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Definition of organizable
a. - Capable of being organized; esp. (Biol.), capable of being formed into living tissue; as, organizable matter. 2
The word "organizable" uses 11 letters: A A B E G I L N O R Z.
No direct anagrams for organizable found in this word list.
Adding one letter to organizable does not form any other word in this word list.Words within organizable not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from organizable by changing one letter
Browse words starting with organizable by next letter | <urn:uuid:b6d11e1f-b8e2-498b-b015-3d5a26e89391> | {
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When making a new account, you may find yourself wondering if you've created a secure enough password. There's a few rules of thumb to keep in mind when constructing a secure but easy to remember password and they include:
1 - Always include at least three types of symbols, the most proficient and easy to remember combination being numbers, capital, and than lower case letters. Although lower and capital are both letters, they are different sets of symbols, and therefore greatly increase the amount of brute force necessary to crack a password.
2 - Make small rules and guidelines for making passwords so that you can change them on the fly, as well as keeping multiple passwords in relative environments. For instance, use one letter and a meaningful word that's capitalized, now try thinking of a few different combinations of this, and you quickly have at least three secure passwords that are easy to remember. example: 1Poodle, Poodle1, 1Poodle1
3 - Don't get overly complex with your passwords! At first it may seam to be a good idea to make your bank account password 14 characters long with 4 numbers and 2 capitals, but in the end you never want to pick something you could have a hard time remembering; it will get you stuck in a bind.
There you go, its just that simple, and always remember to keep your security tight, because even a secure password doesn't assure safety. | <urn:uuid:c2dc5e08-b4e1-48ab-916b-509a1dceab9a> | {
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What Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer. It usually begins in cells that would turn into white blood cells. Sometimes, though, AML can start in other types of blood-forming cells.
Although there’s no cure, there are treatments that can make a big difference.
Acute myeloid leukemia starts in the bone marrow. This is the soft inner parts of bones.
With acute types of leukemia such as AML, bone marrow cells don’t mature the way they’re supposed to. These immature cells, often called blast cells, keep building up.
You may hear other names for acute myeloid leukemia. Doctors may call it:
Acute myelocytic leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Acute granulocytic leukemia
Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
Without treatment, AML can quickly be life-threatening. Because it’s “acute,” this type of leukemia can spread quickly to the blood and to other parts of the body, such as the:
Brain and spinal cord | <urn:uuid:6449f24e-2caa-4bdf-b902-b03bddb9ca6c> | {
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This Handbook provides an overview of federal laws addressing employer-employee rights and obligations. Information discussed includes wages & hours, discrimination, termination of employment, pension plans and retirement benefits, workplace safety, workers’ compensation, unions, the Family and Medical Leave Act, and much more in 25 pages of materials.
Labour law (also called labor law or employment law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. In Canada, employment laws related to unionized workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no such distinction is made. However, there are two broad categories of labour law. First, collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Second, individual labour law concerns employees’ rights at work and through the contract for work. The labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Labour rights have been integral to the social and economic development since the Industrial Revolution. Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors will work. Government agencies (such as the former U.S. Employment Standards Administration) enforce employment standards codified by labour law (legislative, regulatory, or judicial).
Labour law arose due to the demand for workers to have better conditions, the right to organize, or, alternatively, the right to work without joining a labour union, and the simultaneous demands of employers to restrict the powers of workers’ many organizations and to keep labour costs low. Employers’ costs can increase due to workers organizing to achieve higher wages, or by laws imposing costly requirements, such as health and safety or restrictions on their free choice of whom to hire. Workers’ organizations, such as trade unions, can also transcend purely industrial disputes, and gain political power. The state of labour law at any one time is therefore both the product of, and a component of, struggles between different interests in society. | <urn:uuid:1e2429f7-7169-46c4-aed5-cbcbf4f0977b> | {
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EDITORS AND CORRESPONDENTS
A crash is not an accident.
Changing the way we think about events and the words we use to describe them affects the way we behave. Motor vehicle crashes occur "when a link or several links in the chain" are broken. Continued use of the word "accident" implies that these events are outside human influence or control. In reality, they are predictable results of specific actions.
Since we can identify the causes of crashes, we can take action to alter the effect and avoid collisions. These are not Acts of God but predictable results of the laws of physics.
The concept of "accident" works against bringing all appropriate resources to bear on the enormous problem of highway collisions. Use of "accident" fosters the idea that the resulting damage and injuries are unavoidable. | <urn:uuid:81460755-1795-4f9c-97bc-71dc0e80e6b4> | {
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Just because we are teaching, it doesn’t mean they are learning…
How can we maximise the learning in our lessons?
I learn best when I am completely engrossed, or immersed in a subject. By ‘best’ I mean with speed, depth of understanding and creating a long-term change. This ‘change’ could be in perceptions, level of confidence, skills, or even just the ability to retain knowledge. This is what many teachers would truly define as ‘progress’. So how can we use Immersive Learning to increase engagement and deepen understanding for our students?
Remove as many external distractions as possible. Replace them with a wide variety of ways for the student to engage with the content, no matter which way they turn. This is what ‘Immersive Learning’ is and it can truly accelerate the progress of your students. Let’s see how it works!
Question: How do we implement ‘Immersive Learning’ for our students?
To really develop a student’s understanding of a topic, they need to be fully ‘immersed’. Let’s compare two French students – one who studies only in the classroom and one who goes to France for a month during the summer. Who do you think will develop a greater understanding of the nuances of language use? Who will pick up variations in language use between sub-cultures, genders, etc? Who will have a better ‘working knowledge’ of the language and be able to creatively play with words? Of course, it will be the student who has been completely immersed in the culture. Perhaps more crucially, they will realise that they must learn very quickly how the language operates. The stakes are raised if students depend on learning the language to order their food!
Ok, but what if I can’t take all my students to France?
Obviously, you can’t always take your students out of the classroom. The good news is that you can completely immerse students in any setting, providing you plan for it. Take Religious Studies, for example. If you are teaching about a religion that students are not familiar with, then there is no better way to develop a deeper understanding than to get them to celebrate a festival, simulate a place of worship or mix with people belonging to that religion.
I find that watching a film or a documentary can be a good ‘gateway’ exercise to this – but it must never be a stand-alone task. The reason? Your students might mistake the scripted and staged scenes that they see on screen with real-life! Any use of media, whether fiction or non-fiction, must be followed up with analytical and evaluative exercises. They should compare perceptions created by the media with real life in a community. Remember, the whole point of Immersive Learning is to encourage a deeper understanding, not to give a superficial understanding. But I digress. The takeaway here is that Immersive Learning is possible in ALL subjects.
Here are three Immersive Learning strategies to get you started…
1. CSI-style problem-solving activity
Set up your classroom so that when the students enter, they immediately have to make sense of a situation, they are directed to solve a problem and there are clearly defined success criteria. For example, in a Science lesson, students could enter the lab to discover that an explosion has happened. There could be a variety of materials nearby (either real or not real – just stay safe!) that may or may not have contributed to the explosion. Students must use their knowledge of those materials to decide upon the most likely cause.
You don’t have to rely on prior learning, as you could also have information about the materials ready for the students to discover. Make the materials as interesting as possible help ensure the students become as engrossed as possible. Don’t just use information sheets. Try using YouTube videos on iPads (you could even upload your own!). I’ve found that this works brilliantly for students at all ages. Personally, I favour a Flipped Learning approach in order to immerse students quickly, as they will have studied some material in preparation for the lesson, allowing more challenging concepts and skills to be taught in class.
2. Simulate a celebration event
Teaching students about the importance of the Seder meal in Judaism can be livened up by actually holding a Seder meal in the classroom. Organise for the students to each contribute something to the meal. Have them design their own special plate to use, showing relevant symbolism or aspects of the Passover story. To increase engagement further, have someone from the Jewish community, be they a Rabbi or a lay-person, to help celebrate the meal and discuss its importance to Jews. Students will certainly remember this event for far longer than if they had simply done some paper-based tasks on the topic.
3. Contribute to a real-life campaign
Last week in my blog post Homework: What’s the Point?, I mentioned that I recently challenged students to create a viral video. Many of them created such fantastic content, that when it was shared via social media they created quite a stir! They loved contributing to a campaign (in their case it was on the ethics of animal testing). However, the students also developed an incredibly deep awareness of the issues, as well as a wide variety of people’s reactions and perceptions. The students were challenged to re-evaluate their own positions on the issue, as it had become a ‘real’ part of their life, rather than simply a theoretical task. Immersive Learning had a profound impact on the students that day.
Two more tips!
This can have a massive effect on the depth of the immersion. Have parents contribute to your lessons, by engaging them to interact with your students as part of a homework task. Students could be challenged to debate with their parents on a given topic and record their conclusions. At the start of term, parents could even be given a list of activities to do or places to visit, that would complement the learning that takes place in school.
Make the common theme in a lesson sequence more obvious to students
Try to move away from stand-alone lessons and instead move towards a sequence of ‘joined-up’ lessons, so that students can better understand the links between the various topics. If the students can see the common theme running through a scheme of work, they will be more likely to feel ‘immersed’ and will be less likely to forget the reasons why they are studying a given idea.
Ok, so what now?
These tried and tested Immersive Learning methods have been proven to be extremely effective. They challenge students, encourage creativity and build cross-curricular links. Your challenge this week is to take one of these methods and try it. You’ll be surprised at how incredibly effective they are.
As usual, let me know how it goes!
And don’t forget to click on the share buttons below! | <urn:uuid:6c7d62ec-aa64-4746-9f5e-efa412215344> | {
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A type of cancer that forms in T cells (a type of immune system cell). T-cell lymphomas may be either indolent (slow-growing) or aggressive (fast-growing). Most T-cell lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphomas. There are many different types of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These include mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Prognosis and treatment depend on type and stage of the cancer. | <urn:uuid:271f0a62-9cf7-4679-ad92-0e06fddff954> | {
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A study has found that pesticides in tap water might partially explain the rise of food allergies in the U.S.
Researchers have found that dichlorophenols, chemical used in pesticides and to chlorinate water, are associated with allergies in the human body.
Between 1997 and 2007, there has been an increase of nearly 18 percent in the cases of food allergies, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"Our research shows that high levels of dichlorophenol-containing pesticides can possibly weaken food tolerance in some people, causing food allergy. This chemical is commonly found in pesticides used by farmers and consumer insect and weed control products, as well as tap water," said allergist Elina Jerschow, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) fellow and lead study author.
The study involved more than 10,000 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. In this study group, 2,348 had dichlorophenols measured in their urine; of these 2,211 were included in the present analysis. Environmental allergy was found in 1,016 people while 411 had food allergies.
"Previous studies have shown that both food allergies and environmental pollution are increasing in the United States. The results of our study suggest these two trends might be linked, and that increased use of pesticides and other chemicals is associated with a higher prevalence of food allergies," said Dr. Jerschow.
Researchers say that using bottled water instead of tap water may not reduce the risk of allergies as the chemical can also be found in fruits and vegetables.
"Other dichlorophenol sources, such as pesticide-treated fruits and vegetables, may play a greater role in causing food allergy," said Dr. Jerschow.
The ACAAI advises everyone with a known food allergy to always carry two doses of allergist prescribed epinephrine. A delay in using epinephrine can cause death.
The study is published in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. | <urn:uuid:88bd610c-80b6-44f8-a8ae-cbb6c6be5521> | {
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Ordinance of Secession
|Ordinance of Secession|
|Created||c. January 20, 1861|
|Ratified||Ratified January 19, 1861
vote was 208 yeas 89 nays
Signed January 21, 1861
by 293 delegates
Enacted January 22, 1861
|Location||Engrossed copy: University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Library|
|Author(s)||George W. Crawford et al.
Engrosser: H. J. G. Williams
|Signatories||293 delegates to The Georgia Secession Convention of 1861|
|Purpose||To announce Georgia's formal intent to secede from the Union.|
The Ordinance of Secession was the document drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861 by each of the states formally seceding from the United States of America. Each state ratified its own ordinance of secession, typically by means of a special convention delegation or by a general referendum.
During the Civil War, the states of Missouri and Kentucky had competing confederate and unionist governments claiming authority over their states. Missouri's ordinance was approved by a legislative session called by Claiborne Fox Jackson, the pro-confederate governor (see Missouri secession). Kentucky's was approved by a convention of 200 people representing 65 counties of the state, but without support from the unionist state government. The Confederacy officially seated both of these states in 1862, though they were contested throughout the war.
Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas also issued separate declarations of causes, in which they explained their reasons for secession.
|S. Carolina||December 20, 1860.|
|Mississippi||January 9, 1861.|
|Florida||January 10, 1861.|
|Alabama||January 11, 1861.|
|Georgia||January 19, 1861.|
|Louisiana||January 26, 1861.|
|Texas||February 1, 1861.||February 23||46,153-14,747|
|Virginia||April 17, 1861.||May 23||132,201-37,451|
|Arkansas||May 6, 1861.|
|Tennessee||May 6, 1861.||June 8||104,471-47,183|
|N. Carolina||May 20, 1861.|
|Missouri||October 31, 1861.|
|Kentucky||November 20, 1861.|
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
- American Civil War
- Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union
- List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
- Curry, Richard O. (1964). A House Divided, Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia. University of Pittsburgh. p. PA49.
- Texts of the Ordinances
- Texts of declarations of causes
- South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession Text and original document from the South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
- Virginia's Ordinance of Secession (enrolled bill) Text and original document from the Library of Virginia.
- Virginia's Ordinance of Secession (signed copies) Text and original documents from the Library of Virginia and National Archives. | <urn:uuid:cfb50126-5fb2-4796-8713-16a0d2a784f2> | {
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This week's focus was on assessment, organization, and Google technologies.
My previous class to this one focused strictly on curriculum design. A big part of that design process is developing assessment. With that said, the text provided information that was not new to me. However, the text did suggest a few ideas of how to use technology for assessment purposes.
The main suggestion was to use Google Forms for assessment. Google Forms is great because the user can design a test that can have a variety of formats. The user can do a multiple choice, checklist, text, essay, and other types of formats. We also watched a video on how to create rubrics using Google Forms. It's great. In addition, there is an app called Flubaroo that can be used for quick grading. It's very helpful!
In addition to technology that can be used for assessment, the text also dealt with potential technologies that educators can use to help themselves be more organized. I was pleased to know that I use almost all of the technologies listed. My school is a Google school, which means that we use Gmail, Drive, and Classroom. I also use Dropbox, which is great to use for cloud storage. We also use Dropbox with our state affiliation as they use it to upload our judges tapes. During marching band, I use the blue tooth in my car to listen to judges tapes from my phone. It is very helpful.
I also use Charms as an organizational tool. I learned about Charms at last year's Midwest Clinic in Chicago. This program allows the user to keep track of classlists, finances, music library items, instrument inventory, along with many other features. There is also a great tool for communicating with students and parents very quickly, either by email or by text messaging. There is also a Charms app for smartphones that allows the user to do many of the same features as on a computer. I highly recommend it! | <urn:uuid:86fbf036-852b-4983-bd8a-e5fc5f5d1b57> | {
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- Electrophysiology (EP) is used to diagnose arrhythmias or to determine the exact cause of and plan treatment for an already-identified arrhythmia. (An arrhythmia is an abnormality or disturbance in the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat.)
- EP tests examine the electrical activity and electrical pathways of the heart from inside the heart itself using small catheters (thin, flexible tubes). It is also referred to as EP testing, electrophysiology study, or EPS.
- During an EP test, physicians can monitor the heart’s electrical function or can stimulate the heart with electricity in order to produce and to observe the effects of an arrhythmia and to map the site it comes from.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation is sometimes performed as part of the EP test to selectively destroy small amounts of heart tissue that is interfering with electrical impulses. | <urn:uuid:f4fcc9af-cb34-4204-8d2b-4c5c3fbe6d8f> | {
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The Measure of a Man
And in this way, smiling, nodding to the music, he went another mile or so and pretended that he was not already slowing down, that he was not going to turn back, that he would be able to drive on like this alone, and have the right answer when his wife stood before him in the doorway of his home and asked, Where is he? Where is your brother?(Wolff 269)
What is the measure of a rich man? Is it his material possessions, the extent of his spirituality, or is it how he chooses to share his wealth with others, whether it is material or spiritual? Are we really our "brother's keeper" or are we keepers of only our own wants and desires? These are all questions posed by Tobias Wolff in his short story, "The Rich Brother." However, he provides an underlying answer to these questions.
Is Pete really the richer brother because he has more material possessions? Wolff leads the reader to believe that this statement is not accurate. Although Pete has more money and material possessions than his brother, Donald is truly the richer brother because of his spiritual insight and the care he exhibits toward Pete. Money alone is not the measure of a rich man. Wolff conveys this message through Pete's values, his attitude toward Donald, and through religious symbolism.
Wolff makes it very evident to the reader what Pete's values are throughout the story. When Pete has the dream about being blind it allows the reader to draw the conclusion that he is blinded by his own wealth. He cannot see what is really important in life. Pete is more concerned about being seen as a prosperous individual than he is about being seen as a spiritual individual. Because... | <urn:uuid:178b953b-7725-4478-90b5-4ee6b0ffac2e> | {
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Published on Brock University (http://brocku.ca)
Research has identified that a major motivational barrier to post-secondary education (PSE) is that youth have trouble connecting their interests and skills with passions, career possibilities and educational pathways. In this short 100-minute program youth engage with quick hands-on activities that represent different interests, causes and careers and then hear from Brock students from diverse backgrounds who speak about their career path, causes and educational choices. This program will target youth in grades 7-8. We are attentive to transportation barriers by providing both in-school and at Brock options. | <urn:uuid:d4312f6e-565c-4828-919a-446bb20498d7> | {
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created November 19, 2010 · complexity basic · author Jjmurre · version 7.0
Various packages are available to check source code for style compliance or to identify errors such as using a variable before a value is assigned to it. For Python code, two such packages are pyflakes and pep8. It is convenient to configure Vim's :make command to invoke one of the programs and display any errors in the quickfix window. This tip shows how to run :make multiple times and combine the errors into one quickfix list.
After sourcing the following code, edit a Python file and type :Pycheck to check the code with both pyflakes and pep8 (each of these needs to be installed).
" Do make with different makeprg settings. " Error lists from each makeprg are combined into one quickfix list. command! Pycheck call DoMake('pyflakes', 'pep8') function! DoMake(...) update " save any changes because makeprg checks the file on disk let savemp = &makeprg let qflist = for prg in a:000 let &makeprg = prg . ' %' silent make! let qflist += getqflist() endfor if empty(qflist) cclose else call setqflist(qflist) copen cfirst endif let &makeprg = savemp endfunction
The script defines a user command (Pycheck) that invokes the DoMake function, specifying the names of the programs to be run to check the current file. Any changes to the file are saved. Each program name provided (there can be any number) is used to set the 'makeprg' option, then :make! is run to invoke the program and set the quickfix list from the results. The ! option avoids jumping to the first error, if any (later, the script jumps to the first error for the first program, if applicable), while silent prevents the display of normal messages that result from running :make in order to avoid the "Press Enter" prompt.
The quickfix list from each run of :make is appended to qflist (a variable initialised to or an empty list). When finished, qflist holds all quickfix messages resulting from running each of the programs. If the list is empty, the quickfix window is closed (if it was currently open from a previous run). Otherwise, the list is used to set Vim's quickfix list, and the quickfix window is opened and the first error displayed. | <urn:uuid:3d0aba89-9148-4506-a68d-e21820a7f617> | {
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Generally standing between 15.2 and 16.2 hands (62 to 66 inches, 157 to 168 cm) high, Andalusian horses are both elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straight or slightly convex profile. Ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breed shows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers; chests massive; backs short; hindquarters broad and strong, with well-rounded croups. The breed tends to have clean legs, with no propensity for blemishes or injuries, and energetic gaits. The mane and tail are thick and long, although the legs do not have excess feathering. Andalusians tend to be docile, but also intelligent and sensitive. When treated with respect they are quick to learn, responsive and cooperative.
There are two additional characteristics unique to the Carthusian strain, believed to trace to the strain's foundation stallion Esclavo. The first is warts under the tail, a trait which Esclavo passed to his offspring, and a trait which some breeders felt was necessary to prove that a horse was a member of the Esclavo bloodline. The second characteristic is the occasional presence of "horns", which are actually frontal bosses, possibly inherited from Asian ancestors. The physical descriptions of the bosses vary, ranging from calcium-like deposits at the temple to small horn-like protrubences near or behind the ear. However, these "horns" are not considered proof of Esclavo descent, unlike the tail warts.
When the breed was first developed, most coat colors were found, including spotted patterns. Today, around 80 percent of all Andalusians are gray. Of the remaining horses, approximately 15 percent are bay and 5 percent are black, dun or palomino or chestnut. Other colors, such as buckskin, pearl, and cremello, are rare, but are recognized as allowed colors by the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association. In the early history of the breed, certain white markings and whorls were considered to be indicators of character and good or bad luck. Horses with white socks on their feet were considered to have good or bad luck, depending on the leg or legs affected. A horse with no white markings at all was considered to be ill-tempered and vice-ridden, while certain facial markings were considered representative of honesty, loyalty and endurance. Similarly, hair whorls in various places were considered to show good or bad luck, with the most unlucky being in places where the horse itself could not see them – for example the temples, cheek, shoulder or heart. Two whorls near the root of the tail were considered a sign of courage and good luck.
The movement of Andalusian horses is extended, elevated, cadenced and harmonious, with a balance of roundness and forward movement. Poor elevation, irregular tempo, and excessive winging (sideways movement of the legs from the knee down) are discouraged by breed registry standards. Andalusians are known for their agility and their ability to learn difficult moves quickly, such as advanced collection and turns on the haunches. A 2001 study compared the kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses while moving at the trot. Andalusians were found to overtrack less (the degree to which the hind foot lands ahead of the front hoof print) but also exhibit greater flexing of both fore and hind joints, movement consistent with the more elevated way of going typically found in this breed. The authors of the study theorized that these characteristics of the breed's trot may contribute to their success as a riding and dressage horse.
A 2008 study found that Andalusians experience ischaemic (reduced blood flow) diseases of the small intestine at a rate significantly higher than other breeds, and stallions had higher numbers of inguinal hernias, with risk for occurrence 30 times greater than other breeds. At the same time, they also showed a lower incidence of large intestinal obstruction. In the course of the study, Andalusians also showed the highest risk of laminitis as a medical complication related to the intestinal issues. | <urn:uuid:167f9093-87bc-46a6-8c7e-bff6cf5def4d> | {
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Edward Goldstein, a former member of the U.S. Olympic Committee’s Education Committee, is a contributor to the “Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement.”
For 17 days starting Friday, the world’s eyes will be on the Black Sea resort town of Sochi, Russia, host of the 22nd Winter Olympics. U.S. interest in the Winter Games has blossomed, largely because of the spectacular scenery and the American success in many of the sports added to the winter program. Before the Games begin, let’s examine myths worth piercing with a biathlete’s rifle.
1. World politics has intruded on the Summer Olympics but not on the tranquil Winter Games.
Terrorist attacks haven’t struck the Winter Olympics, unlike the Summer Games in Munich in 1972 and in Atlanta in 1996. Nor have there been major boycotts such as those of the Summer Olympics due to disputes over South African apartheid (Montreal 1976) and the Soviet Union’s invasions of Hungary (Melbourne 1956) and Afghanistan (Moscow 1980). But the Winter Games have seen their share of political strife.
Japan’s invasion of China caused the withdrawal of Sapporo as the host city for 1940, and the site of the 1936 Winter Games, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, was dropped as a replacement after Germany invaded Poland. The Summer and Winter Games that year were canceled. Four years later, the ongoing war led to the cancellation of the Winter Games planned for Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. The 1944 Summer Olympics were also scrapped.
And although the 1984 Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, were not marred by conflict, the Balkan Wars of the 1990s turned Olympic sites such as the ski jump into killing zones. This didn’t bolster the later campaign of International Olympic Committee President Juan Antonio Samaranch for the Olympics to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
2. Today’s female figure skaters can skate rings around the ice queens of yesteryear.
Without a doubt, reigning Olympic gold medalist Kim Yu-na of South Korea spins and flies like a whirling dervish. Her athleticism, and that of her competitors, is light years ahead of where figure skating was decades ago. But when it comes to skating rings — actual figure eights — no modern skater comes close to Peggy Fleming, the 1968 gold medalist in Grenoble, France. At that time, compulsory figures — the ability to trace three figure eights, with points deducted for deviation from the Euclidian ideal — counted for 60 percent of a female figure skater’s score. Newsweek wrote that one of Fleming’s strengths was “her keen geometric sense.” Today, compulsories are no longer part of the Olympic skating program.
While Americans take pride in the leaping abilities of our recent Olympic champions — Kristi Yamaguchi in 1992, Tara Lipinski in 1998, Sarah Hughes in 2002 — these skaters are also carrying forward the graceful, artistic legacies of such “old school” gold medalists as Fleming, Tenley Albright (1956), Carol Heiss (1960) and Dorothy Hamill (1976).
3. There’s been only one Miracle on Ice.
Picture this: A bunch of American college kids had an improbable run in the early rounds of the Olympic hockey tournament and moved on to face the heavily favorited Soviet Union in the semifinals. The Soviet skaters were essentially full-time professionals who had defeated the U.S. team in four previous world championships and in the prior Olympics. With the game televised live, Americans cheered when a plucky U.S. winger broke a tense tie late in the third period, for a 3-2 win, and followed up with a third-period rally in the gold-medal match to claim the winner’s podium. So went the miracle of the 1960 Squaw Valley Olympics.
That’s right — the first Miracle on Ice was in 1960, not 1980. The 1960 U.S. team was even more of an underdog than Herb Brooks’s 1980 squad. Its big challenge was getting past the Canadians, who had dominated the Americans for decades. And that it did, in a shocking 2-1 upset, before taking on the U.S.S.R. The 1980 team didn’t have to face the Canadians on its road to victory.
4. Canada-U.S. men’s hockey is the best Winter Games rivalry.
The rivalry has certainly heated up since the 1998 introduction of NHL players into the tournament. But there’s a much fiercer rivalry between the same countries in the Games. Since women’s ice hockey was added to the Olympics in 1998, the Americans and the Canadians have dropped the puck in three gold-medal matches, with the United States upsetting the favored Canadians in Nagano in 1998 and settling for silver in Salt Lake City (2002) and in Vancouver (2010).
In preparation for Sochi, the two teams have faced each other in several practice matches. And more important for YouTube viewers, there have been two major brawls instigated by American forwards Jocelyne Lamoureux and her sister, Monique Lamoureux. As Jamie Hagerman Phinney, a 2006 U.S. Olympian, puts it: “I’m a Red Sox fan, so I hate losing to the Yankees, but not nearly as much as losing to Canada.”
Another compelling rivalry is between Norway and Italy in the men’s cross-country ski relay. Over three consecutive Olympics, from 1994 to 2002, the total difference in time between the two teams was less than a second, an astounding figure for a race that lasts more than 90 minutes.
5. Big cities jump at the chance to host the Olympics.
Not always. As a young Denverite, I was thrilled when the IOC announced in 1970 that my home town would host the 1976 Winter Games. But as the Denver organizing committee started projecting skyrocketing costs for an event that had yet to attract major corporate sponsorship or benefit from massive television revenue, local opposition to hosting a primarily taxpayer-funded Games began to swell.
Two years later, state Rep. Richard Lamm spearheaded a ballot initiative that rejected a $5 million bond issue to finance the Games. A week after the vote, Denver withdrew as host city, and the IOC moved the Games to Innsbruck, Austria.
Lamm and his allies argued that the Games would encourage people watching on TV to move en masse to Colorado and thus spoil our Rocky Mountain environment. Lamm, who became a three-term governor and an unsuccessful candidate against Ross Perot for the 1996 Reform Party presidential nomination, later recognized that the anti-Olympics vote did nothing to stop Colorado’s growth. “The Colorado I was afraid was going to happen with the Olympics happened without the Olympics,” he told the Rocky Mountain News in 1999.
There’s been speculation in Olympic circles that our country is next in line to host a Summer Olympics, perhaps as early as 2024. But if that effort fails, we could make a big push to host the 2026 Winter Games, with Salt Lake City, Reno-Lake Tahoe, Boston and, yes, Denver considered the top candidates. | <urn:uuid:04c60d1a-5b80-4a79-a8c2-46cf6412c50f> | {
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Tax noncompliance entails narrowly differentiated concepts arising from systems with expansive tax regulations. Tax avoidance is the legal utilization of the tax regime to one's own advantage, in order to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law; By contrast tax evasion is the general term for efforts to not pay taxes by illegal means.
- We don't pay taxes. Only the little people pay taxes.
- No man in this country is under the smallest obligation, moral or other, so to arrange his legal relations to his business or to his property as to enable the Inland Revenue to put the largest possible shovel into his stores.
- James Avon Clyde, Lord Clyde, Ayrshire Pullman Motor Services and Ritchie v. IRC (1929) 14 TC 754.
- The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is the thickness of a prison wall.
- Every man is entitled if he can to order his affairs so as that the tax attaching under the appropriate Acts is less than it otherwise would be. If he succeeds in ordering them so as to secure this result, then, however unappreciative the Commissioners of Inland Revenue or his fellow taxpayers may be of his ingenuity, he cannot be compelled to pay an increased tax.
- Thomas Tomlin, Baron Tomlin, in the UK House of Lords case, IRC v. Duke of Westminster (1936) 19 TC 490, AC 1. In the UK in the 1930s, this quote was put on the back of business cards of those marketing tax avoidance schemes, to the consternation of the Inland Revenue; see Philip Baker QC .
- Any one may so arrange his affairs that his taxes shall be as low as possible; he is not bound to choose that pattern which will best pay the Treasury; there is not even a patriotic duty to increase one's taxes.
- Judge Learned Hand, Helvering v. Gregory, 69 F.2d 809, 810-11 (2d Cir. 1934).
- In common with my predecessors I regard tax avoidance schemes of the kind invented and implemented in the present case as no better than attempts to cheat the Revenue.
- Lord Templeman, IRC v. Fitzwilliam (1993) 67 TC at 756 (UK).
- Now of course I am minimising my tax … and if anybody in this country doesn't minimise their tax, they want their heads read.
- Kerry Packer, Australian media tycoon. "Australia's Richest Man Fights Tax Man And Overstates Tax Bill, March 25, 2005. | <urn:uuid:52768939-3923-4354-9c13-3cb1a48633a7> | {
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The Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) was listed as endangered in 1967. Indiana bats are vulnerable to disturbance because they hibernate in large numbers in only a few caves (the largest hibernation caves support from 20,000 to 50,000 bats). Other threats that have contributed to the Indiana bat’s decline include commercialization of caves, loss of summer habitat, pesticides and other contaminants, and most recently, the disease white-nose syndrome.
Indiana bats are found over most of the eastern half of the United States. Almost half of them hibernate in caves in southern Indiana. The 2009 population estimate was about 387,000 Indiana bats, less than half as many as when the species was listed as endangered in 1967.
Indiana bats are quite small, weighing only one-quarter of an ounce (about the weight of three pennies) although in flight they have a wingspan of 9 to 11 inches. Their fur is dark-brown to black. They hibernate during winter in caves or, occasionally, in abandoned mines. During summer they roost under the peeling bark of dead and dying trees. Indiana bats eat a variety of flying insects found along rivers or lakes and in uplands.
Specialized Ecological Services uses the latest Indiana Bat survey guidance provided by the USFWS. | <urn:uuid:a9903d13-f163-47dc-8222-c14890805ab4> | {
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+ Before reading
– Ask students what have they helped another? How did they feel after that?
– Explain that they are going to listen to a story about a little animal which is very kind, very lovely.
– Show students the book cover and ask what they can see. Elicit the name of animal in story.
– Reinforce key vocabulary by giving students pictures to guess and writing them on the board.
– Ask student to mime animals in the story (mouse, lion).
+ While reading
– Refer to pictures in book.
– Ask students to predict next plot.
– Use verbal language and non-verbal language ( gestures, facial expression, body postures,…) to make story more interesting.
– Explain new words.
– Instruct student how to read hard words.
+ After reading
– Ask students to describe animals and plot in the story.
– Ask students to play roles story characters.
– Ask students what is significance of the story. | <urn:uuid:a620180b-0f20-4deb-a3d6-149e3d925c08> | {
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Papain is an enzyme found in papaya that can break down proteins, which is why it is sometimes used to tenderize meat. This enzyme may also be helpful for treating indigestion, according to an article published in the "Los Angeles Times" in September 2004. It is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but it can cause some side effects when taken in supplement form.
When used in food, papain is deactivated by cooking, so it isn't likely to cause side effects. Papain supplements, however, can cause irritation in your mouth and esophagus or digestive upset.
Possible Allergic Reaction
Some people are allergic to papaya or papain. In this case, papain supplements may cause symptoms including itchiness, rash, hives, difficulty breathing and anaphylactic shock. Seek medical attention immediately if you experience these or other symptoms of an allergic reaction. People who are allergic to kiwi fruit or figs may be more likely to be allergic to papaya and papain.
The small amounts of papain found in food aren't likely to cause problems with medications. However, the larger amounts found in supplements may cause problems if you're taking certain medications. Don't take papain supplements if you take blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin. Aspirin may also have a blood-thinning effect, so don't take it in combination with papain. Papain may interact with these medications, increasing their effects and making uncontrollable bleeding more likely.
Women who are pregnant should avoid taking papain supplements because preliminary evidence from animal studies shows they may increase the risk of birth defects. Further research is necessary to determine whether there is a risk in humans as well, but it's better to be safe than sorry. People with bleeding disorders should also avoid papain due to its potential to thin the blood. | <urn:uuid:a139a910-e3ba-4f5f-b24c-5a31f94c39f3> | {
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A highly social species, the budgerigar is typically seen in large, noisy flocks which twist and turn in unison in the air, flying with rapid wing beats (2) (3) (5) (7). The largest budgerigar flocks occur in the centre of Australia, particularly after heavy rains (3), and may sometimes number into the hundreds of thousands (5). Budgerigar flocks may travel large distances in search of food (3).
The budgerigar’s diet consists primarily of small seeds, including a range of grass seeds and crops (2) (5) (6). This species’ small, compact beak, hinged upper mandible and thick, flexible tongue allow it to dextrously manipulate seeds and remove the outer husks (5). Most feeding takes place on the ground, but the budgerigar also climbs up plants to strip seed heads (3) (5).
Budgerigar flocks usually feed in the early morning, spending the hottest part of the day resting, preening and socialising in the trees (2) (3) (5). The budgerigar needs to drink every day, often gathering in large numbers at waterholes to drink and to bathe (3) (5). However, if a water source is not available this species may lap up dew and bathe by rolling in damp grass (5).
The budgerigar can breed at any time of year, but typically nests after rainfall, which ensures a ready supply of food (2) (3) (5). In the south of its range, breeding tends to take place during the spring and summer, from around August to January, but in the north the budgerigar tends to breed in the winter, from June to September. This species usually breeds in colonies, sometimes even sharing nesting hollows, and pairs may mate for life (2) (3).
