't have time to scan them yet.
Calvin and Belle Hunt Lewis were my great-grandparents. My great-aunt, Mattie Lewis Grubbs, pasted many of the oldest obits on pieces of cardboard, including the one of Daniel Riner from 1885. She sent them to my mother back in the 1970's and I found them in my mother's papers. It took me several years to figure out who all of these people were. Most of their photos are in the album above or in the 1965 History of the Burr Oak Methodist Church.
" Onarga was very dear to the Burr Oak folks and visited and mentioned with much fondness."
(Jeanne Shafer Bedwell (graciously submitted by Jeanne Bedwell [email protected] )
His Body Lies Unappreciated in Onarga, Illinois Cemetery
by Patricia Dissmeyer Goff, November, 1999
"Unwept, unhonored and unsung."
---- Allan Pinkerton, 1868
A group of Onarga, Illinois citizens, led by David Danforth, intend to erect a monument to Timothy Webster at his gravesite on Memorial Day, 2000. Timothy Webster was instrumental in the shaping of our nation and should be remembered, recognized, and revered.
Timothy Webster has been recognized as Allan Pinkerton's most famous active agent in the Civil War. He is partially responsible for thwarting an assassination attempt on president-elect Abraham Lincoln. It is impossible to know exactly how events would have transpired at that time without Lincoln at the helm, but it is certainly true that the history of the United States would have been dramatically different if Pinkerton and Webster had failed in their mission and Lincoln had been killed before even entering the Presidency.
Timothy Webster was baptized on March 12, 1822 in New Haven, Sussex County, England. He immigrated to America in September or August, 1830 with his parents and settled in Princeton, New Jersey. After he finished school, in 1853 he became a policeman in New York City. He became very good at it and around 1854 was noticed by a friend of Allan Pinkerton's who recommended him for detective work. Webster went to work for Pinkerton and quickly became their best agent.
Timothy had married Charlotte Sprowles on October 23, 1841 in Princeton, New Jersey. They had four children, two of whom died young. Their son, Timothy Jr., born in 1843, joined the Union Army from Onarga, Illinois on July 30, 1862 enlisting in Company D, 113th Infantry. Timothy Jr. married Ursula Treadway in March of 1864 in Olney, Illinois. He was wounded in a battle at Ripley, Mississippi on June 11, 1864 and his leg was amputated. He was taken to a confederate prison in Mobile, Alabama and died there on July 4, 1864.
At the beginning of the Civil War General George McClellan asked Pinkerton to enter Federal service, which he readily agreed to. Timothy Webster went with him thereby changing from detective to Union Spy.
Because of the nature of his work, Pinkerton suggested that Webster move his family to a safer place and work out of the Chicago office. Pinkerton suggested Onarga which was located right on the Illinois Central Railroad so Webster could commute easily and his family would be safe. Pinkerton was familiar with the area and had said that he would like to have a farm and house there someday-an ambition that was carried out later.
Webster was sent to pose as a Southern gentleman and managed to become a member of the rebel group "Knights of Liberty" in order to report on their plans and activities. In February of 1861 president-elect Lincoln was to travel from Harrisburg through Baltimore and on to Washington for his inauguration. While Webster was investigating rumors that secessionists were planning to blow up the steamers that ferried trains across the Susquehanna River, he uncovered a plan to assassinate Lincoln as he changed trains in Baltimore. Because Timothy Webster was able to send a warning, Pinkerton was able to foil the attempt on Lincoln's life.
In 1862, Webster was continuing to gather information on the Confederacy in Richmond when he was stricken with inflammatory rheumatism which was a result of several previous crossings of the Potomac River in frigid weather. Because he was too ill to send reports back to Pinkerton, two men were sent to locate him. They were captured by the Confederacy and forced to reveal secret information incriminating Timothy Webster.
Confederate officers had trusted Webster many times with valuable documents and information and the Confederacy was extremely embarrassed by Webster's betrayal. Webster was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death by hanging.
When Pinkerton heard the news of the sentence, he and President Lincoln sent a message to the Confederacy threatening that if Webster was put to death, the Union would reciprocate by hanging a Confederate spy. Previously, Union policy had been to keep spies in jail and eventually exchange them for Union prisoners.
The Confederacy ignored the threat and on April 29, 1862, Timothy Webster climbed the gallows in Richmond, Virginia. The noose was put around his neck and a black hood was fitted over his face. The trap was sprung but the knot slipped and Webster fell to the ground. After being helped back up the steps and re-fitted with the noose and hood he said, "I suffer a double death!"
Timothy was buried hastily in Richmond. In 1871, at the pleadings of Timothy's widow, Charlotte, and to fulfill a promise he made to himself upon hearing of Timothy's death, Pinkerton sent George Bangs and Thomas G. Robinson (Timothy's son-in-law) to Richmond to locate his body and bring it North for proper burial in "Northern soil." They were fortunate in locating Timothy's body and that of his son, and both were moved to their final resting place in Onarga, Illinois, next to Timothy Webster's father, who had died in Onarga in1860.
Timothy's widow, Charlotte, went to live with her daughter and son-in-law, Sarah and Thomas Robinson in Onarga. In August or September of 1874, this family moved to California where Charlotte received a pension and lived with her daughter until she died on December 1, 1907. She is buried in the Old City Cemetery in Sacramento. Sarah Webster Robinson is buried in the Masonic Cemetery on Riverside Boulevard in Sacramento. Sarah's children never married, therefore there are no descendants of Timothy Webster.
There are, however, many descendants of Timothy's siblings, and this author has been in touch with some of them. Those descendants have been extremely helpful in providing information on Timothy and his family.
©2005 Carrol Mick and Illinois Genealogy Trails | <urn:uuid:32975ba6-910a-4605-9a74-10faba381f46> | {
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When Mother Earth was being hurt by the cruelty of her kings and rulers, Vishnu’s partial incarnation Parasurama was born as Rishi Jamadagni’s son to punish the kshatriya (warrior) clans. Following the killing of his father (who was later revived) by the family of Sahastrabahu Arjun, Parasurama wiped out generations of corrupt warriors from the planet to restore justice for the masses and “purify” the kshatriya lines. What may be viewed as large scale violence by some became a blessing for society. After the war, Parasurama donated the land that he had won to sages and spent most of his time in austere worship.
Later, Parasurama shows up in both the Ramanaya as well as the Mahabharata. In the Ramayana, he appears to gain a darshan of Lord Rama after Rama breaks Lord Shiva’s bow. In the Mahabharata, he coaches Bhishma, Drona, and Karna, the three most powerful warriors in the epic.
Astrologically, Parasurama is related to the planet Venus, which supports balance (libra) between materialism and spirituality. Interestingly, the clash between Parashurama and Sahastrabahu Arjun’s family started when the latter stole Kamadhenu, the divine cow that could confer all desires (and is supposedly a Venusian blessing), from Jamadagni’s ashram. This shows that when the responsible start stealing material pleasures, rather than earning them through hard work, dharma gets disturbed and the tamas habits of cruelty and corruption are cherished. Ultimately, Nature has to intervene and take harsh steps for the restoration of justice. | <urn:uuid:29fad620-185a-4089-880a-187af399de1c> | {
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Horseshoe Desk Arrangement
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Horseshoehorse•shoe (hôrs′sho̅o̅′, hôrsh′-),USA pronunciation n., v., -shoed, -shoe•ing, adj.
- aU-shaped metal plate, plain or with calks, nailed to a horse's hoof to protect it from being injured by hard or rough surfaces.
- somethingU-shaped, as a valley, river bend, or other natural feature: We picnicked in the middle of a horseshoe of trees.
- horseshoes, (used with a sing. v.) a game in which horseshoes or otherU-shaped pieces of metal, plastic, etc., are tossed at an iron stake 30 or 40 ft. (9 or 12 m) away in order to encircle it or to come closer to it than one's opponent.
- to put a horseshoe or horseshoes on.
- having the shape of a horseshoe;
U-shaped: a horseshoe bend in the river.
Deskdesk (desk),USA pronunciation n.
- an article of furniture having a broad, usually level, writing surface, as well as drawers or compartments for papers, writing materials, etc.
- a frame for supporting a book from which the service is read in a church.
- a pulpit.
- the section of a large organization, as a governmental bureau or newspaper, having authority over and responsibility for particular operations within the organization: city desk; foreign desk.
- a table or counter, as in a library or office, at which a specific job is performed or a service offered: an information desk; reception desk.
- a stand used to support sheet music;
- (in an orchestra) a seat or position assigned by rank (usually used in combination): a first-desk flutist.
- of or pertaining to a writing desk: a desk drawer.
- of a size or form suitable for use on a desk: desk dictionary.
- done at or based on a desk, as in an office or schoolroom: He used to be a traveling salesman, but now he has a desk job.
Arrangementar•range•ment (ə rānj′mənt),USA pronunciation n.
- an act of arranging;
state of being arranged.
- the manner or way in which things are arranged: a tactful arrangement of the seating at dinner.
- a final settlement;
adjustment by agreement: The arrangement with the rebels lasted only two weeks.
- Usually, arrangements. preparatory measures;
preparations: They made arrangements for an early departure.
- something arranged in a particular way: a floral arrangement; the arrangement of chairs for the seminar.
- the adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments, or to a new purpose.
- a piece so adapted.
- final arrangements, the planning or scheduling of funeral services and burial: Final arrangements are still pending.
Such that it feels cozy and pretty crucial that you pay attention planning the family area. The inviting Horseshoe Desk Arrangement is likely to make relatives who come to visit to experience at home, friends, or the guests. In case you could invest some time speaking using them within this area as well as the good perception that one could, wouldn't be great? Arranging interiordesign living by picking a right couch, room you can start models.
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There are numerous alternatives of supplies that you can select. Beginning one-piece of timber to material or lumber framework covered with material and foam multi-faceted. If put in the area modern classic style, timber may strengthen the feeling. Nevertheless, program of wood in a smart contemporary bedroom can put in a hot natural atmosphere. | <urn:uuid:dad54229-a677-4c10-8da5-0eecdaf5f46d> | {
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No doubt about it: The federal government wants the Northern Goshawk to survive.
So every national forest in the West wrote into its forest plan detailed rules to protect critical habitat the bird- and rodent-hunting raptors need to survive.
Forest Service administrators apply those prescriptions to every thinning project, timber sale, off-road vehicle analysis and pipeline construction plan that comes along.
But what if goshawks don’t actually need the closed forest canopy, tree thickets and nearby underbrush full of scuttling rodents that biologists had assumed?
Turns out, the guidelines the U.S. Forest Service has applied to millions of acres in the West to protect the goshawk don’t help the beleaguered bird at all, according to a study by researchers from Northern Arizona University and published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.
In fact, a decade-long study of 13 goshawk nesting areas in the Apache Sitgreaves National Forest yielded the startling conclusion that the more closely the area resembled Forest Service guidelines for goshawk heaven, the fewer chicks the feathered pairs actually produced.
The researchers confessed themselves confounded by “these surprising results.”
Authors of the paper included Paul Beier, Erik Rogan, Michael Ingraldi and Steven Rosenstock, all with the NAU School of Forestry or the Arizona Department of Game and Fish.
“Contrary to expectation,” the researchers concluded, “goshawk breeding areas that resembled most closely the forest structure prescribed by the goshawk guidelines tended to have lower goshawk productivity.”
The research demonstrated the limits of common sense when it comes to predicting something as complicated as the relationship between an adaptable predator like the forest-dependent goshawk and either its habitat or its prey base. The goshawk guidelines now in effect on millions of acres start with the reasonable assumption that goshawks need clusters of big trees in which to build their nests close to the kinds of underbrush that harbor the rabbits, mice, squirrels and other creatures on which they prey.
Many biologists have assumed that goshawks have moved into forests in the Southwest as those forests have grown thicker in the past century, shifting from big trees separated by grassy swales to fire-prone tree thickets. Therefore, the Forest Service has struggled to shift back toward an open, fire-adapted forest without exterminating species that prefer a closed canopy with interlocking tree branches — like the goshawks and the Mexican Spotted Owl.
The NAU research now throws into question many key assumptions built in ponderous legal strictures of existing forest plans.
“The results raise questions about the decision to implement the goshawk guidelines on most Forest Service lands in Arizona and New Mexico,” the researchers concluded.
However, the Forest Service remains legally bound to the detailed guidelines now cast in the legal concrete of adopted forest plans.
That applies even to vital efforts like the 4-Forests Restoration Initiative, an ambitious plan intended to dramatically thin millions of acres of forest across central Arizona.
The U.S. Forest Service recently picked Pioneer Forest Products to thin an initial 300,000 acres over the next decade. The project relies on completing a single environmental assessment on nearly a million acres as a way to streamline the thinning process. The Forest Service would then train the Pioneer subcontractors to create with their chain saws a more healthy, diverse, fire-adapted forest. The prescription attempts to also protect critical habitat for a host of species, including goshawks.
That means implementing the current goshawk guidelines, which will leave many dense patches of forest as nesting areas for goshawks and Mexican Spotted Owls.
4FRI Forest Service team leader Henry Provencio expressed surprise at the NAU findings, which cast doubt on the goshawk guidelines embedded in the current approach. But he said that once the guidelines get written into the forest plans, the Forest Service remains legally required to abide by them.
“Our forest plans require it,” he said. “But that would be a pain” if the existing guidelines don’t actually help the goshawks successfully rear more chicks. “We do have different prescriptions for the goshawk areas. In those breeding areas we know they typically have a higher (tree) density. So we have prescriptions for that. We’re trying to manage the future forest. One of the big concerns is whether we’re going to have adequate canopy cover — so we’re really managing groups of trees and also providing for those interspaces and managing for their prey.”
But the NAU study raises questions about whether biologists yet know enough to micro-manage the forest for the benefit of any individual species.
The goshawk and the Mexican Spotted Owl for years have fluttered about at the center of the legal and political fight about the future of the forest. The agile, crazy-orange-eyed goshawk is nearly as large as a red tailed hawk, but can maneuver deftly through the thick forest. In open areas, they tend to lose out to the red tails — which circle overhead looking for prey rather than perching on tree branches for a quick swoop to the ground.
The now nearly defunct timber industry in Arizona made most of its money on cutting the big, old growth trees associated with those species and others like the Kaibab squirrel and the Allen’s lappet-browed bat. With most of those trees reduced to two-by-fours, the timber industry had a hard time making money on the smaller trees that remained in dangerous profusion.
The Centers for Biological Diversity has repeatedly sued to prevent timber sales that included a large number of old growth pines greater than 16 inches in diameter at about chest height. For instance, earlier this year the Centers for Biological Diversity successfully blocked a timber sale on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon on the grounds that the 25,000-acre sale would include about 8,000 old-growth trees — even though such trees account for only about 3 percent of the trees.
The NAU study demonstrated that biologists still don’t really understand what species like goshawks need.
None of the sites studied very closely matched the guidelines, which call for clusters of giant, old-growth trees and nearby areas with underbrush likely to result in high populations of 14 different prey species.
Although little true old-growth ponderosa pine forest remains in Arizona, the researchers expected to find that the more closely the conditions around the nest area resembled that prescription — the more chicks the goshawks would produce. In fact, the more closely the forest matched the prescription the fewer chicks the hawks reared.
That doesn’t mean the goshawks don’t prefer nesting in big, old growth trees. But it does mean that they’re not as sensitive to the prey populations in the area or the nearby forest conditions as biologists had expected.
The study did find that goshawks produce more chicks in years when conditions produce a bumper crop of rodents, but that accounted for year-to-year variations — not a consistent difference between nesting areas.
The results “were remarkably consistent in documenting that goshawks use forest structures characterized by relatively dense canopy and many large trees, but do not use sites with higher prey abundance,” the researchers concluded.
The moral of the story would seem to support an approach that produces a diverse, healthy forest — without trying to micromanage the details.
Moreover, the researchers concluded that many seemingly common-sense assumptions must be challenged — and the impact of changes in management monitored.
That conclusion might also raise red flags when it comes to the current approach to the 4FRI effort, which many consider the last best hope to both avert catastrophic wildfires and restore forest health.
As it happens, the Forest Service rejected the bid of the 4FRI contractor that pledged to spend about $5 million monitoring the ecological effects of the massive thinning effort in favor of a contractor that included no money for monitoring in the bid.
However, the NAU researchers concluded, “our study suggests that goshawks did not respond as expected and the monitoring and adaptive management approach recommended in 1993 (when the goshawk guidelines were first adopted) is equally important today.” | <urn:uuid:77e38e22-4cac-44c9-916e-eb4cebb53cd8> | {
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By Sam Phillips
On Nov. 5, children visited the center to test the exhibits and learn from about 50 students showcasing their designs.
Jason Zapka, an instructor in the department of electrical and computer engineering, said the project provides students with practical experience early on in their studies.
“You want to give them something hands-on so they can learn a little, have a lot of fun and gain a little bit of knowledge and apply it with some of the stuff they’re learning in the classroom,” Zapka said.
Angelo LaMarca, facilities director at OH WOW!, said YSU students are involved in several of their events throughout the year.
