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Five children in Texas - level 1
Here is some news from Texas. Five children are born. They are born at 29 weeks. They are from two pounds and seven ounces to three pounds and six ounces (from 1.1 to 1.5 kilograms) heavy.
Around 24 workers help with the babies. The babies are very small and pretty. The mother is very happy. The parents’ friends want to help with the babies.
The mother miscarried a few times. She used some medication. This medication helped her have the babies. The couple also have a two-year-old son.
Difficult words: be born (get out of the mother’s body), miscarry (when the baby dies inside the body), couple (two people who love each other).
You can read the original story and watch the video in the Level 3 section.
How to improve your English with News in Levels: | <urn:uuid:a986f440-9824-4a1f-8e10-a8ebc0e5d4de> | {
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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1masculine alquitránmasculine chapopote Mexicofeminine breaa tar based soap/shampoo — un jabón/champú a la brea
- Since 1980, members of the coalition have tried to persuade tobacco companies to limit the yields of tar and nicotine in cigarettes sold in developing countries and to add health warnings on their packaging.
- Cannabis acts as a relaxant without damaging the liver from alcohol abuse and has less tar than a cigarette.
- The tar in tobacco contains hundreds of carcinogens that promote the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells.
- The ratio of tar to nicotine produced in the tobacco smoke of low tar cigarettes is in fact closely similar to that of conventional cigarettes.
- In line with the motive to instruct, there are diseased organs, a liver shrivelled from alcohol abuse, lungs disfigured by cigarette tar, the misshapen brain of an Alzheimer's sufferer.
- Spain needed pine for tar, turpentine, and wood-essential naval stores for its shipbuilding industry in Cuba.
- To remove tar, freeze it to brittleness with ice cubes and then scrape it off with a plastic spatula.
- For roofs this is generally done by applying a coating such as tar, acrylic, silicone or rubberized paint.
- The fact that mild cigarettes contain less nicotine and tar than normal ones can create a false impression and lead people to smoke more than they otherwise would do.
- The tar and stone mixture layer was found to be less than the prescribed 7 mm.
- Kerosene and the rest of the organic mixture's lighter components evaporated, leaving behind the heavier molecules that make up tar and asphalt.
- When he learnt of a valuable Baltic convoy carrying timber and tar for shipbuilding due into port, he waited to ambush it off Scarborough.
- The space between each pair of deck planks in a wooden ship was filled with a packing material called ‘oakum’ and then sealed with a mixture of pitch and tar.
- Tobacco is a sweet smelling product of the aromatic leaves of the Nicotina plant, but contains carcinogenic and highly addictive substances like nicotine, tar and benzene.
- However, it is understood the substance is a waste product created during the distillation of tar, coal, oil or gas and contained sulphuric acid.
- Still impure, the gas was then passed through condensers and scrubbers to remove tar, and then through iron oxide purifiers to remove other impurities.
- She said if the road went through the area, it would transform Bennettsbridge into a major depot for tar and bricks.
- In addition to nicotine, cigarette smoke is primarily composed of gases (mainly carbon monoxide) and tar.
- But environment watchdogs said that residents have not been put at risk by a complex operation to remove chemicals including tar, cyanide, ammonia and carcinogenic coal naptha.
- Tar pits form when crude oil seeps to the surface through fissures in the Earth's crust; the light fraction of the oil evaporates, leaving behind the heavy tar, or asphalt, in sticky pools.
- Commercial bit cleaner can be used to remove pitch and tar; however, a scrap piece of wood will usually do the trick.
- It wasn't too much later that I found myself working as a roofer in Aspen, Colorado, carrying buckets of hot tar up a ladder.
- Earlier nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar were considered most harmful.
- Although triggers such as tobacco tar and radioactive radon gas are known to be linked to lung cancer, little is understood of the genetic damage that causes the disease.
- The tobacco used in these contraptions is not loaded with tar and nicotine as are cigarettes and it doesn't produce the noxious smog which so irritates non-smokers.
- Cannabis deposited four times as much tar on lungs as tobacco and could, if used regularly, cause cancer.
- Smoking the drug carries a high risk of mouth, throat and lung cancer, the same as smoking cigarettes really but without the added nicotine and tar.
- Depending on the type and location of the flashings, roofing tar or silicone or butyl rubber sealants can be used to seal small cracks and gaps.
- I continued walking across the hot black tar of the parking lot until I reached a dark blue Ferrari.
- The stone walls and stick ceiling drip with black tar from decades of burning yak dung.
- He leaned in close, so close I could smell cigarette tar on his breath.
- In addition to poisons, smoke and fumes, steelworkers are exposed on an almost continuous basis to such toxic substances as tar, benzene and hydrochloric acid, to name only a few.
- Using oils, acrylics, resin and tar on both wood and canvas support, the work reflects industrial, urban, suburban and natural views.
- It also restricted the maximum amount of nicotine and tar to 1.5 milligrams and 20 milligrams respectively per cigarette.
- Hardwoods are better because they burn hotter and form less creosote, an oily, black tar that sticks to chimneys and stove pipes.
- They refined black tar to make plastic for the television casings, and they blew fine glass for the screens.
- I was curious, are there any alternatives to cigarettes that don't have nicotine, tar, and all that other nasty stuff?
- NRT products provide a way of coping with nicotine withdrawal without taking in the harmful substances of tar and carbon monoxide.
- On our way out of al-Juweibir, we stop and talk to a man putting a thick layer of tar on his grandfather's boat.
- There are, according to him, cigarettes available in India with five to six milligrams of tar and those with 18 milligrams of tar, but the average worked out to 12 milligrams.
2(in cigarettes)alquitrán masculinelow tar cigarettes — cigarrillos de bajo contenido en alquitrán masculine
1(fence/road) alquitranar(roof) impermeabilizar
- The shortest days has been 16 hours and it seemed shorter than any seven hour days I used to put in at a bank or tarring roads.
- By then the road was tarred, but just a few years previously it was nothing more than a graveled roadway.
- The corporation is very active at the moment in tarring roads in many housing estates.
- The inside of the bomb is tarred to keep the explosive away from the metal on the inside of the bomb.
- Proper tarred roads should be built in rural areas and bus facilities made available in every nook and corner of the State.
- When the city council decided to invite small and medium enterprises as contractors tarring roads in the city, almost half of the contractors were women.
- He said Sophiatown had a reasonably decent infrastructure, and all the roads were tarred.
- The piles were tarred ironbark and the beams were kauri with iron brackets to brace them.
- The aggregate number of kilometres of road that have been tarred, bridges built or repaired can also be quantified.
- This road will eventually be tarred up to Oranjemund, the southernmost town on the coastline.
- We couldn't help noticing either how small towns in rural KZN are connected by good tarred roads.
- Today he is a successful actor who, after window cleaning, tried his hand at being a holiday rep in Majorca, a postman, selling papers, a labourer and tarring roads - all in Northern Ireland.
- The few tarred roads are the connection to the coastal countries, along with a railway line to Abidjan.
- This road, which was just a sand road up to now, was tarred last week.
- He pointed to the plan of having all roads in Soweto tarred by the end of 2005.
- This big barge was tarred black all around the hull for protection from leakages.
- These roads were tarred just six months ago and with the recent rains, deep potholes have emerged.
- According to the residents some of the roads here have not been tarred for over five years now.
- A back road in the area had never been tarred and he wondered if there were any other roads like that in county Mayo.
- He said although the distance being tarred may not be very long, its significance to the local economy is immense.
- Against such descriptions, he juxtaposes the opinions of racists, embodied in the seedy character of Wilkes, the boastful character of Williams, and in the ‘other hangers-on’ and ‘tars’ at the Virginian tavern and Marine Coffee-House.
- He is known to have had an eye for the ladies; he also could down a good tipple with the best of the tars.
- Earlier though, someone shouts the word ‘Avast!’ at a bunch of mutinous tars and everyone just giggles.’
- To the tars of Victoria's navy, especially those returning from the farthest flung corners of the empire, the Azores were the gateway to home.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories. | <urn:uuid:5514cb5d-5104-46da-9a32-411931779bb5> | {
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The pain can begin suddenly. In your arms or legs, chest or stomach. Sharp or dull, throbbing or stabbing. It can last for days. Acetaminophen is not going to help; you’ll need to visit the ER.
This kind of pain crisis is common for the seventy-two thousand people in the United States — mainly African Americans — affected by sickle cell disease. Other symptoms include a shortage of red blood cells, serious infections, and damage to vital organs. At present there is no cure. Doctors know that a pain crisis happens when red blood cells become stuck in small blood vessels. But they don’t know what triggers it or how to prevent it.
That’s what Leslie Parise, professor and vice-chair of pharmacology, and her lab have spent the last fifteen years trying to understand. What they’ve found has changed the way doctors think about what causes a pain crisis, and has opened the way for some much-needed new therapies.
Back in 1989, Parise wasn’t researching sickle cell disease. Not because it wasn’t important, but her focus was cell adhesion — how cells stick — and her main passion was platelets. But two things happened that brought sickle cell research into her lab.
First, Chris Joneckis, a graduate student looking for a research project, approached Parise. “Chris was very interested in adhesion,” Parise says, “but not so interested in platelets.”
Secondly, Parise attended a conference of cell biologists and heard a talk on the potential of sickle cell adhesion. “It was an area that wasn’t very well understood,” she says.
Until then, sickle cell disease had been thought of as a mechanical problem. We knew that sickle cell was a genetic disease and that the problem lay in hemoglobin — the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around our bodies. People with the sickle gene have a structural defect in their hemoglobin, so the red blood cells are deformed and can’t carry oxygen efficiently. These cells are sickle shaped, more rigid, and, we believed, this caused them to get stuck more easily in small blood vessels.
Parise was intrigued by an idea that she had heard at the conference: sickle cells might be stickier than normal red blood cells. This theory suggested another way that cells might get stuck in capillaries, but more importantly, if true, it provided a target for drugs. So she returned to Chapel Hill and told Joneckis, who was excited by the idea and started to look at red blood cells’ adhesiveness.
Joneckis tested whether sickle cells had different adhesion molecules on their surface than did normal red blood cells. They did, and he published his findings in the December 1993 issue of Blood. For the first time, Parise’s group had shown that red blood cells don’t just happen to become lodged on blood vessel walls — they have the active ability to stick there.
Joneckis moved on and the research lay dormant until Sheritha Lee, a master’s student from North Carolina Central University, approached Parise. Lee was personally interested in sickle cell; as an African American her family had first-hand experience with the disease. “I was thrilled to find a project I could be passionate about,” Lee says, “to think that I could uncover information that might somehow be beneficial to members of my family.” Her research confirmed that sickle cells adhere to laminin, a blood vessel wall protein, and she narrowed down exactly where on the laminin molecule the sickle cells were sticking. Lee published her research in the October issue of Blood in 1998.
Then two new researchers joined the lab — Patrick Hines, an MD/PhD student, and Julie Brittain, a doctoral student. Both were interested in sickle cell research, particularly in what factors triggered a pain crisis.
Brittain’s research demonstrated that the sickle cells became stickier because of proteins that float around naturally in plasma. “This was a huge breakthrough in the sickle cell field because these cells had not been previously thought of as cells that could respond to become more adhesive,” Parise says. Brittain published her findings in the June 2001 issue of The Journal of Clinical Investigation.
After reading medical literature that noted a relationship between stress and the tendency for sickle cell patients to have a pain crisis, Hines took a slightly different approach. He knew that when stressed, our adrenaline or epinephrine levels rise, preparing us for fight or flight. So Hines investigated what epinephrine did to sickle cells. He found that it increased sickle cell activation of a protein called BCAM/Lu. It also increased BCAM/Lu adhesion to laminin, the adhesive protein Lee previously studied.
So the combination of stickier cells and stickier blood vessel walls explained why sickle cell patients were more likely to have red blood cells lodged in their vessels. When the researchers published their findings in the April 2003 issue of Blood, it was the first time anyone had biologically linked stress to a pain crisis.
Though Parise’s group may not have started out in sickle cell research, it is now a topic of major interest in the laboratory. Brittain, now a research assistant professor, describes herself as committed to sickle cell disease. “I can’t work on anything else,” Brittain says. “To know that these red blood cells are actually flowing through peoples’ veins breaks my heart and makes me angry.”
But Brittain’s research in sickle cell disease has also changed some fundamental beliefs about red blood cells. “For a century, everybody thought red blood cells were inert bags of hemoglobin that just circulate around. The notion that red blood cells could react was just not talked about,” she says.
Brittain’s continuing work in sickle cell disease has moved away from red blood cells and into white blood cells. “I’m a red blood cell researcher,” Brittain says. “Love ’em, can’t get enough of them. But there are other cells in blood.” White blood cells are part of the immune system, and there is no doubting the reactivity of these cells. In fact, it’s their job to react to infection.
Typically, sickle cell patients have increased white blood cell counts, and this is the single best indicator of disease severity and life span. “It’s not how many sickle cells you have, or your hemoglobin level; it’s how many white blood cells you have,” Brittain says.
Brittain’s research is now focused on one type of white blood cell called the monocyte. High monocyte counts seem to have the highest correlation with increased pain crisis. Most recently, Brittain has shown that red blood cells stick to monocytes, and that platelets stick as well. “So what you have is an aggregate of different cells that speeds through the blood of the sickle cell patient,” she says. These aggregates are another way that blood vessels clog.
It’s become increasingly clear to Brittain that sickle cell disease is a chronic state of inflammation and increased blood coagulation. “Sickle cell disease has gone from a hemoglobin problem, to a blood problem, to a blood vessel problem, and now we look at all those things,” says Brittain.
Sheritha Lee returned to Parise’s lab in 2001 as a doctoral student to investigate the role of inflammation in sickle cell disease. She was particularly interested in a protein called CD40L. “It’s been shown to cause chronic inflammation in many disease states,” Lee says. “So I measured CD40L in sickle cell plasma and found that patients had really high levels.” CD40L is normally found inside platelets, and Lee noted that in sickle cell patients the platelet CD40L level was half the level of normal. “It suggested that the protein was being relocated from its usual protected store in platelets,” Lee says. And once the CD40L got into the plasma, it could do real damage.
Apart from understanding the disease better, Brittain and Lee also want to be able to offer patients more treatment options.
Currently there is only one treatment for sickle cell disease — a drug called hydroxyurea, or HU. “HU was originally discovered as a cancer drug,” Brittain explains, “and was used for its bone marrow-destroying properties.” But an interesting side-effect of HU brought it to the attention of sickle cell physicians: HU causes fetal hemoglobin to be re-expressed in adults.
Fetal hemoglobin, a type of hemoglobin found only in fetuses, has a much higher affinity for oxygen. “It’s a neat evolutionary thing,” Brittain says, “that because of the fetal hemoglobin, the fetus is guaranteed to get oxygen before the mom.” Around six months after birth, the fetal hemoglobin shuts off and adult hemoglobin takes over. “It’s the adult hemoglobin that’s mutated in sickle cell disease; fetal hemoglobin is unaffected,” Brittain says.
Cancer research receives much more funding than sickle cell disease does. So the doctors “borrowed” HU from cancer studies, and it’s provided relief to a lot of sickle cell patients. Because HU causes fetal hemoglobin to be produced again in an adult, red blood cells are less prone to sickling. “But it’s less than perfect,” Brittain says. “It increases the risk of cancer and it causes fetal abnormalities, so if a woman gets pregnant, she can’t take the drug.”
Parise lab members are now investigating new treatments based on their research. But before they can try out drugs in people, they need a good model of the disease. There are mice that have been genetically engineered with a hemoglobin deficiency, and they develop many of the characteristics of sickle cell disease. Lee and others in the Parise lab intend to use the mice to develop new treatments. “We hope to treat the mice with antibodies or drugs to lessen the disease pathology,” Lee says, “and early results are promising.”
“It’s an exciting time to be involved in sickle cell research, because people are looking at the disease in a different way,” Brittain says. But for Brittain, and for the rest of the Parise lab, it’s more than a research project. Brittain feels a personal responsibility for the patients with the disease. “When you’re a sickle cell researcher, you can’t just go into the lab and work, work, work,” she says. “You must be an advocate for these patients and ensure that all of them have a voice.” | <urn:uuid:37c466f9-c9a6-4703-9ec9-fa038fe400d8> | {
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- Surrendering an Animal
- Lost Pet Recovery
- Found a Lost Pet?
- Spay & Neuter
- Animal Rescue & Control
- Dog Licensing
- Summer Camp 2015
How You Can Help!
Before You Adopt
Thank you for making the life saving decision to adopt a homeless animal! Adopting a companion animal is most likely a 10 – 15 year commitment. Before making the decision to adopt a companion animal, think about your reasons for wanting a pet and how she will fit into your life. The following considerations can help you choose a pet that will be a good fit with your family and lifestyle.
Consider your lifestyle
- How settled is your life? Are you expecting major lifestyle changes over the next several months or years? Many pets live for years—a pet that fits into your life today needs to fit in for the foreseeable future.
- Do you or other household members have allergies to pets?
- Do you want your pet to be a part of an active lifestyle, more of a couch potato or somewhere in between?
- Can you afford a pet? The costs of owning a pet can be high. Licenses, spaying and neutering, veterinary care, grooming, toys, food, litter and other expenses add up quickly.
Determine how much time you have to spend with a pet
- Do you have much free time now?
- How much time do you have every day to take care of a pet (feeding, grooming, exercising, training and socializing)?
- Is someone at home on a regular basis to give the animal lots of attention and love?
Evaluate your living situation
All pets need to live indoors and be part of the family. Think about your living situation:
- Is your home appropriate for your new pet?
- Are there any restrictions around having pets in your home, e.g., landlord permission, pet deposits, condo restrictions, etc.?
- Do you have enough space for the type of pet you are thinking about?
- All pets make some kind of mess. Will your pet be given free range of your entire home or just certain areas? If the pet will be restricted to a certain area, how happy would a pet be in this space?
Learn about breed and gender
The Santa Cruz County Animal Shelter receives both purebred and mixed breed pets. It’s important to learn about breed and gender characteristics before you adopt:
- Every animal is an individual and understanding the behaviors of your chosen pet is most important. Some, but not all, behaviors and characteristics can be determined by his breed.
- In some purebreds, over-breeding has led to temperament and/or genetic problems. If you are considering a purebred animal, take some time to learn about any potential issues or concerns. Breed-specific rescue sites are usually the most helpful.
- If you are considering a mixed breed, investigate each breed in the combination.
- After an animal is spayed or neutered, there are few behavioral differences between males and females. | <urn:uuid:8cc43bcc-3bbe-4f75-ac14-860964533a8d> | {
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of the People of Islam (Aqa'id Ahl al-Islam)
Imam 'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (577 - 660H)
'Abd al-Aziz ibn 'Abd al-Salam ibn Abu al-Qasim ibn al-Hasan, 'Izz al-Din al-Sulami was born in Damascus in 577H. A Shafi'I scholar, he was educated in Damascus and was nicknamed the Sultan of Scholars. In 599AH he moved to Baghdad, then returned to Damascus to teach and lead the Friday prayers at the zawiya of Imam Ghazali, and later at the Umayyad Mosque.
Ibn 'Abd al-Salam condemned the ruler of Greater Syria al-Salih Ismail ibn al-Adal from the pulpit for his surrender of the Palestinian fortress Safad to the Crusaders. He was imprisoned for this action. When finally freed, he moved to Cairo, where he was appointed as judge and imam of the Friday prayer. He gained such prestige that he was able to enforce the Islamic code of law with near impunity in the face of rulers and weaker-willed personalities.
He later resigned from his position as judge to work on a number of outstanding works on Shafi'I jurisprudence, Quranic explanation, the bases of Islamic rulings, formal legal opinion, government, and sufism. It is recorded that he kept the company of Imam Abul al-Hasan al-Shadhili, founder of the Shadhili tariqa, and that he authored numerous works on tasawwuf which are now lost. He died in Cairo at the age of eighty-one. | <urn:uuid:90839e71-5e48-4799-92aa-06ba28114275> | {
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Hunting for alpines in Ethiopia?
Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouthi to the north-east. Its size is 1.100.000 km2 with an estimated population of over 78 milj. Its capital is Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world and Africas second most populous nation.
In September 2007 I visited this county to look at alpines at the Bale Mountains. This is a range of mountains in the Oromia Region of southeast Ethiopia, south of the Awash River. They include Tullu Demtu (4377m) the second highest mountain in Ethiopia and Mount Batu (4307m). The Web River, a tributary of the Jubba River, rises in these mountains east of Goba. The Bale National Park covers 2,2 km2 of these mountains.
Due to variation in altitude and topographical features, different altitudinal zones characterize the vegetation in the mountians. The Afro alpine moorland (3700-4400m), Ericaceous moorland and sub-alpine highland (2900-3700m), and the montane forest (2000-3000m). There are many special species like Lobelia rhynchopetalum, Erica arborea, Hypericum revolutum, Hagenia abyssinica and many Helichrysum species to name just a few. The park also contains the Harenna Forest, situated to the south of the mountains which is a largely unexplored area.
The Bale Mountains are home to many of the Ethiopian endemic animals, notably the Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), found on the Sanetti Plateau. The largest amount of Ethiopian Wolves is found here. Its also known as the Abyssinian wolf, Abyssinian fox, red jackal or Simien fox. The Etiophian wolf is found in the Afro-alpine regions of Ethiopia, and the top predator of the ecosystem here. It is most endangered with only about seven population with about roughly 550 adults remaining. The largest population is found on the Bale Mountains. A rabies outbreak in 1990 reduced this population on the Bale Mountains from 440 woves to less hen 160 in only two weeks. I was very lucky to see this wonderful animal more then once, even hunting a giant mole-rat.
Besides many rare plants and wildlife, the Bale National Park offers exceptional trekking opportunities from the park headquarters at Dinsho. Dodola is also a useful base for exploring these mountains. If you ever have the opportunity to travel to Ethiopia, try to visit the Bale Mountains. | <urn:uuid:bd2ed34a-6aec-4b4b-9eb7-3a288b234c1a> | {
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The old saying goes, “nobody likes a sore loser.” Dealing with losing is a social skill that your child with autism may find more challenging than their neurotypically-developing peers. There is a variety of reasons why this is so including, difficulty regulating emotions, or a deficit in perceiving other’s social cues. Dealing with losing is an important skill that can be taught. The mastery of this skill can promote deeper, longer-lasting, meaningful relationships between your child and her or his peers.
Here are seven tips that can help your child acquire this skill.
- Introduce the skill, dealing with losing, and give examples: Speak with your child about dealing with losing and let them know that you’re going to work with them to develop this skill. For example, you may want to say, “Linda, I wanted to speak with you about something that may help you. That is, learning good ways that one can deal with losing.”
- Be explicit! Describe and model what good losing behavior looks like: Before you speak with your child, break down what good losing behavior looks like into easy-to-understand, age-appropriate steps. Draw your child’s attention to her or his facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, gestures, and mannerisms. You know your child and how she or he expresses frustration. This knowledge can prove very useful when teaching this, and other, skills. For example, you may want to say, “Let’s say you were playing Uno with your brother and your friend. If you lose the game, smile, shake hands and say “congratulations, you played a good game. It was fun to play with you.”
- Speak with your child about why dealing with losing is important: Dealing with losing is important because it allows your child to make and nurture relationships with her or his peers. For example, you may want to consider saying, “Even though losing may seem sad in the moment, what’s more important is the chance to win a good friendship. You can do that with practicing good sportsmanship. Let’s talk about what that means!”
- Practice dealing with losing by role-playing: Role play is a powerful tool when teaching any social skill. It creates a safe environment for your child to practice and learn the skills that she or he needs to be successful. Start by walking your child through each step of how to deal with losing. This serves as a reminder. Create a role-play situation that is relevant to your child and age appropriate. For example, you could say “let’s imagine that you just lost the Uno game you were just playing. I want you to smile, shake my hand and tell me that you had fun playing. Let’s try it now!”
- Give praise when appropriate: It could be expected that your child does well on some aspects of this skill and not so well on others. To avoid encouraging problem behavior, be very specific about what you are praising. For example, you could say, “Great job smiling and saying congratulations! That makes me want to play with you! When praising, be enthusiastic and animated. Check out our blog post about praise for more tips!
- Create positive consequences for your child: When your child deals with losing well, in addition to praise, provide her or him with a reward. The reward should be delivered immediately and be something they like. Some examples are favorite activities, food or attention. For example, perhaps your child likes to play video games or watch television. You could give her 10-minutes to watch her favorite cartoon. The harder it is for your child to deal with losing the greater the reward should be.
- Correct your child when needed: Before you correct your child on specific steps of how to deal with losing, you should consider if the steps are broken down in an age and skills appropriate manner. In other words, is what you’re asking realistic for your child? When correcting the step, be specific and model the correct behavior. For example, you could say, “When you say congratulations, try using a lower tone of voice like this. Now you try!”
These are a few examples of steps that you could take to help your child with autism deal with losing. Social behaviors and responses vary greatly from child to child. If you have any questions, click here now to reach our staff of clinical experts who can help you with you, and your child’s, evolving needs. | <urn:uuid:4cd4c419-284a-4625-819b-7c07e1c17935> | {
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“As you did to one of the least of these my brethren,
you did it to me” (Mt 25: 40). This Gospel passage, so crucial in
understanding Mother Teresa’s service to the poor, was the basis of her
faith-filled conviction that in touching the broken bodies of the poor she was
touching the body of Christ. It was to Jesus himself, hidden under the
distressing disguise of the poorest of the poor, that her service was directed.
Mother Teresa highlights the deepest meaning of service – an act of love done
to the hungry, thirsty, strangers, naked, sick, prisoners (cf. Mt 25: 34-36)
is done to Jesus himself.
wholehearted devotion, expressing the delicacy of her spousal love. Thus, in
total gift of herself to God and neighbor, Mother Teresa found her greatest
fulfillment and lived the noblest qualities of her femininity. She wanted to be
a sign of “God’s love, God’s presence and God’s compassion,” and so remind all
of the value and dignity of each of God’s children, “created to love and be
loved.” Thus was Mother Teresa “bringing souls to God and God to souls” and
satiating Christ’s thirst, especially for those most in need, those whose
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Draw InDesign CS5 Freeform Paths
Use the Pencil and Pen tools to draw freeform paths in an InDesign Creative Suite 5 publication. Freeform paths typically look like complex lines, both curved and straight. In InDesign, you can use the Pencil and Pen tools to create simple or complex paths.
Using the Pencil tool
The Pencil tool is perhaps the easiest tool to use when drawing freeform paths.
Select the Pencil tool in the Tools panel.
Drag the cursor around the page.
You’ve created a new path by using the Pencil tool.
Using the Pen tool
Using the Pen tool is different from using the Pencil tool. When you start out, the Pen tool may seem a bit complicated — but after you get the hang of it, using it isn’t hard after all. The Pen tool uses points to create a particular path. You can edit these points to change the segments between them. Gaining control of these points can take a bit of practice.
Select the Pen tool in the Tools panel.
Click anywhere on the page and then click a second location.
You’ve created a new path with two points and one segment joining them.
Ctrl-click (Windows) or Cmd-click (Mac) an empty part of the page to deselect the current path.
After you deselect the path, you can create a new path or add new points to the path you just created.
Add a new point to a selected segment by hovering the mouse over the line and clicking.
A small plus (+) icon appears next to the Pen tool cursor. You can also do the same thing by selecting the Add Anchor Point tool (located on the menu that flies out when you click and hold the Pen icon in the Tools panel).
Repeat Step 4, but this time click a new location on a line segment and drag away from the line.
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Immunizations aren’t just for children and adolescents. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend:
- Seasonal influenza (flu) (for all adults)
- Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough) (for all adults who have not previously received the Tdap vaccine)
- Shingles (for adults 60 years and older)
- Pneumococcal disease (for adults 65 years and older and adults with specific health conditions)
- Hepatitis B infection (for adults who have diabetes or are at risk for hepatitis B)
- Travel immunizations (visit http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel to see what immunizations are recommended based on your destination)
Flu Vaccine for Worksite Wellness
The CDC recommends that everyone ages 6 months and older receive a flu vaccine each year. Annual seasonal flu vaccination with either the flu shot or the nasal-spray flu vaccine is the best way to reduce the chances that you will get the flu and lessen the chance that you will spread it to others. When more people get vaccinated against the flu, less flu illness can spread through the community.
What does the flu cost a company?
Catching the flu can lead to a great loss in productivity. In 2010, the flu accounted for:
- 200 million days of diminished productivity
- 100 million days of bed rest
- 75 million days of work absences
- 22 million visits to healthcare providers
The total economic burden of the flu in the United States is estimated at $87.1 billion dollars. The flu can also cost companies billions in lost productivity and direct medical costs. On average, vaccination against the flu can save $30 per vaccinated person.
How to build Workplace Wellness through Immunization
Immunizations are a proven public health intervention and can be implemented at your workplace on varying scales. The four steps of the workplace health model can guide program planning.
Step 1: Assessment
- What are the risks, concerns, current programs, capacity and needs
- What services are currently being used? Is there a need for an onsite immunization program?
- Have employees received the flu vaccine the past season? If so, what percentage received it?
Step 2: Planning
- What will the program address, what are the goals and how will they be met?
- An example goal is to have a set percentage of employees be immunized
- Gain support of management/leadership for the immunization program
- Support from management/leadership helps cultivate a culture of worksite wellness and shows their interest in the employee’s health
- What resources are available for an immunization program?
- Do you have staff that can administer vaccines?
- Can an outside organization be contracted to provide immunizations on-site?
- Develop a communication plan to ensure all employees are aware of the immunization program
- Use multiple channels such as e-mail and flyers
- Include follow-up communication for progress toward goal and encourage participation if the employee has not been vaccinated yet
Step 3: Implementation
- Provide education about the program
- Promote your vaccination program
- Provide educational information
- Myths about flu vaccine (PDF)
- Offer incentives for participation in the immunization program
- Raffle for gift card
- Meal for office with highest participation
Step 4: Evaluation
- Review of merit (quality), worth (effectiveness), and significance (importance) of activity
- Survey employees for feedback
- Track outcomes from program
- Increase in percentage of employees immunized
- Number of sick days used during flu season
Resources for Workplace Wellness through Immunization
Although healthcare personnel (HCP) have been the focus of immunizations at the workplace in studies, immunizations for caregivers is just as important. Eleven states have legislation supporting influenza immunization for HCP and numerous hospitals and healthcare facilities have policies for influenza immunization.
Sample Documents for Worksite Adult Immunization Policy
The following can be used to implement your own worksite immunization policy focusing on influenza. These documents can be modified for other vaccines, such as Tdap, or to meet your business needs.
- Sample Influenza Policy (This is a Word Document adopted from: Washington State Health Care Workers Toolkit)
- Sample Immunization Policy Letter (This is a Word Document adopted from: Washington State Health Care Workers Toolkit)
- Template for Documenting Vaccination
Case Studies and Support Documents for Worksite Immunization Programs
- National Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: Roadmap to Elimination
- Immunization Action Coalition Influenza Vaccination Honor Roll
- Partnership for Prevention Immunization Policy – Give Productivity a Shot in the Arm: How Influenza Immunization Can Enhance Your Bottom Line
- Washington State Health Care Workers Toolkit
- New York State Health Care Facility Immunization Toolkit | <urn:uuid:85b475b7-6795-4cf9-9226-3a60a70c5fff> | {
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A flabby belly is not only unsightly, it is also unhealthy. Women who store fat in their abdomen are at a greater risk of developing chronic diseases and some cancers. Losing weight through a healthy, portion-controlled diet and exercise can help you reduce the flab on your belly and improve your health.
Belly Fat and Health
No woman wants belly flab hanging over the top of her pants. Worse yet, if that belly flab makes your waist measure larger than 35 inches, you may be at a greater risk of developing heart disease, stroke, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and dementia. A large waist also makes you more susceptible to metabolic disturbances and the need for gallbladder surgery. Much of the flab at your belly is inflammatory, producing hormones and other substances that affect your health. You can develop belly fat at any age, but women approaching menopause may be particularly susceptible as changes in hormones alter the way their bodies store fat.
One way to reduce a flabby tummy is to change your diet. Begin by cutting out refined white carbohydrates, including pastries, white bread and white rice. Reducing, or completely eliminating, processed sugars from soft drinks, candy and sugary cereals and treats will also help you lose belly fat. Replace these foods with whole grains, such as brown rice or quinoa, and fresh vegetables and fruits. Opting for foods with unsaturated fats – think olive oil, avocados and nuts – over saturated or trans fats foods – such as full-fat dairy, fatty meats and commercially fried foods, can also lead to a slimmer midsection. Even with these healthy dietary changes, you’ll need to watch portion sizes and consume fewer calories than you burn. Stick to a healthy 1,200 to 1,800 calories per day, however. Losing weight at a rate faster than 2 pounds per week may shock your body into thinking it is starving, causing it to store more fat to protect you.
Regular exercise can also help you reduce the flab at your waist. Aim for 30 to 60 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week. Moderate-intensity means your workout makes you breathe a little heavier and causes you to break a light sweat. A study in the “American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism” published in November 2011 found that aerobic exercise, such as walking, jogging or swimming, is most effective in reducing visceral belly fat. However, you can also perform resistance exercise with weights to reduce subcutaneous belly fat, which will help your abdomen look more toned. While abdominal exercises such as crunches and planks do tone the muscles of the abdomen, they cannot help reduce the layer of fat over the muscles. Continue to incorporate these exercises to improve posture, back health and balance.
Stress is another contributor to belly fat. A study in the 2000 edition of "Psychosomatic Medicine" concluded that women with high levels of the stress hormone cortisol were more likely to have a large midsection. Stress also makes you eat more -- ignoring hunger signals and indulging cravings. This "want" eating results in a greater amount of visceral fat, concluded a study in the May 2011 issue of “Physiology and Behavior.” While you cannot remove all the stress in your life, you can seek ways to manage it better. Yoga, meditation, counseling and delegation are some strategies.
- Harvard Health Publications: Abdominal Fat and What to Do About It
- MayoClinic.com: Belly Fat in Women: Taking and Keeping It Off
- American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism: Effects of Aerobic vs. Resistance Training on Visceral and Liver Fat Stores, Liver Enzymes, and Insulin Resistance by HOMA in Overweight Adults from STRRIDE AT/RT
- USA Today: Middle-Aged with Middle Fat? Dementia Risk Increases
- Physiology and Behavior: Stress Augments Food 'Wanting' and Energy Intake in Visceral Overweight Subjects in the Absence of Hunger
- Psychosomatic Medicine: Stress and Body Shape: Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion Is Consistently Greater Among Women With Central Fat
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To get the maximum benefit from forages and beef cattle, they must be matched, says Clyde Lane, Jr., University of Tennessee Extension beef specialist.
“Animals that are considered high producers need high-quality forages and increased amounts while lower-producing animals can get by on poorer-quality forages and smaller amounts,” he points out.
In Tennessee, meeting animal needs usually means having both cool- and warm-season grasses. With fields of both types, it’s possible to keep cattle grazing most of the year.
When developing and managing forages for beef cattle, it’s important to know certain things about the cows, says Lane. Characteristics to consider include milking ability, body weight, body condition score and time of calving. As producers have used expected progeny differences (EPD’s) in the selection process, milking ability has tended to increase. To meet the requirements for producing larger amounts of milk, higher-quality and greater quantities of feed are needed.
Obviously, the larger the cow the more feed it will take to meet her requirements. If it’s necessary to increase the body condition score because cows have gotten thin, the amount and quality of the forage must also increase. Match the time of calving with the amount of forage available. The greatest requirement for the cow is at the time of calving and continues until she is rebred.
Fall-calving cows have adequate forage to meet their needs at calving and until they get bred. However, as the calf gets older and can start grazing, meeting its nutritional need gets more difficult. Either some type of grain must be provided or a small-grain pasture must be available, adding to production costs. Also, the cow will need more and a higher-quality stored forage since she’s still producing milk and getting ready to be rebred.
The feed situation presented above is why most producers are encouraged to start calving in January. By the time the majority of cows require extra nutrition, they can be fed high-quality hay for a short period and then go to grass in the spring.
To improve profitability, it’s critical that beef producers utilize most of the forage produced, Lane adds. If animals have free access to all of the pasture area, they will graze selectively. Some of the grass will be overgrazed while some will be undergrazed and allowed to mature. By utilizing some type of rotational grazing program, a greater utilization of forages can be accomplished. The pastures should be small enough so that all of the grass will be consumed in less than seven days. That forces the animals to use all of the grass and allows the producer to keep the remaining fields at the proper growth stage to maintain optimum quality.
It may also allow some of the grass to be harvested as hay. The idea is to utilize almost all of the available forage. Once a cow refuses to consume some grass because it’s too mature, she will refuse it every time she goes by it. Then the mature grass will need to be mowed, which will be an additional cost.
When trying to increase profitability with forages, stockpiling must not be overlooked, he adds. Fertilizing and not allowing the grass to be grazed can produce a considerable amount of forage. Letting the cows harvest the grass will be much less expensive than harvesting and then feeding. Stockpiling can delay the time when hay feeding must start, shortening the winter feeding period and reducing total cow costs.
Lane urges producers to consider adding clover to grass pastures. A good stand of clover can reduce the effects of the tall fescue endophyte, and also can improve the quality of the forage consumed. That can be very beneficial when cow requirements are higher following calving or gains need to be improved with stocker cattle, he says. | <urn:uuid:2e4ec646-cd77-47a2-bbd3-7ad9abf701ce> | {
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Why You Should Eat Garlic On An Empty Stomach
Natural antibiotic if eaten right before breakfast, works as a natural and healthy filter for your stomach. Also relieves hypertension, treats stomach problems, counters nerve problems, treats tuberculosis, reduces the level of bad cholesterol in the blood, strengthens the immune system, lowers blood pressure and efficiently detoxifies blood.