The male budgerigar courts the female by nudging her bill, bobbing his head towards her and offering food (6). Interestingly, as in many parrots, parts of the budgerigar’s plumage reflect ultraviolet light. Unlike humans, many birds are able to see this wavelength of light, and this reflectance may therefore play a role in enhancing the budgerigar’s bright patterning and help individuals to attract a mate (9).
The budgerigar’s nest is usually located in a small hollow in a tree, or in a hole in a stump or log (2) (3) (6). No nesting material is added, but there may be some wood dust or wood chips at the base of the hole (3) (6). The female budgerigar typically lays between 4 and 8 white, rounded eggs (2) (3) (5) (6), which she incubates for around 18 days, during which time she is fed by the male (2) (6). The young budgerigars are cared for by both adults, and leave the nest at about 30 to 35 days old (2) (3) (5).
The budgerigar is capable of raising more than one brood a year (2) (3) (5) (6). Juvenile budgerigars are able to breed from just 3 to 4 months old (3) (6), and this species may live for up to 8 years in the wild, or up to 20 or more in captivity (3). | <urn:uuid:59972bcb-7a00-4533-a045-7b32fc31d972> | {
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The 1867 Treaty of Cession, in which the United States purchased Alaska from the Russian empire, marked an unusually peaceful transition. The purchase of Alaska was done under amicable circumstances, and both Russia and the U.S. felt they gained from the Treaty.
In this lesson, students use primary sources from Russia and the U.S. to examine the respective Russian and American rationales for agreeing to the sale.
- Analyze primary sources and identify the point of view;
- Articulate arguments for a specified position on the Alaska Purchase;
- Present arguments in a debate.
Recommended Grade Level
- World History and Cultures
- Civil War and Reconstruction
Adapted from a lesson by Roger Pearson | <urn:uuid:83adc9ec-b13f-42b2-9fa6-a83be868ed8a> | {
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Hybrid cat breeds are highly popular for their size and resemblance to wild cats, and more states are encountering feline pets that display wild traits despite regulations that are put in place to prevent non-domestic animals from being brought into homes and potentially doing harm to another animal or human.
This is where AU biology professor Kathryn Walters-Conte comes in. Her current research is aimed at developing tests to identify the “wild” factor in domestic, wild, and hybridized cats. “If you get a cat from the pound, you don't necessarily know if that cat is one of these fancy breeds that are illegal in some states or is a regular domestic cat,” she says.
A hybridized or wild cat isn't usually recognized until a problem arises. “We don't know how many are out there, and no one is able to enforce the rules unless there is a problem,” she says. “You might think it's a cute kitty cat, what could be the harm, but then it gets scared and ends up scratching somebody or attacking a dog. Animal control will then come in and often conclude that the cat is wild.”
States have different rules for the acceptable level of hybridization in pet cats, but it can be nearly impossible to determine how mixed a cat’s breed really is. “Domestic cats are sometimes hybridized with Asian leopard cats or with Servals, making fancy breeds that are illegal in places because they are half wild,” Walters-Conte says. “Other states will say that as long as it's what is called an F-5 hybrid (less than 1/32th wild), it's okay to keep it as a domestic animal. Unfortunately, there is no good way to test for that unless you have breeding records, and of course people can lie on those.”
While hybridized cats can sometimes be identified due to their large size, not all can be so easily recognized. Walters-Conte has found variations in size and behavior that occur according to which genes are turned on or off. “A lot of this work is very interesting because there's a huge part of neuroscience and behavioral psychology that is interested in what makes a domestic cat relatively docile, whereas a tiger is not so docile,” she says. “Is it a size difference, or is there something genetically different that is actually making them behave differently?”
What Walters-Conte focuses on in her research is what are called transposable elements, or “jumping genes”—pieces of DNA that may not code for any particular trait but are repeated all throughout the genome. Researchers like Walters-Conte are able to use these elements to examine how different species have evolved. “Species that have evolved from a common ancestor will share a particular insertion at one site versus species that evolved from different common ancestors,” she says. “It's a way to look at the lineage of different species.”
Walters-Conte currently has three student assistants working through these tests with her. “One of my assistants is taking the DNA sequences, finding patterns within them, seeing how they relate to each other, and looking into the whole genome sequences,” she says. “There’s a whole genome sequence of the cat that is publicly available. We're also going to get a whole genome sequence of an Asian leopard cat, so we will be able to compare the two species.”
The research Walters-Conte and her students are conducting is providing basic information for something that can extend beyond the cat family. “We are trying, in biology, to understand the underlying genetics as to why some cats, whether they are domestic or wild or some mix of the two, behave one way versus the other, and how that also then relates to human behavior,” she says. “Many of the same genes that are involved in cat behavior are also involved in human behavior, such as those related to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We'd like to be able to provide basic research that may enable us to better understand humans in the large context of mammals.” | <urn:uuid:d26dd696-9d45-4212-85d6-8831691bc40d> | {
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Constipation in Dogs
Dietary related factors are the most common cause for constipation in veterinary medicine. Foreign material, especially hair, bones, sticks, and sand can form hard masses that the dog has difficulty eliminating. In some cases, this material is retained, causing an inability to defecate and eventual obstipation. In addition, diets low in fiber may predispose to constipation.
There are many causes of constipation. Although it is not unusual for a normal dog to have a bout or two of constipation over the course of their lives, it is not normal or acceptable for them to have recurring problems, hence, establishing an underlying cause should be attempted in these cases.
Certain environmental factors may contribute to constipation. Limited exercise, limited access to water, and failure to provide the appropriate time and place for defecation may cause fecal retention and constipation.
Certain drugs, including antacids, Kaopectate, iron supplements, antihistamines, barium, and diuretics may cause constipation.
Painful defecation associated with anorectal disease (anal sacculitis or abscess, perianal fistula, stricture, rectal foreign body or tumor, or rectal prolapse) or trauma (fractured pelvis, limb, or back, laceration, bite wound).
Mechanical obstruction (something physically blocking the path of stool elimination) can be caused by extraluminal (from outside the colon wall) or intraluminal (from inside the colon wall) causes. Extraluminal disorders causing constipation include narrowed pelvic canal from a previous fracture, prostatic enlargement secondary to multiple prostatic disorders, sublumbar lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes above the colon), and rectal tumors. Intraluminal disorders include colonic or rectal tumors or polyps, rectal foreign bodies, strictures, diverticulum (outpouching of the colonic wall), perianal hernias, and rectal prolapse.
Neurologic disorders including paralysis, spinal cord disease, disc disease, rabies, lead toxicosis, dysautonomia (a hereditary condition), and idiopathic megacolon can all cause constipation.
Metabolic and endocrine disorders can cause constipation as they may impair normal transit through the colon. These include hyperparathyroidism (a disorder causing elevated calcium levels), hypothyroidism, and hypokalemia (decreased potassium), and renal (kidney) disease.
Constipation is relatively common in dogs. However, it must be differentiated from obstipation and megacolon. Obstipation is intractable (resistant to control) constipation, and megacolon is a condition of extreme dilation of the colon. Obstipated dogs or those with megacolon are always constipated; however, constipated animals are not always obstipated or have megacolon.
Constipation can occur in association with any disorder that impairs the passage of fecal material through the colon, slowing its transit time. This delay in transit allows the removal of additional salt and water from the feces, producing harder and drier stools.
Systemic signs of constipation vary. Feces can be retained for days before any deleterious effects are observed. Some animals may display mild signs, such as a slightly prolonged posture while defecating, and then produce a dry, firm stool. Others will have frequent or painful attempts to defecate with little or no fecal passage. Severely constipated patients often exhibit depression, weakness, lack of appetite, and vomiting. These animals are quite ill and may require hospitalization. It is important to establish a definitive diagnosis and cause, especially in the dog with recurrent constipation. | <urn:uuid:9f555c5c-b815-454d-a0e8-8ed05dc47f0f> | {
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Thursday, 23 November 2017
The Buzz about Bees
This term Room 14 has been learning all about bees.
We started off thinking about what we would like to know about bees and then wrote all of our questions on hexagons and made them into a hive.
We then worked together looking on the iPads and in books to answer our questions.
With all the new information we had, we decided to make a book to share all our exciting facts.
Thursday, November 23, 2017
Post a Comment
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Edgar Cayce Health Database
Assimilation refers to the body's ability to incorporate vital substances from the environment. Eating, drinking and breathing bring needed materials into the body. Assimilation means that the body can take from these raw materials the specific ingredients needed by the body. Of course digestion is essential for assimilation but is not necessarily synonymous with it. Food can be digested in the stomach but not absorbed properly into the blood and lymph as it makes its way through the intestines.
Note: The above information is not intended for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. Please consult a qualified health care professional for assistance in applying the information contained in the Cayce Health Database. | <urn:uuid:b9c47c61-7a17-48ae-b8d5-5f1d6a996aec> | {
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As this gardening season is winding down we need to turn our thoughts to next year's garden. Knowledge and good planning are the foundation of a successful garden. Choosing vegetable varieties is a very important factor in determining the success of your garden. Your hard work and good intentions will not be justly rewarded if you plant the wrong vegetable in the wrong place at the wrong time for the wrong reasons. Here are some things to consider when choosing vegetable varieties.
Flavor: When choosing a vegetable variety flavor is one of my primary concerns. Flavor depends on variety selection and growing methods. Our customers were willing to pay more for our produce because of superior flavor, texture and keeping qualities. We were often told our products were the best they had purchased.
Nutritional Content: We are often told that more color in the diet equals more nutrition. Eat the rainbow some have said. For this reason I choose to grow yellow and multicolored corn instead of white, blue and yellow potatoes instead of white, and orange and blue sweet potatoes rather than just the orange varieties. As for tomatoes, the main variety I grow for home use is called Health Kick. It contains more lycopene than other varieties. You get the idea. When reading seed catalogs be alert to statements made concerning nutritional content.
Productivity: Some varieties are much more prolific than others. Generally speaking hybrid varieties tend to produce more than heirlooms. You should also consider how a specific variety may grow in your environmental conditions - length of growing season, soil texture, temperature extremes and amount of rainfall.
Pest and Disease Resistance: Many varieties have been bred for resistance to certain types of diseases. For instance Big Beef Tomato has the following letters beside the name in the seed catalog, VFFNTASt, meaning it is resistant to Verticillium Wilt, Fusarium Wilt: races 1 and 2, Nematodes, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Alternaria, and Stemphylium. I try to choose the most disease resistant varieties that have other qualities that I am looking for. Also some varieties resist pest better than others. One example is Neck Pumpkins. Most pumpkins have a hollow stem at ground level that vine borers like to enter which kills the plant. The Neck Pumpkin has a solid stem that resists vine borers.
Space Requirements: If your space is limited you can find seed for vegetables with compact growth. You may also consider growing pole beans and cucumbers on a trellis. You can also find varieties that grow well in containers.
Drought, Heat and Cold Tolerance: By reading seed catalogs carefully you can find the varieties best suited for your climate.
Length of Time to Harvest: Gardeners in northern areas have a shorter growing season than those in the southern regions. Consider the length of time until harvest when choosing your vegetable varieties.
I would encourage you, if at all possible, to grow your own transplants. By doing so you have much more choice in what varieties you plant in your garden. Study the seed catalogs, they are a wealth of information, then choose what works best for you in your situation.
From choosing the seed to harvesting, gardening is not a one size fits all application. There are a variety of ways to grow a successful garden. I suggest that you learn tips and techniques from a number of experienced gardeners, then choose the techniques that work best in your situation. The winter months would be a good time to read some of the great gardening books that are available. In his book, Four Season Harvest, Eliot Coleman teaches how we can grow food year round. Rodale's Ultimate Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening is a valuable resource for beginners as well as skilled gardeners. Eileen M. Logan's book, How to Grow Organic Vegetables in Containers, can be very useful for those of you who have limited space. I encourage you to read, learn, plant, grow and enjoy! | <urn:uuid:7586f82c-638d-41e8-acb8-358009cc90b2> | {
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"Caring, Effective, Middle/High School Math Tutor"
...Sometimes it is just more practice that is needed, but in any case it is very important that students know math facts, operations, decimals, fractions, ratios, percents, and proportions extremely well. They must also have general "number sense." I bring a lot of experience helping students learn these basics, which are the key building blocks of...
10 subjects, including algebra 1 | <urn:uuid:f4f74643-3c40-4c5d-8c6f-610835c3c8b8> | {
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- SCU Home Page
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One-third of the world’s population is without access to electricity; 1.3 billion people don’t have safe drinking water; 3 billion have no sanitation. Nearly 11 million children under the age of 5 die each year from diseases that can be prevented or treated. More than 115 million children don’t have access to primary education. And, nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names. These are only a few of the staggering statistics that illustrate that, despite all the advances in technology, there is much work to be done.
visionaries who are finding ways to use technology to address some of the world’s most urgent and basic needs. Risking their life savings, their reputations, even their lives, these social entrepreneurs—individuals, corporations, non-profits, foundations, and governments —are making unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world’s most marginalized, the very people who are often left behind by technological innovations.
Some of these innovators were honored at the Tech Museum Awards last November, an international awards program that honors those who are creating or applying technology to improve the human condition.
“I would challenge anyone to go to the Tech Awards and not be inspired on one hand and humbled on another,” said Tim Haley ’81, the founding partner of Redpoint Ventures, a member of SCU’s Center for Science, Technology, and Society’s Advisory Board, and a judge on this year’s environment panel. “It’s pretty healthy to step outside of Silicon Valley, where the paradigm is: you have an idea, you incubate it, you get funding from VCs, and you start the next great company, and in many cases millions are made,” he added.
“Then you look at some guy who’s developing technology to solve the problems with gillnetting or coral reef restoration. They’re just as dedicated. They work just as hard. They’re just as passionate, but their world is different. They are solving really important problems with far less financial reward. Having gone through this once, I now really understand why the University is involved in this,” explained Haley.
James Koch, the founding director of the Center for Science, Technology, and Society, helped create the awards program. “Multinational companies have ignored the 3 billion people that live on less than two dollars a day because they are low-margin markets—in fact they aren’t even considered a market. The fundamental challenge is how to make technology accessible to people who are marginalized.”
Michael Kevane, the chair of the equality judging panel and an SCU economics professor, adds, “We look for technologies that relieve the specific challenges faced by the disabled so they can extend and deepen their lives; we look for technologies that enable those without rights to have their voices heard; and we look for
This was the overwhelming theme of this year’s Tech Awards: Laureates either creating technology or utilizing existing technologies in new ways to reach those often left behind by innovation.
An ergonomic loom for Pakistan's carpet weavers
The Center for the Improvement of Working Conditions and Environment (CIWCE) in Lahore, Pakistan, is an example of a government organization that’s creativity and innovation has thrived despite multiple layers of bureaucratic red tape—much to the benefit of Pakistan’s poor rural families who make a living by weaving carpet.
Established in 1988 by grants from the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Development Program, CIWCE designed a new carpet-weaving loom—something that hadn’t been done for centuries.
CIWCE conducted a study that found that weavers—including children—suffer from chronic health problems (bone and joint pain, respiratory ailments, carpal tunnel syndrome, deformities), and that low productivity and earnings (due to harsh conditions) were major factors for why families engaged their children in their work.
“A major design consideration was how to ‘engineer out’ child labor from the new loom,” said Saeed Awan, the director of CIWCE. “We did it mainly by raising the height to adult level. Although the loom itself does not eliminate child labor, it reduces the degree of hazard, and improves the health and earning of families, thus indirectly helping in the efforts to combat child labor.”
On the new, user-friendly, ergonomic loom, the weaver sits on a bench instead of his or her toes and there are optional foot- and armrests. The loom is also portable so that it can be moved according to lighting conditions or a worker’s comfort. CIWCE also provides dust masks, first aid, and training on the use of the new loom.
The loom, which has been implemented in 30 sites in the country, has not only improved working conditions, but has also improved carpet quality. Thus, families owning a new loom have been able to negotiate with contractors and have increased their earnings by as much 30 to 50 percent.
“The real winners of this award are the downtrodden and poor carpet weaving families, the importance of whose work got noticed,” Awan said, regarding receiving this year’s equality award.
According to Awan, the biggest problem ahead is the freedom to spend the cash award. He says that if they follow government procedures, they may never use the money, as it could “vanish somewhere in the government treasury.” Therefore, he is currently working to establish a separate entity with the award money such as a non-profit, non-governmental organization, or foundation.
The world’s first synthetic human vaccine
Thanks to the international collaboration of scientists from Cuba and Canada, we now have a synthetic vaccine against Hib—the bacteria that can cause meningitis and pneumonia.
Vicente Verez-Bencomo of the University of Havana and Rene Roy of the University of Ottawa, along with 300 investigators and technicians, developed a completely synthetic version of the Hib antigen that is just as effective, can be manufactured at lower cost, and may be even be safer than current commercial Hib vaccines, making it an attractive alternative for poorer nations.
With the approval of the Cuban Health Ministry, virtually every child born in Cuba in 2004—more than 1 million—has been inoculated, and not a single case of Hib-caused invasive disease has been detected in the vaccinated population to date. Approval of QuimiHib (the marketed name) by the World Health Organization and the UN could happen this year and would expand the market outside of Cuba.
Outside of the multitude of scientific challenges this project presented (Verez-Bencomo has been working on it for decades), the U.S. embargo complicated the importing of needed research equipment into Cuba.
“To reproduce the results in Cuba, it took somewhat longer then usual to buy the necessary chemicals since they had to be brought from Europe. Nothing could be brought from the U.S., thus adding to the cost and time of delivery,” Roy said. In fact, Verez-Bencomo himself was denied entry to our country to accept the health award in November because the State Department would not issue him a visa.
Roy, who accepted the award, said, “The ultimate reward is not so much the new scientific discovery and its glory, as much as providing the lead for lower cost and safer vaccines for infants in developing countries.”
Roy said he sees two main challenges ahead: First, how to handle large-scale production due to the increasing demand from poor countries; and second, how to help the industrialized countries embrace this novel technology.
Web Exclusive: Empowering Africa’s Human Rights Watchdogs
“In most of Africa, access to the Web is slow, frustrating, and expensive,” says Firoze Manji, executive director of Fahamu, a non-profit with offices in the U.K. and South Africa, and one of the five education laureates at this year’s Tech Awards.
“Because the bandwidth for access to the Internet is limited, and because there is monopoly control of the connection to the backbone of the Internet, Africa pays five times more per kilobyte than does America or Europe,” he continued.
To meet these challenges, Fahamu (which is a Swahili word that means “understanding or consciousness”) developed a way to distribute training materials to African human rights organizations without placing them on the Web. They developed a CD-ROM and e-mail-based distance-learning course that could be used on low-specification computers, which are common in Africa.
The interactive CD-ROM courses cover topics like human rights violations, the role of media in the Rwandan genocide, using the Internet for advocacy and research, fund-raising and resource mobilization, leadership and management, prevention of torture, conflict resolution, and effective writing skills. In the past two years, Fahamu’s courses have benefited more than 160 organizations in more than 30 countries.
Because most Internet service providers in Africa charge less for e-mail than for browsing, Fahamu supplemented the CD-ROM courses with a weekly e-newsletter that provided resources, commentary, and analysis on politics, current affairs, development, human rights, and gender issues in Africa. The newsletter, Pambazuka News, became so popular that it grew from a distribution of 300 in December 2000 to more than 80,000 today—it is Africa’s most widely distributed electronic newsletter on social justice.
Web Exclusive: Light for the Developing World
SELCO did not invent a new technology, but rather found innovative ways to get existing technology to the people that need it. “The link between the solar technology and rural users was missing—that was the gap we bridged,” said Harish Hande, SELCO’s managing director.
The toughest obstacle SELCO had to overcome—once they gained the trust of the people—was enabling ways for their customers to finance their product. “When we are supplying energy services to the poor, the financing needs to be tailor-made according to the present and future income streams,” Hande said.
SELCO did some financial engineering, using its own scarce resources to be flexible and creative to make it possible for poor rural households to purchase their electric supply systems. Now that they’ve proven their success, SELCO has partnered with local financial and micro-finance institutions to continue to provide creative financing for their customers.
Headquartered in Bangalore, India, SELCO has sold, serviced, and financed more than 45,000 solar electric lamps since 1995. The systems have improved lighting conditions for children to study, increased the number of hours people can work (thereby allowing them to pay for their systems), and decreased indoor pollution and other health and environmental hazards associated with kerosene. The lifetime cost of one of these systems is $1,700, significantly less than kerosene ($2,800) or connecting to a national or regional electric grid ($3,000).
SELCO plans to use the $50,000 they received as the winner of this year’s economic award to continue to innovate with linkages between technology, end-users, savings, and earning as well as to establish female-run energy services businesses. In fact, they are already working with a women’s micro-finance institution.
“There are two billion people without light,” said Hande, as he accepted the economic award. “We still have long way to go. We can do it—sustainably, economically, and environmentally.”
Web Exclusive: Environmentally friendly toilets
A successful dentist for more than 25 years, Brian La Trobe never gave up his interest in organic chemistry. So when he was elected to the University Council at Rhodes University, he began amateur research on extracting energy from organic waste. After a successful landfill re-design that maximized the production of methane gas, he was asked by the South African Water Research Commission to find a way to stabilize human waste without a sewage plant to help communities in rural and developing areas.
“I hit upon the idea that, no matter how rich or poor, humanity had two basic waste streams; body waste and
“We tend to look on bacteria as bugs that make us sick,” he continued, “when in fact there are trillions of them out there that are prepared to work for us.” So, after years of research, the Enviro Loo was born—a waterless dehydration and evaporation toilet system that provides a non-polluting, cost-effective sanitation system. This is a monumental achievement, considering the environmental implications of poor sanitation: pollution of surface water and degradation of urban and rural land and air quality, not to mention increased health risks to humans and animals.
This work was not without struggle. La Trobe waited for his fours sons to finish their education before he could take the financial risk to start a new career in waste. He invested all of his available assets into the project and many of his associates thought he was crazy. “At times I felt like the village idiot,” he said.
What kept him going, though, was thinking about how wasteful humanity is with water resources. “The waterborne sanitation system makes no sense,” he said. “We purify water supplies to strict standards for drinking purposes, then we use most of it to flush away…. What’s more, we deposit 200 milliliters of urine into a bowl then flush it away with 12 liters of potable water. Mankind does not have enough water to continue this madness in the light of our overpopulation of the planet. I have merely scratched the surface of providing an alternative means of treating our body waste.”
He’s covered a fairly sizable surface, however: to date, more than 20,000 units have been installed through South Africa and neighboring countries (Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe) as well as Ghana, Uganda, India, Greece, Cyprus, Brazil, Australia, and the United States.
Web Exclusive: Closing the Information Gap
It has been said that the information age has made the gaps between rich and poor larger. The faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) made a bold move to bridge the information gap by making their course materials for all undergraduate and graduate subjects available online—free—to anyone in the world. Called MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW), the Web site, which gets 12,335 unique visits per day, offers 1100 courses in 34 disciples to more than 215 countries.
“We set out not only to ‘give away’ MIT’s educational materials but also to start a movement to inspire others to openly share their educational content,” said Anne Margulies, the executive director of OCW.
The second obstacle was lack of infrastructure. “Unfortunately, those who most need educational materials face the most significant barriers because they don’t have access to computers or the Internet.” To overcome this, they started distributing content via mirror sites—local hard disks that contain complete replicas of the OCW site. In the last year, they have established more than 70 mirror sites on college campuses in developing countries.
A third obstacle was the need for translation. “Translating our materials into other languages is extremely labor intensive and difficult,” Margulies said. “Fortunately we have developed partnerships with organizations in China, Spain, Egypt, Thailand, and other regions who translate the materials and host them locally.”
According to Margulies, MIT took significant risk in announcing this initiative at a time when other schools were announcing the launch of for-profit distance education programs.
“Although I strongly believe that MIT was very courageous to lead the way with OCW—there are now more than 40 other universities implementing OCWs—it’s been even more impressive to learn about all the incredibly motivated people around the world who are using our materials to improve their lives,” Margulies concluded.
Helping the ignored
“Figuring out how to serve the poor is a great challenge,” said Koch. “These people are taking the risks that no one else wants to. These people are venturing into a part of humanity that others have ignored.”
—Kim Kooyers is a freelance writer in the Bay Area.
More 2005 Laureate stories
There are many more stories of social entrepreneurs available at the Tech Awards Web site. Here are a few highlights:
• The Reef Ball Foundation, which, among other projects, is working in Thailand to restore coral reefs (and local economies based entirely on fishing) damaged by the December 2004 tsunami.
• WorldFish Center, which developed the GIFT fish—Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia—for low-income food- deficient countries where fish are a staple.
• CEMINA—Communication, Education, and Information on Gender—an organization in Brazil that is improving poor women’s access to information via radio and a network of centers that offer Internet and telephone access. | <urn:uuid:a283a347-1baf-4389-b6f6-616c450a9af1> | {
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A Tutorial for Proposing Zebrafish Gene Nomenclature
By the Zebrafish Nomenclature Committee
Feel free to contact us at: [email protected]
Finding an appropriate gene name and symbol to use for your newly discovered gene can be a frustrating endeavor! There are so many factors to consider, like whether homologs or orthologs are known in other species, whether it is a member of a gene family, and whether it has a duplicate. We hope the following tips will guide you and make the experience of gene naming more pleasant.
How to propose a good gene name and symbol:
- Become familiar with the zebrafish nomenclature guidelines.
2. Search ZFIN (http://zfin.org/) to ensure that your gene hasn't already been named. A good way to do this is to use ZFIN BLAST. Use the Nucleotide -Nucleotide BLAST.
If there is no identical match check to see if your gene has a closely related gene such as genes created by the genome duplication or a tandemly duplicated gene.
Gene duplicates, resulting from the whole genome duplication, often have differences in the third nucleotide or "wobble" position in a codon. Closely related sequences with mismatches separated by stretches of 2, 5, or 8 identical nucleotides may indicate that the genes are duplicates.
3. If you believe your gene is the duplicate of a named zebrafish gene based on a high sequence identity and conserved synteny, propose the gene symbol comprised of the existing, named gene symbol with an "a" or "b" attached to the end. The existing gene will be renamed by adding an "a" or "b" to the original symbol depending on chromosomal location.
If you are reporting one or both duplicates and have mapped them to duplicate chromosome segments, make an effort to keep the "a" and "b" terminology consistent with other duplicates already mapped on the chromosomal segment.
Example: You identify the two zebrafish duplicates of the human gene ZZZ. You have mapped one duplicate to LG3 near the hoxb "a" genes and the other duplicate you have mapped to LG12 near the hoxb "b" genes. Propose zzza for the gene on LG3 and zzzb for the gene on LG12 to conform to the nomenclature of hoxb genes already mapped to those chromosomes.
4. If the gene is new to zebrafish but has a human or mouse ortholog, check the Human Nomenclature Database or the Mouse Genome Informatics resources for the name and symbol used in those species:
Human and mouse gene names in these two resources are approved by nomenclature committees.
5. If there is an established gene name and symbol in human for the ortholog, use the same symbol for zebrafish (of course following zebrafish nomenclature guidelines like all lower case italics, no "z" prefix, etc.). If there is no orthologous human gene, but there is an orthologous mouse gene, use the same name and symbol used for the mouse ortholog.
Example: Suppose you isolate the zebrafish ortholog of the human "dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2". Searching the Human Nomenclature Database returns the gene symbol DBT. Searching the Mouse Genome Informatics resources returns the gene symbol Dbt. Therefore, an appropriate symbol adhering to the zebrafish nomenclature guidelines would be dbt.
This is only a starting point for proposing a good symbol. You aren't done yet!
6. If the gene you are naming is a member of a gene family, check to see what is used for the "root" symbol of the gene family in zebrafish. If there is no established gene family in zebrafish but there is in human or mouse, use the same "root" symbol established in human and mouse.
Example: You isolate a new calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 1 subunit gene. Searching ZFIN using the gene query form, you find that all the known calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 1 subunits begin with "cacna1". The last member in the cacna1 series is cacna1f. Therefore, a good starting point would be to propose cacna1g.
7. We've already seen how to propose a zebrafish gene symbol in cases where it is a duplicate, an ortholog of a known human or mouse gene, or when it is a member of a gene family. What if your gene is none of these?
Example: You isolate a novel gene that is an apoptosis determining protein expressed in neurons. You want to call it "apoptosis determining protein, neuronal". adpn would be a starting point.
8. Check ZFIN to ensure that the symbol you want to use is not already in use for a different zebrafish gene or mutant. Also, check the Human Nomenclature Database and the Mouse Genome Informatics resources to ensure the symbol you want to use is not already in use for a different gene in human or mouse.
Example from above: dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2; dbt. You search ZFIN for a gene already named dbt as well as for a mutant whose abbreviation is dbt. A quick search shows that dbt is not already used for a zebrafish gene or mutant. We know DBT and Dbt are dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 in human and mouse. The symbol dbt is still OK.
Example from above: calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 1G subunit; cacna1g. You know cacna1g isn't already used for a zebrafish gene or mutant. However, when you search the Human Nomenclature Database, you find a CACNA1G gene in humans and when you search the Mouse Genome Informatics site, you find Cacna1g. If your zebrafish cacna1 gene is not the ortholog of the human CACNA1G and mouse Cacna1g, you need to propose a different symbol.
Example from above: apoptosis determining protein, neuronal; adpn. You find no zebrafish gene or mutant called adpn. However, when you search the Human Nomenclature Database and the Mouse Genome Informatics resources, you find that ADPN/Adpn is already used for the adiponutrin gene. You need to come up with a different symbol for your apoptosis determining protein gene expressed in neurons.
9. Make sure the symbol you select does not interrupt an existing gene family in zebrafish, human, or mouse by entering a truncated form of your proposed symbol in a gene query form and searching the databases using the "begins with" operator.
Example: You isolate a heart expressed cytokeratin and you want to propose hexc. hexc is not used for zebrafish, human, or mouse genes. However, you search ZFIN, the Human Nomenclature Database and the Mouse Genome Informatics resources for "hex" using the "begins with" operator. You find that in both human and mouse, there are HEXA/Hexa and HEXB/Hexb genes for hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B. hexc for your zebrafish gene is not a good symbol because if another human or mouse hexosaminidase gene is found, it will be assigned HEXC/Hexc.
10. Check other resources to ensure that the symbol you select is not a very commonly used, unapproved symbol. Useful resources to check are:
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee: http://www.genenames.org/
11. When you have found a suitable symbol, send it to the zebrafish nomenclature committee for confirmation and final approval ([email protected]). We will then assign and reserve this symbol for your novel gene.
Although we typically have a quick turn around time, please don't wait until the last minute to request approval of a gene name and symbol. Often a seemingly simple request is more complicated than anticipated and may require correspondence with other nomenclature committees or independent analyses on our part.
To help us provide quick turn around time for your requests, the following information is greatly appreciated and will be held in strict confidence:
- Provide a sequence accession number if the sequence is public in an on-line sequence database. It is very helpful if you include the amino acid sequence, nucleotide sequence, or both with your request if they are not publicly available.
- If you have mapped the gene on a mapping panel, provide the map position and on which mapping panel the gene is mapped. If you have placed the gene on the Sanger Institute's Ensembl contig (http://www.ensembl.org/Danio_rerio/), please provide the coordinates.
- If you believe the zebrafish gene is the ortholog of a gene in another species, provide the evidence (amino acid sequence comparison, nucleotide sequence comparison, conserved synteny, probe cross hybridization, etc.).
- If possible, please provide a phylogenetic tree or description of the relationships between your zebrafish gene and orthologous or related genes in other species.
- Include any other information or commentary you view as pertinent in assigning proper gene nomenclature.
If you need help with any of this analysis, contact us ([email protected]). | <urn:uuid:bf4f2c8b-7a4d-4855-a530-ca0419279c83> | {
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Permaculture is an innovative framework for creating sustainable ways of living: a practical method of developing ecologically harmonious, efficient and productive systems that can be used by anyone, anywhere.
It lays emphasize on harmonious integration of human being, plants, animals and landscape (nature) providing food, energy, shelter and other sorts of material and non-material needs of people in sustainable way. In other words, it is a holistic, integrated system analysis and people oriented sustainable design system and assumes that our own sustainability is dependent on harmonious interrelationship amongst human being, plants, animals and the earth
The ecologically friendly and happiness of life depends on better care of the earth and nature which will only be possible through a sustainable human society. Sustainable and self- reliant human society can be achieved through Permaculture philosophy, principles and ethics. Permaculture is a door to sustainable society.
NPG aims to help eradicate poverty and develop self- reliant society in the country through the development and promotion of Permaculture and sustainable development principles and practices, by demonstrating results, sharing knowledge and influencing.
Establish an effective networking system and advocacy alliances amongst organizations and individual professionals working in the field of Permaculture and similar philosophy to achieve sustainable and self- reliant society in Nepal.
NPG coordinate individuals and organizations working in the field of Permaculture and similar philosophy. It promotes Permaculture and Sustainable Development for self-reliant society through networking with emphasis on Permaculture promotion, quality control of Permaculture training and services, research, advocacy and lobbying. | <urn:uuid:a7b17d32-feb0-42d6-ab42-86ca558c54bc> | {
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Calcium is an alkaline material widely distributed in the earth. It is the fifth most abundant element (by mass), usually found in sedimentary rocks in the mineral forms of calcite, dolomite and gypsum. We often see it as marble or limestone, which is formed by calcium carbonate rock dissolved in water containing carbon dioxide. Stalactites are formed by a slowly dripping solution of calcium carbonate mixed with other minerals. The same calcium carbonate dissolved in water is what makes our drinking water “hard.”
Calcium is found in as many as 80 compounds sometimes called calcium salts such as calcium carbonate (lime), calcium phosphate (fertilizers), calcium sulfate (Plaster of Paris), calcium gluconate (vitamins), calcium chloride (ice removal), and others.[2} In some compounds the calcium is soluble, but in most calcium compounds found in soils, the calcium is generally insoluble. 'Insoluble' here means the calcium is not readily available to plants. Calcium in the soil, because it is relatively insoluble, tends to not leach away either, thus keeping the soil pH more alkaline if there is an abundance of calcium.
All animals and humans need calcium, but we don’t go around eating limestone or stalactites. Humans eat plants and animals, which are a calcium source, but the plants and animals have to get it from somewhere. Animals and humans do eat plants as a calcium source, but the plants need calcium first. So, how DO plants get calcium if it is basically insoluble in the soil? The answer is that soil microbes need calcium too, so they eat calcium compounds, converting them into a form plants can use. The trick is to determine which calcium compounds are needed by the microbes for the easiest and best conversion. Which calcium compounds are best to do the job and yet not increase the pH too much? (Remember, calcium is alkaline.) Most importantly, why do plants even need calcium since they have no bones nor teeth?
