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This study examined the composing process and communication of students aged 5–8 identified with intellectual disabilities. An open-ended writing activity called Big Paper was implemented at least once every 2 weeks for a 6-month period. Qualitative methods were utilized to analyze writing samples, videotapes of writing sessions, and transcripts of interactions during writing sessions. Students exhibited a range of communicative interactions during the writing sessions and varied improvement in writing quality along a scale of writing conventions. In addition, students demonstrated engagement in the cognitive process of writing (Flower & Hayes, 1981), and the community as a whole demonstrated engagement consistent with a social-interactive (Nystrand, 1989) composition model. Implications for defining composition, planning instruction, and assessing student growth are shared. | <urn:uuid:747ef65f-9f05-4044-ade5-8e2d0bb3aa99> | {
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A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases.
For centuries, up to the Second Vatican Council, the outward visible sign of the clerical state. A lock or sometimes a circle of hair was cut, varying in size, from the top of the head. the baptized and confirmed layman so tonsured was admitted to the clerical state with all privileges in an ecclesiastical ceremony. In 1972, with the apostolic letter Mysteria Quaedam, Pope Paul VI decreed that "The first tonsure is no longer conferred. Entrance into the clerical state is now joined with the Diaconate." This provision applies to the Latin Rite. (Etym. Latin tonsura, a shearing, from tondere, to shear, shave.)
All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission. | <urn:uuid:a8bbe440-c828-4fce-a179-acd25fe0839a> | {
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In a galaxy like the Milky Way, this is a very rare event over the age of the galaxy. The distances between stars are typically several light years. The diameters of stars are typically a million miles. This means that two stars have to be in orbits that are very carefully tuned so that the stars can suffer a collision. The impact rate is figured by multiplying the speed of the star as it moves, with the cross section of a star, and the density of stars in the galaxy; all in consistent units. Example, stars travel at a speed of 50 kilometers per second, they have a geometric cross section of pi x ( 1 million kilometers)squared or 3 trillion square kilometers. The density of stars in the solar neighborhood is about one in every 16 cubic light years or about 300 trillion trillion trillion cubic kilometers. Multiplying these together we get :
50 x 3 trillion / (300 trillion trillion trillion) seconds.
This means in order for one collision to take place, we would have to wait 2 trillion trillion seconds or 6,000 trillion years! So, the chances of any two stars in the solar neighborhood of colliding is very remote. There are, however, places where stars can travel at much faster speeds, and where there are far more stars per cubic light year that where we are located. In dense star clusters, or in the cores of galaxies, collisions between stars can be much more frequent and in fact there can be several of them over a period of billions or even millions of years. | <urn:uuid:a2a20fd1-973c-4285-bd42-e0436c6e9295> | {
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Wetlands of International Importance: Switzerland, Laubersmad-Salwidili
Laubersmad-Salwidili. 02/02/05; Lucerne; 1,376 ha; 46°58'N 007° 59'E. Biosphere Reserve, Biogenetic Reserve. Several types of mountain swamps with low, transitional and raised bogs of national importance, between 1,060 and 1,900 meters asl, forming a mosaic with wet spruce forests and meadows. It supports rare animal and plant species dependent on these ecosystems and plays an important role in water retention. The presence of the Three-toed Woodpecker, the Capercaillie, the Black Grouse and the Lynx is noted on site. A management plan is implemented and work on raised bogs regeneration has been undertaken in 2004. Human activities include typical Swiss mountain pursuits of pasturage and silviculture, as well as cross-country skiing, hiking, mushroom and berry picking. Ramsar site no. 1444.
Photos by Meinrad Küttel.
Photos by Rolf Waldis. | <urn:uuid:21c1a031-6cdc-4393-9533-eb0d33f550ce> | {
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48. Delphinium luteum A. Heller, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 6: 68. 1903.
Stems 20-40(-55) cm; base often reddish, nearly glabrous. Leaves mostly on proximal 1/4 of stem; basal leaves 4-9 at anthesis; cauline leaves 2-4 at anthesis; petiole 0.5-6 cm. Leaf blade round to pentagonal, 1-5 × 2-10 cm, nearly glabrous; ultimate lobes 3-5, width 8-30 mm (basal), 5-15 mm (cauline). Inflorescences 5-25(-37)-flowered; pedicel (1-)3-5(-7) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 6-10(-17) mm from flowers, green, linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm, nearly glabrous. Flowers: sepals bright yellow, puberulent, appearing waxy, lateral sepals ± forward pointing, (11-)14-16 × (6-)9-13 mm, spur straight, ca. 30° below horizontal, 11-20 mm; lower petal blades elevated, exposing stamens, 3-4 mm, clefts 0.5-1.5 mm; hairs sparse or absent, ± evenly distributed if present, white to yellow. Fruits 11-14 mm, 3.5-4.5 times longer than wide, glabrous. Seeds unwinged; seed coat cell surfaces smooth.
Flowering late winter-mid spring. Wet cliffs, coastal grassland or chaparral; of conservation concern; 0-50 m; Calif.
Delphinium luteum is presently known from only three populations. It is known to hybridize with D . decorum and with D . nudicaule . Populations of D . hesperium subsp. hesperium also occur at the type locality; D . luteum flowers earlier and hybrids are not known.
Delphinium luteum is not likely to be mistaken for any other species of Delphinium . It has been treated as a variety of D . nudicaule and is closely related to that species. Sepals of the infrequent yellow-flowered phase of D . nudicaule , however, have a much drabber appearance compared with the bright shining yellow of the sepals in D . luteum . | <urn:uuid:075d1c62-aa42-49bb-9919-012477f1fe43> | {
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By soul is meant the principle of life in a living body - that which makes it alive. Further, it is the principle of the different activities characteristic of a living thing. In that wide sense, philosophers from ancient times have applied the word soul not only to the human soul but also to the life principle in all living bodies. In that sense, a tree or a horse has a soul.
We are concerned here with the human soul which has the powers of nutrition, growth and generation found in vegetative life, and the powers of sensitive knowledge and love possessed by animal life. We have, for example, sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell - and so do cats or dogs or horses. Imagination and memory are also found in animals below man.
Mere matter cannot explain these attributes, for they transcend purely material powers; they demand as their cause something more than the common forces of matter. The vital principle responsible for them is called the soul.
But we also exercise activities higher than these. We have a higher kind of knowledge than cats or dogs - intellectual knowledge, by which we penetrate into the nature of things. No sense can do this; a superior power is needed. Sight, hearing and the other senses show only the superficial qualities of things, and if we could get no further than this the human race would never have developed science or culture. But we are able to use sense knowledge to go deeper, to see, however imperfectly, into the nature of things.
The intellect transcends the whole material order when it knows spiritual realities, and establishes the existence of God and something of His nature. As St Paul says: "[E]ver since the creation of the world his [God's] invisible nature, namely his eternal power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made" (Romans 1:20).
Man also has will, which is the power of loving that transcends the appetites had by lower animals. Things we understand are seen as good or bad, and can be chosen or rejected. The power that does this is the will, and because it follows intellectual knowledge, it too must be a power surpassing the appetites we have in common with the lower animals. A property of the will is freedom, which is why we are responsible for our actions and deserve praise or blame.
A thing is understood from what it does, so some understanding of the human soul can be gained by examining its activities of understanding and willing.
Take the concept brought to mind by the word circle. It expresses the nature of this figure, but without any of the concrete particulars that characterise any existing circle. For instance, an existing circle may be ten centimetres across and drawn in white chalk. But the idea of circle abstracts from these particulars, and expresses the common nature possessed by all circles.
Similarly the idea of man fits every member of the human race, while abstracting from all the particulars, such as height, skin colour, weight, possessed by individuals.
But a power (intellect), which can know things without the material conditions had by individuals, must be superior to material things. If it can know immaterially, it must be immaterial, because what it can do is based on what it is.
Similarly, the will makes choices based on intellectual knowledge, transcending the appetites we have in common with the lower animals. Often, in fact, the will struggles against those sense appetites. As St Paul puts it: "For I delight in the law of God, in my inmost self, but I see in my members another law at war with the law of my mind" (Romans 7:23).
These two powers, intellect and will, surpass in their activity the capability of the material world - their acts are spiritual, not material. So the being that exercises them must be at least part spirit. Clearly we are not pure spirits, like angels, for much of our activity essentially involves the body. But the human soul does more than animate the body; it has acts proper to itself and is itself spirit, not a merely material principle.
Survival of soul
It follows that the human soul survives death. Material things are made up of parts that can be separated, resulting in death. But a spirit is immune from dissolution because it is not made of elements that disintegrate. And since the powers of the intellect and will are in the soul, they will operate after death. This conclusion from philosophy is confirmed by Revelation, as in St Paul's wish to be separated from the body and to be with the Lord (II Cor 5:8).
But the separated soul, after death, is in an unnatural state, for man is essentially a compound of soul and body. The soul should not be thought of as a complete being which happens to dwell in the body during this earthly life.
Aristotle aptly compares the unity between body and soul to that between wax and the shape given it by a stamp (Aristotle: De anima, book 2, chapter 1). The result is not wax plus shape (as though they were two things), but shaped wax. And a human being is not a soul plus a body, but an ensouled body.
Based on this fact, a strong argument from reason can be given for a resurrection of the body: God acts wisely and treats things according to their nature, so it seems he would raise our bodies, making us once more complete human beings. From Revelation we know this to be a fact: all will rise at the end of time, and will continue, body and soul, for all eternity.
John Young is a Melbourne-based Catholic author, writer and lecturer. | <urn:uuid:c2442e74-7e1f-47ed-b8b3-feb7e50acab2> | {
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During World War II, chemists concerned about America's threatened rubber supply began researching synthetic substitutes and stumbled upon one of the greatest materials in toy history. A "solid liquid," the new, stretchable material was a marvel of science and of absolutely no use to the American war effort. Dubbed "Nutty Putty," the new substance was marketed as a novelty toy by entrepreneur Peter Hodgson, who sold it packaged inside colorful plastic eggs, just in time for Easter. When a write-up appeared in the New Yorker, Hodgson received more than 250,000 orders in three days. Scientists and toymakers have been refining everyone's favorite nonrubber ever since. The year 1991 saw the introduction of glow-in-the-dark Silly Putty, while NASA learned the substance could be used to restrain objects in zero gravity, taking it aboard Apollo 8 to hold down tools. | <urn:uuid:93f89be8-e246-47b9-aeae-5f0d17eb4fcf> | {
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To remain competitive in a technology-rich, global economy, states must make sure that students leave high school with the knowledge and skills necessary for success. Through cPass® assessments, the Career Pathways Assessment System offers a way to measure high school students’ readiness for postsecondary education or entry into the workforce.
Rather than focusing on academic skills alone, cPass also measures the knowledge and skills needed for specific career pathways. With a mix of multiple-choice questions, technology-enhanced items, and performance-based tasks, cPass measures skills both in the classroom and in real-world situations.
cPass offers both students and states a valuable tool. Students can use the tests to help prepare for a changing economy, and states can use the tests to help ensure a capable and effective workforce for the future.