Garlic has been considered as the “Wonder Drug”. Many studies conducted on the properties of garlic show that eating it on an empty stomach makes it a powerful natural antibiotic. According to some researchers, the allicin in garlic has a strong bacteriostatic effect which helps cure infections faster. It can also fight fungal infections, which makes it a much more valuable medicine. Garlic is believed to be served best to an empty stomach.
Benefits Of Eating Garlic On An Empty Stomach
Here’s why you should eat garlic on an empty stomach before breakfast:
Fights Bacteria And Toxins
Eating a little garlic right before breakfast allows the garlic to be waiting for bacteria and toxins in your stomach. It works as a very strong antioxidant and antibiotic, making it, essentially, a natural and healthy filter for your stomach.
Lowers Cholesterol Levels
Garlic extracts have been reported to be effective in reducing total cholesterol levels. Though this effect is short-term and modest, it’s still better than commercial lipid-lowering drugs.
Promotes Cardiac Health
Garlic is known to relieve the symptoms of hypertension. Since it is effective for circulation, it also prevents heart problems. It is known to reduce the chances of plaque development which leads to atherosclerosis.
Cures Stomach Disorders
It is really effective in treating stomach problems – stimulates proper digestion and good appetite. It is effective for stomach problems, like diarrhea and helps prevent overproduction of stomach acid produced under stress.
Other Medical Benefits Of Consuming Garlic
- Consuming garlic on an empty stomach could be a very good remedy for nerve problems.
- Eating garlic can also help treat tuberculosis in several ways.
- It strengthens the immune system, thus increases the body’s ability to withstand the harmful influences of the environment.
- It also aids in proper functioning of the liver and bladder and reduces the synthesis of triglycerides in the liver which help prevent the development of atherosclerosis.
- Garlic lowers blood pressure and also contains anti-inflammatory properties.
Efficient Food For Detoxification
In alternative medicine, garlic is considered to be one of the most efficient foods when it comes to detoxification.
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31-12-2002 Article, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 848, by Eric Stover, Rachel Shigekane
While international criminal tribunals have increasingly relied on forensic evidence to support prosecutions for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity, these investigations have resulted in only a small number of the deceased being identified because of evidentiary needs or a lack of resources. It is argued that an international network of forensic scientists should be established to develop standards in this field. These should be guided by the principle that identification of the missing is just as important as collecting evidence.
The international war crimes tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda have increasingly relied on forensic scientists to collect physical evidence of mass killings associated with acts of genocide and crimes against humanity. Typically, these investigations have resulted in only a small number of the deceased being identified because the tribunals lack the resources to conduct thorough investigations of the missing or because the evidentiary needs do not require that all of the victims be identified. Meanwhile, the families of the missing are left in a limbo of “ambiguous loss”, torn between hope and grief, unable to return to the past, nor plan for the future. Without bodies and funerals, they often are unable to vizualize the death of their loved ones and accept it as real. Under the Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, families have the right to know the fate of their relatives. To facilitate exercise of this right, an international network of forensic scientists should be established to develop and disseminate guidelines and standards of practice and coordinate humanitarian investigations into the fate of missing persons. The network should be guided by the principle that the identification of the missing is just as important as providing evidence for criminal investigations. | <urn:uuid:36d51d69-054e-4ecb-b39c-b078d5f017a8> | {
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[EDITOR’S NOTE: Part I of this two-part series appeared in the September issue. Part II follows below and continues, without introductory comments, where the first article ended.]
Any attempt at constructing an evolutionary family tree from molecular data faces serious questions, but at least there is no shortage of test material. The veins of every human, chimp, or other target of study provide a veritable gold mine of information for protein and DNA analysis. Genetics and molecular biology, with their detailed reports of chemical sequences, also lend an air of objectivity and precision. Nonetheless, such studies deal with only the presumed heirs of an eons-long process.
GENES VERSUS BONES
At this point we can turn to the traditional workers in this field—paleoanthropologists and paleontologists—and appraise their collection of bones, tools, and other artifacts. These largely sterile samples are not good candidates for DNA or protein analysis, and so there is room for disagreement between the experts. Many paleontologists try to incorporate molecular evidence into their interpretations of the fossil evidence, but some fundamental problems remain unresolved.
Two Evolutionary Models
Perhaps the most vigorous example of this debate centers on the origin of modern humans. The molecular evidence is, if in no other instance, unanimous in suggesting a common origin for all human populations. Of these groups, Africans show far more genetic variation than non-Africans (i.e., Asians, Europeans, Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, et al.). Molecular biologists explain this greater variability by suggesting that African populations have had the most time to accumulate mutations and diverge from each other. Africa, then, is supposed to represent the ancient cradle from which all other populations have emerged (e.g., Cann, et al., 1987; see also Major, 1992).
This out-of-Africa model rocketed into public consciousness a few years ago with talk of a so-called mitochondrial Eve. In this case, the molecular data came not from the main DNA of the cell’s nucleus, but from tiny strands residing in the mitochondria (the cell’s “energy factories”). Theoretically, children inherit all this DNA from their mother, because sperm lack mitochondria. Relying solely on the maternal line, geneticists traced the family tree back to a hypothetical woman nicknamed “Eve.” Of course, the popular media could not resist the proximity of biblical metaphor to evolutionary speculations.
However, naysayers within the scientific community questioned the validity of the whole exercise. Alan Templeton and others (1992) have shown that other trees with non-African roots are possible, but that the variation among these computer-generated solutions is so great as to negate far-ranging conclusions based on mitochondrial data. This merely reinforces our general suspicion of the evolutionary premises behind the tree-constructing exercises.
Most criticisms come from paleontologists who object to the out-of-Africa theory on the basis of fossil evidence (e.g., Thorne and Wolpoff, 1992). In their multiregional model, several populations of Homo sapiens evolved independently in different parts of the world. They leave open the possibility that the immediate forbear, Homo erectus, may have had a common origin in Africa. However, they believe that people today reflect a variety of features bequeathed by different ancestral populations of H. erectus. For example, Milford Wolpoff argues that the classic protruding brow ridges of Neanderthal skulls from Krapina, Croatia, are visible in only slightly less pronounced form among relatively recent remains in the same area. To him, this demonstrates a mixing of distinctive local traits and general human features borne on migrations from many different areas. Indeed, several sites around the Middle East and Europe show Neanderthals living side-by-side with groups bearing somewhat modern features (sometimes referred to as either archaic sapiens or Homo heidelbergensis). Hence, multiregional advocates look incredulously on the idea that African emigrants could remain isolated genetically from neighboring populations of H. erectus or H. neanderthalensis.
A CREATIONIST INTERPRETATION
Both views contain a kernel of truth. For example, creationists would agree with the out-of-Africa model tenet that humans share a recent common ancestry, but also would agree with the multiregional model on a continuity between ancient H. erectus and H. sapiens populations. However, creationists would argue that many of these Homo species represent ancient and living variations of a created human kind and, most important, that humans did not evolve from an ape-like creature. In the following sections, I would like to attempt a distinction between genuinely human fossils, and the fossils of extinct ape species.
Variation in Fossil and Modern Humans
We would recognize a Neanderthal walking the streets of New York or Paris by prominent brow ridges, low forehead, flat skull, weak chin, jutting midfacial region, very large nose, forward-sloping face, and short, muscular limbs—to name some of the more visible characteristics (Stringer and Gamble, 1993, pp. 76-77). The skull of H. erectus shared many of the Neanderthals’ features, but with flatter brow ridges and a less prominent midfacial region. Some H. erectus skeletons were short and stocky like the Neanderthals, but one specimen—a nine- to eleven-year-old boy from West Turkana, Kenya—was tall and slender (Andrews and Stringer, 1993, p. 242). Cranial volume varied from 850 to over 1100 milliliters for H. erectus, and 1250 to over 1740 ml for Neanderthals. One specimen of H. heidelbergensis had an estimated volume of 1300 ml. The average for modern humans is 1350 ml, but we exhibit a broad range of 700 to 2200 ml (Lubenow, 1992, p. 138).
All the Homo species mentioned so far had some vocal capacity, as indicated by the arched shape of the base of their skulls (Leakey, 1994, pp. 130-133). Other mammals have a flat skull base and a very limited capacity for vocalization. Again, there is some variation among the fossil human types that does not follow a clear evolutionary pattern. Neanderthals, for instance, appear to have had a much flatter skull base than H. erectus. This may have limited their speech, but to what extent, we do not know. Unfortunately, the fossil record has not preserved the soft tissues of the vocal apparatus (the pharynx, larynx, tongue and lips). Other evidence (such as brain size, tool technologies, and deliberate burials) suggests that the Neanderthals were capable, thinking beings.
In general, skeletal proportions, the angularity of the face, and the shape of the brain case varied considerably among fossil humans (e.g. Figure 1). Yet differences, every bit as dramatic, occur among modern humans. Watusis today would not miss a Mbuti pygmy who strolled into their village, and an Inuit would stand out at a gathering of Australian aborigines.
Figure 1. The most likely candidates for fossil humans. From top to bottom: archaic H. sapiens (Qafzeh 9); Neanderthal (the “Old Man” of La Chapelle-aux-Saints); and Homo erectus (Sangiran 17). From Tattersall, 1995. Bars show scale of 1 cm.
Despite obvious facial features (Figure 2), both H. erectus and appear to fit within a distinct human kind. Although some specimens show a mixture of traits, there is no clear lineage from, say, H. erectus to H. sapiens. In fact, the fossil record suggests that they were contemporaries and, in some cases, neighbors (Stringer and Gamble, 1993, p. 137). The different species names are convenient for evolutionary discussions, but there is no evidence of reproductive isolation. Marvin Lubenow is one creationist who sees no problem including all these forms within a highly variable created human kind (1992, pp. 120-143).
Figure 2. Picture inspired by Earnest Hooten’s claim that no one would notice fossil men walking down modern streets if they were dressed in formal attire. Characters represent archaic H. sapiens (top right), Neanderthal (top), and H. erectus (bottom left and right).
Problematic Transition from Apes to Humans
As we have just seen, all human fossils possess fairly large brains in relation to their body size. Chimps, however, have relatively small brains, averaging around 400 ml. Humans also show a distinctive upright posture. In 1891, when Eugene Dubois found a skullcap, tooth, and leg bone in Trinil, Java, he named it Pithecanthropus erectus (“upright ape-man”). Later, as much better examples came to light, paleontologists recognized their humanness and changed the genus name to Homo. Hence, the transition from apes to humans represented a shift in posture and a four-fold increase in cranial volume.
Supposedly, the first critical step in this transformation took place when a small-brained animal—an australopithecine (“southern ape”)—began to walk upright (Figure 3). Of course, many animals are able to walk on two legs, but humans are the only modern primates that rely almost exclusively on this bipedal form of locomotion. However, a growing collection of fossil finds has enabled a closer scrutiny of different hominid species and the claims surrounding them. In particular, these studies have thrown doubt on the bipedalism of Australopithecus africanus, and its evolutionary dead-end cousin, Paranthropus.
Figure 3. The most unlikely candidates for fossil humans. From top to bottom: Homo habilis (KNM-ER 1813); Australopithecus africanus (Sts 5); and Australopithecus afarensis (reconstruction from unassociated fragments). From Tattersall, 1995. Bars show scale of 1 cm.
In order to walk upright, humans need good balance. A crucial part of this “sixth sense” resides in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear, which often is preserved in fossil remains. Fred Spoor and his colleagues (1994) used this information, and new technology in the form of CT scans, to compare the labyrinth of modern humans, great apes, and fossil hominids. Their results show a clear divide between H. erectus and H. sapiens on one side, and great apes, A. africanus, and Paranthropus robustus on the other.
Other recent evidence contrary to bipedalism includes:
chimp-proportioned arm bones in A. afarensis (Kimbel, et al., 1994);
chimp-like thumbs in A. afarensis more suited to tree climbing than tool making (Susman, 1994). This study identifies human-like thumbs in P. robustus, but this bone may belong to H. erectus instead (Aiello, 1994);
a nonhuman gait in “Lucy,” one of the most famous specimens of A. afarensis, based on ratio of leg size to foot size (as reported by Oliwenstein, 1995).
ape-like features in foot bones belonging to A. africanus or another contemporary hominid (Clarke and Tobias, 1995); and
human-like limb proportions in A. afarensis, but ape-like limb proportions in its successors, A. africanus and Homo habilis. One researcher went as far to suggest that A. afarensis was a failed experiment in ape bipedalism, and should be consigned to a side branch of the human evolutionary tree (as reported by Shreeve, 1996).
The overall picture is one in which alleged ape-men derail the evolutionary process by returning to the trees. This assumes, of course, that A. afarensis was fully bipedal in the first place. One piece of evidence offered in support of this view comes from the well-known footprints in volcanic ash at Laetoli. Radiometric methods dated these tracks to 3.7 million years ago, which places the deposit within the supposed time span of A. afarensis. Apart from suspicions we may entertain about such dates, there is no proof that these tracks were made by anything other than fully modern humans. After analyzing the footprints of 70 Machiguenga Indians from Peru, and examining the available fossil toe bones, Russell H. Tuttle concluded that the ape-like feet of A. afarensis could not have made the Laetoli tracks (Bower, 1989).
Figure 4. One evolutionary “best guess” of hominid evolution (from Tattersall, 1995, p. 234).
This leaves the transition from the very ape-like A. africanus to the fully human H. erectus entirely in the hands (or is that feet?) of H. habilis (Figure 4). As noted previously, H. habilis possessed the same ape-like limb proportions as A. africanus. In fact, the whole issue of its place among Homo is highly contentious, and the species has become a dumping ground for strange and out-of-place fossils. Some paleontologists have tried to impose some order by reassigning australopithecine-like specimens to Homo rudolfensis, and the most modern-looking specimens to “early African H. erectus” or Homo ergaster (to which some would assign the Turkana boy). Apart from a small difference in brain size between australopithecines (less than 550 ml) and habilines (around 500-650 ml), there are no other compelling reasons to divide them among two genera. The same cannot be said about the gap between habilines and H. erectus. The latter have much larger brains (at least 848 ml, if we count the Turkana boy), well-developed stone tools, definite upright stance, and speech capabilities. Tattersall confesses that there is only a weak link between H. habilis and H. ergaster (1995, p. 232). Andrews and Stringer offer a similar opinion, stating:
The relation between habilis and erectus is unclear. It is widely assumed that the first gave rise to the second, but since there seem to be at least two kinds of habilis, whose toolmaking skills could be independent of their successors’, there is no obvious continuity (1993, p. 242).
The debate between creation and evolution centers constantly on a sort of “half empty, half full” argument. Evolutionists draw on molecular and fossil evidence to establish a genealogical connection between humans and living apes. They emphasize the similarities, and credit differences to the vagaries of natural selection. Any shared attribute (whether genetic, morphological, or behavioral) is used as an indicator of common ancestry; the degree of similarity is used to assign an alleged ancestor to a place on the “family tree.” For their part, creationists emphasize the differences, and credit similarities to God’s use of a common design. So which of these carries the day: similarities or differences?
As we have seen, the molecular evidence is very limited in providing proof of relatedness between distant relatives. The 1% difference between chimp and human DNA really is significant, and many protein comparisons fail to support the alleged evolutionary tree. Likewise, the fossil record establishes a clear difference between humans and apes, with no good candidates for transitional forms. Overall, the argument for relatedness based on similarity is void of reasonable proof.
Aiello, Leslie C. (1994), “Thumbs Up for Our Early Ancestors,” Science, 265:1540-1541, September 9.
Andrews, Peter and Christopher Stringer (1993), “The Primates’ Progress,” The Book of Life, ed. Stephen Jay Gould (New York: W.W. Norton).
Bower, Bruce (1989), “A Walk Back Through Evolution,” Science News, 135:251, April 22.
Cann, Rebecca L., Mark Stoneking, and Allan C. Wilson (1987), “Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution,” Nature, 325:31-36.
Clarke, Ronald J. and Phillip V. Tobias (1995), “Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid,” Science, 269:521-524, July 28.
Kimbel, William, Donald C. Johanson, and Yoel Rak (1994), “The First Skull and Other New Discoveries of Australopithecus afarensis at Hadar, Ethiopia,” Nature, 368:449-451, March 31.
Leakey, Richard (1994), The Origin of Humankind (New York: Basic Books).
Lubenow, Marvin L. (1992), Bones of Contention: A Creationist Assessment of Human Fossils (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
Major, Trevor (1992), “Who is this ‘Eve’?,” Essays in Apologetics, ed. Bert Thompson and Wayne Jackson (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press), 5:29-36.
Oliwenstein, Lori (1995), “Lucy’s Walk,” Discover, 16:42, January.
Shreeve, James (1996), “New Skeleton Gives Path from Trees to Ground an Odd Turn,” Science, 272:654, May 3.
Spoor, Fred, Bernard Wood, and Frans Zonneveld (1994), “Implications of Early Hominid Labyrinthine Morphology for Evolution of Human Bipedal Locomotion,” Nature, 369:645-648, June 23.
Stringer, Andrew and Clive Gamble (1993), In Search of Neanderthals (New York: Thames and Hudson).
Susman, Randall L. (1994), “Fossil Evidence for Early Hominid Tool Use,” Science, 265:1570-1573, September 9.
Tattersall, Ian (1995), The Fossil Trail (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Templeton, A.R., S.B. Hedges, S. Kumar, and K. Tamura (1992), “Human Origins and Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences,” Science, 255:737-739, February 7.
Thorne, Alan G. and Milford Wolpoff (1992), “The Multiregional Evolution of Humans,” Scientific American, 266(4):76-83, April 1. | <urn:uuid:97f1d896-fa28-4071-900b-8e2080f2425f> | {
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Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine say they have learned how individual “molecular muscles” within cells respond to different types of force. They believe their finding may explain how cells “feel” the environment and appropriately adapt their shapes and activities.
The researchers published their discovery (“Molecular mechanisms of cellular mechanosensing”) online on October 20 in Nature Materials. The work specifically sheds light on how forces outside of cells are translated into internal signals, according to the investigators.
“For the first time, we are able to explain what a cell can do through the individual workings of different proteins and because all cells use information about the forces in their environments to direct decisions about migration, division, and cell fate,” notes Douglas Robinson, Ph.D., professor of cell biology at Johns Hopkins. “This work has implications for a whole host of cellular disorders including cancer metastasis and neurodegeneration.”
Cells have a kind of skin through which they sense their environments, continues Dr. Robinson. “The hardness of their surroundings, various pressures, pushing and pulling, all of those forces are ‘felt’ by different proteins underneath the ‘skin’ of cells.”
How cells sense and react to these forces is poorly understood. The details are being filled in by a computer model created by the team. To develop it, the researchers worked with the proteins that feel the environment, part of a network that wraps around the inside edge of the cell, i.e., the cytoskeleton. The most prevalent among the proteins is actin, which forms short rods held together in a crisscross pattern by linker proteins. There are also anchoring proteins that attach the actin rods to the cell’s skin (plasma membrane).
Together, these components act as the molecular muscles, allowing the cell to change its shape when needed as, for example, when it squeezes through small spaces to migrate to a different part of the body, or when it pinches itself in half to divide.
The team linked each of 37 cytoskeletal proteins to a fluorescent tag that marked its position in the cell. They then applied pressure to the cells, using a tiny glass tube to gently suck on the cells, deforming them and creating a neck as might occur if the hose of a vacuum cleaner sucked on a lightly inflated balloon.
As they recorded a protein's movements under the microscope, they analyzed how each protein responded to the deformation of the cell: where each protein moved, how much of it moved, and how quickly it got there.
There were two types of force in play during the experiments, says Tianzhi Luo, Ph.D., the primary author of the report. The tip of the neck experienced dilation: The overall shape was maintained while the area expanded. The elongated portion of the neck experienced shear: The area was maintained but the shape changed, like blocks of gelatin when they shake. What the team discovered were three different linker proteins that responded to these forces by moving into the neck.
“By combining molecular and mechanical experimental perturbations with theoretical multiscale modeling, we decipher cortical mechanosensing from molecular to cellular scales,” wrote the scientists in the Nature Materials article. “We show that forces are shared between myosin II and different actin crosslinkers, with myosin having potentiating or inhibitory effects on certain crosslinkers.”
Unexpectedly, each moved to a different part of the neck in response to the different forces. Myosin II acts like a spring that can pull actin rods together. It responded to dilation and moved in to cover the tip of the neck to help counteract the stretch in that area.
Alpha-actinin, which reinforces the cytoskeleton by forming parallel bundles that stick to actin rods, also responded to dilation but limited its range to the very tip of the neck. Finally, filamin, which acts like a moveable hinge to connect actin rods in V-shaped angles, responded to the shear force and relocated just to the long part of the neck. | <urn:uuid:85f10656-f1ac-4d0b-a9be-83b3adcf3878> | {
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Just as doll clothes can be used to teach a child to sew; doll clothing is a fun way to learn about history. As I mentioned in my Etsy feature last February, it has been a goal of mine to create an historic line of doll clothing. For each period I introduce, I will have information on the girls clothing and dolls of that period. I will also link to any children's literature from or about that period.
And most importantly, I will offer a collection of Phoebe dresses designed to represent the girls' clothing of that period.
I wanted to start with the 1940s, for no other reason than that I LOVE the clothing from that decade.
The clothing in the first half of the decade was impacted by World War Two, which began at the end of 1939. Because of the War, Americans needed to be frugal. Clothing became less fancy and feminine and more utilitarian. Clothes were designed to use less fabric, skirts were less full and shorter. Princess line dresses, circle skirts and pleated skirts replaced the gathered full skirts.
Austerity became chic. Women were encouraged to mend and reuse. Buttons were reused. Old sweaters were unraveled and the yarn used to knit other things.
Because nylon and silk were in short supply, women used make-up to paint their legs. However, for girls, white ankle socks became trendy. they were called Bobby socks after the British police officers.
Because of the war, a military style became chic. Squared off shoulders, shirt dresses, lots of pockets, belts and braided trim were used on women's and girl's clothing. Sailor dresses with stars and piping became popular.
During the war, many women joined the work force because jobs had been vacated by the men at war. This change also influenced fashion. Women started to wear pants and girls fashion followed. Girls started to wear pants for playtime.
Seventeen Magazine debuted in 1944, and although the word "teen" wasn't used until the 1950s, the concept of teens as a separate group was starting to germinate.
Fabrics that were used in 1940s girls clothing included: woven plaids, rayons, striped seersucker, gingham, and dresses made from feedsacks.
The dress collection I have designed for this decade is derived from girls' dress styles of this period and uses close approximations of the fabrics and trim (taking scale into account as much as I could.)
My next post will introduce my 1940s doll clothing line, "Phoebe Goes to the 1940s", which will also be available in my shop shortly. Below is a sneak peek.
I will also have a post about additional resources for this period (they are fun). | <urn:uuid:dc8a89a4-7965-4b7f-9c73-53096c4b57e4> | {
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With the future of computing looking increasingly likely to become light-based, it pays to work out how to make the switching of light as efficient as possible. Enter tiny silicon discs, which have now been shown to be the fastest ever optical switches at the nanoscale.
Created by a team of researchers from Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Australian National University in Canberra, the 250-nanometer silicon discs are capable of handling photons much like transistors deal with electrons, amplifying and switching light instead of electricity. In a series of experiments, the team has shown that the tiny devices can switch optical pulses at femtosecond rates. For some context, a femtosecond is a one millionth of one billionth of a second, and switching speeds of that rate equate to the transmission of hundreds of terabits per second. Which is fast. PhysOrg explains how it works:
The operation of the all-optical switch created by MSU researchers is based on the interaction between two femtosecond pulses. The interaction results from the magnetic resonance of the silicon nanostructures. If the pulses arrive at the nanostructure simultaneously, one of them interacts with the other and dampens it due to the effect of two-photon absorption. If there is a 100-femtosecond delay between the two pulses, the interaction does not occur, and the second pulse goes through the nanostructure without changing.
The research, which is published in Nano Letters, doesn’t do much in isolation — but it promises great things down the line. While electrical transistors are already shrunken down to the nanometer scale, optical switching devices have until now stubbornly remained at the scale of microns—hundreds or thousands of times the size of their electrical counterparts. By demonstrating that it’s possible to create a reliable nano-scale switch that operates at such high speeds, the team open up the world of photonic computing, with logic gates and other more complex architecture the obvious next step.
The future of computing looks pretty bright. | <urn:uuid:8dcf1557-0592-47bf-be5b-527ec690fdfe> | {
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Erythema (chronicum) migrans (EM) -- "Bulls Eye" Rash
Erythema Migrans, the characteristic rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, typically starts about two to thirty days after the tick bite and is the direct result of the spirochaete migrating through the skin. (Lesions which start earlier could be due to a local reaction to the tick bite or an acute bacterial infection such as streptococcal or staphylococcal infection.)
The rash can become relatively large - up to 75 centimetres (30 inches) in diameter - with gradual clearing of the erythema (redness) from the centre, so that the skin returns to its normal appearance. This phenomenon has given rise to the term "bulls-eye rash". Some rashes may be very faint, with little or no swelling or raising of the advancing edge, and may be easily missed, especially if the person has dark skin or the bite is in an inconspicuous site. The patient may also experience other symptoms, including a mild 'flu-like' illness and swelling of the lymph nodes (glands) of the area affected by the rash. If these symptoms are severe or accompanied by marked arthralgia (joint pains), myalgia (muscle pains), headache or neck stiffness, it is likely that there has been some secondary spreading of the infection to other parts of the body.
Click on Thumbnail Image to Enlarge | <urn:uuid:24d3bad4-fd79-4979-b717-9dd0172c91f9> | {
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Feral children would be considered half domesticated and half natural. They would reflect a higher percent of natural archetype contribution. In other words, since they have less social programming to structure them, externally, their personality firmware would be less altered by cultural programming. One big difference might be less programming based on social laws of good and evil, such as PC. Their archetypes will be more neutral, creating social uneasiness to their behavior since it is natural neutral and not conditioned to be polarized. The archetypes or personality firmware can be visualized as beginning as seeds at birth. Like any seed, the (human) DNA will define how this seed unfolds, grows and matures all the way to bearing fruit. Picture a tomato plant growing from a tiny seed. The impact of culture and the conscious mind, on this seed, it like the impact of the external (neural) environment, which provides food, water, sun, pH, mold, virus, bugs, soil structure, drought, cloudy days, all of which can impact the growth and final performance of the plant. This can have a positive or negative impact; green and black thumbs. These firmware seeds are the same for all humans (in general), while the external environment is more specific to cultures. It is also specific to each of us, with respect to our unique place in space and time, as well as individual perception through the filters of our mind. An optimist (sunny day) and pessimist (cloudy dozy) in the exact situation (twins) have different impact on the firmware growth due to data weighing. The feral child lacks many of the filters that culture would create in the conscious mind of its civilized children. This changes the focus of the conscious mind on data weighing from the environment. The feral child is more natural and will rely more on internal filters. Many of the symbols of the archetypes are similar but unique to various cultures. This reflects the seeds being the same, but the impact of the external environment of culture, dressing up the symbol through natural osmosis of the firmware. | <urn:uuid:c6749edd-b4dc-4246-ab77-646e6271f8c6> | {
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Whenever I eat carrots or cantaloupe, my throat itches and it takes an hour or so for it to go away. What could it be? I love cantaloupe, so does this mean I can't eat it?
You might have something called oral allergy syndrome (OAS) — you'll need to see a doctor to find out for sure.
OAS is an allergic reaction that usually happens only in the mouth and throat. People with OAS can react to specific foods, such as certain fruits, vegetables, peanuts, or tree nuts. When they eat the food they're allergic to, they may notice itching, tingling, swelling, and redness of the lips, mouth, or throat — often within minutes.
People who are allergic to tree pollens are more likely to have OAS. In fact, OAS is also called pollen-food allergy syndrome.
OAS usually only involves the mouth and throat. But occasionally the reaction can affect other parts of the body as well.
If your doctor thinks OAS is causing your symptoms, he or she may give you a list of foods to be careful with. You might also need to carry emergency medication, such as an epinephrine auto-injector, if you are at risk of a severe reaction.
Until you see a doctor, avoid the foods that are causing symptoms. And if you ever have trouble breathing, ask someone to call 911 immediately.
Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD
Date reviewed: April 2010
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India has the world's 12th-largest economy and the second-largest population, with an estimated 1.15 billion people.
India is the third-largest economy in Asia, behind Japan and China. India is part of the emerging-economy BRIC countries -- Brazil, Russia, India, and China -- predicted to grow their economies dramatically in coming decades.
From the CIA World Factbook:
- Capital = New Delhi.
- India is one-third the size of the U.S.
- Gained independence in 1947 from the United Kingdom.
- The population is growing at more than 1.5%.
- About half the land is arable; about half the workforce is in agriculture.
- Services are the major source of economic growth, with less than-one third of its labor force accounting for more than half of India's output.
India began to reform its economy in 1991 after decades of stagnation and a heavy government hand. In the early '90s it began to open itself to the world economy and has been making great strides in ramping up its productivity.
Information technology is key to India's economy and its financial relationship with the rest of the world.
The U.S. State Department lists inadequate infrastructure, cumbersome bureaucracy, corruption, "rigidities" in the labor market, regulatory and foreign investment controls, the "reservation" of key products for small-scale industries, and high fiscal deficits among hurdles to economic growth in India. | <urn:uuid:a234efb4-e049-4e16-9bdb-aeff8a55c9fe> | {
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Further Critical Evaluation of the Work
Lessing’s MINNA VON BARNHELM is his greatest comedy, and one of the great comedies of the German stage; it was also a landmark in the development of theatrical style, introducing in German literature the new realistic, contemporary comedy that had become fashionable in England and France. As Lessing’s MISS SARA SAMPSON and EMILIA GALOTTI introduced the bourgeois tragedy to the German stage, so MINNA VON BARNHELM represents the first comedy that departs from the baroque tradition of Moliere which Lessing himself had followed in his early years. The play is set in a specific time and place, almost contemporary with the first production; in 1763 the Peace of Hubertusburg ended the Seven Years’ War between Prussia and Austria, and in that same year the king of Prussia, Frederick II the Great, placed a large number of officers in the same situation Major Tellheim faced by releasing them from service without compensation for damages and losses. In the play, the plot is developed out of this situation, and the reminiscence of the conflict is underscored by the fact that the two protagonists, Tellheim and Minna, represent opposite sides in the war, as well as opposite aspects of the German character. Tellheim embodies the strict code of military honor, state-centered and unresponsive to personal motivations of the heart, that was coming to be regarded as typical of the fast-rising state of Prussia. In the peace treaty Prussia had retained the rich province of Silesia, which it had earlier seized from Austria, and thus secured its role as a major European power. Minna, a radiant portrait combining decisiveness, fortitude, wit, grace, and guile, is from Saxony, one of the allied states which had opposed Prussia, and which had been invaded at the beginning of the war. She is the feminine nature opposed to Tellheim’s masculine military character, and she is linked to the other pole of German temperament, one that is associated with the South, Austria, nd those old sections where culture had flourished in the centuries while Prussia was still barbarian. She is less idealistic and more pragmatic, more given to laughter than to tragedy, and not above playing tricks on the man she loves—for his own good.
The combination of elements puts the play in a very special situation, and determines to a certain extent its form. The basic conflict, that of an impoverished, wounded, and unjustly accused officer, whose code of honor will not let him accept help, is...
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Learning a language….. Simple?
We have all been there at some point in our lives where we have stepped into a situation where a different language was being spoken and had no idea what was going on. We could either only understand a few words, or no words at all. You would hope that someone who could speak your language was around to fill in the blanks for you.
What if this is not the case? How would you learn a language?
I recently re-watched the Tom Hanks film ‘The Terminal’. Tom Hanks (Viktor Navorski) is trapped at JFK Airport due to a military coup that prevents him from entering the United States. But at the same time he cannot return to his own country of Krakozhia. Viktor can only speak a few words of English. Not enough to understand that his country is going through a military coup. He is forced to stay inside the terminal until the coup ends and is passport and nationality can be recognised again by the US. He only finds out about the coup after seeing a news report of the event, where he recognises Krakozhia and sees the violence that is happening.
The film shows how he survives living in an airport terminal. With little money, he finds love, friends and triumphs over the JFK customs and security. To me, the most important aspect the film shows was how he combated the language barrier. Over the course of 9 months Viktor goes from knowing only a few little words such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’ to being able to speak with good fluency.
One of the most interesting parts is when he starts to learn English from the US TV show ‘Friends’. At the airport book store, he finds the English version and the Krakozhian version of a book about the making of ‘Friends’ and starts to learn. From here onwards he starts engaging in conversations with the workers at the terminal and his language improves. During the film, he also assists JFK customs by interpreting from Russian (a similar language to Krakozhian) into English. Viktor assisting in helping the Russian traveller keep his medication. This earns him the respect and adoration of many of the employees of the airport.
Obviously, this is an extreme way to learn a language!
Most of us might have learnt a language in school/ university or go to adult learning courses to improve language skills. Some of us might learn from watching TV shows and films. They are known for being a good way to pick up a range of vocabulary and understand the pronunciation of words. Most us would never have to learn a language because we are trapped in a country (or an airport) where nobody can understand you, and vice versa.
This film was made in 2004, when interpretation was a well-known profession. If this did happen in real life, an interpreter would have been brought in to assist in informing the passenger of what has happened and what will now happen. In the case of this film, bringing in someone who could speak the language would’ve taken away from Viktor the ability to grow and flourish into a very likeable character. | <urn:uuid:6ea438c5-6f87-4dab-a008-c7d928cb6f02> | {
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Strike-Slip Displacement of the San Gabriel Fault, Southern California.
By JOHN C. CROWELL,
Assistant Professor of Geology, University of California, Los Angeles
FROM: GEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, BULLETIN 170, CHAPTER 4: STRUCTURAL FEATURES
STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES / DIVISION OF MINES
Fig. 1. Geologic map of the Ridge basin and adjacent areas.
(Click on image to open big map in new window.)
The San Gabriel fault, which trends northwestward subparallel to the San Andreas fault for a distance of about 90 miles, apparently has a right strike-slip displacement of approximately 20 miles. The evidence in support of this conclusion comes from a consideration of the present distribution of coarse clastic sediments with reference to their source areas, and is described briefly in this paper. Two independent masses of conglomerate and breccia were laid down net to the San Gabriel fault scarp during late Miocene and Pliocene time. These masses have been displaced laterally by almost continuous strike-slip movement on the fault, beginning at some time in the early late Miocene and continuing until about the end of the Pliocene. A more complete description of the argument has been published elsewhere (Crowell, 1952).
The San Gabriel fault zone extends through a large part of the Transverse Ranges, and belongs to the system of faults that includes the San Andreas and San Jacinto. On the northwest it presumably meets the San Andreas fault beneath the Frazier Mountain thrust, near the juncture of the San Andreas with the Garlock and Big Pine faults (Crowell, 1950, p. 1641; Hill and Dibblee, 1953, pl. 4). For the next 25 miles of its course from this region toward the southeast, the fault bounds the Ridge basin on the southwest. Between Castaic and the San Gabriel Mountains the fault crosses low hills with little topographic expression, and in this region it limits three oil fields on the northeast: Castaic Hills, Honor Rancho, and Placerita. Through the San Gabriel Mountains the fault is marked by a wide crush-zone, and separates basement rocks of very different types. In the west-central part of the range the fault zone branches; the south branch merges with faults along the south front of the San Gabriel Mountains, and the north branch leads eastward into a structurally complex area, as yet unmapped in detail, north of San Bernardino.
The topographic trace of the fault zone is quite straight and is marked by aligned canyons and notches eroded in the sheared and broken rock. The zone generally consists of several faults that separate attenuated slivers, some of which are three-quarters of a mile wide. As a whole it dips very steeply, but major faults within the zone dip at angles as low as 65 degrees, either northeastward or southwestward.
In addition to the strike-slip movement on the fault, with which this paper is primarily concerned, there appears to have been a large dip-slip component of as much as 14,000 feet in the area 10 or 12 miles northwest of Castaic (Eaton, 1939, p. 521; Crowell, 1950, p. 1643). Here a great thickness of Ridge basin strata is preserved on the northeast side of the fault, which dips toward these strata and hence is apparently a normal fault. Its principal movement, how- ever, is probably strike-slip. At some other places, as at Castaic, the apparent dip-slip component is the opposite, the southwest side having moved downward.
GEOLOGY ALONG THE SAN GABRIEL FAULT
The 50-mile segment of the San Gabriel fault under consideration here extends from the vicinity of Frazier Mountain on the northwest to the west-central San Gabriel Mountains on the southeast. Although the geology along the fault is simplified on the map (fig. 1), it is shown in greater detail on the map sheets of the Ridge basin, the Eastern Ventura basin, and the Soledad basin, which appear elsewhere in this volume. On the southwest side of the fault and at its northwest end, near Frazier Mountain, the basement rocks consist of gneiss. Quartz diorite predominates farther south in areas that are not yet completely mapped. About 7 miles northwest of Castaic the basement rocks are overlapped by the Tertiary marine sequence of the nearby Ventura basin. South and southeast from this area of overlap, all basement rock southwest of the fault for many miles is covered by marine strata belonging to the Mohnian (upper Miocene) or older stages. Basement rock (gneiss) again reaches the surface in the western San Gabriel Mountains, about 18 miles along the fault from the area of overlap.