Wall structure in plant stem
Plants need calcium for cell wall development and growth. Pathogens attack weak cell walls to invade a plant, and stronger cell wall structure avoids this. Plants need calcium for enzyme activity, metabolism, and for nitrate (a useable form of nitrogen) uptake. Calcium and phosphorus are often found together. Plants need phosphorus to grow strong and healthy, for moisture regulation, photosynthesis, respiration, and metabolism. Weak and spindly plants often indicate the plants are not taking up enough phosphorus and calcium. Of course, there are other factors affecting plant growth such as pH imbalance, high sodium, over- and under-watering, poor drainage (humus can help with this), lack of oxygen (from compaction, and lack of organic material), and temperature stress. The ratio of calcium to magnesium is said to be a factor, but I have seen no research indicating such when considering the calcium form necessary for best plant uptake. Too much sodium in the soil can also bind up calcium and make it unavailable to plants.
Soil tests will tell you if you have the correct pH and if the soil is too acidic, a recommendation to apply lime will be included. Generally, a lime application such as “high calcium” lime, dolomitic lime, and gypsum (calcium sulfate) will contain calcium in forms not readily available for plants’ immediate use. My recent soil test showed very high levels of calcium, and the pH is also a little higher than I prefer. However, I know from watching my plant growth that most of the calcium in my soil is not available to my plants. My solution after lots of research, is to apply a soft rock phosphate which is colloidal phosphate: a highly soluble natural source of phosphate and calcium. Soft Rock Phosphate will aid greatly in raising Brix in your garden. (I use CalPhos but there are others available.) Soft rock phosphate is not the same as rock phosphate, Tennessee Brown Rock phosphate, or hard rock phosphate. All those do contain calcium and phosphorus, but in soft rock phosphate the calcium and phosphorus are in a colloidal form and thus readily available.
Soft rock phosphates are only mined in a few parts of this country, notably Florida where they were laid down eons ago by bony marine animals. Soft rock phosphate also comes from the process of washing rock phosphates of the colloidal compound on the phosphate surface when they are mined. I heard there is a recent calcium find in the Nevada desert thought to be a superior form of calcium, made from marine plant life, but it is not widely available. It is marketed as Kelzyme.
Calcium is essential for all plants, but the following are especially responsive: apples, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cherries, citrus, conifers, cotton, curcurbits, melons, grapes, legumes, lettuce, peaches, peanuts, pears, peppers, potatoes, tobacco, and tomatoes.
“Calcium perhaps plays more roles in the overall health of both the plant and the soil than any other nutrient. As Dr. Albrecht explains it in his volumes of research, if we get the calcium right in the soil, most of our work is done.”
Articles for related information:
Dr. William Albrecht: former head of the soils department at the University of Missouri
Simmons, Joel, http://www.soilfirst.com/tnm_12_1997.htm
Milk bottle & glass: # 5842153, iStockPhoto.com, Used by Permission.
Stalactite, # 4358278, © Glenn Frank, iStockPhoto.com, Used by Permission
Stem cross section, # 2937019, © Oliver Sun Kim, iStockPhoto.com, Used by Permission
Chloroplasts, # 6143246, © Nancy Nehring, iStockPhoto.com, Used by Permission
Daisy & Milk, # 6632587, © Monika Gniot, iStockPhoto.com, Used by Permission
Pamukkale, Turkey, Calcium Deposits, # 2216673, © Maxime VIGE, iStockPhoto.com, Used by Permission
Marble: Public Domain | <urn:uuid:94ad5fe9-32aa-4443-a6f2-b3ad286aaa51> | {
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Deep radio imaging of the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey field : the nature of the faint radio population, and the star-formation history of the Universe
MetadataShow full item record
The centrepiece of this thesis is a deep, new, high-resolution 1.4-GHz image covering the United Kingdom Infrared (IR) Telescope IR Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) legacy field. Deep pseudo-continuum observations were made using the Very Large Array, prior to its recent upgrade, in its A, B and DnC configurations. The resulting mosaic has a full-width-at-half-maximum synthesised beam width of ≈ 1.7 arcsec and a point-source sensitivity of ≈ 60μJy (6σ ) across the central 0.6 deg2, while conserving flux from sources of extended emission. The full image covers 1.3 deg2. I also present a catalogue containing over 1,000 radio emitters, having chosen the 6-σ threshold by maximising the number of radio sources with secure optical/near-IR counterparts. Most of the sources in the catalogue (≈ 90 per cent) lie in the sub-mJy flux density regime. Deep, complementary data covering a wide range of wavelengths was used to explore this faint radio population, whose nature remains controversial. It was found that 53 per cent of the sample comprise active galactic nuclei (AGN). AGN dominate at & 0.2mJy and remain a significant population down to 0.1mJy; at lower fluxes – the so-called μJy radio population – star-forming galaxies become dominant. The radio sample presented here was also matched to Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the UDS field (which is part of the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey – CANDELS) to classify the faint radio population morphologically. These classifications were done using the Gini–M20 method. It was found that a low fraction of AGN and SFGs are undergoing interactions and mergers, 33 ± 9 and 13 ± 7 per cent, respectively. The merger fraction does not appear to have evolved significantly since z ∼ 3. This suggests that mergers have played a relatively minor role in the assembly of galaxies and super-massive black holes – certainly less significant than previously thought. Finally, I present a study of cosmic star-formation activity as a function of stellar mass and redshift, exploiting panchromatic stacking. Mid-IR–through–radio images, including new data from Herschel, are stacked at the positions of a K-selected (i.e. an approximately mass-selected) sample in the UDS field. Specific star-formation rates (SSFR, i.e. star-formation rate per stellar mass, or the rate at which a galaxy is converting its gas into stars) were derived from UDS radio luminosities measured here and stellar masses from the literature. The SSFR was found to be poorly correlated with stellar mass; it decreases with decreasing redshift; at a given mass, SSFR rises with redshift. These results indicate that at early epochs, galaxies were forming stars more efficiently and at a higher rate. | <urn:uuid:e26f353b-13b9-4ceb-a882-93be0aa74990> | {
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Clear Motion Rate (CMR) vs Refresh Rate
Whether or not people understand the rationale behind the refresh rates of LCD monitors, they believe or think that higher refresh rates mean more clarity in pictures or sharpness of picture on the screen. The refresh rates of an LCD explain how many times an image is drawn on the monitor every second. We have TV’s with refresh rates of 60Hz, 120Hz and even 240Hz. So does it really mean that higher the refresh rates of a TV, the sharper or clearer it is? And now there is another term called Clear Motion Rate to confuse the consumers further. This is a recent term that has been introduced by electronics giant Samsung. There are not many who understand the difference between Clear Motion Rate and Refresh Rate, and this article attempts to explain this difference.
Refresh Rate (Hertz)
All display monitors need to be refreshed many number of times every second. This refresh rate is expressed in hertz, and the number implies that the image is redrawn that many times in a second. The old industry standard was 60 Hertz, but there has been advancement in technology and now it is common to have TV’s with refresh rates of 120Hz and even 240Hz. TV’s with higher refresh rates flicker much less than TV’s with low refresh rates; also, the images are often sharper and clearer with TV’s of higher refresh rate. The human eye cannot detect a blur as the image is redrawn too quickly. This difference is all the more visible in programs where objects move at a fast rate such as sports or car racing. However, with most TV companies switching over to 120Hz refresh rate, this motion blur has more or less been controlled.
Clear Motion Rate (CMR)
CMR or Clear Motion Rate is a new concept introduced by Samsung that measures the capacity of an LCD to display fast moving objects smoothly. While there was only the refresh rate that decided the smoothness of images in a fast paced program, Samsung’s CMR takes into account backlight technology and image processor speed in addition to the refresh rate to decide motion clarity. This motion clarity means that a viewer can clearly see the name of the player and his jersey number, even when he is moving at a high speed, during NFL matches.
What is the difference between Refresh Rate and Clear Motion Rate (CMR)?
• Refresh rate is the industry standard for judging the motion clarity of an LCD monitor, and higher the refresh rate, the sharper and clearer are the images as the image is redrawn 120 times per second if the refresh rate is 120 Hz
• CMR is the measure of motion clarity that takes into account backlight technology and image processor speed in addition to refresh rate
• While refresh rate is a factor in deciding motion clarity, it is not the only factor, and this has been proved with CMR. | <urn:uuid:fa7b7e83-124d-45cb-9e52-8fc0e08e101e> | {
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Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.
B. The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.
C. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.
D. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.
E. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation. | <urn:uuid:0cc48b45-eef1-4b36-994f-803950884baa> | {
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In 1930, Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History commissioned sculptor Malvina Hoffman to produce three-dimensional models of racial types for an anthropology display called the Races of Mankind. In this exceptional study, Marianne Kinkel measures the colossal impact of the ninety-one bronze and stone sculptures on perceptions of race in twentieth-century visual culture, tracing their exhibition from their 1933 debut and nearly four decades at the Field Museum to numerous reuses, repackagings, reproductions, and publications that reached across the world.
Employing a keen interdisciplinary approach, Kinkel taps archival sources and period publications to construct a cultural biography of the Races of Mankind sculptures. She examines how Hoffman's collaborations with curators and anthropologists transformed the commission from a traditional physical anthropology display to a fine art exhibit. She also tracks influential exhibitions of statuettes in New York and Paris and photographic reproductions in atlases, maps, and encyclopedias. The volume concludes with the dismantling of the exhibit at the Field Museum in the late 1960s and the redeployment of some of the sculptures in new educational settings.
Kinkel demonstrates how the Races of Mankind sculptures participated in various racial paradigms by asserting fixed racial types and racial hierarchies in the 1930s, promoting the notion of a Brotherhood of Man in the 1940s, and engaging Afrocentric discourses of identity in the 1970s. Despite the enormous role the sculptures played in representing race in American visual culture, their history has been largely unrecognized until now. The first sustained examination of this influential group of sculptures, Races of Mankind: The Sculptures of Malvina Hoffman examines how the veracity of race is continually renegotiated through collaborative processes involved in the production, display, and circulation of visual representations. | <urn:uuid:bdc9b32f-fba2-42d9-8618-c1577a880220> | {
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Iraq has a hot, dry climate characterized by long, hot, dry summers and short, cool winters. The climate is influenced by Iraq's location between the subtropical aridity of the Arabian desert areas and the subtropical humidity of the Persian Gulf. January is the coldest month, with temperatures from 5°C to 10°C, and August is the hottest month with temperatures rising up to 30°C and more.
In most of the areas, summers are warm to hot with mostly sunshine, but high humidity on the southern coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. Daily Temperatures can be very hot; on some days temperatures can reach easily 45°C or more, especially in the Iraqi desert areas which causes a danger of heat exhaustion. Hot, dry desert winds can be very strong sometimes, and can cause violent sandstorms.
About 70 percent of the average rainfall in the country falls between November and March; June through August are often rainless. Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year. Precipitation is sometimes concentrated in local, but violent storms, causing erosion and local flooding, especially in the winter months.
Lightweight Cotton clothes are advised in the summer, with a sweater for cooler evenings, especially in the inland areas. waterproof mediumwear is recommended for the winter, and warmer clothing for the mountainous areas of northern Iraq.
Iraq can be divided in three different climate zones. The Climate of the Western and southwestern areas can be classified as BWh Climate; a hot, dry desert climate with annual average temperatures above 18°C. A small zone between the Persian Gulf the turkisch Border in the east of Iraq can be classified as BSh climate, a hot, dry Climate with the annual average Teperature above 18°C. Finally, the mountainous regions of northern Iraq can be classified as Dsa Climate, a cold snow Climate with dry summers and wet winters with the warmest month over 22°C and the coldest month below -3°C. | <urn:uuid:11bf1b89-795f-4aac-9180-7a7c7c5f976e> | {
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Homage: Geometria Sensível - 25 Years Later, Sensitive Geometry Recalled
At daybreak on July 8, 1978, a devastating fire reduced the Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro to ashes. It was the worst catastrophe suffered by a museum since World War II.
Although its origin was never conclusively established, the blaze spread rapidly. The New York Times of July 9 reported the fire on its front page, describing how hours later, the building's concrete shell was still smoking, littered with piles of dirty gray sludge and broken glass. Twenty-five years later, there are several things worth recalling about this sad event.
It is believed that over one thousand works of art were destroyed, although the exact number will never be known because the archives were incinerated along with the museum. Works in the permanent collection by Picasso, Dalí, Miró, Marx Ernst, and Magritte were lost, along with their comprehensive collection of Brazilian art. There also were two temporary exhibitions on view: America Latina:Geometria Sensível, a survey of Latin American abstraction which included more than a hundred works by 26 contemporary artists and Torres-García, Constructions and Symbols, an exhibit of murals, paintings, and wood objects that had originally opened in 1975 at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris and then traveled to Rio.
The exhibition America Latina:Geometria Sensível, curated by the late Roberto Pontual was the first conscious effort to define what made Latin America's geometric abstract art different from its European counterpart.
The exhibition presented at Cecilia de Torres Ltd., curated by Henrique Faría, pays homage to the great art the fire consumed a quarter-Century ago. Presented are works of the period by Marcelo Bonevardi, Waldemar Cordeiro, Carlos Cruz Diez, Gego (Gertrude Goldschmidt), Ana Mercedes Hoyos, Alejandro Otero, César Paternosto, Jesús Rafael Soto, and Eduardo Ramírez Villamizar, artists who participated in America Latina:Geometria Sensível or whose work was discussed in the catalog; and one painting by Torres-García, the 1943 Arte Constructivo. It was one of the few works in the Paris show that wasn't lost in Rio; its owner had refused to lend it to the Museum. It is a symbolic reminder of the other 73 constructivist works by Torres-García that were destroyed.
Waldemar Cordeiro (Italy 1925- Brazil 1973)
Born in Rome, his family moved to Brazil when he was a child. In 1949, Cordeiro participated in the historical exhibition Do Figurativismo ao Abstracionismo, (From Figuration to Abstraction), at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art in Sao Paulo.
Later, working and showing with the group "Ruptura," he first exhibited Idéia Visível also at the Museum. In 1968, Cordeiro pioneered computer art research in Brazil by gathering a group of mathematicians, engineers, and artists to develop ideas for this new field. His 1971 exhibition, Arteonica, explored the use of electronic medium in the arts.
Eduardo Ramírez Villamizar (Colombia 1922-2004)
In the late 1950s he forayed into mainstream geometric abstraction painting, making hard-edged geometric works in dramatic colors. In the 1960s he taught in New York and created large murals for numerous projects, eventually turning to sculpture.
Ramírez Villamizar was influenced early on by the work and writings of Torres-García, occasionally producing pieces with pre-Columbian titles. But after a trip to the Andes in 1983, he began a series of works inspired by his experience of the architecture of the Incas, Remembrances of Machu Picchu.
Carlos Cruz Diez (Venezuela 1923)
An art school graduate, Cruz Diez came to New York to study art and advertising. After his first trip to Paris in 1956, his preoccupation with color as a source of energy, the relation of color and form and how they animate the pictorial surface became the subject of his work.
In 1959, influenced by Cinétisme, (Op Art), he created Physichromies, works composed of vertical lines of color, interspersed at regular intervals by colored bands of Plexiglas that produce shifting geometric images that emerge, intensify, change and fade through the displacement of light when the viewer moves. In Paris, 1965-1969, his installation Chromosaturation Labyrinth and Chromatic Promenade exposed the passers-by to blue, red and green light as they walked through intensely lit booths.
Among his most renowned large scale projects are: Additive Color, the mosaic floor of the airport in Caracas and Chromatic Induction, huge painted silos at La Guaira harbor, also in Venezuela.
Alejandro Otero (Venezuela 1921-1990)
As a young artist, Otero traveled to the United States and Europe in 1945, where in Paris he created the magazine Los Disidentes (The Dissidents) in 1950. Verticality is the main feature in the series of paintings on wood panel he titled Coloritmos, where the visual attention is constantly shifted in an upward and downward motion by the rhythm of color combinations. One of Otero's first Coloritmos was purchased for MoMA by Alfred Barr in 1955.
An important aspect of his work was his collaboration with architects; two examples are Policromía, painted on the exterior walls of the 8-story School of Architecture of Caracas University; and a large vertical panel for a Shell Gas station, made of aluminum and concrete.
Awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1971 to study at MIT, his ideas were radically altered by concepts of dynamics, physics and art, interacting with natural elements. He designed large structures in steel or anodized aluminum, which are set in motion by wind or water, like the Ala Solar he built in Bogotá, and Estructura Solar, 1977, for Olivetti in Milan.
Ana Mercedes Hoyos (Bogotá 1942)
Hoyos works in sculpture, drawing and painting both figurative and abstract. In the early 1970s, an open window framed Hoyos' landscapes, as a progression towards abstraction ensued, sky and light became the main elements that surround both the stretcher and the implied window frame.
In these canvases, color is practically eliminated so as to achieve "an atmosphere unburdened by gravity." By omitting the horizon line and working with subtle and ethereal tones and technique, in paintings such as the 1978 Atmosphere, she created the illusion of unlimited open space and light.
Her interest in photography and the cropping of images resulted in her large figurative canvases: close-ups of still lives of tropical fruit or details of a figure in brilliant colors. Her new sculpture, slices of watermelon, which taken out of its context of scale become large abstractions.
Carlos Rojas (Colombia 1933-1997)
Studied architecture and art in Colombia before traveling to Rome in 1957 to take design courses. He exhibited in New York at the Center for Inter American Relations, (Americas Society), and at the XII Sao Paulo Biennial in 1973.
In Geometría Sensível he showed several paintings titled Transparencies that were delicate grids painted with vegetable dyes. Concurrently he began to work in sculpture, his minimalist pieces resembled frameworks.
Rojas explored Cubism stretching its possibilities, and in Untitled, 1972, a precursor of his steel sculpture, he used several types of wood molding as in Cubist collages, to create an open structure that while suggesting its origins, is free of any direct reference to reality.
Jesús Rafael Soto (Venezuela 1923-2005)
Soto sought "an optical vibration of the painting," as he stated that he wanted to "dynamize" Mondrian. In works such as White and Pink T's, he superposed two elements to create this using thin black lines painted on the white background and the white and pink wire T's rising from the surface. From the superposition of the two, optical vibrations result when the viewer passes in front of the stationary work.
He is renowned for his huge Penetrables, like the one he built for a Renault factory in France where 250,000 metal rods suspended from the ceiling create a "full universe," where space, time and matter become one in a continuum of infinite vibrations.
He founded the Museum of Modern Art Jesús Soto that houses an outstanding collection of his own work and that of other major Latin American artists.
Marcelo Bonevardi (Argentina 1929-1994)
"If my dreams had the persuasive persistence of time, if while meditating I could contemplate the mystery of my own skeleton and climb over the rainbow to find the Great Silence, and then in my ship risk the labyrinths of a mystic geography, maybe one day I could build that object I once glimpsed in a small wood box together with a dead beetle." Artist's statement: Geometria Sensível exhibition catalog, 1978.
Bonevardi, studied architecture in Córdoba, Argentina, receiving a Guggenheim grant in 1958. When he settled in New York, where most of his mature work was produced, Bonevardi, like a minority of artists there in the early sixties, was reacting against abstract expressionism.
In his assemblages made of superimposed planes of wood and burlap he combined painting, sculpture and architecture in a single mode. Bonevardi inserted mysterious, painstakingly made objects in his reliefs, whose deep diagonal planes and ingenious foreshortenings create daring perspectives that recall De Chirico.
Gego (Gertrude Goldschmidt, Germany 1912-Venezuela 1994)
Reflecting her German architectural schooling she developed a structural connective system based on the triangle and the square. An example is Partiendo de un rectángulo II, (A Rectangle as the Point of Departure II), whose parallel lines curve and rotate in space, then close upon themselves, producing volumes that integrate empty space as part of its totality.
Reticulárea, 1969, the title plays with the word retícula, (in Spanish mesh, and area) a net that according to Gego represents life, now permanently installed at the Galería de Arte Nacional, in Caracas is considered her major work. True to its environmental character, it was completed during the process of assembling it. Robert Storr, in the June 2003 issue of Art in America described it as, "an astonishing tessellation of suspended, interlocking stainless-steel wire elements that fills a large white room whose corners have been rounded so that viewers can more easily lose themselves and their sense of scale in the triangulated, volumetric webs that surround them, webs through which they move like planes navigating the gaps in a cloud bank."
New York Times Article "Blaze in a Rio de Janiero Museum Ruins More Than 1,000 Artworks" (July 9, 1978)
Essay by Cecilia de Torres
b. 1874 Montevideo, Uruguay - d. 1949 Montevideo, Uruguay
When Torres-García arrived in Montevideo on April 30, 1934 after forty-three years of absence, Torres-García told the press that he had returned to his native country of Uruguay in order to "develop a wide range of activities, to lecture, to teach courses, to achieve... on walls what I have already achieved on canvas,... to create in Montevideo a movement that will surpass the art of Paris." These lofty ambitions were achieved through the creation of his world famous workshop, the Taller Torres-García, where he taught his theory of Universal Constructivism to future generations of Latin American artists.
Before returning to Uruguay, Torres-García had arrived at the concept of Universal Constructivism after a long development during which his painting evolved from Mediterranean classicism through periods of Vibrationism, Cubism, and Fauvism. A truly global artist, Torres-García lived in Spain, New York, Italy, and Paris, where his theories and aesthetic style culminated into his characteristic incorporation of symbols located in a geometric grid based on the golden section.
The uniqueness of Torres' proposal consisted of his incorporation of essential elements of indigenous American art into the basic principles of European constructivism and geometric abstraction. Today, he is recognized as a canonical figure in both Latin American and modern art in general, with works in prestigious public and private collections worldwide.
An online catalogue raisonné, which includes comprehensive information about Torres-García’s art, exhibition history, and literary references, as well as a chronology with documentary materials related to the artist’s life and career, is available online at www.torresgarcia.com
Please click for Chronology
b. 1931 La Plata, Argentina – lives in Segovia, Spain
After beginning his career working in an informalist mode, followed by a brief period of lyrical figuration, Paternosto first created artworks based on Geometric Abstraction in the early 1960s. By the end of this decade, his formal and theoretical explorations led the artist to push beyond the very boundaries of the medium of painting. Leaving the surface of the canvas blank, Paternosto shifted the emphasis of his artworks to their outer edges, converting his paintings into objects, and rebelling against the inherited tradition of only viewing paintings frontally. Since this breakthrough, he has remained on the vanguard of abstraction in both New York, where he lived for over four decades, and Latin America.
In addition to his career as a painter, Paternosto has studied Pre-Columbian art with academic rigor. This expertise has
not only influenced his artistic practices, but has also led him to assume scholarly and curatorial roles, including the international exhibition, Abstraction: The Amerindian Paradigm. In 2005, the artist moved to Segovia, Spain, where, just a year prior, a major retrospective of his work had been on view at the Esteban Vicente Museum of Contemporary Art. Paintings by Paternosto are found in various prestigious collections, including the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; the Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid; the Kunstmuseum, Bern, Switzerland; and the Städtisches Museum Abteiberg, Mönchengladbach, Germany, amongst others.
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RECORD: Darwin, C. R. 1855. Lizard's eggs. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette no. 21 (26 May): 360.
REVISION HISTORY: Transcribed and edited by John van Wyhe 10.2005, textual corrections by Sue Asscher 12.2006. RN3
LIZARD'S EGGS. If any of your readers could obtain for me some eggs of the Lacerta agilis, I should be greatly obliged. Lizards are most widely distributed, and I want to ascertain whether the eggs will float in sea-water, and, if so, whether they will retain their vitality. A reward of a few shillings (which I would gladly repay as well as postage) offered to schoolboys, would perhaps get these eggs in the proper districts collected. Ch. Darwin, Downe, Farnborough, Kent.1
1 Lacerta agilis, the Sand Lizard, formerly found in coastal dunes and heaths, now severely threatened. See Correspondence vol. 5, pp. 337-338.
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Citation: John van Wyhe, editor. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
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The Application Server implements Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) 1.4 technology. The J2EE platform is a set of standard specifications that describe application components, APIs, and the runtime containers and services of an application server.
J2EE applications are made up of components such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Java servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) modules. These components enable software developers to build large-scale, distributed applications. Developers package J2EE applications in Java Archive (JAR) files (similar to zip files), which can be distributed to production sites. Administrators install J2EE applications onto the Application Server by deploying J2EE JAR files onto one or more server instances (or clusters of instances).
The following figure illustrates the components of the J2EE platform discussed in the following sections.
Each server instance includes two containers: web and EJB. A container is a runtime environment that provides services such as security and transaction management to J2EE components. Web components, such as Java Server Pages and servlets, run within the web container. Enterprise JavaBeans run within the EJB container.
Security - The Java Authorization Contract for Containers (JACC) is a set of security contracts defined for the J2EE containers. Based on the client’s identity, containers can restrict access to the container’s resources and services.
Transaction management - A transaction is an indivisible unit of work. For example, transferring funds between bank accounts is a transaction. A transaction management service ensures that a transaction is either completed, or is rolled back.
Message Service - Applications hosted on separate systems can communicate with each other by exchanging messages using the Java™ Message Service (JMS). JMS is an integral part of the J2EE platform and simplifies the task of integrating heterogeneous enterprise applications.
Clients can access a J2EE 1.4 application as a remote web service in addition to accessing it through HTTP, RMI/IIOP, and JMS. Web services are implemented using the Java API for XML-based RPC (JAX-RPC). A J2EE application can also act as a client to web services, which would be typical in network applications.
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is an XML format that describes web service interfaces. Web service consumers can dynamically parse a WSDL document to determine the operations a web service provides and how to execute them. The Application Server distributes web services interface descriptions using a registry that other applications can access through the Java API for XML Registries (JAXR).
Clients can access J2EE applications in several ways. Browser clients access web applications using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). For secure communication, browsers use the HTTP secure (HTTPS) protocol that uses secure sockets layer (SSL).
Rich client applications running in the Application Client Container can directly lookup and access Enterprise JavaBeans using an Object Request Broker (ORB), Remote Method Invocation (RMI) and the internet inter-ORB protocol (IIOP), or IIOP/SSL (secure IIOP). They can access applications and web services using HTTP/HTTPS, JMS, and JAX-RPC. They can use JMS to send messages to and receive messages from applications and message-driven beans.
Clients that conform to the Web Services-Interoperability (WS-I) Basic Profile can access J2EE web services. WS-I is an integral part of the J2EE standard and defines interoperable web services. It enables clients written in any supporting language to access web services deployed to the Application Server.
The best access mechanism depends on the specific application and the anticipated volume of traffic. The Application Server supports separately configurable listeners for HTTP, HTTPS, JMS, IIOP, and IIOP/SSL. You can set up multiple listeners for each protocol for increased scalability and reliability.
J2EE applications can also act as clients of J2EE components such as Enterprise JavaBeans modules deployed on other servers, and can use any of these access mechanisms.
On the J2EE platform, an external system is called a resource. For example, a database management system is a JDBC resource. Each resource is uniquely identified and by its Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) name. Applications access external systems through the following APIs and components:
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) - A database management system (DBMS) provides facilities for storing, organizing, and retrieving data. Most business applications store data in relational databases, which applications access via JDBC. The Application Server includes the PointBase DBMS for use sample applications and application development and prototyping, though it is not suitable for deployment. The Application Server provides certified JDBC drivers for connecting to major relational databases. These drivers are suitable for deployment.
Java Message Service - Messaging is a method of communication between software components or applications. A messaging client sends messages to, and receives messages from, any other client via a messaging provider that implements the Java Messaging Service (JMS) API. The Application Server includes a high-performance JMS broker, the Sun Java System Message Queue. The Platform Edition of Application Server includes the free Platform Edition of Message Queue. Application Server Enterprise Edition includes Message Queue Enterprise Edition, that supports clustering and failover.
J2EE Connectors - The J2EE Connector architecture enables integrating J2EE applications and existing Enterprise Information Systems (EIS). An application accesses an EIS through a portable J2EE component called a connector or resource adapter, analogous to using JDBC driver to access an RDBMS. Resource adapters are distributed as standalone Resource Adapter Archive (RAR) modules or included in J2EE application archives. As RARs, they are deployed like other J2EE components. The Application Server includes evaluation resource adapters that integrate with popular EIS. | <urn:uuid:0c12adfe-49e9-42d5-a482-eeb02f9060bc> | {
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“Oh, but he sent to Caecilius; I don't know who it was he sent, but he threw those whom he sent or rather ordered to go, into prison, because they would not go.” I do not stop to ask how far it is probable that a king should have had no one to send; or that those whom he ordered to go should not have obeyed him; or how it was that those men who refused obedience in so important an affair, were put in prison, and not executed; but still, when he was sending to Caecilius,1 was he ignorant that that party had been defeated, or did he think that Caecilius a person of great importance? a man whom he, who was well acquainted with our leading men, would have despised because he knew him, and just as much because he did not know him.
This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
THE SPEECH OF M. T. CICERO AGAINST PUBLIUS VATINIUS; CALLED ALSO, THE EXAMINATION OF PUBLIUS VATINIUS.
THE SPEECH OF M. T. CICERO IN BEHALF OF KING DEIOTARUS. ADDRESSED TO CAIUS CAESAR.
1 This was Quintius Caecilius Brassus, a zealous partisan of Pompey's, who after the battle of Pharsalia collected some of the remnants of his army in Syria, with which he afterwards joined Cassius after the death of Caesar.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Tuesday, January 16, 2018
UNITED NATIONS, Nov 15 2012 (IPS) - When the United Nations commemorates World Toilet Day next week, there will be a lingering question in the minds of activists: how best can water and sanitation be given high priority in the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the U.N.’s post-2015 economic agenda?
Dr. Jennifer Platt, sustainability director at WASH Advocates in Washington, told IPS that World Toilet Day on Nov. 19 is a great opportunity to start thinking outside the stall – about water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH).
As cornerstones of public health, WASH should be the first step of any development initiative.
“Sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene for all should absolutely be one of the key goals in the post-2015 SDGs,” she added.
The highly-touted Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) include a reduction by 50 percent of the proportion of people living in extreme poverty and hunger; reversal of the spread of HIV/AIDS, elimination of gender inequality; achievement of universal primary education; reduction of child mortality; improvement of maternal health; sustainability of the environment; and a global partnership for development.
The target date to achieve these goals is 2015.
But water and sanitation wasn’t one of the eight primary goals and remained only as a subtext under “environmental sustainability”: a call for a reduction by 50 percent of those who do not have access to drinking water and adequate sanitation.
Currently, over 800 million people have no access to safe drinking water and over 2.5 billion people are living without adequate sanitation.
While most developing nations have made limited progress in providing clean water, the targets for sanitation have remained virtually unreachable.
Platt said the discussion document at the United Nations provides a startling example of the continued omission of sanitation in many development agendas.
Because 2.5 billion people don’t have access to sanitation, this issue isn’t going to go away overnight, she said.
“Further, it could be argued that sustainable WASH influences the effectiveness of every single focus area listed youth employment, energy efficiency, food security, sustainable cities, oceans management, and resilience,” she added.
Hannah Ellis, international campaigns manager for the London-based WaterAid, told IPS that water and sanitation are basic human rights that underpin health, education and livelihoods – and problems associated with lack of access impact on virtually all aspects of human development.
The MDG targets expire in less than three years, yet one in 10 of the world’s population still do not have access to safe water and nearly 40 percent of the world’s population don’t have access to adequate sanitation services, she added.
“If present trends continue, the Millennium Development Goal to halve the proportion of people living without adequate sanitation services will be met in 2165, 150 years behind schedule,” she warned.
“A new goal on universal access to basic water and sanitation services as a fundamental human right, with a target date for achieving universal access to basic water and sanitation services by 2030 would be a good start,” she added.
Nick Burn, chief of programmes at Water For People, told IPS that sanitation and water play a vital role in the social and economic development of countries, and therefore must remain a central focus of sustainable development.
“Yet, when we define success as simply having access to the infrastructure, we neglect to provide a permanent solution that will contribute to overall sustained development,” he said.
This is because latrines break down and no one can fix them, Burn said, pointing out that they fill up, and no one is there to empty the pit or septic tank.
“This is a failure for international development, as it does not provide a service that will last well into the future,” he noted.
Moving forward, he said, there must be a clear shift towards defining the outcome as lasting sanitation and water services.
“We must monitor our progress towards this goal with clearly defined indicators that track whether adequate services are being provided and meet growing demand of expanding populations, and whether the market system has developed enough to meet the needs of even the most poor and vulnerable,” Burn said.
And this, he said, provides a way forward that allows development to occur because lasting services are a permanent solution to the sanitation and water crisis.
Meanwhile, in a joint statement issued last week, the government of Finland, the U.N. children’s agency UNICEF, UN Women, WaterAid and the U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation, called for an end to water and sanitation inequalities in the U.N.’s post-2015 development agenda.
The MDGs have brought much-needed attention to neglected issues, such as open defecation, maternal and child mortality, and the need for sustainable access to water.
“The international community has learned from this process and must now aim higher,” the statement said.
On the eve of the consultations on the post-2015 development agenda, “we believe that the world must achieve and build on the MDGs, but must also craft even more ambitious goals.
“The goals must create incentives for change – a change that will reach every single person.”
The joint statement also said the future development agenda must aim at tackling the most persistent of all challenges: inequalities in access to essential services to realise people’s rights.
Crucially, among these essential services, it must aim for every person to have equal access to water, sanitation and hygiene.
“We must have a world that is committed to ending the unnecessary suffering of billions of people who continue to live without sanitation or safe drinking water.”
The post-2015 agenda must not move forward without clear objectives towards the elimination of discrimination and inequalities in access to water, sanitation and hygiene, the statement added.
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The directors of the Liverpool & Manchester company were unsure whether to use locomotives or stationary engines on their line. To help them reach a decision, it was decided to hold a competition where the winning locomotive would be awarded £500. The idea being that if the locomotive was good enough, it would be the one used on the new railway. The three judges of the competition were John Rastrick, Nicholas Wood and John Kennedy.
Eight conditions were laid down for the locomotives that entered the competition. This included the rule that the maximum weight was to be six tons. All wheels had to be sprung and the cost of the locomotive had to be less than £550. The gross weight of the train was stated to be not less than three times the engine's weight. To qualify for the first prize the locomotive had to reach speeds of 10 mph (16 kpm).
The competition began at Rainhill on 6th October, 1829. On the first day over 10,000 people turned up to watch the competitors. The locomotives had to run twenty times up and down the track at Rainhill which made the distance roughly equivalent to a return trip between Liverpool and Manchester. Ten locomotives were originally entered for the competition but only five turned up: the Rocket, Sans Pareil, Novelty, Cycloped and Perseverance.
Cycloped was owned by Thomas Brandreth, was powered by a horse walking on a drive belt. It reached speeds of 5 mph but after the horse fell through the floor of the Cycloped it was withdrawn.
Perseverance, owned by Timothy Burstall of Leith, was damaged on the way to the Rainhill Trials when the wagon that was carrying it overturned. Burstall spent the first five days of the trials trying to repair his locomotive. On the sixth day Perseverance joined the competition but after only reaching 6 mph, Burstall withdrew his locomotive. The judges decided that he should receive a consolation prize of £25.