View our FAQ page to learn more about the tests and how your state can participate in their development. | <urn:uuid:5e20b43e-57cf-413e-b65a-20a9e1cc99de> | {
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One of the most common hurdles in people's lives is their weight. Some people calorie restrict and over-exercise to the point of creating an eating disorder. Others are constantly yo-yo dieting which usually leaves them with too many pounds. Most of us don't realize that our eating patterns and habits are not serving us, and in fact may be contributing to the problem.
One of the most common things I see is a pattern of emotional eating gone awry. What is emotional eating? Emotional eating is eating food to satisfy an emotional need. For example, most of us can relate to feeling sad or moody, and having a piece of chocolate as a pick-me-up. The chocolate creates a chemical change on a cellular basis that leaves us with a happy good-feeling response. After eating the chocolate, we receive a temporary but noticeable sense of relief. As a result, we repeatedly turn to specific foods or food types looking for that quick instant fix.
Many of us do this because we may be blissfully distant or unaware of our emotions. We may be unaware of them, or like to mask them -- for which food can do a great job.
Below, I will describe the difference between emotional eating and physiological eating. Physiological eaters tend to listen to their body's hunger cues and eat for their body, not for their emotions. Here are some tell-tale signs that we are emotionally eating:
1. Emotional eaters tend to get hungry instantly. It comes out of 'nowhere' and without awareness or warning, we instantly crave a specific food. In that instant, we may feel like we need that food or we will die! It is like an intense craving that overtakes our whole mind and body!
Physiological eating, on the other hand, starts as a rumble in the stomach which intensifies into noises when we are physically feeling hungry. Physical eating is different as the body gives us the cue to eat. Emotional eating does not listen to the body's cues, but seems to occur out of nowhere! It literally hits us over the head and demands that we eat now!
2. Emotional eating is usually hallmarked by the types of food. With emotional eating, we are usually drawn to very specific foods. Often it is comfort foods, such as cakes, chips, chocolate and ice cream. With emotional eating, these comfort foods are very specific. When we are in this mind-set, we know exactly which brand of cookies to buy as no other brand will do. The difference is physiological eating is that the brand of cookies or chips is irrelevant.
3. Another hallmark of emotional eating is the satiety point. With emotional eating, it takes many servings to feel full. It seems like a larger amount of food is necessary compared to someone who is physiologically eating. With emotional eating, we rely on food to dull or distance our emotions. It always seems like there is space for yet another serving. Physiological eaters get full easily and usually refuse extra helpings as their body is giving them the cue to stop.
Now that you know the basic differences, how do you stop emotional eating? How can you listen to your body and let your body dictate your eating, and thereby break away from the emotional eating cycle?
It is actually easier than most people realize.
First off, simply recognizing that you are an emotional eater is the starting point. When you want to eat, and feel yourself reaching for the fridge -- stop! Take a few big breaths and get some water. Drink a few glasses of water, and perhaps even get a journal and pen. Close your eyes and listen to your body-mind connection. Start to notice if there is an emotion building up in your body that you are running from. If so, write down the emotion and what your thought processes are.
Now, go for a walk and take a few breaths of fresh air. As you do this regularly, you will notice that those strong emotional pangs that had you grabbing for the chocolate bar start to subside. When you return home, you will likely find that you are not even hungry!
Over time, with consistent practice, you will start to listen to your body and feel the physical signs of hunger and respond to those consistently. Soon enough, your emotional eating will become a thing of the past and you will label yourself a physiological eater!
Full of caffeine and sugar, energy drinks and caffeinated colas are some of the worst foods for stress, Dawn Jackson Blatner, R.D., author of author of The Flexitarian Diet, told HuffPost. "That dynamic duo of trouble ... the combination of both the caffeine jitters and the sugar crash, that can be taxing on your body, so it does add stress," she says. Guzzling energy drinks can also make stress worse because of the way caffeine affects sleep. An energy drink can contain as much caffeine as three cups of coffee -- which can lead to insomnia, an aggravator of stress.
If you're experiencing stress-related digestive troubles, steer clear of spicy foods that might aggravate the discomfort. People who get stressed easily are not able to process food as well, Bauer explains. "[Stress] slows down metabolism and makes it harder to digest food, so food sits in stomach for longer. This leads to things like acid reflux, and spicy food then could make that worse."
People often turn to treats when they're stressed, but sugar only contributes to higher levels of stress hormones. "We go naturally to the wrong foods because they increase levels of cortisol," Bauer says. The blood sugar and insulin spikes that accompany the consumption of refined sugar can also lead to crashes, irritability and increased food cravings.
A glass of wine can calm you down, right? Wrong. Alcohol stimulates the release of cortisol, according to a 2008 study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. The study found that heavy drinkers and those who had recently increased their drinking had higher levels of the stress hormone. Alcohol and stress "feed" each other, according to University of Chicago research published in 2011 in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. People may turn to alcohol to dampen the emotional effects of stress, but it turns out that stress actually reduces the intoxicating effects of alcohol, according to the research.
For the same reasons, sweet coffee drinks -- like vanilla lattes and mochas, which are made with sugary syrups and espresso -- can also increase stress levels. "A lot of people, if they're feeling panicked at 3:00 with all the work they have left to do, make matters way worse by going to Starbucks and getting a sugary coffee drink, which makes them highly agitated, even more so than they were," Blatner says.
High in sodium, fat and artificial additives (not to mention that they add little-to-no nutritional value), the processed foods we turn to for a little comfort can actually increase stress levels. "The foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt are the foods that directly increase our cortisol levels," Bauer says. "That's what we crave when we are stressed, as a result."
The high carb and fat content of french fries may provide a quick energy fix, but will only lead to a crash later on. And aside from the obvious
According to Blatner, chewing gun and eating artificially sweetened candies could exacerbate stress-related digestive issues, which can in turn lead to irritability. "[Foods that cause bloating] may not make you stressed out but it makes you feel uncomfortable, and being uncomfortable makes you stressed out," Blatner explains. "It makes you feel more irritated."
Comfort food takes on a whole new meaning with de-stressing solutions that may be in your fridge.
Follow Dr. Divi Chandna on Twitter: www.twitter.com/DrDiviC | <urn:uuid:40a1ea52-a86e-47d2-8519-ef338fea5bbc> | {
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Dr Hare and his colleagues took 43 men and 51 women, all of them straight, and gave them two tasks.
One was to decide whether an androgynous computer-generated face was, on balance, more likely to be female or male.
The other was to rate members of the opposite sex shown in photographs for both their sexual attractiveness and their likelihood of being unfaithful.
The participants completed both tasks twice, on consecutive days.
On one day they were exposed to the appropriate molecule (AND for the women; EST for the men) and on the other to a placebo that ought to have had no effect.
Crucially, the study was double-blinded, which meant that neither the researchers nor the participants knew which day was which.
This should have made it impossible for unconscious biases on the part of the experimenters or the subjects to have had any effect on the result.
If AND and EST really are aphrodisiac pheromones, the researchers reasoned, then they ought to make participants more likely to assume that androgynous faces belonged to the opposite sex.
They should also boost the sex appeal of the people in the photographs—and, because of that boost, increase the perception that those people might be unfaithful,
since the attractive have more opportunities for infidelity than the plain.
In fact, they did none of these things. The study thus found no evidence that either AND or EST is a pheromone.
Those who buy pheromone perfumes based on them would therefore appear to be wasting their money.
Whether the triumph of hope over experience will cause them to carry on doing so anyway is a different question altogether. | <urn:uuid:69f0785c-ec97-4f04-8fb6-d6462dc4b4d0> | {
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|Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Roman Coins| ▸ |Recovery of the Empire| ▸ |Carinus||View Options: | | | |
Carinus, First Half 283 - Spring 285 A.D.
Carinus was the son of Carus who was Praetorian prefect during the reign of Probus. After his father seized power, Carinus was raised to the rank of Caesar in October 282 and left to manage the Western provinces while his father and brother Numerian campaigned against the Persians in the east. The campaign was a success, but Carus was killed by lightning. In 285 Carinus left Rome to confront the usurper Julian I and then Diocletian, who had been declared Augustus by his troops. Carinus was nearly victorious in battle but was murdered by one of his chief officers - apparently, Carinus had seduced his wife. | <urn:uuid:d3cc4087-34f4-4085-ae71-269065d42388> | {
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The National Science Foundation (NSF), National Weather Service, and the City of Fort Worth have given the Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA), centered at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, a two-year, $1.34-million grant designed to accelerate the application of CASA’s revolutionary weather-tracking radar system, now being tested in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The CASA radars provide high-resolution, near-surface views of hazardous weather events such as tornadoes, thunderstorms, and flooding and allow emergency managers to broadcast faster, more accurate, more targeted storm warnings and forecasts to the public.
CASA’s radars promise to have a major impact on weather-related hazards, including loss of life, damage to property, and severe economic disruption due to tornadoes, ice storms, and flash flooding. Extreme weather in 2011 resulted in at least 922 deaths and more than $70 billion in total economic losses across the U.S.
The NSF grant, part of its Accelerating Innovation Research program, will support the establishment of an innovation ecosystem: a multi-partner collaboration which will act as a national model for public-private cooperation while deploying CASA radars in cities that experience severe weather hazards.
“The idea of the innovation ecosystem is to use the Dallas-Fort Worth test bed as a platform for research and getting the technology out,” says Brenda Philips, CASA’s deputy director and the principal investigator for the NSF project. “We are looking to develop public-private partnerships to accelerate the translation of CASA’s warning system and related technologies into operation throughout the country.”
How can cities benefit from the CASA technology? For the past nine years, CASA has been dedicated to revolutionizing the nation’s ability to observe, understand, predict, and respond to hazardous weather events. The center has pursued an innovative, low-cost, densely networked, X-Band, radar-sensing system to overcome the resolution and coverage limitations of the current NEXRAD National Weather Service network. The short-range and close spacing of CASA radars give them the ability to scan low to the ground with very high spatial resolution.
Such low-altitude scanning allows for CASA radars to track tornadoes, thunderstorms, and other severe weather at ground zero, where it happens, thus providing earlier, more accurate warnings than current NEXRAD technology allows.
The innovation ecosystem will focus on a few key initiatives. The first is a flashflood forecasting system for the Fort Worth area, done in collaboration with the Storm Water Division of the Fort Worth Transportation and Public Works Department. In the U.S., flooding is the second leading cause of weather-related fatalities, with an average of 92 deaths each year. Flooding causes an average of about $7.65 billion in damages every year in the U.S.
With those flashflood risks in mind, CASA will work with Fort Worth to create a cost-effective approach for boosting lead times for broadcasting flashflood warnings in the city. Fort Worth is currently installing its own sophisticated network of gauges for measuring flashfloods, and now it can also take advantage of the CASA radar network, which is equivalent to having rainfall gauges every 800 feet. “We’re working to incorporate CASA data into Fort Worth’s new flashflood warning system,” says Philips. CASA collaborators at Colorado State University will lead the effort to develop radar-derived rainfall estimates required to improve accuracy of flood forecasts.
A related aspect of the innovation ecosystem is working with the University of Oklahoma’s Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms to adapt several analysis and assimilation tools to the Dallas-Fort Worth test bed and forecast where potentially deadly thunderstorms originate, literally “cutting them off at the pass” by warning people in their path.