On the northeast side of the fault, Ridge basin beds (Pliocene) are exposed at the north and extend to within 5 miles of Castaic (fig. 1). These strata lie upon Paleocene and Miocene sedimentary rocks as far north as the Clearwater fault, and on gneiss and granitic rocks farther north. Southeast of Castaic, Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary formations are exposed at the surface, and outcrops of base- ment rock are unknown until the San Gabriel Mountains are reached. Throughout this distance all basement rock is covered by sediments at least as old as late Miocene (Mohnian). The nearest exposures of basement rock northeast of the San Gabriel fault in this region are found about 4 miles northeast of Castaic, and consist of schist and local patches of quartz diorite and gneiss that appear from beneath the Mint Canyon formation (upper Miocene).
The geology of the westernmost San Gabriel Mountains has been mapped recently by Donald V. Higgs (see Contribution No. 8, Chapter VII). His map, simplified here, shows a band of gneiss between the San Gabriel fault and a complex of anorthosite and norite. The anorthosite, consisting almost entirely of white plagioclase (An 39-46), and the norite, a dark altered hypersthene gabbro, are distinctive rocks and in southern California are known to crop out only in this area.
EVIDENCE FOR LARGE STRIKE-SLIP DISPLACEMENT
The present positions of two different masses of upper Miocene coarse conglomerate and sedimentary breccia, which crop out next to the San Gabriel fault, apparently require a strike-slip displacement on the fault of many miles. Each mass contains coarse clasts of basement rock types that were washed into place from sources across the fault. At present, however, the areas across the fault from each deposit are mantled by sedimentary rocks that are older than the conglomerates, which of course means that the basement rocks of these areas were not available as sources of clasts for the conglomerates. But with a lateral displacement of about 20 miles, e2- posed source areas of appropriate composition are lined up properly with respect to the derived sediments.
Anorthosite-Bearing Conglonerates. Southwest of the San Gabriel fault zone, and 4 to 6 miles northwest of Castaic, coarse conglomerates are interbedded in sandstone and siltstone of the Modelo formation, as shown on the large-scale inset map in figure 1. The conglomerates, which represent the Mohnian stage (upper Miocene), are composed predominantly of clasts of anorthosite, norite, and related rocks with some gneiss and granitic types, but lack clasts of schist and older sedimentary rocks. The thickest beds, with large clasts as much as several feet in diameter, lie next to the fault, and thin toward the southwest. In fact, they are not known on the surface beyond the map area. This facies change, supported by a few observations of current bedding and slump structures, indicates that the debris was washed in from areas across the fault to the northeast, and probably came from a source nearby.
The composition of the clasts clearly shows that exposures of basement rock must have lain in this general direction during the accumulation of the conglomerates. But this region is now covered by sedimentary rocks older than the conglomerates for distances of several miles northeastward beyond the fault. Surface mapping and well data in this region to date have revealed no basement rock that is not mantled by older sediments. Schist, gneiss, and granitic rocks are exposed 5 miles northeast of Castaic, but clasts of schist and granitic rocks are very rare in the conglomerates. A reconnaissance search for distances of about 20 miles to the northeast has revealed no basement terrane of anorthosite and norite, nor have such rocks been reported from this area by other geologists.
About 12 miles to the east, some coarse sedimentary breccias containing anorthositic debris crop out locally in the Vasquez formation (Oligocene or lower Miocene), but these breccias lie beneath the Mint Canyon formation (upper Miocene) and probably were not exposed to erosion during late Miocene time. In addition, the lack of clasts of other rock types in the vicinity of the Vasquez exposures makes it still more unlikely that the erosion of these deposits pro- vided the anorthositic debris in the Modelo conglomerates.
But do some of the Pliocene sediments in the area conceal anorthosites and norites that might have contributed debris during Miocene time to the conglomerates? Pliocene rocks are present southeast of Castaic, but well data show that sedimentary rocks older than the conglomerates are present at depth. In the Ridge basin, Miocene and older sedimentary rocks probably underlie the Pliocene section as far north as the Clearwater fault, but the sub-Pliocene geology is unknown in the extreme northwestern part of the basin. Inasmuch as granitic rocks and gneiss are exposed around this small area, however, it seems unlikely that any bodies of anorthosite and norite are concealed.
A basement terrane with appropriate composition to serve as a source for the anorthosite-bearing conglomerates is present in the western San Gabriel Mountains, and study to date shows that most of the rock types are lithologically identical with the clasts. It is suggested, therefore, that the western San Gabriel Mountains was the source area for the conglomerates. It seems very unlikely that the boulders and cobbles of anorthosite were washed directly from the present position of the source area. First, the available evidence indicates that the conglomerates came from a nearby source to the northeast, instead of from a relatively distant source to the southeast. Second, sandstones and shales of about the same age as the conglomerates lie in the area between the conglomerates and the San Gabriel Mountains. It would be most unusual for the conglomerates to be separated from their source by contemporaneous finer-grained deposits.
The evidence at hand therefore indicates that the anorthosite-bearing conglomerates accumulated just southwest of and across the San Gabriel fault from the San Gabriel Mountains. Their present position, some 15 to 25 miles relatively toward the northwest, apparently requires this amount of displacement on the fault. It is of course impossible to determine just how much displacement has occurred, as it is not possible to work out details of the drainage pattern during late Miocene time and thus locate the conglomerate mass precisely with respect to its source area prior to displacement. It appears reasonable, however, to place the area of conglomerate accumulation somewhere within a 10-mile span that lay 15 to 25 miles relatively southeast of its present position.
The Gneiss-Bearing Sedimentary Breccia. Beginning about a mile northwest of Castaic, a narrow band of sedimentary breccia lies along the northeast side of the San Gabriel fault for a distance of 21 miles (fig. 1). Throughout its extent it consists predominantly of blocks of gneiss with minor amounts of granitic rocks, jumbled in an unsorted matrix, and it grades rapidly eastward into fine-grained sediments of the Ridge basin. The breccia, named the Violin breccia (see Crowell, Ridge basin map sheet, this volume), accumulated as a local deposit at the base of a fault scarp, and ranges in age from late Miocene at its base to late Pliocene at its top.
The southeastern 6 miles of this strip of Violin breccia, near Castaic, is separated from the sedimentary rocks of the Ventura basin by the San Gabriel fault. Here, too, it is composed predominantly of gneissic blocks that were derived from sources across the fault to the southwest. The area now opposite this breccia, however, is covered by sedimentary rocks that are older than the breccia. Although a narrow fault sliver of gneiss is now exposed in the fault zone, it must not have been available to erosion during latest Miocene time, as it is overlain unconformably by upper Miocene (Mohnian) strata. About 6 miles northwestward from the tip of the breccia belt, and on the opposite (southwest) side of the fault, quartz diorite with only minor amounts of gneiss and schist is exposed; judging from the predominance of gneissic clasts in the breccia, this terrane probably was not the source for the breccia. About 15 miles to the north- west the quartz diorite gives way to gneiss, and it seems more likely that the gneiss-bearing breccia accumulated opposite this part of the basement terrane. If so, the Violin breccia has since been offset about 15 miles by movement on the fault.
AGE OF MOVEMENT
Coarse sedimentary breccias containing anorthositic debris similar to that described above are present in the Sespe (Vasquez) formation (upper Oligocene to lower Miocene) in Canton Canyon, and they lie unconformably beneath the Modelo formation (see inset map, fig. 1). These rocks, which contain blocks of anorthosite several feet in diameter, show that a rugged source area lay nearby, presumably uplifted along the San Gabriel fault zone. Movement on the fault therefore may have been initiated during late Oligocene or early Miocene time, when the anorthosite-bearing conglomerates of the Modelo formation (upper Miocene) were laid down. The relation of the gneiss-bearing breccia to the San Gabriel fault is even more clear, but the oldest part of the breccia probably was deposited somewhat later than the conglomerate.
Inasmuch as the Violin breccia ranges in age from late Miocene to late Pliocene, and appears to have required an adjacent steep fault scarp to account for its development, the San Gabriel fault must have been intermittently active during this complete span of time (Eaton, 1939, p. 522; Crowell, Ridge basin map sheet). Movement ceased toward the end of Pliocene time, as shown by the overlap of the fault trace by late Pliocene beds in the Hungry Valley area (Crowell, 1°,50, p. 1643). The fault must have been reactivated during the Pleistocene epoch, however, as it cuts Plio-Pleistocene beds in the region southeast of Castaic. Evidence of renewed movement also is present in the Hungry Valley area (Crowell, 1950, p. 1644). Information at hand, therefore, suggests that during the period of widespread mid-Pleistocene deformation in southern California, the San Gabriel fault was reactivated locally because it provided an already developed zone of weakness.
Two independent arguments for right strike-slip displacement of about 20 miles on the San Gabriel fault have been reviewed. Data now available seem to warrant this conclusion, but additional work in the area is required before the hypothesis can be proved. Basement terranes should be mapped in detail, and better sampling and comparison are needed to establish firm correlations between rock types in the conglomerates and breccia and those in the basement terranes.
Crowell, J.C., 1950, Geology of Hungry Valley area, southern California: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 34, pp. 1623-1646.
Crowell, J.C., 1952, Probable large lateral displacement on San Gabriel fault, southern California: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 35, pp. 2026-2035.
Eaton, J.E., 1939, Ridge basin, California: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 23, pp. 517-558.
Hill, M.L., and Dibblee, T.W. Jr., 1953, San Andreas, Garlock, and Big Pine faults, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 64, pp. 443-458. | <urn:uuid:3d724f55-edd7-46a6-ab52-0f0d2579c99e> | {
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A paraplegic is a person who suffers from a spinal cord injury that affects both of his legs. The National Center on Health, Physical Activity, and Disability explains that most spinal cord injuries result from car accidents, gunshot wounds, sports-related injuries or falls. The effects are felt at and below the area of the injury. Paraplegics often are confined to wheelchairs. However, once their spinal cord injury is stabilized, a wellness program is recommended. Workouts in the gym can enable paraplegics to maintain their optimal level of fitness and functioning.
Former Navy SEAL and fitness expert Stew Smith recommends a series of exercises you can do at the gym that enable you to work almost all of your muscle groups while seated in a wheelchair. Smith highly recommends a stretching plan that will make you stronger and more flexible. By holding stretches for 45 to 60 seconds, you'll feel your muscle contract, which has the same strengthening effect as isometric exercises. Paraplegics can benefit from a variety of other seated exercises, including pushups with elastic bands, military presses with dumbbells or bands, and seated crunches performed by bending forward a few inches and flexing your abs for 10 seconds. Bending farther toward your knees strengthens your lower back, and reverse pushups using elastic bands helps your upper back.
Everyone, including paraplegics, needs to keep the heart healthy. NCHPAD recommends some combination of circuit-training exercises using weight machines and interval training using an arm ergometer, which you "pedal" with your hands and arms instead of your feet. Cardio workouts for 30 minutes or longer several times per week at moderate or higher intensity can maintain or improve the functioning of your heart. Interval training, alternating high-intensity bursts of exercise with slower "rest" periods, can be performed on an arm ergometer, rowing machine or treadmill adapted for wheelchair use. A 2001 study reported in the journal "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise" found that paraplegics registered gains in fitness and strength when they used either weight machines or arm ergometers.
Weight machines enable paraplegics to work on increasing muscular strength. By lifting at 70 to 75 percent of maximum and doing two or three sets of 10 to 12 reps, you'll add muscle while reducing the risk of injury from using heavier weights. Be sure to complete a full range of motion when you lift weights. In a functional sense, increasing strength is especially important for paraplegics, since it enables them to propel and maneuver their wheelchairs with greater ease. In addition to conventional weight machines, some gyms have weight machines, such as the Equalizer and Uppertone Gym, that are specifically made for people in wheelchairs.
If qualified personnel are available, they can help paraplegics perform standing balance exercises. By holding on to two rails or parallel bars, a paraplegic is able to enhance posture, strengthen leg muscles, prevent muscle atrophy, maintain joint integrity, increase circulation, reduce spasticity and enhance the sense of well-being. Building trunk balance by sitting unsupported -- but with spotters at the ready -- helps paralegics relieve pressure and transfer in and out of their wheelchair with more ease.
Finding a gym that is accustomed to working with paraplegics is important. Trainers should understand that paraplegics often find exercise to be taxing to their cardiovascular system and often suffer overuse injuries. So training should stress safety and proceed slowly, explains the American Council on Exercise. It recommends that doctors and trainers communicate closely to develop a safe and effective routine for paraplegics. Unfortunately, most gyms are not user friendly for paraplegics and other people with disabilities.
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[ples-er] /ˈplɛs ər/
another name for plexor
plessor ples·sor (plěs’ər)
Variant of plexor.
- Plessy versus ferguson
Plessy versus Ferguson [(ples-ee, fur-guh-suhn)] A case decided by the Supreme Court in the 1890s. The Court held that a state could require racial segregation in public facilities if the facilities offered the two races were equal. The Court’s requirement became known as the “separate but equal” doctrine. It was overturned by the Court in […]
[pleth-er-uh] /ˈplɛθ ər ə/ noun 1. overabundance; excess: a plethora of advice and a paucity of assistance. 2. Pathology Archaic. a morbid condition due to excess of red corpuscles in the blood or increase in the quantity of blood. /ˈplɛθərə/ noun 1. superfluity or excess; overabundance 2. (pathol, obsolete) a condition caused by dilation of […]
[ple-thawr-ik, -thor-, pleth-uh-rik] /plɛˈθɔr ɪk, -ˈθɒr-, ˈplɛθ ə rɪk/ adjective 1. overfull; turgid; inflated: a plethoric, pompous speech. 2. of, relating to, or characterized by .
[pluh-thiz-muh-gram] /pləˈθɪz məˌgræm/ noun 1. the recording of a . plethysmogram ple·thys·mo·gram (plě-thĭz’mə-grām’, plə-) n. A record or tracing produced by a plethysmograph. | <urn:uuid:cbc71abe-c953-4278-a158-ac691b755924> | {
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The invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, was not the first invasion of Europe by American forces. The first invasion was on Sicily, less than a year before the Normandy invasion.
I enlisted in the Navy early in World War II, and learned to be a signalman. I was assigned to a special group known as Beach Battalions, trained to be on a beach four to six hours before calling for the first wave of troops to land. Sicily was my first invasion, plus two behind-the-lines landings to help Gen. George Patton’s army cross Sicily and on to Italy.
Then came four more invasions: Utah Beach in Normandy, New Guinea, Luzon in the Philippines and Okinawa. After that, I was sent to occupy the harbor of Hiroshima, Japan, 40 days after the atomic bomb was dropped.
Normandy certainly was a major invasion, but all the other invasions were just as important, especially in the Pacific. Yet it’s Normandy that’s always remembered and celebrated.
To me, the five invasions I participated in were all equally significant, and each was progressively worse.
DAN M. REICHARD JR. | <urn:uuid:f8cee51a-a133-445f-a70a-5861d76937da> | {
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A Level Sociology at Bournemouth School
Sociology is the study of human society and culture. Sociologists aim to study, describe, explain,
categorise and interpret human behaviour, particularly on a large scale. Organisations, institutions
and social policy makers are all examined within a sociological - and often an historical - structure, by
looking at the reasons for and the consequences of social change.
- the role that the media play in influencing and representing our society
- the part that education plays in shaping the behaviour of young people
- the significance of the changing nature of "family", and the causes of those changes over the
- the reasons for - and consequences of - crime and deviant behaviour.
Sociology attracts students who are interested in current affairs, and who like to understand the
society in which we live, and the culture which surrounds us. There are strong cross-curricular links:
many of the themes explored in Sociology link well with other academic subjects; many of the skills
used in other subjects are used well by good Sociologists.
Sociology is both topically and methodologically a very broad discipline. It is a social science; this
means that students are expected to make use of empirical evidence to support arguments. But most
of all, students are expected to construct critical evaluations of theories which explain trends in society.
In studying Sociology, students will be expected to regularly access the media - reading at least one
of the quality newspapers is strongly advised, as is an awareness of current affairs, especially in the
fields which are examined. Television documentaries should feature highly on television viewing
schedules, as well as keeping abreast of the news. These could inform classroom discussions at any
It should be stressed that Sociology is not an easy option; whilst there is no assumption of previous
knowledge or experience of Sociology at GCSE, the subject demands academic rigour. An
industrious approach is essential for anyone hoping to succeed and get a lot out of Sociology.
Our Sixth Form entry requirement is based on the applicant’s best 8 GCSEs including
English and Mathematics with a minimum of 356 points, with an A*, A or B in the
subjects chosen or in a related discipline. The points used are the Department for Education
(DfE) points - 58 A*, 52 A, 46 B, 40 C, 34 D, 28 E. (Maximum = 8 A* = 464 Points).
Essentially this means that you should be confident of achieving at least 6 B grades and 2
C grades at GCSE (and at least C grades in English Language and Mathematics) before
considering applying for a sixth form place at Bournemouth School.2
There are also some subject specific entry requirements in addition to the requirements for
joining the Sixth Form. In most cases, you will be expected to have attained at least a grade
B in the subject that you intend to study at Advanced Level (A-Level). The main exception to
this is for Mathematics and Further Mathematics. To study Mathematics at A-Level we
expect you to have attained an A* or A grade at GCSE, and for Further Mathematics an A*.
These requirements are based upon our experience over a number of years, and how well
Mathematics students cope with the transition between GCSE and A-Level. We recognise
that very few students will have had the opportunity to study Economics, Government and
Politics, or Psychology at GCSE level. To study these subjects at A-Level, we expect you to
have attained at least B grades in closely related subjects. Some subjects do not have any
subject specific requirements (but, you must, of course, have met the requirements of joining
the Sixth Form).
How to apply
If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact Bournemouth School directly. | <urn:uuid:b2b9ef2e-1c46-4481-8128-1b29fa6335c0> | {
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Act of God: an extraordinary interruption by a natural cause (as a flood or earthquake) of the usual course of events that experience, prescience, or care cannot reasonably foresee or prevent.
—Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
As shown in this forecast issued at 11 p.m. EDT on Friday, 28 August, the NOAA Tropical Prediction Center expected nearly 60 hours before landfall that Hurricane Katrina would strike just east of New Orleans. Twelve hours earlier, TPC had been calling for a landfall on the Florida Panhandle. Click here or on image to enlarge it. (Image courtesy TPC.)
More than two months after Hurricane Katrina tore into Louisiana and Mississippi, causing one of the worst "natural" disasters in U.S. history, it is a challenging task to say something that hasn't been said already about this storm. There are so many fascinating and horrifying strands to the story: short-term forecasting success, planning and response failure, population growth in a vulnerable area, development in sensitive protective wetlands, economic inequality, land subsidence and sea-level rise, and climate change.
There can be little doubt that the failure of society and government on all levels contributed so much to this disaster that it can hardly be called an act of God. Years of warning about the vulnerability of New Orleans and the Gulf Coast produced no focused, coordinated government response to guard against the well-known risks. Indeed, human activities over the years actually worsened the problem; for example, the development of fragile wetlands that had helped protect inland areas exacerbated the risk and vulnerability. Plans for responding to the inevitable emergency were not executed promptly when it occurred, and while a horrified nation watched the disaster unfold on television, government at all levels remained paralyzed for more than three days before acting. Thus, in spite of a nearly perfect 60-hour forecast of the hurricane track and landfall position (see figure right) and a good forecast of hurricane intensity, hundreds of people unnecessarily lost their lives, and property damage ran into the billions of dollars. Some estimates put the total costs at well over $100 billion.
|"New Orleans is a disaster waiting to happen."
—Scientific American, October 2001
"Hundreds of thousands would be left homeless, and it would take months to dry out the area and begin to make it livable . . . but officials say that right now, nothing can stop ‘the big one.' "
—New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 2001
(see "On the Web")
"Power outages will last for weeks . . . as most power poles will be down and transformers destroyed. Water shortages will make human suffering incredible by modern standards."
—Special weather statement, National Weather Service, Slidell, Louisiana, 10:11 a.m. CDT, Sunday, 28 August
This is not to say at all, however, that the slowness of government response and the societal issues associated with a huge underclass living in a bowl below sea level made the forecasts irrelevant. To the contrary, roughly 80% of the population of about a million people were given more than two days of warning and were able to evacuate to safety, many of them carrying irreplaceable personal property and records. Without this warning, many more lives would have been lost, and police, fire departments, and emergency response teams—stretched extremely thin as it was—would have had five times the number of people to evacuate from the wind, floods, and chaos. Thus the excellent forecasts proved their worth, and the wisdom of government investments in the weather forecast and warning enterprise over the years was well justified.
The Tropical Prediction Center (TPC) of the National Weather Service deserves enormous credit for its life-saving forecasts and warnings, and I join many colleagues in the community in congratulating them. It is worth noting, however, that the TPC stands at the most visible end of a complex scientific and technological system that has taken years to develop, and much of this system is largely invisible to the public and to most policy makers. It is worthwhile summarizing the reasons that the Katrina forecasts were as accurate as they were, where they could have been improved, and how to ensure that forecasts of future hurricanes are as good as possible.
The accuracy of forecasts of hurricane tracks has been increasing steadily over the years (below), and especially over the last decade. The reasons for this steady increase include five important and essential factors:
• the increasing diversity, accuracy, and coverage of atmospheric and ocean observations, especially satellite observations;
• better use of the billions of observations through the assimilation of the observations in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models;
• better NWP models, including higher resolutions and more accurate treatment of physical processes such as clouds, precipitation, radiation, and boundary layer effects; and
• more powerful computers that make it possible to assimilate the observations into the models and run the models fast enough in real time to be useful to forecasters.
Overarching all four of these factors is the fifth: scientific advances that allowed researchers and engineers to build the satellites and their instruments, to process the data, to assimilate them effectively in the models, and to improve the models. The excellent forecast shown on p. 2 and the improvements over the years did not just happen by chance; they happened as the result of public investment in science and technology in government laboratories and universities by NASA, NSF, and NOAA. This includes basic research in mathematics, Earth science, and computer science, as well as the education and training needed to bring the research findings to fruition and benefit society. These reasons for the excellent forecast must be understood and remembered, and they form the foundation for a strategy to move forward to improve forecasts of hurricanes and other natural disasters in the future.
The recent NRC report Earth Science and Applications from Space: Urgent Needs and Opportunities to Serve the Nation (see "On the Web") emphasizes the importance of the Earth sciences and their applications to meeting societal needs. Hurricane Katrina reiterates this point, yet there are ominous signs that the nation's research and operational satellite programs are in danger. The NRC report sounded the alarm: "Today, this system of environmental satellites is at risk of collapse." Additional threats to the nation's satellite system have emerged since the report was released. Space News reports that NPOESS, the nation's future polar orbiting satellite system, is having significant developmental and budget problems, and the originally projected launch in 2010 may be delayed as much as four years. We can only hope that the government response to the NRC warning is more effective than the response to the warnings about the vulnerability of New Orleans to a major hurricane.
But you might ask, Aren't forecasts good enough already? How could we have improved on the forecast shown on p. 2, and what good would it have done, given the overwhelming societal issues in this case? There are several ways of answering this. First, although the forecasts 60 hours in advance of landfall were excellent, forecasts at longer lead times (three days and beyond) were not nearly as good. Second, the forecasts for Katrina within 60 hours of landfall were better than most; the average 60-hour error in forecast hurricane position is approximately 260 kilometers (160 miles). Hurricane Rita, a second Category 5 system in the Gulf of Mexico just two weeks after Katrina, proved more challenging to predict. Although Rita made landfall well within the 48-hour forecast zone, the landfall location (near the Texas-Louisiana border) was well east of the three-day projections. If three- to four-day forecasts had more skill and greater certainty, the massive evacuation of Houston might have been avoided. So there is significant room for continued improvements, and there is every reason to believe these improvements are possible following the formula above.
This graphic shows the steady reduction in error for hurricane track forecasts from NOAA's Tropical Prediction Center since 1970. TPC began issuing 4- and 5-day track forecasts (orange and purple) in 2001. Errors are shown in nautical miles; 1 nautical mile is about 1.15 miles or about 1.85 kilometers. (Image courtesy TPC.)
Looking to the future, it is essential to do more than address the Katrina disaster and then carry on with business as usual. Katrina was not an isolated event, and similar disasters (winter storms, floods, droughts, earthquakes) will happen again and again. It is essential to learn from this disaster and act in fundamentally different ways to prepare for the future, as outlined in the 2001 AMS and UCAR document A National Priority: Building Resilience to Natural Hazards (see "On the Web"). The university community, including UCAR and NCAR, stands ready to help in making the necessary changes through research, technology development and transfer, and education and training.
The unprecedented, but not unforeseen, disastrous impacts associated with Hurricane Katrina could have been largely mitigated, likely at a cost much less than what is now being spent on recovery. This lesson must be learned and remembered, and appropriate actions must be taken so that future hurricanes and other natural disasters do not result in a similar catastrophic loss of life and property. As Katrina showed, there are huge costs and consequences for not acting. Understanding, predicting, and preparing for disasters are all major issues for our nation's health, prosperity, and defense, and they must be treated as a long-term priority along with other issues such as the economy and traditional forms of national defense.
Hurricanes and global warming
The possible relationship of Hurricane Katrina and other recent powerful hurricanes to global climate warming has been a topic of much speculation in the media and scientific community. This is a complicated, important scientific topic that is currently under study, and it will be a number of years—perhaps many—before we know the relationships between climate change and the various characteristics of tropical cyclones (e.g., frequency, intensity, rainfall). However, a few well-accepted facts appear relevant.
(1) Climate is changing. The atmosphere and tropical oceans are warming, and the water vapor in the atmosphere
(2) Tropical cyclones owe their existence to warm, moist tropical air and high sea-surface temperature.
(3) The formation, intensity, size, and movement of tropical cyclones depend upon the large-scale atmospheric circulation and associated properties such as wind shear and static stability. Some aspects of large-scale circulation appear to be changing as the mean global climate warms.
Given these facts, there are several plausible ways that tropical cyclone characteristics could change in a warmer climate. It is tempting to hypothesize from (1) and (2) that both the frequency and the intensity of tropical cyclones will increase as Earth warms. However, hurricanes do not form everywhere in the tropics at once; at any given time, large-scale areas of ascent and descent tend to favor cyclone formation in some areas and disfavor it in others. Changes in these circulation patterns could have major implications, probably differing in different ocean basins. Two major studies this summer (see page 6) indicate a steady or even decreasing number of total tropical cyclones over the last several decades, coupled with greater intensities among the cyclones that do form. One possible explanation is that the climatological circulations and static stability distributions will become less favorable for tropical cyclogenesis, but the systems that do form will be more intense on average because of the higher ocean temperatures.
Whatever the relationship between hurricanes and global warming turns out to be, it is not likely to be simple, and we will never be able to attribute a single event like Katrina to a changed climate. We can only hope to understand changes in the statistics of many storms and their relationship to climate change. | <urn:uuid:f068877d-1c5f-40ff-ac3a-7570b97df0ad> | {
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What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of certain languages? I'm most interested in English and French but if you have knowledge of another that would also be fascinating! [more inside]
I've said and written 'spicket' my entire life and only this morning discovered it was non-standard. Some dictionaries give a cursory redirect to 'spigot'; some don't even list the 'ck' variant. The apparent root of 'spigot' [Latin spica] would seem to obviate this discussion, but the change from /k/ to /g/ had taken place at least by 1590 (both forms co-existed for a while). When did 'spicket' become non-standard, and why has that /k/ persisted to the present day? [more inside]
Is there any sort of dictionary or text corpora that outline which of a number of synonyms are the most universally understood by other language speakers or the least colloquial? [more inside]
I'm looking for my cousin, who would like to come here for 2 months or so and study English. I was hoping to find a program that would put her with a family here (I don't really have the space or lifestyle for it). And of course, I need the program to be reputable and safe :) I imagine this sort of thing HAS to exist. Do you know of one?
Walking 'abreast' means walking side-by-side. What equivalent word means walking single-file? [more inside]
When did people start saying "a training" to mean "a training session/workshop/meeting/program/etc"? What dialect of English did training-as-a-noun originate in? How did it spread?
Bemused: I do not think it means what you think it means. So what word does? [more inside]
Sometimes, on restaurant menus or in other media that I'm not recalling at the moment, the text styling will reflect the meaning of the word. Examples off the top of my head: sizzling, hot, chilly. Here's an example in an advertisement. What would you call this phenomenon? The most apt description I can come up with is visual onomatopoeia, but is there a better word for this?
Lately I've started noticing the construction "or no" in places where I would have expected "or not". [more inside]
What is the difference in English between "The flowers are white" and "The flowers are white in colour"? Scientific texts (such as botanical descriptions) seem to prefer and add "in colour" after the colour name though it is redundant. Form wins the Google fight by a large margin and the Ngram for "white in color" shows a downward trend since the 1920s. Is it now OK to drop the "in colour" in contemporary (scientific) texts?
In the past, I've seen that sometimes English is interspersed with another language on certain websites. This site, however, has English titles to their posts, but most everything else is in Dutch. Why? [more inside]
I'd like to read stories in English with my daughter. [more inside]
In other words, I'm looking for a list of adjectives that could complete the sentence "I am feeling __." This is actually a fairly extensive group of adjectives, and I'm wondering whether this type of adjective is identified formally as a certain type of adjective (which would make it easier to find the set) or whether anyone has assembled such a list.
I need a book on the different varieties of English, their spellings, grammar and punctuation and some info on vocabulary differences, too. But I'm having trouble finding one. [more inside]
Something that often frustrates me reading the newspaper or stories on the internet is that a majority of the "current serious issues" things are going to come from Western English-speaking countries. Can you recommend websites that provide English news about fairly non-English countries? (From my Australian perspective these include anywhere in Africa, Russia, India, Eastern Europe, so on.)
I'm reaching for a phrase for a short science fiction piece I'm working on. I'd like to know what a Classical-Latin-speaking character would say if they wanted to articulate a particular concept analogous to "I think therefore I am", but expressing instead a monstrous moral conclusion they've reached along the lines of I think therefore none may be / shall be. [more inside]
I would write "1950s" or "1980s", and this is universal among native English speakers, so far as I am aware. In international contexts, however, I sometimes observe that people whose English spelling is otherwise flawless will consistently write "1950ies" or "1980ies", which reads to me like it has an extra syllable. Where does this convention come from, and what linguistic background makes it sound like a reasonable way to contract these numbers? [more inside]
Can anyone recommend a beginner level English language tutorial series for Spanish speakers who cannot read or write in either language?
Is there a word for "one word", like monosyllabic means "one syllable"?
Looking for movie recommendations that feature French scenes, spoken French is good too. [more inside]
What are some examples of really easy/obvious etymological descents that most people aren't really aware of? I'm trying to prove to somebody that there are a lot of these in the english language but I've forgotten most of the interesting ones I used to know. [more inside]
What percentage of English words have three syllables?
Is there a term for a seer/diviner/oracle that is only able to see into the past? I'm willing to grab one from a non-English language if there is a word that means specifically "a seer who can only see the past", but English is prefered. Antiquated terms are OK. Bonus points for interesting etymological details (or links to interesting etymological details). [more inside]
I'm fascinated by the efforts of Deutsche Bahn to get rid of the "Bahnglisch" that litters the service with expressions that look English but aren't the sort of expressions that any native speaker of English would actually use, and it occurred to me that this sort of thing is common in German outside of DB, and probably all over the world. [more inside]
Hi. I'm a Portuguese student and I'm going to spend two weeks of my summer vacations on Leeds, England since I have an aunt there that invited me. I would like to spend my time practicing my English but I don't know what to do or where to go. Where can I meet new people (of my age range preferably: 20's), have a good conversation, listen to other people talk, ...? Your help will be much appreciated!
I was at lunch today and asked my friends "Why don't American's have British accents in their speach?" They were dumbfounded and began to wonder themselves so I turn to Ask MetaFilter to find the answer.
I learned English as a second language (native is Finnish). The emphasis in school was on vocabulary and very basic grammar; we did not to my recollection deal with stuff like passive voice etc. So in terms of writing in English, much of my "voice" has developed simply from what sounds right inside my head. However, I've been told that the way I write is overly complicated. Is this so? [more inside]
I need one word, in singular form, that is synonymous with product, service, and experience (experience as in, taking a tour, sitting for a lecture, watching a live band..) The company I am working for provides many products, services and experiences for their customers, and I need a single, general noun that describes all of these. Help!
I am looking for a text file of a list of words (roughly the 5000-10000 most common English words) and their root word and root word language. My Google Fu only turns up single words or pages that I can type in a word to get to another page to get the etymology. Wikipedia has some stuff, but it is sorted by language root, which is not what I am looking for. I would like to have a long list of words in a text file so that I can manipulate it programatically. Comma separated or whatever, any format would be great. Here is one use case: Yoke - [list of words that have yoke in the etymological history] (Many, many many English words come from the root work for Yoke.) All answers appreciated!
I first came across this about 20 years ago in a Calvin & Hobbes strip where Hobbes taunts his friend: "Calvin and Susie, sitting in a tree. Kay-Eye-Ess-Ess-Eye-En-Gee!" I never understood why Hobbes was making "words" out of letters; I assumed it was something unique to comics (or tigers). Then today, a poem linked to in this FPP reminded me of that old comic strip and got me thinking: Why is there an entire parallel alphabet to spell out the letters of the alphabet? [more inside]
Where is this mystical land where it is acceptable to answer statements with: "So?" [more inside]
There are Latin fonts designed to mimic Cyrillic, Asian characters, and many other scripts. What are some examples of foreign-script fonts which mimic Latin characters?
Hello, I'm a French student preparing for English interviews and in my last mock session my interviewer talked about my accent that could put me at a disadvantage. I can't afford and don't have the time to see a speech therapist so I'm looking for books with audio tracks that are aimed at mastering the standard American accent. Do you know or know somebody that had had great results with a particular book? Thank you!
When did people stop using the term "model minority"? [more inside]
Does anyone have any resources to find historical forms of Ebonics? [more inside]
What does this Egyptian Arabic song mean in English? Listen to the song here. Thanks! : )
Are there any famous English catchphrases in foreign language television and cinema? Think of this as the Foreign language equivalent to "Hasta la vista, baby!" [more inside]
Are there any untranslateable American and British words? [more inside]
Business idioms that are actually useful? [more inside]
I have spoken english fluently since I was a child but I know many people that would like to learn or are trying to learn how to speak english. In my opinion the best method is full on immersion in an english speaking country. What would be the best country or place for this to happen? [more inside]
When did the use of contractions become common in American English and/or when did the absence of contractions become an (accurate or not) shorthand for outdated diction? [more inside]
My son has become fascinated with non-standard plurals in English, and I need more examples to feed him. Can you think of more like: Foot --> Feet; Goose --> Geese; Mouse --> Mice. What I'm not looking for is inside: [more inside]
English language friends: Why do we use the word “different” when it doesn’t appear to be necessary? [more inside]
What are some English words that contain a prefix, but the root is either not a word or is substantially unrelated to the prefixed word? [more inside]
I'm looking for a fun medium to long term project for an advanced ESL student. [more inside]
Tenses without English equivalents? [more inside]
Do spelling bees or tests exist in languages other than English? [more inside]
What does the word "abstract" mean? [more inside]
When do you say 'going down to X' and when do you say 'going up to X' in the context of geography? Do you have a system? For example do you say going up when you going North? For example we are going up to Sydney from Melbourne. Or do you use the rough height of the places? [more inside]
What do you call your brother-in-law's mom? [more inside] | <urn:uuid:73c6f3b7-d2fb-49a9-9f74-0170054fd52d> | {
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You’re probably familiar with the mad science division of the Pentagon, DARPA. They have spearheaded efforts and made research grants toward such things as self guided smart bullets, robots of war, weaponized artificial intelligence, and just about everything in-between.
Now, they have created yet another technology with an immense potential for abuse: small robots that could be deployed by the government in a time of disaster, supposedly to help clean something up or perform some innocuous task. People who know what the government does might be a bit more skeptical.
Given the title “SHRIMP,” or “Short-Range Independent Microrobotic Platforms,” DARPA claims the reason it wants to develop tiny robots for the US military is some altruistic, natural disaster-solving mission to preserve the safety of humanity.
It sounds just like an episode of Ghost in the Shell. In one episode, Japan used micromachines to clean radiation from the air after a planned bombing.
The robots developed by DARPA aren’t that small, they can fit on a person’s finger like this. These are the components of one of the tiny robots.
The “disaster robots” were justified in a press release from DARPA, in which they claimed that the micro-robots would be useful in, for instance, the event of an earthquake which would cause the destruction of buildings and structures.
DARPA has a Microsystems Technology Office, or MTO. Its program manager for this project, Dr. Ronald Polcawich said:
“Whether in a natural disaster scenario, a search and rescue mission, a hazardous environment, or other critical relief situation, robots have the potential to provide much-needed aid and support.”
“However, there are a number of environments that are inaccessible for larger robotic platforms. Smaller robotics systems could provide significant aide, but shrinking down these platforms requires significant advancement of the underlying technology.”
Articles about this awkwardly tried to reassure the reader that the goal of this technology was “noble.” According to a science website called Edgy Labs:
“These goals remain noble, but the technology to get micro and milli robotics lags behind.
Besides the goal to have SHRIMP robots help in disasters, DARPA wants the program to improve overall understanding of actuator technologies.”
A few distinct factors were considered in the development of such robotics, and they were listed as:
– robotic platform mobility
– strength-to-weight ratio
– load-bearing capacity
– force generation
– overall efficiency
– max work density
Naturally, the development of ultra-tiny robots must be dependent on this strength to weight ratio, and Polcawich emphasized that its a huge factor on the overall endurance and load-bearing capabilities of any sized robot that is “actuator-based.”
Articles about this are emphasizing that “actuator improvements” are a new, important development in the field or robotics, and that DARPA is using their nearly bottomless US military funding to get into it.