At first there were doubts whether Sans Pareil would compete as the judges claimed that it was overweight. However, it was eventually agreed to let its inventor, Timothy Hackworth, show what his new locomotive could do. The Sans Pareil carried out eight trips and reached a top speed of just over 16 mph. After a promising start the locomotive suffered a cracked cylinder. Ironically, the cylinder had been cast by the company owned by his rival, Robert Stephenson. Despite its failure to win the competition, the owners of the Liverpool & Manchester railway decided to purchase Sans Pareil to use on their line.
Weighing only 2 tons 3 cwt, the Novelty was much smaller than the other entries. It was also the quickest and reached speeds of 28 mph during the trials that took place on the first day. It was a extremely popular with the large crowd that attended the trials was a hot favourite to win the competition. However, on the second day the boiler pipe became overheated and was damaged. To reach it for repairs, John Braithwaite and John Ericsson had to partially dismantle the boiler. The steam-tight joints had to be made with a cement which normally took a week to harden. Braithwaite and Ericsson had to go out the next day and when the Novelty reached 15 mph the joints started to blow. The damage was considerable and the Novelty was forced to retire from the competition.
The final entry was the Rocket that had been entered by Robert Stephenson. Two men who worked for the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Henry Booth, the Secretary and George Stephenson, the chief engineer, were also involved in developing the Rocket. It was Booth who suggested using a multi-tubular boiler to produce the necessary steam to drive the locomotive.
On the third day the Rocket covered 35 miles in 3 hours 12 minutes. Hauling 13 tons of loaded wagons, the Rocket averaged over 12 mph. On one trip it reached 25 mph and on a locomotive-only run, 29 mph. After studying all the evidence, the three judges, John Rastrick, Nicholas Wood and John Kennedy, awarded the £500 first prize to the owners of the Rocket. The contract to produce locomotives for the Liverpool & Manchester Railway went to the Robert Stephenson Company at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. | <urn:uuid:b501cd33-f979-4900-9b04-04f1d87311d9> | {
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What is Section 8 & How Does it Work?
Section 8, also known as the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program, exists to provide housing solutions for low income families.
The program provides families with a certificate or voucher that allows them to lease an apartment or home they otherwise couldn’t afford.
Families pay some “reasonable rent,” which is a percentage of their income; the remaining rent is covered by the local housing authority. Total rents are determined by the local housing authority, and are capped by the Fair Market Rent (FMR), which is set by HUD (US Department of Housing and Urban Development).
Important Section 8 Resources
- HUD Determined Fair Market Rents
Annual FMR Charts, including different schedules for section 8 landlords – From HUDUser.org
- Locate Your Local Public Housing Agency (PHA)
Non-profit Section 8 rental listing resource.
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Section 8 Articles
- The Advantages of Section 8 Rentals
- The Disadvantages of Section 8 Rentals
- 5 Reasons Why You Should Rent To Section 8 Tenants
- The Pros and Cons of Renting to Section 8 Tenants
- Why Section 8 Can Be Great!
- What Is Section 8 And How It Affects You As A U.S. Landlord
- The Pros & Cons of Section 8 Rentals
Section 8 Discussions: FAQ
- Setting rent price for Section 8
- Is Section 8 worth the $?
- Terminating a Section 8 Lease
- How to estimate what Section 8 will pay?
- Section 8 headache?
- Converting Your Tenants to Section 8
- Section 8 nightmare turn good | <urn:uuid:f4a0b457-42ff-46b7-95aa-d278e360d490> | {
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“They will say it cannot be translated into our tongue, it is so rude. It is not so rude as they are false liars. . . . The properties of the Hebrew tongue agree a thousand times more with the English than with the Latin.”
—William Tyndale, Preface to The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528)
With these words, the Protestant scholar William Tyndale signaled the start of a special relationship between the Hebrew and English languages. His 1530 rendering of the Pentateuch, the first-ever English translation from the Hebrew, would provide the fabric for the 1611 King James Bible and inject a Hebraic quality into the syntax and phraseology of English literary and religious usage without parallel in any European culture.
In the 50 years before Tyndale, 22 Bible translations had appeared in European vernaculars. (England lagged behind because its bishops forbade alternatives to the Church-approved Latin translation known as the Vulgate.) The Continental translators, all associated with the Protestant Reformation, strove to capture the sense of the original Hebrew and Greek. Their German or French versions were not meant to sound Hebraic, but rather to render the meaning of the text as closely as possible in idiomatic French or German. Tyndale, however, who was well aware of these Continental efforts, strove for more.
Take, for instance, his rendition of Genesis 1:4, vayyar elohim et ha’or ki tov: “And God sawe the lyghte that it was good.” Here, Tyndale’s translation was patently not in agreement with idiomatic English, whether that of the 16th century or that of the 21st. Rather, it shadowed the syntax of the Hebrew. Instead of placing the word that (his rendering of the often ambiguous Hebrew ki) in front of the words “the light,” to accord with English syntax (“God saw that the light was good”), he left it where the text had it. And even the Hebrew construction is an uncommon, suggestive one; behind the literal sense, “God saw that the light was good,” are echoes of another biblical adage, “He [God] is good.” In the best spirit of 16th-century humanism, Tyndale wished his readers to puzzle over the original and to sense that it presented no single, self-evident meaning.
Tyndale could also convey biblical prosody. Take Genesis 3:15, where God, after Adam and Eve have eaten of the forbidden fruit, tells the serpent that there will be eternal hatred between his descendants and humankind. Here the text engages in characteristic wordplay, taking advantage of the similarity between the words nashaf (bite) and shaf (strike or tread):
And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her seed; he will strike (shaf) you on the head, and you will bite (nashaf) him on the heel.
Martin Luther, in his highly influential German Bible, translates similarly to what I have done here; rendering nashaf as beissen (bite). But Tyndale was determined to capture the resonances of the Hebrew: “and that seed shall tread thee on the head, and thou shalt tread it on the heel.”
In his wish to forge a Hebraic consciousness, Tyndale was unlike so many recent translators who have tried to make readers forget they are reading a translation. The result in his case was an English that was at times even more “crude” than Renaissance English was generally considered to be. But Tyndale was not willing to sell his English birthright for a mess of Roman rhetoric.
Tyndale lived to complete only two-thirds of his Bible translation. The English regime, for unrelated reasons, hunted him down in Belgium, where in 1536, still in his forties, he was strangled at the stake. A letter in Latin to the prison governor survives, pleading for a lamp, “for it is tiresome to sit alone in the dark, but above all . . . [for] the use of my Hebrew Bible, Hebrew grammar, and Hebrew lexicon . . . that I might spend my time with that study.”
The King James Bible (1611), and the flood of other English Bible translations that fed into it, carried Tyndale’s notion of a Hebraic English scripture farther still. Take these verses from Exodus, which had sounded both maddeningly simple and altogether disjointed to men trained in the style of Cicero:
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And Pharaoh sent, and behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go. (Exodus 9:7)
With the frequent use of the humble word and, King James’s 50 translators, almost all of them Oxford and Cambridge humanists accomplished in Hebrew, Greek, and other disciplines, felt they had captured the biblical style and structure better even than Tyndale. And rather than shunning repetition—a basic tool of Hebrew style—they embraced it:
This now is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh. (Genesis 2:23)
They also aimed for consistency, trying as far as possible to reproduce the sparse biblical lexicon rather than rendering words differently according to their different contexts. Thus, every lev was rendered “heart” and every nefesh “soul.” They were able by this means to recreate biblical imagery in such passages as “and in the hearts of all that are wise-hearted I have put wisdom” (Exodus 31:5). Their passion for literalness was also unconstrained by tastefulness. Whereas the New English Bible (1970) speaks of killing “every mother’s son,” King James renders, more faithfully, “him that pisseth against the wall” (1 Samuel 25:22).
“As I finde in the Hebrew,” wrote Edward Lively of Cambridge, a leading contributor to the King James Version, “so I have Englished, that is, the truthe of interpretation, be it understood as it may.”
This massive Hebraic project occurred without any direct Jewish involvement. England, after all, had been judenrein since the late 13th century. Nonetheless, the King James humanists appreciated Jews, especially the baptized Hebrew tutors they imported from Europe. Edward Lively was lyrical about rabbinic Bible scholarship:
[Rabbinic scholars] alwaies preserved . . . the knowledge of the Hebrew tongue among them by the benefit of art and learning . . . and therefore the Hebrew text they placed faire in the midst like a Queene with the translations about it as it were handmaids attending on her.
Through the stylistic tradition that links the King James Bible, John Donne’s seminal sermons, the Book of Common Prayer (1662), the English choral scores of the baroque composers Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel, all the way to the Revised Standard Version (1952), some of the most canonical English literature and oratory that we commonly read today has been imbued with a Hebraic quality that rivals the syntactic complexities of the Latinate style of Jane Austen or Charles Dickens. American instances range from the rhymeless rhythms of Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass or Emily Dickinson’s hymn forms to the three-part structures in John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address and Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream.”
The biblical influence on Britain and America wasn’t limited to language; it wasn’t even limited to the Bible. In England, Hebraic thought would become part of the country’s political fabric. The history of 17th-century England is above all the story of a struggle for religious and political liberties. Modern histories often portray this struggle as one of secularism-versus-religion. But in fact, as the historian Eric Nelson has shown, much of the debate was anchored in the Hebrew Bible and its rabbinic interpreters.
In the midst of an extended social and political crisis, English jurists and political theorists turned to Judaism and the Hebrew Bible as a source of wisdom. This new fascination led to such works as Uxor Ebraica (“The Jewish Wife,” 1646), on the theory and practice of Jewish marriage and divorce law, and—shortly after the execution of Charles I—De synedriis et praefecturis juridicis veterum Ebraeorum (1650-1655), on the ancient rabbinic supreme court and its authority to control the ruler.
The author of these works was John Selden (1584-1654), hailed by the poet-philosopher John Milton as “the chief of learned men reputed in this land.” The first talmudist in England since the expulsion of the Jews in 1290—and, more surprisingly, a philo-Semite—Selden both recognized the humaneness of Jewish marital law and found in Deuteronomy and the Talmud a model for the proper relationship between the judicial and executive branches of government. Selden and his circle represented the high-water mark of humanist Hebrew-Aramaic erudition. Among its beneficiaries were the poet and playwright Ben Jonson and Milton himself, as well as the political philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.
But in England (as across Europe) the ideal of a trilingual humanist culture in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew rapidly waned. A major factor was the educational system: until the late 19th century, the curricula of elite schools and colleges revolved around Latin alone (plus Greek for advanced students). There were also religious prejudices and distaste for an alien Semitic tongue. Hebrew studies rapidly retreated to the religious seminary and the ivory tower.
In the unique circumstances of Puritan New England, however, the English Protestant spirit lived on. There, Hebrew entered the Christian public domain in an unprecedented way. The settlers who built New England saw themselves as latter-day Israelites brought by Providence to a second promised land, where the “new heaven and new earth” foretold by the prophets would unfold. In this drama, the Hebrew scripture took center stage and with it, the Hebrew language.
The Hebrew of the Bible supplied the colonists with many of their personal and place names: Ezra, Nathanael, and Abigail, Goshen and Salem. Names of Christian saints were a rarity. The Hebrew Bible itself was unceasingly studied; New England meetinghouses, like synagogues of old, were houses of study.
The first book printed in the New World embodied the powerful symbolism of American Hebraism: this was the Bay Psalm Book (1640), the Massachusetts Bay colonists’ own translation of the book of Psalms, directly from the Hebrew. That work was briefly surpassed in popularity by the edition of Henry Ainsworth, who “had not his better for the Hebrew tongue in the universitie [of Leiden] nor scarce in Europa” (in the words of William Bradford, governor of Plymouth Colony).
Ainsworth’s glosses sought to bring the nuances of the Hebrew directly to the masses. One psalm, for instance, uses four terms for lions:
Lions of sundry-kinds have sundry-names. . . . Laby, that is Harty and couragious. Kphir, this lurking, couchant. . . . Shakhal, of ramping, fierce nature; and Lajith of subduing his prey.
In New England public schools and meetinghouses, a reading knowledge of biblical Hebrew was for a time widely imparted—the only such attempt in the history of Christianity. Although familiarity with Hebrew never became widespread among ordinary people, it was quite common among the intelligentsia and the better-trained of the clergy. At Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and the seven other colleges created to train these educated ministers and God-fearing gentlemen, all students had to devote substantial time (not always willingly) to Hebrew—a distinction reserved in Europe for Latin. They were also encouraged, in a practice borrowed from the teaching of Latin and Greek, to produce Hebrew compositions and orations. Harvard theses regularly addressed such issues as “Aleph with the function of a point has the sound of all vowels.”
Harvard’s first two presidents were Hebrew scholars, as were the first president of King’s College (later Columbia) and Ezra Stiles, the first president of Yale. A world-renowned intellectual, Stiles was the leading American Hebraist of the era, and also a prominent supporter of the American Revolution. This epitomizes the fact that the study of Hebrew marched hand in hand with the Enlightenment principles of the American founding—a tradition going back to Milton and Selden.
Like Selden, Ezra Stiles was a philo-Semite, even if he still hoped for the conversion of the Jews. But unlike his intellectual forebears, he counted Jews among his personal friends. He learned much about Hebrew and Judaism from his friend Rabbi Ḥayyim Carigal. In an elegant Hebrew letter to Carigal describing the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill, Stiles beseeched him for a reply in Hebrew—and mentioned that his son, another Ezra, was taking Hebrew at the University of Connecticut.
Of altogether loftier significance, at least for some, were the native Indians. Could they be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel? Were their languages descended from Hebrew? Elias Boudinot, president of the Continental Congress in 1782-1783 and later a member of Thomas Jefferson’s administration, certainly believed so. Persuaded by the linguistic and cultural evidence of James Adair’s History of the American Indians (1775) that the Indians were indeed Jews, Boudinot in his Star in the West assigned them a central role in the millennium, which he believed imminent. They would, he predicted, return to the land of Israel with all other Jews. Jefferson and Adams thought otherwise. Little more was heard of the Jewish-Indian theory until the Book of Mormon introduced its own version.
Even as revolution stirred in the colonies, school curricula were becoming noticeably more secular. After the defeat of the British “Pharaoh,” millenarianism faded, and so did the Puritan vision of a new Canaan. By 1800, the Harvards and Yales were no longer turning out men of the cloth but graduates in the arts and sciences. And even as the biblical heritage continued to influence American rhetoric, the Hebrew language itself would henceforth have little place in the American public domain.
This essay is adapted with permission from the just-published book, The Story of Hebrew, by Lewis Glinert. Copyright © 2017 by Princeton University Press. Cosponsored by the Tikvah Fund. | <urn:uuid:d23d5374-a133-4483-9dec-316b1bd2f88b> | {
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The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany represented the beginning of World War 2, being a short and dynamic campaign, in which the Wehrmacht applied the concept of blitzkrieg in an early form.
Blitzkrieg (meaning lightning war in German) was a new way to wage war, intended to achieve quick and decisive victories, avoiding a static confrontation of attrition as in World War 1. A concentration of tanks, accompanied by motorized or mechanized infantry, and backed by close air support, would attack certain points of front-line, thrusting in depth, encircling and then annihilating stunned enemy forces.
The nature of the German-Polish border was itself a vulnerability for Poland. East Prussia - a large German enclave - was in the north, Slovakia - an ally of Germany, also used as a base of attack- in the south, and Germany itself in the west.
By Adrien Coffinet [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons
The Germans had organized their forces in two major army groups, which were to advance towards the Polish capital, Warsaw:
The Invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939. After a week, the German Army had already penetrated deep into the Polish territory, reaching close to Warsaw.
Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1978-120-11 / Schwahn / [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons
The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) played a crucial role, having not just numerical superiority of about 6 to 1 but also technologically superior aircraft to those owned by the Polish Air Force. The Germans achieved the air supremacy naturally, virtually removing the Polish aircraft from the game after two weeks.
The Wehrmacht (Armed Forces of Germany) also had a numerical superiority in tanks of about 3 to 1. The German panzer divisions were the spearhead that pierced the Polish defense. The Poles did not have even one armored division, their tanks (of which some really good for 1939) being scattered in smaller units.
The Polish Army resisted heroically in many occasions, from the battles fought near borders, but it was forced to retreat in the face of German military superiority. The most significant Polish counteroffensive took place in mid-September in what has been called the Battle of Bzura.
The Polish armies retreating from the western Poland launched an offensive, promising at first, on the flank of German Army Group South, which had penetrated deeply into the center of the country, but eventually, the Poles suffered a decisive defeat.
On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union - another heavyweight neighbor - attacked Poland following a previous agreement with Germany regarding the partition of Poland. The only remaining Polish forces in the east were battalions of border guards and therefore, except for some minor clashes, the Soviets occupied with ease the eastern part of the country.
On 29 September, Warsaw surrendered after fierce bombings by the Luftwaffe. A few days later, the last Polish points of resistance were wiped out. The Invasion of Poland led Hitler's Germany at war with France and Britain, anticipating a major conflict in Western Europe. | <urn:uuid:dd78c31b-ab05-4196-9dd6-fd0ddb065894> | {
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Introduction to the Trees of Reed book
The present 100-acre Reed College campus originally was founded on 86 acres of the well known Crystal Springs Farm purchased through the estate of Simeon Gannett Reed for the purpose of creating the Reed Institute. The campus included large open areas with orchards and vegetable gardens surrounding a spring-fed lake with a creek running through the central canyon wildlife habitat, all within a very desirable residential area of Southeast Portland.
Most of the trees on campus today have been planted since the college was founded. Early campus photographs of the front lawn show little evidence of any trees other than the striking Douglas-firs in front of Eliot Hall and the Old Dorm Block. It is believed that the Beech and Maple trees to the south of the newly remodeled Psychology building are remnants of nursery stock from the original farm. Florence Lehman ’41 recalls the first major landscape planting occurring in January 1933 by W.A. Eliot (father of Mignon Eliot ’22, and grandfather of Warner Eliot ’46). W.A. Eliot was president of the Oregon Audubon Society at the time he presented the college with 71 native trees collected from various regions of Oregon. Included among these were 26 coniferous and 29 broadleaf trees, and they are presented in the text. Many of these trees are still on campus. It is our intent to reestablish those trees no longer standing today.
The campus’ outstanding qualities of botanical interest have brought Reed significant attention, including selection by a national magazine as one of the five best examples of "genus college" in the United States, along with Dartmouth College, the University of Virginia, Bryn Mawr College, and the University of California. William L. Owen MAT ’59 was the first person to take an active interest in identifying the Reed campus tree collection. In 1984, Owen presented the college with a thorough study identifying the relative value and condition of the campus trees. Owen’s gift focused on the immense resource we possess on this campus. As a result of this study, a specific budget category was created for our ongoing tree maintenance program.
This book came into being because of Phyllis Reynolds, daughter-in-law of the college’s legendary teacher of calligraphy, Lloyd Reynolds, and her interest in creating a tree handbook for general use by the college community and the public at large. Studying our campus through four seasons, Phyllis and taxonomist Stanley Lindstrom presented the college with a detailed taxonomic list of trees and plotted their specific locations on campus. She worked with us throughout the project, reviewing the text and updating the maps.
It was through the giving spirit of these friends of the college that this book was undertaken. Their efforts represent a tremendous gift and have produced a valuable resource that enables everyone to appreciate these remarkable trees.
The information was transferred to a Macintosh database that can now be easily updated when new trees are planted. The information here represents the combined effort of students and staff members who researched tree descriptions, wrestled with the computer software set-ups, labeled the maps, and engaged in other tasks too numerous to mention. The photographs collected by Reed’s grounds department supervisor, Bruce Hefner, were a welcome addition and offer a glimpse of what the campus has to offer. Nils Proctor ’91 later added many excellent photos and significantly improved the mapping format, and Tony Moreno, digital media specialist at Reed presented the data in a cohesive website.
We are also most grateful for the contributions of students Lisa Batsford ’95, Chris Fesler ’96, Michael Hebb ’99, Beth Trittipo ’96, Angela Hughes ’97, and Nina Johnson ’99. It is through their efforts this project was completed.
Walk amongst the giants and enjoy the trees of Reed College.
—Townsend Angell, 2008 | <urn:uuid:aa050e61-63f2-4f25-856c-eaf2726c7c8f> | {
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By Katy Ritter
Gastineau Elementary, 4th Grade
I was scheduled to use the 4th grade elementary art kit, Centennial Bridge, but I’d never used it before. I didn’t check it out with a purpose to integrate it into our current social studies or science units of study, but I was excited to try an Artful Thinking Routine that would add some depth to our discussion, and hopefully deepen students’ engagement in the lesson. I decided that I would begin by showing the photographs of the Gastineau Channel/Douglas Bridge included in the kit, and use the Think/Puzzle/Explore routine. I hoped that showing the photographs without telling any information would invite students to try to build a narrative about the history of transportation in Juneau.
I displayed the photographs on my whiteboard tray at the front of the room, and asked students to look at them carefully and quietly without talking.
I began with the question, “What do you THINK you know about this topic?” Some of their responses:
Students seemed to understand that all of the photographs were connected, and they were telling a sequential story of the transportation used in the Gastineau channel. Then I asked, “What questions or puzzles do you have?
And the final question: "What does this artwork or topic make you want to explore?"
Students were very engaged and excited to find out that the reason the old bridge was replaced was because it was too small for the growing population and the new bridge is larger (this could be linked to why the roundabout was built about ten years ago!) They commented on the structure of each bridge and the difference in design, wondering why the old bridge had more artistic detail.
I introduced the photographs of the Centennial bridge and we compared it to the Douglas Bridge. We determined that it looks like a pedestrian bridge, which is why the art decorating the two sides of the bridge is in the footpath. We looked carefully at the symbolic images placed on either side of the bridge and thought about the difference between art that is functional (like a bridge, which has a form and a function) and the Centennial bridge, that includes style which carries symbolic MEANING.
Students then created abstract bridges with 100 pieces of colored paper, creating patterns and lines. The results are as different as my students--each created their own pattern or arrangement of color and shape on the page.
by Tracy Goldsmith
Dzantik'i Heeni Middle School
My 8th grade Language Arts class students studied the Holocaust. They were assigned different Holocaust novels to read and they participated in literature circles using those novels. We started the unit by using the Step Inside Artful Thinking Routine with this image;
This is an image of Otto Frank, on the opening day of the Anne Frank House as a museum in Amsterdam. I asked students to stand up and quietly place themselves into the same position as the person in this portrait. While they quietly, stood in position looking at the image, I asked them to image what this person might be thinking or feeling. I wanted them to come up with a story about this picture and this man. They stood silently for one minute and then they had to write a journal entry answering the same questions. Some student responses are below:
The unit involved many different activities related to the Holocaust. One resource we used extensively was the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website (www.ushmm.org). To extend the Artful Thinking routine of “Step Inside,” the students were assigned a portrait and first person narrative project. They started by finding one victim or survivor whose story they wanted to explore more on the USHMM website. There is a link on the website that shows ID cards with pictures and information about victims and survivors. After finding a person that they wanted to study more, students had to read the information about them and then turn that into a first person narrative. This first person narrative would be read out loud to the class later in the unit. The activity of writing in first person really stretched their understanding of what an individual was experiencing during the Holocaust. Being able to read it out loud to an audience, made that story come alive. Many students were emotionally touched by the narrative readings.
A collection of JSD teachers' arts integration classroom experiences | <urn:uuid:c84db15b-3e40-47a4-95b7-587f51d4b400> | {
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Our lives are ruled by cycles—night and day, the seasons, a biological rhythm within our own bodies, and many other rhythms.
Edward Russell Dewey (1895–1978) was a Harvard economist who had identified a number of cycles in the U.S. economy and started the Foundation for the Study of Cycles. Here are a sample of cycles that apply to nature, gardening, astronomy, and other fields:
- One hundred years worth of records show that grasshopper abundance rises and falls rhythmically every 9.2 years.
- Historically, sunspots have been on a 12-year cycle, coinciding with the amount of rainfall in London, England.
- There is a 7.4-day cycle in the ability of bean seeds to take up water, which corresponds with the phases of the Moon. Peaks in water uptake occur at new moon, full moon, and intervening quarters. This lends credence to the age-old practice of planting by the Moon.
- Strangely, UFO sightings occur every 61 months, and in a regular pattern that is about 1500 to 2000 miles apart.
- Over a span of 133 years, bank deposits vary on a clear 9-year cycle, as does the number of cows kept for milk on U.S. farms.
- Every 9.6 years in Canada, there is a peak in the abundance of lynx, snowshoe rabbits, coyotes, martens, mink, muskrats, fisher cats, red foxes, and skunks.
- The index of international war battles shows a 6-year cycle recurring over a period of 2557 years. Also on a 6-year rhythm are steel production and whole-sale sugar prices.
- Precipitation in the U.S shows an 8-year cycle over 145 years of data. Also, oddly, cigarette production falls into the same cycle period.
- Records kept for more than 1300 years reveal that the Nile River floods highest on a regular 17 1/3-year cycle.
Perhaps understanding natural cycles can help us predict certain events in the future, such as natural disasters. It certainly underscores the fact that all things in life are interrelated—often in unexpected ways! | <urn:uuid:0138b64c-a392-473d-befe-2fcb52b8c142> | {
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Pectin is a soluble fiber which is derived from various fruits such as plums, guavas, quince, strawberries, cherries, apples, carrots, apricots, oranges and citrus peels. Plant extracts are also often employed for the production of pectin. It is usually utilized as a stabilizer in desert fillings, medicines, and sweets.
Fruits which have a harder exterior surface contain large amounts of pectin in them. These include gooseberries, pears, guavas, oranges, quince, apples, and plums. Whereas, soft fruits have small amounts of pectin; these include grapes, cherries, and strawberries. Pectin is generally produced as a light brown powder, for commercial use.
Pectin is often used as a thickener, stabilizer, gelling agent, fat replacer, and emulsifier. These qualities of pectin are utilized for various application segments including, food & beverage, pharmaceuticals, bakery, meat products, cosmetics and personal care. Pectin is also added to dairy products owing to its beneficial probiotics properties. Increasing health consciousness among consumers is anticipated to drive the market growth.
Agencies such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Council of Europe (CoE), have issued several directives and regulations governing the entire length of the value chain. These agencies govern the use of pectin for medical, food, commercial, and industrial applications.
Global pectin market revenue, by application, 2015 (USD Million)
Pectin is used for the prevention and control of various diseases including, high cholesterol high blood pressure, & blood sugar, joint pain, colon & prostate cancer, high triglycerides, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and diabetes. Pectin is also utilized for its probiotics benefits and for weight management. In addition, some people also use pectin to prevent poisoning caused by strontium, and other heavy metals.
Despite various advantages and benefits of pectin, it does have some side-effects. Some of them are when it is consumed combination with insoluble fiber and guar gum (the combination used to lower blood fats and cholesterol), it can cause digestion problems such as gas, diarrhea, and loose stools. However, it is still believed to be a remarkable health supplement for humans.
In-depth report on global pectin market by Grand View Research:
Get your queries resolved from an industry expert. Request for a free product review before report purchase.
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Your personal and confidential information is safe and secure. | <urn:uuid:4dc9220d-f444-4749-b98c-4273c680ac9c> | {
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Sidney van den Bergh
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science
Canada's most respected astronomer
Sidney van den Bergh was fascinated with the vastness of space and wanted to become an astronomer as long as he could remember. He learned to read using books on astronomy. He also was interested in geology and archeology.
Sidney’s parents supported his interests in science and bought him books, a telescope, and a microscope. However, his father, Sidney James van den Bergh, a successful businessman, wanted him to choose a more practical career and keep astronomy as a hobby.
Young van den Bergh attended Leiden University, Netherlands, in 1947 – 48, and then went to Princeton University on a scholarship where he obtained an A.B. He continued his education in the USA and Germany.
Dr. van den Bergh’s first position was as an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Ohio State University. He moved to Toronto in 1958 and spent the next 19 years teaching astronomy at the University of Toronto and working at the David Dunlap Observatory, which houses the largest optical telescope in Canada. His major research interests were the structure and evolution of galaxies, the extragalactic distance scale, supernovae, star clusters, and variable stars.
In 1977, Dr. van den Bergh was appointed Director of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Victoria, British Columbia. In 1982 he became President and Chairman of the Board of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation in Hawaii.
Dr. van den Bergh retired as Director of the Observatory in 1986 and continued his studies as principal research officer. He has published more than 500 papers. The comet that he discovered in 1974 was named in his honour.
“Sidney van den Bergh: Killam 1990 Laureate” In celebration of Canadian scientists : a decade of Killam laureates Ed. Kenney-Wallace, G.A., MacLeod, M.G., Stanton, R.G.
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The Geography of Poverty is a digital documentary project by photographer Matt Black that combines geotagged photographs with census data to create a modern portrait of poverty in the US. In the summer of 2015 Black embarks on a cross-country trip to explore, document, and spark discussion about contemporary poverty and growing income inequality in the US.
According to the Census Bureau’s measure of poverty—$11,490 annual income for a person or $23,550 for a family of four—over 45 million people qualify as poor in the US, the largest number seen in the 50 years for which poverty data have been published. At the same time the share of income going to the top one percent of the population has more than doubled since the 1970s, rising from nine percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011. At the very top, the richest 0.1 percent’s share of the national wealth has tripled, rising from seven percent in 1979 to 22 percent in 2012.
Fifty years after the War on Poverty, this project seeks to focus attention on America’s poorest places and highlight the country’s growing gap between rich and poor. Following a preplanned route across the southern and northern portions of the United States, the project will seek to cross the country without crossing the poverty line, profiling cities and towns large and small, rural and urban, across a diverse range of US communities and regions, each touching on a distinct issues surrounding poverty. | <urn:uuid:ac3a93d1-a22e-44ef-ad68-c90e8c3e85dc> | {
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The Darkest Days survival course is a comprehensive guide on how to successfully survive a serious crisis known as an electro-magnetic pulse. An electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, is an explosive flash of magnetic or electric energy strong enough to radiate outward for the source. Both manmade or natural in possible beginnings, the EMP can create serious havoc on buildings and home areas. To be able to protect your family in the event of such an emergency, the Darkest Days course will show you how to prepare.
Darkest Days Overview
Written by Alec Deacon, a key planning and survival expert, this course is intended to show you exactly what tools you will need to prepare for a EMP attack. Some of the most important parts of this course include:
—How to use power stored off the grid similar to the Amish method to keep your food and perishables properly stored
—How to protect loved ones, home areas, and gardens safe from looters and dangerous individuals
—How to utilize special energy sources that will help to keep your home powered up at all times even if the rest of the city lacks power
—Strategies to protect your car’s functioning even in the wake of an EMP
In addition, you will learn how to build your own pharmacy, assembling key medications and remedies to help stay safe even in the wake of a serious attack. You will also learn how best to keep invaders and attackers away during an EMP — or after it.
Benefits of the Darkest Days
This program is fully applicable to every day scenarios, because many of the aspects you will learn can be applied to more than one area. Instead of just being specific to a post-attack situation, you will learn how to preserve food, as well as how to medicate your family in an entirely self-guided way.
Additionally, the creator of the program tells you in full detail how the EMP attack might play out and how best to be ready for the event of such an emergency. Well-versed in prepping, survival techniques, and physics, Alec Deacon knows exactly how to get ready for serious EMP situations.
Because the EMP attack may render electronic devices and appliances unusable, it’s vital to be ready for such a situation that could potentially destroy the power grid of our whole country. Many terrorist groups are quickly gaining the capability to craft such a weapon, destroying the USA’s ability to defend itself instantaneously.
A Life-Saving Guide to Survival
The Darkest Days course is a seriously important book to have for preparation of the worst. Being completely, thoroughly researched and backed up through scientific principles, this book will teach you how to live without any electricity at all. In fact, the co-author of the guide lived for 2 years with the Amish before writing the book, which means he knows exactly how to live without modern technology and electricity. Even though the chance of an EMP is still very low, being ready for the worst — whether an EMP or any other kind of attack — is still of critical importance.
Many of the people who have purchased and used this guide only have good things to say about it. One user said she was doing everything she could to prepare for a serious attack by ISIS or any other terrorist organization as the news started to get worse and worse. She realized it was critical to protect herself and her family. Rather than facing a situation where she and her sons would be left in the dark (literally), she bought this guide and quickly learned how to grow her own food, what medicines to stockpile, and how best to survive in the wake of a disaster that would leave her vulnerable to attacks. Another user echoed her thoughts, saying he now feels ready to defend his young wife and daughter in the worst situation — and knows how to fight off invading, dangerous people.
The Darkest Days is an indispensable guide for preppers, survivalists, and anyone who wants to be ready in the wake of a serious electrical grid failure. Better safe than sorry is one phrase that comes to mind with this product, which will prepare you in all ways to be ready for surviving until a new source of power can be found. This is one guide that you won’t regret purchasing, especially since there is a full refund policy in place in case you aren’t happy with your purchase. | <urn:uuid:a2629ce3-b0c3-4964-b48d-253bb5143480> | {
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The CBC documentary about Big Sugar raised many interesting questions and thoughts about human nature, capitalism and the relationship between the two. Most strikingly, I recognized parallels between Big Sugar capitalism and slavery in the United States historically. The reasons given as to why the treatment of workers is justified remains paternalistic: “without us, they would have less”, “we provide them with purpose”, etc. Hearing those words brought me straight back to 1800 (or 1609, or 1700, or 1850… You get the point). I wonder: Are those historically and currently in the position of “master” (for all intents and purposes) in denial of the inhumane conditions, or rather choose to remain ignorant? Or something different altogether? Perhaps they see the treatment as justifiable. Human nature exists on a broad spectrum.
I also recognized (and it was discussed) the similarities between Big Tobacco and Big Sugar. The documentary brought the idea of “Big Sugar” to light--I had never noticed that it was a propaganda machine designed to keep people at their mercy for the sole purpose of profit, just like Big Tobacco (once was, at least). Question: Can Big Sugar/excessive consumption of sugar be addressed in the same way that Big Tobacco/consumption of tobacco is/was? Tobacco use has significantly declined since a quasi war on tobacco was waged and I wonder if this method can also tackle the United States’ sugar addiction. | <urn:uuid:7af1c87b-5cec-46fe-8576-091da2e28b21> | {
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Listen to an audio version of this page.
The universe is a huge wide-open space that holds everything from the smallest particle to the biggest galaxy. No one knows just how big the Universe is. Astronomers try to measure it all the time. They use a special instrument called a spectroscope to tell whether an object is moving away from Earth or toward Earth. Based on the information from this instrument, scientists have learned that the universe is still growing outward in every direction.
Scientists believe that about 13.7 billion years ago, a powerful explosion called the Big Bang happened. This powerful explosion set the universe into motion and this motion continues today. Scientists are not yet sure if the motion will stop, change direction, or keep going forever.
Sing me part of a song about the Doppler Shift!
||The Milky Way|
|Show me the Level 2 version of this page.|
The StarChild site is a service of the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Dr. Alan Smale (Director), within the Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) at NASA/ GSFC.