“This evening is particularly cool because it gives kids a chance to interact with older people that aren’t their parents [or teachers],” LaMarca said. “We love doing this, it’s one of the highlights of our year and it’s a great collaboration.”
One of the biggest hits was a project called “Why does the airplane fly?” It consisted of a box with PVC piping snaked through the inside and sticking out of the top. Valves near the bottom of the box were turned, and an air pump in the box directed air through the pipes causing Ping-Pong balls sitting on top of the pipes to levitate.
Another project involved helping children create origami boats to test them on the water to see which shapes have more buoyancy.
Lauren Jones, one of the students working on the project, said it’s an idea that kids can grasp easily.
Other projects the students created included a pinball-style setup where kids had to pull back a knob with enough force to sink it in a hole near the top, and a game where kids used a spoon to catapult a Ping-Pong ball into holes that were cut out of a piece of cardboard.
Zapka said the center keeps some of the exhibits and uses them for special events.
His class also teams up with the Creekside Golf Dome in Girard to design mini golf holes, which the owners sometimes incorporate into their actual courses. The top designs from this year’s event will be on display at Moser Hall on Nov. 17 and 19.
He said outings like these improve not only a student’s grasp on engineering concepts, but also their ability to work as a team.
“It allows them to work with this multi-disciplinary team. Some of them have different passions, different areas that they are interested in but they have to learn, they have to come together and come up with these projects and kind of use everyone’s concepts,” Zapka said. “That’s what they’re going to have to do when they get out to the workplace.”
LaMarca said OH WOW! provides paid internships to freshman engineering students at YSU, and they employ four students part time.
“They work directly with the facilities department and they do everything from helping us work on new exhibits, to learning how to troubleshoot all the exhibits in here, to helping us fix them,” LaMarca said.
Zapka looks forward to having his students showcase their designs in the spring, when local schools will take their kids on a field trip to see what YSU students can come up with.
“I think it’s a really great opportunity, working both with OH WOW! and some of the other things we do with that engineering program. They’re interacting with the community,” Zapka said. “I would love to see us have the ability to do more, but there’s only so much you can do. You have to keep the students in the classroom as well.”
LaMarca said the goal is for the students to inspire the next generation of engineers. | <urn:uuid:a4485188-e08e-4d36-88b4-11dc99bf6b5a> | {
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Conquer the first stage of the Russian language with a communicative approach that goes beyond memorizing vocabulary! Troika will take students through all aspects of beginning Russian study, including the language, life, and culture of todays Russian people. Develop students speaking, listening, writing, and reading skills with: 18 lessons that address a wide variety of topics ranging from Nationalities and Languages, to Daily Schedules. A step-by-step approach to learning, with every lesson divided into sub-topics featuring their own exercises to allow for testing of the material in segments. A variety of diverse student activities such as oral discussions, pre- and post-reading activities and writing exercises to foster group work as well as independent study. A full end-of-chapter grammar discussion, with exercises to foster the development of accurate communication skills. Authentic readings that are interwoven with the chapter topics, rather than in separate sections, to capture students attention. Cultural sections on famous people, as well as facts in geography, history and tradition, to enhance student appreciation of Russian life as well as language. This text is accompanied by ancillary materials that enrich Russian study for both student and instructor! For the Student: Student Textbook (30945-1) Workbook/Lab Manual/Pronunciation (30944-3) Audio Cassettes (13805-3)ask your bookstore to order! For the Instructor: Annotated Instructors Edition (12926-7) Test Bank (13803-7) Audio Cassettes (13805-3) Tapescript (13877-0).
An introductory Russian text that emphasizes language proficiency in all four skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The information used in teaching the language also serves as an introduction to Russian culture, history, geography, famous people, and other topics. A supporting workbook and laboratory manual and laboratory tapes are available but unseen. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or. | <urn:uuid:2db2b67c-6ab4-4f15-9651-ea8273c422eb> | {
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Did you know you really might be a genius? It’s true.
Even if you don’t think of yourself as intellectually superior, you could possess many of the characteristics shared by people of high intelligence. It turns out many people who are geniuses have personality traits, habits and behaviors in common.
If any of the seven signs below are a match for you, it is very possible you are actually much smarter than you thought:
You are curious about everything.
Do you continually read up on a variety of subjects, follow a variety of blogs and find yourself frequently running to the Internet to look up answers to questions that pop into your head? Do you perform little experiments to see what happens, even if they’re as simple as mixing up the ingredients in a recipe?
Geniuses are naturally curious people. They are constantly formulating questions in their minds, and then seeking out the answers.
You talk to yourself.
This is true. If you’re frequently teased for being caught talking to yourself, don’t worry; this can be a sign of genius.
When your mind is constantly going, you often have problems, dialogue and ideas you are working through. The more intense that process is, the more likely you are to speak to yourself or mumble under your breath.
You read constantly.
Many people enjoy reading. Geniuses are nearly obsessed with it.
Some extraordinarily intelligent people focus on a single genre, such as science fiction or manga. Others consume reading materials from a wide variety of areas, including both fiction and nonfiction.
No matter what your reading preferences are, if your bookshelves are full and you are constantly acquiring new things to read, you tilt heavily into the genius category.
You enjoy challenging your own intellect.
Do you enjoy playing logic, word and trivia games to train and test your brain? If so, you have at least one thing in common with a lot of very intelligent people.
Many geniuses work on sudoku puzzles and do crossword puzzles as impulsively and habitually as other people check their Facebook pages.
You are forgetful.
There is something to the idea of the absent-minded professor. Extremely bright individuals often overload their minds with a lot of complicated and intense things.
They become preoccupied with their projects and ideas. As a result of this, a lot of simple, common-sense things go out the window.
This is why smart people often enter a room and forget why they’re there. It’s also why smart people frequently lose things and forget appointments.
You have a checkered past.
We’ve all read about the tortured geniuses who use drugs or alcohol to cope. This isn’t just a plot device used in dramatic fiction, either.
It doesn’t take long to create a long mental list of writers, musicians, artists, scientists and other creative geniuses who have succumbed to or struggled with addiction. Some use alcohol or drugs to cope with the difficulties of fitting in. Others use alcohol or drugs because of their desire to have new experiences.
Obviously, this is a completely unhealthy thing. But if you did some past experimentation, know that it’s not an unusual thing for geniuses.
You worry and overthink things.
You would think geniuses would be full of confidence. After all, they’re geniuses.
The truth is, geniuses are often full of doubt. They know there are no black and white answers, and that truth and knowledge continually evolves and grows. Unfortunately, this can also lead to feelings of inadequacy and lack of confidence.
After reading this, you may be thinking that you’ve tested your IQ and are decidedly not a genius. Think again.
First of all, if you’ve taken one of those free online IQ tests, throw those results out the window. They are absolutely useless.
Even if your IQ has been measured professionally, those results don’t take into consideration multiple bits of intelligence or possible difficulties with test taking that could skew your results.
If nothing else, you can benefit from treating yourself like a genius. Engage your creativity, curiosity and desire to learn new things. | <urn:uuid:ac8b32c0-3016-4e08-b2c7-48b07f2174b1> | {
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Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
The Canary Islands are right in the line of the sun glint off the Atlantic Ocean in this true-color Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from the Terra satellite on August 20, 2002. The water around the islands must be very calm, because only when the water is calm is it possible to see the scan lines caused by minute differences in the two sides of MODIS’ scan mirror. Notice the "wake effect" the islands have on the atmosphere, with the air swirling in eddies behind them.
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An international research team has created unique photoluminescent nanoparticles that shine clearly through more than 3 centimeters of biological tissue -- a depth that makes them a promising tool for deep-tissue optical bioimaging.
Though optical imaging is a robust and inexpensive technique commonly used in biomedical applications, current technologies lack the ability to look deep into tissue, the researchers said.
This creates a demand for the development of new approaches that provide high-resolution, high-contrast optical bioimaging that doctors and scientists could use to identify tumors or other anomalies deep beneath the skin.
The newly created nanoparticles consist of a nanocrystalline core containing thulium, sodium, ytterbium and fluorine, all encased inside a square, calcium-fluoride shell.
The particles are special for several reasons. First, they absorb and emit near-infrared light, with the emitted light having a much shorter wavelength than the absorbed light. This is different from how molecules in biological tissues absorb and emit light, which means that scientists can use the particles to obtain deeper, higher-contrast imaging than traditional fluorescence-based techniques.
Second, the material for the nanoparticles' shell --calcium fluoride -- is a substance found in bone and tooth mineral. This makes the particles compatible with human biology, reducing the risk of adverse effects. The shell is also found to significantly increase the photoluminescence efficiency.
To emit light, the particles employ a process called near-infrared-to-near-infrared up-conversion, or "NIR-to-NIR." Through this process, the particles absorb pairs of photons and combine these into single, higher-energy photons that are then emitted.
One reason NIR-to-NIR is ideal for optical imaging is that the particles absorb and emit light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which helps reduce background interference. This region of the spectrum is known as the "window of optical transparency" for biological tissue, since the biological tissue absorbs and scatters light the least in this range.
The scientists tested the particles in experiments that included imaging them injected in mice, and imaging a capsule full of the particles through a slice of pork more than 3 centimeters thick. In each case, the researchers were able to obtain vibrant, high-contrast images of the particles shining through tissue.
The results of the study appeared online on Aug. 28 in the ACS Nano journal. The international collaboration included researchers from the University at Buffalo and other institutions in the U.S., China, South Korea and Sweden. It was co-led by Paras N. Prasad, a SUNY Distinguished Professor and executive director of UB's Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics (ILPB), and Gang Han, an assistant professor at University of Massachusetts Medical School.
"We expect that the unprecedented properties in the core/shell nanocrystals we designed will bridge numerous disconnections between in vitro and in vivo studies, and eventually lead to new discoveries in the fields of biology and medicine," said Han, expressing his excitement about the research findings.
Study co-author Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy, a deputy director of ILPB, believes the 3-centimeter optical imaging depth is unprecedented for nanoparticles that provide such high-contrast visualization.
"Medical imaging is an emerging area, and optical imaging is an important technique in this area," said Ohulchanskyy. "Developing this new nanoplatform is a real step forward for deeper tissue optical bioimaging."
The paper's first authors were Guanying Chen, research assistant professor at ILPB and scientist at China's Harbin Institute of Technology and Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology and Jie Shen of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Other institutions that contributed included Roswell Park Cancer Institute, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Korea University at Seoul.
The next step in the research is to explore ways of targeting the nanoparticles to cancer cells and other biological targets that could be imaged. Chen, Shen and Ohulchanskyy said the hope is for the nanoparticles to become a platform for multimodal bioimaging.
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Derby study first in UK to examine rates of common oral infection which can cause mouth cancer
Researchers at the University of Derby have carried out the first UK pilot study examining rates of a common oral infection in young healthy adults that can cause cancer in the mouth. The innovative study questioned 124 people aged 18-24 about their lifestyle and took mouth swabs, revealing that 4% had a detectable oral HPV infection. The questionnaires indicated that lifestyle choices, such as smoking, could possibly increase the risk of contracting HPV.
What is HPV?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a common viral infection which can be passed on through close contact. It has high-risk strains that can lead to head and neck and cervical cancers. HPV infections are spread via touch and the types of HPV that affect the mouth and throat may also be passed on through certain behaviours such as oral sex.
There are more than 100 types of HPV and most people have the virus at some point in their lives. However, some high-risk strains can cause cancer if that person remains infected for a long time. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer caused by HPV but the infection can also cause head and neck, anal, penile, skin and, possibly, oesophageal cancer.
Why was research needed?
Dr Gillian Knight, Head of Biosciences at the University of Derby, who led the study, said:
HPV is a very common infection, with around 80% of adults being exposed to a genital HPV infection by their mid-twenties. We already know that this high infection rate influences the likelihood of women developing cervical cancer, but what we don’t know is how many people who have an oral HPV infection go on to develop HPV head and neck cancer.
In the UK, we only vaccinate 12-13 year old girls with the HPV jab to prevent them from picking up the high-risk strains of HPV when they become sexually active, which hopefully will prevent in girls all HPV-related cancers, including cervical cancer.
We do not vaccinate boys even though they have the same risk of contracting HPV infection as women and a recently identified risk – higher than in women – of head and neck cancer. Patients presenting at head and neck clinics with HPV-associated cancers are steadily increasing, particularly in white males under the age of 40.
The reason why men in the UK are not given the vaccine is that rates of HPV head and neck cancer are currently not as high as cervical cancer rates, but as the numbers of HPV head and neck cancer increase, there is a call that the UK follow other countries and start to vaccinate their boys.
The research project
Dr Knight conducted a lifestyle questionnaire among young people – a cohort determined to be at high risk of contracting genital HPV infection – to establish the prevalence of the virus among young adults. The survey focused on drinking and smoking habits, relationship status, sexual orientation and number of sexual partners. The participants also submitted a mouth swab which was screened for HPV detection.
The results showed that 4% had a detectable HPV infection – with the majority of them being smokers. Although the number of infected individuals was small, the key findings of the pilot study align with other studies conducted within the US which indicate that oral HPV may be spread by sexual practices and that smoking can also influence oral HPV infection.
Following the research project
As part of the future research at the University of Derby, we are working with the Royal Derby Hospital to investigate the rates of HPV infection in patients attending head and neck clinics to determine the rates of oral HPV infection in a wider age range.
To help raise awareness of the virus, a free public lecture was held in November 2016 where Dr Knight explained in detail what HPV is, how it plays an important role in cervical cancer and head and neck cancers and why parents should be better educating their children about this virus. Watch a video of Dr Knight explaining more about HPV here. | <urn:uuid:0840baa4-49a1-4971-8aa9-5fd5d0fd8f84> | {
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On any gearbox, one half of the gear set - either that connected to the input or output side - will be fixed to its respective shaft. The other half of the gear set will be free to spin on its shaft until one of the gears at a time is locked onto the shaft, to connect the input and output shafts together.
The system used on road cars is called synchromesh and allows smooth and quiet gear changes. Each of the gears has an angled cone attached to it, as well as a series of drive teeth on the face. There is also a ring, with a series of drive teeth, fixed to the shaft and when a gear is selected, a grooved collar slides across and joins the two rings of teeth, or dogs, to lock the gear onto the shaft. Force is applied to a cone on the gear by the sliding collar and this equalises the speeds so the collar joins the two rings smoothly.
The gear change is relatively quick. But in motorsport, where every second counts, it's not quick enough. So to speed up gear changes, a different system is used, called dog engagement, hence the term 'dog gearbox'.
Here, the speed-matching synchro system is done away with, and the relevant gears are locked onto their shafts using a dog ring. Again there are a series of dog teeth on the main gear and a sliding dog ring on the shaft, with splines to drive it. However, there will be anything from three to six dog teeth on the ring and the hub. The large teeth and gaps mean that the ring and hub will engage almost instantly and the gear change will be as fast as the lever can be moved.
The teeth have a slight undercut angle on them, so that while the engine is under load, force holds the dogs together. However, to change gear, this load must be removed, so either the driver must lift slightly or there needs to be an engine ignition cut-out switch. This will briefly cut the ignition, remove the load and allow the engaged dogs to separate. Normally, a dog box may not need the clutch to change gear, but it does need the right technique. The driver needs to be positive with the lever or the dogs will just bounce off each other and the gear won't be selected.
There are two main methods for actually changing gear: an H-pattern shift, as on most road cars and a sequential shift, as on most competition cars.
For H-pattern gearboxes, the lever is directly linked to the selection forks, whereas a sequential box has the lever acting on a rotating drum with slots in the surface, which move the selector forks. The advantage of a sequential shift is that it eliminates the possibility of missing or mis-selecting a gear, as you can only change one at a time. | <urn:uuid:b6b2fd1b-4c68-4b38-bfe7-5953f6391556> | {
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In this tutorial I’m going to show you how to create the external walls of your building in AutoCAD Architecture.
At the bottom of this tutorial you can find a video screencast showing you how to create the walls.
How to Create the Ground Floor External Walls
- Press the top Close button to hide the Project Navigator, and press Ctrl+3 to display the Tool Palettes at the left side of the screen.
- As earlier learned (Right-Click on the palette title bar and select from the drop-up menu) turn to the Design palette group, and choose the Walls palette.
Check in the drawing area if the column grid is on the full screen; zoom in on it as much as the drawing area size allows it. The simplest way is to double-click with the middle mouse button (scroll) (Zoom Extents).
At the same time check if the OSNAP (F3) and the ORTHO (F8) toggles are turned on (if they are active) in the status bar.
- Check at the lower right corner of the drawing area (on the label before the Cut Plane), if the Medium Detail is active. If it is not then click on the displayed configuration and turn on the Medium Detail in the drop-up menu.
- Left-Click on the Tool Palettes of the CMU-190 [CMU-8] wall type to start creating such a wall type.
- You can see that the parameters of being drawn walls are displayed on the Properties palette docked at the right side and at the lower Command window (and by the cursor), program prompts to specify the start point of the first wall.