It was specifids that different types of actuators are applied to specific kinds of robots. Hydraulic actuators for example have a requirement for incompressible fluid. In contrast, a pneumatic actuator is reliant on pneumatics, or the principle of pressurized air/gas.
Actuating materials may even be used to create artificial robotic muscles. If you understand how cars can be propped up with hydraulic tools, you could imagine how that technology may be used to make robotic muscles.
But see, the last people on Earth you’d want to trust with all this is the US military, and their entity DARPA likes to hold competitions to persuade people to feed them their ingeniuty and intelligence, so the military can harvest it and use it for their purposes. Continuing from Edgy Labs:
“In the spirit of innovation, DARPA introduced a competitive element to their SHRIMP platform research. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will evaluate each project at their Robotics Test Facility.
These evaluations will determine a disaster robot’s potential field functionality through a series of tests involving mobility, speed, load-bearing capabilities, and more.
Perhaps these research projects will affect nanobot technology in the future, as well.” | <urn:uuid:12a2b041-7906-405b-a58a-1f0228afcae3> | {
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Peat is partly decayed plant material found in layers, usually in marshes.
Peat is composed mainly of the mosses sphagnum and hypnum, but also of sedges, trees, and other plant matter. Under the right geological conditions, peat forms coal. It is used as a mulch and burned as a fuel source for domestic heating.
The New American Desk Encyclopedia, Penguin Group, 1989 | <urn:uuid:92a7e341-3f04-4678-8f32-b3880bd03abe> | {
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A new wireless communication technique uses human body to transmit magnetic signals
San Diego researchers have developed a prototype of their new wireless communication technique that can transmit data through biological tissue outperforming the existing wireless technology.
Electrical engineers at the University of California, San Diego, US have demonstrated a new technique “magnetic field human body communication” that outperforms the outstanding technology of Bluetooth which seems to be omnipresent these days,
The wearable technology of present times, such as smart watches, fitness trackers, audio headsets, earphones to name a few, is wireless and uses the technology of Bluetooth for communication.
Magnetic field human body communication:
In this new wireless communication technique, a human body acts as a medium for delivering the magnetic energy between the wearable devices which allows free passage of the signals through biological tissue.
According to the researchers, this new wireless communication technology would give best results in case the wearable device is in the form of coils or it is circular in nature. This indicates that the technology is mostly suitable for wearable electronic devices such as fitness brands, smart watches, belts, headbands etc. which are in the form of coil as this helps the technology in better functioning and propagation of the magnetic fields through the biological tissues.
The prototype sends signals between body parts by coiling magnetic field-generating insulated copper wires around three areas of the user’s body.
How does the new technology outperform the existing wireless technology?
More Power efficient in comparison to Bluetooth technology:
Bluetooth devices which are present in the wearable electronic gadgets uses radio signals for data transmission. In fact, radio signals are in the form of electromagnetic radiations which gets blocked by human body or biological tissue thus resulting in ‘path loss’ of the data. Now, the only remedy to make up for this loss is to boost the power of the wearable electronic device so as to push the radio signals.
Ultimately, we can see that Bluetooth devices are not very power efficient. In addition, these wearable gadgets are much smaller and lighter in weight indicating they have smaller batteries and to get the optimum result the wearable device would need additional battery making it bulgier.
On the contrary, researchers say that by using the new wireless technology it is possible to send data via magnetic fields directly through human body thus enormously cutting down on the ‘path loss’. Researchers claim that path loss occurring in ‘magnetic field human body communication’ is much less when compared to that of Bluetooth technology.
It seems the new technology is 10 million times efficient in controlling the path loss when compared to the existing wireless technology indicating that the overall power consumption would also reduce tremendously.
Patrick Mercier, lead author of the study said in a statement: “This technique, to our knowledge, achieves the lowest path losses out of any wireless human body communication system that’s been demonstrated so far. This technique will allow us to build much lower power wearable devices.”
Jiwoong Park, first author of the study and a Ph.D student at the UCSD says: “A problem with wearable devices like smart watches is that they have short operating times because they are limited to using small batteries. With this magnetic field human body communication system, we hope to significantly reduce power consumption as well as how frequently users need to recharge their devices.”
Magnetic energy passing through biological tissue is harmless.
Well, some people may have doubts if it is alright to send magnetic energy through human body.
Researchers believe that wearable devices would use ultra low power when they incorporate the new technology, which in turn would transmit signals of lesser power thus enabling smooth and harmless passage of the magnetic fields through human body. According to researchers the signals would be of much less power when compared to MRI scanners and wireless implant devices.
The new wireless communication technique is much secured.
Researchers believe their technology could be much more secure in comparison to the Bluetooth technology; this technology transmits data in a much wider radius, over several meters and thus is open to potential eavesdropping. Primarily the signals transmitted in magnetic field human body communication would be limited only till that person’s body ensuring there will not be any sort of radiation nor transmission from one body to another and hence it would prevent any sort of eavesdropping.
The ‘magnetic field human body communication’ cannot be used to send data from wearable devices to any remote gadgets, in other words a person cannot communicate or transmit data to another computer. Researchers feel that this limitation might prove to be quite beneficial to some users.
Park, says: “Increased privacy is desirable when you’re using your wearable devices to transmit information about your health.”
Researchers recently presented the details of their study at the 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biological Society, in Milan, Italy.
Will you like to use this new technology? Let us know in comments below. | <urn:uuid:e4ecda50-35d8-4d15-8586-5dc32db93ea3> | {
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Drowning is the leading cause of injury-related death among children between ages 1-4 and the third leading cause of death among all children. Whether you are bathing your baby in the sink or splashing around with your toddler in the bathtub, water is great fun for children. However, it is also a place where safety must come first. Here are a few tips for kids who love to get wet.
- Never leave your child unattended around water. We know it sounds strict, but there is no room for compromise on this one. Babies can drown in as little as one inch of water.
- Avoid any distractions when watching children in water.
- Empty all tubs, buckets, containers and wading pools immediately after use. Store them upside down and out of children’s reach.
- Keep toilet lids closed and use toilet seat locks to prevent drowning. It is also a good idea to keep doors to bathrooms and laundry rooms closed.
- Parents have a million things to do, but learning CPR should be on the top of the list. It will give you tremendous peace of mind – and the more peace of mind you have as a parent, the better.
Proper Pool and Spa Equipment
- Install a fence of at least four feet in height around the perimeter of the pool or spa.
- Use self-closing and self-latching gates.
- Ensure all pool and spas have compliant drain covers.
- Install an alarm on the door leading from the house to the pool.
- Keep pool and spa covers in working order.
- Have life-saving equipment such as life rings or reaching poles for use. | <urn:uuid:71df257f-6db6-45ec-aea8-30708d88e725> | {
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RECOMMENDED FOR YOU:X
VIVACE: Slow Water Current Energy Mimics Schools of Fish
Vivace is a new energy technology that gets its name from a phenomenon that engineers have been battling for 25 years. VIV (vortex induced vibrations) destroyed the Narrows Bridge in Washington State in 1940, and the Ferrybridge power station cooling towers in England in 1965. Ironically it is also the same phenomenon that allows schools of fish to swim as fast as they do. Now Dr. Michael M. Bernitsas and researchers at the University of Michigan are turning this ‘threat’ into a resource. Rather than suppressing VIV, Vivace actually creates and then harvests energy from VIV, and it does it all using slow water currents, a previously untapped source of sustainable energy.
Most of the water that covers 70% of our planet flows at less than 3 knots – too slowly to harvest its power using current technology. Wave and tidal turbines require an average of 5 or 6 knots to operate efficiently, as does the timeless watermill. But Vivace, the technology being developed by Dr. Michael M. Bernitsas at the University of Michigan, is designed to operate at currents of less than 2 knots, opening up a world of possible applications from river power and dam replacement to perpetually powered ocean sensors, uninterruptible power for vulnerable coastal facilities, and the supply of electricity to offshore facilities.
In its current configuration Vivace looks nothing like a fish (though Dr. Bernitsas says it likely will in the future) but more like a ladder with round, sliding rungs. Vivace exploits VIV by simply placing this ladder across a slow moving current which causes the rungs to oscillate up and down on springs. The oscillating movement creates mechanical energy which is then converted to electricity. The modules are designed to be reusable and are considered less of a threat to marine life than turbines because of their slow movement.
What will it cost? Estimates are coming in at about 5.5 cents per kilowatt hour. When compared with nuclear (4.6 cents a kilowatt hour) wind (6.9 cents a kilowatt hour) and solar (16 to 48 cents a kilowatt hour) Vivace looks like a serious competitor. Dr. Bernitsas’ company Vortex Hydro Energy is working to deploy a pilot project on the Detroit River within 18 months. Here’s hoping it goes ‘swimmingly’!
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cow's milk that is cultured and heated up until the curds separate from the whey.
About ten percent of the mixture is curds which are pressed into circular moulds for a couple of hours. Next, the cheese is soaked in a brine solution which gives the cheese its rind and improves the taste.
After the salt soaks in, the cheese is then dried for a couple of days before being coated to prevent it from drying out. Exported Gouda is usually the young variety (aged between 1 and 6 months, rich yellow in color and with a yellow paraffin wax coating. This cheese is easily sliced on bread with a cheese slicer. | <urn:uuid:407a8c3c-375f-4027-8b7c-4cb0e6c5ae36> | {
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The New Student's Reference Work/Leith
|←Leisler, Jacob||The New Student's Reference Work (1914)
|Leland, Charles Godfrey→|
|See also Leith on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.|
Leith (lēth), an important seaport in Scotland and a municipal and parliamentary borough, stands on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, two miles north of Edinburgh. The harbor works have cost more than $5,000,000. The foreign, colonial and coaling trade, already very great, is constantly increasing, and there is regular steamboat communication with London and several other ports. The nine months' siege by the Protestants in 1559-60 and the surprise of its citadel by the Jacobites in 1715 are the chief events in its history. Population 85,721. | <urn:uuid:b011524f-24f9-46d0-805d-89378e38a99d> | {
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In a study published in the journal Geology, scientists at the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science suggest that the large changes in the carbon isotopic composition of carbonates which occurred prior to the major climatic event more than 500 million years ago, known as 'Snowball Earth,' are unrelated to worldwide glacial events.
"Our study suggests that the geochemical record documented in rocks prior to the Marinoan glaciation or 'Snowball Earth' are unrelated to the glaciation itself," said UM Rosenstiel professor Peter Swart, a co-author of the study. "Instead the changes in the carbon isotopic ratio are related to alteration by freshwater as sea level fell."
In order to better understand the environmental conditions prior to 'Snowball Earth', the research team analyzed geochemical signatures preserved in carbonate rock cores from similar climactic events that happened more recently — two million years ago — during the Pliocene-Pleistocene period.
The team analyzed the ratio of the rare isotope of carbon (13C) to the more abundant carbon isotope (12C) from cores drilled in the Bahamas and the Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The geochemical patterns that were observed in these cores were nearly identical to the pattern seen prior to the Marinoan glaciation, which suggests that the alteration of rocks by water, a process known as diagenesis, is the source of the changes seen during that time period.
Prior to this study, scientists theorized that large changes in the cycling of carbon between the organic and inorganic reservoirs occurred in the atmosphere and oceans, setting the stage for the global glacial event known as 'Snowball Earth'.
"It is widely accepted that changes in the carbon isotopic ratio during the Pliocene-Pleistocene time are the result of alteration of rocks by freshwater," said Swart. "We believe this is also what occurred during the Neoproterozoic. Instead of being related to massive and complicated changes in the carbon cycle, the variations seen in the Neoproterozoic can be explained by simple process which we understand very well."
Scientists acknowledge that multiple sea level fluctuations occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciations resulting from water being locked up in glaciers. Similar sea-level changes during the Neoproterozoic caused the variations in the global carbon isotopic signal preserved in the older rocks, not a change in the distribution of carbon as had been widely postulated.
I don't see the paper online as yet... | <urn:uuid:f7794c02-b09a-4b01-a5bb-f6b986691d49> | {
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Illusions of wireless security
Advances in Computers: 79
Wireless metropolitan area networks, wireless security, smart phones, Wi-Fi security, bluetooth
This chapter examines the misunderstanding of wireless security from user behavior perspectives. Many users believe their wireless connections are safe and they do not realize the serious consequences of possible security breaches. These problems must be rectified quickly due to expanding use of wireless facilities. Corporations also underestimate the potential dangers. IT managers do not provide enough education and support for users’ wireless connections at home or public places. IT managers are not paying enough attention to issues and that pose a serious threat. Urgent action is required in light of the recent high-profile security breaches due to ignorance and negligent use. Most threats come from the ignorance of users, the inactive attitudes of corporations, and the improper implementation of security features by wireless devices manufacturers. Thus manufacturers need to develop more secure products by devoting more time to the development of security features and design of human–computer interface (HCI). As technology alone will never be able to solve all security problems, enhancement of the coordination between employers and end-users is required. In addition to discussing the truths and myths, countermeasures are presented to rectify these problems. This chapter differs from other security papers in that the minutiae of technical terms (such as algorithms, details of data frames, etc.) are avoided as far as possible so it can reach a wider audience.
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Access to external full text or publisher's version may require subscription.
ISBN of the source publication: 9780123810274
Loo, A. (2010). Illusion of wireless security. In M. Zelkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Computers: 79 (pp.119-167). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2458(10)79003-3 | <urn:uuid:8272fc44-2968-418e-ae3e-25b7e0f0f78b> | {
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13 Jul Thermal vs. Cold Laser
Demystifying Laser Technology
Thermal or high power lasers are capable of producing a substantial amount of heat. This capability makes thermal lasers useful in industrial application such as welding and cutting, as well as medical applications that involve the destruction of tissue. Because they combine power with precision, thermal lasers have many beneficial uses in surgical applications.
Low level lasers, on the other hand, do not produce heat, but are able to penetrate the interior of the cells with highly focused light in the 10-250mW range. This light stimulates the cell to produce ATP (energy) which in turn fuels the body to begin healing itself. Low intensity laser energy initiates and stimulates many beneficial physiological processes within the cell. These include cell metabolism, membrane permeability, etc. In essence it promotes the healing of damaged cells which makes it applicable in the therapy of many pathologies. Moreover, it is non-destructive with regard to the target tissue.
Laser light, properly administered, stimulates the release of powerful neurochemicals in the brain which alleviate or greatly reduce pain, create deep relaxation and reduce or eliminate cravings. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and completely safe. The lasers used at Healthpoint Laser Clinic are Health Canada approved, and are the finest technology on the market today.
Healthpoint Laser Clinic uses Theralase and MedX Lasers
A therapeutic laser system is athermic (no heat), with no appreciable heat transfer to the tissue. (< 0.65 degree Celsius) An athermic laser system, therefore, is not able to cause tissue damage as tissue damage arises only through thermal actions.
Thermic lasers, on the other hand, are used for invasive surgery as they cut, burn or vaporize tissue to achieve tissue removal.
Therapeutic lasers utilize a wavelength of monochromatic light in the 630 to 905 nanometer (nm) range, known as the “therapeutic window”. A wavelength of 905 nm has the least absorption in this “therapeutic window”, due to the primary influence of melanin. In the 630 to 905 nm range, the 905 nm wavelength is absorbed least by the skin and hence provides the greatest penetration of photons into the underlying tissues. It is this principle which creates the ability to “inject” photons of energy harmlessly into tissue, “energizing” or “bio stimulating” this tissue into an accelerated rate of healing.
The tissue effect of lasers can best be characterized by understanding the absorption of light in tissue. The three main components of tissue that affect the absorption of light are water, hemoglobin (pigment that renders blood red) and melanin (pigment that gives skin its natural color). The absorption curves for these three substances versus the laser wavelength will determine the precise impact that a particular laser will have on tissue.
The purpose of a low level laser is to stimulate. The lower energy levels and the unfocused light beam do not impart large amounts of energy. They do provide enough energy to excite the mitochondria and cause it to undertake big-chemical reactions.
The mitochondria once stimulated by the application and infusion of light energy, produces enzymes and ATP. Cells communicate and operate using chemical signals – enzymes. Low level laser therapy is safe because cells have a natural ability to resist over-stimulation. It is not possible to harm tissue by overdosing.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is used as a marker chemical for low level laser therapy. A patient who receives this type of therapy will, within 24 hours, test positive for increased serotonin by-products in their urine (Walker, Neuroscience Letters). The amount of 5- hydroxyindoleactic acid, the serotonin byproduct, is disproportionately large in comparison to the amount of energy put into the system by the treatment.
The photo-activation of enzymes used provides a huge amplification factor for initiating a biological response using light energy. (Smith, The Photo-biological Basis of LLLT). The measurable effects of LLLT appear in calcium ion channels, RNA and DNA at the cellular level, and the production of proteins, fibroblasts, Iymphocytes and leukocytes (Basford, The Orthopedics Journal).
There is a well-documented inter-cellular communication phenomena of “enzyme cascading.” Once cells are stimulated to produce an enzyme with the LLLT laser, the adjacent cells are stimulated by the presence of the newly produced enzymes to also produce the same chemical, effectively duplicating and enlarging the effects of light stimulation.
All of the enzymes produced are those naturally used and produced by the cell. They are produced in the ratios and quantities normally used by the body, and the result is a natural healing process. The major difference between a laser and a powerful normal light is the laser beam’s ability to travel long distances without being dispersed. This is known as coherence, and it enables the laser to focus its power very specifically. This source of light has been shown to have a strong therapeutic effect. The Theralase therapeutic lasers do not produce heat or cut like industrial lasers or powerful surgical lasers. At specific wavelengths, a Theralase laser can have profound beneficial effects on the functioning of human cells – the “building blocks” of all the body systems and body tissue (bone, skin, muscle, etc.)
The energy produced by a Theralase laser can be directed at damaged tissue cells, and by giving the cell a massive energy boost, helps to speed up the healing process. Lasers have been shown to improve the repair of tissues, from injuries such as muscle strains/sprains, ligament and tendon injuries, open wounds and bone injuries including fractures and joint dysfunction.
[courtesy of Theralase Technologies Inc.] | <urn:uuid:ff8aece8-1433-4fe7-a79f-6a4ee26e1cfc> | {
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Capture, record, and share experiments conducted under a microscope and other instruments using your smartphone with a Phone Skope Adapter.
From classrooms to the doctor’s office, students and researchers need to easily capture images and video of what is happening under the microscope and other instruments.
From a student’s perspective, it is much easier to present findings to the class through images and video rather than through words or drawings. Plus, replaying events can help with report writing. A Phone Skope makes this possible!
Note: We are always looking for people to test out the Phone Skope in research labs. Please contact [email protected] for more information. | <urn:uuid:12b8196b-8035-4ec6-b364-92ef405fd66d> | {
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What is tennis elbow?
Tennis elbow is chronic inflammation and tearing of the musculotendinous attachment of the forearm muscles to a bony projection on the outer side of the elbow. It can be caused by an overstraining of the muscles.
The muscles that straighten the fingers and the wrist arise from a small projection of bone on the outer side of the elbow. In the case of tennis elbow, pain is concentrated around this area.
The pain can be quite severe and is normally restricted to this area. It may, however, eventually radiate up the upper arm as well as down the outer side of the forearm. It is frequently associated with weakness.
Tennis elbow is caused by tiny breaks in the connective tissue that holds the muscles to the bone. The tissue becomes irritated and an inflammation sets in, the area can become swollen.
It often heals spontaneously, but in a few cases the pain can last for more than five years.
Tennis elbow most frequently affects people in their 40s and upwards,with women being more frequently affected than men.
What causes the condition?
Tennis elbow does not only affect tennis players, who of course frequently strain the muscles in this area. It is also caused by other sports and by work or hobbies that involve repetitive movements.
Movements where the elbow is bent while holding tightly onto something such as a racquet, weighttool, are the most common causes of tennis elbow.
What does tennis elbow feel like?
Tennis elbow usually starts with gradually increasing pain on the outer side of the elbow. It is painful if someone presses on the area. If you bend the wrist upwards against pressure or when you grip something, it will hurt around the projection of the bone on the outer elbow.
The pains may eventually radiate up into the upper arm and down along the outer side of the forearm. There may be a feeling of weakness in the wrist which makes it difficult to do things that require strength in the hand.
What can be done at home?
At first, the pain may be relieved by applying an ice bag wrapped in a cloth to avoid contact with the skin. The ice bag can be applied for 20 to 30 minutes at a time and again after an interval of about an hour.
The arm should be rested and any movement that causes the pain should be avoided.
Stretching exercises may help. The wrist must be bent all the way down and the hand kept down by the opposite hand. The elbow must be stretched out entirely and the forearm turned inwards so the fingertips point to the side.
The stretch should be held for about 15 seconds then repeated after a brief interval. This should be repeated several times a day.
A doctor or physiotherapist can give more information about specific exercises.
Bandaging and over-the-counter tennis elbow/ forearm supports are easily obtainable and produce quite good short term symptomatic relief. Massage over the area can reduce pain.
Oral or topical anti-inflammatories also reduce symptoms.
How does the doctor make a diagnosis?
The doctor makes a diagnosis by listening to the patient's description of symptoms and by making an examination of the arm.
Tennis elbow itself cannot be seen on an X-ray. However, in some cases it may be necessary to take an X-ray in order to rule out a possible injury inside the elbow joint.
The doctor checks if the area around the elbow is sore by pressing on it. He also checks if bending the hand upwards against pressure produces pain.
It is important that the doctor rules out the fact that the ailment is not caused by pressure on a nerve. In rare cases there might be other causes for pain in the arm and these have to be ruled out too.
How is the condition treated?
Most cases of tennis elbow will get better with a combination of rest, stretches and forearm support. If not, referral to an orthopaedic surgeon or a doctor with a special interest in treating this condition is recommended.
Furthermore intensive examination will occur usually followed by imaging which will either be an ultrasound scan or an MRI scan to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the condition.
By this time most simple measures will have been tried and exhausted at which point injection therapy is normally instituted.
Some doctors will try a steroid injection in the first instance, but more doctors are turning to a needling technique which stimulates repair of the damaged and torn tendon.
This can either be direct needling of the tendon and common extensor origin/lateral epicondyle or could involve injection of the patients own blood or platelet rich plasma (PRP). A number of such injections or needling treatments may be required.
In a small percentage of patients, less than 5 per cent in my experience, surgery may be required to the chronically inflamed and torn tendon to release it from its attachment to the bone.
Other people also read:
CT scan: what are CT scans used for?
Chiropractic treatment: what is this treatment?
Lumbago (lower back pain): find out what the danger signs are.
Neck pain: what does neck pain feel like? | <urn:uuid:c3d9ea8a-aa4a-4b5a-a625-4f31529f3007> | {
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Another Salmonella outbreak has been linked to a Missouri hatchery that sells mail order chicks and ducklings. Last month, reports surfaced involving a Salmonella outbreak from a mail-order hatchery in Ohio.That outbreak sickened 93 people in 23 states; the current outbreak related to the Missouri hatchery has affected 66 people in 20 states, but half of the infections are in Kansas and Missouri, the CDC said.
The birds may be cute, and kids may love them, but it’s not a good idea to give a child — or an adult — live baby poultry. And if you go to a petting zoo or pet store with live baby poultry, think twice before touching the birds. These infections probably could have been avoided with proper hygiene; the CDC recommends washing your hands with soap and water immediately after coming in contact with live poultry or anything in the birds’ living area.
The CDC has a great resource on their website addressing preventive measures people can take to avoid a Salmonella infection from live poultry. | <urn:uuid:af089b42-20b6-4dda-bdd8-d938cd9bcfbb> | {
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Ottawa – In 2013, the average minimum wage in Canada amounted to $10.14 per hour. The 1975 minimum wage translated into 2013 dollars (that is, the real minimum wage) was almost identical at $10.13.
In this study from Statistics Canada, released in July 2014, the real minimum wage for Canada is a weighted average of the provincial minimum wages, expressed in 2013 constant dollars to account for inflation.
Although the real minimum wage in Canada was nearly identical in 1975 and 2013, it varied between these two years.
Between 1975 and 1986, the real minimum wage declined from $10.13 to $7.53, before increasing to $8.81 in 1996. Up to 2003, the real minimum wage remained stable at around $8.50.
Since 2003, the real minimum wage increased by almost two dollars, from $8.27 in 2003 to $10.14 in 2013. All provinces saw increases in the real minimum wage over that period.
Recent increases in the ratio of minimum wage to average hourly earnings
When looking at changes over time, the minimum wage is sometimes expressed as a ratio of the average hourly earnings. The value of the average hourly earnings can vary, depending on the source and type of employees covered in labour surveys.
One commonly used source for long-term wage trends is the average hourly earnings of employees paid by the hour in the Survey of Employment, Payrolls, and Hours.
In 2013, the average hourly earnings of employees paid by the hour in this survey amounted to $22.27. This means that the average minimum wage corresponded to 46% of the average hourly earnings.
In recent years, the ratio of the average minimum wage to average hourly earnings increased from 41% in 2005 to 46% in 2013. This is because the average minimum wage rose faster than the average hourly earnings (in constant 2013 dollars).
Prior to 2005, the ratio fluctuated between 38% and 45%. These changes were mainly the result of variations in the real minimum wage, since the average real hourly earnings varied little over the period.
Similar trends were found when the real minimum wage was expressed as a ratio of the average real hourly earnings of paid employees in manufacturing industries, which could be examined over a longer period.
In 2013 dollars, the average hourly earnings of employees in manufacturing industries remained stable throughout the whole period at around $22.
Long-term comparisons with the average hourly earnings in manufacturing industries indicate that the ratio is now similar to levels that were seen in the mid-1970s.
Rising share of employees earning the minimum wage
Another source of data, the Labour Force Survey, can be used to determine the proportion of paid employees earning the minimum wage.
In 2013, the proportion of all paid employees earning the minimum wage was 6.7%, up from 5.0% in 1997. Most of the increase took place between 2003 and 2010.
To some degree, the increase in the proportion of minimum-wage employees during those years was the result of increases in the minimum-wage rate in many provinces.
This is because a portion of those who were paid just above the former minimum rate became paid at the new, revised rate and joined the group of minimum-wage earners.
For example, the proportion of young employees aged 15 to 19 who were paid the minimum wage rose from 30% in 2003 to 45% in 2010. At the same time, the proportion of those who were paid a rate between the minimum wage and 10% above the minimum wage declined from 31% to 21%.
Young employees most likely to be paid at minimum wage
Young employees, less educated employees, part-time employees and those working in service industries were most likely to be paid at minimum wage.
In 2013, 50% of employees aged 15 to 19 years old were paid at minimum wage. Among those aged 20 to 24, the rate was 13%.
Among those who had less than a high school degree, one in five employees was paid at minimum wage in 2013.
The proportion of paid employees at the minimum-wage rate was 17% in retail trade industries and 27% in accommodation and food services industries. Together, these two industries accounted for more than 60% of all employees earning the minimum wage in 2013.
The proportion of employees paid at minimum wage also varied by province in 2013, led by Prince Edward Island (9.3%) and Ontario (8.9%). Alberta had the lowest rate at 1.8%.
The minimum wage rate hovered around $10 in all provinces in 2013. | <urn:uuid:d1f56358-cbe3-459f-aab1-af2e1ea4e3ef> | {
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. What happens to a lot of trees in the village?
2. Whose side is the old woman on when the landlord takes her aside to speak with her about the village?
3. What color is the goat with Pa in Chapter 12?
4. Where is G. preparing to go in Chapter 14?
5. Who comes to visit G. the night before he leaves Barbados?
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
When G. attends high school, he must continue to live in the village. How did living in the village make it seem that he is living between two different worlds? What are the differences between the two worlds?
Essay Topic 2
The last phrase in the book has G. telling the reader, "...I had said farewell, farewell to the land." Based upon the book as a whole, what is G. telling the reader by this point? What does "the land" represent, other than its literal meaning?
Essay Topic 3
In the story of Bambi, Bambini and Bots end up fighting furiously over Bambi's dead body. Things are fine until the English woman tells Bambi he has to be married to one of them. When he marries Bots, things begin to go downhill for Bambi. How can this story be a parable for Barbados and England?
This section contains 243 words
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The terms and symbols used in pigeon genetics sometimes look a bit funny to the average breeder and tend to be a bit intimidating to many. The feeling seems to be: I'm not intelligent enough to understand them. Therefore, I won't even bother to try. Yet, as fanciers, we casually use many, much-more esoteric terms and symbols every day. Don't believe me? Try screaming, "Look at the color on that peak-crested A.O.C. muffed cock. Too bad heís bishop-winged and has split eyes." See how many people at the mall know what you're talking about. Heck, just talking about a basic white-flighted blue check pied yearling will leave most people staring at you as if you were from outer space. Learning any jargon is simply a matter of taking it one step at a time. So let's try a few genetic steps today.
The first thing to realize is that genetics symbols are just that -- symbols. They have no existence in the real world. What they refer to may exist, but the symbols themselves are merely mnemonic devices for us poor humans who are struggling to understand the world around us. As breeders, we use many terms and abbreviations: OC for an old cock; frill for a bird which has the feathers of its chest growing in a reversed manner; groused for a bird which has a short feather covering on its legs. It's obviously easier for us to do so. Rather than having to stop and decribe each bird in detail every time, we concisely and accurately describe what we need to by using breeder jargon. Genetic symbols allow us to do the same thing. They make it easier for us to communicate information. Instead of needing half a page to describe a phenomenon, we simply use the correct symbol or term. But where do these symbols come from and what do they refer to? Let's start with the last part first.
The wild rock pigeon (Columba livia) is our starting point. This bird does not exist as an endemic species in North America. It's a feral (gone wild) bird here. Biologically, itís an African, Asian and European endemic species. The bird is blue bar, i.e., dove-gray with two black bars across its wings and a black subterminal tail bar. The animal has a dove-like head and weighs in at about eight ounces (227 grams). Both males and females have purplish-green iridescence on the neck and may have either a light or dark rump depending where in its range we check it out. There are also minor variations in plumage tone and eye cere color, again, depending on where we sample, but we are going to ignore those for the moment. Overall, the species is fairly uniform. This bird is the standard by which we judge mutations. Our domestic birds are descended from them by selection. Occasionally, among all these birds, wild, feral, or domestic, something different shows up -- maybe a bird with funny colored feathers or one whose smooth head feathers arenít so smooth anymore. Perhaps, they stick up a bit in the back of the neck or under the eye. If these differences can be passed on to the birdís descendants, we call them mutations.
There have been many mutations, some we find attractive and useful -- some we donít. A few of the ones we like and have named are rose (as on a Trumpeter) brown, crest, dilution, rolling, Checker, Spread and reduced. Because a good part of the genetic work with pigeons has been done in the United States, weíve used the English names of the mutations to provide the genetic symbols for them. Thus, rolling is ro, rose is ros, brown is b, crest cr, Checker C, and Spread S. Note one other thing we do when we use a genetic symbol. Some of them are listed with their first letter in lower case (small letter) and some in upper case (capital letter). Thatís because weíve arbitrarily decided as a rule that if we find any particular mutation is recessive to the wild-type condition, we indicate this with the lower case. Conversely, a mutation dominant to the wild-type condition is indicated by using a capital letter. Of course, not all the genetic work on pigeons has been done in the U.S.
The Norwegians were the first to report on Almond. Funny thing, people in Norway speak Norwegian and they have a different name for the mutation English speakers call ďAlmondĒ. In reporting their findings, the Norwegians used the first letters, St, from that word for the genetic symbol, and St became the symbol used worldwide. Thatís why the mutation to almond isnít referred to as ďAlĒ. (The letters ďalĒ are used as a genetic symbol, but for a totally different mutation, albino. Albino is a rare recessive condition which inhibits the formation of melanin, the birdís coloring material, and the bird is pure white with pink eyes.)
One more rule: When geneticists find mutations which fit into exactly the same spot (locus) on a DNA strand as another mutation (an allele), they give all the alleles the same base letter so that this is instantly obvious to other workers. Thus, Almond is St. Its allele Faded is StF; Qualmond is StQ ; and its wild-type allele (non-Almond) is +St. Brown (b), which is rare but not unknown in racing pigeons, also has a dominant allele, Ash-red BA. Its wild-type allele can be symbolized +b. That's just a fancy way of writing "blue-bar".
Racing homers carry many mutations from wild-type. In color alone, they probably rank among the first in pigeon breeds. Without even trying, I can think of Grizzle (G), Whitetail (wt), Indigo (In), recessive red (e), Ash-red (BA), Modena Bronze (TS1), Checker (C), recessive opal (o), and Spread (S). There are many, many more too. Reduced (r), Almond (St), smokey (sy), pearl eye (tr), etc.
For the past sixty years, most work in pigeon genetics has been concerned with feather color, feather ornaments, voice, etc. Little work has been done on the genetics of homing, flight speed and flight style (except for rolling, as in the Birmingham Roller) because such things are harder to quantify and may well involve multigene complexes. Much still remains to be discovered. For that reason, there's much room for good, hard data to be collected, collated and reported on --even by the backyard fancier. Many panic at such a thought. After all, scientists are "intellectuals", way above ordinary mortals. Nice excuse, but it just ain't so. Despite their image as white-coated types who run around muti-billion dollar laboratories and deal in esoterica, anyone with a brain and a willingess to look at the birds can be one. Science is simply a set of steps taken to look at the world. One of those steps involves gathering hard data and reporting on it. Notice I said hard data -- not supposition, rumor or even stories from some loft's glorious past.
Please also notice: You've gotten this far and haven't melted into a pile of goo even though you've been exposed to those "scary" genetic symbols. Maybe, they're not so scary after all, huh? By the way, those two symbols used in the title? The first stands for male - Mar's spear; the second for female - Venus' mirror.
A good listing of symbols used by pigeon geneticists may be found at Robert Mangile's site at this page
Copyright 1997 by Frank Mosca. This work may be downloaded or copied for non-commercial individual use only. All other rights under copyright are retained by the author. | <urn:uuid:3cadb824-263f-4c88-9493-e5e4287cf78c> | {
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Everything you need to understand or teach Incident at Hawk's Hill by Allan W. Eckert.
Incident at Hawk's Hill portrays a less complicated world than that of today.
Evil, characterized by George Burton, and purity, characterized by Benjamin MacDonald, are readily recognizable. In its simplicity, the story itself becomes central. The straightforward plot allows the reader to spend more time absorbing the details of the natural world against which the story unfolds.
Wildlife plays an intricate role in the novel, and anyone who enjoys reading about nature will...
Incident at Hawk's Hill Lesson Plans contain 126 pages of teaching material, including: | <urn:uuid:6993d03c-d265-4def-bd7e-58818d3ba5c6> | {
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Preparation and safety during thunderstorms
Severe weather can affect all parts of Australia and storms can happen anywhere, at any time of year and may be accompanied by damaging winds, large hail, heavy rainfall or tornadoes. All of these phenomena can cause significant damage to
homes, businesses and community infrastructure. By knowing what to do before, during and after a storm you can help reduce the effects on you, your family, home and business.
Check forecasts and warnings
Check the Bureau's website or app for the latest forecasts and warnings to help you keep up to date with what the weather is doing in your neighbourhood. Listen to local and national radio and TV broadcasts for further information about storms
as they're occurring.
Here are some suggestions to help you keep you and your property safe during severe weather. You can find out more information about preparing for and staying safe in severe weather events from your state/territory emergency services (links
When a severe thunderstorm threatens
- Check the Bureau website or app and listen to your local radio station for storm warnings and updates.
- Shelter and secure pets and animals.
- Check your yard or balcony and secure or store items that could blow around in strong winds, e.g. garden furniture, trampolines.
- Park vehicles under solid shelter or cover with firmly tied tarpaulins/blankets.
- Secure all external doors and windows and draw curtains.
- Put valuables, medications and spare warm clothing in plastic bags with your emergency kit and keep it handy.
When the thunderstorm strikes
- Stay inside and shelter well clear of windows, doors and skylights.
- Don't use a fixed telephone during a thunderstorm due to lightning danger.
- Avoid touching brick or concrete, or standing bare-footed on concrete or tiled floors.
- Keep checking the Bureau website or app and listen to your local radio station for storm warnings and updates.
If caught outdoors
- If driving, don't drive into water flowing over roads.
- Don't drive, walk, ride or swim through flood waters.
- Seek shelter in a 'hard-top' (metal-bodied) vehicle or solid building but avoid small open structures or fabric tents.
- Never shelter under small groups of (or single) trees.
- If far from shelter, crouch (alone, feet together), preferably in a hollow. Remove metal objects from your head and body. Don't lie down flat but avoid being the highest object in the vicinity.
- If your hair stands on end or you hear 'buzzing' from nearby rocks, fences etc., move immediately. At night, a blue glow may show if an object is about to be struck (St. Elmo's fire).
- Don't fly kites or model aeroplanes with control wires.
- Don't handle fishing rods, umbrellas or golf clubs etc.
- Stay away from metal poles, fences, clotheslines etc.
- Don't ride horses, bicycles or travel in open vehicles.
- If swimming, surfing etc., leave the water immediately.
- If boating, go ashore to shelter as soon as possible.
- Be sure the mast and stays of a sailing boat are adequately 'grounded' to the water.