Another significant goal is to create a marketable, lifesaving product from CASA’s meteorological command and control software, which is basically the brain of the CASA system. Philips and her collaborators will also be studying the economic value of CASA data and applying it to how jobs and taxes can be generated from them. In addition, CASA will carry out several educational components, including student participation in research projects and in student venture teams, which will be part of coursework at the University of North Texas.
“There are three main things we’re trying to do in the test bed,” Philips sums up. “First is to demonstrate the value of CASA radars and other sensors in an urban environment. Second is to develop new private-public partnership models for deploying and operating sensors. And third is to be a platform for future research in complex urban environments.”
The Dallas-Fort Worth test bed will eventually be comprised of eight CASA-style radars and soon expand to include a set of wideband, high-dynamic-range barometers built by Paroscientific, Inc. for sensing both nearby and distant infrasound signals. CASA envisions that the multi-sensor test bed will then be extended to include wind profilers, Doppler lidars, supplementary radars, and other sensors. Ultimately, the innovation ecosystem is expected to serve as a prototype for a national-scale “network-of-networks,” which enables a multitude of users and sensor providers to exchange observational data across a common infrastructure.
Collaborators include UMass Amherst, Colorado State University, University of Oklahoma, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs,University of Texas-Arlington, Universityof North Texas, and AECOM Technical Services. Partnership investments include $356,000 from the City of Fort Worth, $275,000 from the National Weather Service, $75,000 from Ridgeline Instruments, and $60,000 from the North Central Texas Council of Governments. CASA is also funded by the Jerome M. Paros Fund for Measurement and Environmental Sciences Research at UMass Amherst. (January 2013) | <urn:uuid:d57beeba-99a6-4552-9c1e-5a7464ff939c> | {
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As a reporter in Afghanistan, Charles Duhigg observed the power of habit in successful military operations. He used these observations as an entry into his 2012 New York Times bestseller The Power of Habit. The book demonstrates in great detail the science behind how habits impact every aspect of our daily lives.
As a reporter in Afghanistan, Charles Duhigg observed the power of habit in successful military operations. He used these observations as an entry into his 2012 New York Times bestseller The Power of Habit. The book demonstrates in great detail the science behind how habits impact every aspect of our daily lives. Here are the 13 key insights from The Power of Habit:
To create lasting change, it’s more effective to target our habits.
Almost 40 percent of our actions each day are the result of habits, not decisions. Scientists have found that the replacement of just one set of neurological patterns can overhaul them all.
Habits emerge without our consent. To save energy, the brain creates a habit loop that looks for a trigger to cue a behavior.
To form a habit loop, the brain first looks for a cue, a trigger that tells your brain when to begin the next element, the routine. Of course, this routine won’t stick without a reward, which reinforces to your brain that the habit loop is worth it.
Cravings are what drive habits and are the key to most successful advertising campaigns.
When a habit loop is formed, we begin to crave the reward at the end. The anticipation of the reward can begin to introduce the same feeling.
Any change can occur with the right framework.
By identifying the routine that makes up a habit, you can figure out what craving the habit is actually trying to fill. For example, Charles Duhigg found that his craving for a cookie in the afternoon was actually just a craving for the socialization the cafeteria provided.
You can replace old habits with new ones by shifting routines, but only belief will keep you from relapsing.
Everyone relapses to old habits in times of stress but the key to to not ditching your new habits completely is the belief that you can stick to them.
Strong keystone habits can have unexpected and wide-reaching effects.
Habits are contagious and just changing a few key ones, like substituting an apple for a cookie, can lead to a larger lifestyle overhaul.
Small successes are the building blocks of bigger wins.
Scientist aren’t sure exactly why, but small changes often have a ripple effect. Research shows that people who work out just once a week also begin to eat healthier, too.
Willpower can be learned. It needs exercise, like a muscle.
Throughout the day, our willpower gets exhausted. It’s why we’re more likely to cave in to bad cravings at dinner or why most extramarital affairs begin after work. Just like our muscles, willpower needs to be gradually trained to get stronger.
Organizational habits evolve from the collective habits of employees, not from rational decisions.
Routines are necessary for work to get done, but when all parties aren’t willing to join in on the truce, it can create toxic habits. Crises provide the perfect time to reevaluate organizational habits because people are more willing to see the need for change.
Good leaders embrace crises as moments for change
Rather than immediately trying to defuse a crisis, a good leader extends the moment to catalyze important institutional changes. Good leaders consider the opinions of others in their organization but are also able to drive important goals to the forefront of the agenda. Crises are the moments when others are generally most open to change.
Rather than create new habits, companies can use data to sell their products by taking advantage of our old habits.
Whether we realize it or not, we tend to be creatures of habit in our shopping. Over time, patterns develop in our shopping habits that describe what we like to buy — as well as possible upcoming changes. For example, Target figured out that an uptick in buying scented lotion meant a female customer was almost surely pregnant. By identifying these habits, retailers can make sure to expose us to the right products to increase their profits.
Weak ties provide us important social information.
Our weak social ties are often more important than our close ones. While close friends are usually exposed to the same new information as we are (such as jobs), people we have less strong ties usually have access to information we don’t.
Even with conditioning, will power has a strong basis in neurology.
Scientists have found that some people have a neurological predisposition to addictions. Gamblers see losses as near wins so they don’t quit while they’re behind. However, even with those neurological disadvantages, once a habit is identified, it’s the responsibility of the holder to change it. Even the strongest habits can be modified over time. | <urn:uuid:b8a65500-2798-4ec7-8a25-a83d6b572859> | {
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Today I want to talk about my first love, rocks.
I studied rocks for three years. I got to see rocks, hold rocks, scratch rocks, memorise rocks. Sometimes I got to go on field trips and look at really, really big rocks.
Rocks are pretty great.
What’s also pretty great are the building blocks of rocks, minerals.
Minerals are the natural crystalline structures found within rocks, and are used to interpret what kind of rock you’re looking at e.g. garnet, topaz, diamond. They are solid structures made up of chemical bonds and there are around 4000 different kinds identified so far. Although it’s not generally the best way to identify a mineral as most minerals are white in their purest form, the colours of minerals can also be pretty exciting and draw people in.
We learnt about wavelengths waaay back here and it’s the amount of absorption of these wavelengths which determines the colour of a mineral.
It is mostly atomic bonds within these minerals which do all the wavelength-absorbing.
Minerals consist of elements. For example, an extremely common mineral, quartz, has chemical composition SiO2 meaning it is composed of elements silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) bonded together.
A few elements contain electrons that like to absorb wavelengths as it is these wavelengths which provide them with a booster of energy – the amount of energy depends on which wavelength is absorbed. Bonding between different elements changes the amount of energy electrons have resulting in different colours.
Elements that can do this can have great influence over the colour of a mineral, even just the tiniest trace. It is also thought that almost any element could produce almost any colour.
Nickel (Ni) for example will taint minerals green as seen in annabergite
Uranium (U) will colour minerals yellow like in zippeite
Cobalt (Co) creates the violet/red colour in erythrite
Diagnosing a rock over the colours of the minerals can be pretty inaccurate. A more reliable test is that of streak. Finding the streak, or ‘powder colour’ of a mineral involves rubbing the mineral across a white, unglazed porcelain plate. The colour of the powder left on the plate is the streak. Up to 20% of minerals have streaks that are super useful in determining what mineral they are.
We can also describe rocks as mafic or felsic.
Mafic is the term used for rocks and minerals with high iron and magnesium content and generally give rocks a dark colour.
Felsic is used for rocks and minerals with high silica content and are generally light coloured.
I loved my studies of rocks as they seem to have a story. Once you learnt the tricks, you can start to decipher the mysteries of what has happened to that rock.
Finding diamonds in a rock tell you that it has been buried over 150km deep as diamonds only form under extremely high pressure.
Finding halite (rock salt) is a indication of evaporation of fluid, possibly old brine lakes or seas.
Next time you’re walking along a beach, have a little squizz at the rocks you see. If you look really close, you might be able to see little shiny different-coloured crystals of all sorts of different minerals which could end up telling you a really good story. | <urn:uuid:0327cad6-f8da-4f1f-be76-d85f2e4822be> | {
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Many developed country have faced a sharp rise in income inequality during the past three decades and which increases the health problems day by day. Economic inequality can be defined as distribution of income among individual, group of individuals and whole population among countries (Fornaciari and Callens, 2012). This inequality can occur due to instability in wealth, income and consumption. Economic inequalities can increase the higher rates of health and social problems such as obesity, mental illness, teenager’s birth, conflicts and disputes in different groups of the country and drug use, etc. All these health problems increases because income inequalities declines the rate of social goods such as level of education, life expectancy by different nation, trust among strangers and status of women, etc. Therefore, the current research report focuses on determining the impact of income inequalities on public health of entire population of the world (Boylan, 2008). Further, researcher wants to know that why income inequality is become an economic as well as health issue. Thus, study will focuses on association between income inequality and poor health status of people.
As per the different historical studies individual income is a powerful determinant of individual health (Fillerup, 2007). Increment in individual income can improve the health status of each and every person. There are different factors which have direct impact on public health. All these factors have proportional and reverse relationship with income inequalities. These factors comprise the labour market, taxes, education, globalization, gender, economic and individual development and wealth concentration, etc. All these factors have direct and indirect impact on mental and physical health of individuals (Kumar and et.al, 2011).
Study has chosen current research subject because large number of researcher has conducted investigation in income inequalities on particular country and their health and social problems but no one have conducted study in the aspect of world (Liamputtong, 2008). It is a universal health and economic issue so; researcher wants to determine the relationship between income inequalities and health problems of entire population of the world. It will help in determining the major issues associated with the income inequalities. In addition, it will also help in determining the actual reason behind the economic instability. Overall, it is a significant research study to determine the major impacts of income inequalities on public health of whole population of world (Pillay and Holtz, 2009).
O'Riordan and McDermott, 2012 has stated that “Income inequality refers to the extent which represents the uneven distribution of the income in different groups of distinct countries of the world” (O'Riordan and McDermott, 2012). On the other hand, Lukic, Margaryan and Littlejohn, 2010 has asserted that “from last three decades income inequality increases the gap between rich and other people in terms of economic status” (Lukic, Margaryan and Littlejohn, 2010). &
There are different reasons behind the income inequalities. Lloyd, 2010 has stated that “globalization, changes in technologies, changes in education level, policy, politics and discrimination are major reasons behind the income equalities” (Lloyd, 2010). As per this statement all these factors can change the economic position of all over the world which can also influence the distribution of income in different groups. For example, due to the globalization lower skill labors of United States are facing problem of income inequalities because of the lower wages workers of Asian countries (Preece, 2010). In addition, skilled based technologies are also changing very rapidly which is augmenting the demand of skilled base worker. Due to the high demand worker increases their wages rates which create competition as well as situation of income inequalities. Along with this, politics of nation and government policies can also develop a situation of income inequalities (Tritter and et.al, 2009). This is for the reason that tax rates of the government is same for rich as well as poor people which affect the income stability of poor one instead of the rich group. In addition, politics of the nation can develop a situation of discrimination which increases the income instability of country also (Unge and et.al, 2010).&;
Income status of an organization plays very important role in improving health conditions of individuals. It helps in getting appropriate medical services for different health issues of individuals (Reisman, 2005). Along with this, through the appropriate level of income each individual can get appropriate education which helps in improving skills and knowledge about different diseases and health issues. It will provide assistance to each individual by which they can get protection from different diseases. In addition, changes in the government’s policy, rules and regulations also affect the level of income of each and every people which can create conflicts and stress level of each individual which have negative impact on mental and physical health of every individual. Overall income inequalities increase the total health issues for public of all over the world (Eriksson, 2012).