Before selecting the start point, check on the Properties palette that the Width parameter is 190 mm [8”] (fixed parameter), the Base height parameter value is 3000 mm [10’-0”], and the Justify parameter is set to Baseline.
NOTE: In the following the INTersection of the column grid will be used. If it is not succeeded to select the INTersection, you can call out the Object Snap list by using SHIFT + Right-Click during the command and you can select the INTersection from it.
If parameters are correct, draw the external walls by using the INTersection of the column grid. First draw the walls of the Main Building, you can use the INTersection of A and 1 grid lines as the start point. To the wall end points you can use the INTersection of A and 2 grid lines.
INTersection of E and 2 grid lines.
INTersection of E and 1 grid lines.
Fourth wall (with Close)
The last wall segment is made by the Close option, which means the program will automatically close the wholly drawn wall chain.
Use the novelty of AutoCAD 2013 – options became selectable in command line – click on the Close option in command line.
The finished external walls
If it would not be successful to draw the four walls in a whole, then restart the command to draw the wall (e.g.: by pressing ENTER), and from the last right end point continue to draw the walls. In this case do not use the Close option because the last wall segment will be closed to the start of newly created wall chain.
In the following you can draw the passage connecting two divisions. Select one of the drawn walls, and then select the Add Selected option from the Ribbon Contextual Wall tab.
This command allows you to place completely the same Properties element from which you started.
Specify the INTersection of C and 2 grid lines as the start points and the INTersection of C and 3 grid lines as end points.
Then finish wall drawing with Right-Click or by pressing ENTER.
- After drawing the wall the original selected wall remains selected – until selection is discarded with ESC –, so Right-Click and the Add Selected command will be also there, and select it.
The start points of the new wall will be the INTersection of D and 3 grid lines, the end points will be the INTersection of D and 2 grid lines, and then close the drawing wall by pressing ENTER.
You can save the drawing with the Save icon.
I hope you enjoyed this part of the AutoCAD Architecture video tutorials series. In the next article I’ll show you how to Modify the Walls. If you liked this tutorial make sure you subscribe for more in the upper right corner (where you can also download the first chapters of my AutoCAD Architecture eBook free) and also subscribe to my YouTube channel.
If you would like to create the whole project of a two-story house with Sheets and Annotation, please follow the link and buy my eBook, which guides you step by step (Imperial and Metric version available). | <urn:uuid:eb86b454-222f-46eb-9c20-074717206213> | {
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Detection and Highlighting using a Multi-Flash Technique, 2002
Imagine a camera, no
larger than existing digital cameras, that can directly find depth
edges or create stylized images. As we know, a flash to the left of a
camera creates a sliver of shadow to the right of each silhouette
(depth discontinuity) in the image. We add a flash on the right, which
creates a sliver of shadow to the left of each silhouette, a flash to
the top and bottom. By observing the shadows, one can robustly find all
the pixels corresponding to shape boundaries
(depth discontinuities). This is a strikingly simple way of calculating
edges. Below, we show one potential application in generating NPR
We present a
non-photorealistic rendering approach to capture and
convey shape features of real-world scenes. We use a camera with
multiple flashes that are strategically positioned to cast shadows
along depth discontinuities in the scene. The projective-geometric
relationship of the camera-flash setup is then exploited to detect
depth discontinuities and distinguish them from intensity edges due
to material discontinuities.
We introduce depiction methods that utilize the detected edge
features to generate stylized static and animated images. We can
highlight the detected features, suppress unnecessary details or
combine features from multiple images. The resulting images more
clearly convey the 3D structure of the imaged scenes.
We take a very different approach to capturing geometric features
of a scene than traditional approaches that require reconstructing
a 3D model. This results in a method that is both surprisingly
simple and computationally efficient. The entire hardware/software
setup can conceivably be packaged into a self-contained device no
larger than existing digital cameras.
Discontinuity Confidence Map created by Multi-Flash Camera
Notice the individual leaves now clearly visible
shape clarifying image
raw depth edge confidence map
Notice the four spark plugs, dip
stick, shape of engine next to dip stick, and the Honda sign now
visible in this shape clarifying image.
However, the disadvantage, common to NPR techniques, is that some
texture detail is lost.
Raw Result of Our Method for
Depth Edge Detection (with no post-processing)
One type of rendering
Comparison with Intensity Edge
detection (Canny) results
We were surprised by
the simplicity of our depth edge detection solution. We found it
difficult to believe that, while photometric stereo techniques solved
the more difficult problem of computing surface orientation (and
indirectly the depth values), procedures to directly find the depth
discontinuity were rarely explored.
Hence, after developing
this technique in 2002, we discussed with various researchers at CVPR
2003 (where it was also shown as a demo), ICCV 2003 and Siggraph 2003
(where the basic ideas of depth edge detected were presented as a
sketch) and asked for feedback. We concluded that, one possible reason
this type of strategic placement of light sources very close to the
camera was overlooked is that, in-fact for most photometric stereo or
shape-from-shadow or shape-from-shading technique, the flash
configuration is a failure case. However, beyond our search and
discussion with researchers, it is quite possible that a approach
to ours was explored in 60's or 70's. So we asked researchers who have
active since 70's who refered us to papers that analyzed intensity
in images but those techniques required widely varying
illumination on objects with uniform albedo.
For most techniques to
compare with, a
simple question to ask is : Will the method find a depth edge for a
white piece of paper in front of a white background ?
Here is what Stan Birchfield
(Ph.D. Thesis 'Depth and Motion Discontinuities', Stanford University,
1999) has to say about our work (printed with permission).
"Detecting depth discontinuities is fundamental to image understanding,
and important for many tasks. With a well-crafted hardware
modification, this work has moved this problem from theoretical
possibility to practical reality. The results are orders of
magnitude better than anything previous."
If you are familiar with
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Hope Is Our Only Wing
by Rutendo Tavengerwei
Pub Date: 10 Sep 2019
read courtesy of Netgalley.com
Note: Let your readers know that there is a glossary at the back of the book. Because I read this as a digital galley, I didn't find the glossary until after I finished reading, and it would have been helpful to have been aware of it earlier.
I agree with prior reviews that this is a middle school book, but I also think that it's not as easy a read as others have noted. While the vocabulary is not too difficult (besides the references to African terms, for which there is a glossary), the concepts of politics and disease and cultural references might pose a challenge for some students. We're lucky, however, in this time of the Internet, that we have the ability to easily quench our curiosities. For example, as a result of a reference to "Oliver Mtukudzi's timeless voice," I was able to find out that he died recently, January 2019, and hear an example of his sound on YouTube (https://youtu.be/p-JUy6p0Qpw). And though I could figure out what ZESA was from context, I could also look up that it's the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority.
As an educator, I was drawn to the words of wisdom one character's grandfather imparted, one "could quit if it was the instrument that was making him miserable. But if it was the learning he was trying to avoid, he would have to toughen up."
In spite of the unfamiliarity with the setting, readers will be drawn in by the developing friendship between the two main characters. As readers we're given room to experience the interplay of actions and feelings the two girls experience rather than being explicitly spoon fed what to think and feel. I liked that about Tavengerwei's style. I think sophisticated middle school readers will like this story. | <urn:uuid:2fd61458-c5cf-4c4c-baee-d0afbf44e594> | {
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The advantages of a controlling position in Norway, so strongly urged on the Führer by Admiral Raeder, were not unappreciated in Whitehall. From the end of November 1939, when the Russians attacked Finland, the possibilities of fishing profitably in Scandinavian waters were seriously considered by the British Government. Of the voices that were raised in favour of active measures of this sort, one in particular was clear and insistent—the voice of Mr. Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty; for Norway—or some of it—was within easy reach of the Navy.
Clearly the Allies had every justification for supporting Finland. The wanton aggression committed against a weak and unoffending neighbour by a vast dictatorial power on terms of intimacy with the Nazis cried for redress in the name of morality and the democratic cause. Cries for redress, however, are apt to pass unheard until they fall on willing ears. In this case the ears were already well down to the ground.
For some time past the Allies had been studying the possibilities of depriving Germany of the high-grade iron-ore which is found so abundantly in Sweden, and which is so important in the manufacture of armaments. When the Russians attacked the Finns it was at once seen that Allied intervention, by establishing a military force in Scandinavia, might achieve this desired end. The prize was not one to be despised. All our economic surveys pointed to the peculiar significance of Swedish iron-ore in the German war economy; the least optimistic estimate of its worth was that without it the German war effort would collapse within a year; and a confidential memorandum to the French government from Fritz Thyssen, Frankenstein fearful of his own creation, only confirmed the verdict. Nor has post-war research done anything to upset these conclusions. According to recent German admissions, during the opening months of the war
iron-ore from Sweden and Norway in fact supplied two-thirds of Germany's total consumption of the product.
The iron-ore of Sweden is found in two widely separated areas—the fields around Grangesberg, within easy access of Stockholm, and those around Kiruna and Gallivare, in the extreme north. It is the latter which produce in such great quantities the high grade phosphoric ores. The export of the ore from the fields in the south presents no difficulty, for these are served by the network of railways covering southern Sweden; but the export of ore from Kiruna and Gallivare is another matter. From both these towns there is railway communication to the port of Luleå, at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia; but from mid-December to mid-May Luleå is ice-bound. Much of the ore in consequence travels by a single-track railway, overhung by great rocks and mountains, to the Norwegian port of Narvik, which remains open to traffic all the year round. Thence it proceeds by sea to its destination. And in the early months of the war its destination was largely Germany—by way of Norway's territorial waters.
The approach of the War Cabinet to what could now be considered the combined problems of Finland and the Swedish iron-ore was hesitant. Sabotage, though it might help, could not interfere seriously with the trade with Germany; only the occupation of the ore-fields and the communications on which they depend would suffice. But a naked seizure of the ore-fields would set all Scandinavia by the ears, alienate neutral opinion generally, and violate the principles for which we were fighting. Moreover, since the fact of German control over the Baltic meant that we should have to approach the ore-fields by way of the scanty communications and mountain barriers of central and northern Norway, a mere descent in force would be militarily unsound. The expedition must thus be undertaken unobtrusively, in the course of carrying aid to the Finns, and only if both Norway and Sweden agreed to cooperate—or at least,not to oppose. And even this would be risking war with Russia.
It was with these difficulties in mind that the War Cabinet in December 1939, after agreeing as a first step to send some aircraft to the Finns, considered the proposal of the First Lord of the Admiralty that we should interrupt the traffic from Narvik to Germany inside Norwegian territorial waters by a combination of mine-laying and naval action. In accordance with the Cabinet's determination not to offend Scandinavian opinion, Mr. Churchill's proposal was accepted only to the extent of inquiring how the Norwegian and Swedish governments would regard such measures. The reply was entirely unfavourable. There, for a few weeks, the matter rested.
By February 1940, however, it was clear that without substantial
BOMBER AIRFIELD AT DUSK
The crews go out to their Wellingtons
HURRICANES ON PATROL
A flight of No. 73 Squadron over France during the 'phoney war'
THE ALTMARK SPOTTED
Coastal Command reconnaissance discovers the prison-ship in Josing Fjord on 24th February 1940
SEVEN YEARS AFTERWARDS
The wreckage of one of No. 263 Squadron's Gladiators, still visible on the shores of Lake Lesjaskog in 1947
reinforcements the Finns could not hold out against Russia for more than a matter of weeks. The prospect of having 'the great barbarians' within easy reach of the Swedish iron-ore and the North Sea being more than little distasteful, it was decided to ask Norway and Sweden to allow the transit of Allied units across their territory into Finland—units formed on the model of the Italian 'Volunteer' brigades in Spanish Civil War. The necessary military and air forces were detailed, and in early March the request was duly made. Once again the only result was a blank refusal. Faced with this, and with the continued insistence of the Norwegians and Swedes on maintaining their exports to Germany, the First Lord of the Admiralty then reverted to the lesser project of mining the route from Narvik. Since this was at best only a partial solution of the problem—the Narvik route accounted, as we now know, for one third of Germany's total imports of iron-ore from Scandinavia—it was once more rejected by the Cabinet.
The Allies had not reached this point without German suspicions; indeed our intention at least to carry help to Finland had been proclaimed to the world. On 12th December 1939, when Hitler formally decided to secure control of Norway, he was not yet sure how far he could achieve his object by fostering the influence of the traitor Quisling. During the ensuing months he had accordingly catered for both contingencies, at once encouraging the Norwegian Nazis and at the same time preparing a military expedition. The news that the British were actually contemplating intervention in Scandinavia, coupled with our violation of Norwegian territorial rights during the Altmark incident, now convinced Hitler and his Naval Staff that they must act swiftly if they were to safeguard their supplies of iron-ore and obtain their desired vantage-points for the air and sea war against England. As Quisling, by his own admission, could not produce the goods in time, on 4th March Hitler ordered the German armed forces to make ready with all speed.
Hostilities between the Russians and the Finns ended on 13th March 1940. The following day the British War Cabinet considered Mr. Churchill's view that we should still proceed with our Scandinavian expedition, partly to secure the ore-fields, partly to forestall an eventual Russian advance to the Atlantic. But once more the Cabinet, in default of Norwegian and Swedish consent, rejected extreme courses. Indeed, it now decided to disperse the forces thus far collected—forces which included, among the Royal Air Force units, an air component headquarters, two bomber squadrons, three fighter squadrons, one and a half army cooperation squadrons, a balloon squadron and an observer screen.
After the signature of the Russo-Finnish Peace Treaty the Germans sensed some relaxation in the British preparations, and at the end of March Admiral Raeder gave his opinion that a British descent on Norway was no longer imminent. But at the same time he urged that the Germans must ultimately take over Norway, and that they should do so sooner rather than later. The Führer was entirely of the same mind. On 26th March the German 'D-day' for operation Weserübung—the 'Weser' exercise, or occupation of Norway and Denmark—was fixed for the period of the next new moon.
Meanwhile the Allies, almost equally reluctant to abandon the chance of a cheap strategic success, were haggling. The French, sensitive to the loss of 'face' over Finland, urged that some positive action to control Norwegian territorial waters, either by naval measures or by seizing Norwegian ports, would have a tonic effect on neutral opinion. The British countered that Scandinavian cooperation was essential, even for the most limited project; but at a meeting of the Supreme War Council on 28th March, some ground was yielded on both sides, and agreement was reached. Fresh notes were to be addressed to Norway and Sweden informing them that their interpretation of neutrality had worked against our interests: that they must not oppose us if we decided to carry aid to Finland in a future struggle: and that we reserved the right to take such measures as we though necessary to prevent vital resources flowing to Germany. This message delivered, mines were to be laid in Norwegian territorial waters along the route from Narvik, and operations were to be undertaken against German shipping thus forced out to sea. Should these measures provoke a German invasion of southern Norway, or should there be clear evidence that such an invasion was intended, and should the Norwegians then welcome our support, a few units retained from the original expeditionary force would be rushed across to occupy Narvik, Trondheim and Bergen, and to effect demolitions at Stavanger. With the Germans forestalled at the key points on the west coast, further forces could then be despatched to Norway as necessary—or as available. In all this the Royal Air Force was expected to bear no great part. 'No air forces', wrote the Chiefs of Staff, 'need accompany the … army forces in the first instance. We may, however, have to despatch the air contingent which was included in the original Narvik plan, if the opportunity to move to Gallivare should subsequently arise. A decision on this can be deferred.'
The warning notes were presented to the Norwegian and Swedish governments on 5th April 1940—two days after the first supply ships of the German expeditionary have quietly set sail. The Swedes immediately complained that the British notes 'brought our countries very
close to war'. The reply of the Norwegians was still awaited when the progress of events made it superfluous.
* * *
A few hours after the Allied notes were delivered in Oslo and Stockholm, most of the forces intended to cover the mine-laying left Scapa. The operation, scheduled for the early hours of 8th April, was to take place in two areas; one field was to be sown in the Vest Fjord, on the direct approach to Narvik, the other farther south. While the vessels for these tasks proceeded towards Norway, the troops who were to forestall the Germans at the west coast ports embarked in transports and cruisers, ready to sail, if need be, as soon as the mines were laid.
By 8th April, however, the situation had lost its pristine clarity. By that time reports of unaccustomed movements by German naval units had been coming in for many hours. On 6th April a sizable German force, including the Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau, had been photographed at anchor in the Wilhelmshaven roads; but in the course of the evening it sailed, and the leading ship, the cruiser Hipper, was reported during the night by Bomber Command aircraft as proceeding on a northerly course twenty miles north of Heligoland. The following morning—the 7th—Coastal Command Hudsons were ordered to search for this vessel. They spotted a cruiser and attendant destroyers on a northerly course, but were driven of by German aircraft. Their information, however, was good enough to warrant an attack, and at 1325 hours twelve Bomber Command Blenheims of No. 107 Squadron came up with the target. Unfortunately, their bombs missed; but their sighting report was of the highest value, for it now gave the composition of the force as a battleship, a pocket battleship, two or three cruisers, and a large destroyer escort. This estimate was not entirely accurate, for the force in fact consisted of two battlecruisers (Scharnhorst and Gneisenau), a cruiser (Hipper) and destroyer escort; but at least it was clear that a very substantial number of German warships was proceeding north. A further attempt to impeded its progress was accordingly made later in the afternoon by two squadrons of Wellingtons. Bad visibility robbed them of success.