Where to get more information
Bureau of Meteorology pre-recorded telephone messages
ACT/New South Wales Coastal, Land Weather and Flood Warnings: 1300 659 218
Victoria Coastal, Land Weather and Flood Warnings: 1300 659 217
Queensland Land Weather and Flood Warnings: 1300 659 219
Western Australia Land Weather and Flood Warnings: 1300 659 213
South Australia Coastal, Land Weather and Flood Warnings: 1300 659 215
Tasmania Coastal, Land Weather and Flood Warnings: 1300 659 216
Northern Territory Coastal and Land Weather Warnings: 1300 659 214
State and territory emergency services
New South Wales NSW SES 132 500
Victoria VIC SES 132 500
Queensland SES 13 74 68
Western Australia DFES 13 3337
South Australia SA SES 132 500
Tasmania Tas SES 132 500
ACT ACT ESA 13 22 81
Northern Territory SecureNT 132 500 | <urn:uuid:bea40350-44eb-4ecd-9e2f-8a27c835925c> | {
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 5% of children and adolescents worldwide.1 Although symptoms decline with age (65% of the affected individuals present partial remission), only 15% of children with ADHD show full remission in early adulthood, characterizing a chronic disorder.2,3 Symptoms include age-inappropriate inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.4 The disorder is highly burdensome, determining significant functional impairments, such as social and family life problems, low educational attainment and school dropout, low self-esteem, impairment in emotional development, occupational problems, and divorce.4 Furthermore, it is associated with other psychiatric comorbidities, especially oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorder and learning disabilities; it also predicts a diversity of negative outcomes, such as future conduct disorder, antisocial behavior, anxiety and mood disorders, substance abuse, and also physical injuries, traffic accidents, premature pregnancy, sexual transmitted diseases, among others.5,6
ADHD is a cause of significant economic costs to society. A recent systematic literature review suggests that the annual incremental costs of the disorder in the U.S. are at least US$ 143 billion.7 Despite that, the disorder is still poorly recognized and treated, and there is a lack of public policies developed to address this condition. In the U.S., less than two-thirds of adolescents with ADHD had ever received some kind of treatment.8 This situation is even more dramatic in low- and middle-income countries. For example, in a community sample of two cities in Brazil that ascertained approximately 10,000 children, 43% of children with ADHD had been previously referred to mental health services, but only 23% had access to some kind of treatment (A Graeff-Martins, personal communication).
The etiology of ADHD has not been completely elucidated.9 Studies have identified a robust genetic contribution to the disorder, with pooled heritability rate of 76%.10 Current data indicate that multiple common genetic variants of small effect - including genes of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and other systems - and possible rare variants, are implicated in the etiology of ADHD.9 Environmental variables are also known to play a role in the disease etiology. Low birth weight, prematurity, and intra-utero exposure to tobacco are among the environmental factors most strongly linked to the development of the disorder.9 It is likely that multiple etiological pathways involving different genetic variants and exposures in complex interaction underlie specific neuropsychological characteristics and clinical symptoms of the disorder (Figure 1). The complexity of the pathways leading to ADHD results in remarkable heterogeneity in many aspects of the disorder, which might be limiting the ability to elucidate the disease etiology.11
Various characteristics of ADHD have been summarized by previous systematic reviews.1,3,9,12,13 The objective of this selected review of the literature is to describe current advances and challenges in the conceptualization, diagnosis, and treatment of the disorder.
ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder
Accumulating evidence supports the notion that ADHD is better understood as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a maturational delay. In the last years, the frequent description of an immature child or adolescent made by parents and teachers has found support in neuroimaging studies.14 A National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study provided unique developmental insights into the neurobiology of ADHD. In a landmark report published in 2007, Shaw et al.15 studied the cortical thickness of 223 patients who had ADHD and 223 typically developing controls. Their results indicated that, rather than a deviation from typical development, ADHD is characterized by a marked delay in reaching peak thickness in many regions and particularly in the prefrontal cortex (median age 10.5 and 7.5 years for the ADHD and control groups, respectively).15 More recently, the same group extended this finding, suggesting a mirror phenomenon in terms of measures of cortical surface area: among children with ADHD, the median age by which 50% of right prefrontal cortical vertices attained peak area was 14.6 years - in comparison to 12.7 years in the healthy control group.16
The developmental aspect of ADHD must be taken into account when characterizing clinical presentation and elaborating new diagnostic criteria. The diagnosis of ADHD is established clinically, based on criteria defined by diagnostic classification systems such as the DSM and ICD. Similar to other psychiatric conditions, there is no ancillary test with sufficient predictive power for the diagnosis of ADHD. Core features of the disorder are developmentally inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (Table 1). Notwithstanding the emphasis regarding the need for a developmental perspective in the assessment of ADHD, limited evidence-based data is available on specific manifestations of the disorder at each period of life.
|A. Either 1) or 2):|
|1. Six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:|
|a) Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities|
|b) Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities|
|c) Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly|
|d) Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)|
|e) Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities|
|f) Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework)|
|g) Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools)|
|h) Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli|
|i) Is often forgetful in daily activities|
|2. Six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:|
|a) Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat|
|b) Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected|
|c) Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)|
|d) Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly|
|e) Is often on the go or often acts as if driven by a motor|
|f) Often talks excessively|
|g) Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed|
|h) Often has difficulty awaiting turn|
|i) Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games)|
|B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years|
|C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school [or work] and at home)|
|D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning|
|E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or a personality disorder)|
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
The validity of ADHD among preschoolers has been an area of particular controversy in the literature. Although there is increasing evidence that ADHD constitutes a valid diagnosis before the age of 6,17 challenges in the diagnostic procedures include, for example, the impossibility of observation in multiple settings for those children not attending preschool - and subsequent lack of information about pervasiveness. Several studies have shown that currently available criteria reliably identify ADHD in children as young as 2 years old and that these individuals have clinically significant impairment across all relationships and settings.18
Research has also documented the validity of ADHD diagnosis among older adolescents and young adults. Despite the observed age-dependent decline in ADHD symptoms, a substantial proportion of individuals continue to present clinically relevant symptoms as they enter into adulthood. Reduction of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms is more significant than that of inattentive symptoms (remission in 70 vs. 40% of individuals, respectively).19 Among the challenges in characterizing ADHD in older individuals, there is the inappropriateness of the description of symptoms (especially hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms) to capture developmental specific clinical manifestation, and difficulties in assessing retrospectively the presence of symptoms in childhood.20 In addition, the clinical picture in adults might be specifically characterized by symptoms related to executive dysfunctions and emotional impulsivity. More importantly, adults might present substantial impairment even with lower number of symptoms in any of the two dimensions (inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity). Thus, a lower symptom threshold for the diagnosis in adults was proposed for the new version of the DSM - DSM-5.20
Other challenges in ADHD diagnosis
In addition to frequent developmentally inappropriate symptoms (at least 6/9 in at least one of the dimensions), there are other requisites for the diagnosis of ADHD according to the DSM-IV-TR. One of the most fragile criteria for the diagnosis of ADHD is the requirement of symptoms causing impairment before the age of 7 years (criterion B). This criterion has been retained in DSM editions despite the lack of empirical support, and a systematic review of the literature found 31 studies questioning its validity, especially to older individuals, for whom there can be problems in terms of retrospective recall.21 Applying this evidence-based approach, the forthcoming DSM-5 will reformulate the criterion, expanding the maximum age at onset to 12 years. This reaffirms ADHD as a disorder of childhood onset, both minimizing false negatives and causing minimal increase in prospectively assessed prevalence rates.22
The requirement of some impairment from the symptoms in two or more settings (criterion C) is intended to avoid including situational-specific problems (e.g., only at home). Interestingly, the low concordance between parental and teacher reports (even when focusing on symptoms at school) suggests that, to capture pervasiveness, information should be gathered with both sources.23 The diagnosis of ADHD is currently excluded in the presence of disorders such as schizophrenia (criterion E). Another change announced for the DSM-5 is the removal of the impossibility of diagnosing ADHD and autism spectrum disorders, as there is sufficient evidence to justify the comorbid diagnosis.24
Data converge to confirm that ADHD is a disorder with developmental features that are associated with neurobiological underpinnings. Future research - preferably using longitudinal designs - is needed to better characterize the neurodevelopmental pathways of the disorder, linking both clinical and neurobiological information.
ADHD as a heterogeneous disorder
It is noteworthy that children with ADHD vary significantly from each other. ADHD, as other psychiatric disorders, is a highly heterogeneous disorder in respect to various aspects, such as symptom profiles, neuropsychological profiles, and neurobiological and genetic features (Figure 1).
One aspect of ADHD heterogeneity is related to its clinical presentation. Diagnosis of mental disorders, according to diagnostic manuals, may be assigned from different combinations of criteria listed under the same disorder.25 In the case of ADHD, six symptoms are required for an individual to meet diagnostic criteria. Because the criteria are subdivided into symptom domains (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity), it is possible that two individuals diagnosed with ADHD do not have the same group of symptoms. The classification of ADHD diagnosis into types (predominantly inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined types) is an attempt to deal with the heterogeneity of clinical presentations. Even so, two individuals with identical ADHD subtypes might be similar in as few as three symptoms. In a community sample of 189 individuals with ADHD, a total of 173 combinations of symptomatic profiles were found. Furthermore, it was detected a median agreement between symptoms of 0.61, with 30% of the sample showing an agreement lower than half of the symptoms (G Salum, personal communication). This indicates the limited ability of the current clinical diagnostic criteria in defining homogeneous populations, which may be one reason why the field has not yet been successful in finding biological markers of ADHD.11 Conversely, a recent comprehensive meta-analyses did not detect significant differences in several assessed areas comparing subjects with different ADHD types (main comparisons between predominantly inattentive and combined types), arguing that these phenotype differences might not be so relevant.26 Based on these findings and on the low developmental stability of ADHD types, the ADHD working group for the DSM-5 recently proposed the downgrade of the types to current presentation.
Another facet of ADHD heterogeneity is neuropsychological heterogeneity. ADHD has been shown to be associated with various neuropsychological impairments. Studies have found that, on average, individuals with ADHD, compared to controls, have worse performance in executive functions, such as: inhibition, working memory, memory span, processing speed, arousal, temporal information processing, response variability; and have also impairments in motivational processes.27 28 29 30 31 32 27-33 However, the findings of neuropsychological impairments are only of moderate effect sizes and not all individuals with the disorder have these dysfunctions.27,34 Sonuga-Barke et al.35 evaluated three neuropsychological domains: inhibitory control, delay aversion, and temporal processing, and found that ADHD children had poorer performance on all domains. However, only 71% of the individuals displayed some deficit, and 70% of those showed just one dysfunction.35 The results suggest that the three domains are independent components of ADHD and support a triple pathway model for ADHD. Fair et al.36 recently conducted another study illustrating the neuropsychological heterogeneity in ADHD. They identified distinct neuropsychological subgroups within ADHD children and also within typically developing children.36 The findings support that ADHD heterogeneity, as well as heterogeneity in typical population, must be considered when trying to elucidate ADHD etiology.
Taking into account heterogeneity in neuropsychological and symptom profiles, theoretical models of ADHD have proposed that dysfunctions in multiple pathways may be involved in the disorder, leading to specific impairments.35,37,38 Nigg & Casey37 proposed that ADHD may arise from: a) dysfunctions in brain cognitive control systems, b) over-reactivity in nucleus accumbens circuit, or c) under-reactivity in amygdalar-frontal circuit; each leading to related but distinct etiological phenotypes, which are, respectively: a) primary inattentive, disorganized, and ineffective behaviors; b) impulsive, overactive behaviors; and c) impulsive conduct problems, antisociality. Sonuga-Barke, who had previously proposed a dual pathway model (i.e. delay aversion and executive dysfunction pathways),38,39 recently suggested that three dissociable pathways might be involved in ADHD etiology.35 The neuroimaging literature has shown that ADHD is related to alterations in several brain systems, including systems involved in attention, cognitive control, emotional, sensorimotor, and reward processes.12,). Most of those studies have focused on single process hypotheses and have not addressed the multiple pathways model. Further evaluation of how distinct neuropsychological or behavioral phenotypes relate to differential neural pathways may be particularly relevant to elucidate heterogeneity of ADHD neural substrates.
ADHD heterogeneity is also evident at the genetic level. Genome-wide association studies are inconclusive, but candidate genes studies have found evidence for the association of various genes with elevated risk for ADHD.48,49 This may suggest that each genetic marker accounts for only a small proportion of heritability, indicating that ADHD arises from a complex interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental conditions.50,51 Numerous possibilities of gene combinations added to countless possible interactions with environmental conditions generate pronounced heterogeneity from the genetic point of view.
Therefore, there is compelling evidence that the heterogeneity of ADHD might be one reason for the diversity of findings and lack of replication. It has become crucial that research concerning all aspects of ADHD, such as neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment, take heterogeneity into account and employ new approaches to deal with this issue.
Efficacy of interventions
The recommendations for ADHD treatment indicate multimodal approaches including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions as the most effective. First-line medications for the treatment of ADHD are stimulants (methylphenidate, mixed amphetamine salts, and amphetamine derivatives - lisdexamfetamine and dextroamphetamine). Second-line medications are atomoxetine, tricyclic antidepressants, bupropion, and alpha-agonists.
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews show moderate to large effect sizes of stimulants in short-term reduction of symptoms.52 53 54 55 52-56 Most of the studies comparing short and long-acting methylphenidate compounds found no significant differences in effect sizes.55,57 However, a meta-analysis looking at medications for adults with ADHD found that the clinical response for short-acting stimulants was greater than for long-acting stimulants.58
Non-stimulants are considered second-line medications in cases of treatment failure, intolerance or contraindication to stimulants and may be an option in specific cases of comorbidity.59 There is good level of evidence provided by meta-analysis of efficacy for atomoxetine.57,60,61 Extended-release clonidine62 63 62-64 and extended-release guanfacine65,66 are also efficacious options for the treatment of ADHD, alone or in combination with stimulants. Other pharmacologic alternatives evaluated for the treatment of ADHD are modafinil, bupropion,57 and tricyclic antidepressants,67 but all of them have showed weaker evidence of efficacy.
Behavioral therapy for ADHD aims to modify the physical and social environment in order to modify behavior. For preschoolers, parent training is the recommended behavioral intervention. This modality of treatment aims to help parents stop inefficacious patterns of interaction with their child by reinforcing child's prosocial behavior and to extinguish unwanted behaviors.68,69
A recent meta-analysis examined 40 studies addressing the efficacy of behavior parent training for parents of children of ADHD.68 A moderate effect size was found regarding the improvement of child behavior and parenting behavior (both measured objectively), and parental perception of parenting. However, these results were observed only immediately after treatment. In a long term (up to 3 years), results remained significant, but with lower magnitude (small effect size). Improvement was more limited for children with associated oppositional defiant disorder or other behavioral problems. Another meta-analysis summarized randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of the following non-pharmacological treatment modalities: restricted elimination diets, artificial food color exclusions, free fatty acid supplementation, cognitive training, neurofeedback, and behavioral interventions.13 Given the restriction to high-quality trials, six to 15 studies were included for each modality. Authors conducted two sets of analysis: the first considered ADHD assessment by raters closest to the therapeutic setting, and the second considered only probably blinded assessment of the outcomes by the individual studies. According to the first set of analysis, all six modalities of intervention produced significant effects. According to the second set of analysis, only free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusion produced significant effects, and the effects of the other four modalities were non-significant.13
Long-term efficacy and effectiveness
The short-term efficacy of ADHD treatment is well documented, but fewer studies, with variable results, have evaluated long-term efficacy and effectiveness. Poor adherence and difficulties in retention during follow-up are probably some of the reasons for this gap in the literature. However, since ADHD is a lifelong condition, it is fundamental to determine the long-term outcomes of the different treatment modalities. The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA)70 is a large trial that compared four treatment modalities (behavioral intervention, medication, combined treatment, or routine community) in respect to several outcomes during 14 months (controlled phase) and the subsequent 8 years (open phase). Results indicated that, after 14 months of follow-up, medication alone or combined with behavior intervention had better results on improving ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, compared to behavior intervention and community care.70 Combined behavioral intervention and medication was no better than medication management, but allowed the use of lower stimulant doses. Secondary analysis looked at rates of success defined by a cutoff on the SNAP-IV score at the end of the treatment.71 Results from the secondary analysis found increased success rates for combined treatment and medication management and confirmed the initial results.71
An 8-year follow-up of MTA children, however, did not find differences between the four treatment groups, and children with ADHD combined subtype showed poorer functioning than non-ADHD children, despite the improved outcomes compared with baseline.72 These results suggest that an initial period of randomly assigned treatment does not change the disorder trajectory. Conclusions from these results are widely discussed. It is possible that: a) treatment was not effective in the long-term; b) medication and behavioral interventions are equally effective; or c) community care is effective in the long-term, and intensive medication management or intensive behavioral therapy improve its effectiveness, but the benefit weakens once the controlled treatment stops.73 It is also argued that the naturalistic design of the follow-up after 1 year (children returned to community care) may have influenced the results.74 In conclusion, long-term controlled studies are needed in order to better understand the continuing effects of different modalities of treatment on symptoms and functioning of individuals with ADHD, and also to explore potential moderators of long-term outcomes.
A recent systematic review summarized findings from studies assessing long-term outcomes of treatment vs. non-treatment of ADHD.75 It was found that ADHD individuals left untreated had poorer long-term outcomes compared to treated individuals in nine major categories, but treatment did not result in normalization. Benefits were more prominent in driving, obesity, self-esteem, social function, academic, and drug use/addictive behavior outcomes. Although the superiority of specific treatment modalities still needs to be further studied, it appears that in general ADHD treatment improves long-term outcomes. However, the field still demands studies to clarify the association between shot-term and long-term effects.
Another challenge for ADHD treatment is determining functional outcomes of treatment (e.g., academic and occupational outcomes). Although few studies have investigated this topic, there is evidence of positive impact on specific outcomes. In regard to academic outcomes, Hechtman et al.76 found improvement of school performance and homework behaviors in children with ADHD treated with medication associated or not with other treatment modalities (psychosocial treatment or academic intervention). A recent review by Prasad et al.77 examined children's on-task behavior and academic performance and found that drug treatment improved children's time spent on task and amount of schoolwork they completed. Scheffler et al.78 also found that medicated children with ADHD had higher mathematics and reading scores. In regard to criminality, during periods under treatment with medication, individuals with ADHD presented lower criminality rates (measured as any conviction for a crime) compared to non-medicated periods.79 Brook et al.80 recently studied the relationship between ADHD in adolescence and several outcomes in adulthood, and found that adolescents with ADHD are more likely to have impaired physical and mental health, antisocial personality disorder, impaired work performance, and high financial stress in adulthood. Raman et al.81 documented that the treatment with stimulants decrease the risk for injuries in children (see slide attached).
In regard to substance use, there is no evidence that medication treatment increases the chance of developing dependence.75 Results are conflicting with respect to the protective potential of treatment. Biederman et al.82 found a reduced risk for substance use disorders in medicated individuals with ADHD after 4 years. This was consistent with an earlier meta-analysis.83 However, a 36-month follow-up of the MTA study84 and a 10-year follow-up study of a clinical sample85 found no association between ADHD treatment and rates of substance use. Additional studies assessing large samples and following up participants into adolescence and/or adulthood are necessary to determine whether treatment has a protective effect on substance use rates and development of dependence.
Treatment of preschool children
Treatment plan for preschoolers must take into account the intensity of symptoms, pervasiveness, but also the velocity and intensity of changes that occur in the brain during this phase. There is scarce data about efficacy and safety of stimulants for this age group, and most of the studies are restricted to methylphenidate.86 The largest randomized controlled trial conducted for this age period is the Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS),87 which included 165 children aged 3 to 5.5 years in the medication phase. The inclusion criteria for this study were very rigorous: only children with moderate to severe ADHD-related impairment for at least 9 months were included; it was also required a level below 55 on the Children's Global Assessment of Functioning Scale; and a cross-site panel of clinicians had to agree about the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the enrollment of each participant. Furthermore, all participants underwent a Parent Training phase and only participants with continued impairment were allowed to begin medication.88 Therefore, children who participated in the study, especially in the medication phase, exhibited severe ADHD, which may explain the high rates of comorbidities they presented.87 The mean optimal daily dose of methylphenidate (0.7±0.4 mg/kg/day) was lower than the dose recommended for school age children.87 There were significant reductions in ADHD symptoms, but the effect sizes (0.4-0.8) were smaller than the ones found for school age children. Despite the relative good tolerability of methylphenidate, adverse effects were more frequent.86 The most common described adverse effects are decreased appetite, stomachache, sleep difficulties, social withdrawal, lethargy, dysphoria, crying, whining, and irritability.
In respect to non-stimulant treatment, there is a randomized controlled trial of atomoxetine in 5- and 6-year old children with ADHD, demonstrating significant improvement in symptom scores compared to placebo.89 One-third to one-fourth of subjects reported adverse events, which included weight loss, decreased appetite, sedation, and gastrointestinal discomfort, but they were not related to treatment discontinuation.
Group-based parent training is a psychosocial intervention tested for preschool ADHD. Sonuga-Barke et al.90 performed a controlled trial with 3-year-old children with ADHD, who were randomized to parent training, parent counseling and support, or a waiting list group. They found that parent training significantly improved ADHD symptoms (in clinical and direct observation measures) and mother's sense of well-being, and 53% of children in the parent training group met criteria for recovery by the end of the trial. The beneficial effects of parent training were still present 15 weeks after treatment. Another study by Jones et al.91 evaluated the effectiveness of parent training for reducing ADHD symptoms in preschool children with ADHD symptoms (not a formal ADHD diagnosis) and conduct problems, and found similar results. Parent training was associated with significant greater reduction in ADHD symptoms, and 52% of children in the parent training group presented symptom scores below clinical threshold by the end of the intervention (against 21% for the waiting list control group). However, Barkley et al.92 found no effect of parent training on ADHD symptoms in kindergarteners, which may be explained by the low adherence to treatment, inclusion of children with symptom scores above a cutoff in a dimensional rating scale but without a formal diagnosis of ADHD, lack of impaired functioning indicated by parents and teachers, and the training format (delivered in a didactic format). Evidence for the effectiveness of parent treatment for improving ADHD symptoms in preschoolers is still limited and additional controlled trials with children formally diagnosed with ADHD are needed.86
Clinical guidelines indicate psychosocial intervention as first-line treatment for preschool children with ADHD. The guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics,17 the Preschool Psychopharmacology Working Group,93 and the NICE Guideline94 recommend specifically group-based parent training, reserving methylphenidate for the more impaired cases or for those children who do not benefit significantly from behavior treatment.17,86,93,94 Future studies should assess the efficacy and safety of other stimulants, of stimulants compared to parent training, and their short- and long-term effects in this age range, as well as long-term effects of psychosocial interventions.
Treatment of adults
Literature about the treatment of adults with ADHD is not as extensive as for school-age children, but a considerable amount of data is already available. Pooled estimation from meta-analysis shows that stimulants decrease adults' ADHD symptoms in short-term bases with a medium to large effect size. When stimulants as a group are compared to placebo, the effect size found is 0.67.95 Other meta-analyses found effect sizes of 0.9 for methylphenidate,96 0.73 for mixed amphetamine salts,97 0.8 for lisdexamfetamine (extracted from a single study),97 and 0.6 for dextroamphetamine.97 Non-stimulants, when considered as a group, seem to be inferior to stimulants, with pooled effect size of 0.3953 and 0.59.95 Meta-analytic data also showed bupropion to be superior to placebo but less effective than stimulants.58,98,99
Other non-stimulants were assessed by clinical trials with no meta-analysis yet available. The superiority of atomoxetine to placebo has been demonstrated in a pooled post-hoc estimation combining data from six double-blind trials100 and also by additional more recent clinical trials.101 102 101-103 Modafinil was not superior to placebo in a well conducted clinical trial that included more than 300 patients.104 Limited evidence is available for alpha-2-agonists for adults.105 A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial compared the efficacy of guanfacine with dextroamphetamine for the treatment of ADHD in adults.106 The study found that guanfacine was similar to dextroamphetamine in reducing ADHD symptoms, compared to placebo, but only guanfacine improved performance on the Color-Word subtest of Stroop, indicating an enhancement of focused attention by guanfacine. A nicotinic agonist has also been studied for treating adult ADHD.107 A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, with a crossover design, selected adults with ADHD to receive placebo and ABT-894, α4β2 (a subtype of neuronal nicotinic receptors) agonist, or atomoxetine.107 ABT-894 4 mg twice-daily was comparable to atomoxetine and superior to placebo in reducing ADHD symptoms, but additional studies, with larger sample sizes, greater power, and a parallel design (to avoid results susceptibility to carryover effects) are need to better evaluate the safety and efficacy of this drug.
Psychosocial interventions for adults do not appear to be effective as sole treatment, but evidence shows that they may be effective as adjunctive treatment to psychopharmacological therapy for individuals with residual symptoms.108 The best evidence comes from a trial conducted by Safren et al.109 The study enrolled 86 adults with ADHD who were already being prescribed medication and randomized them to cognitive behavioral therapy or relaxation with attentional support. Cognitive behavioral therapy was associated with greater improvement in ADHD symptoms - with improved scores in the ADHD-rating scale, Clinical Global Impression severity, and self-report ADHD scale -, and the benefits were maintained after 12 months of follow-up.
As children and adolescents mature, further studies should be conducted to assess the continuous efficacy of treatment in adulthood, as well as for newly diagnosed individuals. Additionally, new compounds with already available preliminary data should be further tested.
Pharmacological treatment of ADHD may be associated with a range of adverse effects. Adverse effects are mostly mild and/or transitory, and although serious adverse events are rare, they are a subject of concern and debates.110 The European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG) recently reviewed the most common adverse effects and proposed recommendations for clinical management.111 The most common adverse effects associated with stimulants are reduction of appetite, sleep disturbance, tics, seizures, and psychotic symptoms. The impact of stimulants on growth and its cardiovascular risks prompted significant concerns among clinicians and authorities and debate in the media.
Growth delay is likely caused by inappropriate nutrition due to loss of appetite.112 A review found deficit in height associated with stimulant use, but also found that the deficit tends to attenuate over time.112 Some studies also found that growth delay is dose-dependent and can be compensated within 2 years after discontinuing treatment.112 Recommendations from the EAGG to manage growth deficit involve: managing loss of appetite (high-caloric snacks, medication after meals, late evening meals); monitoring appetite, weight, height and body mass index regularly; alternative options (i.e., medication holidays, pausing medication on weekends); and referring to a growth specialist if necessary.111 Table 2 displays clinical recommendations for managing appetite loss and growth delay in children treated with ADHD medications.
|1. Monitor weight, height, BMI, and appetite regularly. Use standardized national charts for monitoring height, weight, and BMI.|
|2. To reduce appetite loss: give medication after meals, use high-calorific snacks and late evening meals.|
|3. Alternative for managing appetite loss and/or growth delay:|
|a. Discontinue medication during weekends or drug holidays may be useful, but the risk-benefit balance should be carefully considered.|
|b. Switch medication to another class or formulation.|
|4. Refer child to an endocrinologist or growth specialist if weight and/or height values are below critical thresholds.|
BMI = body mass index.
Because stimulants can potentially increase blood pressure and heart rate, a lot has been speculated about the risk of serious cardiac events of stimulant users. Nevertheless, there is evidence that stimulants are not associated with changes in electrocardiographic parameters or with serious cardiovascular events (meaning sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction and stroke).113 114 113-115 Habel et al.115 conducted a retrospective cohort study, evaluating electronic health records of 443,198 adults, of whom 150,359 were users of ADHD medications (methylphenidate, amphetamine, or atomoxetine) at baseline. The study investigated cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke. No evidence was found for the association of current use with increased risk of cardiovascular events, compared with nonuse or remote use (risk ratio of any cardiovascular event for current use = 1.03; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.86-1.24). Similar results were found in another retrospective cohort study that analyzed automated data from health plans from more than 1,200,000 children and young adults.114 The results showed that current use of ADHD drugs was not associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events (hazard ratio of cardiovascular events for current use = 0.75, 95%CI 0.32-1.85), but the upper limit of 1.85 for the wide confidence interval found requires attention. It is recommended to investigate history of heart disease and family history of sudden death under the age of 40, and to refer the patient to a complete cardiologic evaluation before commencing treatment if either of those is present.111 Heart rate and blood pressure should be assessed at baseline and monitored regularly during the course of treatment, but there is no evidence to support routine electrocardiogram before prescribing ADHD medication.111 Table 3 shows recommendations regarding monitoring and managing cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents treated with ADHD medications.
|1. Before starting ADHD medication:|
|a. Conduct detailed interview to investigate personal and familial cardiovascular risk factors. If there is history of risk factors, refer to the child/adolescent's primary care physician or cardiologist.|
|b. Measure baseline BP and heart rate. If readings are above normal for age/gender/height (≥ 95th percentile), refer to the primary care physician for further evaluation.|
|c. Routine ECG is not mandatory.|
|2. During treatment with ADHD medication:|
|a. Repeat BP and heart rate measures at each visit. If readings are above normal for age/gender/height (≥ 95th percentile), refer to the primary care physician or indicate drug reduction or drug holiday.|
|b. Monitor change in personal or familial history of cardiovascular risk and refer to the primary care physician, if necessary.|
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BP = blood pressure; ECG = electrocardiogram.
The presence of adverse events should be evaluated and managed carefully when prescribing ADHD medications but, although all effort should be made to avoid exposing patients to unnecessary harm, it is important to adequately treat individuals who need treatment. It is also fundamental to perform a detailed assessment of pretreatment conditions and family history that increases risk for severe adverse events, avoiding negative events that can be anticipated.
There has been a growing investment in research on ADHD over the years. As a result, accumulating evidence supports the validity of the diagnosis. Current data indicate that ADHD is the outcome of deviant developmental processes and complex interactions between genetic variants and environmental exposures. There is no identifiable risk factor at the present moment that is either sufficient or necessary for the occurrence of the disorder. Therefore, it is hypothesized that different combinations of risk factors can lead to ADHD. The underlying etiological heterogeneity is likely to result in heterogeneity in the clinical presentation; countless different combinations of cognitive impairments and behavioral manifestations can be identified in individuals classified under the diagnosis of ADHD.
ADHD is frequently associated with important negative outcomes during development and in adulthood. Therefore, early detection and intervention are fundamental for reducing the burden of the disorder for the individuals, families, and the society. The efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents has been extensively demonstrated for the short-term treatment of the disorder. Less data is available for the long-term treatment and for non-pharmacological interventions. Evidence for the treatment of preschoolers and adults with ADHD is also less abundant. In the near future, long-term follow-up studies, evaluation of less studied populations, and development and assessment of new interventions are expected to contribute to further advance the knowledge about ADHD. | <urn:uuid:c2b6c451-583f-4436-9d7d-87ff6ba03f2b> | {
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The Fish and Wildlife Service seems confounded by the negative response to listing the lesser prairie chicken as a threatened species.
In designating the lesser prairie chicken as threatened, a step down from endangered but warranting specific protections, it had provided assurances that no additional federal regulations that might have an adverse impact on economic activities would be imposed.
Then why make the designation in the first place? In place is a perfectly good regional plan, which will provide 3.6 million acres to lesser prairie chicken conservation in New Mexico and four neighboring states.
These federal officials are confidently pointing to the benefits of additional government funding for conservation that come with the threatened species designation. Yet these same experts are in danger of being assailed again, by failing to grasp the growing concern over the economic costs of such conservation — a crisis of confidence that threatens to halt environmental regulation.
From Colorado to Texas, more and more people are expressing concern about the economic downside associated with regulating species like the lesser prairie chicken, including restrictions on agriculture, oil and gas drilling, ranching and construction of power lines. Many people are understandably concerned about the loss of jobs and revenue.
Until recently, there was reason to assume that the five range states — Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Kansas — would be able to manage the birds’ habitat in ways that would prove beneficial for multiple land use. Contrary to some assumptions about the density of oil and gas operations, the footprints are decreasing, not increasing. The number of oil-and-gas wells in close quarters is decreasing because of technological advancements that allow multiple wells to be drilled from a single pad. Oil and gas operations do not pose a threat to the lesser prairie chicken.Protecting this birds’ habitat must not overshadow another, bigger challenge: accelerating the production of low-carbon natural gas for use in electricity generation, transportation, and manufacturing.
Make no mistake; habitat conservation is wise and necessary. The birds’ numbers have dropped dramatically — 84 percent in the past 15 years and 50 percent in the last year alone, according to the Fish and Wildlife Service. Experts say that much of the problem is due to the prolonged drought.
Conservation measures under the range-wide plan, if properly executed, should help the species. Working to save the lesser prairie chicken is a project that industry leaders and federal and state wildlife officials in the region should be able to agree on. But the decision to list the lesser prairie chicken as a threatened species is not the solution.
The Fish and Wildlife Service ought to rescind its designation so there is no risk of industries facing high costs from mitigation fees and potential legal liabilities beyond what they can economically afford. The process could chart a path for industry and conservationists to work together to not only save wildlife habitats but address other environmental issues.
Jim Constantopoulos is a geology professor at Eastern New Mexico University. Contact him at: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:59305c5a-da1e-4c62-b17c-cc493c1d2036> | {
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It was reviewed in the Boston Globe, by John Merriman, a Yale University history professor.
When German forces stormed into Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, Lodz was the country's second-largest city and the second-largest Jewish community in Poland. The city's population was well over 600,000, including about 200,000 Jews, most quite poor. The German population of Lodz was about 60,000. The city would never be the same.
German propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels proclaimed Lodz a hideous city, industrial, dirty, and diseased, because so many Jews lived there. The city was renamed Lodsch and the following April named Litzmannstadt, after a World War I general and fervent Nazi. Polish names had to go. The largest boulevard became Adolf-Hitler-Strasse.
Litzmannstadt was to be a modern city without Jews or other Poles, ready to welcome ethnic Germans from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, Galicia, Estonia, and Latvia. Jews would be confined in a ghetto on the northern edge of the city, before being banished. In May 1940, 164,000 Jews lived in a ghetto no more than four kilometers square, barbed wire separating them from the rest of the city. The buildings they left behind were "decontaminated."
In 1941, a film crew recorded the efficient city: a park with pond and walkways, festivals, concerts, sports and a zoo of exotic animals.
The head of the Jewish community in 1939, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski coordinated the implementation of Nazi policies dealing with the Jews, and organized the ghetto, schools, hospitals, orphans and the elderly.
The ghetto was to pay for its upkeep. Gold, silver, currency, and jewelry confiscated from Jewish families and then sold would not be nearly enough. Hans Biebow served as the German director of the industrial work of the ghetto, working with Rumkowski. Biebow's obsession was to assure the productivity of the work force. Tailors, seamstresses, and other workers and more than 5,000 sewing machines would turn out uniforms, underwear, earmuffs, gloves, hats, boots and shoes (200,000 pairs in December 1942) for Nazi soldiers, and clothes for the German domestic market.
The review says:
"Ghettostadt" is wrenching, absolutely heartbreaking. We of course already know the horrific outcome. The Jews then remaining in the ghetto, hoping against hope, did not. Part of the sheer horror of it all is the recounting of daily life, amid disease, hunger, and death, each rumor generating waves of anxiety, anguish, and panic, particularly as deportations increased. ...
The 68,000 people remaining in the ghetto at the end of July 1944 were were taken away to be exterminated.
Read the complete article at the link above. | <urn:uuid:1eb86fc0-2473-4296-8a95-cf7cd68780e3> | {
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Document for January 6th:
President Franklin Rooseveltís Annual Message (Four Freedoms) to Congress
This speech delivered by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941, became known as his "Four Freedoms Speech," due to a short closing portion describing the Presidentís vision in which the American ideals of individual liberties were extended throughout the world.
Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of FDR's Four Freedoms Speech at the FDR Library
Read more at the Our Documents
Share, comment and suggest new documents at the Today's Document Tumblr Blog | <urn:uuid:3f0b1056-f830-44e3-82f5-3754961ca650> | {
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How did supermassive black holes get so big? New data give a clue.
Scientists have now measured the spin of a supermassive black hole, describing the rate in terms of the energy needed to sustain the spin. These black holes are thought to occupy the center of virtually every galaxy.
Courtesy of JPL-Caltech/NASA/Reuters
For the first time, scientists have measured the spin of a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy – a measurement that could help explain how these objects got so large.
Supermassive black holes are thought to occupy the center of virtually every galaxy in the universe. They tip the cosmic scales at millions or billions of times the sun's mass.
The supermassive black hole in question spins furiously at the center of the Great Barred Spiral Galaxy, formally known as NGC 1365. It lies some 56 million light-years away in the constellation Fornax. The black hole at its center has 2 million times the mass of the sun.
Putting a miles-per-hour number on the rate of the spin is tough because a black hole has no real surface and no timing markers, explains Fiona Harrison, an astrophysicist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and the lead scientist behind NASA's NuSTAR orbiting X-ray telescope, one of two X-ray telescopes that contributed to the discovery.
Instead, scientists describe the rate in terms of the energy needed to sustain the spin. This black hole's spin is sustained by an amount of energy equivalent to the energy released by a billion stars shining for a billion years, says Dr. Harrison, who is a member of a team reporting the results in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
"That's a huge amount of rotational energy," she says.
Indeed, it represents 84 percent of the maximum spin rate predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity, adds Guido Risaliti, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., who was the lead author of the paper in Nature.
The supermassive black hole's high spin rate provides a direct clue as to how it grew, researchers say.
"We believe that these black holes were born when the universe was only about 10 percent of its current age," said Arvind Parmar, mission manager for the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton orbiting X-ray telescope, during a press briefing Thursday afternoon. Back then, Dr. Parmar says, these objects would have tipped the cosmic scales at 20 or 30 times the sun's mass.
They can grow as galaxies collide and their central black holes merge. If both black holes are spinning in the same direction, the merger would result in a black hole with amped-up spin. Likewise, if the black hole continuously feeds on material in its host galaxy in what's called ordered accretion, the spin would accelerate as well. If feeding is random, however, spin rates would be relatively slow.