Health inequalities have been become a major concern for economic reformers of healthcare among the world. These have become unavoidable inequalities between people of countries as well as countries (Bhandari, Newton and Bernabé, 2014). Most of the health policy researchers are concerned about income inequality and its impact on public health problem. Many of the researchers have provided health benefits of egalitarian social policies to the other hand many of them have stated that there is little credible evidence that income inequality is a crucial factor of public health. In present era, income inequality is seen to be more than just an economic problem (De Maio, 2012). Healthcare researchers around the world have witnessed the public health consequences of income inequality. According to Esmaeili, Mansouri and Moshavash (2011) as more income will have to people they can easily access to resources and opportunities for good versus ill health while the people who have fewer economic resources will find difficulty in improve health. From the evidence of American countries, individuals with low-income are more likely to be far from quality health services. Such people are found with higher rates of chronic disease. In addition, they have shorter life-expectancy as compared to people having higher income (Harper and Hamblin, 2014). Various scientific studies conducted around the world have indicated, income inequality is an important determinant of health outcomes. In many countries, it has been found leading cause of declining life expectancy and premature death to infant mortality's well as obesity. According to the recent investigation of Harvard University School of Public Health, depression is the major health issue that is associated with uneven distribution of income (Parker and Sommer, 2012). The evidence have shown that raise in income inequality have lead to additional risk of death over a 12-year time period (Messias, 2003).
Status of the income has direct impact on health condition of individual such as income inequalities are major risk factor of obesity, mental disorder, teenager’s pregnancy, conflicts and disputes and drug use (Exter, 2008). Individual cannot get appropriate education due to the lower income status which increases the mental pressure and stress in mind of individual which augments the chances of different health issues such as obesity and mental disorder. In addition, due to the lower education level teenagers do not have sufficient information about protection at the time of sexual relationship which increases the rate of teenager’s pregnancy in developed countries (Healy, 2011). Along with this, poor individual of the world do not have appropriate capability to get appropriate medical facilities for their normal health issues and it increases different health problem among them. Overall income inequalities increase public health disability among individuals of whole world (Kay, 2007).
Prior to access the impact of income on health of public, it is important to identify the distribution of income within the countries. The fact is that people who have low level of income and unemployment have poorer health as compared to the people who are having professional jobs as well as higher incomes (Apfel, 2016). However, there are many factors such gender, ethnicity and geography put a greater emphasis on once health. There is a positive link between low income and poor health - income determines and lives of people. To the other side, deprived areas have witnessed with higher rates of serious ill health. Most of the lower social class people are involved in smoking, drinking, drug consumption and poor diet and obesity while the social group with higher income have seen well educated about health issues so they are taking early precautions to get rid from diseases (Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?, 2015). The evidence from many countries have revealed the fact that people who are having low level of income can not access better health care services. Meanwhile, the people having higher level of income tend to approach better and improved services. Health diversity has been witnessed among the countries that are having unequal income distribution.
The effects of income inequality are not only seen to the poorest countries but it has been identified effective to the health of everyone. To the other points, income inequality is also associated with increased health care spendings (Parker and Sommer, 2012). The charge of health are services and curing of diseases have been raised due to use of advanced technology. The people having low income level are unable to access better health care services (Yang and Kanavos, 2012). This issue has been emerged in developing as well as developed countries. It is the fact, that income differences among the countries and between that countries affect the health of population. The rapid change in health technologies have narrowed country's relative population health and relative incomes. Mostly this issue has been seen in developing countries. Recent debates were made on the topic of global pricing of drugs and patent protection in which researchers have discussed whether faster transmission of drugs and vaccines are crucial for improvements in income distribution in poor countries (Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?, 2015).
The prevalence of AIDS in developing countries has been found higher than compared to developed countries. To the other hand, diseases like malaria or tuberculosis ratio is higher in people having low income. Authors have found that, in case of major interactions the level of income distribution depends upon the health distribution in a country. The measure that reduces the spread of health conditions among people lead to narrow the income distribution. Within developing countries the trend of income distribution is found uneven that impact the spendings of people towards better health care services (Williams-Forson and Counihan, 2011). Generally, anything that helps people in recovering from illness is important to reduce long-term variance of health among the people of a country. Most of developed countries are having resources that lead to improve health of people, However, the cost of such equipments or resources is found higher that can not be afford by people having low income.
According to the recent studies many of countries are facing issue of public health due to income inequity. The major facts from America revealed that economic inequality is one of the issue concerning to public health (Yang and Kanavos, 2012). The distribution of income is uneven within the country. The evidence of current research, economic inequality has been has reached to unexampled levels. The gap between super-rich and rest of the group has been increased and also to grow. The major household income has been adjusted that represented the uneven distribution of income (Darity, 2008). The country is considered to be the one among better health care service providers. However, the cost of curing disease is too high in the contrary as most of the services are provided through technical equipments and resources(Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?, 2015).
The next in line country, facing issues of income inequity and poor public health is Canada.& According to the data revealed by Canadian Medical Association in 2012, presented the self-reported health that varies as per income level (Bhandari, Newton and Bernabé, 2014). The facts have shown that the people having high income level described their health as “excellent” or “very good” as compared to lower income group. However, in the same year lower and higher-income Canadians were able to access the health care services at a greater extend. The facts have shown that people having income less than $30,000 have accessed 16% more healthcare services than lower income group people. The data revealed that the low income group people are not capable of accessing people health care services. Hence, the income inequity within Canada represents poor public health (Harper and Hamblin, 2014). Let's take a case of other countries such as Spain, Denmark, Finland and Belgium where income inequality is unstable and impacts the child well-bigness. The consequences of unequal health distribution has been seen over the issues of mental health, obesity and other health ills. The major problems of health issues such as mental health, obesity are found to be lower income rate that has been emerged due to uneven distribution of income (Messias, 2003).
United Kingdom is the country facing the above mentioned issue due to uneven distribution of income. Many of researchers have established the link between income inequality and health. To the other hand, cross-partisan has supported the issue within the country. The poor population of UK is uneducated about the heath issues sop they are enabled to access proper care (Parker and Sommer, 2012). However, the countries have faced number of health problem related to poor distribution of health practices. The economic reformers as well as health reformers are moving towards promoting effective income distribution system so that people can assess effective healthcare services (Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?, 2015). According to recent data, NHS, that is the largest healthcare provider of UK is facilitating health care services at free of cost. Beside this, the ratio of health issue has been increase due to improper distribution of Health care.
China is the in line country that have faced poor health endanger due to slow economic growth. However, the income level of country's people is not high that enables people to incur heavy health-care costs (Williams-Forson and Counihan, 2011). The major issue of country is to find affordable health-care services. The country is facing a heavy burden of chronic disease. The people do not have sufficient income to access proper healthcare services to get rid of such disease.
The major problem of unequal practices of income distribution is related to poor access of health care services around the world. As per the statistics, the patients who admitted in the hospital for heart failure they exposed to higher levels of inequality that increases risk of readmission within a month (De Maio, 2012). The risk of heart failure is found to the people, having high income distribution. The major problem within low income group is to access proper education of handling ill health. They do not have sufficient knowledge of identifying diseases so that they can be cure through proper treatment. The people having low level of income can not access the effective healthcare services, hence, their health decreases (Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?, 2015). The people with low level of income are having number of issue associated with cost of medical services. The rapid change in environment has caused number of diseases that have impacted the health of patients. On the other hand the cost of curing illness has been increased due to the rapid phase in technology (Darity, 2008). Many of countries are facing the problems of income inequalities that have significantly influenced the healthcare system of countries. In addition, improper distribution of income has lead to increased poverty. The poor people of different countries are not having enough money to fulfil their basic needs. In this regard, how they can go to access improved health services; however, government has taken initiatives towards improving the health of people.
As per the above discussion there are different negative impacts of income inequalities on public health of all over the world. There are different ways for reducing the negative impacts of income inequalities on public health of all over the world (Daly, 2012). These include increment in education level, changes in international health policies, health campaigns, free health services for lower class people of world, etc. All these ways are described as under:
Improvement in education level:As per the above discussion, income inequalities leads the lower education level which leads the low awareness among people about the sign and symptoms of different diseases which affect the public health of each and every individual of the whole world (Collins, 2009 ). So, by providing appropriate education facilities to all individual without consideration of the income status will help in improving the public health of public (Quaye, 2010). Regarding this, government of each nation can introduce the number of educational centre for all people. It will help in increasing the health education of each individual which will help them in getting appropriate medical facilities for different mental and physical problems. Therefore, improvement in level of education is one of the best ways to improve the public health of all over the world (Lloyd, 2010)
Changes in international health policies: Sometimes government policies also increase the income inequalities among different countries. But, negative impacts of all these inequalities can be reduced by producing favorable health policies of government. Government should develop appropriate policies with consideration of availability of resources for children, affordable health education for public, increment in spending on public and welfare of state, etc (Healy, 2011). Along with this, government can also produce some favorable policies for individuals about the taxes on wealthy and economic democracy. Further, for managing the income inequalities government can introduce some appropriate policies for reducing the corruption in developed countries. It will help in maintaining the unequal distribution of income in different countries (Exter, 2008).
Health campaigns: Arrangement of health campaigns is also one the important way for reducing the negative impacts income inequalities. This health campaign must include all information about sign and symptoms of different types of diseases. Such types of health campaign increases the awareness of all patients about the various health issues which will help in reducing the negative impacts of income inequalities on public health of world (Reisman, 2005).
Initiatives towards providing free access of health services: The above selection represents the health issues faced by countries. The uneven distribution of income has facilitated varied income distribution among people (Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter, 2015). Most of the poor people have remained poor on the other hand rich people have more money to spend on living. Many of the people belongs to low income level are not capable to spend money on health services (Mellor and Milyo, 2003). The government of countries need to take steps towards providing free access to basic health care services so that poor people can have better basic health care service hence, public health of nation can be improved. United Kingdom have shown the evidence of positive impact of free access of health services in the form of NHS. Similar to this, other countries can go for offering free access to health service for poor or low level income group (Bhandari, Newton, and Bernabé, 2014). To the other hand, private health care providers can give rebate on basic health services to poor group so that they can be achieved better health and health graph of country can be improved.