While the Blenheims were attacking what in fact was the German expedition for the seizure of Trondheim and Narvik, a signal was on its was from the Admiralty to the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet. It ran thus: 'Recent reports suggest German expedition is being prepared. Hitler is reported from Copenhagen to have ordered unostentatious movements of one division in ten ships by night to land at Narvik with simultaneous occupation of Jutland. Sweden to
be left alone. … Date give for arrival at Narvik was 8th April.' This was a very significant warning; so significant, that the information was also passed to the Norwegian government. It was, perhaps, a little unfortunate that the signal went on to say: 'All these reports are of doubtful value and may well be only a further move in the war of nerves.' Nevertheless its general purport, coupled with the news of the large German force proceeding north and the failure of our bombing attacks, determined the Commander-in-Chief to put to sea that evening in an effort to intercept the enemy. At the same time, for fear of a clash with powerful forces, the Admiralty recalled the more southerly mine-laying group. The following day—the 8th—anxious to free as many ships as possible for the forthcoming battle in the North Sea, the Admiralty turned the waiting expeditionary battalions and their stores out of the cruisers in the Forth, so that these vessels might join the fray.
When 8th April dawned, one British mine-laying expedition was thus completing its work off Narvik; another was on its way home with its mission unfulfilled; a powerful German naval force was heading north; and the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, as yet with scanty resources, was hastening east to intercept. Throughout the day, the Royal Air Force continued its efforts to throw further light on the situation. Patrols by Hudsons and Sunderlands covered as many areas and contingencies as possible, but in a day of mist and rain only one contact was made with enemy. A Sunderland of No. 204 Squadron, detailed to escort the Home Fleet in its progress east, had been diverted by the Commander-in-Chief to search for the German force. The aircraft reached the Norwegian coast, flew coast-wise to Ulla, near Kristiansund, and thence proceeded due north. Visibility at this time was no more than one to two miles in constant rain, with 10/10ths cloud at 800 feet. Suddenly the captain, who was sitting in the second pilot's seat, saw warships about one mile ahead. Seizing the controls, he turned steeply to starboard, then ordered the second pilot to fly round the force at visibility distance. It was instantly recognized to be German and was judged to consist of a battlecruiser, two cruisers and two destroyers. Within a few minutes the flying-boat had paid for its discovery by receiving a stream of bullets in the hull and petrol tanks; but despite this damage it succeeded in drawing clear of the vessels and reporting to base their composition, course and speed. Unfortunately the course was reported without qualification as 270 degrees (due west), thought the crew of the aircraft, under fire and manoeuvring rapidly, were hardly in a position to make sure, and the second pilot disagreed with the estimate.
This report misled the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, in two important respects. The vessels in fact were the cruiser Hipper and four destroyers, which had broken off from the larger force reported earlier; and they were heading north-east for Trondheim, not west of the Atlantic. But in view of the Sunderland's report of a powerful force steering west, and the failure of later reconnaissance that day to regain contact on account of the persistent bad weather, the Commander-in-Chief placed himself in the path of a break-out into the Atlantic. He thus remained far to the west of his quarry. Meanwhile Admiral Whitworth, who had been covering the mine-layers further north, was warned to guard the approaches to Narvik; but though he had a brush with the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the two battlecruisers had already parted company with the destroyers bound for Narvik, and so the Narvik expedition itself eluded him.
This preoccupation with the German units in the North Sea, coupled with the extremely bad weather, resulted in the remaining German forces escaping detection from the air. These, as it proved, were destined for Bergen, Egersund, Kristiansand, Arendal and Oslo. But in conditions of very low visibility aircraft of Bomber Command failed to notice any unusual activity in the Heligoland Bight; while those of Coastal Command, finding visibility nil in the Skagerrak, had to return home with their task unaccomplished. Strong enemy forces were reported by the Naval Attaché in Copenhagen passing up towards the Kattegat in the afternoon of 8th April, and during the evening British submarines reported enemy vessels steering west past the tip of Jutland; but these were thought to be shaping to follow the other enemy units into the North Sea. The Norwegian government, indeed, took warning at the last moment from the fact that a German vessel bound for Bergen, and sunk by submarine, turned out be carrying large numbers of soldiers; by the time, however, that the Cabinet had met and decided upon partial mobilisation it was past 9.p. So it came about that, in spite of the many signs and portents, and in spite of our glimpses of the various task forces, the German warships achieved a large measure of surprise when, less than three hours later, they began to appear off the Norwegian ports.
The German vessels entered Norwegian territorial waters under cover of darkness. Only in Oslo Fjord, where the minelayer Olaf Trygvesson damaged the Emden, and a stiff fight off the island fortress of Oskarsborg disposed of the Blücher, were the enemy's plans disrupted. Elsewhere the German Navy, despite gallant opposition by Norwegian ships, had matters all its own way. Arendal and Egersund, almost undefended, were there for the taking; at Kristiansand the
first attack was beaten off, but enemy destroyers later gained an unopposed entry by flying the French flag; at Bergen merchant vessels lying peacefully in harbour suddenly ran up the Swastika and revealed themselves as supply ships for the expedition; at Trondheim the batteries at the entrance to the fjord were undermanned, short of ammunition, and baffled by a snow-storm; at Narvik the bravery of the Norwegian naval units was stultified by the treachery of the local military commander—a supporter of Quisling—who handed over the town without resistance. Everywhere brutal force and base cunning swiftly attained their ends.
By daybreak on 9th April, despite the failure of the attack upon Oslo Fjord, the German Minister had presented himself at the Norwegian Foreign Office to demand the country's instant capitulation. Meanwhile an impressive bonfire of documents in the gardens of the British Legation was being extinguished with great promptitude by the Oslo Fire Brigade. Three hours later the Luftwaffe, somewhat delayed by fog, appeared on the scene. For Weserübung nearly six hundred operational and over six hundred transport aircraft had been made available, and powerful forces of twin-engined fighters now swept in and overwhelmed the small Norwegian Air Force at Stavanger/Sola and Oslo/Fornebu airfields. Next came clouds of parachutists, to be followed almost immediately by airborne infantry; indeed, at Fornebu some of the aircraft bearing the latter actually landed before the paratroops—the one mishap in an otherwise perfectly timed programme. By midday Oslo/Kjeller airfield was also in enemy hands, and both at Oslo and Stavanger/Sola—which was captured entirely from the air—transport aircraft were streaming in with men and supplies, while bombers, fighters and reconnaissance machines were already taking off in support of the German troops. During the afternoon enemy forces moved into Oslo itself and by nightfall the German stranglehold was complete. Within a few hour King Haakon and his Cabinet, having appealed to the Allies and rejected the German demand to surrender power to Quisling, were vainly seeking some stable seat of government north of Oslo. From successive refuges they now strove to mobilize their army—a desperately difficult task with the capital, the main railway terminals and the chief ports all in German hands. Meanwhile the almost bloodless occupation of Denmark had assured German of easy access by air and sea to the new theatre of war.
* * *
The full implications of the enemy's initial success were not at first generally appreciated in England. Instead, there was some tendency
to believe that, since Hitler had committed his forces across the water, and since Britannia ruled the waves, German communications would be rapidly severed and the whole expeditionary brought to disaster. Unfortunately such agreeable anticipations were to be quickly dashed to the ground. For the regrettable truth of the matter was that the sea routes from German and Denmark to southern Norway were controlled, not by the Royal Navy, but by the German Navy and the German Air Force: that the Germans had seized control of every airfield and port of consequence in the whole of Norway: and that the Luftwaffe was now either based in Norway or could refuel there, or could operate from Danish bases no more than 200 miles away. The Allies, on the other hand, were faced with the problem of operating over sea lines of communication anything from 600 to 1,000 miles lone; and they would be compelled to rely—unless they could recapture a major port—on tiny harbours and exiguous railways. Without airfields in a country in which there ware few natural landing grounds, Britain and France could not possibly bring to bear anything like the weight of air effort which the Germans were capable of applying. Once, then, the enemy had succeeded in his first swift blows, the situation was in fact highly unpromising.
While the Allies concerted their military plans, the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy took what immediate measures were possible. The first concern was to hunt down the German warships which had been engaged in the expedition, and which were under orders to return go their home ports as soon as they had discharged their troops and stores. From 9th April to 12th April Coastal Command accordingly strained every nerve to spot the enemy vessels. On 9th April, though tasks in other areas were not neglected, coastal aircraft flew extensive patrols over a large part of the North Sea and the Norwegian coast and repeatedly reconnoitred the occupied ports. Five sorties were over Bergen during the day, confirming the presence of two cruisers—the Köln and the Königsberg1; two sorties reports a light cruiser—the Karlsruhe—in Kristiansand; and a Sunderland of No. 204 Squadron confirmed the presence of another cruiser—the Hipper—in Trondheim. Urgent naval requests also led to the despatch of a Sunderland—the only coastal aircraft with the necessary range—on a task which was particularly unsuitable for a flying boat; for the crew were instructed to make landfall at German-occupied Stavanger, cross the 150-odd miles of mountains to Oslo, and search for naval vessels in the neighbouring fjords. Not unexpectedly, the aircraft 'failed to return'.
Acting on the information thus gathered, Bomber Command rapidly despatched twelve Wellingtons of Nos. 9 and 115 Squadrons against the two cruisers at Bergen. Their attack, according to the enemy, was 'vigorously pressed home', but it resulted in nothing better than some near misses and a few wounded German sailors. The Köln made good her escape that evening, but the Königsberg had been damaged by the Norwegian shore batteries during her approach; and after a dawn reconnaissance by an aircraft of Coastal Command had established that she was still there the following morning—April 10th—Fleet Air Arm Skuas from Hatston caught her with two well and truly aimed bombs, and so earned the distinction of being the first aircraft to sink a major warship in battle. Apart from this, the Karlsruhe, sailing from Kristiansand in the evening of 9th April, was sunk by a British submarine; and the destroyers which had carried the landing parties to Narvik were disposed of by the naval actions of 10th and 13th April. Almost all the remaining German naval forces regained their home ports in safety. Early in the morning of the 12th the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau—now joined by the Hipper, which had left Trondheim on the night of the 10/11th—were picked up by Hudsons of Coastal Command off the south-west coast of Norway; but the striking forces despatch the same day, amounting in all to ninety-two aircraft, were once more frustrated by the weather. As a last resort twelve of these machines—Hampdens of Nos. 44 and 50 Squadrons—tried to attack a warship in Kristiansand. They were caught by German fighters, and having no defence against a beam attack were 'hacked down from the wing man inwards' until half their number had perished.
Thus ended the first phase of the invasion of Norway. The German Navy had got there in safety; had landed enough troops and supplies to capture all the key points; and had subsequently suffered loses which were severe in relation to German naval strength, but insignificant when weighed against the hazards, and the success, of the venture. The Allies could take consolation, however, from the fact that the most daring part of the stroke could not be repeated. Though the German troops in southern Norway could be supplied both by sea and air, the Luftwaffe alone must revictual the isolated units at Trondheim and Narvik. And supply on this scale purely by air, if it was accomplished, would mark a new achievement in the history of warfare.
* * *
The attempt to bomb the German Navy on its return voyage having failed, our air attacks were now convinced against the German-held airfields. Of these, the most immediately important to
the enemy was Oslo/Fornebu, since the main German advance northwards would be directed from that area. As far as our own needs were concerned, however, the most important was the ill-developed but commodious landing ground at Vaernes, near Trondheim; for whereas Allied forces could not possibly sail through the Skagerrak and land near Oslo, they had ever prospect of securing a lodgement in the neighbourhood of Trondheim. Moreover, Trondheim was perhaps the best centre of communication for the country as a whole; it was the third largest port in Norway; and the German force in occupation was both small and isolated. To put the Luftwaffe out of business at Vaernes would therefore be of the utmost benefit to our plans. Unfortunately, however, neither Fornebu nor Vaernes was within the effective striking distance of our daylight bombers; the former was 580 miles away from our nearest bomber bases, the latter 760 miles. Only the Whitleys could strike at this range without undue risk, and these had to operate by night, when the chances of identifying an airfield in Norway were slender. The result was that our main air effort came to be directed against the airfield which was easiest to reach, to locate, and to attack—that of Stavanger/Sola, where for once the mountains of Norway sweep down, not to the sea, but to an open coastal flat.
Stavanger/Sola, 450 miles from our bomber bases on the east coast, was raided for the first time of 11/12th April, and more heavily on 14th April. Thereafter it was bombed regularly; for by 14th April British forces were landing on Norwegian soil, and the bombing of Stavanger was one of the few available means of reducing the weight of German air attack against them.
The key to recovery in Norway was of course Trondheim. If we could recapture this large and flourishing port, with Vaernes airfield no great distance away, the northern half of Norway could almost certainly be held—for near Trondheim the country narrow sharply, and the distance across to Sweden is only sixty miles. Forces could then be built up for a subsequent advance to the south. With this in mind, and with the knowledge that the German troops in possession numbered as yet no more than two thousand, the Norwegians therefore urged the Allies to undertake an immediate and direct assault. But an operation of this kind could not be carried out without heavy losses among our ships, and though the plan was adopted in principle it was not applied. Instead a beginning was made with a subsidiary movement—an overland advance on Trondheim from two directions. One wing of this was to land at the small harbour of Namsos, 125 north of Trondheim, the other at the equally small harbour of Aandalsnes, 200 miles by road to the south.
Meanwhile, a third and entirely independent force was to recapture the remote and isolated port of Narvik.
The first naval party put ashore at Namsos on 14th April. The same day British forces began to land near Harstad in Vaags Fjord, the base selected for operations against Narvik; and on 17th April an advanced party disembarked at Aandalsnes. All these landings were unopposed, and since some initial progress was quickly made from Namsos and Aandalsnes the plan of a direct assault on Trondheim up the fjords was abandoned with relief, and all efforts were concentrated on the advance over land.
The troops at Namsos were under the command of Major General Carton de Wiart, V.C., a soldier whose gallantry from the day of the Boer War onwards had become almost a legend. De Wiart, who arrived by Sunderland flying-boat on 15th April to the accompaniment of German bombs, lost no time in pushing forces south through the vital defile of Steinkjer. A halt then ensued while further troops—a French demi-brigade—were brought into Namsos on 19th April. But the Frenchmen were no sooner landed and the ships withdrawn than the Luftwaffe, whose activities over this area had thus far been sporadic, appeared on the scene in strength. In the absence of anti-aircraft defences their task was not difficult, and by nightfall on 20th April Namsos was virtually destroyed. 'The whole place', wrote a naval eyewitness, 'was a mass of flames from end to end, and the glare on the snows of the surrounding mountains produced an unforgettable spectacle'. The railway station, the rolling stock and the storehouses on the jetties all suffered in the general devastation, and the road transport disappeared with the evacuating Norwegian population.
The lesson of this was not lost on de Wiart. The following morning he signalled the War Office 'I see little chance of carrying out decisive, or indeed, any operations, unless enemy air activity is considerably restricted'. Two days later, after German forces shipped along the fjords from Trondheim had landed on the flank of his advanced troops, and after the Luftwaffe had twice subjected the forward units and the town of Steinkjer to the same treatment as the base at Namsos, de Wiart put it more strongly—that there was 'no alternative to evacuation' unless he could have superiority in the air. From this point onwards the General could act only on the defensive, and his best hope, that when the order to withdraw was given, was that he would succeed in getting his forces back on Namsos. The advance on Trondheim from the north had failed.
Meanwhile, the other jaw of the would-be pincers was trying in vain to operate from Aandalsnes. The first formation to land
consisted of some sixteen hundred men, containing a very high proportion of raw troops and a very low proportion of transport and guns. Before advancing north the brigade was ordered to secure the vital junction of Dombaas, where the railway from Oslo divides for Aandalsnes and Trondheim. The bulk of the Norwegian army was at this time well south of the junction, fighting a stout delaying action against the main German drive from Oslo; and if this advance could be halted before it reached Dombaas our own movement towards Trondheim could be conducted without interference. But the hard-pressed Norwegians were naturally reluctant to see our troops merely consolidating a position in their rear, and it was to meet their requests that Brigadier Morgan pushed his men well down the valley past Dombaas to the advanced positions around Lillehammer. Before our men were properly established in the line, however, the forward Norwegian troops had been driven back. At the limit of endurance they succumbed to the combined assault of German land and forces; for the pilots of the Luftwaffe, taking advantage of a settled spell of fine weather most unusual in Norway at this time of the year, were flying up and down the snow-bound valleys at will, selecting their targets with the greatest deliberation. The full shock therefore fell on Morgan's brigade, who at first fared little or no better than the Norwegians. While they strove to restore the situation, a second brigade which had been landed at Aandalsnes was rushed down to give them support. The Aandalsnes expedition, so far from driving north against Trondheim, was thus desperately engaged in trying to hold off the Germans to the south.