Thus, for this black hole, the results imply either constant feeding, a merger, or both, Parmar suggests.
Now that researchers have demonstrated that a supermassive black hole's spin can be measured, the next step is to observe these objects in ever more-distant galaxies that span a large stretch of cosmic time.
"This will allow us to probe the importance of accretion and the importance of mergers in creating the universe we see today," he says.
Measuring a supermassive black hole's rate of spin represents a 20-year-old problem in astrophysics that researchers were able to solve with three days' worth of observations from NuSTAR and XMM-Newton.
The X-rays appear thanks to energetic charged particles that are accelerated by a black hole's magnetic field. The particles form into jets that vault into space from the black hole's north and south poles, streaming for distances that can top 1 million light-years.
The region of a jet with the most intense X-ray emissions lies at the end nearest the black hole. These X-rays can in effect be reflected by the swirling disk of material falling into the supermassive black hole.
Meanwhile, the black hole's enormous gravity tugs on the very fabric of space-time itself as the object spins, distorting the disk of infalling material. The largest amount of distortion appears in the region nearest the black hole's event horizon – the point of no return for infalling material. This distortion shows up in the spectra of the disk material, carried by the X-rays that the material reflects. The brightest, most distorted spectra provide a measure of the black hole's spin.
Between the two telescopes, the researchers were able to measure iron's X-ray spectra from the black hole's vicinity with higher precision, in more detail, and over a wider range of X-ray energies than previous instruments could. This not only allowed them to zero in on emissions closest to the black hole, but it also allowed them to rule out competing explanations for the spectra they recorded. | <urn:uuid:6b0654e3-e9a2-4cc6-b608-f6616244e9fe> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
The central dogma of molecular biology outlines that in synthesizing proteins, DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into protein. One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA is that eukaryotic mRNA can contain introns (intervening sequences), which are not coding sequences, per se, and must be spliced out of the mRNA before it is translated into protein. Prokaryotic mRNA has no introns, so it is not subject to splicing.
Often it is desirable to express eukaryotic genes in prokaryotic cells. A simplified method of doing so would include the addition of eukaryotic DNA to a prokaryotic host, which would transcribe the DNA to mRNA and then translate it to protein. However, as eukaryotic DNA has introns, and since prokaryotes lack the machinery to splice them, the splicing of eukaryotic DNA must be done prior to adding the eukaryotic DNA into the host (as well, before placing the eukaryotic DNA into the prokaryote, it must be methylated and a prokaryotic promoter region must be added). This spliced DNA is called complementary DNA.
Though there are several methods for doing so, cDNA is most often synthesized from mature (fully spliced) mRNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This enzyme operates on a single strand of mRNA, generating its complementary DNA based on the pairing of RNA base pairs (A, U, G, C) to their DNA complements (T, A, C, G).
To obtain eukaryotic cDNA whose introns have been spliced:
- A eukaryotic cell transcribes the DNA (from a gene) into RNA (pre-mRNA).
- The same cell processes the pre-mRNA strand by splicing out introns, and adding a poly-A tail and GTP cap.
- This mature mRNA strand is extracted from the cell.
- A poly-T oligonucleotide is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template. (Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.)
- Reverse transcriptase is added, along with deoxynucleotide triphosphates (A, T, G, C).
The reverse transcriptase scans the mature mRNA and synthesizes a sequence of DNA that complements the mRNA template. This strand of DNA is complementary DNA.
Note that the central dogma of molecular biology is broken in this process.
|Nucleic acids edit|
|Nucleobases: Adenine - Thymine - Uracil - Guanine - Cytosine - Purine - Pyrimidine|
|Nucleosides: Adenosine - Uridine - Guanosine - Cytidine - Deoxyadenosine - Thymidine - Deoxyguanosine - Deoxycytidine|
|Nucleotides: AMP - UMP - GMP - CMP - ADP - UDP - GDP - CDP - ATP - UTP - GTP - CTP - cAMP - cGMP|
|Deoxynucleotides: dAMP - dTMP - dUMP - dGMP - dCMP - dADP - dTDP - dUDP - dGDP - dCDP - dATP - dTTP - dUTP - dGTP - dCTP|
|Nucleic acids: DNA - RNA - LNA - PNA - mRNA - ncRNA - miRNA - rRNA - siRNA - tRNA - cDNA - snRNA - snoRNA - mtDNA - Oligonucleotide
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Fordlandia: Henry Ford's Ill-Fated Foray Into the Brazilian Jungle
We remember Henry Ford as the automotive magnate who perfected assembly line technology, but he also dabbled in ambitious social programs, including one in which he hired ex-convicts straight out of Sing Sing to staff his factories. Although many of these efforts were successful, Ford's ill-fated foray into the Brazilian jungle was a notable and fascinating exception.
If you're going to make millions of cars, you're going to need an awful lot of rubber. In 1927, Ford came up with a novel plan: he'd solve his rubber problem and test out his lofty theories about social planning. If everything went well, he could craft both a utopia full of healthy, productive workers and a direct pipeline of coveted rubber to Detroit.
Ford approached the task with characteristic zeal. He talked the Brazilian government into granting him 10,000 square kilometers of land in the Amazon rainforest "“ a plot that was nearly twice as big as the state of Delaware - in exchange for a nine-percent cut of the plantation's profits. In theory, this setup seemed like one of Ford's ideas that would shake out pretty well, and in 1928, Ford sent a barge full of supplies from Michigan down to his new plantation town, which was dubbed "Fordlandia."
Growing Rubber in the Jungle
Unfortunately for Ford's stockholders, though, the captain of industry didn't always have a great eye for detail. (One famous story about Ford was that he disliked accountants so fiercely that he never had his company audited. By the end of his tenure, the Ford Motor Company allegedly had no idea exactly how much it cost to build a car.) Ford didn't check to see if the plantation was suitable for growing rubber. According to Greg Grandin, author of Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City, Ford never consulted any sort of expert on rubber cultivation; he just sent a bunch of supplies and managers into the jungle hoping to grow some rubber.
Ford was legendarily contemptuous of experts, but he could have saved some serious dough if he'd just hired a consultant to tell him that the plantation wasn't at all suitable for growing rubber. The land wasn't very fertile, but that wasn't the main problem. The real difficulty was that it's practically impossible to farm rubber in a plantation setting in the Amazon rainforest. To grow the trees on a commercial scale, you've got to pack them in fairly close together, and at that point they become incredibly susceptible to blight and insect attacks. Fordlandia's trees were no exception, and caterpillars and blight quickly decimated the fields. [Images courtesy of Fordlandia.com.]
Not Exactly a Worker's Paradise
Obviously, the rubber-production part of the Fordlandia got off to a rocky start. How was the "worker's paradise" part of things going, though? Even more abysmally. The American managers and their families that Ford imported from Michigan weren't accustomed to the sweltering Brazilian heat and headed back north with an alarming frequency. The heavy machinery used on the plantation left deep ruts in the soft soil, which collected stagnant water and became breeding grounds for malaria-ridden mosquitoes.
Ford had attempted to design Fordlandia like any American town, complete with schools, restaurants, a golf course, and shops. The catch here, though, was that the indigenous Brazilians who farmed the rubber weren't used to living in a stylized American community. Worse still, the plantation's workers were expected to work a strict shift from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m., whereas normal harvesting practices in the region saw workers hit the fields before dawn, take a long break, and then head out again at twilight to save themselves the misery of working in the tropical midday heat.
Worse still, Ford's influence extended all the way down to the residents' diets, and while the indigenous workers weren't crazy about having to eat American foods, they were livid about having to eat in a cafeteria setting rather than enjoying the homestyle meals to which they were accustomed. Eventually, the workers decided they'd had enough of the affront of cafeteria dining and rioted during a meal.
As the American managers fled to the safety of boats, the workers destroyed their mess hall and continued to riot until Brazilian soldiers came in to suppress violence.
Another sticking point for the workers was Ford's insistence that his model community be entirely free of alcohol and tobacco. Although Prohibition wasn't exactly an unqualified success at home, and although alcohol was still legal in Brazil, Ford stayed firm on his booze ban. Workers who needed a drink were forced just outside the city limits to buy a bottle of cachaca; enterprising liquor salesman could simply paddle by on the river and unload their wares.
End of the Road
Eventually, even though Henry Ford steadfastly insisted that the community could thrive and help introduce American-style industrialization to the rest of the world, it became abundantly clear that the noble Fordlandia experiment was a flop. After the perfection of synthetic rubber in 1945, Ford sold the plantation at a $20 million loss and left Brazil.
Just how much of a fiasco was the Fordlandia experiment? Although Ford spent 17 years trying to produce rubber on the plantation, no Ford car ever rolled off the assembly line with a single bit of Fordlandia's rubber in it.
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The reinforced levees held, battle-worn residents evacuated, and Hurricane Gustav faded over the Gulf Coast this Labor Day weekend with just one glaring lesson of Katrina left unfulfilled: Storm survivors need more emergency power.
In a stroke of good timing by city planners and bus manufacturers as approximately 1 millions homes and business fought to recover power throughout Louisiana and Mississippi, hybrid-electric bus fleets were beginning plans to retrofit to provide electricity during emergencies. Cities are already buying these vehicles because they reduce fuel costs and air pollution, but as the buses generate more power and manage it better with onboard computers, San Francisco and other trailblazing cities could become models for the hidden power of mass transit to disaster-prone urban centers like New Orleans, which has only restocked on biodiesel buses since Katrina.
Researchers at BAE Systems, a major vendor of municipal hybrid buses, are leveraging research done for the military to pitch cities on tapping power from mass transit buses. "If you're going to have these power plants rolling around, it would be good to have them do something when they are not rolling around," says Sean Bond, president of BAE's Platform Solutions group. "The primary demand [for hybrid buses] was emissions reduction, and that has morphed into preventing greenhouse gasses and fuel savings. Another unintended consequence is the ability to provide power off the vehicle."
Diesel-powered engines in hybrid electric buses store energy in batteries and use software to determine where and when extra power is needed, such as when a bus climbs a hill. These technologies could serve as the basis of mobile generators. However, it will take more than extension cords to make the scheme work. City buses run off DC power, but the electric grid uses AC at a different amplitude and frequency, so a converter is needed to use vehicles to connect to a power distribution panel.
The U.S. Army will power its next generation vehicles with hybrid power technology, but they are also planning to export power from the vehicles when they are not operating in the field. (The Army is also considering instilling the ability to export power from its current fleet of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles.) The Army uses a suitcase-size device called an Exportable Power Inverter to tap an armored vehicle's supply of DC power for use on applications that run on AC power. In civilian disaster response, these converters could be installed on the buses, kept at the sites of vital facilities or included in the deployment kits of first responders. New buses could be built with outlets in place, while current fleets would need a retrofit in order to export power.
Diesel-powered engines in hybrid-electric buses provide energy that is stored in batteries, with software that determines where and when the extra power is needed, such as when a bus climbs a hill. BAE's newest buses, expected to reach full rate production next year, produce 200 kilowatts when the engine speed is at 2300 rpms. BAE, using data of power consumption from national surveys, estimate a single city bus could provide power to 36 households for a full day or a 12,400 sq.-ft. hospital for 22 hours, on a single tank of diesel gas.
Ironically, cities with fleets of hybrid buses tend to be the places that already have the best contingency-power plans and generators. Still, having additional sources of power can only improve a city's disaster planning. In 2006 San Francisco city officials chose to buy diesel electric buses in part because they could power command centers and move stalled electric vehicles like streetcars from intersections, according to Marty Mellera, the chief of green programs for the city's transit authority. The buses are not yet ready to provide emergency power, but Mellera says planning with first responders is well underway. | <urn:uuid:e21f844f-93dd-4034-866e-9c8eaa050846> | {
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Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign
African Grandmothers: Leading the Way
African grandmothers are central to the Life of their communities. They teach about HIV prevention and treatment, harvest the crops and create income-generating programmes. They form support groups and deliver succour and hope through home-based care. African grandmothers have stepped in to care for orphaned grandchildren, putting them through school and helping them through the loss of their parents, even as they work through their own grief.
In the face of discrimination based on sex, age and HIV status, and with few resources, they are courageous advocates for their families and communities. Their collective voice is growing stronger—pressing for their human rights and a hopeful future. In the context of the AIDS pandemic, they are the undeniable experts.
The Grandmothers Campaign in Canada: Acts of Solidarity
The Stephen Lewis Foundation launched the Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign in 2006, with just a few groups. In 8 years it has grown to 240 groups across Canada with more than 10,000 grandmothers and grand'others', women and men, involved. Large or small, they are united in their commitment to the right of African Grandmothers to support in their struggle, and the rights of the children orphaned by AIDS, to food, safe housing, education, and hope for the future. Since its inception, the Grandmothers Campaign has raised over $21 million for this purpose. For more information, please visit Grandmothers Campaign. | <urn:uuid:5c532474-dac5-4d87-aa00-16e6c7716859> | {
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Matthew Henry's Commentary
Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut;
45:1-4 Cyrus is called God's anointed; he was designed and qualified for his great service by the counsel of God. The gates of Babylon which led to the river, were left open the night that Cyrus marched his army into the empty channel. The Lord went before him, giving entrance to the cities he besieged. He gave him also treasures, which had been hidden in secret places. The true God was to Cyrus an unknown God; yet God foreknew him; he called him by his name. The exact fulfilment of this must have shown Cyrus that Jehovah was the only true God, and that it was for the sake of Israel that he was prospered. In all the changes of states and kingdoms, God works out the good of his church.
I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight: I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron:
And I will give thee the treasures of darkness, and hidden riches of secret places, that thou mayest know that I, the LORD, which call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel.
For Jacob my servant's sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me.
I am the LORD, and there is none else, there is no God beside me: I girded thee, though thou hast not known me:
45:5-10 There is no God beside Jehovah. There is nothing done without him. He makes peace, put here for all good; and creates evil, not the evil of sin, but the evil of punishment. He is the Author of all that is true, holy, good, or happy; and evil, error, and misery, came into the world by his permission, through the wilful apostacy of his creatures, but are restrained and overruled to his righteous purpose. This doctrine is applied, for the comfort of those that earnestly longed, yet quietly waited, for the redemption of Israel. The redemption of sinners by the Son of God, and the pouring out the Spirit, to give success to the gospel, are chiefly here intended. We must not expect salvation without righteousness; together the Lord hath created them. Let not oppressors oppose God's designs for his people. Let not the poor oppressed murmur, as if God dealt unkindly with them. Men are but earthen pots; they are broken potsherds, and are very much made so by mutual contentions. To contend with Him is as senseless as for clay to find fault with the potter. Let us turn God's promises into prayers, beseeching him that salvation may abound among us, and let us rest assured that the Judge of all the earth will do right.
That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else.
I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things.
Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness: let the earth open, and let them bring forth salvation, and let righteousness spring up together; I the LORD have created it.
Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker! Let the potsherd strive with the potsherds of the earth. Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it, What makest thou? or thy work, He hath no hands?
Woe unto him that saith unto his father, What begettest thou? or to the woman, What hast thou brought forth?
Thus saith the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to come concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands command ye me.
45:11-19 Believers may ask in prayer for what they need; if for their good, it will not be withheld. But how common to hear God called to account for his dealings with man! Cyrus provided for the returning Jews. Those redeemed by Christ shall be provided for. The restoration would convince many, and convert some; and all that truly join the Lord, find his service perfect freedom. Though God be his people's God and Saviour, yet sometimes he lays them under his frowns; but let them wait upon the Lord who hides his face. There is a world without end; and it will be well or ill with us, according as it shall be with us in that world. The Lord we serve and trust, is God alone. All that God has said is plain, satisfactory, and just. As God in his word calls us to seek him, so he never denied believing prayers, nor disappointed believing expectations. He gives grace sufficient, and comfort and satisfaction of soul.
I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded.
I have raised him up in righteousness, and I will direct all his ways: he shall build my city, and he shall let go my captives, not for price nor reward, saith the LORD of hosts.
Thus saith the LORD, The labour of Egypt, and merchandise of Ethiopia and of the Sabeans, men of stature, shall come over unto thee, and they shall be thine: they shall come after thee; in chains they shall come over, and they shall fall down unto thee, they shall make supplication unto thee, saying, Surely God is in thee; and there is none else, there is no God.
Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Saviour.
They shall be ashamed, and also confounded, all of them: they shall go to confusion together that are makers of idols.
But Israel shall be saved in the LORD with an everlasting salvation: ye shall not be ashamed nor confounded world without end.
For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else.
I have not spoken in secret, in a dark place of the earth: I said not unto the seed of Jacob, Seek ye me in vain: I the LORD speak righteousness, I declare things that are right.
Assemble yourselves and come; draw near together, ye that are escaped of the nations: they have no knowledge that set up the wood of their graven image, and pray unto a god that cannot save.
45:20-25 The nations are exhorted to draw near to Jehovah. None besides is able to help; he is the Saviour, who can save without the assistance of any, but without whom none can save. If the heart is brought into the obedience of Christ, the knee will cheerfully obey his commands. To Christ men shall come from every nation for blessings; all that hate his cause shall be put to shame, and all believers shall rejoice in him as their Friend and Portion. All must come to him: may we now come to him as the Lord our Righteousness, walking according to his commandments.
Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? have not I the LORD? and there is no God else beside me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me.
Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth: for I am God, and there is none else.
I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, That unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.
Surely, shall one say, in the LORD have I righteousness and strength: even to him shall men come; and all that are incensed against him shall be ashamed.
In the LORD shall all the seed of Israel be justified, and shall glory. | <urn:uuid:c8c8998b-18b4-42b3-be25-11466815435b> | {
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Here is a list of some words and terms relating to Bay Area Restaurants!
Bone Marrow: The bone marrow of animals is widely used by humans as food. It consists of yellow marrow contained in long bones. There is also red marrow, this contains more nutrients than yellow marrow.
Jambalaya: A dish of Louisiana origin of Spanish and French influence. It consists of meat and vegetables mixed with rice.
Sauté: To brown or cook a food quickly over fairly high heat using a small amount of fat in an open, shallow pan.
Braise: To fry (food) lightly and then stew it slowly in a closed container.
Burmese Food: Famous dish of mohinga, a bowl of rice noodles covered in a fish based soup and sprinkled with deep fried fritters.
Pho: Vietnamese noodle soup consisting of broth, rice noodles called bánh phở, a few herbs, and meat, primarily made with either beef or chicken.
Happy Hour: Marketing term for a period of time in which a venue such as a restaurant, bar, bowling alley, stadium offers discounts on alcoholic drinks, such as beer, wine, cocktails, and speciality food items.
Signature Dish: A recipe that identifies an individual chef. Ideally it should be unique and allow an informed gastronome to name the chef in a blind tasting. It can be thought of as the culinary equivalent of an artist finding their own style, or an author finding their own voice.
Cuisine: Style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques, and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region.
Chef: Professional cook, typically the chief cook in a restaurant or hotel.
Bistro: Small restaurant or bar.
Grilled Cheese: Sandwich generally made with one or more varieties of cheese on any sort of bread, such as flat bread or wheat bread, that may include spreads such as butter or mayonnaise.
French Toast: Also known as eggy bread, Bombay toast, German toast, gypsy toast, poor knights, or Torrija, is a dish made of bread soaked in milk, then in beaten eggs and then fried.
Sushi: Japanese preparation and serving of specially prepared vinegared rice combined with varied ingredients such as chiefly seafood, vegetables, and occasionally tropical fruits.
Burger: A sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. The patty may be pan fried, barbecued, or flame broiled. | <urn:uuid:a0c2b10a-dc0a-4882-9e4a-4f5760ebc3a2> | {
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Dam-buster hero, Wing Commander Guy Gibson VC, spent much of his childhood romping on the sands and exploring the harbour at Saundersfoot.
But as a carefree child enjoying seaside adventures he was unaware that he would be demolishing massive dam walls in World War Two, or that the destruction would be an echo of what the sea did to the stout walls of Saundersfoot harbour in October 1836.
A south-easterly hurricane blew in with such violence that the huge seas it generated smashed through the stout wall of the harbour over a length of about 30 yards. The harbour was barely two years old at this time and the storm also damaged two ships out of six sheltering in the harbour at the time. One, the Sunderland sloop “Wheatsheaf” was torn from her moorings and was wrecked on the north pier, while the other, the Echo, was pounded against the Ballast berth, but was salvaged.
What the Dambusters hero would have seen during his childhood in the twenties was the dying years of the coal industry, for Saundersfoot was an important centre of coal exportation. Before the building of the harbour, coal was brought down to the shore from the collieries at Bonvilles Court and Moreton by horse-drawn trams and loaded onto beached sailing vessels for transportation around Pembrokeshire and across Carmarthen Bay to Gower and the West Country. It was mainly top quality anthracite; shiny, clean black diamonds of coal which was virtually smokeless. Coal dust was mixed with locally dug clay to make culm, which was rolled into cricket-ball sized lumps and put onto a ‘ball fire’ where it burned slowly to ash, producing great heat, and in most households, was kept in all day and mostly overnight. “Stummed” down with coal dust, it could be revived quickly by poking a couple of holes in the top to let the air in and the heat out.
It was not only coal Saundersfoot was noted for. There were iron ore patches on the foreshore which were exploited commercially and where people also scrabbled for this useful mineral which was processed in the nearby ironworks at Pleasant Valley, Stepaside. In 1864, 4,683 tons of iron ore were also exported. To fuel the ironworks a new colliery at nearby Grove was sunk and coal was delivered by gravity down the steep slope of Sardis Mountain. And there was also fire clay, which was used to make the distinctive dark bricks produced and used for building locally and to line the ironworks furnace. By 1864 the ironworks was exporting nearly 3,000 tons of pig iron from Saundersfoot Harbour.
The collieries declined and closed altogether just after the war, and the harbour, which still accommodated fishing vessels, particularly the boats landing Carmarthen Bay clams, gradually shifted its emphasis towards tourism and the marina which thrives there today. | <urn:uuid:70563b1d-61dd-440c-8582-742dda4b4394> | {
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Transactions in Bookkeeping and Those it affects
The recordkeeping function of accounting focuses on transactions, which are economic exchanges between a business or other entity and the parties with which the entity interacts and makes deals. A good accounting system captures and records every transaction that takes place without missing a beat.
Transactions are the lifeblood of every business, the heartbeat of activity that keeps it going. Understanding accounting, to a large extent, means understanding how accountants record the financial effects of transactions.
The financial effects of some transactions can be difficult to determine at the time of the original transaction because the outcome depends on future events that are difficult to predict. The financial effects of many transactions are clear-cut and immediate. On the other hand, figuring out the financial effects of some transactions is puzzling and dependent on future developments.
A business is a whirlpool of transactions; accountants categorize transactions into three basic types:
Profit-making transactions, which consist of revenue and expenses. Profit is the sum total of revenue for the period minus all expenses for the period.
Investing transactions, which refer to the acquisition of long-term operating assets such as buildings, heavy machinery, trucks, office furniture, and so on. Some businesses also invest in financial assets. These are not used directly in the operations of the business; the business could get along without these assets. These assets generate investment income for the business. Investments in financial assets are included in this category of transactions.
Financing transactions, which refer to raising capital and paying for the use of the capital. Every business needs assets to carry on its operations, such as a working balance of cash, inventory of products held for sale, long-term operating and so on.
Broadly speaking, the capital to buy these assets comes from two sources — debt and equity. Debt is borrowed money, on which interest is paid. Equity is ownership capital. The payment for using equity capital depends on the ability of the business to earn profit and have the cash flow to distribute some or all of the profit to its equity shareholders.
Profit-making transactions, also called operating activities, are high frequency. During the course of a year even a small business has thousands of revenue and expense transactions. In contrast, investing and financing transactions are generally low frequency. A business does not have a high volume of these types of exchanges with. transactions, except in very unusual circumstances.
A business is the hub of transactions involving the following persons and entities:
Its customers, who buy the products and services that the business sells. Also, a business may have other sources of income, such as from investments in financial assets (bonds, for example).
Its employees, who provide services to the business and are paid wages and salaries and provided with benefits, such as a retirement plan, medical insurance, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance.
Independent contractors, who are hired on a contract basis to perform certain services for the business. These services can be everything from hauling away trash and repairing plumbing problems to high-priced consultants who advise the business on technical issues to audits by a CPA firm.
Its vendors and suppliers, who sell a wide range of things to the business, such as products for resale, electricity and gas, insurance coverage, telephone and Internet services, and so on.
Government entities, which are the federal, state, and local agencies that collect income taxes, sales taxes, payroll taxes, and property taxes from or through the business.
Sellers of the various long-term operating assets used by the business, including building contractors, machinery and equipment manufacturers, and auto and truck dealers.
Its debt sources of capital, who loaned money to the business, charge interest on the amount loaned, and are due to be repaid at definite dates in the future.
Its equity sources of capital, the individuals and financial institutions that invest money in the business as owners and who expect the business to earn profit on the capital they invest.
Even a relatively small business generates a surprisingly large number of transactions, and all transactions have to be recorded. Certain other events that have a financial impact on the business have to be recorded as well. These are called events because they’re not based on give-and-take bargaining — unlike the something-given-for-something-received nature of economic exchanges.
Events such as the following have an economic impact on a business and are recorded:
A business may lose a lawsuit and be ordered to pay damages. The liability to pay the damages is recorded.
A business may suffer a flood loss that is uninsured. The waterlogged assets may have to be written down, meaning that the recorded values of the assets are reduced to zero if they no longer have any value to the business. For example, products that were being held for sale to customers (until they floated down the river) must be removed from the inventory asset account.
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Most nosebleeds are not usually serious and can be stopped with home treatment. Most nosebleeds occur in the front of the nose (anterior epistaxis) and involve only one nostril. Some blood may drain down the back of the nose into the throat. Many things may make a nosebleed more likely.
A less common but more serious type of nosebleed starts in the back of the nose (posterior epistaxis) and often involves both nostrils. Large amounts of blood may run down the back of the throat. Posterior epistaxis occurs more often in older adults because of other health conditions they may have. Medical treatment will be needed to control the bleeding from posterior epistaxis.
Check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:b7d37150-a3c2-40d9-bf09-313378f1e90c> | {
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This is a newly produced version of the course that was
We would greatly appreciate your feedback regarding the new format and contents.
To convey the basic concepts of nanoelectronics to electrical
engineering students with no background in quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics.
The development of "nanotechnology" has made it possible to
engineer materials and devices on a length scale as small as several nanometers (atomic
distances are ~ 0.1 nm). The properties of such "nanostructures" cannot be described in
terms of macroscopic parameters like mobility or diffusion coefficient and a microscopic or
atomistic viewpoint is called for. The purpose of this course is to convey the conceptual
framework that underlies this microscopic viewpoint using examples related to the
emerging field of nanoelectronics.
Fall 2009 Teaching: Lecture notes are available from the Fall 2009 teaching of this course and closely parallel the online lectures.
Lecture Notes: Lecture notes were produced by Panagopoulos Georgios.
Lecture Notes from the Fall 2009 teaching were produced by Mehdi Salmani Jelodar.
- S. Datta, Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor, Cambridge University Press (2005), ISBN 0-521-63145-9.
- MatLab: Student Version, Current Edition, The MathWorks, Inc.
by Supriyo Datta (Cambridge - July 11, 2005)
This book presents a unique approach to the fundamentals of quantum transport, and is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students. Some of the most advanced concepts of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics are included and yet no prior acquaintance with quantum mechanics is assumed.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN | <urn:uuid:4a58362f-210e-4321-ae59-6f76b3d7f26f> | {
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Burkina Faso, formerly known as Upper Volta, is a landlocked country located in Western Africa, sharing borders with Mali, Niger, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. Most of the country is savannah, with three main rivers running through it: the Mouhoun River, the Nakambé River and the Nazinon River, formerly known as the Black, White, and Red Volta, respectively.
Hunter-gatherers may have lived in the area as early as 12000 BCE, with various people groups and governments following, including the Songhai Empire in the 1400's and 1500's. In 1896, the Mossi kingdom of Ouagadougou fell to the French and was made a French protectorate, becoming a colony shortly thereafter.
Burkina Faso achieved full independence from France in 1960. For the next two decades, the country underwent repeated military coups, with Captain Thomas Sankara becoming president in 1983. Another coup occurred in 1987, resulting in Sankara being killed and President Blaise Compaore gaining power in 1987. When multiparty elections were held in the 1990's, Compaore continued to win, still holding office as of 2007.
With a tropical climate, Burkina Faso has hot, wet summers and warm, dry winters. Most of the country is flat, with some hills to the west and southwest. Prone to recurrent droughts, lack of water, desertification, deforestation, and overgrazing are damaging the agriculture that is a key part of Burkina Faso's economy. One of the lowest GDPs in the world, Burkina Faso has a per capital income of $1200 US Dollars.
Many citizens of Burkina Faso, called Burkinabe, work as seasonal farm laborers in neighboring countries. Recently, their employment has been disrupted by political conditions in Cote d'Ivoire and the northern part of Ghana. According to the United Nations Development Program Report, the Burkinabe are the most illiterate of any country in the world — with a literacy rate of under 13%.
In 2007, the population of Burkina Faso numbered over 14 million people; the country has a high mortality rate due to AIDS and an average life expectancy of less than 50 years. The AIDS epidemic seems to be declining in this country, however, with the lowest percentage of HIV positive people in the Sub-Saharan Africa — 2.3% of the population in 2006, down from 7.2% of the population in 1997.
Although the official language of Burkina Faso is French, native languages include Mooré and Dioula. In 1984, the country's name was changed from the Republic of Upper Volta by President Thomas Sankara. Burkina Faso is meant to mean "the land of upright people," with Burkina literally meaning "men of integrity" in Mooré, and Faso translating as "father's house" in Dioula.
Although there is not much tourism in Burkina Faso, it is generally thought to be one of the safer and friendlier countries for tourists in Africa. The Ouagadougou airport receives flights from a few international cities, or buses and trains are also available from neighboring countries.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:f83c8c5a-0c00-4ba7-b865-43287118ec73> | {
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Here’s the short story of how Philadelphia got the flag we have today: there was a guy – a smart, nice guy – the Reverend Doctor Henry C. McCook. In October 1894, he had an idea – that Philadelphia should have a city flag. So, he wrote a letter to the Mayor and included his idea for a civic flag – the city seal on golden yellow and azure blue. I’m sure he was a well-connected man and did some lobbying, and sure enough, by March of next year, City Council passed an ordinance, and presto – Philadelphia had a flag. That design has served as the city flag for the intervening 118 years, but now is the time to ask if we can do better.
No one can argue with McCook’s motives for suggesting a flag. In his letter to the mayor, he wrote that, “the display and constant use of a Philadelphia Civic Flag would act towards the strengthening of civic pride, precisely as similar use of the National Flag tends to foster a spirit of national loyalty.”
He’s exactly right. Flying a flag is among the easiest ways to identify yourself as part of a group. It’s a way of saying, “I am a part of this thing – this city, this country. I fly this flag to recognize the history and the values of this place and to tell others that I am of it.” A flag can be an incredibly powerful object, and McCook’s was an incredibly powerful idea.
Since his motives are unimpeachable, let’s embrace them. However, his graphic design sense leaves him open to some criticism. McCook was a prominent lecturer and author, noted entomologist, a Presbyterian minister, and the Vice President of the Academy of Natural Sciences, but he wasn’t necessarily a great designer. The flag is a little… lazy. It’s what they call in vexillology (the study of flags) “a seal on a bed sheet.” A seal is something that is meant for letters and citations, a complex bit of heraldry that proclaims the officialdom of a document – anyone who studies seals (sigillographers) could tell you that.
Philadelphia has a great seal. The figures of Peace and Plenty stand astride a shield bearing a plow and ship, holding symbols of hope and prosperity, crowned by the scales of Justice and entwined in a banner with the City’s motto Philadelphia Maneto. It’s packed with lots of imagery and symbolism, and a close reading of it reveals a lot about the values of the city and its history. It’s best done up close, in the seal’s home court – on a letter, in your hands. It’s unfair to try to make the seal do double duty as the flag. On a fluttering flag, you can’t see a seal closely enough to decipher its elements, and it does nothing to make the flag an easily discernible icon.
If you want to see why seals on flags is a bad bet, take a look at a selection of some of the twenty state flags (including Pennsylvania’s) that consist of the state seal on a blue field. Their visual similarity renders these flags so useless as identifiable symbols that a few states have taken the ultimate flag cop-out and just written their names on the flags.
So let the seal be the seal, and let’s have a flag that’s a great flag. A flag is a symbol, a signal. The flag should be something that is distinctly Philadelphian, with symbolism that tells a story of our history and the values that will shape our future.
Now is the time for Philadelphia to reinvent its city flag. Not because because the existing flag isn’t sufficient, but because it fails to capture the public imagination, fails a flag design, and fails to be the universally recognized and popular icon for the city that it ought to be. Some say that the flag is fine as is, and that it’s failure to take hold among Philadelphians as a symbol of our city is simply a failure of marketing. As DesignPhiladelphia kicks off this week, the power of great design to excite and unite is evident.
The best way to get a flag befitting of our great city is a competition. Public competitions produced the iconic flags of Chicago, (which has an entire website dedicated to tattoos depicting its flag) Denver, and Washington, D.C. – the three flags that topped the North American Vexillogical Society’s 2004 ranking of flag designs.
The competition should be open to all, Philadelphian and outsider alike – you never know where the best ideas can come from – Chicago’s was designed by a poet, D.C.’s by a professional graphic designer, and Denver’s by a high-schooler.
Over lunch this week, I pitched this competition idea to Brenda Exon and Robert Stoller, two of the founders of the Partners For Civic Pride, a non-profit who’s mission is to promote the current city flag as a vehicle to instill civic pride in all Philadelphians. Needless to say, no one is more committed to the flag than Brenda Exon, the ever-enthusiastic Philly Pride Lady™. For Brenda, the story of the flag’s history and the symbolism of the seal is inviolate. She has done more than anyone else to tell the story of the flag and is in fact probably the first person that introduced me to the flag. It’s tough to sit across the table from her and propose its demise.
To Exon and Stoller, the flag simply has a marketing problem. If more people knew about the flag and its story, they would embrace it. Most people don’t even know that the city has an official flag. When PFCP introduces the flag at the annual Philly Flag Day, or in classrooms around the city, people get excited about it.
To me, the flag has a design problem. The flags that are successes as design objects don’t need a marketing campaign. They get into people’s minds. They start showing up on t-shirts and bags, people start flying them on their porches. They become the icon of the city. People might not know all of their flag’s history and symbolism, but it doesn’t matter – all they need to know is that the flag means they belong to their place. The best ones are mutable and open to remixing, becoming a touchstone for people to relate themselves to both the city and a culture within it. These are the qualities that make for a successful flag, not just what we have on hand and a well-planned PR push.
The people at PFCP has done wonders advancing the cause of the flag. They’ve built partnerships with the schools and philanthropists. Philebrities like Tony Luke and Will Smith’s father sit on their Board. They ought to lever these resources and prestige to hold a competition, if only to build conversation and awareness about the current flag. As for the original flag, set aside the weight of history for a moment and, consider this: how would it have fared as an emblem of the city had it faced any competition at all? McCook’s design was merely the first, not necessarily the best.
The fact is that the competition to rethink the flag is already underway. There’s an informal redesign competition happening right now on Reddit. The industrial design and branding firm Bresslergroup is sponsoring a Reflag Project as part of this week’s DesignPhiladelphia festival. Flags from their designers are flying at NextFab and the Trestle Inn right now. Part of their Reflag Project invites people to Tweet photos of themselves with one of the Bresslergroup’s flags using #reflag to be entered to win two tickets to The Rail Park fundraiser on October 18.
Of course, I’ve got my own ideas for what would make for a great Philly flag. At tonight’s Fast Forward Philly Event at the Center for Architecture, I’ll take a few minutes to share my own entry to the ongoing competition to redesign the flag. I hope that it lives up to the high ideals of a civic flag that Reverend Doctor McCook illuminated in 1894.
May the best flag win. | <urn:uuid:3796a377-2a79-4198-94f9-e91d126ba875> | {
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Pupil, Carlos, enjoys a hot meal at school.
Copyright: WFP/Leonardo Hinojosa
Brazil may have one of the world’s most successful football teams, but this year’s World Cup host is also leading the way in another area – the fight against world hunger. Although the country's progess here has fewer spectators, its achievements deserve the world's attention.
ROME -- With five World Cup wins under their belts, Brazilians are renowned for their fighting team spirit – but it is a quality that extends far beyond the pitch. Just ten years ago, Brazil was one of many countries fighting extreme poverty. Now, its success in rising from the hunger trap is being raised as an example to other nations.
As well as having one of the world’s most admired football teams, Brazil has the oldest and most successful school feeding programme, providing daily nutrition to over 43 million children across the country.
Free school meals
But this wasn’t always the case. In 1963, the World Food Programme collaborated with the Brazilian government to support free meals in schools in the northeast of the country where many children lived in poverty.
“With 576,000 children receiving the meals each year, school meals provided an incentive to attend school” said Daniel Balaban, director of Brazil’s Centre of Excellence against Hunger. “This meant that kids could concentrate in lessons, while providing the nutrition they needed to lead healthy lives.”
In partnership with the Brazilian government, WFP provided free school meals for 12 years, until the government was able to take over the programme. The Brazilian National School Feeding programme is now a staple part of Brazil’s food security contributing to the fact that hunger has decreased from 22.8 million people in 1992 to 13.6 million in 2012.
A team effort
In addition child malnutrition rates have decreased by 73 per cent and child deaths by 45 percent – this as a direct result of school meals, support for small farmers, community kitchens and food banks.