The current research report can be concluded that income inequalities have negative impacts on public health of the world. It increases the different health issues such as obesity, mental illness, teenager’s birth, conflicts and disputes in different groups of the country and drug use, etc. Major impacts of income inequalities include the low distribution of income in different groups of nation and poor education level, etc (Kay, 2007). All these factors increases stress level of employees which have reduce the physical and mental capability of individual. Research and also determined the major reasons behind the income inequalities which includes globalization, changes in technologies, changes in education level, policy, politics and discrimination. Including this, study has described that income play very important role in public health. For example, strong income level is required for getting appropriate medical services for reducing the negative impacts of different types of diseases (Preece, 2010). Afterwards, it has described the different ways for reducing the negative impacts of income inequalities on public health of all over the world. These ways include improvement in education level, changes in international health policies, health campaign and free medical services for poor and required people of the world (Tritter and et.al, 2009). The study herewith focused towards the problem of income inequality and public health issues around the world. The facts found in the study have witnessed the negative impact of income inequality on public health all around the world. The study have shown, the fact that low level of income and unemployment have poorer health as compared to group of higher incomes. It has also been seen that, different countries are facing poor public health issue due to income inequity. | <urn:uuid:39785874-b1d8-4034-b07e-1a7a295f4f27> | {
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Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity Linked to Autism
Study Suggests Women With These Conditions May Have Greater Risk of Having an Autistic Child
WebMD News Archive
May 11, 2011 (San Diego) -- Women who have diabetes, high blood pressure, or are obese before pregnancy are more likely to have a child with autism, according to new research.
"For mothers with at least one of these conditions, there was a 60% increased risk for autism in the offspring," says Irva Hertz-Picciotto, PhD, an autism researcher at the University of California, Davis MIND Institute.
She presented her findings at the International Meeting for Autism Research in San Diego.
Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of developmental disorders that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral problems. About one in 110 U.S. children has ASD, according to CDC estimates. Recent research from South Korea has suggested the number may be much higher.
Seeking Clues on Development of Autism
For the study, Hertz-Picciotto and her colleagues evaluated 1,001 children. Of that group, 508 had autism or ASD, 178 had developmental delays, and 315 were typically developing children.
All were enrolled in the ongoing CHARGE study (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment).
Researchers retrieved information on type 2 diabetes, obesity before the pregnancy, and high blood pressure by doing telephone interviews with the mothers and looking at medical records.
After adjusting for factors such as a mother's education, the researchers found that mothers of children with ASD were about 60% more likely to have one of the three conditions.
The mothers of children who were delayed developmentally were about 150% more likely to be obese before pregnancy, have diabetes, or have high blood pressure.
"This again is further evidence there is potentially metabolic disruption and some sort of inflammatory pathway [linking the conditions]," Hertz-Picciotto says.
The researchers decided to explore the link due to recent statistics showing an increase in diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure and the parallel rise in autism rates.
The new research finding a link between diabetes and autism reflects findings of some earlier studies, according to Geraldine Dawson, PhD, chief science officer for Autism Speaks, an advocacy group and a sponsor of the meeting. | <urn:uuid:66cf88d3-5677-4bc2-a2a5-f01fcbca1f94> | {
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What is pollination and who are the pollinators?
Pollination occurs when pollen is moved within flowers or carried from flower to flower by pollinating animals such as birds, bees, bats, butterflies, moths, beetles, or other animals, or by the wind.
What does pollination do?
The transfer of pollen in and between flowers of the same species leads to fertilization, and successful seed and fruit production for plants. Pollination ensures that a plant will produce full-bodied fruit and a full set of viable seeds.
Why does pollination matter to us?
- Worldwide, roughly 1,000 plants grown for food, beverages, fibers, spices, and medicines need to be pollinated by animals in order to produce the goods on which we depend.
- Foods and beverages produced with the help of pollinators include: apples, blueberries, chocolate, coffee, melons, peaches, potatoes, pumpkins, vanilla, almonds, and tequila.
- In the United States, pollination by honey bees, native bees, and other insects produces $40 billion worth of products annually.
Are pollinators in trouble?
- Worldwide there is disturbing evidence that pollinating animals have suffered from loss of habitat, chemical misuse, introduced and invasive plan and animal species, and diseases and parasites.
- Many pollinators are federally “listed species,” meaning that there is evidence of their disappearance in natural areas.
- The U.S. has lost over 50% of its managed honeybee colonies over the past 10 years.
- A lack of research has hindered our knowledge about the status of pollinators. The E.U. has been so concerned that they have invested over $20 million investigating the status of pollinators in Europe.
What can you do to promote and protect pollinators?
- Plant for pollinators
- Cultivate native plans, especially those that provide nectar and larval food for pollinators – FREE Ecoregional Pollinator Planting Guides
- Install houses for bats and native bees
- Supply salt or mineral licks for butterflies and water for all wildlife
- Reduce pesticide use
- Substitute flower beds for lawns
- Watch for pollinators
- Join the Pollinator Partnership at Get Involved
- Volunteer for pollinator-friendly organizations and garden groups
- Experience time outdoors and work with plants and animals
- VOTE! Make your voice be heard for conservation and pollinators
- Reduce your impact
- Buy locally produced or organic food
- Walk, cycle, use public transit, carpool, telecommute
- Reduce your consumption – reduce, recycle, reuse | <urn:uuid:1242cc1f-e042-4e1c-b1d0-4f20c1221480> | {
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The most serious accident involving nuclear power to occur in America took place on this day in 1979, when a reactor overheated at the Three Mile Island plant, near Harrisburg in Pennsylvania.
The reactor that failed, Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) had been operational for less than three months when the accident occurred. When a water circulation pump malfunctioned, large amounts of coolant escaped, causing the reactor’s temperature to rise.
A relief valve then failed to close, and when the problems were compounded by errors made by plant operators, a build-up of radioactive steam in the reactor escaped into the atmosphere.
A site emergency was declared, and plant officials enlisted the aid of local, state, and federal emergency services – though the public were not informed until several hours later.
Readings taken in a helicopter above TMI-2’s ventilation stack led officials to believe the event had created elevated ground levels of radiation, prompting the governor of Pennsylvania to evacuate all pregnant women and small children within five miles of the plant.
Despite reassurances there was no danger of a meltdown and that the radiation release had been limited, up to 14,000 people fled the area in the days after the emergency. Many evacuees, like the Moody family in the photo below, were housed at the Hershey Sports Arena, located some 14 miles from Three Mile Island.
A subsequent investigation and report blamed a combination of human error and faulty design for the accident. Since the accident, controversy has raged over whether the radiation leak has caused higher cancer rates, though no deaths or serious injuries are said to have directly resulted from it. | <urn:uuid:f68a0fdc-4fd8-4824-90d0-4c857531f478> | {
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One Species' Genome Found Within Another
Movement of genes between unrelated groups may happen more frequently than thought, study says
THURSDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) --The discovery of an entire genome from one species inside another adds a twist to the study of evolution, new research suggests.
Writing in the Aug. 30 issue of Science, the U.S. researchers theorized that including large amounts of genetic code from another species may allow the host species to develop new cellular functions more rapidly.
"The chance that a chunk of DNA of this magnitude is totally neutral, I think, is pretty small, so the implication is that it has imparted some selective advantage to the host," principal investigator Jack Werren said in a prepared statement. "The question is, are these foreign genes providing new functions for the host? This is something we need to figure out."
In their study, the scientists found the entire genome of the parasite Wolbachia inside a fruit fly (Drosophila ananassae ). Wolbachia is a common parasite that invades cells in the reproductive organs of its insect hosts. As a result, Wolbachia genes are occasionally passed on to the next generation through sperm and eggs.
Scientists have long known that bacteria DNA may be accidentally -- although rarely -- moved into a host's cells as the cells go through normal repair and maintenance routines. As a result, genes that appear to be remnants of bacteria are discarded when scientists sequence a species' genes.
However, the research team from the University of Rochester and the J. Craig Venter Institute wrote that this discovery implies that transferring genetic code between species and then to the offspring of the new species is more common than previously thought.
Wolbachia is found in the majority of invertebrates worldwide. The Rochester team studied the impact of Wolbachia genes in fruit flies by treating the flies with antibiotics so that they no longer carried the parasite. They then analyzed the flies' genetic codes and found that genetic code from the parasite was fused to the flies' genetic code, as if they were one and the same. Further, the DNA from the parasite was then passed on to the next generation of fruit flies just like any other gene, the researchers said.
Wolbachia do not invade mammal or human cells.
The next step for the researchers is to find out if the Wolbachia DNA benefit the fruit fly in some way.
To learn more about gene sequencing, visit the Genome News Network.
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The Founding Fathers debate in 1787
WHAT IS CONSTITUTION DAY?
Constitution Day is a national holiday celebrated to ensure that students in our country gain an increased knowledge and appreciation for the Constitution of the United States of America. Observed on September 17th of each year, the day coincides with the date that the delegates of the Constitutional Convention signed the document in Philadelphia in 1787. In December 2004, the United States Congress passed legislation requiring that all educational institutions that receive federal funds implement educational programs relating to the United States Constitution in commemoration of Constitution Day.This year, the Financial Aid Office will recognize Constitution Day on Friday, September 15 and Monday September 18, 2017.
We ask that you take the opportunity on this day to expand your knowledge of the U.S. Constitution, the document that provides the basis of our every day freedoms, and the foundation of our great country.
LEARNING RESOURCES AND LINKS
- To read more about Constitution day, including events occurring on this day and other learning resources, click HERE! (from www.constitutioncenter.org)
- To read the full text of the U.S. Constitution in its entirety, click HERE! (from www.archives.gov)
INTERACT WITH THE CONSTITUTION!
How much do you really know about the Constitution? Take the quiz! Click HERE!
Which founding father are you most like? Click HERE to find out!
Please stop by the Financial Aid Office, located in Zug 208, on Friday, September 15 or Monday, September 18, 2017 between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. to receive a bookmark with the Bill of Rights. Also, be sure to check out the online Etown calendar for other events being held on campus in accordance with Constitution Day.
|Constitution Day Presentation Tuesday September 18, 2018, 7pm|
The Constitution Day Lecture will be held on Tuesday, Sept. 18 at 7 p.m. in the BLR in Steinman. Dr. Steven B. Lichtman, associate professor and pre-law advisor at Shippensburg University will deliver a talk entitled "Religion and the Constitution." His research has been published in the Penn State Law Review, the Maryland Law Review, and more. Please join us for an interesting and timely conversation about the Constitution, religion and law in America.
If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to visit our office, email us at [email protected], or call at 717-361-1404. | <urn:uuid:fb41abeb-d151-42df-a57e-1c6383042f13> | {
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What is methyl bromide?
Methyl bromide is a chemical used as a pesticide to clean up soil and buildings. At room temperature (70°F), methyl bromide is a colorless gas. It is usually shipped as a liquefied gas. At low concentrations, methyl bromide does not have an odor. At high concentrations, it has a musty or fruity smell.
How can someone come into contact with methyl bromide?
A person can come into contact with methyl bromide by being in an area where the gas is being used as a pesticide to kill insects (in soil or in buildings). Typically, the area is covered with a tent and the gas is pumped in.
Methyl bromide as a weapon: Methyl bromide can be an “agent of opportunity.” This means that someone could explode the vehicle of transportation (truck, train) that is being used to ship the chemical, or destroy tanks that store the chemical. Methyl bromide would then be released into the air.
Methyl bromide also can be manufactured by mixing certain chemicals together to create a gas.
Please note: Just because you come into contact with methyl bromide does not mean you will get sick from it.
What happens if someone gets sick from methyl bromide?
Signs of a poisoning include the following:
The effects of methyl bromide will depend on the concentration of exposure, length of time and way the person is exposed. A highly concentrated solution or large amount in the air is more likely to cause severe effects, including death.
What is the treatment for methyl bromide poisoning?
Is there a vaccine for methyl bromide poisoning?