StarChild Authors: The StarChild Team
StarChild Graphics & Music: Acknowledgments
StarChild Project Leader: Dr. Laura A. Whitlock
Responsible NASA Official: | <urn:uuid:238b19e9-886a-4bc4-a2d7-36943417fe5e> | {
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Article ID: 174904 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q174904
This article provides information about port assignments for various TCP/IP ports. This was previously documented in RFC 1700.
The assignments are now listed as living documents, regularly updated and revised when new information is available and new assignments are made. The specific location of the port numbers list is now available at the following Web site:
PORT NUMBERSThe port numbers are divided into three ranges: the Well Known Ports, the Registered Ports, and the Dynamic and/or Private Ports.
WELL KNOWN PORT NUMBERSThe Well Known Ports are assigned by the IANA and on most systems can only be used by system (or root) processes or by programs executed by privileged users. Ports are used in the TCP [RFC793] to name the ends of logical connections which carry long term conversations. For the purpose of providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is defined.
The contact port is sometimes called the "well-known port" .To the extent possible, these same port assignments are used with the UDP [RFC768]. The assigned ports use a small portion of the possible port numbers. For many years the assigned ports were in the range 0-255. Recently, the range for assigned ports managed by the IANA has been expanded to the range 0-1023.
REGISTERED PORT NUMBERSThe Registered Ports are listed by the IANA and on most systems can be used by ordinary user processes or programs executed by ordinary users. Ports are used in the TCP [RFC793] to name the ends of logical connections which carry long term conversations. For the purpose of providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is defined.
The IANA registers uses of these ports as a convenience to the community. To the extent possible, these same port assignments are used with the UDP [RFC768]. The Registered Ports are in the range 1024-49151.
For information about specific TCP/IP port assignments, see RFC 1700 on the Information Sciences Institute Web site at the following location:
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1700.txtMicrosoft provides third-party contact information to help you find technical support. This contact information may change without notice. Microsoft does not guarantee the accuracy of this third-party contact information.
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As regular readers know, I constantly have my students interact with text in many ways both in the classroom and in the computer lab. In the classroom, Post Its are my favorite tool of choice if students are reading something they can’t actually write on.
I’ve recently added some to that list, so I’m not quite sure which one I’ll have students use next year. And now, there’s one more I like.
It’s called Rooh It!.
Since the Make Use of blog has written a good post describing it, I’m going to encourage you to read their explanation.
I’d like to highlight a couple of great features, though. One, you don’t have to register for it. And, two, all you have to do is put “roohit.com/” before any web URL address and you can start highlighting and leaving notes about it.
The only negative I see is that it looks a little “busy” — English Language Learners could be a bit confused by all the initial options and text. But a short teacher explanation should take care of that. | <urn:uuid:750b7928-5998-4f85-ba01-86d556ae192c> | {
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Women and children cram into a car rapides in Dakar, which the city's public transport body says are being phased out due to old age, comfort and the environmental impact of the 40-year old buses.
The car rapides have been a part of the scene in Dakar since 1976 and are used to transport more than people, but have been criticized for being dangerous for a variety of reasons. People hop on and off the back, and many say they're unsafe and commonly have accidents.
A car rapides being transported from Senegal to Paris to become part of a display in the Museum of Mankind.
People boarding a car rapides bus, the distinctive yellow and blue buses of Dakar are decorated with bright images or praise for religious leaders.
One of the buses at a depot in Dakar. Many of them are old and rundown and unsafe, said Dakar's Executive Council on Urban Transport.
One of the new Chinese-made buses that will replace the car rapides. Some artists are hoping they'll be able to put a colorful touch on the new buses too. | <urn:uuid:a913bb09-e852-4f38-849f-0c0282186943> | {
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Tsakonia (Modern Greek: Τσακωνιά) or the Tsakonian region (Τσακωνικός χώρος) refers to the small area in the eastern Peloponnese where the Tsakonian language is spoken. It is not a formally defined political entity of the modern Greek state, being more akin to such vague regional constructions as "Dixie" in the United States or the "West Country" in England.
In his Brief Grammar of the Tsakonian Dialect published in 1951, Prof. Thanasis Costakis defines Tsakonia as the area from the town of Agios Andreas in Kynouria south to Leonidio and Tyros and inland as far as Kastanitsa and Sitaina, but asserts that in former times the Tsakonian-speaking area extended as far as Cape Malea in eastern Laconia. The principal town in Tsakonia at this time was Prastos, which benefited from a special trading privilege granted by the authorities in Constantinople. Prastos was burned by Ibrahim Pasha in the Greek War of Independence and was abandoned, with many of its residents fleeing to the area around Leonidio and Tyros or other spots on the Argolic Gulf.
Some early commentators seem to have confused the speech of Maniot dialect speakers with true Tsakonian, demonstrating the flexible nature of the term.
The actual Tsakonian speech community has shrunk greatly since Brief Grammar was published, but the area delineated by Costakis is still considered "Tsakonia" due to the preservation of certain cultural traits such as the Tsakonian dance and unique folk costumes.
The Tsakonians (Greek: Τσάκωνες Tsákones) historically speak the Tsakonian dialect and have certain peculiar cultural traditions, such as the Tsakonian dance. Today, the dialect is critically endangered.
The term Tsakonas or Tzakonas first emerges in the writings of Byzantine chroniclers who derive the ethnonym from a corruption of Lakonas, a Laconian/Lacedaemonian (Spartan)—a reference to the Doric roots of the Tsakonian language and the people's relatively late conversion to Christianity and practice of traditional Hellenic customs.
According to the Byzantine historian George Pachymeres, some Tsakonians were resettled by the Byzantine emperor Michael VII Ducas in Propontis. This was part of their compensation for serving as marines in the Byzantine Navy.:737 They and the Peloponnesian Gasmouloi, who served in the same role, were dismissed from service by Michael's successor, Andronicus II, who made large reductions in the naval force, preferring to rely on Genoese mercenaries.:747 They lived in the villages of Vatka and Havoutsi, where the Gösen River (Aesepus) empties into the sea. However, based on the preservation of features common to both Propontis and the Peloponnesian dialects, Prof. Thanasis Costakis thinks that the date of settlement must have been several centuries later.
Tsakonians in later time were known for their masonry skills; many were also shepherds. A common practice was for a small crew of men under a mastora to leave their village after the feast of Saint Demetrius and to return at Easter. They would travel as far as Attica doing repairs and white-washing houses. The Tsakonian village of Kastanitsa was known for its chestnuts and derives its name from the Greek word for the nut.:13
- William Miller. The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece 1204–1566. Cambridge, Speculum Historiale, 1908. p. 4.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Costakis, Thanasis P (1951). Σύντομη Γραμματική της Τσακωνικής Διαλέκτου [Brief Grammar of the Tsakonian Dialect] (in Greek). Athens: Institut Français d'Athènes.
- Chrēstos D. Petakos (2003). Chrēstu D. Petaku "Tsakonia": psēphida ellēnikē istorias kai politismu. Zacharopulos. ISBN 978-960-91690-1-1.
- Hawes, Charles H. "Some Dorian Descendants?." The Annual of the British School at Athens 16 (1910): 258-280.
- kai Chavoutsi, Vatika. "ta tsakonochoria tes Propontidas." (1979).
- Bagenas, Thanos K. Thanu K. Bagena Historika Tsakōnias kai Leōnidiu. 1971.
- Pitsios, Th K. "Anthropologische Untersuchung der Bevölkerung des Peloponnes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Arwaniten und Tsakonen." Anthropologischer Anzeiger (1986): 215-225. | <urn:uuid:10215302-f99f-4f8f-b226-432acfeabe21> | {
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What is the distinguishing difference between " in the case of " and "in terms of " and can you give me some examples?
In the sentence "The amount of fruit in fruit juices must be 6% in the case of berries and 10% in the case of other fruits" Can we use in terms of instead of in the case of ?
For Chinese mind, the sentence"It's too early to start talking in terms of casualties " is equal to "It is too early to start talking casualties." Can you tell me the differences of the two sentence?
What is the meaning of this sentence-"Femininity is still defined in terms of beauty."?
And can "in terms of " in the following sentence be replaced by "with regard to" or "about"?
Did the experiment find any differences in terms of what children learned?
Thanks and best regards!
Last edited by sky753; 29-Mar-2007 at 04:15.
in the case of = when it comes to
in terms of = with relation to | <urn:uuid:358fcdbc-27b2-4db0-980a-b8fe46986cb9> | {
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NALDC Record Details:
Cuphea Seed Yield Response to Harvest Methods Applied on Different Dates
Cuphea, Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. x C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton, is a new crop that produces seed containing oil rich in medium-chain fatty acids. Because cuphea has an indeterminate growth habit, timing of harvest is difficult to determine. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum harvest time and technique for maximizing seed yield. This research was conducted at Prosper, ND, in 2005 and 2006; Carrington, ND, in 2005; and Morris, MN, in 2005 and 2006. The experimental factors were four harvest treatments, direct-nondesiccated (DND), direct-desiccated (DD), swathed (SW), and desiccated-swathed (DSW) applied on three different dates (D1, D2, and D3). Maximum seed moisture was 544 g kg-1, but seed moisture decreased 181 g kg-1 as the harvest date was delayed for the DND-harvest treatment. Seed moisture reduction for the SW-harvest treatment compared with the DND-harvest treatment was 216 g kg-1 for D1. Swathing would be a better method than direct harvest or desiccation to reduce seed moisture at harvest. The harvested seed yields were not significantly different (P 0.05) among the DND-, DD-, and SW-harvest treatments. Harvested seed yield reduction was observed only for the DSW-harvest treatment. Swathing is also acceptable since no significant seed yield reduction was observed. Based on the returns after harvest treatments, the DND-harvest treatment may be the most cost effective method to harvest cuphea seeds; however, it is not the most practical due to clogging of harvesting equipment, which slows down harvest.
plant cultural practices
desiccation (plant physiology)
Agronomy journal 2008 July-Aug, v. 100, no. 4
Journal Articles, USDA Authors, Peer-Reviewed
Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted.
Agricultural Research Service
Web Policies and Important Links | <urn:uuid:5f9773a4-1729-4bbb-aa1a-7a9bd21e7e39> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (e.g., dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures, and postures. In mammals, primates, and human beings, feelings are displayed as emotion cues.
For example, the human emotion of love is proposed to have evolved from paleocircuits of the mammalian brain (specifically, modules of the cingulated gyrus) designed for the care, feeding, and grooming of offspring. Paleocircuits are neural platforms for bodily expression configured millions of years before the advent of cortical circuits for speech. They consist of pre-configured pathways or networks of nerve cells in the forebrain, brain stem and spinal cord. They evolved prior to the earliest mammalian ancestors, as far back as the jawless fishes, to control motor function.
Presumably, before the mammalian brain, life in the non-verbal world was automatic, preconscious, and predictable. The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, circa 180 million years ago, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. In the Jurassic Period, the mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept — one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.
Emotions are thought to be related to activity in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are, while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.
Emotions are thought to be related to activity in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others, while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance. The following brain structures are currently thought to be most involved in emotion:
- Amygdala — The amygdalae are two small, round structures located anterior to the hippocampi near the temporal poles. The amygdalae are involved in detecting and learning what parts of our surroundings are important and have emotional significance. They are critical for the production of emotion, and may be particularly so for negative emotions, especially fear.
- Prefrontal cortex — The term prefrontal cortex refers to the very front of the brain, behind the forehead and above the eyes. It appears to play a critical role in the regulation of emotion and behavior by anticipating the consequences of our actions. The prefrontal cortex may play an important role in delayed gratification by maintaining emotions over time and organizing behavior toward specific goals.
- Anterior cingulate — The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located in the middle of the brain, just behind the prefrontal cortex. The ACC is thought to play a central role in attention, and may be particularly important with regard to conscious, subjective emotional awareness. This region of the brain may also play an important role in the initiation of motivated behavior.
- Ventral striatum — The ventral striatum is a group of subcortical structures thought to play an important role in emotion and behavior. One part of the ventral striatum called the nucleus accumbens is thought to be involved in the experience of goal-directed positive emotion. Individuals with addictions experience increased activity in this area when they encounter the object of their addiction.
- Insula — The insular cortex is thought to play a critical role in the bodily experience of emotion, as it is connected to other brain structures that regulate the body’s autonomic functions (heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc.). This region also processes taste information and is thought to play an important role in experiencing the emotion of disgust. See Role of the insular cortex in emotion
Relationship to cognitive neuroscience
In its broadest sense, cognition refers to all mental processes. However, the study of cognition has historically excluded emotion and focused on non-emotional processes (e.g. memory, attention, perception, action, problem solving and mental imagery). As a result, the study of the neural basis of non-emotional and emotional processes emerged as two separate fields: cognitive neuroscience and affective neuroscience. The distinction between non-emotional and emotional processes is now thought to be largely artificial, as the two types of processes often involve overlapping neural and mental mechanisms. Thus, when cognition is taken at its broadest definition, affective neuroscience could also be called the cognitive neuroscience of emotion.
Neuroscience of particlar emotions
- Neuroscience of anxiety
- Neuroscience of disgust
- Neuroscience of empathy
- Neuroscience of fear
- Neuroscience of happiness
- Broca, P. (1878) "Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grande lobe limbique." Rev. Anthropol. 1:385-498.
- Dalgleish T. (2004) "The emotional brain." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5:583-9. PMID 15208700
- Damasio AR. (1977) "The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 351(1346):1413-20. PMID 894195
- Davidson, RJ & Sutton, SK (1995) "Affective neuroscience: The emergence of a discipline." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 5:217-224. PMID 7620310
- Davidson, RJ, Irwin, W. (1999) “The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style.” Trends in Cognitive Science 3:11-21. PMID 10234222
- Davidson, RJ (2000) "Cognitive neuroscience needs affective neuroscience (and vice versa)." Brain & Cognition 42:89-92. PMID 10739607
- Davidson, RJ (2001) "Toward a biology of personality and emotion." Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences 935:191-207. PMID 11411166
- Panksepp, J (1992) "A critical role for 'affective neuroscience' in resolving what is basic about basic emotions." Psychol Rev. 99(3):554-60. PMID 1502276
- Ledoux, JE (1995) "Emotion: clues from the brain." Annu Rev Psychol. 46:209-35. PMID 7872730
- Maclean, PD. (1952) "Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain)." Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 4(4):407-18. PMID 12998590
- Papez JW. (1937) "A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937." J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 7(1):103-12. PMID 7711480
- Panksepp J. (1998) "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Series in Affective Science)." Oxford University Press, New York, New York.
- Lane RD, Nadel L. (2000) "Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion (Series in Affective Science)." Oxford University Press, New York, New York.
- Affective spectrum
- Bipolar disorder
- Cognitive neuroscience
- Evolutionary neuroscience
- Quantum mind
- Schizoaffective disorder
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The Republic of Malta is an island state and a member of the European Union. The archipelago is located between the western and eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is constituted of nine islands, only four of which have inhabitants, including Malta, Gozo, Comino and Manoel. The five others remain untouched by houses and infrastructure, and are Comino, Filfla, Saint-Paul (two islands) and Fungus Rock.
Maltese islands are mythical. The archipelago is a true roofless museum because there is something beautiful to be discovered wherever you go.
Thanks to a hot and sunny climate throughout the year, clear waters, lively parties and 7.000 years of history, there is much to do and see on Malta during your study abroad trip.
The fusion of cultures and influences throughout the centuries creates a marriage of styles and traditions, giving an intriguing and eclectic twist to the islands of the archipelago.
A language immersion in the teacher's home in malta is particularly beneficial for children and teenagers if it takes place in international environment.
Adults and students also have the possibility of participating in a language immersion in the teacher's home in malta all year round in specialized language schools for international students.
For your language immersion in the teacher's home in malta this site presents the following items : life at this destination, geography and climate, useful information. | <urn:uuid:6e5da397-4ca8-4202-8b7a-248a63728774> | {
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Last autumn I attended a dinner where the host used a huge garden carrot as the centerpiece. The giant carrot was a bit far gone for eating, but it was exactly the kind of carrot you might store through winter, plant out in early spring, and grow for its flowers, seeds or both.
Why bother? Like the other biennial vegetables listed below, carrots bloom at a time in late spring when nectar plants are in short supply, usually after spring-flowering trees and shrubs, but before summer annuals. Over 300 insect species visit carrot flowers, including beneficial hoverflies and numerous small wasps. Onion flowers are equally popular among bees and wasps.
Once they have filled this flowering gap, biennial vegetables like celery, parsley and hardy greens can produce huge amounts of seeds! One year I grew beetroot seeds from overwintered roots, and the seed spikes got so heavy they required multiple stakes. The spring after my cutting celery made seeds, I had hundreds of volunteer celery seedlings around the compost pile. It was a good problem to have.
List of Biennial Vegetables
Botanically speaking, biennials are plants that grow one season and bloom the following spring after a period of winter chilling. Among vegetables, popular biennials include beetroot, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, chard, collards, kale, kohlrabi, leek, onion, parsley, parsnip, salsify, swede, and turnip.
That’s a hefty list to choose from, and I like to work with a couple of biennial vegetables every year. The hardiest of them, notably Brussels sprouts, kale, and many onions, will survive winter in the garden, while those that turn to mush in frozen ground are best handled as “stecklings” – roots or other plant parts that are stored through winter and replanted in early spring.
How to Overwinter Biennial Vegetables
There are several ways to help biennial vegetables make it through winter so they can come into their blooming glory in spring.
Deep mulch that reduces repeated freezing and thawing of the soil is a good way to enhance the cold tolerance of parsley, celery, other biennial vegetables with fibrous roots. Once winter gets going, I like to add a tunnel cloche to provide a barrier to ice, snow and howling winter winds.
Buckets filled with compost or damp, well-rotted sawdust make fine winter homes for cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and other cabbage cousins that would never survive winter in the open garden. Leeks can be handled this way, too, and it’s worth a try with celery. Only a small mass of roots is required to keep the plants alive, but it’s important to keep garden soil packed around the primary roots as the plants are dug and moved to buckets. To reduce moisture loss, trim off all leaves. Keep the rooted plants in a cold place like an unheated garage or outbuilding. If you replant them in spring, most of the new growth will emerge from secondary buds along the main stem.
Damp sawdust or sand are good packing materials for biennial root crops including beetroots, carrots, parsnips and turnips because they keep the vegetables from drying out. The challenge for many gardeners is finding a place with consistently cool temperatures, between 32° and 45°F (0°-7°C). Most modern homes do not come equipped with root cellars.
Which brings us to the refrigerator, the ideal storage space for biennial root vegetables you want to grow for flowers or seeds in spring. Stored in separate plastic bags, sound specimens will keep in great condition until late winter or early spring. Refrigeration of roots at just above freezing is method used by commercial seed growers of biennial root crops, because it preserves their quality and subjects them to an extended cold period. After a few months in the fridge, the replanted roots are ready to bloom like crazy and produce an abundance of seeds. | <urn:uuid:b4726eed-20a6-408d-9174-aec1cfb4b0cd> | {
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RENO, Nev. - Navatar, a technology developed at the University of Nevada, Reno to help the blind navigate indoor environments, may become more usable, accurate and non-obtrusive using the popular wearable computing technology called Google Glass.
"As an extension of my research on wearable computing, we will develop a Navatar Glass App designed to give users a more efficient way to navigate indoor spaces," Eelke Folmer, researcher and assistant professor in the University's College of Engineering, said. Folmer received a prestigious $40,000 Google Research Award, one of 105 awards out of 550 applicants.
Folmer, his colleague Kostas Bekris of Rutgers University (formerly of University of Nevada, Reno) and doctoral student Ilias Apostolopoulous had previously developed Navatar, a low-cost indoor navigation system for users who are blind. Navatar allows for localization and navigation by using the physical characteristics of indoor environments, taking advantage of the unique sensing abilities of users with visual impairments, and utilizing minimalistic sensing achievable with low cost sensors available in smartphones.
Navatar will be modified to be used on Google Glass, a hands-free, head-mounted device that can be worn as eyewear. Using Google Glass will free up one of the user's hands while navigating, which may help with more accurately confirming the presence of landmarks along the provided path and improve the localization accuracy of the system.
"Our research is motivated by the belief that a disability can be turned into an innovation driver," Folmer, a computer-science and engineering department faculty member, said. "Similar to how Velcro was invented when mankind tried to put a man on the moon, I believe that when solving hard interaction design problems for users with unique, extreme abilities, such as blind users, there is a large potential for discovering solutions that may benefit anyone. Though Navatar was specifically developed for users with visual impairments, sighted users can also use it with a potentially higher localization accuracy."
Google Research Awards are one-year awards structured as unrestricted gifts to universities to support the work of world-class full-time faculty members at top universities around the world. Folmer's project was one of the three projects mentioned in the official announcement of these awards.
The Navatar on Glass project is a timely research project with a high social impact, as the number of blind people is expected to double in the next decade. This award will strengthen Folmer's collaborations with Google researchers and may open up internship opportunities for participating graduate students. Folmer's research is centered on human-computer interaction specifically focusing on assistive technology, wearable computing, haptics and video games.
For more information about Folmer's research visit his website at http://eelke.
Founded in 1874 as Nevada's land-grant university, the University of Nevada, Reno ranks in the top tier of best national universities. With nearly 19,000 students, the University is driven to contribute a culture of student success, world-improving research and outreach that enhances communities and business. Part of the Nevada System of Higher Education, the University has the system's largest research program and is home to the state's medical school. With outreach and education programs in all Nevada counties and home to one of the largest study-abroad consortiums, the University extends across the state and around the world. For more information, visit http://www. | <urn:uuid:c12ced2c-be19-4420-8234-2145111f0342> | {
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Uncle Sam? Santa Claus? Lady Columbia? The Republican Elephant? The Democratic Donkey? All of these images of America have the same source, Thomas Nast, cartoonist extraordinaire (and functional illiterate) for Harper’s Weekly.
Born into a family of German immigrants, Nast lived in New York City. His mother enrolled him in public school, but he did not learn how to read or write, and was finally asked to leave when he was twelve.At that point, he began studying at the National Academy of Design. Financial hardship forced him to leave art school three years later. It was difficult for a fifteen-year old to find employment of any kind, then as now, and the fact that Nast could not read or write did not increase his chances of being hired. In addition, he was short and stout, so getting a laboring job was not feasible either.
He knew what he wanted to do–draw! He applied to Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, but he was unable to support himself during the two-to-three apprenticeship that artists needed to undergo at that time. Nevertheless, Nast continued to apply at Leslie’s.
Usually the receptionist was able to get young Mr. Nast to turn around and leave her office, but one day he slipped her clutches and marched into the office of Frank Leslie himself. Nast’s audacious request for a job as an illustrator was met head on: Leslie gave the boy an “assignment.” He was to go downtown to the Christopher Street Ferry in lower Manhattan and draw sketches of the crowds boarding the ferry.
To Leslie’s surprise, Nast arrived the next morning with a completed drawing and a small portfolio of sketches. Frank Leslie hired Thomas Nast immediately, and Nast joined Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper as a draftsman. Nast was fifteen years old when his professional newspaper career began.
By 1858, the country suffered a minor recession, but New York City was hit very hard. Frank Leslie’s was laying off staff members, and Nast was one of them. Initially the boy found work in an art studio, but newspaper ink was already in his blood. In 1859 he tried his hand at a political cartoon satirizing the local New York police department scandal. He showed his work to the publisher of Harper’s Weekly, where it was accepted and published. On March 19, 1859, his first drawings appeared in Harper’s.
He drew intermittently for Harper’s from 1859-1860. At that point, another paper, the New York Illustrated News, offered to hire him at twice what he had made at Harper’s. The catch was that he had to go to Europe to cover a boxing match in England. Some catch! Suddenly Nast was a commodity. He now commanded a larger salary and was given the chance to travel the world. He quickly gave notice at Harper’s.
Things were fine in England at first, but then there were problems. For a short time Nast was paid his salary on a regular basis, in real money. Then he began receiving script, or IOUs. He never did collect his full salary, and he became stranded in London. While there, he had become interested in Garibaldi’s military efforts to unify Italy. He applied for a job as a “Special Correspondent” for the London Illustrated News, and was sent to Italy for several months. He also continued to send work back to Harper’s Weekly, and finally saved enough money to return to New York in 1862.
The Civil War had already begun. Nast considered enlisting, but friends assured him that he could do more for the Union by covering the war as an illustrator. Nast, although concerned about having left Harper’s just two years earlier, returned to them to seek employment. Harper’s rehired him.
Only twenty-two at the time, Nast began his work as an illustrator in earnest with his cartoon “Peace,” directed against those in the North who opposed the prosecution of the American Civil War. Although not a “Special” in the same sense that others such as Alfred Waud and Edwin Forbes were, Nast visited camps, battlefields and hospitals. He also attended political meetings concerning the War, including those of the Sanitary Commission. He drew battlefield images in border and southern states, and forcefully illustrated, with biting satire, the political issues of the war. Nast did fifty-five signed engravings for Harper’s between 1862 and 1865.
Any collection of Nast’s work will contain his complex double-page illustrations of soldiers in camp, soldiers in the hospital, the families who missed and loved them, and either several panels of those who were politically trying to undermine the war effort, or those who were doing all that could be done to support it. Sad, lonely families supporting the men who were at the battle was a particularly galvanizing image, especially when Copperhead politicians were selling them out. Nast’s work attracted great attention, and Thomas Nast was called, “our best recruiting sergeant” by President Lincoln.
Nast supported Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation whole-heartedly, advocating abolition and opposing segregation. After the War, he regularly and often drew editorial cartoons deploring the violence of the Ku Klux Klan. Another of Nast’s famous cartoons is entitled, “Worse Than Slavery.” The center panel shows a black family holding their dead child as the schoolhouse is destroyed by arson. In side panels, members of the KKK and the White League shake hands. Both were paramilitary white supremacy groups that began during Reconstruction in the South.
As bitter and pointed as much of his work was, Nast’s sentimental side was also evident. Each Christmas he drew a large, multi-paneled two-pager for Harper’s, complete with charming children whose visions of Santa and sugar plums danced in heads crowned with soft curls. When he began drawing his holiday illustrations, the faithful wife, ever mindful of her duties as a soldier’s bride, was usually depicted as wishing her husband were home to share this Christmas with his family.
As the war continued, often the husband had returned, either ill or maimed, or both. He sits in his chair, a bitter look on his face, wondering how he is going to keep Christmas merry now that he has lost a leg.
After the Civil War ended, Christmas lightened up quite a bit. Nast’s image of the ‘jolly old elf” is the one most usually associated with Santa Claus. Nast was also the first to establish the “fact” that Santa lived at the North Pole. This made Santa a citizen of the world, not identified with any country in particular.
Inspired by Clement Moore’s poem “‘Twas The Night Before Christmas,” Thomas Nast was the first to show Santa filling stockings, smoking a pipe, and driving a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Even the custom of kissing under the mistletoe, originally of Celtic origin, was brought to the pages of Harper’s by Thomas Nast.
His cartoons continued to impact New York politics. He is credited with helping to elect former Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant to the Presidency. He is also credited with bringing down the Irish political faction, known as Tammany Hall, under the corrupt direction of “Boss” William Marcy Tweed. Tweed is even quoted as telling Nast at one point: Let’s stop those damned pictures. I don’t care so much what the papers write about me — my constituents can’t read, but damn it, they can see pictures.
A little over a year of serious editorial cartooning was what it took Thomas Nast to put a stop to Tweed, have him arrested, and put behind bars.
As charming as Santa is, and as brave as Nash must have been to go up against Boss Tweed’s political power, Thomas Nast had his share of issues. As late as 2011, the Wall Street Journal reported that the New Jersey Hall of Fame was unsure about including Thomas Nast among its numbers. This was based on Nast’s unfortunate stereotypical cartoons portraying New York Irish immigrants as a drunken, violent people. Despite championing civil rights early in his career, he later began to portray similar racist stereotypes of African Americans.
By 1884, Harper’s Weekly had changed ownership. This resulted in a change in editorial policy. As a result, the 1984 Christmas illustrations were Nast’s last ones for Harper’s. He continued to paint and illustrate, and attempted to start a magazine on his own. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt offered him a post as ambassador to Ecuador. Six months later Thomas Nast was dead from yellow fever.
His body was returned to the United States, where it was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. Thomas Nast’s images of America continue to live on. | <urn:uuid:3427ecf5-a354-44b6-b922-bfc852a6dac9> | {
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The worst U.S. drought in 56 years intensified over the past week as above-normal temperatures and scant rainfall parched corn and soybean crops across the Midwest and central Plains, a report from climate experts said on Thursday.
The drought became more severe in the southern United States as well, just a year removed from a record-breaking dry spell that ruined crops and wilted grazing pastures across Texas and Oklahoma enough to force an unprecedented northward migration of cattle.
Nearly two-thirds of the contiguous United States was under some level of drought as of July 31, more than a fifth of it classified as extreme drought or worse, according to the Drought Monitor, a weekly report compiled by U.S. climate experts.
The drought intensified in most major farm states, including Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri and Iowa, the top U.S. corn and soybean producer, as temperatures were five to 10 degrees (Fahrenheit) above normal and rains were largely scattered and light.
Crop condition ratings for corn and soybeans have fallen to the lowest since the major drought of 1988, propelling prices of both crops to all-time highs last month.
Extreme drought covered about 32 percent of the nine-state Midwest and about 5 percent of the region was under exceptional drought, the most dire classification which results in widespread crop and pasture losses and shortages of water in reservoirs, streams and wells.
About 31 percent of Iowa was under extreme drought as of Tuesday, up from 28 percent the prior week.
Exceptional drought covered much of southwest Indiana, portions of southern Illinois and southeast Missouri, far west Kentucky and a wide swath of northern and central Arkansas.
"The region continues to be impacted not only by oppressive heat, but also by depleted soil moisture, desiccated pastures and widespread crop damages, livestock culling and elevated fire risk," said Mark Svoboda of the National Drought Mitigation Center.
About 48 percent of the six-state High Plains region was suffering under extreme drought, including 88 percent of Kansas, up from 73 percent a week ago, and 83 percent of Nebraska, up from 64 percent, the drought monitor showed.
The six-state U.S. South region, which includes major cattle and wheat producers Texas and Oklahoma and top rice producer Arkansas, was about 24 percent under extreme drought, up from 21 percent the prior week.
A portion of the Texas and Oklahoma panhandle region was classified under exceptional drought along with nearly 45 percent of Arkansas.
Light, scattered rains offered some relief to areas of the U.S. farm belt on Thursday, but another buildup of heat was expected next week in the central and western Midwest, an agricultural meteorologist said. | <urn:uuid:bdb3a94e-840c-4c4c-bd9f-a918bb63a254> | {
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Prof. Stephen A. Nelson
Sandstones & Conglomerates
Sandstones make up only about 25% of the stratigraphic record, but have received the most attention in studies of sedimentary rocks. There are basically two reasons for this. First, sandstones are easily studied because they contain sand sized grains that can easily be distinguished with a petrographic microscope. Second, most of the world's oil and natural gas is found in sands or sandstones because of their generally high porosity.
|Sandstones that contain less than 10% clay matrix are called arenites (note that the Spanish word for sand is arena). These can be subdivided based on the percentages of Quartz, Feldspar, and unstable lithic fragments (fragments of preexisting rock).|
|A feldspar-rich sandstone is called an arkose. Lithic rich sandstones are called
litharenites. Further subdivisions are shown in the diagram. If the rock has between
10 and 50% clay matrix, the rock is called a wacke. Quartz wackes have predominantly
quartz surrounded by a mud or clay matrix. In a feldspathic wacke, feldspar is more
abundant, and in a lithic wacke, lithic fragments are more abundant. The term graywacke
is seldom used today, but was originally used to describe a lithic-rich sandstone with
between 10 and 50% mica, clay, or chlorite matrix. Rocks with greater than 50% clay
matrix are called sandy mudstones, and will be discussed in the lecture on mudrocks.
the percentage of quartz increases, the mineralogical maturity of arenites
increases. Also, as the percentage of clay matrix decreases the degree of sorting
increases, and thus the textural maturity increases. Textural maturity also increases
in the opposite direction as the % clay matrix increases from 50 to 100%.
|Mineralogic Composition of Sandstones
As seen in the classification scheme, sandstones are composed of mostly quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragments. Other minerals also occur, depending on the mineralogical maturity of the sandstone. It is these minerals that make studies of the provenance (origin of the grains) possible in the study of sandstones. Here we discuss the common minerals in sandstones as well as the less common (accessory) minerals.
Quartz occurs as both monocrystalline grains and polycrystalline grains, and usually
shows undulatory extinction (see figure 13-6, p. 247 in Blatt and Tracy). The
undulatory extinction is due to deformation either of the preexisting rock from which the
grains were derived or results from deformation of the sandstone itself. Thus, even
though some workers claim that quartz showing undulatory extinction is derived from a
metamorphic source, such quartz cannot be a reliable indicator of a metamorphic source.
Provenance of Accessory Minerals in Sandstones Igneous Source Metamorphic Source Indeterminate Source Aegerine
Example: Sands in the Gulf of Mexico A modern example
serves well to show how studies of heavy minerals could help to determine the source of
sands in ancient rocks. Sands in the Gulf of Mexico can be divided into 5 provinces
based on their source, which of course is known for modern sands since we can trace the
streams draining into the Gulf back to the areas that they drain. But, because the streams
drain areas with different geological and mineralogical characteristics, heavy
mineral assemblages are different for each.
|Tectonics and Sandstone Compositions
The main factor that creates the basins necessary to form clastic sedimentary rocks is tectonics. Once a basin is formed, the area surrounding the basin will shed its erosional debris and the sediment transported and deposited could form a sandstone. Clues to the tectonic setting in which the basin formed may be left in this accumulated sediment.
Sediments formed from a magmatic arc that has not undergone extensive erosional dissection should consist of a high proportion of volcanic lithic fragments that contain a high ratio of plagioclase to alkali feldspar. With increasing erosional dissection, more plutonic rocks will become exposed and the sediment shed will contain a higher proportion of quartz and alkali feldspar.
|Sands derived from sources on continental blocks could come from two
tectonic settings. If the continental block has recently split as a result of
continental rifting, the sands will be quartzo-feldspathic with high ratios of alkali
feldspar to plagioclase. If the sands are derived from high topographic areas
located long distances from the depositional areas, the sands will be more quartz rich,
showing a higher degree of mineralogical maturity.
|If the source area has recently undergone a major orogenic event, the sands will
contain a significant fraction of lithic fragments, with more lithic fragments being
derived from parts of the orogenic belt rich in oceanic components and less lithic rich
sands from continental sources.
Climate and Sandstones
|Since climate controls the weathering processes, with deeper more intense
weathering occurring in humid climates than in arid climates, we might expect to see
differences in the these conditions showing up in the sediment.
Looking at modern sands
derived from plutonic igneous rocks, we find that humid climates produce sands with higher
proportions of quartz and lower proportions of lithic fragments than do semiarid climates.