“WFP was able to provide technical assistance but the key success was the ability of the Brazilian government to really implement this programme and take over full responsibility of the school feeding,” said Daniel.
Intent on sharing their success story, the Brazilian government and WFP have taken things a step further by opening the Centre of Excellence – a training centre which provides direct support to governments from other countries in the areas of school feeding, nutrition and food security.
“It is crucial that we share what we have learnt in order to replicate this success around the world” concluded Daniel. “After all – just like a football match - ending hunger is a team effort.”
How can you join our team and beat hunger?
- #joinus – follow our updates on the World Cup and WFP’s work @wfp
- Take our World Cup quiz and provide one child with a school meal!
- Donate to our school meals programmes. | <urn:uuid:efdac667-b24e-409e-be29-adb0ace1d259> | {
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Contact: John Ascenzi
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Caption: From top, ZFNs on both sides of the DNA strand target a site upstream of the gene where most hemophilia-causing mutations reside. The ZFNs then cut both strands of the DNA double helix. As homologous recombination repairs the break in the strands, a normal copy of the clotting-factor gene (made from the donor template) is inserted into the DNA sequence, resulting in a corrected gene capable of expressing clotting factor. The mutated, nonfunctional gene remains in the DNA but is now harmless.
Credit: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: Genome editing, a next step in genetic therapy, corrects hemophilia in animals | <urn:uuid:7befa236-2bd5-4626-bc92-350252f10548> | {
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While there is a clear link between climate change and human rights with the potential for virtually all protected rights to be undermined as a result of climate change, its potential catastrophic impact on human beings was not really understood as a human rights issue until recently.
This book examines the link between climate change and human rights in a comprehensive manner. It looks at human rights approaches to climate change, including the jurisprudential bases for human rights and the environment, the theoretical framework governing human rights and the environment, and the different approaches to this including benchmarks.
The human rights implications of international environmental law principles in the climate change regime are discussed. It explores how the human rights framework can be used in relation to mitigation, adaption, and adjudication. Other chapters examine how vulnerable groups – the poor, women, and indigenous peoples – would be disproportionately affected by climate change.
The book then goes on to discuss new categories of people created by climate change, those people who will be rendered stateless as a result of states disappearing and displaced by climate change, and whether human rights law can adequately address these emerging issues. | <urn:uuid:97004c6c-6671-427c-8e9e-4b5ac11619e4> | {
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April 3, 2012 Leave a comment
The OFFSET function returns a range of cells that is the specified number of rows and columns away from the specified base cell.
OFFSET(reference, rows, columns, height, width)
reference: The address of the cell from which the offsets are measured.
rows: The number of rows from the reference cell to the target cell. rows is a number value. 0 means the target cell is in the same row as the base cell. A negative number means the target is in a row above the reference.
columns: The number of columns from the reference cell to the target cell. columns is a number value. 0 means the target cell is in the same column as the refernce cell. A negative number means the target is in a column to the left of the base.
height: An optional value specifying the number of rows to return starting with the offset location. height is a number value.
width: An optional value specifying the number of columns to return starting with the offset location. width is a number value.
OFFSET can return an array for use with another function. For example, assume you have entered into A1, A2, and A3, the base cell, the number of rows, and the number of columns, respectively, that you wish to have summed. The sum could be found using =SUM(OFFSET(INDIRECT(A1),0,0,A2,A3)).
lets see one question asked in the google docs forum:
Hello, I am a total spreadsheet n00b and I am banging my head on this problem: I have a huge amount of data I need to sum up. Every column has a few thousands rows, and I want to sum them up 16 by 16 in another cell. So, for example: A1:A16 summed in B1, A17:A32 summed in B2, and so on. Is there a clever and quick way of doing this, without manually changing a formula every time but just using one formula? I have tens of these columns to sum up, and it’s driving me kinda crazy, I tried searching for something similar to no avail.
the link to the blog is
the solution suggested by me in cell b1 is as follows:
and drag it down
we have taken the first argument reference as cell A1 as absolute reference.
In the second argument is rows we have intelligently put the Row() function, this function will first evaluate the row() function since we are in cell B1 the row function will return 1 We are subtracting 1 from row() function which will give us the value 0 and it is multiplied by 16 and it will result in 0 that means the rows offset is 0 for the first cell indirectly we are setting the cell start the reference cell to A1.
When we drag the formula to cell B2 the row() function gets the value of 2 and subtracting 1 from that will give us the value 1 and multiplying this with 16 will give the reference cell as A17.
The third argument is Columns which we have ignored because there is no column offset the in the question
The fourth argument is height we have assumed the value 16, since in the question he want to total of sum of every 16 rows
The fifth argument is left since it is a optional one.
If we try to solve the same problem using the other formulas the logic will be complicated. | <urn:uuid:10d1ece0-7f80-46ae-b174-2d3a3c2a42f4> | {
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On this day in 1951, a homemade device explodes at Grand Central Station in New York City, startling commuters but injuring no one. In the next few months, five more bombs were found at landmark sites around New York, including the public library. Authorities realized that this new wave of terrorist acts was the work of the Mad Bomber.
New York's first experience with the so-called Mad Bomber was on November 16, 1940, when a pipe bomb was left in the Edison building with a note that read, "Con Edison crooks, this is for you." More bombs were recovered in 1941, each more powerful than the last, until the Mad Bomber sent a note in December stating, "I will make no more bomb units for the duration of the war." He went on to say that Con Edison, New York's electric utility company, would be brought to justice in due time.
The patriotic Mad Bomber made good on his promise, although he did periodically send threatening notes to the press. After his flurry of activity in 1951, the Mad Bomber was silent until a bomb went off at Radio City Music Hall in 1954. In 1955, the Mad Bomber hit Grand Central Station, Macy's, the RCA building and the Staten Island Ferry.
The police had no luck finding the Mad Bomber, but an investigative team working for Con Ed finally tracked him down. Looking through their employment records, they found that George Peter Metesky had been a disgruntled ex-employee since an accident in 1931. Metesky was enraged that Con Ed refused to pay disability benefits and resorted to terrorism as his revenge. Metesky, a rather mild-mannered man, was found living with his sisters in Connecticut. He was sent to a mental institution in April 1957 where he stayed until his release in 1973. | <urn:uuid:7755335a-95db-47e9-9082-9a6657befbe4> | {
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A negative correlation is a relationship between two variables such that as the value of one variable increases, the other decreases.
Correlation is expressed on a range from +1 to -1, known as the correlation coefficent. Values below zero express negative correlation. A perfect negative correlation has a coefficient of -1, indicating that an increase in one variable reliably predicts a decrease in the other one. A perfect positive correlation, which has a coefficient of +1, indicates that an increase or decrease in one variable always predicts the same directional change for the second variable. Lower degrees of correlation are expressed by non-zero coefficents between +1 and -1. Zero indicates a lack of correlation: There is no tendency for the variables to fluctuate in tandem either positively or negatively.
Examples of negatively correlated variables include:
- Yellow cars and accident rates.
- Commodity supply and demand.
- Pages printed and printer ink supply.
- Education and religiosity.
- Conservativism and cognitive ability.
There’s a common tendency to think that correlation between variables means that one causes or influences the change in the other one. However, correlation does not imply causation. There may be an unknown factor that influences both variables similarly. | <urn:uuid:d03680c7-27ef-4199-bdc8-8e6316b3735e> | {
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“I’m Participating. Is that Inclusion?” Classroom Learning experiences of Mathematics by new entrant children with Down Syndrome
Since a key purpose of schools involves enhancing all children’s culturally-valued skills, tools and knowledge and the provision of equity for children whose access to such learning may be at-risk, it is insufficient to conceptualise inclusion as solely a social or participation issue without examining the quality of those experiences during the various curriculum areas and their potential impact on learning outcomes. This qualitative study investigated the quality of the teaching-learning environment for three new entrant boys with Down Syndrome (DS) at mathematics during their first term at school. Two boys attended regular schools and one attended a school with regular and special classes. The boys were observed using continuous narrative recordings during their mathematics classes and teachers and parents were interviewed. Results indicated that while the teachers endeavoured to include the boys into the maths content, meaningful learning was unlikely to occur. The boys were frequently praised for task-engagement, despite evidence that they had not actually understood the concepts. The teachers’ foci centred mostly on praising for task engagement and for obtaining correct answers as opposed to the underlying processes. In addition, it was found that parents and teachers had different goals for the children and this affected the teaching-learning emphasis. The data suggest a need for teachers to adopt a role of mediators of learning rather than deliverers of curricula and raise issues concerning the meaning of inclusion. | <urn:uuid:1baea4e3-384a-45fa-902f-cd22503e8087> | {
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Welcome to Lospec, a home for digitally restrictive art. We create online tools for people creating pixel art and other restrictive digital art.
Digitally Restrictive Art
In the early days of computers, memory and storage space were a valuable commodity. Old hardware had very little space, every possible bit had to be conserved. Screen resolutions were small, and could only display a limited amount of colors. Music was stored as a sequence of notes rather than a single audio file. Games and programs had a maximum amount of space they could use, and they had to work within that restriction. Games made for the Atari 2600 could only be 32 kilobytes in total, including graphics, sounds, programming, levels.
Some people might view these restrictions as inconvenient, something that can only hinder your creative process. But there are many benefits to creating art within restrictions. Sometimes they simply help your get over art blocks by giving you a place to start, or help you use a consistent style throughout a piece. They can also force you to think in ways you might not have before and find creative ways to represent your vision. Your goal changes from "how can I best depict this subject" to "how can I best depict this subject within these limitations". You start thinking about the design, and level of detail. You are forced to simplify and prioritize, and consider the piece as a whole. It changes the whole creative process and forces you to think about your art from a new angle. The process of creating pixel art is completely different from even similar art forms like digital painting.
Some artists may impose restrictions upon themselves purposefully just to take advantage of these benefits. Some restrictions are just a result of that art form, like the canvas size of a painting or material of a sculpture. In Digitally Restrictive Art, the restrictions are brought on by the fact that they are stored digitally and is usually based on how the data is saved.
Pixel Art - The most popular digitally restrictive art form, as it was the only option for graphics on early video game systems. Though it's not required any longer, many games today still utilize pixel art due to it's aesthetic appeal, simplicity, and relative ease of creation. A large community of artists and fans still exists around the net.
Voxel Art - A more recent creation which is essentially a 3D version of pixel art. Instead of being made up of squares, it is made up of cubes. It's visuall similarity to pixel art makes it look like something out of the early computing days, but in reality only recently have computers been able to handle voxels.
Ascii Art - Similar to pixel art, but instead of being made up of pixels, everything is made up of ASCII characters, like letters and numbers. Before computers could even display pictures, artists could create images out of text. It was mostly notably adopted by the hacking community for use in text files.
Low-poly 3D - 3D models are typically made up of thousands of polygons, connected at their edges to create 3D shapes. In modern movies and games there are typically so many polygons that you can't see them and they look like a smooth surface. But in the early days of 3d, artists were limited to very few polygons. Low-poly models are still occasionally used in games today for memory restrictions as well as aesthetics. A subset of low-poly 3D includes using pixel art for the textures, adding another layer of restrictions.
Chiptune - Storing audio digitally actually takes quite a bit of space. Rather than reducing the length or quality of a song, early digital composers created a way to store songs as notes, which are then played at specified times, essentially being performed live by the computer. There are many different formats of digitally restrictive music that offer a whole array of different features and sounds. Midi files for example have a preset group of instruments you can assign to each note, and MOD/XM files let you create your own instruments out of waveforms. | <urn:uuid:bec4232d-effd-4a4c-8ce6-140bea2f7c77> | {
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Comparison of resistance to tomato leaf curl virus (India) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Israel) among Lycopersicon wild species, breeding lines and hybrids
Maruthi, M.N., Czosnek , H., Vidavski, F., Tarba, S-Y., Milo, J., Leviatov, S., Venkatesh, H.M., Padmaja, A.S., Kulkarni, R.S. and Muniyappa, V. (2003) Comparison of resistance to tomato leaf curl virus (India) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Israel) among Lycopersicon wild species, breeding lines and hybrids. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109 (1). pp. 1-11. ISSN 0929-1873 (Print), 1573-8469 (Online) (doi:10.1023/A:1022091905911)Full text not available from this repository.
The objective of this study was to screen wild and domesticated tomatoes for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Israel (TYLCV-Is) and Tomato leaf curl virus from Bangalore isolate 4, India (ToLCV-[Ban4]) to find sources of resistance to both viruses. A total of 34 tomato genotypes resistant/tolerant to TYLCV-Is were screened for resistance to ToLCV-[Ban4] under glasshouse and field conditions at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Resistance was assessed by criteria like disease incidence, symptom severity and squash-blot hybridization. All the tomato genotypes inoculated with ToLCV-[Ban4] by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) produced disease symptoms. In some plants of the lines 902 and 910, however, the virus was not detected by hybridization. The tomato genotypes susceptible to ToLCV-[Ban4] by whitefly-mediated inoculation were also found susceptible to the virus under field conditions. However, there were substantial differences between genotypes in disease incidence, spread, symptom severity and crop yield. Despite early disease incidence, many genotypes produced substantially higher yields than the local hybrid, Avinash-2. Sixteen tomato genotypes from India resistant/tolerant to ToLCV-[Ban4] were also tested for TYLCV-Is resistance at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Accessions of wild species, Lycopersicon hirsutum LA 1777 and PI 390659 were the best sources of resistance to both viruses. Lines 902 and 910, which were, resistant to TYLCV-Is were only tolerant to ToLCV-[Ban4] and accession Lycopersicon peruvianum CMV Sel. INRA, resistant to ToLCV-[Ban4], was only tolerant to TYLCV-Is. Implications of using the resistant lines in breeding programme is discussed.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Bemisia tabaci, DNA probes, resistance screening, squash-blot, ToLCV-[Ban4], TYLCV-Is|
|Subjects:||S Agriculture > S Agriculture (General)|
S Agriculture > SB Plant culture
|School / Department / Research Groups:||Natural Resources Institute|
Faculty of Engineering & Science > Natural Resources Institute
Natural Resources Institute > Agriculture, Health & Environment
Faculty of Engineering & Science > Natural Resources Institute > Agriculture, Health & Environment
Faculty of Engineering & Science
|Last Modified:||14 Jul 2015 17:48|
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A site about exoplanets from hyperphysics.
Find out the latest in the hunt from extrasolar planets on this site.
A brief description of how Planet Hunting works. This site is part of Marshall Brain's HowStuffWorks.com. Description of how planets form. Definition of a planet.
Drop planets around a star and see how long they last. Score points by placing the planets in the habitable zone. Can you make your solar system last 500 years?
Visit this interactive site to explore the orbits of planets and their moons in our solar system and also in a wide selection of extrasolar planetary systems.
A written description of how the planets formed
An elementary quiz based on the position and orbits of the planets.
Read how spectroscopy is used to determine what makes up the atmosphere of planets
Details of how large planets have been detected around three other solar type stars. Understanding Doppler wobble aided by an exercise.
a selection of the "best images" of planets (minor planets etc, and instruments) from NASA.
Showing 1 - 10 of 85 | <urn:uuid:1d6a5bef-1223-4999-82e6-e81527e20ee8> | {
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ITHACA, N.Y. - For the more than 1 million Americans who live with type 1 diabetes, daily insulin injections are literally a matter of life and death. And while there is no cure, a Cornell University-led research team has developed a device that could revolutionize management of the disease.
In Type 1 diabetes, insulin-producing pancreatic cell clusters (islets) are destroyed by the body's immune system. The research group, led by assistant professor Minglin Ma from the Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, has devised an ingenious method for implanting hundreds of thousands of islet cells into a patient. They are protected by a thin hydrogel coating and, more importantly, the coated cells are attached to a polymer thread and can be removed or replaced easily when they have outlived their usefulness.
Transplantation of stem cell-derived, insulin-producing islet cells is an alternative to insulin therapy, but that requires long-term immunosuppressive drug administration. One well-researched approach to avoid the immune system's response is to coat and protect the cells in tiny hydrogel capsules, hundreds of microns in diameter. However, these capsules cannot be taken out of the body easily, since they're not connected to each other, and there are hundreds of thousands of them.
And the ability to remove the transplant is key because of its potential to form tumors.
"When they fail or die, they need to come out," Ma said. "You don't want to put something in the body that you can't take out. With our method, that's not a problem."
Taking inspiration from the way water beads on a spider's web, Ma and his team first attempted to connect the islet cell-containing capsules through a string but realized that it would be better to put the hydrogel layer uniformly around a string instead. That string: an ionized calcium-releasing, nanoporous polymer thread.
This thread - which the group has dubbed TRAFFIC (Thread-Reinforced Alginate Fiber For Islets enCapsulation) - was inspired by a spider's web but, according to Ma, is even better because the hydrogel covers the thread uniformly.
"You don't have any gaps between capsules," he said. "With a spider's silk, you still have gaps between the water beads. In our case, gaps would be bad in terms of scar tissue and the like."
This therapy would involve minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery to implant approximately six feet of hydrogel-coated thread into the patient's peritoneal cavity.
TRAFFIC has received patent protection with the help of Danish pharmaceutical giant Novo Nordisk, which developed injectable insulin more than 90 years ago and is a collaborator on the paper. Other co-authors include professor Dan Luo in the Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, postdoctoral researcher Wei Song, doctoral students Jason Lu and Yehudah Pardo, fiber science postdoc Dahua Shou, nutritional science professor Ling Qi and postdoc Yewei Ji.
The paper, "Designing a Retrievable and Scalable Cell Encapsulation Device for Potential Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes," has published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This work was supported by the American Diabetes Association, the 3M Co., Novo Nordisk, the Cornell Technology Acceleration and Maturation Fund, the Cornell Stem Cell Program Seed Fund and the Hartwell Foundation. The work made use of the Cornell Center for Materials Research shared facilities, which are supported by the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:3b79ff22-d71c-4c30-aa8c-eef641be0852> | {
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Words formed when one letter is changed in dawn
Letter 1 (D) changed: 6 words found:
Letter 2 (A) changed: 1 word found:
Letter 3 (W) changed: 2 words found:
Letter 4 (N) changed: 3 words found:
A total of 12 words can be formed from dawn by changing one letter. | <urn:uuid:94ee1634-5c8c-4d71-958d-ca64ecc892cf> | {
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Franz Löhner suggests a new but simple solution: utilizing the angled faces of the structure itself as a means of transporting the blocks up the pyramid. To accomplish this so called rope rolls are employed. The rope roll is a wooden stand (or reel-station) which holds a roll in place.
Wooden tracks for the simple sledges are installed and anchored (on protruding casing stones) on the angled flank of the pyramid. On both sides of the track the rope rolls are installed in pairs and in intervals of about 35 meters height.
Two ropes are attached to the sledge on which the stone is tethered. The ropes lead up and over the reel of the rope roll, turn and go back down.
The workers don't pull the sledge with the stone up by walking in front, but are walking down and by pulling the attached rope, which is deflected by the rope roll, the sledge is carried up. Thus the workers are using their own weight in addition to their strength to pull the sledge with the stone. This is not a pulley (which was not known during the 4th dynasty of the old kingdom and which uses a wheel) but simpler.
Calculations show, that when using a rope roll, 46 men can haul a 2.5 tons stone up the flank of the pyramid (=52° inclination).
Click on the thumbnail for a larger picture - detailed explanation
|Probably smaller ramps, with a lower gradient and stretching only over a few hundred meters toward the pyramid construction site, were used by the ancient Egyptians. But not ramps rising up over a hundred meters and consisting of hundred thousands of cubic meters of material!|
No large ramps have been found, only small ramps stretching over a few meters and towards but not up or around a building. There is a wall painting in Rekhmire (Rechmirê) which depicts a small ramp and in the papyrus of Anastasi a scribe has to calculate a ramp which would have been 380m long and which would have had an inclination of 9.9° .
The Tura limestones (Turah) and the large granite blocks arrived in the harbor of Giza (the Nile channel lay about 17m above sea level, the exact position of the harbor is unknown) and had to be transported over a distance of 500-600 meters and overcome 40 meters height to the foot of the pyramid. Most of the route is not very steep - the average angle of inclination is about 4° - but there are some stretches with 8° to 24° inclination, that have to be negotiated until you reach the plateau. Then you have only transported the stone to the foot of the pyramid and not yet up to where you need it, on top of the pyramid itself!
These gradients are no problem at all to
surmount, if you use Franz Löhner's rope roll. Without
the help of the rope roll those gradients could only be managed with large
ramps and large hauling teams. Calculations show, that with a 5° angle
of inclination you need a ramp which is 114m long to surmount 10 meters,
with an inclination of 10° you need a ramp of 56 meters. If the angle
of inclination is above 10° you need teams of over 400 men to haul
a 2.5-tons block!
Transport up the pyramid flank with Löhner's rope roll
Calculating the force and kinetic coefficient of friction necessary
Cross section of the Giza plateau from West to East through the center of the pyramid of Khufu. Degrees = app. inclination, that a sledge with a stone has to negotiate (calculated from the drawing). Elevation in meters above sea level (from GPMP).
Franz Löhner stipulates that any method or theory for pyramid construction should fulfill the following 5 requirements, otherwise it should be rejected:
1. A solution that is as simple as possible using a technology
that is as simple as possible (Occam's razor)
2. Continuity in technical matters and craftsmanship
3. Verification through pictures and/or text
4. Technology keeping with the time and culture
5. The supposed technique / method must really be a solution
All ramps get smaller when they reach the upper portion of the pyramid.
So it is of great importance, that when you get higher up you
only use smaller and lighter stones. With a ramp you would expect,
that the size of the stones would decrease steadily as you get higher.
It is interesting, that this is not the case in the pyramid of Khufu!
On the contrary you find thicker stone layers even very high up
- on 69m, 75m and on 89m. This fact is inconsistent with the proposed
ramps but corroborates the use of Franz Löhner's rope rolls and the
installation of rope-roll stations also high up on the pyramid flank.
Stone courses of the Pyramid of Khufu
Transport up the pyramid flank with Löhner's rope roll
Egyptologists propose, that the outer stones were bevelled and polished from the top down. This is mainly, because they need protruding stones, so the ramps can be anchored to them. With ramps you can't dress and polish the surface straight away, but you first have to dismantle and remove the ramps to reach the surface. But with these methods it is not possible to achieve an even surface or the desired accuracy! On the contrary, when beveling the upper stones, the strong blows would be transmitted through frictional connection to the stone lying underneath and that stone could break or crack. That this would happen is a fact, that any stone mason knows. So the stones had to be bevelled before they were transported up the pyramid. A ramp can't be anchored on the smooth surface of a pyramid.
Franz Löhner thinks, that the Tura stones were
dressed and bevelled as accurately as possible already in the quarries
and then were brought to the pyramid. Here they were hauled
to their intended place placed next to their neighboring stone and then
had to be polished to be finished.
The outer casing stones of the pyramid
1. Angle of inclination and number of haulers needed
Sledge A: The area to turn around is much too
small, so the haulers walk on air, because they can't just go around
the corners of the spiral ramp.
The sledge with the stone is hauled by 40 or more men. To turn around the corner, one solution could be to plant posts at each corner and pivot the ropes on the posts. The men hauling the rope at the inner side would have to pull faster than the ones at the outer side. Already before turning another team (B) has to take over from the original team (A). Then the stone has to be turned by wooden levers at the very corner. The teams wait, until the ropes are arranged again and they can continue.
But even if the corner posts withstand the constant strain and
are anchored well enough, so they don't get ripped out - this complicated
maneuver can not be done with one stone every minute!
It is impossible!
2. The size of the ramps
5. Transporting the heavy granite blocks
6. Exactness and control
Alignment of the pyramids and controlling the shape of the pyramid
Numbers and figures of the Cheops-pyramid (pyramid of Khufu)
Detailed calculations how many workers were necessary to build the pyramid
Only small, embankment-like structures have been discovered on the Giza plateau. Actually some smaller ramps were found - one on the southern side of the pyramid of Medûm (Meidum), which was 5m wide (adobe bricks) and at the pyramid of Sesostris I in Lisht there is a ramp of about 50m length. But these ramps are much smaller than the huge construction ramps suggested by the Egyptologists, more like transport roads or auxiliary ramps.
There is a dearth of conclusive archaeological evidence supporting the theory that massive ramps were used for the construction of the pyramids. For winding ramps there is no archaeological record at all that indicates the use of one, the depictions of ramps on wall paintings or papyrus generally show straight ones which lead up to a wall.
Another fact strengthens the case against ramps - when employing a ramp it is crucial to use smaller stones further up because the ramp gets narrower and often also steeper. But while the stones used for the layers of Khufu's pyramid overall get smaller the further up you go, again and again there are stones layers much thicker than the ones before. Illustration of the height of the first 50 layers .
Papyrus of Anastasi: There is a ramp to be made of 730
cubits, with a breadth of 55 cubits, consisting of 120 compartments, filled
with reeds and beams, with a height of 60 cubits at its summit, its middle
of 30 cubits... (inclination of ramp = 9.9°)
W. Petrie The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh
Please also check out this page:
The ramp models (detailed examination of the main theories) - Machines - Using horses or oxen
|Franz Löhner www.cheops-pyramide.ch|
Concept and Design, English Texts:
|Teresa (Zubi) Zuberbühler www.starfish.ch| | <urn:uuid:15ff07eb-99fa-49e8-b663-15394296903d> | {
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There are so many beautiful, interesting, historical, and meaningful tourist attractions in Peru that it would require an entire book just to mention them.
Wouldn't you agree?
From the ancient ruins of Machu Picchu to the incredible treks on the mountainsides of the Andes, Peru has a wealth of exciting attractions just waiting to be experienced.
So vast is the number of Peru attractions that it would take much more than a single visit to cover them all, and this also applies to its festivities and celebrations.
The number of popular celebrations taking place annually is absolutely overwhelming - over 3,000 - making Peru culture one of the richest in South America, side by side with its nature and archaeological treasures.
A good example of this is the Inti Raymi in Cuzco, dating back to the days of the Inca civilization. Every June 24th thousands of international visitors travel to Peru to witness the Apu Inti (Sun god) celebration, one of the biggest tourist attractions in South America.
And how about the countless number of lesser known - but not less relevant - sights of
Have you traveled to South America and visited one of Peru's popular or lesser known attractions?...perhaps you've reached Kuelap, or the stone forest of Markawasi?..
Did you make it to the jungle-town of Iquitos or navigated the Amazon river towards Leticia (Colombia) or Tabatinga (Brazil)?
What did you do in Peru?
Do you have one attraction in particular you would recommend... a must-see that you believe every visitor to Peru should see?
If so, please take a moment and tell us about it by using the form below. Then scroll down to see attractions other visitors have recommended, or introduce other travelers to the pearls of discovery of your own.
You may just discover tourist attractions in Peru you'll want to visit on your next trip to South America. | <urn:uuid:fe12542e-6dea-4bd5-b1c1-0d3746a8ff77> | {
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Single fiber EMG (SFEMG) is an electrophysiological technique that can provide useful informations about the physiolohy and pathophysiology of the Motor Unit and mainly of the neuromuscular junction. A special needle is needed for measuring fiber density, the number of single muscle fiber potentials recordable in the pick-up area of the electrode. Fiber density is altered whenever a rearrangement of Motor Units takes place. For recording neuromuscular jitter however a conventional needle can be used. Abnormally increased neuromuscular jitter and neuromuscular blocks can be detected in patients affected by diseases of the neuromuscular junction. SFEMG is the most sensitive electrophysiological test for myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular junction pathology.
The lesson will provide definition of SFEMG and single fiber potential, technical information on SFEMG needle and recording techniques including machine setting and software needed to perform and analyze the SFEMG examination. Mean parameters of SFEMG, fiber density and jitter, will be specified. Moreover the stimulated SFEMG and the volitional effort SFEMG will be discussed. Jitter analysis, normative data and criteria for abnormality will be described. Examples of recordings in normal and pathological conditions will be showed. Usefulness and limits of the technique will be outlined.
tel.+ 39 040 368 343 | <urn:uuid:5fa12daf-3e80-49b9-91d1-66b941d030ae> | {
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FC: Virginia History Created by Mackenzie Eggers
1: Primary Vs Secondary Sources | Primary Sources speeches are Primary autobiographies all these thing are primary | Secondary Sources atlas newspaper books dictionaries these thing are all secondary sources
2: bordering States and large Bodies of water Atlantic Ocean Chesapeake bay Maryland West Virginia Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina
3: The 5 Regions Appalachian Plateau Vally And Ridge Blue Ridge Piedmont Coastal Plain
4: Cities and Rivers Alexandria on the Potomac Fredericksburg on the Rappahonnock Yorktown on the York Richmond on the James Jamestown on the James
5: Artifacts and Achaeologists A artifact are things that people used back then.Archaeologists are people who study the artifacts.
6: Eastern WoodLand Indians Werowocomoco Food shelter and clothing
7: Virginia Indian Tribes Tribes,Languages, and Regions.
8: Reasons for picking Jamestown in 1607 increased England's wealth and power Defense against enemies from both land and sea, deep harbor,thought there was a good supply or fresh,clean,drinking water
9: Hardships at Jamestown Disease,Natives Americans,Difficult to find clean water,and starvation
10: Important people at Jamestown Christopher Newport, Captain John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas, and chief Powhatan
11: Government charters, 1619, Virginia house of Burgesses.
12: Capital Move Jamestown/Williamsburg/Richmond
13: Made the colonist pay for the war British VS French and Indians | French and Indian war
14: taxes sugar act,stamp act,town shed act these are all the acts that the British gave the colonist thought this was unfair and it was but why did not they just keep the taxes in England?
15: Problem in Boston Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Son of LIberty Patriot
16: Colonist V.S England Patriots/Sons of liberty/Colonist/Minute Men V.S Loyalist/King George the 3/Lord Cornwallis
17: Important Patriots James A.Lafayette, George Washington,and Patrick Henry
18: Important Patriots Thomas Jefferson, Jack Jouett, Paul Revere, and Ben Franklin
19: Divided in War African and American Indians were divided in War
20: Support on the Home Front | Women Farming, making clothes, and caring for the sick
21: Battles Battle of Lexington and Concord Battle of Great Bridge Battle of Yorktown
22: Treaty Of Paris The treaty of Paris was signed to end the American revolution .T he British were happy that the Treaty of Paris was signed because they were losing
23: Contributions To a New Nation Mason,Jefferson,Madison,&Washington All these people were leader some of them helped fight and some them inspired other to stand up for them self
24: Virginians Travel West The Virginians moved West and deep South because the tobacco was making the minarals in the soil so all the Virginians moved deep South and West
25: 3 branches of Virginia Government Legislative branch makes the laws Executive branch carries out the laws Judicial branch decides if laws have been broken
26: famous abolitionist Harriet Tubman saved over 300 slaves!Nat Turner led a re volt!John Brown led a raid!
27: Nation The differences between the north and south is that the north has factories and the south did not and during the civil war the south knew the area and the north did not
28: creation of West Virginia Virginia had slavery but the the the western area because of were West Virginia is located
29: Union The union had all these factories and they did not understand that the south did not have factories and said hey you have no right have slaves stop and the did not stop and the north and so th north and the south went to war
30: confederacy The confederacy wanted slaves because they did not have factories like the north did and the north said hey slavery has to stop and they did not so they were so mad they started the civil war
31: Important battles Beware My Foot Can Punt Red apples all these words represent a battles pf the civil war
32: Confederacy surrenders @ Appomattox court house Robert E Lee surrendered at Appomattox court house when his team had way to many deaths
33: Reconstruction reconstruction is after the civil war no one that lived in the south had banks and their money was worthless and their homes and banks was in ruins
34: Reconstruction sharecropping and Freedman's bureau ,freedman's bureau is something the north did to help the south like freed slaves and poor whites ,and sharecropping is something poor whites did to make money they let people rent their land and they would give the plantation owner some of the money
35: After Reconstruction discrimination happened to make life harder on freed slaves they weren't allow to go to the same school as the whites or talk to whites in public the whites ha so much more than the blacks and they weren't even thankful for what they had i mean the bathrooms and schools and restaurants were separate
36: V.A's economy starting to grow Railroads key to expansion Tazewell (coal) and tobacco farming
37: Civil rights movement Thomas Woodrow Wilson and George C.Marshall both won Nobel Peace Prizes for writing a plan to help World Peace thats awesomes
38: civil rights movement Maggie Walker ,Harry f. Byrd,Arther Ashe,Douglas Wilder,Oliver Hill,and Linwood Holton. All of these famous people are inportant to know because they all helped us with something to help back then and look at us now we are all loving | <urn:uuid:b13893e0-61fa-449c-97c3-e3efa8c964c1> | {
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Summary and Info
The world is getting hotter as it experiences the extremes of global climate change. In 1999, catastrophic storms hit Honduras, China and East India, bringing severe devas tation to lives and national economies. EI Nino swept across the Pacific in early 2000, inflicting the worst floods on Mozambique and neighbouring countries. Industrialised nations are not immune to global warming - cases of encephalitis, a disease trans mitted by mosquitoes, were reported in the State of New York. In Antarctica, an iceberg seven times the size of Manhattan island broke loose and floated towards Cape Horn. The melting of Arctic glaciers also continues - huge volumes of fresh-water will disrupt the warm conveyor-belt from Central America to Europe. The net effect of convergent glacial drifts from the polar regions to the equator is expected to inten sify cloud formation in the tropics - hence exacerbating global warming. As the destructive forces of nature intensify, so does the rhetoric from environmental organ isations - as evidenced by the disruption of the last World Trade Organisation con ference in Seattle. It is now up to civilisation to challenge climate change. It can achieve this by command and control as well as flexible mechanisms at home and abroad, before the process of global warming becomes totally irreversible.
Review and Comments
Rate the Book
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Global Business Aspects 0 out of 5 stars based on 0 ratings. | <urn:uuid:00f45747-91b2-4221-8d40-4c99557b88e2> | {
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The regimental depot of the 101st Infantry was the Caserne de Billy in Dreux (Eure-et-Loir). Since it was quite close to Paris, Dreux had always been a garrison town. In 1736, a new barracks was built in the then rue d'Orisson (now the rue d'Orfeuil) to house the men of the brigade de corps du roi.
The building remained in use throughout the Napoleonic wars, but by the 1840s it had become cramped and was in need of repair. It was decided to construct a new barracks, on the plateau to the north of the town, and construction began in October 1845.
The barracks was named after a local man, General Jean Louis de Billy (1763-1806). When the Revolution broke out, he was an artillery instructor at a military academy in Paris. He joined the National Guard, and subsequently served with the Armée des Côtes de l'Océan and the Armée du Rhin, and was wounded at Zürich (2 June 1799). He was subsequently promoted to brigadier and commanded a brigade in Oudinot's Division (III Corps) at Austerlitz. He was killed at the head of his men at the victory over the Prussians at Auerstadt, 14 October 1806.
The barracks would become the home not only of the 101st, but also the reserve regiment, the 301st, and of the local territorial regiment, the 29th. In 1895, a company of the all-volunteer 300th Infantry, 333 men strong under a Captain Immelin, left from here for the campaign in Madagascar.
From 1932, it became the home of three squadrons of gardes mobiles (part of the gendarmerie), as well as a number of colonial regiments. In 1936, it was the home of the 1st Colonial Infantry Regiment. In 1939, the 3rd group of squadrons of 1st Algerian Spahis maintained a presence there, but by that time many of the buildings had been turned over to civilian use.
After the war, the site was progressively taken back into military use, and a number of units, including gendarmerie, were stationed there, including the 1st Colonials between 1948 and 1955. The last Army unit to occupy the barracks was 22nd Colonial Infantry, who left in 1963.
The site is currently occupied by a gendarmerie unit, Escadron 43/3 of the Gendarmerie mobile (responsible for the maintenance of wider public order, rather than for ordinary rural policing). Footage of the squadron's fiftieth anniversary parade in 2011 is on YouTube here. On the same occasion, the barracks was renamed as the Caserne Albert Bertrand, in honour of a gendarme who died in the line of duty in Paris in 1958.
The barracks (which, despite their age, are not protected as historic buildings) and the neighbouring park are the subject of some controversy. They were recently handed over to the departement by central government. Part of the area was subsequently rezoned for housing, which has got a considerable number of people up in arms at the 'threat' to the site. The onside view, which emphasises the barracks as the new home for the departemental archives, is here; the offside view, which emphasises the modern threat to some of the few old buildings left in a town that was heavily modernised in the 1960s and 1970s, is here.
Illustrations: postcards of the barracks from notrefamille; the portrait of de Billy from Dreux par Pierloum; the 1933 aerial view from geoportail. The pictures of Saint-Cloud from delcampe.com and avsaintcloud.com | <urn:uuid:33bfa364-eaf7-43b1-8921-8d2c2d7e40d3> | {
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According to ancient legends, many monuments of Asia were founded by the son of King Siyavush, who, having married the daughter of the local ruler Afrasiab, decided to settle in place of the present Bukhara and build the fortress Ark. And then around the fortress villages of artisans, merchants, astrologers, scientists and various religious seers began to emerge. Near the market square, the Magoki-Attori mosque was built.
However, time passed and many constructions of Bukhara became artifacts in the open air. The Magoki-Attori Mosque is one of such artifacts.
The oldest surviving mosque Magoki-Attori is located in the center of the city of Bukhara, next to the ensembles of Lyabi-Khauz. In the early Middle Ages there was a cult pagan center with a temple of fire worshipers. After the conquest of Bukhara, the Arabs founded one of the first mosques on the site of this temple.
This is far from the first building in this place, as it was established during excavations that the mosque was rebuilt and reconstructed many times in the 9th, 12th and 15th centuries. The mosque is 4.5 meters below the ground level. Hence the name Magoki-Attori, as "magok" means "in the pit."