No, there is no vaccine for methyl bromide poisoning.
What should be done if someone comes into contact with methyl bromide?
If you think that you or someone you know may have come into contact with methyl bromide, contact the local county health department right away. (Visit http://www.idph.state.il.us/local/alpha.htm for a listing of all county health departments in Illinois or check your local phone book.)
If you or someone you know is showing symptoms of methyl bromide poisoning, call your health care provider or the Illinois Poison Center right away. The toll-free number for the poison center is 1-800-222-1222.
Where can one get more information about methyl bromide?
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Illinois Department of Public Health
Illinois Poison Center | <urn:uuid:8a590d0f-c883-4616-a80c-6c8220e14afc> | {
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For millions of Americans, one of the first things they do in their mornings is reach for a cup of coffee. While it’s common knowledge that coffee can provide you a jump-start to your energy levels, this deliciously common beverage can do so much more. If you’re interested in learning exactly what coffee does to your body and brain, and what benefits you can expect after drinking one of America’s favorite beverages, continue reading.
#1 – Boosts Athletic Performance
While coffee will never be as strong as other performance-enhancing drugs, study after study has found that caffeine can significantly enhance your overall athletic performance. Because of this, many pre-workout supplements heavily rely on caffeine to boost your overall performance. When you consume caffeine, your muscles experience a unique metabolic effect, which works to enhance your endurance levels. Biologically speaking, when you consume caffeine your muscles are able to better burn fat as an energy source. Instead of calling upon carbohydrates to boost athletic performance, your overall endurance is increased. However, more doesn’t necessarily mean better. If you consume too much caffeine, your athletic endurance will actually decrease.
#2 – Increased Mental Focus
Whether you’re at work or at school, there’s always a need to increase your overall focus and concentration. Numerous studies have found that consuming coffee (caffeine) significantly increases your overall levels of focus and concentration by stimulating your central nervous system and supporting neurotransmitter activity. As with athletic performance, caffeine intake determines its effectiveness. Take too much caffeine and your focus will dwindle.
#3 – Less Really Is More
With the advent of energy drinks, which are loaded with caffeine and other stimulants, many people feel that the more caffeine they consume, the sharper they’ll be. However, this is far from the truth. In biological terms, when you add too much caffeine to your body, the cells will stop working as they should within a stimulated state as they become numb to its effects. This is commonly referred to as cellular attenuation. The biggest thing to remember is only drink coffee when you actually NEED a boost in energy and focus.
#4 – It’s Not Addictive
So many people think that caffeine and coffee are addictive substances. Although when you quit drinking caffeine, you’ll typically experience a short-term moderate headache. However, this does not mean you’re going through serious withdrawals. Unlike what you may believe, you can’t become physically addicted to coffee; however, you can become habitually addicted, which means you simply crave the habit of drinking coffee, not the actual substance. | <urn:uuid:022f6e5a-719e-4a5f-84a1-dfe5ffcb9d27> | {
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In the year 1517, the Protestant Reformation is known to have been initiated, when the German monk Martin Luther nailed his ninety five theses to the door of Wittenberg Church. It is commonly thought that the basis of the reformation was Sola Scriptura, or Scripture Only; the authority of scripture over that of church councils and the concept of Papal infallibility.
Today, while calling themselves Protestants, mainstream Christianity continues to adhere to pre-reformation church tradition that is in direct opposition to scripture. While reformation did occur in the 16th century; the proclamation of it, as being Sola Scriptura in nature, is misleading.
Very few Protestants have
not heard of Luther, nailing his ninety five theses to the door of the church. Most have no idea what those theses addressed. They have been led to believe that the goal of Martin Luther’s reform was to separate from the Catholic Church; and to replace it with what is now recognized as Protestantism.
That is a Tall Tale of theology.
The rejection of Old Testament scripture by Martin Luther, the only scripture available to believers that walked and talked with Messiah, proves that the reformation of his day was not based on the Bible.
A direct quote from Luther makes that plain:
“We don’t want to see or hear Moses. How do you like that, my dear rebels? We say further, that all such Mosaic teachers deny the gospel, banish Christ, and annul the whole New Testament. I now speak as a Christian for Christians. For Moses is given to the Jewish people alone, and does not concern us Gentiles and Christians. We have our gospel and New Testament. If they can prove from them that images must be put away, we will gladly follow them. If they, however, through Moses would make us Jews, we will not endure it..”
“…Therefore Moses? legislation about images and the Sabbath, and what else goes beyond the natural law, since it is not supported by the natural law, is free, null and void, and is specifically given to the Jewish people alone.”
Near the end of his life, Martin Luther warned that those studying his work should: “read my earliest books very circumspectly” He goes on to explain:
“I too was a monk, and one of the right frantic and raving papists. When I took up this matter against Indulgences, I was so full and drunken, yea, so besotted in papal doctrine that, out of my great zeal, I would have been ready to do murder — at least, I would have been glad to see and help that murder should be done — on all who would not be obedient and subject to the pope, even to his smallest word.”
While Luther and others did achieve a certain degree of reformation, no reformation was necessary for the faithful remnant of his day: those who kept:
“the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus.”
Even though their names may not be recorded in history books, they are written in the “Lambs Book of Life.”
The Tall Tale of the Protestant Reformation
CLICK HERE FOR DETAILS | <urn:uuid:fac4dc38-cca1-4a87-82dd-619f416635b4> | {
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Sexism is the belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a hatred or distrust towards either sex as a whole (see also misogyny and misandry), or creating stereotypes of masculinity for men or femininity for women. It is also called male and female chauvinism.
Sexism can refer also to any and all systemic differentiations based on the gender of a person, not based on their individual merits. In some circumstances this type of sexism may constitute sex discrimination, which in some forms is illegal in some countries.
Certain forms of sexual discrimination are illegal in many countries, but nearly all countries have laws that give special rights, privileges, or responsibilities to one sex or two sexes.
|discrimination of||movement of|
The idea that men benefit from certain rights and privileges not available to women is referred to as Male privilege.
Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are viewed as the "weaker sex". Women's lower status can be seen in cases in which women were not even recognized as persons under the law of the land. The feminist movement promotes women's rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues such as equality under the law, political representation of women, access to education and employment, women victims of domestic violence, self-ownership of a woman's body, and the possible impact of pornography on women.
Wendy McElroy refers to male stereotyping when she claims that in some "gender feminist" views, all men are considered irreconcilable rapists, wife-beating brutes, and useless as partners or fathers to women. McElroy and Camille Paglia claim that certain feminists they refer to as "gender feminists" view women as innocent victims who never make irresponsible or morally questionable choices. Other feminists such as Kate Fillion have questioned the idea that women are always innocent victims and men always the guilty victimizers when the interests of each collide with those of the other.
In 1997, the Canadian Advertising Foundation ruled that a National Ad campaign that featuring Nicole Brown Simpson's sister Denise with the slogan, "Stop violence against Women" was in fact portraying only men as aggressors, and that it was not providing a balanced message and was in fact contributing to gender stereotyping. (The murder of Nicole Simpson also included the murder of Ronald Goldman)
Transsexuality (also known as transgender) is a complex condition that is defined differently by different people. Transphobia refers to prejudice against transsexuality and transsexual or transgender people, based on their personal gender identification (see Phobia - terms indicating prejudice or class discrimination). Whether intentional or not, transphobia can have severe consequences for the person the object of the negative attitude. The LGBT movement has campaigned against sexism against transsexuals. The most typical forms of sexism against transsexuals are how many "women-only" and "men-only" events and organizations have been criticized for rejecting transfemales, and transmales respectively.
Modern feminists like Ariel Levy have claimed that the current state of commercial sexuality has created a "Raunch Culture". This cultural development, (which has largely occurred in the West) the commercialization of the sexual objectification of women, has been criticized as being limiting for men and women. Rather than being liberating, some feminists argue that the "pornification" of Western society has reduced and equated the scope of feminine power to sexual power only. Some feminists argue that women are themselves objectifying other women by becoming producers and promoters of the "Raunch Culture".
Some masculist theorists posit that prior to the sexual revolution the idealized male was expected to be virile while the idealized female was expected to be modest. They note that after the sexual revolution, women were given more liberty to express virility while the reverse has not been true for men, who have yet to be given a choice to be non-virile. They argued that the dual identity of hypersexuality and asexuality is a luxury and special status that only exists for women. However, many feminists believe that this dual identity rather allows men to condemn a women for her sexuality for being either modest or virile (see double standard).
On the other hand, some famous pornographic actresses such as Teresa Orlowski have publicly stated that they do not feel themselves to be victims of sexism against women. In fact, many female pornographic stars and sex-positive feminists view pornography to be progressive, since they are paid money for performing consensual acts, and also since many directors and managers of the industry are women as well. Porn positive feminists often support their position by pointing out the situation of women in countries with strict pornography laws (e.g., Saudi Arabia) versus women in countries with liberal pornography laws (e.g., the Netherlands). Many opponents of pornography believe that pornography gives a distorted view of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing the performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women in particular as being extremely passive, or that the acts women perform are degrading and solely for the pleasure of their sexual partner, and that this is evidence of sexism.
Though sexism refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. Discrimination of that nature in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries.
Sexual discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or because an employer did not hire, promote or wrongfully terminated an employee based on his or her gender, or employers pay unequally based on gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship due to his or her gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender.
Socially, sexual differences have been used to justify different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are non-physical differences between men and women, there is little agreement as to what those differences are.
The United Nations has stated (2006) that women struggle to break through a "glass ceiling," and that "progress in bringing women into leadership and decision-making positions around the world remains far too slow." The Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Gender Issues, Rachel Mayanja, said, "The past ten years have seen the fastest growth in the number of women in parliaments, yet even at this rate, parity between women and men in parliaments will not be reached until 2040."
The term "glass ceiling" is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement in employment and government based on discrimination, especially sex discrimination. In the United States, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a government-funded group, stated: "Over half of all Master’s degrees are now awarded to women, yet 95% of senior-level managers, of the top Fortune 1000 industrial and 500 service companies are men. Of them, 97% are white." In its report, it recommended affirmative action, which is the consideration of an employee's gender and race in hiring and promotion decisions, as a means to end this form of discrimination.
Transgendered individuals, both male to female and female to male, often experience problems which often lead to dismissals, underachievement, difficulty in finding a job, social isolation, and, occasionally, violent attacks against them. | <urn:uuid:f55c54ba-00ee-4ef7-a9df-6675ed234e00> | {
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An aggregate function that returns the minimum data value in a specified column.
MIN([ALL | DISTINCT [BY(col-list)]] expression [%FOREACH(col-list)] [%AFTERHAVING])
||Optional Applies the aggregate function to all values. ALL has no effect on the value returned by MIN. It is provided for SQL-92 compatibility.
||Optional Specifies that each unique value is considered. DISTINCT has no effect on the value returned by MIN. It is provided for SQL-92 compatibility.
||Any valid expression. Usually the name of a column that contains the values from which the minimum value is to be returned.
||Optional A column name or a comma-separated list of column names. See SELECT for further information on %FOREACH.
||Optional Applies the condition found in the HAVING clause.