While our troops were struggling to establish themselves in central Norway the Royal Air Force had not been idle. It had repeatedly bombed Stavanger/Sola airfield; it had attempted the more difficult tasks of bombing the two vital airfields at extreme range—Trondheim/Vaernes and Oslo/Fornebu; and it had made its first attacks on the Danish airfield at Aalborg, of which the enemy was making great use. It had not, however, attacked airfields in German, of which the enemy was making even greater use—for the policy of not provoking German air action against this country was still maintained. Nearly two hundred sorties were flown against the airfields in Norway and Denmark between 14th and 21st April; but the distance was considerable, the weather over the North Sea often unfavourable, and the enemy defences too strong to allow our aircraft to operate except by night or under cover of cloud. The net effect on German air activity over Norway was therefore small.
The Royal Air Force had also joined battle against the enemy's sea communications. Beginning on the night of 13/14th April our.
aircraft had laid magnetic mines in the Great and Little Belts, the Sound, the Kiel Canal, the Elbe estuary, and many other areas which our ships could not approach. Though undoubtedly less dangerous than operating over Germany, this was by no means easy work. The flights were long, and might the aircraft to such hotly defend places as the Kiel Canal or Oslo Fjord; the mines, weighing fifteen hundred pounds each and attached to a parachute, had to be dropped from only five hundred feet or so above the water; and in thick weather there was every likelihood of having to turn back and land with the mines still on. By the end of April Bomber Command's Hampdens had sown 110 mines at a cost of seven aircraft, which others had been laid by Coastal Command, the Fleet Air Arm and the submarines. All this was to prove very profitable in the long run, but it was certainly not decisive for the campaign in Norway. In fact, the enemy took across everything he wanted. Between mid-April and mid-June the Germans lost on the Norwegian route only eight or nine percent of their shipping and only 1,000 of the 100,000 officers and men transported.
The mining and the attacks on airfields had their value, but it was not apparent to troops who were spending their time dodging German bombs. Our men in Norway, ludicrously short of anti-aircraft guns, were also desperately in need of fighter protection. The problem was easier stated than solved. No Royal Air Force units had been detailed for central Norway; all known airfields had been seized by the enemy; and emergency landing grounds could hardly be constructed with any great speed in mountainous country several feet under snow. To achieve what was possible in the circumstances, the aircraft carriers Glorious and Ark Royal were recalled from the Mediterranean and despatched on 23rd April to give support off Namsos and Aandalsnes; and on board the Glorious went one fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was No. 263, from Filton; it was chosen because its obsolescent Gladiator biplanes could operate from small landing grounds.
The selection of an operation site for the Gladiators had been no easy task. In that wild and mountainous country, where a forced landing is an impossibility and the parachute is the pilot's sole hope in emergency, only a frozen lake offered any chance of a flat surface. At Lake Vangsmjösa, where there was very little snow, some remnants of the Norwegian Air Force were operating off skis. To Squadron Leader Whitney Straight, who had been sent to explore the district, the best solution the best solution seemed for the Gladiators to join the Norwegians there; but the Chiefs of Staff rejected the recommendation on the ground that the site was exposed to a German advance and could be
supplied only a separate and dangerous route. Instead, they approved Straight's second choice, Lake Lesjaskog, which lies in the valley connecting Aandalsnes and Dombaas, and was therefore along our existing lines—or line—of communication. This decision taken, Straight at once got down to business. Within two hours of his arrival at Lesjaskog he had 200 civilians—an almost incredible number in a place so sparsely populated—hard at work on the task of clearing a runway through the two feet of snow that covered the ice.2
Shortly before midnight on 22nd April a Royal Air Force advanced party under Wing Commander Keens arrived at Aandalsnes. Its function, until a full Royal Air Force Headquarters could be set up, was to establish a base at the port and servicing facilities at Lake Lesjaskog. The night was spent in clearing stores from the jetty, and the following morning some of the servicing facilities at Lake Lesjaskog. The night was spent in clear stores from the jetty, and the following morning some of the servicing party proceeded up the valley of the lake. There they arranged fuel dumps around the newly cleared runway and in the woods which go down to the water's edge. Twenty-four hours later, at midnight on the 23rd, the servicing equipment arrived at Aandalsnes. It was rapidly unloaded, but only two lorries—impressed form the local population, for the British authorities had none—were available to transport it up to the valley to the lake. Only the most vital items could go forward; and this meant opening every box to examine its contents, since no schedule of equipment had been provided. But by midday on the 24th the equipment had been provided. But by midday on the 24th the essential gear and the remainder of the servicing flight had left for the lake, and during the afternoon Wing Commander Keens signalled the waiting carrier—by way of the Air Ministry—that the Gladiators could land at 1800 hours.
When the time came for Squadron Leader Donaldson, the Commanding Officer of No. 263 Squadron, to fly his aircraft off, the Glorious was 180 miles from the shore in the thick of a heavy snowstorm. Donaldson was a brave man, but he had little relish for the task that lay before him; for his squadron, with four maps between them and no more navigational facilities than those usually to be
found in fighters, had to make their first take-off from the deck of a carrier, locate in poor visibility an unknown spot set among mountains, and land on ice. He asked the captain if a Fleet Air Arm Skua might lead the squadron to the lake. The request was readily granted; the eighteen Gladiators flew off without mishap and without mishap they landed on Lake Lesjaskog.
What they found at Lesjaskog might have dismayed less cheerful hearts. The valley being wide at this point, there was no difficulty about the approach, and the single road and railway from Aandalsnes ran close to the lake. But the prepared runway was some distance from the shore, for the ice at the edges was already beginning to melt; the only transport available to take stores from the road to the runway was an occasional horse-drawn sledge; the servicing party, designed and equipped simply to operate until the squadron ground staff arrived, had no petrol-bowser and only two refuelling troughs; the starter trolley batteries were uncharged and had no acid; and there was no warning system to report the approach of hostile aircraft. It was to conditions of this sort that the Gladiators arrived, in a district over which German aircraft swarmed at will; indeed, the preparations on the lake had already been systematically observed by the enemy. But, though their Commanding Officer had noted with apprehension the bomb damage along the railway, the pilots of No. 263 Squadron were far from downcast. They were young, they were amid the glittering beauty of the snow and the ice and the stars, they were comfortably housed in the little summer hotel nearby, they were at last on the threshold of action, they were superbly cheerful. They would have been still more cheerful that evening but for the bore of having to disperse their aircraft. Their outlook was that of the British solider in Aandalsnes who, seeing them fly over on their way to the lake, remarked to a local inhabitant, 'Here come our fighters—no more German bombers now'.
The dawn brought swift disillusion. The Gladiators were put up a patrol over the Dombaas area at 0300 hours. But the sharp frost of the spring night had frozen the carburettors and the controls, and ice locked the wheels to the runway. Only after two hours' struggle did the first pair of aircraft get off the lake and proceed to Dombaas, where their appearance over our lines put fresh heart into the troops. Meanwhile, the desperate efforts of the squadron to start up the rest of the Gladiators were surveyed by two German aircraft, which dropped a few ineffectual bombs. Two hours later the serious business began. In relays of threes, unescorted Ju.88's and He.111's returned again and again, while the engines of the Gladiators still defied attempts to wake them to life. At length some accumulators
were commandeered from passing lorries, and under attack from bombs and machine-guns two more Gladiators managed to start up and take off. While they circled the lake others succeeded in joining them, and from then on the squadron was able to give a good account of itself. Starting up, however, was merely the first of its difficulties; for the part included only one armourer, and with the limited equipment available and the enemy constantly overhead, refuelling and re-arming was a painful, lengthy and dangerous process. Such conditions could have only one end. Despite the pilots' best effort in the air and despite the heroic work of a small naval party manning two Oerlikon guns near the lake, by midday ten of the eighteen Gladiators had been put out of action on the ground.
It says everything for the pilots of the squadron that in conditions such as these they were able to make upwards of thirty sorties during the day, to fight many combats, and to shoot down several of the enemy. But one day was enough. Towards evening, when the runway as well as the squadron was virtually destroyed, the Squadron Commander flew down to Setnesmoen, near Aandalsnes, and landed on a small plateau which was being hastily cleared as an emergency landing ground. Finding it reasonably satisfactory, and well placed to reflect the base, if far removed from the front line, he ordered the four remaining Gladiators to join him. During the night the few available lorries brought down to the coast such fuel, stores and ammunition as remained; and when the morning sun rose on Lesjaskog, it revealed only a scene of smashed and splintered ice, broken trees and burnt-out aircraft.3
From Setnesmoen on 26th April the surviving Gladiators made their last effort. Between them the five carried out a useful reconnaissance and a patrol over the forward lines; then there were three. These three attempted to engage the German aircraft which attacked Aandalsnes at leisure throughout the day, but with no oxygen the pilots were completely unable to operate at the 20,000 feet from which the enemy, respecting their presence, chose to bomb. Finally, one Gladiator alone remained doubtfully serviceable; and for this there was no petrol. Nothing remained but to withdraw the pilots in a cargo vessel. Surviving several attacks from German bombers they reached Scapa Flow safely on 1st May—exactly ten days after they had sailed to Norway from the same place. Their adventure had been
brief, and expensive in aircraft, but at least well rewarded in experience. For the story of No. 263 Squadron as Lesjaskog will forever stand witness to the futility of exposing a handful of machines, with hastily contrived and inadequate arrangements on the ground, to the full blast of operations by a powerful enemy.
The destruction of No. 263 Squadron meant that there was now little hope of keeping Aandalsnes in use; for the gallant and skilful work of the Fleet Air Arm pilots of the Glorious between 24th April and 27th April could not avail to save the base from the frightful effects of German air superiority. In the words of the naval officer in charge, '… the wooden quays destroyed, the area surrounding the single concrete quay devastated by fire, the roads pitted by bomb craters and disintegrated by the combined effect of heavy traffic and melting snow, the recurrent damage to the railway, the machine-gunning of road traffic—all made it patent to those on the spot that it was only a question of time for the port activities to diminish to such an extent that the line of communication could not be maintained.' With the neighbouring port of Molde in no better case, our ships in harbour in constant danger, and Namsos—despite fine work by the aircraft of the Ark Royal—as badly hit as Aandalsnes, the end was indeed certain. Though everywhere hard-pressed and withdrawing, our troops in contact with enemy ground forces could have held on longer; it was the air bombardment of their bases which threatened disaster complete and irreparable. Recognizing this, Lieutenant-General Massy, the Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force—whose headquarters were still in London—regarded the destruction of No. 263 Squadron as decisive; almost as soon as he heard of it, on 27th April, he advised the Chiefs of Staff to abandon the entire Central Norwegian project. The following day the local commanders received the order to withdrawn their forces.
The function of the Royal Air Force during the evacuation was to reduce the enemy's air activity by bombing his airfields, and to give what cover it could to the withdrawal from Aandalsnes. The second part of this task demanded what we so conspicuously lacked at the time—a good long-range fighter. The makeshift Blenheim fighter was all that we could boast in this category; and of these only one squadron was available for operations. The intention was that these aircraft should land and refuel at Setnesmoen, but before they could do so the Luftwaffe had put the landing ground out of action. All operations were accordingly carried out from this country, with the result that each sortie could spend no more than an hour near Aandalsnes. As for Namsos, this was quite beyond the range of any Royal Air Force fighters; but protection was to be given by the
Ark Royal and the Glorious, which had returned home to refuel and were due back off Norway on 1st May.
In accordance with this plan Bomber Command attacked Stavanger/Sola and Oslo/Fornebu airfields by day and night throughout the entire period of the evacuation, besides directing a less number of sorties against the Danish airfields of Aalborg and Rye. The heaviest raid was on the night of 30th April/1st May, when twenty-eight Wellingtons and Whitleys bombed Stavanger at a cost of five aircraft. This effort, coming on top of those already undertaken, had its effect, for by 1st May the Germans were confining the use of the surface to emergency landings. During the critical days the weight of enemy air attack on Aandalsnes and Namsos was therefore materially less. All the same, there was plenty of activity against our ships at sea—so much, in fact, that when the two aircraft carriers duly reappeared off Norway on 1st May, and were promptly selected for special attention by the Luftwaffe, they were soon ordered home. this meant that our forces had to make good their escape from Namsos with no air cover whatsoever.
In spite of the scanty measure of protection that could be supplied by the Blenheims the evacuation from Aandalsnes went well. The enemy air force made no attempt to interfere with the embarkation during the hours of darkness, the final parties were cleared on the night of 1st/2nd May, and all vessels reached British ports safely. Up to this point the Germans, strangely enough, seem to have been unaware of our intentions; having captured the plan for building up our forces through Aandalsnes, they perhaps imagined that we were still coming, not going. But on 2nd May, before de Wiart's men at Namsos had even begun to embark, Chamberlain announced in the House that we had withdrawn from Aandalsnes. The inference that we might also be withdrawing from Namsos was not difficult to make, and perhaps because of this the Luftwaffe was able to subject the Allied convoys to repeated assaults on their homeward passage. Two destroyers were sunk. Only when our ships came within the orbit of Coastal Command did the attacks.
* * *
While Central Norway was witnessing the first of those evacuation which were to feature so prominently in our military efforts during 1940 and 1941, the expedition in the North was in a fair way to success. For whereas Namsos and Aandalsnes were within easy reach of airfields held by the enemy, Narvik was not.
The port of Narvik is some 600 miles north of Oslo as the aeroplane flies, and 400 miles north of Trondheim. Within the Arctic circle and
set amidst mountains wild to the last degree, it gives the impression of some desperate triumph of man over nature. The port remains open throughout the year, but between September and the beginning of May the country is entirely covered with snow and ice, and in mid-winter the only light of day consists of two hours of murk and gloom. Remote and inhospitable, Narvik has few communications with southern Norway: the single track railway runs directly east to the Swedish orefields, and the traveller who attempts the journey south by road—if road it may be called—faces the prospect of shipping his car across several fjords. Even the all-conquering aeroplane which bids fair to 'put a girdle about the earth in forty minutes', is at a disadvantage. A flight between North and South Norway is usually marked by swift and treacherous changes of weather which may spell death to the airman who ventures on; great down-draughts snatch at the aircraft as it tops the mountain peaks or noses its way through the defiles; and there are few places within fifty miles of Narvik where anything other than a float-plane or flying-boat could possibly alight. Of such landing grounds as there were in 1940, though one or two of them were normally occupied by small detachments of the Norwegian Air Force, none could be dignified with the name of airfield.
The British element of the Narvik expedition sailed on 12th April ,a few hours before Admiral Whitworth disposed of the German destroyers by his action in the fjords. The military commander was Major General Mackesy, who instructions were to establish a base at Harstad, a small fishing port on an island in Vaags Fjord, fifty-five miles by sea from Narvik. When the news of Whitworth's victory reached the commander of the naval forces, Admiral of the Fleet the Earl of Cork and Orrery, he at once proposed that the Harstad project should be cancelled in favour of an immediate and direct assault on Narvik; but the suggestion made on appeal to Mackesy, whose brigade had embarked for an unopposed landing, had been neither trained nor equipped for movement over snow, and would have had to advance unsupported through snow waist deep in the face of enemy gunfire. Although the German forces at Narvik were small, our troops therefore landed, as originally intended, at Harstad. A plan was then made to capture the ground north and south of the peninsula on which Narvik stands so that the port itself might be taken from the rear. This involved waiting for reinforcements—and the thaw.
The reinforcements, consisting of French Alpine troops under General Béthouart, Foreign Legionaries and Poles, began to arrive on 27th April. Thus far, enemy aircraft had not been unduly troublesome
—many of those that appeared were float-planes carrying stores. With the Luftwaffe rapidly establishing itself at Trondheim/Vaernes airfield, however, we could soon expect attack of a far heavier order—attack which could be countered only by land-based fighters. While the Allied troops improved their positions, two Royal Air Force officers, of whom the senior was Wing Commander R. K. R. Atcherley, were accordingly sent out from England to examine the landing grounds—or sites for landing grounds—in the neighbourhood of Narvik.
The arrival of Atcherley's Sunderland at Harstad coincided with an enemy air raid, which it inadvertently scared away. After reporting to General Mackesy, whom he found in a half-dressed state retrieving possessions from the headquarters building, which had just been hit, Atcherley went onto explain his mission to the local Norwegian Army Commander. His reception was not encouraging. The news of the evacuation of Aandalsnes had just reached the Norwegian forces in the north, and Atcherley was asked to sign a formal undertaking not only that large quantities of British supplies would be available for the Norwegians but also that the Royal Air Force did not intend (in Atcherley's phrase) 'to cut and run'. Eventually the General was pacified—the Staff Officer bearing his representations apparently succumbed to a judicious mixture of eloquence and whisky from Lord Cork—and the reconnaissance proceeded. Deep snow made the task one of the utmost difficulty, but fortunately the Norwegians placed a ship, and Lord Cork a Walrus Amphibian at Atcherley's disposal. Even so, the searchers were compelled to confine their investigation to places of good local report. In the end the most promising sites were found to be the existing Norwegian landing grounds at Bardufoss and Banak, and some undeveloped ground at Skaanland. The last of these was the best placed geographically, being only fifteen miles by air from Harstad and twenty-five from Narvik. Bardufoss, at fifty-five and fifty miles respectively, was also within fighter range of both base and objective; but Banak, over two hundred miles north-east of Narvik, would be useful only for bombers.