Similarly, for sands derived from metamorphic source rocks, humid climates produce more
quartz rich sands than do semiarid climates.
|Diagenesis of Sandstones
Once sand has been deposited and buried by more sediment, it begins to undergo diagenetic processes which can turn the unconsolidated material into a sedimentary rock. There are seven main diagenetic processes:
Note that diagenesis is not restricted to sandstones and conglomerates, but occurs in carbonates and mudrocks as well.
Quartz cement often occurs as overgrowths on the original quartz grains. These overgrowths grow in crystallographic (and optical) continuity with the original quartz grains. The overgrowth cement grows outward from the original grain until it runs into cement growing outward from an adjacent grain. Thus, the rock attains a texture of interlocking grains similar to an igneous crystalline granular texture. If the grain has small specs of clay or other fine grained dirt forming an irregular coating on its surface, the coating may be preserved and show the original outline of the grain. (see also fig. 14-2 p. 267 in your text)
Often times when these cements form near the Earth's surface, the cementing minerals form crystallographically continuous crystals in the cement, resulting in Sand Crystals. Such crystals are usually made mostly of grains of quartz sand, but have the appearance of a crystal (like a barite rose, a gypsum rose, or calcite crystal) only because the cement between the grains forms a crystal. If you were to cut a thin section of such a sand crystal you would see that the cement is optically continuous between the grains (i.e. it would all go extinct at the same time).
A coarse grained siliclastic rock with a muddy or sandy matrix is called a diamictite, conglomerate, or breccia. Conglomerate and Breccia are the more widely used terms. In a conglomerate the large clasts are rounded, whereas in a breccia the clasts are angular.
|Further classification of such rocks can be made on the basis of the proportions of gravel size material (pebbles, cobbles and boulders), mud (silt and clay sized), and sand, as in the diagram shown here.|
|Because the clast size can range from pebble size to boulder size, the rock fragments
that make up the clasts can be easily identified and described, and can thus provide
detailed information on the provenance of the sediment.
Such coarse grained rocks can be deposited by rivers, glaciers, landslides, ocean and lake waves, and can occur as pyroclastic rocks. Although such rocks make up less than 1% of the sedimentary record, they are important because they are usually porous and permeable and can be excellent reservoirs for water and petroleum, In addition, they often form valuable placer ore deposits because they contain high concentrations of heavy minerals, including gold.
|Return to Geology 212 Home Page| | <urn:uuid:50ff47c5-e1f6-4ed8-92b6-6f459ccd1bd8> | {
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Skip to comments.Improving hot water heating efficiency ... with cold water
Posted on 04/05/2013 10:30:55 AM PDT by Freeport
Apart from heating and cooling the house, water heating is one of the biggest energy drains in the average home. But what if you could literally use cold water to create hot water? Thats just what San Diego inventor Hal Slater claims to have done with the creation of a water heater system that promises to improve water heating efficiency by as much as 50 to 100 percent.
The system works on the basis that cold water supplied to households in temperate climates averages around 70° F (21° C), which the researchers say is 15° to 20° F (8° to 11° C) warmer than it needs to be. By using a small water-to-water heat pump, the system extracts this excess heat from water in a 20-gallon (76 liter) cold water tank and delivers it to a typical 50-gallon (189-liter) water heater.
With funding from a grant from the California Energy Commission, Slater teamed up with a research team from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), led by Dr. Jan Kleissl of the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, to test the system. To test real-world performance and determine the effects of different incoming cold water temperatures, they installed three prototype systems in homes in coastal, mountain and desert climates. They also monitored each system for a year to compare performance over different seasons.
(Excerpt) Read more at gizmag.com ...
Just a guy, his idea, some parts & cash and a few students.
In St. George, Utah, they don’t use furnaces to heat their homes, they use heat pumps. They work very well, even when the temps drop down into “zero” territory.
So the guy refrigerates his incoming water and sets the exhaust heat into the feed side of his hot water heater. No big deal.
He’d get better results if he tried to do the same thing with the waste water from shower, dishwasher and clothes washer drains instead of the incoming water.
However, I have my doubts that the efficiency numbers work out, or enough to justify the cost of the equipment.
If the cold water is already at 70 F, what colder water source would you transfer the heat to and why? Just fill the water heater with the 70 degree water. o.0 I must be missing something.
I know a guy who installed a drain-water heat-exchanger; from the temperature deltas and flow rates he said he was seeing, I figured he was getting an effective 7kw from it using the warm drain water to preheat the replacement water flowing into the water heater.
I insulate my pipes the the pelts of baby seals.
You got him with that one! :-)
Thanks for the laugh!
Extracting latent heat from one tank of water and transferring it to another is going to have a cost above and beyond the reduced heating expense in the hot water tank benefitting from the transfer. If you want colder tap water you might get it for “free,” cost of the system notwithstanding, imho.
That's a good idea. I wonder if cat skins would work?
I’ve worked that idea in head many mornings standing in the shower watching the warm water go down the drain. My idea centers around a manifold to smaller drain pipes in parallel to increase the surface area. But I keep getting hung up on what a god-awful clog it would create in time. Next thought was to come up with a finned drain pipe similar to old school baseboard hot water heat. Then again if I switch to cold showers I won’t be thinking about it.
I know that I have to use warm water for washing because cold water (as defined for washing clothes) is around 85°F while the cold water from my pipes is below 50°F in the winter and may be up to 60°F in the summer. That's not washing or rinsing anything well. If I get a new washing machine that only has a cold rinse, I'll have to premix hot and cold water before it goes into the cold washer intake.
Tankless water heaters work pretty well and save money. In three years, mine has just about paid for itself and the upgrade in electrical wiring. The wiring cost more than the heater.
I light my house with an arc welder.
Most residential users mix hot and cold to about 90-100 degrees. That is still 30-50 degrees of overall heating. I suppose it can be offset by toilets but those only use 1-1.5 gallons today.
Only the warmest places get 70 degree water out of the ground. That is far from typical in the USA. I did a project at the equator and it was 74 degrees from the ground.
There ARE already heat-pump water heaters that take heat from the air. I think those are far better. Especially if it sits inside a hot mechanical room.
I could heat my water with a few students (in shifts):
Ground source heat pumps have been around for over 100 years. They are hands over more efficient than burning fossil fuels or air to air heat pumps. Their drawback.....huge first costs.....
After a couple of test projects in the Reno area, the State of Nevada determined that they reached payback for the high initial (construction) costs in 3-5 years. Nevada now mandates usage of these type systems in many School and public buildings....
Radiant in floor heating systems are often designed with water to water ground source heat pumps to good effect......
nothing really new here as far as I can see......
I’ve found I can make money with just a cheap computer and an old color printer.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | <urn:uuid:12397b4e-7a34-41b0-90f3-c13a22fd05b2> | {
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There are eleven defensive players on the field in a football game. There are only six different positions. The reason for this is that there are five positions that two players play. The positions are two tackles, two defensive ends, two outside linbackers, two inside linbackers, a safety and two corner backs
There are two defensive tackles in a normal 4-4 football defense. These two players play on the "line" which means they play right on the line of scrimmage. They are typically the largest players on the field because it is their responsibilty to keep the offensive linemen under control and try to clog the running backs running lanes. The tackles are lined up next to eachother usually across form the offensive guards.
The two defensive ends play on the two ends of the line. Depending on the type of defensive, they are responsible for either taking the "C" gap or keeping contain. The "C" gap is the gap farthest to the outside between the offensive linemen. Keeping contain means that the defensive end will slide to the outside of the play at the snap of the ball and not let anyone get outside of him. This forces the play inside where other defensive players can tackle the ball carrier. Defensive ends are usually large, agile players who can move well.
The outside linebackers have to be able to read the play. It is their job to back up the line and make the play if the linemen don't. They are responsible for stopping plays that come through "B" gap, "C" gap, and those that go outside. They must be able to read the offensive linemen and figure out where the ball is going before the RB (running back) gets there so he can be ready to tackle. Outside linebackers are usually smart, fast players who can tackle well.
The inside linebackers have the same job as the outside linebackers but their responsiblilty is on the inside part of the line, not the outside. They have to stop plays that come through "A" and "B" gaps as well as being able to back up every other player. Middle linebackers are typically larger than outside linebackers because they have to deal with being blocked by offensive linemen.
The Safety is player who is farthest from the line of scrimmage at the snap of the ball. On pass plays he is responsible for covering the middle deep third. If the field was vertically split into thirds, the middle deep section would be the middle deep third. The safety has to cover any reciever that goes into this area. On run plays, the safety is the defensive's last chance. He is farthest from the ball and if the RB gets by everyone else, he is the last one who has a chance to make the tackle. Safetys are usually tall, fast and agile.
The two cornerbacks play split about 10 yards outside of the line. On pass they must cover the two outside deep thirds. On run plays, the corners typically back up the outside linebackers and help with contain. There job on run is to pretty much just get to the ball carrier as fast as they can and make a tackle. The corner backs and safetys are known as the "D-backs"
Defensive Page This Page
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The molecular evolution of the Influenza A virus is a complex process. While it is recognized that recombination events are a driving force behind the everchanging virulence of influenza, evidence has also been presented in support of Darwinian evolution. Often, codon positions considered in analyses of selective pressures are found in epitopes and sites where mutations confer resistance to antiviral medications. Here, an attempt is made to distinguish between divergent selective pressures acting on geographically distinct datasets. The goal of this study was to use this information to identify sites within the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix proteins of influenza A H3N2 that enable the virus to adapt to various environments. Though much support was returned in favor of contrasting selective pressures acting between the various locations considered, further research will be required to decisively link these to viral response to changes in climate.
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Influenza A virus--Evolution; Mutation (Biology)
Department, Program, or Center
Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences (COS)
Wilbert, Melissa, "Differential selective pressures acting on the Influenza A genome: A Comparative study" (2008). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
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By Roland Pease
BBC science correspondent
The Genesis Space mission, which crashed uncontrolled into the Utah desert last September, still managed to bring back traces of the solar wind.
The Genesis capsule crash-landed in Utah
Researchers at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri, say they have been able to extract precious atoms from the smashed remains of the space probe.
The aim of Genesis was to learn about the starting material of the whole Solar System, including planet Earth.
The extraction means the mission objectives may still be achieved.
Lost and found?
After three years in orbit around the Sun, collecting samples of the solar wind, Genesis was supposed to float back to Earth on a parachute, to be caught in mid-air by a helicopter stunt team.
But on 8 September 2004, the parachute failed - and Genesis plummeted down to the Utah desert.
All looked lost. But the US space agency (Nasa) managed to retrieve the wreckage, and recently sent the fragmented collector plates out to labs around the US for analysis.
One team of researchers now says it has identified around 100,000 atoms that could only have come from the Sun.
Professsor Charles Hohenberg, from Washington's Laboratory for Space Sciences, said: "Things are looking good for the mission, particularly for what we do.
"We've made some preliminary measurements and we definitely have solar wind in the abundance we predicted.
"So as far as collecting solar wind samples, the mission was a total success.
"As far as removing surface contamination for the more marginal elements, it may be more difficult now than before, but still techniques are being developed to minimise the contamination," he told BBC News.
The Wasington work raises the hope that once contamination due to the Utah dirt and air has been removed, other teams will start to get an elemental breakdown of the composition of the Sun. | <urn:uuid:477af8fd-e62e-43d1-a0cb-1e1a271d04cf> | {
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By Ambassador Melanne Verveer and Dr. Samina Ahmed
Originally posted in the Boston Globe here.
Women in Pakistan are systematically subjected to discrimination and are increasingly targeted by violent extremists. Fifteen years after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325, reaffirming the importance of women in the prevention and resolution of conflict and peacebuilding, it is in the conflict zones of northwestern Pakistan and the tribal belt bordering on Afghanistan that women are most vulnerable. But there is much that could be done to involve women in political and social processes in Pakistan that could help counter this unacceptable situation.
Violence against women is endemic across the country amid a climate of impunity and state inaction. Women have borne the brunt of the steady rise in religious extremism and jihadi militancy, the byproducts of military-devised strategies to legitimize past dictatorships and military-dictated national security and counterinsurgency policies that continue to appease too many armed extremists at home. Eight years into Pakistan’s democratic transition, some legislation now offers fragile steps to protect and empower women, much of it authored by brave women legislators. But Parliament has yet to repeal discriminatory legislation, particularly the Hudood Ordinances that fuel gender inequity and injustice. While social attitudes toward women remain biased, unresponsive state institutions, including a dysfunctional and gender-insensitive criminal justice system, put their lives at grave risk.
The extent to which women’s rights violations go unpunished is particularly alarming in the conflict zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, as detailed in a new report from the Crisis Group titled “Women, Violence and Conflict in Pakistan.” Militants target women activists, political leaders, and development workers without consequence. Women are as badly hit by heavy-handed military operations that have disrupted the peace, displaced communities and destroyed homes and livelihoods.
Across FATA, the rule of law is tenuous by design, governed by the draconian 1901 Frontier Crimes Regulations; in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Provincially Administered Tribal Areas, rights are undermined by sharia law under the Nizam-e-Adl Regulations 2009. Discriminatory informal justice systems have entrenched the impunity with which men abuse or murder women. Jirgas, all-male councils of elders, treat women as commodities, giving away females, often minors, to settle a feud or sanctioning the killing of a woman to preserve her male relatives’ honor. The state’s increased reliance on informal armed militias (lashkars) to counter militancy has also led to countless abuses against women, including killings, sexual violence, abductions and forced marriages.
Women, living in or fleeing conflict, are forced to fend for themselves as fathers, husbands or sons are killed in combat, join the militants or “disappear” — kidnapped for ransom or held in military-run detention centers. Forced to depend on extended families, women’s health and other needs are neglected, and they are increasingly vulnerable to abuse, including sexual violence.
Accounts of miscarriages and deliveries while fleeing conflict zones, of stress impacting lactation, and of trafficking of displaced women abound. Gender-insensitive relief assistance adds to their woes. In areas of displacement, female health and relief workers are few. Aid distribution points — and even toilets — in camps are often in public spaces most women find difficult to access or are prevented from accessing by religious leaders claiming to protect their “honor.” The military and civil bureaucracies restrict local and international NGO access to IDP-hosting areas, though they could fill the gaps in the state’s inadequate assistance for displaced females.
Standing up for women’s rights can mean risking one’s life. Najma Hanif Jadoon, a rights activist, who contested the 2013 polls, was shot dead in Peshawar. Yet, women and women’s rights activists are determined, despite barriers and threats, to continue their struggle for political, social and economic empowerment. In 2013, Badam Zari was the first woman candidate from the tribal belt to stand for elections. Braving militant threats and the opposition of local strong men, women turned out to vote in unprecedented numbers in Federally Administered Tribal Areas’ Khyber agency.
Multiplying the numbers of women decision-makers, voters, and public officials will be central to sustainable reform. Pakistan should invest in their empowerment, repeal the laws that permit institutionalized violence and discrimination, and counter extremist threats. Only by involving women in designing counterinsurgency and peacebuilding policies that directly affect their security will Pakistan succeed in curbing violent religious extremism and fostering peace and stability.
Dr. Samina Ahmed is the South Asia project director of the International Crisis Group, a global conflict prevention organization. | <urn:uuid:63c0fc71-64ac-49bc-9ac8-80d979ad5c87> | {
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously referred to as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a dissociative disorder involving a disturbance of identity in which two or more separate and distinct personality states (or identities) control the individual's behavior at different times. When under the control of one identity, the person is usually unable to remember some of the events that occurred while other personalities were in control. The different identities, referred to as alters, may exhibit differences in speech, mannerisms, attitudes, thoughts, and gender orientation. The alters may even differ in "physical" properties such as allergies, right-or-left handedness, or the need for eyeglass prescriptions. These differences between alters are often quite striking.
The person with DID may have as few as two alters, or as many as 100. The average number is about 10. Often alters are stable over time, continuing to play specific roles in the person's life for years. Some alters may harbor aggressive tendencies, directed toward individuals in the person's environment, or toward other alters within the person.
At the time that a person with DID first seeks professional help, he or she is usually not aware of the condition. A very common complaint in people with DID is episodes of amnesia, or time loss. These individuals may be unable to remember events in all or part of a proceeding time period. They may repeatedly encounter unfamiliar people who claim to know them, find themselves somewhere without knowing how they got there, or find items that they don't remember purchasing among their possessions.
Often people with DID are depressed or even suicidal, and self-mutilation is common in this group. Approximately one-third of patients complain of auditory or visual hallucinations. It is common for these patients to complain that they hear voices within their head.
Treatment for DID consists primarily of psychotherapy with hypnosis. The therapist seeks to make contact with as many alters as possible and to understand their roles and functions in the patient's life. In particular, the therapist seeks to form an effective relationship with any personalities that are responsible for violent or self-destructive behavior, and to curb this behavior. The therapist seeks to establish communication among the personality states and to find ones that have memories of traumatic events in the patient's past. The goal of the therapist is to enable the patient to achieve breakdown of the patient's separate identities and their unification into a single identity.
Retrieving and dealing with memories of trauma is important for the person with DID, because this disorder is believed to be caused by physical or sexual abuse in childhood. Young children have a pronounced ability to dissociate, and it is believed that those who are abused may learn to use dissociation as a defense. In effect, the child slips into a state of mind in which it seems that the abuse is not really occurring to him or her, but to somebody else. In time, such a child may begin to split off alter identities. Research has shown that the average age for the initial development of alters is 5.9 years.
Children with DID have a great variety of symptoms, including depressive tendencies, anxiety, conduct problems, episodes of amnesia, difficulty paying attention in school, and hallucinations. Often these children are misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia. By the time the child reaches adolescence, it is less difficult for a mental health professional to recognize the symptoms and make a diagnosis of DID. | <urn:uuid:01bca3fc-f89d-4577-b998-7b4bb021252f> | {
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Does Seasonal Affective Disorder Affect the Elderly?
Does your aging loved one have a case of the “winter blues” that he or she just can’t seem to shake?
This change in mood could be attributable to seasonal affective disorder (also called SAD), a form of depression that occurs during a specific time of the year, typically the winter. A common cycle for SAD involves symptoms that appear in the fall and continue into the winter, earning it the nickname “winter depression”.
What is the cause of seasonal affective disorder?
While the exact cause for SAD is unknown, mental health professionals believe a lack of sunlight, changes in body temperature, and hormone fluctuations result in this cyclical form of depression that resolves when the season change again. Researchers speculate that shorter days disturb the body’s circadian rhythm. An imbalance of the brain chemical serotonin and melatonin may also be responsible for symptoms of depressed mood and sleep changes.
Symptoms of seasonal affective disorder
According to the NIH, older adults affect by SAD may exhibit social withdrawal, lethargy, daytime sleepiness, decreased interest in activities, increased appetite, weight gain, and cravings particularly for carbohydrates.
Why are the elderly at risk for seasonal affective disorder?
Although seasonal affective disorder impacts adults of all ages (especially women), age and lifestyle can contribute to the course of the condition. A pre-existing or family history of depression, the recent death of a loved one, and isolation may increase the risk of SAD in the elderly. Older adults who have restricted mobility, who are homebound, or reside in a residential facility may receive less exposure to natural sunlight and time outdoors. Underlying chronic conditions and medication can also be aggravated during the cold, dark winter months.
Treatments for Seniors with SAD
If you are considering antidepressant treatment for SAD, consult a medical professional to learn more about your options.
Non-pharmacological treatments for SAD are simple to implement and can make a huge difference in the happiness and wellbeing of your loved one:
- Ambient tweaks – Welcome more light into the space where your loved one spends most of their time. Move the person’s bed closer to the window and open blinds and curtains to add more natural sunlight to the room. To bring more life into the space, add plants and accent pieces with bright colors.
- Light therapy – Purchase a “light box” that emits UV rays similar to natural sunlight. Research shows that using a light box for 30 to 45 minutes a day can help correct chemical imbalances and regulate neurotransmitters.
- Exercise and diet – Physical exercise is an effective means of helping your aging loved one manage his or her SAD. Consider trying low-impact water aerobics or mall walking. Since some research shows SAD may result from vitamin deficiencies, consuming a well-rounded diet packed nutrients may lessen symptoms.
- Get outside – Accompany your loved one for walks or chat outdoors. If there is a caregiver in the home, request that your loved one spend time outdoors a few times a week.
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The disease, identified in its early stage on romaine by yellowing and wilting of lower leaves, showed up first in 2000 near Watsonville and was for a time known as crown rot. It has since spread into Monterey County as well as the Santa Maria area.
Recently in Seaside, Steve Koike, Monterey County farm advisor, told the California Lettuce Research Board his continuing trials with other specialists show that Quadris, Endura, and Switch each have significantly reduced the disease.
However, he added, none of the three was available to growers at the time of his remarks. Quadris has California registration but not for this disease, while California registrations for Endura and Switch were pending.
Koike said critical timing appears to be the key to efficacy of the products, which act as preventatives and must be applied early. "This is not surprising, since it is also true for Sclerotinia and other problems. These fungicides are not designed for eradication."
In one trial, application was delayed a week by the field’s irrigation schedule, and none of the materials gave adequate control. "It didn’t matter which product, at high or low rates or one or two sprays," he said.
In the past two years of trials the researchers made applications for Phoma basal rot the same as those for Sclerotinia, with banded sprays at or soon after thinning. Where multiple applications were made, they were at one-week intervals. The equivalent of 100 gallons per acre of spray solution was applied.
Currently registered fungicides for lettuce, such as Rovral, Maneb, and Botran, did not provide control, Koike said.
The team has been returning to the same fields with their investigations, and Koike said major questions now are whether the rot goes to other crops and whether related pathogens will also attack lettuce cultivars.
"We know from going back to the same fields that the fungus survives over the short term of two to four years. Now we need to learn what will happen to its populations if lettuce is not planted in infected fields."
The pathogen is thought to be Phoma exigua, one of a group of soilborne species, some of which are weak and go to plant stems. Laboratory tests show that subspecies of P. exigua exist and samples taken from infected romaine consistently infect both romaine and iceberg cultivars, while those from iceberg consistently cause disease on iceberg and romaine.
Field investigations have pointed to links with strawberries. Koike said most of the fields infected with Phoma basal rot were lettuce following strawberries. This coincides with other studies showing Sclerotinia and Verticillium present in lettuce fields after strawberries where fumigation preceded the strawberry planting.
He said they do not know if fumigation somehow triggers the pathogen, or if strawberries are a source of the fungus. They are screening strawberry transplants from Northern California to see if the fungus can be recovered from roots.
Phoma basal rot
Signs of advanced Phoma basal rot are irregular growth on the stunted, infected portion and normal growth on the opposite side. Eventually the entire plant becomes stunted, wilts, and collapses.
Infected plants show black cavities on the crown and upper taproot, allowing plants to be easily broken off at ground level. The black cavities are firm and show no signs of fungal growth or spores, which distinguishes this disease from other crown rot pathogens.
Koike said the disease has not been detected on commercial leaf lettuce varieties.
The disease was first reported on lettuce in the United Kingdom in 1990. In greenhouse lettuce in Europe, it produces circular, dark gray to black leaf spots of up to one inch in diameter, although those symptoms have not been detected in California.
In another report to the board, Tom Gordon, plant pathologist at the University of California, Davis, disclosed his project on management of Fusarium wilt of lettuce.
The disease, evident in the San Joaquin Valley near Huron for the past decade and in desert production areas in Arizona more recently, was confirmed in the Watsonville area in 2002.
"Where fields are affected by Fusarium wilt," Gordon said, "growers are likely to rotate out of lettuce to other crops that are not susceptible to the disease. This allows population levels of the pathogen to decline before the affected field is again cropped to lettuce."
His approach is to test crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, celery or spinach that might be grown in the Watsonville and Salinas areas as well as watermelon, cantaloupe, tomatoes, and cotton that might fight the pathogen in the SJV.
Gordon said although genetic resistance could eventually be brought into commercial varieties, reduction of inoculum would slow development of new virulent forms of the disease that would challenge resistant cultivars.
A field trial was established near Watsonville, but the intensity of the disease was not sufficient to measure the extent of colonization by the disease.
As an alternative, an experimental field was set up at UC, Davis, where lettuce was planted in a Fusarium wilt-infested field. The crop will be incorporated and left to decompose.
Later, "candidate rotation crops," Gordon said, "will be sown into the infested soil and their roots evaluated for extent of colonization by the lettuce wilt. Similar tests also will be conducted under greenhouse conditions."
When the disease was first encountered in coastal fields, it occurred only in limited areas of one field, but in those areas 35 percent to 50 percent of the crop was unmarketable.
Fusarium, which is more severe in higher temperatures, causes vascular tissue to become red or brown, and in older plants, leaves turn yellow, wilt, and become necrotic. Other symptoms are a hollow cavity in the taproot, and failure to form heads.
Its symptoms may also resemble those of ammonium toxicity or Verticillium wilt, although the Verticillium infection creates a darker vascular discoloration. | <urn:uuid:fa7bb1eb-bb16-43ec-b19e-24f20b057fd9> | {
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When Americans clamor for energy independence, the focus of said clamoring typically falls on increasing oil and gas production. But what most advocates and proponents don't realize is that energy independence is impossible right now -- not because of natural resources, but because we lack the midstream infrastructure to process and transport our domestic energy supply.
Midstream assets, specifically pipelines and processing centers, are more crucial than we think and will play a key role in America's energy future.
Our pipeline infrastructure
The image below is a snapshot of our natural gas pipeline infrastructure. There are plenty more pipelines that carry oil. The point is obvious, though: We have a lot of pipelines. And yet, our current infrastructure cannot meet the demand of our booming domestic energy production.
America's pipelines are regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. FERC sets the rates of transmission and keeps an eye on a host of other details, like the quality of gas traveling through the pipeline. Gas has to be processed to meet pipeline requirements, which typically means that natural gas liquids, crude oil, and dry gas need their own infrastructure.
Right now, you can see the implications of this system in the Bakken shale. Companies such as Kodiak Oil & Gas are producing great quantities of oil, but great quantities of gas are produced as well. Because there is no infrastructure in the region to bring this gas to market, it is burned off at the site in a process called flaring.
And while we're on the subject of the Bakken, not only does the area lack infrastructure to bring gas to market, but its oil pipelines have reached capacity as well. In 2005, the Bakken was pumping out 100,000 barrels a day, but today that number has increased dramatically to nearly 600,000 barrels a day. Awesome! Or it would be, except that pipeline capacity coming out of the region taps out at 425,000 barrels a day.
Capacity expansions won't come online until mid-2012. In the meantime, producers will ship excess oil via rail, and we will continue to watch oversupply drive down the price of oil at hubs like Clearbrook, Minn., and Cushing, Okla.
The price of oil
Pipelines play a crucial role in the supply-and-demand game that controls the price of oil. If producers flood oil hubs with more oil than can be pushed out to refineries via existing infrastructure, the price of oil drops.
Cheap oil is only good when the discount gets passed along to consumers. Unfortunately, that can't happen in the case of the Bakken because much of the price difference evaporates when producers utilize other modes of transportation to get the oil to refineries. It is much more expensive to transfer oil by train than pipeline.
Not only that, but because of the technology used to extract oil from shale, if the price of oil from the Bakken drops too far, it becomes cost-prohibitive to produce. That's bad news for small oil and gas outfits and America.
Pipeline projects in the, err, pipeline
Midstream companies will be busy increasing infrastructure capacity in the near future, if we let them. Here are a few to keep an eye on:
Richard Kinder's companies are waiting on regulatory approval for their big acquisition of El Paso, but the company is incredibly busy outside of that deal. Keep an eye on Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain expansion project. Trans Mountain is currently the only pipeline connecting Canada's oil sands to the Pacific Coast. Once it secures commitments from Canadian drillers, KMI plans to expand the pipeline's capacity from 300,000 to 600,000 barrels a day.
Enterprise Products Partners
Enterprise plans to expand its natural gas and natural gas liquids operations in the Eagle Ford shale. The company anticipates adding pipelines, increasing cryogenic and compression capacity at its Yoakum facility in South Texas, scheduled to come on line in 2013.
The company also has sufficient commitments to develop its Appalachia-to-Texas ethane pipeline. The 1,230-mile pipeline will bring gas from the Marcellus and Utica shales to the Gulf Coast.
Sometimes I wish that "Keystone XL" was just slang for a 22-ounce can of Keystone Light, but alas, it is not. We have extensive coverage of TransCanada's infamous pipeline project, but I encourage Fools to keep an eye on the company's other pipeline projects. Specifically, the Alaska Pipeline Project, which is currently, wait for it, stalled!
TransCanada and partner ExxonMobil have been unable to secure shipping contracts, and Alaska Gov. Scott Parnell has publicly suggested the state consider alternatives for handling its North Slope energy. TransCanada is moving ahead with the required FERC applications, but if it can't line up customers, there is nothing doing here.
The company is desperately hoping its Northern Gateway pipeline gets approval soon. The project would connect Alberta's oil sands to British Columbia, and though it has the support of the Canadian government, it faces opposition from environmentalists and aboriginal people that would make Keystone XL haters blush. Enbridge remains confident the pipeline will eventually be built.
The energy industry will spend an estimated $130 billion to $210 billion expanding natural gas infrastructure over the next 20 years. In the near term, 78% of the 8,887 miles of pipeline that are planned for completion in 2012 are for natural gas. Looking further into the future, this trend shifts, as crude and NGL projects increase and gas pipeline projects decrease. One thing remains clear: For American energy independence to become more than just a pipe dream, we must support midstream development.
As midstream advances bring more gas to market, tangential plays will become more and more popular. Get a head start on the market with a small company Fool analysts recommend for interested investors. | <urn:uuid:7032c1f2-769b-456d-95c0-6e4f2579335f> | {
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He Said, She Heard: Communication Meltdown within Relationship
By Tiffany Twist
It starts young, as babies. We learn communication from our parents starting with single words--mama, dada, we
add adjectives, big boy, nice kitty. And even though we learn, and speak, the same language--English, French,
German--we also learn sub-languages, languages that may differ so greatly we clog communication as if speaking to a
foreigner, or worse. With a foreigner we expect to not understand. We assume we understand with someone speaking
our own language.
It starts like this: Two households on the same street. Billy in the first house, Susie in the second house,
both are a year old. And both have a pet.
In the first house, behind four walls and a closed door, Billy sits on the rug with his little furry Buddy as
his dad exclaims daily, "damn dog, damn dog, damn dog."
In the second house, behind four walls and a closed door, every time young Susie looks at her Belle, mama says,
"cute puppy, cute puppy, cute puppy."
Now, twenty years later Billy and Susie get married. They get their first dog and have a very different
vocabulary to describe the very same dog. Hopefully Susie can stand to hear Billy call her little Ralphy, "damn
dog," and Billy can stand Susie addressing his rough, tough, best friend, "cute puppy."
Amongst relationships, we seem to always run into, "you said this," " but, I meant that." "No, you said this,
and it means such and such." "That doesn't mean such and such, I just meant such." "Impossible!" Communication
meltdown due to different sub-languages.
Some words hold more or less impact than others. We may be desensitized to certain words and we may hold deep
meaning in others. Here’s another example of a communication breakdown by a couple named Said and Heard.
He wrote the hefty check and said, "dang house payment." She stood in her gourmet kitchen and heard, "dang house
payment." Now if these two take for granted they understand each other, Said will go on with life as normal, only a
bit irritated as he'd like to take a vacation instead of spending the necessary money on a mortgage payment. And
Heard, not knowing this was about a vacation, assumes it's about the fact she chose such a large house. Heard will
walk around with bitterness, worry, and other such emotions which will effect her state of being. Said will wonder
what her problem is and if days have passed Said won't understand what Heard is mad about.
They will then fight about minor things that have transpired over these few days, how he wiped his brow and
sighed after cutting the large lawn, and she shakes her head and says, "you really hate it here don't you?"
Said asks, "What are you talking about? I don't hate it here." Heard won't believe it, they will fight, and have
a hard time tracing it back to the original comment. Or if they do, Said will say, "that was so last week," when
yes, it was last week, but now the single comment of "dang house payment" has magnetically caught little shavings
of lead--the wipe of a brow, the sigh--all week, and this one comment grows heavier and heavier until "dang house
payment" is just too heavy for Heard to bear. This could easily be solved by communicating the emotion a word or
phrase causes the moment it is heard or said. Heard should have looked up in her gourmet kitchen, and said, "What
does dang house payment mean? What are you saying?" Said would reply, "I can use a vacation, but we need somewhere
to live, don’t we?" Heard nods with a smile.
The word "pathetic" doesn't carry much weight for me, it is a nice word I would maybe use to describe myself if
I were to lay around on the couch all day and do nothing, yet if I were to use this very same word to describe
myself when speaking to a certain friend of mine she would assume I was suicidal and consider calling the police to
rescue me. This word carries much more meaning with her.
If my boyfriend were to tell me I'm mentally unstable without telling me he's just referring to my PMS state at
the moment, I may assume he thinks I belong in an insanity ward somewhere, locked up forever. And we will fight.
The words "mentally unstable" carry a heavier meaning for me.
How important it is to communicate as well as analyze our sub communication. Tell each other, because you said
this, I feel that. Ask each other, was what you said intended to make me feel this? Could I take your such and such
to mean such? And if the answer is no, believe it, understand, and explain it, so the next time won't be so bad.
You'll grow to understand each other along with each others speaking styles and a sweet little communicating river
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SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Balloon flight. Coloured engraving of the Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon beginning the first-ever manned flight at the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, France on 21 November 1783. The balloon was built by the French brothers Joseph (1740-1810) and Etienne (1745-1799) Montgolfier. It was made of paper-covered cloth and was lifted by hot air from a fire of wool and straw on the ground. After take-off an on-board brazier kept the balloon aloft. The balloon, which was 23 metres high and 15 metres wide, was piloted by Jean Pilatre de Rozier (1756-85) and the Marquis d'Arlandes (1746-1809). The flight lasted about 25 minutes and ended 9 km away near the city centre.
Model release not required. Property release not required. | <urn:uuid:588d13c6-cd0a-4d20-b612-c62b5e734574> | {
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One way that people describe green teas (not just green teas, just using it as an example) is by using the word “vegetal” — meaning that the taste reminds them of the taste of vegetables. One quick tip to take your tea appreciation to another level is to see if you can figure out which vegetable it reminds you of.
Use this as a guide to help you find the exact vegetable:
Does it smell/taste like a leafy green?
Does it smell/taste like grass?
- Fresh Cut Grass
- Dry Hay
Does it smell/taste like a root vegetable?
Does it smell/taste like a stem vegetable?
Does it smell/taste like a brassica?
- Brussels sprouts
Want to take it one step deeper?
- Does it smell/taste like a cooked or raw vegetable?
- How does the smell of the dry leaves differ from the smell of the wet leaves?
- Does the smell of the liquor resemble the smell of the leaves?
- What do the leaves taste like after steeped? Eat ‘em!
Have any other tips or suggestions? Feel free to respond below in the comments. Thanks! Note the same can be done when describing a tea as having fruit notes. | <urn:uuid:5d3a4a55-8e64-412b-9eac-92342f596b91> | {
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In the 1800's sulfur
was the main resource in the central part of Sicily. At that time Sicily had
a monopoly on sulfur, 95% of world production, and almost all of it was
exported. The European, American and Japanese chemical industries depended
exclusively on Sicilian sulfur. Most of our Valguarnera ancestors were sulfur miners
and most of those who were not, were farmers (Contadino).