The MIN aggregate function
returns the smallest (minimum) of the values of expression
. Commonly, expression
is the name of a field, (or an expression containing one or more field names) in the multiple rows returned by a query.
can be used in a SELECT
query or subquery that references either a table or a view. MIN
can appear in a SELECT list or HAVING clause alongside ordinary field values.
cannot be used in a WHERE clause. MIN
cannot be used in the ON clause of a JOIN, unless the SELECT is a subquery.
Like most other aggregate functions, MIN
cannot be applied to a stream field
. Attempting to do so generates an SQLCODE -37 error.
Unlike most other aggregate functions, the ALL and DISTINCT keywords, including MIN(DISTINCT BY(col2) col1)
, perform no operation in MIN
. They are provided for SQL92 compatibility.
The specified field used by MIN
can be numeric or nonnumeric. For a numeric data type field, minimum is defined as lowest in numeric value; thus -7 is lower than -3. For a non-numeric data type field, minimum is defined as lowest in string collation sequence
; thus '-3' is lower than '-7'.
An empty string ('') value is treated as CHAR(0).
When the field’s defined collation type is SQLUPPER, MIN
returns strings in all uppercase letters. Thus SELECT MIN(Name)
returns 'AARON', regardless of the original lettercase of the data. But because comparisons are performed using uppercase collation, the clause HAVING Name=MIN(Name)
selects rows with the Name value 'Aaron', 'AARON', and 'aaron'.
For numeric values, the scale returned is the same as the expression
NULL values in data fields are ignored when deriving a MIN
aggregate function value. If no rows are returned by the query, or the data field value for all rows returned is NULL, MIN
Like all aggregate functions, MIN
always returns the current state of the data, including uncommitted changes, regardless of the current transaction’s isolation level. For further details, refer to SET TRANSACTION
and START TRANSACTION
In the following examples a dollar sign ($) is concatenated to Salary amounts.
The following query returns the lowest (minimum) salary in the Sample.Employee database:
SELECT '$' || MIN(Salary) AS LowSalary
The following query returns one row for each state that contains at least one employee with a salary larger than $75,000. Using the %AFTERHAVING keyword, each row returns the minimum employee salary larger than $75,000. Each row also returns the minimum salary and the maximum salary for all employees in that state:
'$' || MIN(Salary %AFTERHAVING) AS MinSalaryAbove75K,
'$' || MIN(Salary) AS MinSalary,
'$' || MAX(Salary) AS MaxSalary
GROUP BY Home_State
HAVING Salary > 75000
ORDER BY MinSalaryAbove75K
The following query returns the lowest (minimum) and highest (maximum) name in collation sequence found in the Sample.Employee database:
Note that MIN
convert Name values to uppercase before comparison.
The following query returns the lowest (minimum) salary for an employee whose Home_State is 'VT' in the Sample.Employee database:
WHERE Home_State = 'VT'
The following query returns the number of employees and the lowest (minimum) employee salary for each Home_State in the Sample.Employee database:
COUNT(Home_State) As NumEmployees,
MIN(Salary) As LowSalary
GROUP BY Home_State
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Prenatal Form and Function – The Making of an Earth Suit
Unit 18: 8 to 9 Months (32 to 36 Weeks)
Copyright © 2006 EHD, Inc. All rights reserved.
We know that infants learn: what we don't know is how early and what they learn. Obviously, testing newborns to resolve these questions can pose some problems. They can't fill-in-the-blanks or answer questions. Therefore, researchers have to develop ingenious methods to discern newborn knowledge, making use of normal and observable infant behavior. Researchers test infant knowledge by testing expectations. If a baby has learned about something, he will have certain expectations about what will occur in a situation. If something different occurs, the infant will be surprised. Researchers determine infant surprise by measuring gaze length: keeping track of how long an infant focuses on something before looking away. If the baby is surprised, he or she will stare at something longer than normal. Infants also look at new things longer than they look at familiar things. Researchers use this phenomenon to determine whether an infant recognizes a portion of a story previously heard, by checking to see if the infant reacts to it as if it were a new event.
The amount of time this captivated baby spends staring at her toy is probably proportional to how familiar she is with the toy.
Researchers also test preferences. One way researchers test a newborn's preference is through "non-nutritive sucking." Here the researchers rig up a device attached to a pacifier which measures the intensity with which the infant sucks. Infants even only a few days old quickly learn the cause and effect relationship between their sucking and the stimulus. In one example, if the infant sucked at a certain rate, he heard a passage read in Spanish: if he sucked at a higher rate, he heard an English passage. In this way, an infant can control what she hears or sees, and therefore, researchers can determine what the infant prefers.
1 Kyra Karmiloff and Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Pathways to Language: From Fetus to Adolescent (Cambridge: Harvard, 2001), 14-17.
Studies suggest that towards the end of prenatal development, the fetus has been developing preferences and tastes based on prenatal experience. For instance, fetuses whose mothers consumed anise, the substance which gives licorice candy its flavor, showed a preference for anise after birth.1 Newborns without this fetal exposure disliked anise.
The fetus hears numerous sounds before birth, with the mother’s voice and heartbeat dominating other sounds. Studies show that after months of listening to the mother’s voice, the newborn prefers her voice to any other. The newborn also prefers female voices to male voices and familiar lullabies heard before birth to new lullabies after birth. Newborns can distinguish prose passages heard during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy from new passages, providing additional evidence of in utero memory formation and learning.2
The digestive system further develops as the lower esophageal (e-sof’a-je-al) sphincter (sfingk’ter), a valve leading to the stomach, begins functioning by 32 weeks.3 Blood-filtering groups of capillaries called glomeruli (glo-mar’yu-li) have completed their formation in the kidneys.4
At 35 weeks, the fetus has a firm hand grasp.5Footnotes
|1||Schaal et al., 2000. 729.|
|2||Cheour-Luhtanen et al., 1996. 478; DeCasper and Fifer, 1980. 1174; DeCasper and Spence, 1986. 133; Gerhardt, 1990. 299; Querleu et al., 1989. 410, 417.|
|3||Hitchcock et al., 1992. 182.|
|4||Gasser, 1993. 371; Moore and Persaud, 2003. 290.|
|5||Moore and Persaud, 2003. 108.| | <urn:uuid:31adf013-9ff5-4267-a3d4-6b3c1149da37> | {
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Research project D9 conducted a comparative study of the inclusion of indigenous groups in state governance in Sonora (Mexico) and Araucanía (Chile) from approx. 1750 to 1900. The documents were largely photographed on site or copies were made. This work was performed by researchers Mónika Contreras Saiz and Lasse Hölck. The archival material is quite heterogenous and contains hand-written missionary reports, military informational sources, maps, letters from colonial officials, census results, and illustrations.
The following archives were visited for the Sonora case study:
The following archives were visited for the Araucanía case study: | <urn:uuid:51a4ec31-39a1-4d53-ae8e-101e8d11c37b> | {
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The idea of inferiority seems to pass to the succeeding empires as well. But in what way was Medo-Persia inferior?
Medo-Persia controlled a larger territory than did Babylon, so it was certainly not inferior in political or military might. Even before the fall of Babylon, Cyrus had defeated the wealthy Croesus, king of Lydia in Asia Minor (546 BC). After victories in central Iran and in Phoenicia, he conquered Babylon in 539 BC, and his son Cambyses overthrew Egypt and Libya in 525 BC. At its height the Persian Empire was nearly double the size of Babylon.
It did, however, have a problem with internal unity. Cyrus, a Persian, initiated the growth of the empire by usurping the Median throne with the help of the Median nobility. The empire, from this point on, was dominated by Persians, or as the Bible says, the "bear . . . was raised up on one side" (Daniel 7:5). The two arms of the image symbolize this division.
Also, each time an emperor died, severe struggles erupted over succession to the throne. Fortunately, mostly strong and capable rulers won these struggles, especially during its first century, and kept the empire whole for over two hundred years. Only the superior might of Alexander's Macedonian army spelled its downfall.
Another factor of its inferiority was, oddly, its rulers. Cyrus, regaled in the Bible as God's "shepherd" and "His anointed" (Isaiah 44:28-45:13), was not the same caliber of man as Nebuchadnezzar. Though he was a humane and conciliatory ruler for his time, he neither lived long enough to stamp his character on his realm (d. 529 BC), nor did he acknowledge God's sovereignty as did his predecessor (Daniel 4:28-37).
In relation to this, the word inferior itself ('ara') means "earth, world, ground." Persia was literally more "earthly" or "worldly" than Babylon in God's eyes. The aims and drives of its kings were, as a whole, of a lower nature than Babylon's, though the latter's were certainly misguided as well. However, the trajectory of this factor in all these kingdoms is, according to the prophecy, downward, and it sinks further with each new empire.
On the other hand, it must be injected here that Cyrus was the instrument that God used to reestablish the Temple in Jerusalem (II Chronicles 36:22-23). The Persians had a general policy to honor the gods of all their defeated enemies by repairing or rebuilding temples and giving offerings to them. This was mainly done to appease the gods "just in case" they had been offended by the subjugation of their peoples, as well as to smooth relations between the Persians and their vassals. Scholars are still divided over whether Cyrus actually meant that the God of Israel was indeed the true God and thus his sovereign Lord. Most think he did not because decrees to other nations have been found in which similar language is used.
Unlike the Babylonians, the Persian Empire centered squarely on its military and political bases rather than its religious, cultural, or economic life. Historians consider the Persian imperial political structure and administrative forms to be the finest example of government before the Roman period. In fact, they think that the Romans borrowed Persian ideas in forming their own. This meant that the real basis of power in the empire was the army, even above that of the king, although the king supposedly controlled the army.
The religion of the Persians was Zoroastrianism, a dualistic belief in good and evil and man's struggle between them. Although it was less bloody, warlike, idolatrous, and superstitious than other polytheistic religions of the region, it retained vestiges of ancient beliefs that eventually supplanted it. The cults of Mithra, the sun god, and Anaita, the goddess of fertility—similar to Nimrod/Tammuz and Semiramis, the old Babylonian Mystery Religion—grew in popularity until Zoroastrianism faded into obscurity. But its principle of dualism lived on in Gnosticism and the mystery religions of the Roman Empire. Some of these beliefs and practices (such as Mithra's birthday, December 25; Sunday as a holy day; All Soul's Day; and heaven, hell and purgatory) were later embraced by Catholicism to counter the popularity of these cults.
Richard T. Ritenbaugh
Nebuchadnezzar's Image (Part Two): Chest and Arms of Silver | <urn:uuid:7cab7ada-1808-4145-a155-500209e010ca> | {
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Firefighters Receive Training To Help Rescue Those Trapped Underneath Heavy Machinery
A nationwide focus is underway to train firefighters to respond to incidents involving heavy equipment
Firefighters are well trained in the art of rescuing individuals from dangerous situations. Whether they are found scaling a ladder to pull an individual from a burning building, using hydraulic cutters to free a family from a crushed vehicle, or helping local responders during a natural disaster, firefighters must be prepared for any situation. One of the most dangerous calls a firefighter can receive is an accident involving heavy machinery. Due to the extreme size, weight, and volatility of construction equipment, agricultural implements, and other massive machines, the possibility of a firefighter being severely injured is more likely than in many other types of calls. To address this, fire departments across the nation have begun conducting heavy equipment response drills. The goal is to better prepare first responders to handle calls involving heavy equipment in a safe manner.