What was achieved at Bardufoss gives some idea of the appalling obstacles that were overcome. The local authorities having gathered together an impressive, if predominantly amateur, labour force (first of Norwegian territorials and later of civilians) on 4th May work began. Atcherley was in charge, and he was assisted by technical officers of the Royal Air Force, the Royal Engineers and the Norwegian Army. With daylight almost continuous, and a thousand men to call on—after a broadcast appeal,
volunteers, according to Atcherley, 'rolled up in their hundreds'—work proceeded for twenty hours out of twenty-four. First, the two existing landing strips, 715 by 95 yards, were cleared of snow five feet deep This meant not merely moving the snow aside, but taking it some distance away—otherwise the advent of the thaw would have spelled disaster. Then the six-inch layer of ice beneath the snow was attacked with pick and gelignite. The soil being at last exposed to view, more drains were dug, soft spots of clay were cut out and filled with gravel, and the whole surface was flattened by means of a roller made from two forty-gallon drums welded together and filled with concrete. After this the better of the two runways was extended to 1,000 yards—a task which involved clearing bush and felling trees. It was scarcely completed when the thaw arrived. Only mass digging of the most feverish kind prevented torrents of water engulfing the newly cleared surface.
All this was but part of the undertaking, for Atcherley, warned by the Air Ministry of the vital necessity of protective measures, was determined to avoid another fiasco on the lines of that at Lesjaskog. Four taxying lanes, each eight yards wide, were cut from the runway to the heart of the woods surrounding the landing ground; snow, ice, trees, bushes, moss and top surface were all cleared, and the whole laid with gravel. Blast-proof pens made from double lines of tree trunks filled with gravel were built for the aircraft, camouflaged, and connected by satellite lanes to the taxi tracks. Shelters of a still stronger kind, dug down to a depth of five feet, were constructed for the men, both in the woods and at convenient points near the runway. Twenty miles of road leading the nearest fjord was cleared and repaired. Two hundred hastily recruited mules speeded the painful progress of supplies.
The crises which arose in the course of these Herculean labours were frequent and acute. Food gave out, there were too few tools, the weekly Walrus failed to arrived from Harstad the drop the labourers' wages. But every setback was triumphantly overcome by the combined efforts of the three Services and the Norwegians, and within the incredibly short space of three weeks Bardufoss was fit for use. Skaanland, too, was declared ready; while at Banak all difficulties yielded before the cheerful onslaught of a thousand Lapps under the inspired direction of one British able seaman.
All this time the headquarters of somewhat grandiloquently styled Royal Air Force Components of the North-Western Expeditionary Force was waiting to sail. Formed at Uxbridge on 22nd April under the command of Group Captain M. Moore, it was originally designed to control air operations both in central and
northern Norway. With their field of activity now confined to the Narvik area, the headquarters staff sailed on 7th May. The same vessel carried Lieutenant-General Auchinlek, whose instructions were to assume command (if he thought fit) of the Allied troops, and to report on the forces needed for the tasks of holding northern Norway as the seat of King Haakon's government, stopping German supplies of iron-ore through Narvik, and interfering with shipments from Luleå. The General landed at Harstad on 11th May, just twenty-four hours after the German invasion of France and the Low Countries had knocked the bottom out of his mission.
The threat of a German offensive in the West had throughout gravely handicapped Allied efforts in Scandinavia. Now the act proved decisive. The forces which Auchinlek considered necessary to hold northern Norway—he dismissed as impracticable any idea of interfering with the ore shipments from Luleå—included seventeen infantry battalions, one hundred and four heavy and ninety-six light anti-aircraft guns, and four squadrons of aircraft. These could not possibly be spared at a time when the Allied armies were reeling under the impact of the German blows in Belgium and France. Even the small but steady effort of Bomber Command against the enemy-occupied airfields in Norway and Denmark had now to be abandoned in favour of sterner tasks elsewhere. So, when the Chief of Staff made their final survey on 21st May—it was on the day on which the enemy first gazed across the English Channel at his next objective—their summary of the position was very clear: 'The security of France and the United Kingdom is essential; the retention of northern Norway is not.' They accordingly recommended to the War Cabinet that the Allied force should proceed to capture Narvik, that the harbour and its installations should be demolished, and that the expedition should be withdrawn.
It was while these matters were approaching decision in London that No. 263 Squadron, with a fresh supply of Gladiators, once more appeared on the Norwegian scene. The pilots had sailed in the Furious on 14th May, and had spent some days waiting offshore while the final preparations were made at Bardufoss. In the early morning of 21st May the first flight took off. But visibility was no more than three hundred yards, the savage outlines of the coastal peaks were obscured by low cloud, and the navigating Swordfish, slightly off course, led the first section straight into a mountain side. Two of the Gladiators crashed, and the pilot of a third saved himself only by turning violently as the white and black mass suddenly loomed up before him; the remainder turned back to face the further
peril of their first deck landing—assuming they could find the carrier. Fortunately all landed safely. The next day, in better weather, the Squadron establish itself successfully at Bardufoss and flew nearly fifty sorties before the brief Arctic twilight called a halt to operations.
By this time the Allied ground forces were well enough placed—numerically, administratively and geographically—to make their attack on Narvik. The enemy's frequent air attacks, mounted from Trondheim/Vaernes (and its neighbouring fjords) 400 miles to the south, had made matters unpleasant for our ships, but had not prevented our forces gather strength. Before long, however, these attacks might be many times heavier; for German troops were forcing their way up the coast from Trondheim towards Bodö, where there was flat ground suitable for an airfield within thirty minutes' flight of Narvik. Tactical as well as strategic considerations therefore dictated an immediate move by the Allied forces. Advanced detachments accordingly attempted to hold the enemy south of Bodö while the assault on Narvik was prepared. The thaw had arrived, and the attack was to begin as soon as the rest of the fighters assigned to the expedition—the Hurricanes of No. 46 Squadron—were established at Skaanland.
The Hurricanes had already made the passage to northern Norway with No. 263 Squadron, and had been sent back because Skaanland was not then ready. They returned to Norway in the Glorious on 26th May. When they came in to land at Skaanland they found the runway soft and patchy, and after three aircraft had gone up on their noses the remainder of the squadron was ordered to join No. 263 at Bardufoss. This meant that both squadrons had to face some fifty miles of mountain mist and cloud before they could appear over Harstad, Narvik or the fleet anchorage at Skaanland. But distance and climate were by no means the only obstacles to efficient operation. A fighter depends not merely on its own powers of performance but on information of the enemy's movements; and in Norway arrangements for reporting enemy aircraft were primitive in the extreme. the nature of the coast was such that radar could not be installed without the most prolonged trials; the Royal Air Force and Norwegian observer posts, valuable as they were, possessed in such country an extremely restricted field of view; and the W/T and the R/T then in use were ineffective among high iron-bound mountains. Reports over the ordinary telephone system from the observer posts provided useful warning at Harstad and Bardufoss; but the information they gave was neither quick nor continuous enough for fighters to be controlled from the ground, even had the R/T worked
properly. For the most part our aircraft were thus forced to rely on the wasteful method of standing patrols.
Despite all these handicaps, No. 263 Squadron had already enjoyed considerable success by the time it was joined by No. 46. For several days the Gladiators had kept up a daily average of over forty sorties to the benefit of Harstad, Skaanland and their own base. What spirit animated their pilots may be seen from one brief episode. At midday on 26th May three Gladiators took off from Bardufoss for Bodö, where a hastily prepared landing ground was now available for the support of our troops resisting the German advance north. The leader was Flight Lieutenant Caesar Hull, an extraordinarily skilful pilot and a lively character for whom, in the words of a fellow-pilot, 'every night was guest night'; the other two aircraft were flown by Pilot Officer Jack Falkson and Lieutenant Anthony Lydekker, a Fleet Air Arm armament officer with flying experience, who had volunteered to take the place of a sick pilot during the voyage out to Norway. After surviving a few shots from two passing He.111's en route, the three Gladiators came in to land on the newly constructed runway. They were immediately caught fast in the mud. Frantic taxying brought them to somewhat drier soil, the aircraft were eventually refuelled from four-gallon tins, and the softest patches in the runway were laboriously covered with wooden snow-boards. While this as going on a He.111 appeared on the scene. Disregarding the state of the runway, Lydekker, whose tanks were less full than others, promptly got his aircraft off the ground and engaged. Then Hull and Falkson, who had meanwhile been briefed by Wing Command Maxton, the officer in charge of the landing ground, prepared to follow. Hull's diary records the events of the new few hours:
The Wing Commander explained that the Army were retreating up a valley east of Bodö, and were being strafed by the Huns all day. Sounded too easy, so I took off just as another Heinkel 111 circled the aerodrome. God! What a take-off! Came unstuck about fifty yards from the end and just staggered over the trees. Jack followed and crashed. I though the expedition was doomed to failure and that I had better to as much damage as I could before landing again to told Tony to land over the blower, and set off towards the valley.
Saw some smoke rising, so investigated, and found a Heinkel 111 at about 600 feet. Attacked it three times, and it turned south with smoke pouring from fuselage and engines. Broke off attack to engage a Junkers 52, which crashed in flames. Saw Heinkel 111 flying south, tried to intercept and failed. Returned and attacked two Junkers 52's in formation, Number one went into clouds, number two crashed in flames after six people had baled out.
Attacked Heinkel 111 and drive it south with smoke pouring from it. Ammunition finished, so returned to base. The troops were very cheered by the report, and I thought another patrol might produce more fun. The Wing Commander didn't like the idea of risking another take-off, but after a lot of persuasion he agreed to it. It was quite shattering, in spite of some wooden planks laid across the bad patches.
This time the valley was deserted, and the only thing I could do was amuse the troops by doing some aerobatics. They all cheered and waved madly every time I went down low—I think they imagined that at last we had air control and their worries were over. Vain hope!
The state of the runway made further operations distinctly inadvisable. But some of the troops were being withdrawn by sea during the night, and the tiny Royal Air Force contingent at Bodö was determined to give what help it could. All hands fell to the task of laying down more snow-boards, until these covered almost the entire runway, and an hour before midnight Lydekker took off again. At midnight Hull followed, and in the absence of enemy aircraft amused himself by 'beating up' the retiring vessels—much to the delight of the troops. Two hours later he was relieved by Falkson, after which, convinced that further attempts to use the runway would end only in the loss of valuable aircraft, he asked Maxton to call off the patrols. The Wing Commander agreed; and Hull and Lydekker, having despatched a well-earned breakfast, were enjoying—at readiness—the cheering warmth of the morning sunshine, when they experienced something all too familiar to those members of the squadron who had been at Lesjaskog. Hull's diary again tells the story:
Suddenly at 0800 hours the balloon went up. There were 110's and 87's all round and the 87's started dive-bombing a jetty about 800 yards from the aerodrome. Tony's aircraft started at once and I waved him off, then after trying mine a bit longer got yellow and together with the fitter made a dive into a nearby barn. From there were watched the dive-bombing in terror until it seemed that they were not actualy concentrating on the aerodrome. Got the Gladiator going and shot off without helmet or waiting to do anything up. Circled the 'drome climbing and pinned an 87 at the bottom of a dive. It made off slowly over the sea and just as I was turning away another 87 shot up past me and his shots went through me windscreen knocking me out for a while. Cam to, and was thanking my lucky stars when I heard rat-tat behind me and felt my Gladiator hit. Went into right-hand turn and dive but could not get out. Had given up hope at some 200 feet when she centralized and I gave her a burst of engine to clear some large rocks. Further rat-tats from behind, so gave up hope and decided to get her down. Held off, and then crashed.
With Hull out of the combat—and on his way to hospital—Lydekker received the full attention of the enemy. Wounded, and with his
aircraft badly shot up, he managed by skilful evasive action to get back to Bardufoss, where his machine was promptly classed as a complete 'write-off'. All three Gladiators had now been put out of action; but the Luftwaffe was taking no risks. That evening that returned to Bodö in force. He.111's laid was the town and twelve Ju.87's and four Me. 110's made a systematic job of wrecking the runway. So ended the brief history of Bodö landing ground. The attempt to use it had brought about its destruction; but the Gladiators had shot down at least three enemy aircraft, and, at a highly critical moment, had diverted many more attacks on the Allied troops.
While the Luftwaffe was concentrating on Bodö the Allies were beginning the final moves against Narvik. French and Norwegian forces were now firmly establish along the farther side of Rombaks Fjords, north of the Narvik peninsula; and the plan was to cross the Fjord, gaining a footing on the peninsula—where the enemy was in no great strength—and approach the town from the rear. At the same time the Poles would launch an attack in the Ankenes peninsula, to the south. The task of the two fighter squadrons, beginning some hours before the initial assault, was to maintain continuous patrols at a strength of three aircraft over the area of operations.
The patrols during the evening and night of 27th May, when the Allied troops made their landing, were agreeably uneventful. Early the following morning fog descended on Bardufoss, and for a brief spell our aircraft were grounded. During this time the Luftwaffe—which was now reported to have Ju.87 dive-bombers operating from an emergency ground at Mosjöen, only 200 miles to the south—appeared on the scene. The Admiral's flagship was damaged; then one of our patrols came up and drove away the attacking aircraft. After that the Hurricanes and Gladiators combined with the misty weather to hold off the enemy, and before the day closed Narvik was in Allied hands. Nothing remained but to destroy the facilities of the port—and withdraw.
The destruction was well and truly accomplished. No cargo of iron-ore left Narvik for Germany until January 1941. The evacuation presented problems of greater complexity. In the first place our intention to withdraw had to be kept secret from all except the principal commanders; the remainder—including the Norwegians—were to be encouraged to believe, until the last moment, that we were preparing to move to other bases in Norway. Secondly, to allow time for the arrangements, and to reduce the difficulties in which the Norwegian ground forces would find themselves by a sudden withdrawal of the British, French and Poles, the evacuation was not to begin until 3rd June, and was then to be spread over five days.
The work of the two Royal Air Force squadrons was thus by no means finished. From 29th May to 1st June they were busy, but mainly with single enemy aircraft. Then, on 2nd June, the Luftwaffe arrived in force. Through the day wave after wave of a dozen our shipping and the base at Harstad; but the Gladiators and Hurricanes so harassed every attempt that the German crews either jettisoned their bombs or aimed them wide. By the end of the day the two squadrons had flown seventy-five sorties, fought twenty-four engagements, and brought down at least nine enemy aircraft, all for no loss to themselves. Many of the actions took place in full view of the troops; and General Auchinlek was moved to send a handsome message of thanks.
That evening the Norwegians were informed of our intention to withdrawn, and the following morning the evacuation began. The movement presented a most tempting series of targets, for many of the troops had to be picked up by the local 'puffers', taken out to destroyers in the fjords, and then transferred to liners standing off the coast. But a kindly cloak of mist and low cloud concealed the vessels for many hours, and until the last day the enemy's effort in the air was very small. Such as it was, it was well contained by Nos. 46 and 263 squadrons, and by the aircraft of the Glorious and the Ark Royal, which had returned to take part in the evacuation.
The orders under which the Royal Air Force operated during the final phase were clear and precise. Patrols were to be flown over the vital areas until evacuation was virtually complete; the Gladiators were then to fly on to the Glorious; the Hurricanes, which could not, it was then thought, land on a carrier's deck, were to be destroyed; and Bardufoss airfield, with the exception of a small strip for the use of the few surviving Norwegian Fokkers, was to be thoroughly demolished. This programme was duly completed, but with one significant exception. The Commanding Officer of No. 46 Squadron, Squadron Leader K. B. Cross, begged that is ten remaining Hurricanes should be allowed to attempt a landing on the Glorious. The risk appeared considerable; for unsuccessful tests had been made with Hurricanes when the squadron was being shipped to Norway, with the result that the aircraft had finally been hoisted abroad from lighters. In Norway, at the tail end of the evacuation, and with their airfield far distant from the waters where the carrier lay, the squadron could clearly not re-embark in the same fashion. The only alternative to destruction was thus to hazard the aircraft and their pilots in a deck-landing. Mindful that Britain stood in need of every Hurricane she could muster, Group Captain Moore agreed to Cross's request
and a call was made for volunteers. Every one of the eighteen pilots responded. So, in the clear Arctic midnight of 7th June, the Hurricanes took off from Bardufoss for their last flight. By then the Gladiators had left, led by Swordfish, and were already stowed away in the Glorious. An hour's flight and the Hurricanes too came on, each to an admirable landing.