In 1876 about 30% of
sulfur workers were children ages 7 to 15 years of age. These children were
called Carusi, which means "boys" in the Sicilian dialect.
The Carusi carried the sulfur from the tunnels, working 8-10 hours
per day. The Carusi were "rented" by the miners from the boys' parents to
work in the mine for a fixed period of time. The miners worked for the mine
owner, and the Carusi worked for the miner. The Carusi and the miners worked
naked or semi-naked because of the extremely hot temperatures in the mine.
My grandfather Gaetano Interlicchia started his mining career as a Carusi.
In November of 1886 a new law
prohibited the employment of children under age 10 in the mines, and under the
age of 9 outside the mines. In October of 1907 a law to protect women and
children in the workplace was passed. It prohibited the hire of children
under the age of 14.
One of the largest sulfur mines in Sicily was Floristella, which was located
just west of Valguarnera Caropepe. Prior
to the railroads that were built in the 1860s,
the Zolfaio and Carusi who lived
in Valguarnera walked to the mine on a cliff road off of
Via Carlo Rispoli and just south of Via Roma. The mine entrances were only a few
hundred yards northwest of the present day intersection of Via Roma and Via Spirito Santo. Two of the mine tunnels led back to Valguarnera and
under the west end of the town. They were actually mining under their homes,
an act that would later have consequences. (See the last photo below for a
map and details)
The railroad came to Valguarnera at about the time the nearby mine shafts
were no longer producing much. To reach the active mine shafts, the Zolfaio and
Carusi continued to walk down the same cliff road, but now they boarded a train for the
short ride to the active shafts. Once they reached the Floristella Mine
Station, they walked a short distance and then down a long stairway to their
area. The first thing they saw from the bottom of the stairs was the Pennisi
palace, the home of the Pennisi family, owners of the Floristella Mine.
In 1895 the price of
sulfur was driven down by two-thirds by the great depression in Europe. At
the beginning of the 20th century the discovery of rich deposits of sulfur
in Louisiana and Texas, combined with the discovery of sulfur substitutes,
resulted in the end of most of the mining jobs. This was about the time that our ancestors started boarding ships
in Palermo, and headed for America for a new life. Floristella Mine,
however, continued in business until 1984 when it became the last sulfur
mine in Sicily to close.
The Grottacalda literally means
"Hot Cave." It was the foundry that worked in concert with the Floristella
Mine. In addition to processing the sulfur, the Grottacalda produced metal
construction beams and other objects caste from metals from the mines.
In the mid 1950s those abandoned
and forgotten mine tunnels under Valguarnera collapsed, most likely due to
their support beams rotting away the previous 100 years or so. The collapse
destroyed the road down the cliff, the entire north end of Via Carlo Rispoli Street and part of Via Spirito
Santo Street. Homes in the area between these two streets were also
destroyed. The area is now a parking plaza.
(See the last photo below for a map and details)
Click the photo for a larger size.
Use your 'back' button to return to this page. | <urn:uuid:354c134e-e94a-4182-9ce3-767bee393ef8> | {
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Twitter Used to Predict Health Patterns
The University of Rochester revealed on Friday that Twitter can be used to predict health patterns and provide a better understanding of the influence of lifestyles. The research relies on a combination of several factors including GPS tags in statuses to find patterns on Twitter. This information is being used to understand overall health in different regions of the world.
Researchers are gathering information from Twitter and mapping it to show how lifestyles impact health. Factors such as pollution and activity levels are being used to see the influences on users’ health. The study was presented at the International Conference on Web Searching and Data Mining in Rome on Feb. 8.
The information presented by the University of Rochester has been used to create a GermTracker that shows the frequency of certain illnesses on a map, and data from users’ Twitter accounts is essential for building the tracker. Some interesting patterns have emerged from the data including how daily social interactions influence health. For example, users who spend more time going out to their local gyms are more likely to get a cold or flu than those who stay home.
Combining tweets to search for patterns requires an algorithm that is capable of differentiating between passive posts about health and real instances of people being sick. The danger of getting diluted results that influence data is real. In addition, the number of celebrities and athletes who post on Twitter can affect results because of the large number of retweets. For example, posts such as Shaquille O’Neal’s promotion of Icy Hot and Jason Kidd mentioning his use of Heel That Pain have to be considered. It is not an easy task to tell the difference between sympathy tweets for Justin Bieber after he announces having a cold and real posts about being sick. Researchers admit that finding the right algorithm is an ongoing process. | <urn:uuid:4399a777-c5d0-41f2-96b7-c7c382e1e6a3> | {
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Edith Stein was a philosopher and champion of the Catholic Church until her death in 1942. She was born to an Orthodox Jewish family in Poland, which was then a part of the German Empire. In 1922 she joined the Roman Catholic Church after reading the mystic teachings of St. Theresa of Avila. As she studied more about the Church, she earned a modest fame in the German Catholic community as a talented teacher and lecturer. She eventually became a Carmelite nun and stayed in the Carmelite monastery in Cologne. Because a law was passed saying that Jewish converts were no longer safe in Nazi Germany, she was transferred to a Carmelite monastery in the Netherlands. However, the safety of the Netherlands was a mere facade because after arriving there, a similar edict was passed saying that Jewish converts to Christianity were to be arrested. Edith and her sister, Rosa, were arrested and sent to Auschwitz where they died in a gas chamber on August 9, 1942. She is remembered today for her philosophical essays on Christianity, but she is more significantly remembered for her writings on women and their abilities to compete equally with men in society.
The world of the spirit is founded on sensuousness which is spiritual as much as physical: the intellect, knowing its activity to be rational, reveals a world; the will intervenes creatively and formatively in this world; the emotion receives this world inwardly and puts it to the test.
Patrick Madden's New Book
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Quotidiana is an online anthology of "classical" essays, from antiquity to the early twentieth century. All essays and images are in the public domain. Commentaries are copyrighted, but may be used with proper attribution. Special thanks to the BYU College of Humanities and English Department for funding, and to Joey Franklin and Lara Burton, for tireless research assisting. | <urn:uuid:cf3e9268-039f-4e4e-a0ab-07c614c8566e> | {
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Kevin Terris found the fossil while visiting the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah in 2009.
"At first I was interested in seeing what the initial piece of bone sticking out of the rock was," Terris said. "When we exposed the skull, I was ecstatic!"
Scientists nicknamed the fossil "Joe" after subsequent excavation and cleaning. A study of the fossil determined that Joe was the most complete specimen yet known for Parasaurolophus (pronounced PAIR-uh-SORE-AH-luf-us), a hadrosaurid, or duck-billed, dinosaur that lived throughout western North America around 75 million years ago.
The Cretacious-era herbivores are best known for their tube-shaped crests, which scientists speculate were used like a trumpet to blast sounds for communication.
Although scientists have studied Parasaurolophus skeletons for the past 90 years, the new discovery will shed light on how the species grew.
Researchers have made 3D digital scans of the entire fossil -- available for free at Dinosaurjoe.com. This is the first time an entire skeleton has been posted online in this format.
The study describing the new fossil was published Wednesday in the open access scientific journal PeerJ. The specimen is currently on exhibit at the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology in Claremont, California.
Boston schools pull out free condoms over wrapping complaints
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Presentation on theme: "Data Collection & Progress Monitoring for Behaviors"— Presentation transcript:
1 Data Collection & Progress Monitoring for Behaviors Betsy StanwoodFall 2007Revised July 2010
2 First…A basic understanding of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and How it fits with Problem Solving Model
3 What is “Positive Behavioral Support”? PBIS focuses on PROACTIVE support strategies thatreduce the likelihood of problem behaviorallow individual students to be as independent and successful as possible in the school setting.encompass a range of strategies from systemic to individual supportsOne of the biggest pieces of the PBIS system is to focus on PROACTIVE activities.
4 Universal Interventions – proactive strategies supporting all students PBIS ContinuumIntensive Interventions -individualized strategies supporting students with high risk behaviors5%Universal Interventions – proactive strategies supporting all students15%Targeted Interventions –specialized strategies supporting students withat risk behaviorsUNIVERSAL INTERVENTIONS - EXAMPLETraffic patterns in school to direct coming and going on the right side to insure proper behavior and movement or color coded lines on floorTARGETED INTERVENTIONS – EXAMPLEA student has a task sheet to promote on-task behavior created by general ed teacherINTENSIVE INTERVENTION – EXAMPLESpecialized interventions such as a BIP80% of Students
5 Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports UniversalTargetedIntensiveSchool-wide PBISSystem wide proceduresSchool wide systems- Classroom systems- Non classroom systems- Proactive managementideasInformal/formal datacollection and evaluationPSM Team / IAP / IEPPSM InterventionsIAP or IEPFunctional BehaviorAssessmentBehavior Intervention PlanData collection, assessment,observationMental Health in theSchoolsPSM Team / IAP / IEP-Formal evaluation-Functional BehaviorAssessment-Behavior Intervention PlanManifestation DeterminationShort-Term SuspensionAnalysis WorksheetSST at the INTENSIVE LEVELMay be provided when:Student transfers in and is displaying significant problemsStudent has an extreme situation with no prior historyNOTE: IAP/IEP level is where most intensive activities occur however there are times when SST is the first stepIn addition, there may be times when interventions designed by SST may be implemented concurrent with the assessments of the Formal Eval Design
6 Problem Solving Continuum INTENSIVE1 – 7 %STRATEGIC%Levels of InterventionCORE%The Problem Solving Model is a part of the state’s pilot for response to intervention. NHCS currently has two state elementary programs and 6 county pilots which includes 5 additional schools, including 1 middle school.During the school year the pilots are engaging in norming activities to establish baseline data for teams to implement basic skill builders intervention and curriculum base measurement for the 2005 –2006 school year.The Problem Solving Model and the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports model both utilize data collection, intervention design and implementation, as well as progress monitoring for effectiveness of interventions. They both share a continuum that supports the idea that proactive/ early intervention specifically targeted is effective in meeting the needs of 80-90% of all students.School-wide systems to support student achievement.Adapted from Sugai and Horner
7 How Do the Processes Align? The most important alignment is that both support most students through “universal” school/classroom processes, some students through more “targeted” support, and a small group with the most “intensive” supportOther Areas of Alignment Include:PSMBaseline data collectionAnalysis of data collectedProblem definitionDesign interventionsIdentification of who, when, where teaching will occurImplementation of interventionsCharting/Progress MonitoringAnalysis of progressContinue implementation, change the interventions some, change the interventions significantlyContinue with the review plan, intervene, analyze processBased in Behavior AnalysisPBIS
8 Data Collection Collecting Data in Many Ways to Assist in the Development ofIntervention Strategies
9 Why do you need to collect data? to implement best teaching practicesto report progress to parentsto collect information regarding a studentor students’ performanceto address the I.D.E.A. “Special Factors”requirement for a student with an IEPto monitor a behavior or the response to anintervention directed towards the behavior************PRESENTER BEGINS THE INFORMAL DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITY WITHOUT NOTIFYING PARTICIPANTSData collection proved to be one of our weakest areas within the PBIS process. Often decisions were based on the “I Think” model rather than concrete evidences derived from consistent objective data collection. Concrete data concerning behaviors is also an integral part of the IEP process as it relates to the IDEA Special Factors (ie. Behavior supports). When IEP teams respond that the student’s learning is impeded by behaviors then proactive PBIS strategies should be implemented (ie. Addressed as goals or accommodations on IEP) REFER TO GOALVIEW IEP SPECIAL FACTORS BEHAVIOR SUPPORTS in handoutsData collection is also an integral part of the new Problem Solving Model which will support an “entitlement” for services. When a student is suspected of having a behavioral deficit, and there will be no norming process as a part of the PSM for behaviors, data collection will again be an integral part of creating supports for the students. Observation/data collection of a typical student should be used for a norm comparison to data collected for student in question.to determine eligibility for accommodations or educational services
10 Ways to Collect Data . . . Informal Data collection does not have to be a complex, formal process. When teachers have concerns regarding a student, he/she can use a simple, teacher developed technique to assess and gather baseline information to help them reflect on the situation.****************ACTIVITY ANALYSISPresenter informs audience of their concurrent informal data collection activity, stressing how simple it is to take data while doing classroom procedures.
12 Time Increments ChartStudent Name _________________________ Date ____________BEHAVIOR7:308:008:309:009:3010:0010:3011:0011:3012:0012:301:001:302:002:30COMMENTSEach Mark = 1 PointMorning PointsAfternoon PointsFrom “Practical Charts for Managing Behaviors” by Lynn LanvelleParent Signature _____________________________________
13 Ways to Collect Data . . . Formal Some teachers may choose to utilize a more formal approach to data collection. Event recording is one type of formal format.Sample Event Record
14 Ways to Collect Data . . . Formal Rather than looking at specific events data can be collected at specified time periods/intervals to give a non-subjective overview of a behavior.Sample Interval Recording
15 Another Data Collection Tool -Tool Provided by Suzanne Rilling
16 Sample Completed Data Collection Tool -Tool Provided by Suzanne Rilling
17 Example Format for Data Collection FREQUENCY DATA SHEETStudent: ______________ Teacher: _________________DateTimeBehavior ofConcern ExhibitedLocation/ActivityPresence of Others,Peers, Adult(Specify)AdultResponse/ActionOther FactorsBehavior:Tallies:NHCS PBIS 3 Tool
18 And Now What? Organize Summarize Analyze Intervention and Evaluation
19 Organize and Summarize Record behaviors that can be seen and measuredCollect information across time and settingsUtilize multiple observers, if possibleUtilize data collection toolsBe SpecificTo this point, this step has been overlooked in the PBIS process. It is not enough to just collect data. Analyzing the data is a key component in determining proactive efforts. In the past “I FEEL and I THINK” analyses has been utilized rather than acting on just the facts. Subjective analysis often skews the appropriate decision making process.Be ConciseBe DescriptiveJust the facts!
20 Analyze the Data Are there patterns? Are there specific locations,times, subjects or people? (Triggers)Are there physical signals of impending problems?Are there home concerns? Divorce? Death? Illness? Transition?How often do the behaviors occur? (frequency)How long do behaviors last? (duration)How severe or damaging are the behaviors? (intensity)Can the student continue with their school day when behavioral episode is over?
21 Example Format for Data Analysis NHCS PBIS 4 Tool Behaviors Of Concern (What student does)Frequency(How often occurs per hour, day week)Intensity(How damaging or destructive: mild, moderate, severe)Duration(How long lasts: minutes, hours)NHCS PBIS 4 ToolBehaviorsOf Concern(What student does)Frequency(How often occurs per hour, day week)Intensity(How damaging or destructive: mild, moderate, severe)Duration(How long lasts: minutes, hours)
22 Intervention and Evaluation Change aspects of the environment that triggerchallenging behaviorTeach the student more acceptable ways to get theirneeds metChange aspects of the environment that happenfollowing the behaviorCollect data and evaluate impact of interventions onbehavior
23 What We Should Know About Behaviors ResearchWhat We Should Know About Behaviors
24 What Does the Research Tell Us? George BatscheProfessor of Psychological and Social Foundations Coordinator of Graduate Programs in School USF (University of South Florida) College of EducationSpecialty: Bullying, adolescent depression, aggression, violence prevention. Batsche has been on NBC Today, Oprah Winfrey and 20/20 on bullying, aggression and violence prevention.
25 Focus on Tiers (Levels) I & II as General Education Requirement Tier IData on Office & Discipline referrals and Actions that took placeSchool wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and SupportsSecond StepTier IIDirect behavior training (social skills)Additional training or groups (self-instruction, anger control, organizational skills)Development of Programs in the school to address top areas of need-George Batsche
26 Focus of Tier (Level) III as More Formal Process Team Meets & Typically beginsFormal Collection of data (Frequency data)Completion of Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)Design of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)Implementation of BIPProgress Monitoring-George Batsche
27 What about Progress Monitoring & Peer Comparisons? Level of Behavior “necessary for success” versus Level of Current, Local Peer PerformanceLevel of Behavior Necessary for Success (Proficient Level)Level of Current, Local Peer Performance75% forOn TaskCompliantAccuracy of WorkPeer could be as high as 90% but this is more than proficient. National Standard (NCLB) is proficient.-George Batsche
28 But What About the Most Severe Behaviors? Harmful to self or others: Assault and batteryNot Harmful to self or others but causes significant disruption of the learning environment.Target for replacement behavior would need to be higher than the 75% proficient level100% would need to be the target level for replacement behavior
29 What We Are Doing With Behaviors What Are We Doing?What We Are Doing With Behaviors
30 What Have We Been Doing?Progress monitored by observing student at least 3 times a weekRemembered that we needed to progress monitor academic areas that were impacted by the behaviorCharted results of our behavior observations and our academic probesUtilized same decision making strategies regarding changing the interventions as we would with an academic only issueRemembered that students who have behavioralissues but have no educational impact would continueat PSM intervention level but would not be eligible forconsideration for entitlement.
31 What Criteria Have We Used? Student must meet all of the criteria set despite intervention at grade level and a minimum of three changes in the hypotheses and strategies per skill area.Criteria can be met usingprogress monitoring in one academic area and one behavioral area ORin two behavioral areas.
32 NHCS Behavior Criteria Student must meet all of the criteria indicated despiteintervention at grade levela minimum of 3 changes in hypoteses & strategies per skill areaCriteria can be met using progress monitoring in1 academic area & 1 behavior area OR2 behavior areas
33 NHCS Behavior Criteria 4 Criteria Areas Performance well below peers as evidenced by performance below goal(s) set below.Replacement behavior goal 100% for behavior thatIs or may be harmful to self and/or others. EXAMPLES INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TOAssault (any act of such nature to excite an apprehension of a harmful or offensive physical contact with the person or another) andBattery (intentional and un-permitted physical contact with the person of another).Is not harmful to self or others but causes significant disruption of the learning environment as defined by acting in any manner so as to interfere with any teacher’s ability to conduct a class or other school activity. These behaviors may require removal of the student from the classroom in some instances. EXAMPLES INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TOCursingTantrums
34 NHCS Behavior Criteria 4 Criteria Areas Continued Replacement behavior goal 75% for behavior thatInvolves noncompliance without overt aggressive behaviors generally referred to asInsubordination (the refusal to carry out a reasonable request by a staff member and/or refusal to abide by reasonable school and/or classroom rules). EXAMPLES INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TOIgnoring adult requests or directives to return to seat, start assignment, and redirect to assignment or assigned physical spaceInvolves lack of work completionInvolves time off task
35 NHCS Behavior Criteria 4 Criteria Areas Continued Rate of Growth below peersThe trend line of the data must be compared to the aimline.It must be compared based on the percentages used (75% or 100%).Must determine if the trend line of the data is not projected to intersect with the aimline in 18 weeks OR less.If it is not projected to intersect in the 18 weeks or less then the rate of growth criteria has been met.Intensity and nature of instruction in the last part of Level III must resemble specially designed instruction.Federal & state adverse educational impact is met when each of the three criteria (1-3 in this section) are met.Performance well below peersIntensity of instruction required in Level III resembles specially designed instruction
36 Progress Monitoring Using the Student’s Progress to Monitor Effectiveness of the PSMIntervention Strategies
37 Progress Monitor Student’s Response to Interventions Progress monitor by observing student at least 3 times a weekRemember you need to progress monitor academic areas that are impacted by the behaviorChart results of your behavior observations and your academic probesUtilize same decision making strategies regarding changing the interventions as you would with an academic only issueRemember that students who have behavioralissues but there is no educational impact will continue atPSM intervention level but will not be eligible forconsideration for entitlement.
38 Example Baseline Data on Tyler Teal I just know I can do my work.Student: Tyler TealGrade 3Target Behavior: On TaskBaseline Data:Day /60 = 43%Day 2 46/60 = 77%Day 3 32/60 = 54%Median 32/60 = 54%
39 Set Goal for Tyler TealOn task behavior falls under “level of behavior necessary for success” or proficiency level which is 75%Goal for Tyler Teal’s on task behavior would be 45/60 (75%).Current baseline for Tyler Teal is 32/60 or 54%
40 Progress Monitoring Name: Tyler Teal Target Behavior: On Task Baseline (Median): 32/60 or 54%Goal: 45/60 or 75% ProficiencyM T W TH F M T W TH F M T W TH F90807060Baseline = 54%Day 1 = 26/60 = 43%Day 2 = 40/60 = 67%Day 3 = 40/60 = 67%Day 4 = 32/60 = 54%Day 5 = 50/60 = 83%Day 6 = 51/60 = 85%Day 7 = 34/60 = 57%Day 8 = 55/60 = 92%Day 9 = 24/60 = 40%Day 10 = 33/60 = 55%Day 11 = 39/60 = 65%Day 12 = 38/60 = 63%Day 13 = 41/60 = 68%Day 14 = 40/60 = 67%Day 15 = 45/60 = 75%On Task Behavior5040302010Week 1Week 2Days
41 Will Tyler Teal get to Proficient Level within 18 weeks of Intervention? Consider whether Tyler will likely reach the 75% within 18 weeks or lessAsk if Tyler’s projected “on task” behavior (trend) line will intersect the “aim line” within the time period above.If yes, the “Growth Rate” Behavior criteria has NOT been met.If no, then the “Growth Rate” Behavior criteria has been met.
42 Another Example:Situation: Toby has low incidence but high intensity behaviors that meet the definition of “assault” . (i.e. hitting adults & peers such that there are safety concerns)Toby’s Baseline: 4 thirty minute intervals in a day without incident (4/12) or 33%.Goal : 12/12 intervals without incident or 100%.Note: There are 12 thirty minute intervals in the day. (6 hour day)
43 Progress Monitoring Name: Toby Toms Target Behavior: Time without AssaultsBaseline (Median): 4/12 or 33%Goal: 12/12 or 100%12M T W TH F M T W TH F M T W TH FBaseline = 54%Day 1 = 4/12 = 33%Day 2 = 4/12 = 33%Day 3 = 3/12 = 25%Day 4 = 4/12 = 33%Day 5 = 5/12 = 42%Day 6 = 4/12 = 33%Day 7 = 5/12 = 42%Day 8 = 5/12 = 42%Day 9 = 6/12 = 50%Day 10 = 6/12 = 50%Day 11 = 6/12 = 50%Day 12 = 5/12 = 42%Day 13 = 6/12 = 50%Day 14 = 6/12 = 50%Day 15 = 5/12 = 42%108642Time Segments Without Assaults BehaviorWeek 1Week 2Days
44 Would you project that he will reach 100% in 18 weeks or less? Progress MonitoringTeacher records intervals without incidents in the 12 thirty minute intervals during each day. Simply use checks on a chart for intervals without incident.Record your data on a Progress Monitoring chart.What about Toby Toms?Would you project that he will reach 100% in 18 weeks or less?
45 Some NotesBe very specific in defining the behavior you plan to target for progress monitoring. Example: What does “on task” behavior look like?Don’t make the mistake of observing and collecting data on the negative behavior only.Be sure to progress monitor the positive behavior.Don’t teach any of the behaviors in your BIP until you get your baseline data.When doing progress monitoring use same the time frame for collecting data and stick to straight numbers and not percentages (if possible).
46 ResourcesNHCS Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Training ModulesNHCS Special Education & Related Services Manual“Practical Charts for Managing Behavior” by Lynn Lavelle (Pro-ed Publishing)Web Resources-www.pbis.org-http://cecp.air.org-www.interventioncentral.com-www.udel.edu-http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~ttobin/(Click on Case Study)-http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/specconn/main.php?cat=behavior§ion=cases-http://usfcollab.fmhi.usf.edu/expertdetail.cfm?staffid=4 | <urn:uuid:daf76fac-1202-4a85-b209-fc01f2bb38c6> | {
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We turn our skeptical eye on claims of incorruptibility - bodies that do not decay after death.
by Brian Dunning
Filed under Religion
November 4, 2008
Podcast transcript | Listen | Subscribe
By Brian Dunning, Skeptoid Podcast
Episode 126, November 04, 2008
Lightning flashes as we scrape the final shovelfuls of dirt away from the top of the coffin, pry open the lid, and in the lantern light we see a perfectly preserved human body! It's as if she died only a few hours ago, but this body we're exhuming is centuries old. How can this be? How can this body have proven incorruptible by decay and the ravages of time? According to the Catholic faith, such incorruptibility is a miracle. A person who dies and proves incorruptible can thus qualify as a saint.
There are quite a few alleged examples of this, and we'll take a look at some of the best known. But first, let's examine exactly what the church's criteria are for incorruptibility. In essence it means that the body does not decompose after death, in a miraculous manner not explainable by natural processes. The body has to remain flexible and is supposed to be indistinguishable from sleep; it can't dry out like an Egyptian mummy and be all stiff. The body also must not have been embalmed or otherwise preserved.
The most famous of the Catholic incorruptibles is Saint Bernadette, currently on display at the Chapel of St. Bernadette in France. She died in 1879 and was exhumed thirty years later, so the story goes, and was discovered to be incorrupt and free of odor! However, two doctors swore a statement of their examination of the body, clearly describing a partially mummified corpse, describing the whole body as "shriveled", saying the lower parts of the body had turned black, the nose was "dilated and shrunken", and that the whole body was rigid and "sounded like cardboard when struck." The body was prepared and reburied in a sealed casket. When it was dug up again in 1919, another doctor filed the following report:
The body is practically mummified, covered with patches of mildew and quite a notable layer of salts, which appear to be calcium salts... The skin has disappeared in some places, but it is still present on most parts of the body.
At her third and final exhumation in 1925, it was noted that the "blackish tinge to the face and the sunken eyes and nose would make an unpleasant impression on the public," and so the decision was made to display the corpse with a wax mask. That's right, the photos you see on the Internet of St. Bernadette's beautiful, incorrupt corpse are of a wax mask placed on an obviously mummified body. The descriptions of her condition openly violate all the requirements of incorruptibility, and yet St. Bernadette is the most often cited example of miraculous incorruptibility. When you think about it, if a saint dies and God decides that this body should be incorruptible, you'd think it should remain absolutely perfect, like Sleeping Beauty. It shouldn't be only slightly less decomposed than the average body, and certainly shouldn't be a common mummy.
St. Catherine of Bologna is another nun whose supposedly incorrupt body is still on display. She died in 1463, and although I couldn't find any documentation at all pertaining to the circumstances of her burial and exhumation, the story goes that she was buried without a coffin and was exhumed only 18 days later due to a strong sweet scent coming from her grave — more about that in a moment. Her body is displayed at the chapel of Poor Clares in Bologna, Italy, in a seated position inside a glass case. As you can see from the many photos on the Internet, the body is completely mummified, black and shriveled, and can by no definition be called incorrupt. And yet she is called just that anyway, in utter defiance of the blatantly obvious.
Saint Silvan was a young man said to have been killed for a his faith in the year 350, and his body is on display in Dubrovnik, Croatia, replete with a fresh-looking gash on his throat said to have been the cause of death. The body appears to be perfect. It is a sculpted effigy — St. Silvan's actual remains are said to be contained within the box below the effigy. But there is no display signage to explain this to the faithful, and many come away with photographs of what they think is the actual body. If he is incorrupt as the church claims, why display the effigy instead of the body?
Padre Pio, the 20th century priest famous for his stigmata, is also on the church's list of incorruptibles. However, according to the church's own records, his body was embalmed with formaldehyde upon death. Even so, at his exhumation 40 years later, the remains were described as "partially skeletal" and morticians were unable to restore the face to a viewable condition, so Padre Pio is displayed today with a lifelike silicone mask.
Incorruptible bodies, when exhumed, are often said to be accompanied by a sweet odor which Catholics called the Odor of Sanctity. This odor is also said to come from stigmata on living saints. Some saints are said to have exuded this odor after death. Of course the obvious explanation for such a smell would be embalming fluid. However, modern embalming fluids, basically formaldehyde mixtures, are said to have a strong, unpleasant smell like gasoline. Therefore most manufacturers mask the smell with perfume additives. Historically, sweet-smelling ointments were used on corpses to counter the smell of decomposition, and many such ointments are now known to have contained guaiacol, an effective preservative made from beechwood tar, similar to creosote. So, dig up a body and find it in any state of preservation, and you're likely to smell a strong sweet odor. Evidence of embalming or odor-masking is a better explanation for this smell than some supernatural "Odor of Sanctity".
The best examples of natural incorruptibility come from the peat bogs of northern Europe. About a thousand individuals have been exhumed from the bogs, where a unique combination of cold conditions and chemical processes preserves the soft tissues. Most of these come from the Celtic iron age, but some are far older; the oldest being Koelbjerg Woman who is 5,500 years old. In bog bodies, peat acid actually dissolves the bones but leaves the soft tissues pliable, like rubber, though stained brown and actually tanned into leather. Technically, these bodies meet the Catholic criteria of incorruptibility far better than any of the dried mummified corpses that the church claims. Why are the bog people not considered saints? At least their bodies actually do remain flexible. The church probably says that the natural chemical process counts as embalming, which of course it does; but at least this is a natural process and not a deliberate human embalming as has happened with so many of the so-called miraculous Catholic incorruptibles.
Most recent is the case of Hambo Lama Itigelov, a Buddhist monk who died in the Russian Mongol territory of Buryatia in 1927 and was exhumed in 2002, by his own last request. His condition was described by the monks and a pathologist in attendance as that of someone who had died only 36 hours before. Video shows what looks to be a well-preserved mummy, but hardly that of someone who died only 36 hours before. His body is on display in the open air and is claimed to remain pliable, a claim which is untested. Despite a Russian documentary movie finding no explanation, and the monks' claims to the contrary, the pathologist's own report found the body to have been preserved with bromide salts. Itigelov had also instructed that his body be packed in salt, another way to help prevent decomposition by absorbing moisture away from the body. It's interesting that in life, Itigelov actually had a degree in medicine, and had written a Buddhist encyclopedia on pharmacology.
Buddhist monks have long practiced self-mummification. Some Japanese monks used to prepare themselves for self-mummification through a technique called sokushinbutsu. They ate a subsistence diet of nuts and seeds for 1000 days to get rid of all their fat, and then spent the next 1000 days eating only bark, roots, and drinking the tea of a poisonous tree called the urushi, in an effort to make their body both dehydrated and toxic to parasites. Finally they would place themselves inside a stone tomb, ringing a bell once each day. When the bell failed to ring, the other monks would seal the tomb, wait another 1000 days, and then open it up to find out whether the monk had mummified. Only about 20 such monks were successfully mummified in this manner; the rest decomposed normally. Even this number is impressive given that the internal organs remained, which are a prime source of bacteria that contribute to decomposition. Tests of the mummies have revealed toxic levels of arsenic, which is another embalming agent. Together with the lack of body fat and pre-existing dehydration, monks practicing sokushinbutsu actually had a reasonable chance of mummification if their tomb was well sealed and conditions were dry. Hambo Lama Itigelov's own technique of using bromide salts and salt packing appears to be a scientifically updated form of sokushinbutsu.
But you couldn't call these monks incorruptible any more than you can use the term to describe the Catholic saints who are obviously mummified. Mummification is the natural, expected process that happens to a body under the right conditions. There's nothing miraculous about a natural, expected process. I suppose some people claim that in some of these cases, decomposition should have taken place instead of mummification, and thus the miracle. So, what; leaving a few strands of beef jerky stretched over the bones is the best that the miracle-creating superbeing was able to muster? I'm not convinced, and a skeptical Catholic shouldn't be either. Incorruptible should mean incorruptible. The corpse needs to be flexible and lifelike, as if asleep. We've never seen anything remotely like that. There are no verifiable, viewable examples of supernatural incorruptibility anywhere on the planet, and no reason to think there ever have been.
© 2008 Skeptoid Media, Inc.
References & Further Reading
Aufderheide Arthur C. The Scientific Study of Mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 273-276.
Edwards, Harry. "Incorruptibility: Miracle or Myth?" Incorruptibility: Miracle or Myth? Investigator Magazine, 1 Nov. 1995. Web. 10 Jan. 2010. <http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/PaIncorruptibility.htm>
Faure, Bernard. The Rhetoric of Immediacy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991. 148-178.
Hale, T. A Light Shines in Central Asia: A Journey into the Tibetan Buddhist World. Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2000.
Nickell, Joe. Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1993. 85-92.
Spindler, K., Wilfing, H., Rastbichler-Zissernig, E., Nothdurfter, H. Human Mummies. New York: Springer-Verlag Wien, 1996. 161-171.
Reference this article:
Dunning, B. "The Incorruptibles." Skeptoid Podcast. Skeptoid Media, Inc., 4 Nov 2008. Web. 29 Jul 2015. <http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4126> | <urn:uuid:6ffe51ed-eb22-4163-a7a0-7705a3911db3> | {
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Browsing by Subject "Baptists --- Southern States -- History -- 18th century."
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The impact of revivalism upon Baptist faith and practice in the American South prior to the Civil War. (2009-08-24)In the mid-seventeenth century, revivalism first appeared as a phenomenon in American religious life, and few religious groups were more influenced by revivalism than Baptists in the American South. When Baptists had first ... | <urn:uuid:b41bfaa7-db67-40b6-ab94-9bc9787f80d9> | {
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Dog diseases are brought on by different kinds of bacteria or parasites infection procedures or by an infestation.
A few dog disease symptoms might take long time till they reveal the first signs of illness and some could only reveal signs if they become severe life threatening. Fungal and bacterial diseases could lead to harm to a lot of essential organs in the human body and a number are not able to be discover for years.
Dog Disease Symptoms
- Discoloration eye release
- tender nose
- reduction of eyebrow
- hot and itchy ears
- deformed and cumbly claws
- rectal gland issues
- Drop in appetite
- obese or underweight
- itchy skin
- poor body odor
- rising thirst
- growth in Illness
- liver failure
Types and symptoms of dog diseases in detail
A deadly disease that could affect any mammal such as human. Rabies can also spread through exposure to contaminated animals. The disease interval typically between 2-12 months and may be as long as two years.
Rabies disease symptoms include cerebral disorder, insomnia, nervousness, agitation, paranoia, partial paralysis, confusion, and abnormal behavior, hallucinations and delirium.
Rabies can be prevented by vaccination both in people and other creatures.
Canine parvovirus (CPV)
A infectious virus affecting dogs. The disease could be spread from 1 dog to alternative via direct or indirect contact with stool. It may be dangerous and severe particularly in dogs. Infected dog will reveal illness signs in just 3 to 10 days.
Canine parvovirus symptoms include high fever, lethargy, vomiting and bloody diarrhea lead to dehydration that cause other illnesses and diseases.
CPV could be discovered by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), hemagglutination evaluation or via electron microscopy.
Survival speed is dependent upon how fast CPV is found and also the successful the treatment.
A virus of the household coronaviridae which leads to an extremely infectious intestinal disease and also spread via feces of infected dogs. The virus invades the small gut subsequently cause cell death (apoptosis). The incubation period is quite fast generally within 1-3 days.