Today, the Islamic shrine is considered an excellent example of architectural decor. As the excavations have shown, the first mosque of the 9th century on this place was four-pillars. It was decorated with a carved piece and paintings. The fire of 937 passed from the northern gate to the mosque, which burned and all burnt out. "In the 12th century, a new building was erected on the same plan, which collapsed three centuries later, and the southern portal is the main artistic value of this monument
The monument of Magoki-Attori is closely connected with the centuries-old history of the city. Its peculiar architecture reflects several religions that existed in Bukhara. There is a version that before the construction of the first synagogue the Jews prayed with Muslims in the mosque of Magoki-Attori. Jews prayed with Muslims at the same time, but in different corners. According to another version, Jews came there only after the prayers of Muslims had ended. This can explain the custom that exists among Bukharian Jews, end the morning prayer with the words "Shalom Aleihem" ("Peace to you"). European Jews do not usually end this prayer.
Currently, the Magoki-Attori mosque houses a museum of carpets - a branch of the Bukhara State Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The exposition presents carpets and other carpets from the funds of the Bukhara Museum | <urn:uuid:c281be09-e305-43de-b97d-78bb60965857> | {
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figure tag is used to provide the
structure for inserting a figure into a CNXML document. A figure
may contain an image, multimedia object, or caption tag.
<title>The World's Cutest Dog</title>
<media id="dogpic" alt="A dog sitting on a bed">
<image mime-type="image/jpeg" src="image1.jpg" />
Notice how cute the dog is just sitting there.
Results in this display:
Figure 1: Notice how cute the dog is just sitting there.
|The World's Cutest Dog|
Allows you to determine which way subfigure elements are
arranged. Has no effect if the figure has no subfigure children.
- horizontal -
Subfigures appear side by side (default).
- vertical -
Subfigures appear one on top of the other.
Defines the type of figure in order to give specialized control over numbering.
Figures of the same type are numbered in series (i.e., Figure 1, Figure 2...).
Type can be used in conjunction with label so that figures of each
user-defined type appear with their own label. Type can be any user-defined
value that reflects the purpose of the figure.
A unique identifier, whose value must begin with a letter and contain only letters,
numbers, hyphens, underscores, colons, and/or periods (no spaces).
may contain an optional
tag, followed by an optional title
Next, it must contain:
may contain an | <urn:uuid:8c5551fd-d2dc-4ef1-966a-c0bcfa8ee5d2> | {
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Which Famed 20th Century Pacifist Influenced The Show Star Trek?
Answer: Martin Luther King, Jr.
At the time of its airing in 1960s, Star Trek presented a downright utopian view of the future–a future where people of different races worked side by side for the betterment of humanity. Many people were huge fans of the show and of creator Gene Roddenberry’s vision of the future. Among those many fans was none other than famous 20th century pacifist and activist, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
Not only was King an enormous fan of the show, but he also had a hand in the direction of the show. When actress Nichelle Nichols (who played Lt. Uhura in the series) confided in him that she was thinking about leaving the show, King strongly encouraged her to continue with the role as her presence on television in such a positive and prominent role was of great importance to his goals of racial equality in America. | <urn:uuid:3bac050c-68e4-4c1c-b49d-1b63207ca433> | {
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Magnetic reconnection in Venus' induced magnetotail
The event, which took place about 1.5 Venus radii (about 9000 km) down the magnetotail, is thought to be evidence of a passing plasmoid - a transient magnetic loop structure which is formed by magnetic reconnection in a planetary magnetotail.
The animation shows how reconnection splits the induced magnetotail of Venus, causing most of the plasma in the tail to be ejected into space. It also forms a plasmoid structure - the closed loop - which heads towards the planet and channels a fraction of the energy flux of the solar wind into the night-side atmosphere.
The animation is not to scale. | <urn:uuid:205d21a3-dd49-4597-9135-0bb966933a92> | {
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KIN - ch. 9
Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
legal wrong that results in damage to a person or their property
most common tort in education
does defendant owe anything to plaintiff?
breach of duty
did defendant fail to use reasonable care with the duty?
damage as proximate result
damage & cause (physical, emotional, financial harm)
mbwa stands for:
management by walking around
inspect teaching areas for hazards
illegal act of COMMISSION (ex: hitting student)
illegal act of OMISSION (Ex: allowing bullying and not stopping it)
falls short of reasonable standard of care
found in BOTH SIDES and pay out is prorated to match the percent of negligence
attractive nuisance (boys' minds)
"too good to pass up"
act of God
covers natural, unforeseeable events
inevitable with or without actions of the defendant
assumption of risk
can the plaintiff assume risk of activity?
plaintiff's actions contributed
what will keep you out of court?
- -lesson plans
- -keep good records
- -inspect equipment &keep checklist
- -respect parents' notes
- -be aware of special needs
Home > Flashcards > Print Preview | <urn:uuid:018aae26-3c6d-4d1c-a9a0-264a7aeb4b48> | {
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Energy efficiency means doing the same job with less energy. Potential savings from energy efficiency number in the trillions of dollars, and would cut air pollution by 1.1 gigatons by 2020, the same amount produced annually by the entire US fleet of passenger vehicles and light trucks.
The idea of a smart grid promises to take energy efficiency to another level. By computer, an entire household would be in communication with all power sources. Solar panels on your roof would plan power use for the dishwasher, while your house tells the electricity grid how much heat and light it will need in the next six hours.
Battery-powered vehicles and plug-in hybrids are gaining popularity because of their efficiency and their improved carbon emissions compared to gasoline and diesel. There are also vehicles powered by algae, liquefied natural gas, hydrogen, compressed air, and ethanol.
3 things you can do to support clean energy industry:
1. Patronize clean energy businesses.
2. Support clean energy projects in your community or region.
3. Understand the true cost of fossil fuels.
Other great ways you can make a difference.
LINKS & VIDEOS
Sizing the Clean Economy Report – Brookings Institution
Clean Energy Trends – Green Biz
2010 Wind Technologies Report – US Department of Energy
Unlocking Energy Efficiency in the US Economy – McKinsey & Company
The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential – American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
Feed-in Tariffs – FAQ for State Utility Commissions
UK Feed-in Tariffs Enjoys Early Success
Renewable Energy in China – World Watch Institute
Smart Grid Revolution – Environmental Defense Fund
Germany to Make History with Alternative Energy, The Big Picture RT
Controlling Gas Prices and Creating Jobs, White House
President Obama talks about how encouraging and developing new energy technologies can help control gas prices and create new American jobs.
Jonathon Porritt, Founder Director of Forum for the Future, explains how and why scientific consensus was reached on the issue of Climate Change. Filmed at the Times Cheltenham Science Festival. | <urn:uuid:0c6acc64-562d-4461-bb55-0ef9ad1989f0> | {
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A question that many developers ask them selves “RavenDB, Why should we care?”. RavenDB is a scheme-less, transactional document database that uses JSON format to store data into documents.
A bit of history.
RavenDB is not a new invention, instead, schema-less database’s have been around since the 1960’s and the first NoSQL database called “MultiValue”. In 1998, Carlo Strozzi developed a file-based database which is a relational database but without SQL interface. NoSQL term came to life in 2009 by Eric Evans who used the term to relate to non-relational databases.
Between 2000 and 2010 many NoSQL databases came to surface:
- db4o – which is an object database for C# and JAVA MemcachedDB
- CouchDB – It provides document database inspired by Lotus Notes.
- BigTable – which is google NoSQL database built on top of Google File System (GFS)
Before diving into RavenDB, let me explain the term NoSQL
NoSQL is a non-relational database that has great beneficial in terms of data retrieval, cheap, flexible data model and can handle big data.
Five advantages of NoSQL that you should know about:
- Scalability – Even with increasingly the amount of data, the system will not reduce its overall performance and availability.
- Big Data Handling – NoSQL can handle “big data” that outstrip what RDBMS can handle
- Needless Management – NoSQL databases are designed from bottom up, which means less management required as data are pretty simple to maintain and tune without the need of DBA
- NoSQL is cheaper – RDBMS relies on expensive servers and storage systems, whereas NoSQL automatically distribute’s data across servers without requiring applications to participate.
- Flexibility – As mentioned previously, NoSQL is schema-less which means we are not restricted to specific schema when we store a new document.
So Why RavenDB?
RavenDB is an open source document database developed by Hibernating Rhinos for .NET platforms, which provides a performance boost to your application, increase development speed and easily maintained application. RavenDB allow developers to start developing in less time comparing to other NoSQL database i.e. CounchDB which requires Erlang to be complied from the source, While on RavenDB, all you need is to download it as a Nuget package, and run RavenDB server instance and that’s all to get you up and running. RavenDB is transactional (ACID) which means data is processed reliably. Another interesting point to mention is that, RavenDB is based on REST, which allow you to operate through url calls.
So, what does RavenDB means for the following?
As a User:
Applications which provides search facility to their users, will allow faster search results, even with data marked as stale (in RavenDB, you have the ability to either ignore there data or wait till they becomes non-stale). RavenDB makes use of Lucene.NET to store indexed data (only indexes are stored not documents) which provides high performance search ability to the application. Also part of Lucene.NET, RavenDB makes use of suggestions, for example, if user searches for a colour, i.e. black, and they typed ‘blac’ the suggestion will return “Do you mean black?”. This feature improves user experience by helping the user to search for the right term.
As a Business
With capabilities provided by RavenDB such as high performance search results and suggestions, users will experience fast application that respond to their queries or submissions. This will attract more users to use the application compared to other data storage mechanism. Change of requirements won’t be bad, as documents are easily changed and modified. RavenDB adds a boost to application development and that by providing an easy to use API and a UI Studio which allow developers to view documents, run queries and check indexes. The costs of RavenDB is much cheaper then having SQL SERVER running in your production environment.
As a Developer
- RavenDB document is based on aggregates – Entities and Value objects are bound together by a root entity (aggregate root). the aggregate root will be the access point.
- ORM (Object Relational Mapping) layer becomes useless as there will be no mismatch between objects and relational data storage.
- RavenDB is more easily scalable then RDBMS – as RDBMS forces data to be manipulated to suite relational databases.
- RavenDB have out-of-box support for replication and sharding.
- Indexes are automatically created if data is requested multiple times
- Ability to add Map/Reduce on top of your document using Linq
- RavenDB supports partial document update which means you don’t have to load the whole document to do an update
- RavenDB implement Unit of Work, tracking, read and write optimization.
- RavenDB have built-in bundles and they are: Versioning, Expiration and Index Replication Bundle
- RavenDB allow you to implement your own bundle
Generally, RavenDB is good technology that will not only impact on the ease of application development for developers but instead it will impact on users experience and businesses.
In the next blog post I’ll discuss and demonstrate the principles/guidelines when it comes to design your RavenDB documents. | <urn:uuid:76c376fa-28b2-4010-b03b-bd4ff7e37191> | {
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Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists evaluated cattle genetically modified to not produce prions, and determined there were no observable adverse effects on the animals' health.
“These cattle can help in the exploration and improved understanding of how prions function and cause disease, especially with relation to BSE,” said Edward B. Knipling, ARS administrator. “In particular, cattle lacking the gene that produces prions can help scientists test the resistance to prion propagation, not only in the laboratory, but in live animals as well.”
Prions are proteins naturally produced in animals. An abnormal form of prion is believed to cause devastating illnesses called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), the best known of which is BSE.
ARS studied eight Holstein males developed by Hematech, Inc., a Sioux Falls, SD-based pharmaceutical research company. Led by veterinary medical officer Juergen Richt of ARS' National Animal Disease Center in Ames, IA, the evaluation revealed no apparent developmental abnormalities in the prion-free cattle.
Richt said, “The cattle were monitored for growth and general health status from birth up to 19 months of age. Mean birth and daily gain were both within the normal range for Holsteins. General physical examinations, done at monthly intervals by licensed veterinarians, revealed no unusual health problems.”
ARS, with assistance from Hematech and University of Texas researchers, evaluated the cattle using observation, post-mortem examination of two animals, and a technology that amplifies abnormal proteins for easier detection. Further testing will take at least three years to complete.
— ARS Research Report, December 2006
Only 1% of U.S. cow-calf producers use the reproductive tract score (RTS) system to evaluate uterine development and ovarian activity of heifers.
Texas A&M University researchers conducted a two-year study to establish the value of the RTS system in an extensively managed, natural mating, 90-day breeding season program and to determine factors that may influence RTS. RTS utilizes a 1 to 5 scale, with 1 being the least developed and 5 being the most developed, with presence of a corpus luteum.
A total of 106 yearling Bonsmara-cross heifers were palpated and assigned an RTS just prior to start of breeding season. They were turned out with Bonsmara bulls at a bull-to-female ratio of 1:53 and 1:48 in years 1 and 2, respectively.
RTS was positively correlated with frame score, age, weaning weight and the weight of the heifer on the day of the RTS exam. For the two breeding seasons, pregnancy rate differed significantly for heifers with RTS 1 and 2 (62.5%) compared to heifers with RTS 3, 4 and 5 (91.2%). Females with an RTS of 1 conceived later during their first breeding season, weaned lighter first calves and had a lower fall body weight and body condition score each year, compared to heifers with an RTS of 3 or higher.
The authors say yearling heifers with an RTS of 1 immediately prior to their first breeding season should be culled, and that reproductive performance is reduced in heifers with a RTS of 2.
— Rathmann et al, 2006, Southern
Section ASAS, Abstract 48
Expected progeny difference (EPD) for milk is an accurate indicator of milk production and calf performance.
In a long-term study, Oklahoma State University researchers mated crossbred cows to Angus or Hereford bulls either very high or very low for milk EPDs. Heifers from these matings were born over a five-year period (1989-1993). When the heifers were six, seven and eight years old, milk production was measured, and weaning weights of their calves compared.
Cows sired by high milk (HM) bulls produced significantly more milk than cows sired by low milk (LM) bulls in all months except for the seventh month.
Cows sired by HM bulls had 30.5-lb. heavier calves at weaning than those sired by LM EPD bulls.
Cows sired by HM Angus bulls were significantly lighter than those sired by LM Angus bulls (1,156 vs. 1,210 lbs.). However, HM and LM Hereford cows didn't differ significantly in body weight.
Cows sired by HM bulls had significantly lower body condition scores than cows sired by LM bulls (4.97 vs. 5.27 for Angus and 5.10 vs. 5.27 for Hereford).
Compared to LM cows, there was a tendency for HM cows to have longer calving intervals, later calving dates and lower calving percentages than LM cows, but the differences weren't statistically significant.
The results indicate HM EPD bulls sire cows that produce more milk and wean heavier calves than cows sired by LM EPD bulls. It may, however, come at the expense of body condition and reproductive efficiency.
Erat and Buchanan, Oklahoma State University Beef Research Report, 2005 | <urn:uuid:f9dcbb7e-f010-4334-8d4a-01e28e4d64e0> | {
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You just had a lovely dinner. On your walk home, a bird poops on your head. Now your entire beautiful evening has been ruined. Many researchers have studied this phenomenon in which bad experiences outweigh good ones. One such study found that a person who had a bad day yesterday will report lower well-being today, while an individual who had a good day yesterday will not report any effect on today . Therefore, you got bird poop on your head and it will ruin your otherwise wonderful day AND decrease tomorrow’s well-being. Even in your daily life, why is it that one bad event in your day seems to outweigh all of the good events?
There is some evidence that this effect is a self-preservational prioritization that has been selected for in our evolution . This means that we must prioritize the bad things over the good because the good things probably won’t kill us, but the bad things might. Other evidence suggests that it is due to habituation . This means that you are so accustomed to good things happening all the time that you take them for granted, but a bad event still gets your attention.
Figure 1. This man is having a negative experience of a bird pooping on his head. These bad effects could ruin his entire day. Source: JohiSm, pixabay.
Is bad really stronger than good? In one study, researchers interviewed individuals who had experienced seemingly good life events (winning the lottery), bad events (becoming paralyzed), or neutral events (living their average lives), and found that the negative effects of becoming paralyzed were far greater than the positive effects of winning the lottery . Not only that, but they also found that individuals who had won the lottery had a very fleeting euphoric effect . The good effect group returned to similar responses to average significantly sooner than the bad effect group. Interestingly, the good effect group that won the lottery did have some lasting effects, but they were the negative consequences of winning the lottery, like not being able to enjoy simple pleasures anymore . The good group did not have lasting good effects, AND they had lasting bad effects because those seem to stick with us.
Figure 2. This man just won the lottery and would be put in the good effect group, but his happiness will probably be fleeting. Source: U.S. Airforce.
In addition to longer lasting effects, bad events also seem to be more salient or personally important. In several studies, it was found that teaching someone to learn a task takes less time when using reinforcing punishments rather than rewards . This trend can be observed across species in rodents and in humans. Presenting an individual with aversive stimuli upon an incorrect response to a task is more effective than presenting an individual with rewarding stimuli upon correct responses because bad events are more salient than good events.
Why do we find bad more salient than good? Why is this stronger response to negative events conserved across species? There is reason to believe that this salience is evolutionarily advantageous and has been selected for over generations. I think Dr. Vohs and colleagues said it best when they stated that “survival requires urgent attention to possible bad outcomes, but it is less urgent with regard to good ones. Hence, it would be adaptive to be psychologically designed to respond to bad more strongly than good .” Those individuals who found bad events to be more salient were faster to respond when a threat approached, and thus more likely to survive that threat and reproduce to pass on the trait .
Figure 3. The individual who notices a threatening sign first will most likely escape danger. This individual is probably highly attuned to negative events. Source: Nick Youngson, picpedia.
This trend that bad outweighs good can be observed in mood and learning as discussed earlier, and also in monetary transactions and flavor preferences. The famous economists Kahneman and Tversky conducted an experiment in which participants in their study all started out with the same amount of money and either gained or lost an identical amount of money. Those that lost money reported distress that outweighed the joy of those that gained the same amount of money . In the example with the lottery winners and paraplegics, you could argue that losing function of part of your body is more important than winning the lottery. But in this example, the monetary winnings and losses were exactly equal, so we can claim that the greater effect of loss is due to it being a loss rather than a more valuable event.
The last example that ties all of these good vs. bad experiments specifically to survival involves a flavor preference test. A group of human participants were presented with neutral flavors. These flavors were paired with either aversive or palatable flavors. When the neutral flavor was paired with sugar, the participants did not report a significant increase in preference or long lasting effect . However, when the neutral flavor was paired with a bad taste, participants reported dislike for the neutral association even one week later . Bad tasting flavors have evolutionary importance, as they are sometimes indicative of items that will kill us if ingested. Those individuals that attend to the bad stimulus will avoid ingesting something that might poison them, and natural selection will work its magic to propagate this preference.
Our aversion to negative events is evolutionarily advantageous. Those that had a stronger response to potentially lethal events tended to survive, reproduce, and pass on this attention to the negative.
Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., Van den Bergh, O., & Crombez, G. 1990. “Flavor-flavor and color-flavor conditioning in humans.” Learning and Motivation, 21, 434-455.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., Vohs, K. D. 2001. “Bad is Stronger Than Good.” Review of General Psychology, 5, 4, 323-370.
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. 1978. “Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917-927.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. 1984. “Choices, values, and frames.” American Psychologist, 39, 341-350.
Meyer, W. J., & Offenbach, S. 1962. “Effectiveness of reward and punishment as a function of task complexity.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 532-534.
Penney, R. K. 1968. “Effect of reward and punishment on children’s orientation and discrimination learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 140-142.
Penney, R. K., & Lupton, A. A. 1961. “Children’s discrimination learning as a function of reward and punishment.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 449-451.
Sheldon, K. M, Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. 1996. “What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1270-1279.
Spence, J. T. 1966. “Verbal discrimination performance as a function of instruction and verbal reinforcement combination in normal and retarded children.” Child Development, 37, 269-281.
Spence, J. T., & Segner, L. L. 1967. “Verbal vs. nonverbal reinforcement combinations in the discrimination learning of middle and lower class children.” Child Development, 38, 29-38.
More From Thats Life [Science] | <urn:uuid:42c31bad-31a5-44ce-a5ae-59d891744798> | {
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Nearly half a century after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a sweeping federal education act and promised to “bridge the gap between helplessness and hope” for disadvantaged children in the nation’s public schools, Congress is still trying to fine-tune the law to achieve its original goals.
On Tuesday, Senator Tom Harkin, Democrat of Iowa, introduced the Strengthening America’s Schools Act of 2013. It is an updated version of the 48-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the law that governs all public schools that receive federal money to support the most vulnerable students among the poor, racial minorities, learners of the English language and the disabled.
Mr. Harkin’s bill seeks to update No Child Left Behind, President George W. Bush’s version of the law, which passed in 2001 and has been up for reauthorization since 2007. Congress has repeatedly tried, but failed, to pass a new edition.
Mr. Harkin, who is the chairman of the Senate education committee and has announced plans to retire next year, has a long climb ahead of him. | <urn:uuid:d63b0ccb-2f35-4196-a476-49c4abe04334> | {
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News about the health and beauty of the natural world that sustains us.
With the world population ever growing we need to produce more food to nourish more and more hungry people. But sadly much of the food currently being produced is just being wasted. According to the USDA an estimated 31 percent of our food is wasted in the U.S. at the retail and consumer level alone - that's a shocking amount of food being produced but never being eaten! Food waste occurs at almost every level, from production to purchase, and can present itself in many different ways - everything from produce culls in the field for veggies that are the wrong size or shape, to transportation losses, to dented cans or unsold fresh produce in the grocery stores.
Of course along with the wasted food there are many resources wasted to grow food that will never ultimately be consumed, including water/fertilizer to grow the food, manpower to harvest, fossil fuels to transport, etc. According to USDA, food waste is the single largest component going into municipal landfills, and not only are our landfills being filled to capacity but they're also creating a shocking amount of greenhouse-building gasses.
Legal Protection For Those Donating Food In Good Faith
Some groups such as grocery stores or farmers markets may be apprehensive about donating unsold edible food for fear they could be sued. But the Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act protects those acting in good faith who donate food. As long as the donor has not acted negligently they are protected and are not held liable in the event of unforeseen illness associated with their donation. So don't throw away that unsold produce or the cans of soup that didn't sell as well as you hoped they would - DONATE THEM! You can read more about the Good Samaritan Act here.
U.S. Food Waste Challenge
In 2013 the USDA and the Environmental Protection Agency launched a program called U.S. Food Waste Challenge calling for a 50% reduction in food waste by the year 2030. As stated on the USDA Website: "As part of the effort, the federal government will lead a new partnership with charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, the private sector and local, state and tribal governments to reduce food loss and waste" Now there's a worthwhile program to get on board with! You can find out more here —> USDA Food Waste Challenge.
Reducing Food Waste In Your Home
Yes, there are even consumer losses once food is purchased and brought home. How many times have you had to throw away that last banana or the rest of that salad mix because it began to over ripen before your family could eat it? No one anticipates going to the grocery store to buy nutritious food for their family just to have it go to waste. But think of the money wasted to purchase food just to allow it to spoil and then be tossed in the garbage. But have heart, there's plenty each of us can do to help reduce food waste in our own homes:
Eat What You Buy - That huge bag of potatoes may be on sale, but can all those potatoes really be eaten before they go bad? To reduce food waste buy only what your family can reasonably eat while it's still fresh. Remember, it's not a bargain if you're just throwing it away.
Use Your Leftovers - Don't let that delicious roast or the rest of those green beans sit in the fridge until they become the beginnings of the next science-fair experiment. Store your leftovers in glass jars so you can plainly see the food in the fridge needing to be eaten. That way you can either enjoy those leftovers for lunch the next day or plan tomorrow's meal to incorporate those leftover items into a brand new meal and reduce waste at the same time. Make shredded BBQ pork with that leftover pork roast & serve it on buns for a whole new twist on last night's pork roast supper.
What If It Goes Bad? - OK, it happens. You buy fresh produce and then it ripens quicker than you thought it would, or the toddler only ate 1/2 of what you served her. Don't throw away that 1/2 banana or those molded strawberries, toss them in the compost pile where nature can go to work creating that coveted black gold that helps your garden plants grow so well.
Bring It Home - If you enjoy a restaurant meal but are unable to finish the food served to you, bring that food home to enjoy for lunch tomorrow. You don't even have to accept that bulky Styrofoam take-out container they push on you. I often bring in my own lidded glass dish for my restaurant leftovers. After I've eaten my fill I simply transfer the uneaten portion of my meal into my dish and snap the cover on. Since my dish is made of microwavable glass I can warm my leftovers the next day and eat them from the same dish. No Styrofoam to the landfill, no extra serving dishes to wash. Win/Win!
So you see, there are many quick and easy ways to reduce food waste in our own homes. What are some of YOUR favorite ideas for reducing food waste?
This article was written by Tammy Taylor, owner of the Taylor-Made Homestead blog. Tammy lives & works on a NE Texas ranch and writes about home cooking, gardening, food preservation, MIY, DIY and living as gently as possible on this big blue planet we call home. You can visit her Homestead blog or follow her on Facebook or Pinterest.
All MOTHER EARTH NEWS community bloggers have agreed to follow our Best Blogging Practices, and they are responsible for the accuracy of their posts. To learn more about the author of this post, click on the byline link at the top of the page. | <urn:uuid:a089a47c-6c07-4fd8-958b-a1b2d9e36d7f> | {
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A hundred years ago, our great-grandparents inhaled coal dust all day, baled hay in the hot sun, and did backbreaking factory work. By the early 21st Century, most of us had moved on to comfortable, indoor office jobs.
This sounds like progress. When we were first tucked away in our nice, cozy offices, we had to wonder as we plopped our butts into those comfortably padded office chairs, What could possibly go wrong?
Well, as you have probably heard, it turns out that our cushy office jobs can be almost as uncomfortable and deadly as those old mining, farming, and manufacturing jobs.
Nowadays, instead of being crushed under a tractor or mangled on an assembly line, we face more subtle risks of injury and disease – chronic low-back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis, the slow onset of diabetes, the ever-increasing likelihood of heart disease, a steadily rising risk of cancer, higher odds of getting disabled as we age.
These and many more afflictions have been linked to prolonged sitting, an alarmingly common behavior in the modern office.
The Surprising News about Sitting
“Sitting disease,” as it has come to be known, is a surprising affliction. Many of us still have trouble getting our head around the idea that an activity as benign and seemingly “safe” as sitting has such dire consequences.
But it does.
Reams of research have now shown conclusively that sitting all day is deadly. The British Journal of Sports Medicine says that “physical inactivity is one of the most important public health problems of the 21st century, and may even be the most important.”
Let that sink in. Our sedentary ways could be a bigger public health problem than cigarette smoking, excessive drinking, gun violence, and any number of infectious diseases.
Blair’s BJSM paper documents just one study in a huge body of recent scientific discoveries.
The scariest detail in these research findings? It doesn’t matter how much you exercise after work, how fit you are in general, or how genetically predisposed you are to a long and healthy life. “Sitting is an independent risk factor,” says Peter Katzmarzyk, an obesity researcher. No matter how active you are after work, if you sit all day, you will die sooner than you would have otherwise. End of story.
Yikes! That’s some seriously scary news.
How to Fight Sitting Disease
Fortunately, it’s pretty simple to reverse sitting disease. If inactivity is the problem, all you have to do is to move a bit more during your work day.
As I write this, I’m chugging along at 1.7 MPH, walking at a treadmill desk (thanks, Impact Hub Seattle!). I don’t walk on a treadmill desk all day, though, and you don’t have to either. Simply standing up a few times an hour can reverse many of the effects of sitting disease. Standing in stints of an hour or two a few times each day can help even more.
Stand up whenever you answer the phone. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Park in the far corner of the parking lot. Get off the bus or subway a few stops early. Walk down the hall for an in-person visit instead of calling a colleague. Sneak in some light exercise at your desk or in an empty conference room. I’m sure you can think of many more ways to get a little more movement into your work day.
These solutions are all simple. Simple, but not easy. Translating insight and information into actual behavior change is always a bit of a project. I’m here to help you tackle that project . . .
Knight, Joseph A. “Physical Inactivity: Associated Diseases and Disorders.” Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 42, no. 3 (6–20, 2012): 320–37. http://www.annclinlabsci.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/content/42/3/320.
Blair, Steven N. “Physical Inactivity: The Biggest Public Health Problem of the 21st Century.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 43, no. 1 (1, 2009): 1–2. http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/43/1/1. | <urn:uuid:1d9ab4c7-0c6b-4982-b89d-8daa86411a7b> | {
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Fort St. Joseph open house showcases local history
July 22, 2009
KALAMAZOO--Western Michigan University archaeologists are plumbing the depths of Southwest Michigan's history, and the public will have a chance to see what they've learned during an Aug. 1-2 open house at the Fort St. Joseph archaeological site dig in Niles, Mich.
The open house, which offers the public a detailed look at the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project and 18th-century life, will take place from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturday and Sunday to highlight the history and archaeology of Fort St. Joseph. The theme of this year's open house is "Jesuits in New France." There will be a Jesuit re-enactor depicting the life of a Jesuit priest at the fort. The mission, garrison and trading post complex was occupied from 1691 to 1781 along the St. Joseph River in what is now the city of Niles.
Since 1998, WMU faculty researchers and students have been working to identify, investigate and interpret the physical remains of Fort St. Joseph, one of the most important Colonial outposts in the western Great Lakes. WMU has conducted its annual archaeological field school at the site since 2002 in partnership with the city of Niles, the Fort St. Joseph Museum and Support the Fort, a nonprofit organization focused on preserving the fort's history. The dig has been opened to the public annually during the past several years and has attracted more than 5,000 visitors eager to see the site and hear the explanations and interpretation of those working there.
The Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project has netted more than 100,000 artifacts and animal bones associated with the French and English occupations along the St. Joseph River. The fort's strategic location near the St. Joseph-Kankakee river portage allowed the French (1691-1761) and later the British (1761-81) to control southern Lake Michigan.
This mission-garrison-trading post served as a hub of commercial, military and religious activity for local native populations and European powers for nearly a century during a critical period in the colonization of North America. The flags of four nations--France, England, Spain and the United States--flew over the fort at different times in its history.
Researchers have uncovered building foundations, fireplaces and hearths, and artifacts of everyday life ranging from religious artifacts to weapon remnants. These artifacts have been the subject of numerous articles, including one in Michigan History Magazine, as well as professional presentations around the country by faculty and students involved in the annual field school.
The open house will take place in South Riverfront Park on Bond Street in Niles and extend to the public boat launch area near Fort Street. The event will feature an outdoor museum, lectures by historians about life at the forts and tours of the excavation site. It comes at the end of WMU's 34th annual field school, the only such archeological field school in Michigan and among the longest running such initiatives in the United States.
At the outdoor museum, attendees will be able to witness ongoing archaeological investigations and view fort artifacts. Field school archaeologists will be on hand to give lectures, lead tours, explain archaeology and recount the history of Fort St. Joseph.
The artifacts that will be on display will include items recovered in recent excavations, as well as items from the Fort St. Joseph Museum collection and discoveries made during this year's WMU field school.
For more information about the open house, contact Dr. Michael Nassaney at [email protected] or (269) 387-3981. Information about Fort St. Joseph is available online at wmich.edu/fortstjoseph.
Media contact: Deanne Puca, (269) 387-8400, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:1f846862-c03b-44a6-82b5-9c517ad8d827> | {
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This year or maybe next, if all goes as planned, a GlaxoSmithKline scientist named Ripley Ballou may finally win approval
for a vaccine he started testing as an army physician more than 25 years ago—an advance that could mark the beginning of a
whole new phase in the battle against one of the world's great killers: malaria.
Ballou hadn't plan on going into research. He grew up an army brat, entered West Point in the late '60s, and proved himself
a model cadet. But then one day, while standing sentry duty, a Vietnam War protester slipped a flower into the barrel of his
rifle. Rip had a change of heart, and traded West Point for Georgia Tech, where he studied biology and envisioned a career
The army is tough to escape, though. Upon college graduation, Ballou couldn't afford med school, so he accepted a military
scholarship and the four years of service that came with it. His internship led him to Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
in Washington, DC. There, in 1981, his lab chief assigned him to the world's first recombinant malaria vaccine study.
To be effective, malaria efforts must reach the poor in remote villages. Social marketing events, like the one Novartis sponsored
"At the time, there was this overexuberant expectation that we were going to very quickly develop a vaccine," says Ballou,
As the primary investigator, Ballou gathered his army research pals and persuaded them to join him in participating in the
study—as subjects. They all received the vaccine candidate dubbed RTS,S and let malaria-infected mosquitoes settle in for
a blood meal. Before long Ballou and company showed the familiar symptoms—raging fever, shivers, and massive headaches—all
except one volunteer, for whom the vaccine apparently worked. Ballou had hoped for a higher success rate, but he took this
promise as proof: A malaria vaccine was possible.
Tanzania highlight the importance of using bed nets.
Today, Ballou is still chasing that dream. In 2008, GSK will deploy the first-ever multicenter Phase III vaccine trial conducted
with GCP standards in sub-Saharan Africa. Its subject: the latest iteration of RTS,S. Ballou hopes that, after many years
spent improving it, the vaccine will offer hope to the 300 million people infected by the microscopic parasites.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 90 percent of the 1 million-plus annual global malaria deaths occur in sub-Saharan
Africa, where the disease is the leading killer of children under five. It also disproportionately affects pregnant women,
whose immune response is lowered. Until recently, the global health community had all but given up in the fight against the
deadly disease. But in the past two years, efforts signal a renewed commitment:
» Malaria is stepping out of the shadows with events like the Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI), chaired by First
Lady Laura Bush in December, after two decades that saw the explosion of the HIV epidemic.
» WHO has issued its first new treatment guidelines in 20 years, calling for countries to switch to newer, more effective
» There is growing support to deploy all the weapons in the malaria arsenal, including drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, bed
nets and—after WHO reversed a 30-year-old policy against the pesticide DDT last year—insecticides.
» Researchers are creating programs to better understand drug resistance, so health officials can try to prevent it.
» New funding incentives to engage pharma companies—including major grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—signal
a pathway through which industry can become more involved with malaria research.
Taken together, these events point the way forward for a new era in the fight against malaria. "The fact that malaria could
be eradicated is a concept that is now getting back on the agenda," says Christopher Hentschel, CEO of the Medicines for Malaria
Venture (MMV), a key nonprofit drug developer.
But ask Rip Ballou, and he'd say progress has been a long time coming. | <urn:uuid:7411e014-3bbf-49dc-bd8b-1e3fd538f361> | {
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The Development of Money
Written for the KidsKnowIt Network by:
When people think about the development of money, they tend to think it began with a couple of people trading what they have for what they need. For example, suppose you are an apple farmer and you want wheat. You could trade a bushel of apples for a bushel of wheat. Seems like a fair trade right? The system of trading this for that is called barter.
There are a couple of problems with the barter system. The first, apples and wheat aren’t harvested at the same time. When your apples are ready to trade the wheat is still growing. The apples will spoil before the wheat is ready. Second, what if you can’t find a wheat farmer that wants to trade you for apples. The science term for this problem is called a Coincidence of Wants. You have to coincidentally have something that someone else wants and they have to coincidentally have something you want in order to make a trade.
Most societies without money didn’t use the barter system very often. Barter was probably only used when trading with a complete stranger. Perhaps a trader came into the village with obsidian (used to make stone tools) and wanted to trade the obsidian for some food, then maybe barter will be used.
In most societies that didn’t have money there was an exchange of “gifts.” Here’s how the system works. A particularly good farmer or hunter, we’ll call him Robert so we don’t get confused. Robert has a lot of food and John doesn’t. Robert will give John some of his food. Now John owes Robert. If Robert ever is in need of food or something else that John has, Robert will go to John and ask for what he needs. Robert also gains fame and prestige from giving gifts to other people. If Robert gives a lot of gifts he will become a very important person in the village. He may even become chief.
Let's look again at the example of the obsidian trader. Obsidian, and other rocks like it are used to make tools. This makes obsidian valuable. It’s always valuable because is can always be turned into tools. So, let's say the apple farmer, who wanted wheat, trades his apples for obsidian. He can then trade the obsidian for wheat. The obsidian was used to hold the value of the apples. When used like this, the obsidian becomes what is called an intermediate commodity. In history, there are several things that were used as intermediate commodities. Gold, copper, silver, tin and obsidian are obvious examples of intermediate commodities in history. However, there are some weird ones. For example, a certain type of seashell was used as an intermediate commodity in China. There are many types of intermediary commodities. It seems that as long as everyone agrees something is valuable, it is.
From history, we see that metal was the favorite intermediate commodity, especially gold and silver. Metal was the favorite because it was easy to carry and it was easy to divide. Being able to divide a commodity was important. What if you only wanted a half a bushel of wheat or you needed a clay pot but only had cows to trade? Why would you want to trade a whole cow for a clay pot? That’s not a good deal. A half a lump of gold was something that people would accept more often than half a cow. I mean, what do you do with half a cow? It would lose its value very quickly as the meat was either eaten or spoiled.
Without the help of their leaders, the people of several different societies developed coins. Egypt used gold bars about 4000 BCE, about the same time the civilizations in Mesopotamia were using silver bars. In about 1000 BCE, civilizations in China were using spade or knife-shaped coins. They were also using coins in India. In all these places people were using coins as money without even talking to each other. It’s pretty amazing when you thing about it; different people have the same problem, at the same time, and they come up with a similar solution.
To make sure trade stayed fair, and to make sure the leaders stayed in control, governments started to issue coins. The idea was to make sure that coins were the same size and had the same amount of precious metal in each one, keeping everything fair. But that is a different story. | <urn:uuid:8d8edf85-0291-45ee-bfac-8f39b710c271> | {
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