Fate was to mock this last achievement. The Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau, moving up the Norwegian coast under orders to penetrate the fjords around Narvik, had learnt from air reconnaissance and intercepted wireless messages that traffic was heavy between Northern Norway and Scotland. They had learnt too, that the Glorious and the Ark Royal were at sea. No hunter could neglect so splendid a quarry. The two battlecruisers headed up for the convoy routes, and in the afternoon of 8th June they sighted the Glorious and her attendant pair of destroyers. The German crews, noting with alarm that a number of aircraft were already visible on the flying decks of the carrier, hastened to open fire. Their first salvoes found the mark, and all the valiant efforts of the destroyers could only postpone the end. After two hours the Glorious, blazing furiously, rolled over beneath the waves; and with her went the pilots who had crowned their triumph over the Luftwaffe by their determination to bring their aircraft home. Only Squadron Leader Cross and one other, gaining a Carley float, and defying Arctic cold, the promptings of despair, and the sight of twenty-five of their fellow survivors on the raft dying before their eyes, were picked up later by a passing fishing vessel.
* * *
The expeditions to Central and Northern Norway had one fundamental point of difference. The former was conducted form poor bases and along exiguous lines of communication within easy reach of strong forces of the Luftwaffe, and beyond the effective range of the Royal Air Force; it therefore came to swift disaster. The latter was conducted, for most of the time, within effective range of only a single enemy air base, while in its later and more critical stages it enjoyed the protection of Royal Air Force fighters; it had therefore achieved a fair degree of success when the situation on the western front demanded its recall.
This lesson was certainly not ignored by the Commanders concerned, who spoke up with remarkable unanimity of voice. Major General Paget, whose forces could have held on longer had their base at Aandalsnes not been destroyed by the Luftwaffe, wrote thus:My considered view in the light of experience remains that which I expressed to the D.Q.M.G. before I embarked. It is that the possibility of maintaining any force through the single port of Aandalsnes
depended primarily upon whether or not local air superiority could be established and maintained. To that view I would add that, since the necessary degree of air superiority could scarcely be expected to exist throughout the whole length of the line of communication, and since that line was peculiarly vulnerable to both air action and to seasonal changes, the Aandalsnes project was not administratively practicable. Operationally, therefore, it was doomed to failure.
Very similar views were expressed by Major General Carton de Wiart about the fighting at Namsos:
Then came the air situation, which was the dominating factor. We had no A.A. defence at all were completely at the mercy of enemy planes. Only twice in the course of operations did we have any British planes over us, and then the enemy planes cleared off at once.
Lieutenant General Auchinlek, too, though he bore witness to the difference at Harstad when the two Royal Air Force squadrons arrived, was powerfully impressed with the performance of the Luftwaffe in supply Narvik by air, in landing small detachments at strategic positions along the coast, and in blasting our troops out of the Bodö area:
The predominant factor in the recent operations has been the effect of air power … the first general lesson to be drawn is that to commit troops to a campaign in which they cannot be provided with adequate air support is to court disaster.
In all of this General Jodl, in his official report to the Führer, wholeheartedly concurred. 'The Air Force,' wrote Jodl, 'proved to be the decisive factor in the success of the operation.'
The campaign in Norway witnessed the first completely conclusive employment of air power. Around Narvik two squadrons of Royal Air Force fighters held at bay an enemy operating from long range; elsewhere it was the enemy, swiftly and strongly established on all the available airfields, who dictated events. The Royal Air Force at home, too far away, too small, and too much handicapped by the need to conserve its effort for the western front, was unable to intervene effectively. And though there were many purely military factors in our defeat in Central Norway, nearly all of them applied the more sharply because of the presence of an enemy air force which, at the peak-point, employed in Weserübung no less than 615 bombers, fighters and reconnaissance machines, and 650 air transports.
The primary and overriding importance of air power was not new as a conception. The Air Ministry, of course, had harped on it for years; and had always given the clearest warnings, whenever intervention in Scandinavia was discussed, that the Luftwaffe by virtue of its size and proximity to the theatre of operations must enjoy a
powerful advantage. If now new as a theory, however, it was new as a fact—new as a fact so abundantly plain, for instance, to the military. And though the Navy had escaped with comparatively light losses for the outstanding work it had accomplished and the many perils it had run, even the saltiest of sea-dogs could, if he chose, now read the writing on the wall.
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1 The identifications of these ships are as established from German records. The aircraft at the time reported the class of the vessel, not the identity.
2 This was done by sheer manual labour. Straight did not enjoy the good fortune of a small remnant of the Norwegian Air Force from Vaernes, which was faced with the problem of clearing even deeper snow from a lake in a still less populated district. While the dispirited Norwegians wondered how to begin, three thousand reindeer happened to pass nearby on their annual spring journey from the valleys to the mountains. Their keep, a Lapp with a weakness for strong drink, responded to the bribe of 100 percent alcohol offered by the medical officer—no weaker form being available—and consented to direct his herd across the lake. Following their leader, a highly-trained white reindeer, the beasts dutifully pounded the snow into a hard, compressed mass six inches thick. From this the aircraft could have taken off admirably, had there been any petrol.
3 The skeletons of some of these aircraft could still be seen on the shores of the lake, and protruding above its surface, as late as 1947. They are probably still visible to this day. One machine, recovered from the lake, has been polished up by a pious Norwegian and preserved as a museum-piece in a neighbouring boathouse. | <urn:uuid:53867e0c-3374-4a87-a5a3-95971c1ea6ce> | {
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Photograph by John Rowe, Omo Child
Photograph by Sebastian Humphreys Omo Child
Lale Labuko co-founded Omo Child to stop the ritualistic killing of infants and children in the Omo River Valley of Ethiopia and provide safe shelter, care, and education for the children he rescues. He divides his time between Ethiopia and the United States, where he is a student at Hampshire College.
Lale Labuko witnessed the unspeakable and spoke out. At age 15, he saw elders from his tribe in southwestern Ethiopia tear a two-year-old girl from her mother’s arms and run away with her. The child was never seen again. On that day, he heard the word mingi for the first time—a term to describe a cursed baby or child. Ancient belief says children who are deemed mingi will bring drought, famine, and disease to the tribe if they are allowed to live. Ritualistic killing is traditionally seen as the only solution. “I was crying and so shocked. I wanted to save that little girl.” The killings are kept secret from anyone younger than 15. In fact, Labuko later learned he had two older sisters, both mingi, who were killed before he ever knew them.
Tribal elders kill mingi babies and young children by drowning them in rivers, pushing them off cliffs, or leaving them in the bush to starve or be eaten by wild animals. Labuko vowed to end the practice. A few years later, pleading with tribal elders to let him take doomed children to safety, he said “Let me be your river, your cliff, your bush.”
Labuko’s village sits in one of Africa’s most remote regions, Ethiopia’s Omo Valley. Traditions held by the 17 tribes who live there have remained unchanged for centuries. Tribes believing in mingi can deem a child bad luck for three main reasons. Children who get their top teeth before their bottom teeth, babies born out of wedlock, and babies born to married couples whose pregnancy was not first blessed by tribal elders can all be declared mingi. If families don’t cooperate, they themselves will be cursed and banished.
Labuko was able to see the bigger picture because he had seen the bigger world. His father, a respected village elder, made the unheard-of decision to send him away to school. When told, Labuko asked, “What’s school?” His culture has no words for school, pen, or paper; no written language exists. Each trip to boarding school required him to walk 65 desert miles barefoot, constantly on guard for lions, hyenas, and enemy tribes.
The perspective gained from education fueled his resolve to save mingi children and abolish the practice. He returned to his village and started a school. “I knew if the youth of my Kara tribe were educated, they would help my efforts.” So began a long, slow, delicate process of changing ingrained attitudes and fears within his family, community, and ruling elders. “I told them I respected our culture, but that my generation did not want the blight of mingi to spoil the wonderful parts of our heritage. I said rather than kill these children, let me take them away and the curse will leave with them.” After finally gaining permission to remove some of the children, he and his wife cared for them in their own home at a nearby town.
Ultimately he was able to work with Ethiopia’s government and raise funds from international donors to begin Omo Child, a nonprofit humanitarian organization and home. Today, 37 mingi babies and children rescued by Labuko now live in the home, many saved only moments before certain death. “They are being educated and live in a clean, safe place with medical care and enough to eat,” says Labuko. “The nannies love and care for them as if they were their own children. I’m especially proud that three of them are the first girls from my tribe to ever attend school. No child in our tribal villages has all this.”
As a result of his impassioned advocacy efforts with the tribal elders, Labuko’s greatest accomplishment came in July 2012 when his own tribe, the Kara, officially banned mingi. “We completely changed the culture and attitudes.” Yet for him, the victory won’t be complete until mingi is abolished from all tribes. “Some 50,000 people secretly continue to practice mingi,” Labuko says. “They know it is controversial, so they hide it.” He has initiated meetings with a Hamar king in an effort to begin the complex task of persuasion in that tribe as well.
Now attending college in the United States, he believes education will empower the next generation, especially mingi children. “I want Ethiopia to pass laws ensuring these children will be treated equally, and given priority if they want to go to college. I’m working to build this into our society culturally and legally, so whatever happens to me, they’ll be protected for the future and never discriminated against.”
“My father always told me that to earn respect you must help the weak and fight the strong. These children I saved are examples to everyone. They will change the world one day.”
Latest Explorer News
In Their Words
An ancient tribal practice has killed tens of thousands of children over the centuries. I’m working to make sure my generation brings an end to it forever.
Omo Child rescues and cares for Mingi children. To date, they have successfully rescued 37 children that would otherwise be killed.
Our Explorers in Action
Meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more. | <urn:uuid:7530ce55-85b3-474e-abea-b12b106eb829> | {
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| MSHA's Accident Prevention Program
Working in Low Coal
|Mine Type: Underground Coal|
|Category: General Safety|
Extra care must be taken when working in low mined heights to overcome the greater hazards that arise from reduced visibility.
Working in low coal isn't just hard on your back and knees. The reduced visibility from "duck walking" or crawling in low mining heights brings a new set of problems. When it comes to seeing --- or not seeing the mine roof, poor visibility can be deadly. A NIOSH study analyzing roof falls in small mines for the time period 1990-1996 revealed that "in comparison to seams above 60 inches, the rate of fatalities caused by falls of UNSUPPORTED roof in lower seams is twice as high". (Results of this study were published in the Holmes Safety Association Bulletin, July/August, 1999 edition.)
Everybody remembers the safety slogan "Inby is Out", but when working in low coal you have to work harder at knowing where unsupported roof is. Take a good look at the required warning device marking the last row of permanent roof supports. Is it enough to catch one's eye when stooped over or crawling? If not, maybe it needs to be made longer -- or maybe multiple streamers need to be hung to assure this device really gets a person's attention. In addition, it is a good idea to hang streamers marking the last row of bolts on either side of a line curtain. This is helpful for someone traveling up the return entry who may not see the warning device if it is only placed on the intake side.
Also, you should be especially alert for the last row of bolts when you are operating equipment in low coal. Remember, the size of the vision "window" over top, or along the side of the machinery, is reduced in low coal, often making it very difficult to see the roof bolts or the marker device.
|If you have a tip you would like to pass on, you can e-mail it to [email protected]. If your tip is selected, you will receive credit in this space.| | <urn:uuid:ceb1b157-b57e-418f-9c3d-0bcd6a5aa079> | {
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On a sunny day, a tower casts a shadow 35.2m long. At the same time, a 1.3m parking meter that is nearby casts a shadow 1.8m long. How high is the tower to the nearest tenth of a metre?
Triangle formed by parking meter:
Triangle formed by tower (Total triangle):
*The value was obtained by adding and .
*The value was obtained by subtracting and from .
Therefore, the height of the tower is .
Textbook answer: .
Where did I make the mistake? | <urn:uuid:ca692a69-a73c-4d40-a783-e4d620f7ae0b> | {
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SPORTING SPIRIT IN ARMENIA
photography & text by András Zoltai / 2018
Sports successes can represent the power of a nation’s identity, especially for a poor and isolated country like Armenia, possessing deep roots in sports since ancient times. In fact, the tragic history of Armenia (genocide, wars, earthquake) strengthened the consciousness of collective struggle in Armenians' mind. Practically, they must fight until the last breath in sports to keep their nation rising even in hard times. Sports also offer the only chance to break out from poverty for the impoverished living on the periphery of society. Unfortunately, infrastructure and training methods have not changed since the Soviet era; yet children and coaches remain highly optimistic and continue fighting for success. The winner takes it all – personal and material success, social respect, and most of all, glory for the nation of Armenia.
You can find more information and pictures about the project in the following pdf: | <urn:uuid:012579bd-d8ea-41c6-8238-2ce511e592bd> | {
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Like Randolph Engineering, The BAC Concorde Supersonic passenger jet is a child of the 1970s. The Concorde first entered service in 1976, four years after Randolph opened for business. The Concorde was truly a modern marvel, one of just two turbojet-powered supersonic jets that flew commercial flights around the world. The jet travels at Mach 2, or two times the speed of sound, or 1350 MPH. It could make the jump across the Atlantic Ocean in about 3 hours and 30 minutes, a flight that typically takes about seven hours.
The Randolph Concorde takes its name from the landmark jet because it features the iconic teardrop aviator shape so adored by aviators across
the world. Made famous by General MacArthur in World War II, the teardrop aviator style has become eternally linked with aviators through films such as “Top Gun”. The teardrop shape offers the most sun protection for your eyes, making it an ideal choice for pilots.
The Concorde was retired in 2003, after suffering just one fatal crash in over 25 years of service. Its return, however, is imminent, with the passenger jet set to take flight in 2019, the 50th anniversary of its maiden trip.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of Randolph Engineering and not of individuals or other corporations. Statements are limited to opinions by Randolph Engineering and not endorsements by others. | <urn:uuid:5281f352-533c-48c2-bee2-57fec433c0d9> | {
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By Doug Ward
Whenever I give workshops about teaching with technology, I try to provide a handout of resources.
This is one I distributed after workshops I led at the Best Practices Institute at CTE last week and at the School of Education. It’s a relatively modest list, but it includes sites for for visualizing text; for editing images; for creating maps, charts, infographics; and for combining elements into a multimedia mélange.
My goal in creating lists like this is to help instructors think about ways to incorporate multimedia elements and technology into their teaching. I never insist that instructors use specific tools. Rather, I try to show how various resources can enrich assignments, deepen learning, expand skills, and make class time more engaging.
Not all assignments lend themselves to multimedia elements, but I’ve found that multimedia tools inspire creativity in students, and make assignments more interesting and more meaningful.
I’ve listed a few tools below. The rest are available in the accompanying PDF.
- New Hive. Provides many options to create a single web page with text, images and video.
- ThingLink. Allows you to upload photos and place icons on them that pop up with text, other photos and video.
- Weavly. For creating mashups from YouTube, SoundCloud and other sources.
- Popcorn Maker. A tool for mixing video, audio and images from the web. From Mozilla.
- Meograph. A site for creating multimedia stories.
- Storify. An easy-to-use tool for creating stories from many types of social media.
- Dipity. Create timelines, flipbooks, lists and maps. Easy, effective and free for the basic version. One glitch that I’ve found: The embed codes don’t always work well with WordPress sites.
Text visualization and analysis
- Wordle. Insert text and create customizable word clouds.
- Document Cloud. Upload documents to the website, analyze them, highlight them and annotate them. You can also create a slideshow-like form that can be embedded elsewhere.
Chart and graph tools
- Many Eyes. Offers tools for creating maps, charts and diagrams, and for analyzing text (word clouds and tag clouds, for example). It offers many examples of how to turn data into visual information. You can input or upload data.
- Chart Gizmo. A free website that allows registered users to create basic charts and graphs.
- Cacoo. Allows you to create and share diagrams, which can be linked, embedded or saved as .png files. More options available with a paid account.
- Google Maps Engine Lite.
- Google Fusion Tables. Powerful tools for creating maps, charts and graphs. They aren’t difficult to use, but they will take time to learn.
- Community Walk. Based on Google Maps, with some added features.
- MapFab. A useful editor for Google Maps.
Doug Ward is an associate professor of journalism and a fellow at the Center for Teaching Excellence. You can follow him on Twitter @kuediting. | <urn:uuid:8a2e0c09-7c67-42fd-9609-9efa0e135f54> | {
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Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture: horseshoe arch. Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture horseshoe arch:a curved arch often used in Spanish medieval architecture.
Its maximum width is greater than the distance between its two side supports. Many scholars believe that its widepread adoption there was influenced by the architecture of Moslem Spain. 3D computer modeling of the Great mosquee of Kairouan en. The 5 pillars of Islam animated in English. A short tour through the Alhambra of Granada. Calligraphy in Islamic Art. | <urn:uuid:066415db-db86-4ef5-9441-b82df67669af> | {
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Reprinted here by special permission of the author, Cindy Beckman, a retired Conway High School history teacher who writes local history.
In the early days of Conway Station, visitors came to the business district on foot while others rode an animal—often a horse, donkey or mule. Farmers often came in an old wagon while a few traveled by horse and buggy. The sidewalks and the streets were mostly dirt and when it rained, they were muck and water. Wooden boardwalks were often laid to make it easier to cross the mudholes.