Canine coronavirus symptoms include nausea, nausea, and anorexia.
Canine coronavirus may be identification by detection of contamination from the dog urine.
Treatment for this disease isn’t quite as severe as CPV and generally requires medicine for nausea only. Fatalities are rare however, some affected dogs might need intravenous fluids for dehydration. The virus could be remove by many disinfectants.
Prevention vaccine for coronavirus can be obtained and it’s ordinarily given to dogs. | <urn:uuid:7a6e02b5-b8d7-48c1-81eb-5ccfa949bf54> | {
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A small educational center in Virginia has won top honors for its environmental performance from the American Institute of Architects (AIA). The recognition is a landmark for regenerative design — the growing movement that calls for green buildings to improve the environment.
At its annual meeting in Orlando, Florida, the AIA's Committee on the Environment cited the Brock Environmental Center for its "exceptional post-occupancy performance."
The center, on Chesapeake Bay in Virginia Beach, Virginia, is a certified "Living Building." With highly efficient passive solar features, two wind turbines and a roof covered with solar panels, the center generates 80 percent more renewable energy than it uses. It also collects and processes its own water, contains no chemicals from a toxic "Red List" and was "net waste positive" — meaning it reused more materials in construction than it sent to the landfill.
Among other projects named to the AIA-COTE "Top Ten" list were an elementary school in Arlington, Virginia, that "sets a new standard for public schools to achieve net zero energy in a challenging climate;" a garage and utility shed in Manhattan that "raises the bar for a municipal sanitation building;" and a hospital in Singapore that gives every patient an operable window.
But the 10,518-square-foot Brock Center — which is owned by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF) and was designed by the megafirm SmithGroup JJR — was the only project deemed worthy of the "Top Ten Plus" citation.
"CBF aspired to manifest true sustainability, creating a landmark that transcends notions of 'doing less harm' towards a reality where architecture can create a positive, regenerative impact on both the environment and society," AIA said in a statement accompanying the award.
A model green building
Not surprisingly, both the foundation and SmithGroup JJR have long track records when it comes to deep-green buildings. Like owners and architects connected to the other winning buildings, they've built up institutional knowledge that helped take the Brock Center to the next level. SmithGroup designed Philip Merrill Environmental Center in Annapolis, Maryland, for the Chesapeake Foundation. In 2001, it became the world's first LEED Platinum Building.
Brock Center also achieved LEED Platinum, and last year it gained certification under the even more rigorous Living Building Challenge (LBC). To reach that level of certification, buildings are required to attain net-zero energy, waste and water, and the Brock Center met those goals with flying colors: Projected to reach an astoundingly low energy unity intensity (EIU) of 15.5, it performed from April 2015 to April 2016 at an EUI of 14.12. (EUI is determined by dividing the building's consumed energy over a year by its floor area.)
Intensive passive-solar features and a mix of sophisticated HVAC equipment were key to lowering energy demand. For instance, the building's longest dimension runs east-west, a standard of passive design. That way, it isn't inundated by solar heat at the beginning and the end of each day. But the Brock Center adds a literal twist: It curls to face just a bit east at the eastern end, because computer models showed that would give the winter sun a jump on warming the building.
"The Brock Center's performance pushed the boundaries on what is possible. Regenerative, net-positive design is more than an aspiration — it has been achieved," SmithGroupJJR project manager Greg Mella said.
A building for the bay
Aside from measurable performance, the building, which sits right next to the bay, was designed to express the foundation's mission: to collaborate with other organizations, agencies and people to protect the bay, a threatened resource with a watershed that spans five states and the District of Columbia.
The distinctive curved roof evokes ocean waves, windswept dunes, even clamshells, while the roof's zinc shingles sparkle in sunlight like fish scales. Other features, including an open-air "dogtrot" and a system of pier-like ramps that lead up to the main floor, give the building a strong sense of place.
Many of those locally oriented design features also help environmentally: Water-resistant cypress siding was harvested from nearby "sinker logs." The ramp was necessary to elevate the building to protect it from storm surges, which are projected to reach higher ground because of climate change. And that curved roof to the west minimizes heat gain from the afternoon sun.
Even though building a project designed to help heal the planet can be inspirational, those involved in Brock Center admit it was no cakewalk.
Chris Brandt, executive vice president of the center's builder, Hourigan Construction, put it this way: "We had the opportunity to push the envelope on innovative and creative methods. There were so many certification levels that needed to be met that it was a job in itself to keep track of them all."
Ken Edelstein is editor of the Kendeda Fund's Living Building Chronicle, which is following construction of the Living Building at Georgia Tech, and reporting about regenerative design and construction across the Southeast. | <urn:uuid:1f2c57fa-3cc1-4fd7-97b6-3356c366606d> | {
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What’s different about feeding male cats? The sex of your pet—along with their age, breed, activity level, behavior, environment, and metabolism—can determine certain food and nutrition guidelines.
Here are some important things to know right up front about food and nutrition for male felines.
The Basics of Male Cat Nutrition
Unlike people and dogs, who are omnivores, cats are carnivores. Their nutrition must come from animal-based sources for their survival. Felines have evolved a diet that is protein-heavy, moderate in fat, and low to moderate in carbohydrates. Water is the most important part of your cat’s diet. But be careful, because cats have a low drive to drink it. You’ll want to leave plenty of water in multiple sources across your cat’s stomping grounds. Wet canned food is high in water content and can also help.
Store-bought cat food should consist of all the key nutrients necessary for your guy, including the right mix of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. As long as the food is labeled “complete and balanced nutrition,” “meets the nutritional requirements of cats established by the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO),” or “complete and balanced nutrition for cats based on AAFCO feeding trials,” it’s approved for daily nutrition for your pet.
Follow the guidelines on the packaging for approximate portions to serve your pet based on his body type. If you want to make your animal’s food yourself, seek the guidance of a veterinarian or board certified veterinary nutritionist.
Neutered Male Cats
Some research indicates that the appetite of felines that have been fixed can increase following their procedures. To protect against weight gain and obesity during this time, feeding your cat portion-controlled meals—rather than allowing him to graze as he pleases—is encouraged.
Diabetes in Male Cats
All male cats—including both neutered and non-neutered—are twice as likely as females to have diabetes. The most at risk felines are neutered male cats who are over 10 years old and have an overweight to obese body condition status. In addition to diabetes medications, diet is key in managing your cat’s condition. If obesity plays a role in your pet’s disease, implementing a weight-loss plan consisting of a high-fiber, complex-carbohydrate, and high-protein diet is critical.
Signs of this health problem include an increase inthirst, weight loss, appetite, and urination. Speak to your vet if you spot these symptoms.
Blocked Urethra in Male Cats
An obstructed urethra, one of the most serious outcomes of a collection of conditions known as feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), is more likely to occur in male cats, both neutered and non-neutered, than in female cats, who are very rarely affected. The very narrow urethra of male cats, when partially or fully blocked, can make urinating very difficult. FLUTD can potentially be fatal if not treated quickly—from bladder rupture, or from kidney damage, which can result in electrolyte imbalances that lead to fatal heart arrhythmias.
Treatment typically includes dietary changes, medications, an increase in water intake, and even surgery. Speak to your vet right away if you spot any signs of the condition, which include straining to urinate and frequent—and often failed—attempts to urinate.
Mom’s milk includes all the good stuff her babies need until they are about 4 weeks old, at which point the mother, or “queen,” can start weaning her babes off her milk. If a mother’s milk is unavailable, talk to a vet about potential replacements. By 6 to 8 weeks of age, your growing pet should be transitioning to store-bought pet food. Learn more about food and nutrition for kittens.
If your big kitty is older than 10 to 12 months, it’s time to start him on the adult cat diet.
Cats are usually considered seniors around 7 to 12 years and that’s the time you can start them on a diet for aging cats. If your cat is carrying extra weight, obesity can become a real problem as he gets older, but dietary changes can help. Learn more about the proper food and nutrition for overweight senior cats.
More on Feeding Pets
What to Feed A Cat: Female Cats
Food to Treat Liver Disease in Pets
Ash in Pet Food: Filler or Nutrient?
This information is for informational purposes only and is not meant as a substitute for the professional advice of, or diagnosis or treatment by, your veterinarian. It has however been reviewed for accuracy by Dr. Joe, a board certified veterinary nutritionist and graduate of Cornell University's program for Veterinary Medicine. | <urn:uuid:b450c640-01e9-45e7-b46f-f19a6859101c> | {
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LEAD POISONING PREVENTION AND CASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
The program addresses the problem of childhood lead poisoning through a variety of interventions including collaboration with the Nursing Division and the Environmental Division.
Case Management is provided for children ages birth through 6 years in the community. Children with persistent venous blood lead levels between 10-15 ug/dl will receive an assessment and education. Children will persistent venous blood lead levels between 15-19 ug/dl will receive an assessment evaluation and visual home inspection for potential lead hazards. Children who are identified as having an elevated blood lead 20 ug/dl or more are case-managed through age 21, if needed to insure optimum health. Epidemiological and environmental evaluations are performed in the children’s residence and cases are followed to ensure a safe living space.
Education is provided for the community on the proper protocol for the removal of lead paint contamination and renovation procedures. Nutrition and housekeeping information is also provided.
For information, call 732-745-3100 | <urn:uuid:5af14647-543b-4b97-b0f8-d20439411bc5> | {
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Using Twitter in university research
@CBUresearch recently shared a “Guide to using Twitter in university research, teaching, and impact activities” [PDF]. It’s published by the London School of Economics.
Twitter is a free social networking service that lets you write 140-character messages, called “tweets”. These can be read by anyone in the world, and they look like this:
Free PDF guide for using Twitter for academic purposes! http://t.co/lPICaDy1
— CBU Research (@cburesearch) January 7, 2013
You might ask:
“…how can such a brief medium have any relevance to universities and academia, where journal articles are 3,000 to 8,000 words long, and where books contain 80,000 words? Can anything of academic value ever be said in just 140 characters?”
In fact, Twitter is quite versatile. It can be used to promote your research, and related events like public talks. It can be used to solicit feedback on your research. It can even be used during the research phase itself:
“Twitter provides many opportunities for ‘crowd sourcing’ research activities across the sciences, social sciences, history and literature – by getting people to help with gathering information, making observations, undertaking data analysis, transcribing and editing documents – all done just for the love of it. Some researchers have also used Twitter to help ‘crowdsource’ research funding from interested public bodies. You can read more about crowdsourcing at the LSE Impact blog.
You are an expert. And Twitter is a medium people often turn to, to find experts in the field of their interest. If you’re not there, they can’t find you! Those people might be PhD students, other researchers, or lay people. You can use Twitter to not only strengthen your reputation as an expert, but to expand your reach beyond the confines of the university.
“Making links with practitioners in business, government, and public policy can happen easily. Twitter’s brevity, accessibility and immediacy are all very appealing to non-academics.”
The guide starts with the basics:
- How to create an account
- Useful terminology
- Examples of writing styles, and the pros and cons of each style
- Tips on how to increase the number of people who might read your ‘Tweets’
Read the guide, experiment a little, and see how Twitter can work for you. | <urn:uuid:73f4d3fa-7f1f-4f20-bb04-bbd95cf61566> | {
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Sunday, September 4, 2011
Biblical scholar John Allegro, author of THE SACRED MUSHROOM AND THE CROSS
"Our father who art in heaven". Father = Abba. Abba comes from Ab-ba-tab-ba-ri-gi, the Sumerian name for mushroom. If you see a similarity with the klitche magicians incantation, Abracadabra, you would be correct.
"Give us this day our daily bread" is probably not a correct interpretation either (according to Allegro). Allegro thinks it means "that which is needful, give now bread. "bread" however is mushroom encrypted. For the Gnostics/Essences these things were encrypted, and not shared with the general public.
Allegro believes that Christ was the embodiment of the sacred mushroom spirit. To eat the body of Christ is to eat the sacred mushroom.
Historically abracadabra was believed to have healing powers when inscribed on an amulet.
abra (אברא) means "to create" and cadabra (כדברא) which means "as I say"
The first known mention of the word was in the second century AD in a book called Liber Medicinalis (sometimes known as De Medicina Praecepta Saluberrima) by Quintus Serenus Sammonicus, physician to the Roman emperor Caracalla, who prescribed that malaria sufferers wear an amulet containing the word written in the form of a triangle:
This, he explained, diminishes the hold over the patient of the spirit of the disease.Other Roman emperors, including Geta and Alexander Severus, were followers of the medical teachings of Serenus Sammonicus and may have used the incantation as well.
It was used as a magical formula by the Gnostics of the sect of Basilides in invoking the aid of beneficent spirits against disease and misfortune. It is found on Abraxas stones which were worn as amulets. Subsequently, its use spread beyond the Gnostics. | <urn:uuid:1085b388-7072-435d-b1b0-5bbfc2a1ee91> | {
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By Nancy Atkinson
The original plans for the Juno mission to Jupiter didn’t include a color camera. You don’t need color images when the mission’s main goals are to map Jupiter’s magnetic and gravity fields, determine the planet’s internal composition, and explore the magnetosphere.
But a camera was added to the manifest, and the incredible images from the JunoCam have been grabbing the spotlight.
As an instrument where students and the public can choose the targets, JunoCam is a “public outreach” camera, meant to educate and captivate everyday people.
“The whole endeavor of JunoCam was to get the public to participate in a meaningful way,” said Candy Hansen, Juno co-investigator at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, speaking at a press conference last week to showcase Juno’s science and images.
And participate they have. Hundreds of ‘amateur’ image processing enthusiasts have been processing raw data from the JunoCam, turning them into stunning images, many reminiscent of a swirling Van Gogh ‘starry night’ or a cloudscape by Monet.
“The contributions of the amateurs are essential,” Hansen said. “I cannot overstate how important the contributions are. We don’t have a way to plan our data without the contributions of the amateur astronomers. We don’t have a big image processing team, so we are completely relying on the help of our citizen scientists.”
“What I find the most phenomenal of all is that this takes real work,” Hansen said. “When you download a JunoCam image and process it, it’s not something you do in five minutes. The pictures that we get that people upload back onto our site, they’ve invested hours and hours of their own time, and then generously returned that to us.”
This video shows Juno’s trajectory from Perijove 6, and is based on work by Gerald Eichstädt, compiled and edited by Seán Doran. “This is real imagery projected along orbit trajectory,” Doran explained on Twitter.
Even the science team has expressed their amazement at these images.
“Jupiter looks different than what we expected,” said Scott Bolton, Juno’s principal investigator at the Southwest Research Institute. “Jupiter from the poles doesn’t look anything like it does from the equator. And the fact the north and south pole don’t look like each other, makes us wonder if the storms are stable, if they going to stay that way for years and years like the the Great Red Spot. Only time will tell us what is true.”
Part of what makes these images so stunning is that Juno is closer to Jupiter than any previous spacecraft.
“Juno has an elliptical orbit that brings it between the inner edges of Jupiter’s radiation belt and the planet, passing only 5,000 km above the cloud tops,” Juno Project Manager Rick Nybakken told me in my book ‘Incredible Stories From Space: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Missions Changing Our View of the Cosmos.’ “This close proximity to Jupiter is unprecedented, as no other mission has conducted their science mission this close to the planet. We’re right on top of Jupiter, so to speak.”
Juno engineers designed the mission to enable the use of solar panels, which prior to Juno, have never been used on a spacecraft going so far from the Sun. Juno orbits Jupiter in a way that the solar panels are always pointed towards the Sun and the spacecraft never goes behind the planet. Juno’s orbital design not only enabled an historic solar-powered mission, it also established Juno’s unique science orbit.
Juno spacecraft launched from Cape Canaveral on August 5, 2011. After traveling five years and 1.7 billion miles Juno arrived in orbit at Jupiter on July 4, 2016. The mission will last until at least February 2018, making 11 science orbits around Jupiter, instead of the 32 laps originally planned. Last year, engineers detected a problem with check valves in the propulsion system, and NASA decided to forego an engine burn to move Juno into a tighter 14-day orbit around Jupiter. The current 53.4 day orbit will be maintained, but depending on how the spacecraft responds, NASA could extend the mission another three years to give Juno more flybys near Jupiter.
The next science flyby will occur on July 11, when Juno will get some close-up views of the famous Great Red Spot.
Thanks to everyone who works on these images.
Source: Universe Today
If you enjoy our selection of content please consider following Universal-Sci on social media: | <urn:uuid:f8fc2c42-cfa7-4037-9148-e6640110146c> | {
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As the most representative form of art in the 20th Century, film was first included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register in 2001, and it was Fritz Lang’s Metropolis that was chosen. Born in 1890 in Vienna, Fritz Lang switched from civil engineering to art in university. He had visited Africa and Asia, and then studied painting in Paris. After retiring from the First World War due to injuries, he joined the studio of famous producer Erich Pommer as a screenwriter. In 1919, he began directing. Expressionist visual style dominated his works in the 1920s, including the profoundly influential sci-fi film Metropolis, Dr. Mabuse The Gambler, Part I & Part II, The Nibelungen, Part I & Part II. The sound film M shot in 1931 was another of his masterpieces. After The Testament of Dr. Mabuse was banned by the Nazi Germany, he left his country and made 23 films in Hollywood, most of which were film noir, such as The Big Heat and Human Desire. In 1976, a few months before he passed away, Fritz Lang received the Life Career Award from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.
Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau
Gaining world fame for his film Nosferatu, F.W. Murnau was one of the earliest directors who made an international fame. In as early as the 1920s, he was invited to work in Hollywood and was one of the first overseas talents in the American kingdom of film. Sunrise, the first film he made in the USA, was the first Oscar best picture; whereas Tabu was another legendary work which became his swan song after he died young. Murnau was born in 1888 in Bielefeld, Germany. In his youth, Murnau had already shown interest in drama and literature. He studied art history and literature in university, where he was recruited as theatre actor. In 1919, Murnau established his own studio and shot his first picture, The Boy in Blue. The majority of his early films were chamber-dramas adapted from literary works. Successfully combining Expressionist images and horror story, Nosferatu had great influence on the horror movies of later ages. His other famous films include The Last Laugh, which was almost intertitle-free, and the mega production Faust.
The contents of the programme do not represent the views of the presenter.
The presenter reserves the right to change the programme should unavoidable circumstances make it necessary. | <urn:uuid:fd90f8f2-0177-43b5-b2cb-b9f7d9d5fe21> | {
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Family: Leptonetidae, Leptonetid Cave Spiders view all from this family
Description Less than 1/16" (1.6 mm). Tiny and long-legged. Pale, off-white in color. Has primitive eyes. Aerial, hangs from strands of web.
Range Travis County, Texas.
Endangered Status The Tooth Cave Spider is on the U.S. Endangered Species List. It is classified as endangered in Texas. This tiny predator has suffered from the loss of habitat in its Edwards Plateau range (Travis County). Some caves have been outright destroyed and built over. Others have been modified so that their temperatures and moisture levels have changed and they can no longer support the Tooth Cave Spider and other species. | <urn:uuid:09735d19-0107-40d6-bfc4-9816205d1a46> | {
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While speeding may cause the majority of in-car arguments, which are huge distractions to driving, there is little doubt that cell phone usage while driving has a huge impact on American roads.
This impact starts with the 995 people that were killed in crashes involving distracted driving by way of cell phone in 2009. To all the devotees of technology: We’re sorry, but it is true – cell phones are the primary villain in a nearly one-fifth of all distracted driving fatalities. In all, 5,474 people were killed in 2009 in distracted driving-blamed crashes. These incidents also cause plenty of injuries as well. Distracted driving crashes accounted for 448,000 wounded on the battlefield we call our roadways.
No matter how safe you think you may be, if you’re using a cell phone while you’re driving, you’re being distracted. In fact, the use of ANY type of hand-held device while driving – cell phone or otherwise – makes you four times more likely to be involved in a car crash or collision that is serious enough to leave you with injuries.
You may be thinking at this point “But I don’t text, and I use a handsfree system when I talk on my cellular phone.” Even with a hands-free device, such as a Bluetooth headset or entertainment system, you’re still a distracted driver. Remember – anything that takes your hands off the wheel, your eyes off the road and perhaps most importantly, your mind off the task of driving your car is a distraction, period.
“The safe operation of a car requires the full attention of the driver. The danger is that people can become so absorbed in their conversations or activities that their ability to concentrate on driving is severely impaired, jeopardizing their safety as well as vehicle occupants and pedestrians” said Jeanne M. Salvatore, senior vice president of public affairs at the Insurance Information Institute (III), which has conducted extensive research on cell phone use by drivers.
An in-depth research study conducted by the University of Utah demonstrated just how detrimental using a cell phone could be while driving. If you’re behind the wheel while speaking on your cellular phone, using it to text or to check your email or even doing things like surfing the web, you’re as likely to cause an accident as someone with a blood alcohol level of 0.08. That’s a BAC that is considered legally intoxicated in all fifty states.
So can you stay safe?
Here are six safety tips you should consider following if you think you simply must use your cell phone while driving:
- Before taking or placing a call, pull off the road. We’re serious – you really shouldn’t ever use your cellular phone, even with a hands free device, while you’re driving.
- Use your voice mail. And no, we don’t mean check your voice mail while driving. What’s the harm in delaying a conversation? Not only are you keeping the safety of yourself and others at the forefront, but the conversation will still be there once you’re able to pull of the road.
- If you insist on using your cell phone while driving, remember that you need to at least keep your eyes on the road. That means utilizing voice-command or other hands-free technology to keep your eyes on the road, even as you have conversations.
- Get the call over and done with. Since you’re supposed to be focused on the road and the fact that you’re driving two-tons of steel and plastic, you should keep your conversations brief.
- Don’t discuss stressful topics while you’re driving. If you haven’t pulled over to have your phone call, there is no reason to add more stressors and distractions to your already full plate. Besides, if the topic is that stressful and that important, doesn’t it deserve your full attention, rather than dividing it between driving?
- Never use your mobile phone to text, email or surf the web. We don’t care who you are, doing these tasks will not only take your mind and eyes off the road, but they’ll also cause you to take your hands off the wheel. That’s the deadly trifecta of distracted driving, all rolled up into a single task. | <urn:uuid:c3aa3802-aed2-42da-bf15-2645ceb65366> | {
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Arduino Project 2: The Audible Eye Part 1
The Audible Eye is a short proof-of-concept project that I came up with while looking for ways to experiment with some new gear. The idea of combining an ultrasonic rangefinder and some sort of signaling audio output jumped out to me – it would give you a depth perception, not unlike echo location that bats and dolphins use. As far as practical use, I believe it could be used by the visually impaired as a complement to a white cane, but not as a replacement.
Basically, the tone/pitch of the audio signal would get higher as the operator moves closer to a wall or object, indicating to the operator that they are getting closer. Similarly, as the operator moves away from the wall the tone will drop until it’s almost inaudible.
Let me provide some context to make this more clear. Let’s imagine our operator is blindfolded. If the operator pointed the device down an empty hallway for example, they would hear almost no tone, telling them it’s safe to walk forward. As they approached a wall, the tone would increase. The operator would then scan around them with the device, find another path that was unobstructed, and could continue walking.
This video is all but unwatchable (quality is IMPRESSIVELY bad), but it will at least give you an idea of how it works. And of course I disassembled the project before I realized the video was botched.
Alright, let’s open up the enclosure and start breaking down the project. The entire project can be broken down into just a few components. Here’s a view inside of the enclosure.
- Arduino Uno
- HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Rangefinder
- Breadboard and jumper wires
- 9v Battery Adapter
- 3 Pin Toggle Switch
- 9v Battery (stop putting it on your tongue)
- Headphones (or any other audio output device)
Building the project can be broken down into phases. Let’s focus on the ultrasonic rangefinder first, and build from there.
Setting up the Ultrasonic Rangefinder
There are 4 pins on the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor module: voltage in (labeled “Vcc” on my module), ground, TRIG, and ECHO. The TRIG pin will control the transmission of ultrasound. The ECHO pin will be the receiver pin. Use your jumper wires to connect the ground on the module to the ground on the Arduino (red wire near the top of the above picture) and connect the voltage in pin to the +5v pin on the Arduion (white wire near the top of the above picture). Next, use jumper wires to connect the TRIG and ECHO pins to two of the digital pins on the Arduino. These will be the numbered pins on the Arduino that do NOT have the tilde (~) prefix. In my build, I used pin 2 for the TRIG connection and pin 7 for the ECHO connection. Here’s a better picture:
OK we’re all wired up! There are several libraries for interacting with ultrasonic rangefinders. The one I used is probably out of date, but you can download it here.
Note: If you’re having issues with this library, edit Ultrasonic.cpp and Ultrasonic.h. Replace this line:
Once you’ve downloaded it, add the entire directory (should contain Ultrasonic.h, Ultrasonic.cpp, keywords.txt, and an examples directory) to your Arduino’s libraries directory. I’m being lazy and have the Arduino install on my desktop, so my library directory is here:
Once that’s done, open up the Arduino IDE. Click on the “Sketch” dropdown menu, click “Import Library” and verify that Ultrasonic is a listed library. If it’s there, you’re in good shape.
Visit http://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/UltraSonicDistance and check out the Arduino Sketch provided there. Edit the TRIG_PIN and ECHO_PIN variables to coincide with the pins you used (remember I used 2 and 7 in my case). Connect your Arduino via USB and upload the Sketch. Finally, open the serial monitor (Tools dropdown –> Serial Monitor). You should see readings in inches and centimeters being reported back to the serial monitor.
Awesome – this is our first building block.
Setting up the Audio Output
This step is super easy, unless you’re me and you waste an hour getting stereo wires confused. If you’re using a piezo-electric piece or a simple mono-speaker or headphones, there should be only 2 wires – a voltage in and a ground. Simple. Now, the scrap headphones I had were stereo headphones, which threw me off. If you have a stereo device, you’ll likely have 2 separate insulated sections with 2 types of wiring each. In each insulated wire is one plain copper wire and one painted wire. The copper wires are both grounds and the painted wires are the right and left voltage-in connections. Since we’re just doing simple mono output, go ahead and twist the two copper wires together and twist the two painted wires together. Next, connect the copper ground wires to one of the grounds on the Arduino. For the voltage-in wires, connect them to one of the PWM pins on the Arduino (I used pin 11). Here’s a closeup of the headphone wiring:
Now to test! Conveniently, the Arduino IDE (at least version 1.01) includes a few audio output sketches. Go to File –> Examples –>2. Digial –> Tone Melody. Search the Sketch for the tone() function – change the pin number in each of these functions to coincide with the pin you connected your headphones/speaker to. Now upload the Sketch to your Arduino – if everything is working, you should hear some the melody of “Shave and a haircut, two bits.”
Awesome – now we have two of our building blocks completed.
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Everyone experiences a nosebleed from time to time. The cause may be an impact to the nose, but many times the nose bleeds because of nasal congestion due to a nasal allergy, strep throat, a sinus infection, or a cold that irritates and weakens the delicate nasal lining.
In some adults, especially those taking aspirin or anticoagulants, the bleeding may start spontaneously. However, the main cause of nosebleeds is people picking or irritating the small blood vessels just inside the nose. If you pick, rub, or irritate these veins, they can break open and bleed.
Nosebleeds can develop in the rear part of the nose. Blood will typically flow backward and down the throat instead of out the nose. Applying pressure to the nostrils will not stop the flow of blood, and blood loss could be substantial. It is necessary to see a doctor or go to the emergency room in order to be treated.
In middle-aged people, spontaneous bleeding is often related to high blood pressure that is not well controlled, or not yet diagnosed. A nosebleed stemming from the back of the nose can also result from hemophilia (a bleeding disorder), leukemia, and other bleeding disorders related to low platelet levels or blood clotting.
If you cannot stop your nose from bleeding, if its starts bleeding after a head injury but no accompanying injury to the nose, or if you have frequent nosebleeds and suspect that it is due to something other than a nasal irritation, contact your physician or go to the emergency room.
To stop a common nosebleed, apply pressure to the dividing wall between the nostrils. First, sit or stand upright with the head tilted forward to lower blood pressure to the head, and prevent the escaping blood from flowing down the throat.
Take your thumb and forefinger and forcefully grab the front of your nose. Press hard enough so that the nostrils are pressed tightly against the septum. You know you have applied enough pressure if you look in mirror and see the skin blanch. Breathe through your mouth and continue to apply this pressure for one minute by the clock.
Most of the time, this pressure is sufficient to cause the blood to clot and stop the nosebleed. If the nose continues to bleed, apply pressure for another minute. If the bleeding still continues unabated after 15 minutes of steady pressure, contact your doctor.
Once the bleeding has stopped, do not blow your nose for several hours or you may cause it to bleed again. Apply an antibiotic ointment to a cotton-tipped applicator and gently rub it on the inside of your nose. The antibiotic will help destroy any germs, while the ointment will help keep the nasal lining moist. Reapply the ointment several times a day for several days, especially before going to bed at night. Many people tend to rub their noses unconsciously in their sleep, especially children. If the nasal lining is dry and unprotected, it can easily begin to bleed again.
Nosebleeds tend to recur because, although the tissue quickly heals, it takes more than a week for the area to heal completely. In the meantime, if you rub the nose hard, sneeze, blow your nose, or stick your finger in your nose to scratch or remove dried crusts of mucus inside the nose, you effectively remove the healing tissue and the bleeding can start all over again.
If professional help is needed, the doctor will probably pack the nose with gauze at the point where the back of the nose meets the back of the throat. This will put pressure on the damaged artery and stop the bleeding. For persistent bleeding, the nostril may first be anesthetized and a catheter then inserted. As the catheter fills with blood, pressure is applied to the artery and bleeding stops.
In the case of head injury, x-rays will be taken to see if there is a possible skull fracture.
What is causing the nosebleed?
Is it related to another medical problem or condition?
What can be done to minimize the risk of bleeding?
If bleeding starts, how can it be stopped?
What can be done to prevent future attacks?
Under what circumstances should an emergency room visit be appropriate? | <urn:uuid:0878f5f9-eef2-43ff-803a-f46519463b92> | {
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Risks and protective factors
This section of the site helps school staff understand the many risk factors that may challenge and undermine children’s mental health.
It also helps schools understand what they can do (on their own and working with partners) to help build good mental health and resilience, and reduce the risks that can harm children’s mental health.
Children’s mental health is best understood as a spectrum. It is shaped by a complex relationship between genetic make-up, external risks jeopardising their social and emotional development, and protective factors that shield them from these risks.
What are risks?
Risks come in many forms. They can be linked to differences in a child’s temperament (for example, being more emotionally placid or more volatile) as well as the result of exposure to harmful experiences, environments or events within the family, friendships, school, community, or more broadly in society (e.g. through discrimination, poverty, homelessness etc.).
What is resilience?
Not all children exposed to risks develop mental health difficulties. Resilience is the ability to cope and thrive despite facing setbacks in life. Some children are naturally more resilient than others, but it is a skill that can be taught. For example, having the ability to stay calm can be particularly ‘protective’ when children are faced with difficulties.
This introductory video from the Harvard Center for the Developing Child looks at what fosters resilience in children.
Resilience is not infinitely elastic
Children are not on a level playing field when it comes to exposure to risk, and resilience is not infinitely elastic. It can be tested when children face multiple ‘snowballing’ stresses and risks in their lives.
We also know that certain harmful experiences in childhood (known as Adverse Childhood Experiences – ACEs) can be toxic to children’s development, resulting in hidden trauma and potentially leading to later physical and mental health problems, school disengagement and risk-taking behaviours. These adverse childhood experiences include:
- neglect and abuse – including sexual abuse
- violence between parents/carers
- parental separation
- poor parental/carer mental health
- substance/alcohol misuse
For this reason, the ability to cope and thrive is not just about children learning skills, but is also about how adults in children’s lives, in their schools and communities take action to offset the family and environmental factors and barriers that can undermine children’s ability to flourish.
Take advantage of contact time.
School staff are in an ideal position to help mobilise children’s resilience through day-to-day contact.
Be observant and inquisitive.
Notice changes and differences in behaviour.
Show children and families you care.
Be aware of what is going on in a child’s life and how complex it might be.
Be mindful of good safeguarding practice.
If you have concerns, take action early.
What schools can do to support children’s resilience
This website is not about turning school staff into mental health experts. It aims to help you:
- Think about why a child is behaving in a certain way and consider other things that are going on in their lives.
- Be more alert, informed and systematic in your approach to identifying risks and strengths in a child’s life which might be affecting their wellbeing.
- Avoid rushing to conclusions about the source of that stress when it is not clear cut. But you can track risks and protective factors affecting resilience as part of your general monitoring of pupils’ progress and development.
- Use the school environment and everyday opportunities to help promote children’s mental health and develop coping skills. For most children, this can help build resilience.
- Be aware that some children may also need additional school-based assistance (check-ins with staff, counselling, small group work, SEND resources) to help them manage and get through difficult times.
- Work in partnership with parents/carers to help children develop their resilience – this may mean helping parents get help to support their child.
- Ensure that these activities sit within a whole-school approach to supporting children’s mental health and wellbeing.
Despite all these best efforts, a few children may still go on to develop more significant mental health needs. At this point, school staff will need to know how to help children access broader community-based support such as early help, voluntary sector support, national helplines and specialist CAMHS input.
Further information and resources about resilience:
- Academic resilience and the Interactive Resilience Framework: Boing Boing and YoungMinds have created a range of resources to promote academic resilience. Their resilience framework provides a useful way both of thinking about what a child might need to overcome adversity and of things that might fall within the influence of schools to promote a child’s resilience.
- Building Confidence: coping resources developed by Childline to support resilience by building confidence and self-esteem.
- Toxic stress and healthy development: brief video introduction to why learning how to cope with adversity is an important part of healthy development, from Harvard University.
- The impact of multiple risk factors: animated video (5 mins) explaining the impact of multiple risk factors on children and strategies that could be used to reduce these risks, especially around building the capabilities of adults in contact with those children.
- Helping with adverse childhood experiences: commentary on how schools can help with adverse childhood experiences.
- Building resilience - children and young people: guidance on building children and young people’s resilience which has a section on schools.
- Impact of adverse childhood experiences: video (5 mins) explaining adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their impact on children.
Risks and protective factors – what’s covered?
On each page in this section of the site, we provide information about key risk factors and how schools can play a major part in helping children build a ‘protective shield’ against these risks.
There’s information on:
- Key risks that undermine children’s mental health.
- How you might spot when a child’s wellbeing is deteriorating and when they might be having difficulty managing (see spectrum above).
- What schools can do to build and preserve strong mental health, help children cope and prevent them struggling or becoming unwell.
- Resources for school staff.
- Resources to signpost parents/carers and children to help them mobilise strengths and develop coping skills and resilience.
The site is being piloted during 2018 when we will be working with 50 schools from across England to help us review and refine the content. We know that there is a huge demand for reliable, evidence-based mental health resources for schools so we are making the site publicly available during this pilot phase. If you have any comments or feedback you would like to share, please fill out our online form. | <urn:uuid:5a17ac0f-fc8b-4e2b-a0fa-ea19c1205ff9> | {
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