As the town developed in the mid-1890s, however, flagstone sidewalks began to replace the boardwalks that covered the muck and dirt walkways. City officials encouraged the laying of these sidewalks by offering to sell the slates to downtown property owners, promising to use city workers to install them.
The flagstone was acquired from a quarry at Cabin Creek, now known as Lamar, in Johnson County. The quarry, which dated back to 1887, produced a very hard blue-gray sandstone. The stones were sold wholesale by the railroad flatcar lot at the actual cost and transported by rail to Conway.
The stones were removed from the quarry in sheets or slabs and then cut to size by craftsmen with hammer and chisel. Varying in thickness from two to four inches, the larger stones measured 42 to 48 inches and weighed 150-200 pounds each.
The first recorded reference to these new flagstone walks was in June 1895 when the Log Cabin newspaper reported that a stone crossing had been laid between the Heiliger and Menty corners. Menty’s store was located on the corner of Front and Oak.
Many of the sidewalks in the original townsite were paved with this flagstone. One of the busiest sidewalks there was along Main Street, connecting the courthouse to the railroad depot, shops and downtown hotels. A flagstone walk was constructed over this pathway in June 1903. Business property owners along the path paid for the stones and the city of Conway provided the labor for the sidewalk construction.
While many of these flagstone walks were laid in the commercial area, there were some laid in the residential area if the property owners could afford it. Caldwell, Center, Clifton and Robinson Avenues all had flagstone walks. Having a flagstone walk in front of your home was a sign of affluence.
Over the years, these sidewalks fell into disrepair or disappeared completely but in 1986, the Conway Downtown Merchant Group agreed to help restore a section of the flagstone walk on Main Street that extended east from the Faulkner County Courthouse. The restored portion ran adjacent to the property owned by Dr. Jim Flanagin, Jr. In 1987, Flagstone Walk was dedicated in the downtown area.
Conway Mayor Bill Wright committed the city’s participation in the project. After replacement of some of the broken stones and mortaring the joints with concrete, the area between the sidewalk and curb was sodded and beautified. A bronze marker was attached to a section of the stone that was mounted on a concrete pedestal adjacent to the walk.
A dedication ceremony was held on April 26, 1987. Robert Tyler, Chamber President, served as master of ceremonies. Rev. John Shell, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, gave the invocation and Mayor David Kinley gave the welcome. Ed Camp, chairman of the Downtown Merchants group, and former mayor, Bill Wright, spoke.
The dedicatory talk was given by Nancy Lowe of the Arkansas Historic Preservation Commission. Freed Duncan, past president of the Conway Area Chamber of Commerce (CACC), unveiled the marker. Arrangements for the ceremony were made by Woody Cummins, chair of the CACC special events committee. The marker was provided by Burger King Corporation. | <urn:uuid:cf75ca21-25ec-4527-9b9a-11fb8496c977> | {
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I’ve talked about metaphors before here. But I just wanted to add a few thoughts. My thinking behind this is that when I working with tutors, I often want to describe what we do in terms of something else that I think they already understand.
Since starting this work in 2007 the main metaphor that I’ve used is the “tools for your toolbox” approach. This metaphor works for trades because trades people use physical tools and they get it when I talk about teaching approaches, strategies, and activities as literacy and numeracy “tools” that go in their bigger “toolbox” of education and training tools.
But we also talk about embedding literacy and numeracy in terms of weaving. This metaphor comes from the world of Maori education. I wish it was original to me but it’s totally not. I’ve heard it used by many different Maori educators in different contexts and I’ve started using it myself.
It works really well. For one thing, it feels kind of organic. This is important, especially for educators who are looking for meaning outside of the more academically focused western intellectual model of mainstream education.
Another thing about the weaving metaphor is that it allows people to think of their teaching and training as a kind of real object with these mixed threads woven through it. On the one hand there are the the threads relating to content and context. And on the other, there are another set of threads relating to literacy and numeracy.
This thinking also underlies the Maori early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki which takes the woven flax mat as a metaphor.
Finally, by thinking of the embedding process, educators can see how they are also weaving other things through their training – often in addition to the literacy and numeracy which should now be business as usual. And here I’m thinking specifically of the Kaupapa Maori value system that really drives Maori and other educators working in this space.
For those new to this kind of thinking, if you see these values (wellbeing, contribution, belonging, language, exploration, for e.g.) as a further thread running though your training and interactions, you can do what we do with the literacy and numeracy. This is to make it explicit to your learners, have great conversations with them about it, and explicitly embed the value system.
I’m not saying that learners can’t learn these values or thrive in this kind of environment when they are more implicit, but our foundations-focused learners really need these values and given the chance can learn them explicitly. Just like with literacy and numeracy.
So there you go. Get the value system out of stealth mode as well and onto the radar. | <urn:uuid:d3435700-9004-49cd-a4b9-7ee25d015713> | {
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6 Stages of Linux Boot Process (Start-up Sequence)
Press the power button on your system, and after few moments you see the Linux login prompt.
Have you ever wondered what happens behind the scenes from the time you press the power button until the Linux login prompt appears?
The following are the 6 high level stages of a typical Linux boot process.
BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System Performs some system integrity checks Searches, loads, and executes the boot loader program. It looks for boot loader in floppy, cd-rom, or hard drive. You can press a key (typically F12 of F2, but it depends on your system) during the BIOS startup to change the boot sequence. Once the boot loader program is detected and loaded into the memory, BIOS gives the control to it. So, in simple terms BIOS loads and executes the MBR boot loader. 2. MBR
MBR stands for Master Boot Record. It is located in the 1st sector of the bootable disk. Typically /dev/hda, or /dev/sda MBR is less than 512 bytes in size. This has three components 1) primary boot loader info in 1st 446 bytes 2) partition table info in next 64 bytes 3) mbr validation check in last 2 bytes. It contains information about GRUB (or LILO in old systems). So, in simple terms MBR loads and executes the GRUB boot loader. 3. GRUB
GRUB stands for Grand Unified Bootloader. If you have multiple kernel images installed on your system, you can choose which one to be executed. GRUB displays a splash screen, waits for few seconds, if you don’t enter anything, it loads the default kernel image as specified in the grub configuration file. GRUB has the knowledge of the filesystem (the older Linux loader LILO didn’t understand filesystem). Grub configuration file is /boot/grub/grub.conf (/etc/grub.conf is a link to this). The following is sample grub.conf of CentOS. #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5PAE) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5PAE ro root=LABEL=/ initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5PAE.img As you notice from the above info, it contains kernel and initrd image. So, in simple terms GRUB just loads and executes Kernel and initrd images. 4. Kernel
Mounts the root file system as specified in the “root=” in grub.conf Kernel executes the /sbin/init program Since init was the 1st program to be executed by Linux Kernel, it has the process id (PID) of 1. Do a ‘ps -ef | grep init’ and check the pid. initrd stands for Initial RAM Disk. initrd is used by kernel as temporary root file system until kernel is booted and the real root file system is mounted. It also contains necessary drivers compiled inside, which helps it to access the hard drive partitions, and other hardware. 5. Init
Looks at the /etc/inittab file to decide the Linux run level. Following are the available run levels 0 – halt 1 – Single user mode 2 – Multiuser, without NFS 3 – Full multiuser mode 4 – unused 5 – X11 6 – reboot Init identifies the default initlevel from /etc/inittab and uses that to load all appropriate program. Execute ‘grep initdefault /etc/inittab’ on your system to identify the default run level If you want to get into trouble, you can set the default run level to 0 or 6. Since you know what 0 and 6 means, probably you might not do that. Typically you would set the default run level to either 3 or 5. 6. Runlevel programs
When the Linux system is booting up, you might see various services getting started. For example, it might say “starting sendmail …. OK”. Those are the runlevel programs, executed from the run level directory as defined by your run level. Depending on your default init level setting, the system will execute the programs from one of the following directories. Run level 0 – /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/ Run level 1 – /etc/rc.d/rc1.d/ Run level 2 – /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/ Run level 3 – /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/ Run level 4 – /etc/rc.d/rc4.d/ Run level 5 – /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/ Run level 6 – /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/ Please note that there are also symbolic links available for these directory under /etc directly. So, /etc/rc0.d is linked to /etc/rc.d/rc0.d. Under the /etc/rc.d/rc*.d/ directories, you would see programs that start with S and K. Programs starts with S are used during startup. S for startup. Programs starts with K are used during shutdown. K for kill. There are numbers right next to S and K in the program names. Those are the sequence number in which the programs should be started or killed. For example, S12syslog is to start the syslog deamon, which has the sequence number of 12. S80sendmail is to start the sendmail daemon, which has the sequence number of 80. So, syslog program will be started before sendmail. There you have it. That is what happens during the Linux boot process. | <urn:uuid:3fbc3d80-d5b8-473f-a7f5-8cd20235cc5a> | {
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Consumption of Hijiki Seaweed
Q. What is hijiki seaweed?
Hijiki seaweed (also known as hiziki, MeHijiki or Hizikia fusiforme) is easy to distinguish from other seaweeds because of its distinctive black and shredded appearance. It is usually sold for use in soups, salads and vegetable dishes. It is mainly used in Japanese or Korean restaurants as an appetiser or starter. It is not the seaweed used in sushi. Hijiki seaweed can also be found in health food stores and shops selling Asian or eastern food products.
Q. Can I eat hijiki seaweed?
Recent sample results from around the world have shown that hijiki seaweed is generally high in inorganic arsenic. In light of this, the FSAI advises consumers to limit their consumption of hijiki seaweed or choose alternative types of seaweed, where possible.
Q. What is arsenic?
Arsenic is a semi-metallic element that occurs in nature, mainly in combination with other minerals. Trace levels of arsenic occur naturally in air, food and water. Exposure from these low levels is not a health concern. Arsenic compounds may enter the environment through sources such as pesticide manufacturing, smelter and industrial operations, burning fossil fuel or cigarette smoke.
Q. Organic versus Inorganic?
Not all forms of arsenic are associated with serious health concerns. Organic arsenic is considered to be relatively non-toxic. It is commonly found in most seaweed and other marine foods. Exposure to organic arsenic from most seaweed and other marine foods has not been associated with human illness. However, inorganic arsenic compounds are relatively toxic, and can increase people’s risk of getting cancer. It is therefore wise to minimise exposure to inorganic arsenic where possible.
Q. What is the advice from the European Food Safety Authority?
In September 2009, the European Food Safety Authority’s Expert Panel on Contaminants recommended that dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic should be reduced and as a consequence, EU wide regulation of inorganic arsenic in foods is currently under discussion.
Q. What should the industry be doing?
Manufacturers who are packaging hijiki seaweed or producing food products containing hijiki seaweed as an ingredient should provide advice about limited consumption on the food label.
Last reviewed: 13/8/2010 | <urn:uuid:624ce16d-d77e-4929-93f9-b1e85a959911> | {
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The following article was contributed by Dr. Scott Maul. Dr. Maul specializes in oncology and hematology at Aurora Cancer Care in Grafton and Glendale. He can be reached at 262 329-5000 or 414 906-4400.
Recent debates regarding mammography guidelines have generated confusion regarding best practices in cancer screening. Despite this, most women are aware that early detection of breast cancer can save lives through regular mammography screenings and clinical breast exams.
Women should consult with their health care providers to discuss their individual risk factors for breast cancer and to develop a personalized schedule for breast cancer screening.
Those at increased risk (women with a family history, genetic tendency or past breast cancer) may benefit from starting mammography screenings earlier, having additional tests such as a breast ultrasound or MRI, or more frequent exams.
Most national guidelines for the early detection of breast cancer continue to recommend:
• Yearly mammograms starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman remains in good health.
• Clinical breast exams every three years for women in their 20s and 30s and every year for women age 40 and older.
• Women should report any breast changes promptly to their health care provider.
• Monthly breast self-exams are recommended for women, starting in their 20s.
Women are more likely to notice a change in their own breasts by doing monthly exams, versus only having them checked at an annual exam.
Aurora Health Care offers a Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool to gauge the likelihood that a woman will develop breast cancer. This is an interactive tool designed by scientists at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) to estimate a woman’s risk of developing invasive breast cancer. It is based on a statistical model known as the “Gail Model.”
It was designed by researchers as a tool for health care providers to calculate a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer within the next five years and within her lifetime (up to age 90). It takes into account seven key risk factors for breast cancer.
Age at first period
Age at the time her first child was born (or has not given birth)
Family history of breast cancer (mother, sister or daughter)
Number of past breast biopsies
Number of breast biopsies showing atypical hyperplasia
Race / ethnicity
Although the tool has been used with success for women with strong family histories of breast cancer, more specific methods of estimating risk are appropriate for women known to have breast cancer-producing mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
Even with its current limitations, this Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (Gail Model) can be useful. However, it is not a perfect predictor of individual risk. The model can estimate a woman’s risk, but it cannot tell definitely whether or not she will get breast cancer during her lifetime.
Hopefully, women have received the life-saving message that early detection of breast cancer saves lives through a three-pronged approach that includes breast self awareness, mammography screening and clinical breast exams.
Some encouraging news for all women is that increased mammography screening and improved treatment options have greatly improved the long-term outlook for thousands of breast cancer survivors.
In the future, new technology and refined assessment tools may hold the promise of even better detection and subsequent treatments, but for now regular mammography screening and vigilance remain at the forefront in the early detection of breast cancer.
- Milwaukee Backgammon Club to hold 3 tournaments in August!
- New Brookfield Nutrition Office Open August 1
- Meijer to Sponsor Six Flags Great America Back-2-School Blast
- The Starr Group Hires Marco Briceno
- First Annual St. Robert Pretzel Run Offers Participants Fun and a Tasty Treat
- Cigar Networkers of Milwaukee Presents - 10 Things You Should Never Do As a Cigar Smoker
- Tour to New York, Atlantic City and Philadelphia!
- Appliance Gallery Offers Maintenance Tips for Kitchen Appliances
- Silver Spring Drive Sidewalk Sale-A-Bration to Include 5 Card Studs Friday Evening and a Saturday Afternoon Adventure Zone
- Friday, August 19: I AM... I CAN... I WILL... | <urn:uuid:10c674e1-6b96-4200-9ec2-cebe5d4406f9> | {
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The garden was full of berries, lettuce and radishes. But what grew best was knowledge.
School gardens are a catalyst for learning. And Lindsay Wyczalkowski, a third-grade teacher at Atlanta's Mary Lin Elementary School, understands that power.
She uses her school's garden to teach Greek mythology. Dressed as Greek gods and goddesses, she and her students stood about spinning myths on a spring day. In the process, they learned about science, art, literature and math.
"We have a worm in the classroom, and we wrote a myth to explain why worms are decomposers," Wyczalkowski said. "We went to the garden to read about Demeter and Persephone and explained our observations about the changing seasons through myths."
Wyczalkowski takes her students to the garden for class two to three times a week. Several of her fellow teachers do the same.
"Children out here are more focused, more energized, more engaged," she said. "They are using their senses to learn, whether it is taste, touch, smell. These experiences are going into their long-term memory. They are not pouring out part of their brain onto a Scantron; they are experiencing, and I think they will hold onto it for a lot longer."
Learning agricultural science
In Putnam County, both 4-H and a Junior Master Gardener Program support a growing school garden program.
"We saw two things going on in our schools. (First,) the students had little to no knowledge of agricultural activity in the state and no knowledge of how food was produced and brought to the table," Keith Fielder, UGA Cooperative Extension coordinator in Putnam County.
"(Second,) these kids lacked basic horticultural skills that I had at that age from hanging out with my parents and grandparents. We saw science curriculum waning about the time schools started teaching for the test. Kids weren't getting a lot of science."
Fielder was asked to come into the elementary school with master gardeners to spruce up a memorial garden. They then decided to stay and do more. The master gardeners designed and built a U-shaped raised garden bed and, with the help of retired teachers, they wrote classroom lesson plans.
"We were responding to requests," he said. "We came into schools through 4-H and started teaching about the water cycle and delivering environmental programs on resource use."
Touching hundreds of students
The program began in 2003 with a single garden. Today, more than 200 students meet after school twice a week. They learn in several garden locations and in greenhouses. The students grow just about every Georgia crop, except cotton and tobacco.
"We talk about the importance of the commodities to Georgia's economy," Fielder said. "And we grow watermelons for the watermelon contest."
Fielder also incorporates healthy eating lessons. Produce from the garden is given to the lunchroom to be included in the school menu.
"We are teaching kids vegetables aren't yucky," he said. "In the fall, we dig sweet potatoes and make sweet potato chips. I see kids going back and stuffing them in their pockets to take home."
A garden can be much more than just a garden. While in it, students' thoughts are directed to what they are doing, and they are developing interests in agriculture, the environment or horticulture, he said. And, most importantly, they are learning science.
"If you ever start it, it will hand you more opportunities than you ever thought," Fielder said. "It is a wonderful educational tool you can tailor to whatever your situation is. But, you need support. We were lucky to have teachers to embrace it. The people who embrace it are why it works."
April R. Sorrow is a news editor with the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. | <urn:uuid:82acf9ec-49cb-4d9a-ac9c-8b632ca8a77c> | {
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