Common situations become dangerous when heavy equipment is involved
A recent incident in West Virginia involved an excavator and a dangerous collapse. The excavator and operator were actively involved in tearing down an existing structure when the footing underneath the excavator gave way. The entire machine tipped and caused the operator to become trapped. Local responders were able to safely rescue the individual, but the incident was a reminder that these heavy machines demand a different approach when the situation takes a turn for the worse. The local fire department replicated this exact scenario during subsequent training exercises to reinforce the real-world relevance of heavy equipment response protocols.
The Pittsville, WI fire department recently began training for situations involving heavy equipment, and has received help from local military installations as well as public companies and private foundations. The US Air Force at Volk Field loaned a wheel loader and semi-trailer to the local fire department and several businesses and private groups donated money to permit the purchase of air bag systems. Using the loaned wheel loader as well as the semi-trailer, the Pittsville fire department practiced lifting these massive units off the ground using an innovative low-pressure, high lift airbag system.
The standard airbags used by fire departments around the nation are generally a high pressure, low lift design. The airbags that are more effective when used with heavy equipment are high lift designs that use a lower pressure pump. This means less distortion of the ground beneath the airbag, and a higher lift capability for high-clearance machinery. One problem discovered by fire departments that use standard airbag systems is that the areas in which heavy machinery see frequent use may be on or around soft soils and muddy terrain. This is not the ideal environment for a high-pressure lift system or jack, so the low pressure, high lift airbags are perfectly suited to heavy equipment incidents.
With the help of local and national organization, as well as private funding measures, fire departments across the nation will continue to prepare themselves for incidents involving heavy equipment and agricultural machinery. | <urn:uuid:a332158b-492e-4ee2-a934-64bae4cc5996> | {
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Calculator Etiquette and Other Tips
By Evan Ma
(Math and Physics tutor at The Edge Learning Center)
Yes, this is the season of examinations. For those who are writing IB Mathematics Paper 2 (HL and SL) and Math Studies SL, where calculators are allowed and indispensable to getting the correct answers, knowing how to use your graphical display calculator(s) (GDC) is indeed essential to scoring high marks.
However, throughout my interaction with students, sometimes I watch with horror how careless mistakes are committed when using calculators, and the answer is neither evaluated for reasonableness nor steps checked for consistency. In short, sometimes students are not aware that even if the mathematics on paper is correct, the calculations are wrong because they fail to use their calculators correctly. There are a lot of GDCs in the market that offer the user the ability to enter a formula exactly as they write it on paper. Unless one is really skilled, it usually takes more time to enter calculations on such types of GDC than one will on a calculator that takes “linear” commands. For any type of GDCs that you may use, it is important to pay attention to the following rules of thumb.
1. Most calculators are built in with the rules of precedence that you have learnt since you started learning mathematics. For example, if you enter, the sequence of calculations are square root, multiplication, and then addition. If you intend to perform the addition first, you need to use brackets to change the precedence, which means .
2. Brackets are your friends. For example, many times when students entered the quadratic formula to solve for roots to a quadratic formula, brackets should be used appropriately. For example, when solving for the larger root of , one should enter
to calculate the positive root. Notice that there is a pair of brackets enclosing the calculation for the discriminant, without which the square-root will only be applied to the number 49, thus giving a wrong answer. Remember, the calculator does not know you want to apply the quadratic formula when given linear commands. It just does what you enter according to pre-set rules of precedence.
3. Notice in the previous example that the discriminant calculation was not entered as
as many students would have. The rule is therefore, whenever possible, to simplify the expression first in your mind. This will make your commands less prone to errors. I have seen a lot of students enter (-1)^4. This is 1 and should not require any input into a calculator.
4. A lot of students have also forgotten about the distinction between and , where > 0 and is an integer. The former is therefore always negative, whereas the latter, depending on whether is even or odd, could be positive or negative. Hence, if you want to perform -3.67 raised to the power of 4, please enter (-3.67)^4 , which will give the correct result of approximately 181.4. However, if the brackets are not there, the result will become a negative number, which is wrong.
5. When entering numbers in scientific notation, for example, , some students will enter it as 4.5 x 10^15. There is nothing wrong with it. However, it is better to use the capital “E” sign on the calculator. Why? For example, if I want to calculate , it is good practice to enter , which will give the correct answer of . However, if I were to enter 4.5 x 10^15^2, depending on how your calculator interprets it, it might give you an error message, or the answer , which is obviously wrong as it squares only and then multiplies the result to 4.5. Remember, your calculator does what you tell it to do. It won’t second guess your instruction.
6. When graphing a function, remember to size the window appropriately by setting suitable x and y limits.
7. Do not depend on GSolve too much for solving simple equations. For quadratic equations such as , I have seen students solving it by GSolve to yield only one of the roots, and most of the time it is . The other root is not displayed. For such simple equations, it wouldn’t be too hard to solve it by hand via simple factorisation.
The above is by no means an exhaustive list. There are also caveats when using statistical functions such as normal pdf, cdf, and inverse cdf. Know the distinction between them and especially pay attention to whether it is the right or left tail area that the calculator assumes you are entering when using the inverse cdf function. In short, know your calculator well.
Also, as a general rule, remember to write legibly when answering questions. Remember, the examiner may be very picky or trying very hard to award you as many marks as possible. Don’t make it hard for the examiner. I always tell students, if I were the examiner, the last thing you will want to do is to omit all the intermediate ‘=’ signs in steps, and inserting them where they don’t belong. To me, that shows a lack or disregard of logical flow. This will not stand well with the examiner who has to figure out what the student means.
Good luck to everyone who is writing the 2017 IB Examinations. | <urn:uuid:dcb5507a-a47c-40e8-9b32-03d04fa99d89> | {
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According to the World Health Organisation, influenza is thought to cause serious illness to 3-5 million people and death to up to ½ million people worldwide.
- Influenza is a virus that spreads easily between people through sneezing and coughing – especially in crowded areas. People can be contagious before they show symptoms of fever, malaise, aches and pains and a dry cough
- The best preventative measure is to be vaccinated, ideally before winter sets in because the influenza virus tends to survive outside the body longer when the weather is cold and dry. In temperate regions world wide, the peak incidence of the ‘flu’, is winter. Tropical regions tend to have influenza outbreaks year round
- Travel Clinics Australia readily vaccinates patients and travellers against this disease, with up to 90% protection in young adults
- Sometimes travellers tend to focus on vaccination against exotic diseases, yet influenza, which can debilitate and lead to serious complications, even death, needs to be considered and discussed with your Travel Clinics Australia doctor | <urn:uuid:6dcd046b-ffd6-45fe-b43a-750f3ae5579b> | {
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SIOUX FALLS (AP) - The California winter has been a tough one on South Dakota beekeepers like Richard Adee. Last fall he sent 155 semitrailer trucks to California loaded with hives containing bees fit and ready to pollinate the almond crop. Now, in preparation for the honey-making season in South Dakota, he's working to get back to full strength from a mystery called colony collapse disorder. ''We lost 40 percent of the hives we sent there. We sent 70,000 out and lost 28,000,'' said Adee, whose Adee Honey Farms in Bruce is considered the largest beekeeping operation in the nation. ''I would say overall the losses of South Dakota bees - from what I've heard - from what they started in the spring of '07 until they came out of the almonds is at least 50 percent. It's not good.'' No one's really sure what's causing colony collapse disorder, evident when adult bees abandon the hive. It's a concern for South Dakota beekeepers, who ranked third nationally last year for honey production and for the number of colonies. ''It's very serious,'' said Heath Bermel, a Java beekeeper and president of the South Dakota Beekeepers Association. ''There's a lot of beekeepers all over the U.S. who are losing hives.'' The U.S. Agriculture Department has earmarked money and research to solving CCD because it says one-third of the human diet comes from insect-pollinated plants, and the honeybee is responsible for 80 percent of that pollination. ''As beekeepers we're confused and the scientific community is even more confused because they feel like they should be able to figure this out and get a handle on it, and yet there are so many variables they are just having a problem,'' said Adee, chairman of the legislative committee for the American Honey Producers Association. Researchers with the Agricultural Research Service within the U.S. Department of Agriculture are chasing various theories about CCD, said Jon Lundgren, an ARS entomologist in Brookings not directly involved in the research. Among the possible causes are parasites, a virus, or pesticides. It may be a several factors resulting from management stress on the bees, he said. ''Shipping these things across the country - that's not the way that honeybees have evolved, so we're really changing and manipulating these colonies quite a bit to suit our needs,'' Lundgren said. ''It's necessary if we want cheap almonds and other fresh produce, but on the flip side, by the changing agricultural landscape - both in terms of the actual landscape itself and how we approach agriculture - there's probably any number of factors that are ultimately involved in what we're seeing with CCD right now.'' Without some answers and a possible remedy, the financial impact will extend beyond the beekeeping business to the dinner table, said Bermel. ''It's going to hurt everything,'' he said. ''People at the grocery store are going to see significant increases in their grocery bill.'' The honey-producing season in South Dakota is short, generally from late June to late August. The state produced 13.26 million pounds of honey valued at $12.3 million in 2007. At other times, beekeepers make money by moving the hives to other states and renting the bees out to pollinate foods - almonds in California, apples in Washington state, or blueberries in Maine. The California almond industry covers about 600,000 acres and prefers two bee colonies per acre to do a good job during a pollinating season that lasts about six weeks. ''That's 1.2 million colonies and that is just about every bee that's on wheels in the United States,'' said Adee. Bermel calls it a modern-day California gold rush. ''Everybody's just rushing out there and everybody's got their hives going and they're all in one big area,'' he said. ''It's not the greatest thing because you've got all the diseases in one concentrated area and people are catching a lot of stuff.'' Replacing a colony can cost from $50 to $100 and requires up to three months of care and feeding in preparation for the demands of the honey season in South Dakota, Bermel said. South Dakota increased its honey production by 25 percent last year but trailed North Dakota (31 million pounds) and California (13.6 million). ''It was up because the year before (2006) we were really off in production, pretty much because of the drought,'' said Bob Reiners, apiarist in the state Department of Agriculture. Beekeepers in South Dakota had 255,000 colonies in 2007 with an average production of 52 pounds of honey each. The state has averaged 220,000 colonies per year and 70 pounds of honey from each colony for the past five years. South Dakota has approximately 160 registered beekeepers, all the way from the hobbyist with a single hive in the backyard to Adee's operation, which has regional offices in Bakersfield, Calif.; Cedar Rapids, Neb., and Woodville, Miss. After the almond season, he moved his bees to Mississippi, where the company is hatching egg-laying queen bees and starting new colonies to replace those lost in California. He hopes the bees that survived California are resistant to whatever is emptying the hives. ''We say we're going to breed from the survivors because we want to be survivors. That's kind of our motto now,'' Adee said. | <urn:uuid:838a5c48-cefb-4ab8-b072-af3c0819787c> | {
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Sounding Them Out - ILanguage brain teasers are those that involve the English language. You need to think about and manipulate words and letters.
Given below are five pairs of words. Each pair sounds similar, but have different meanings (they are homonyms). Can you find them?
Lift high - Bring down, destroy
Plant with ears - Labyrinth
Burial/Cremation formalities - Uses a pen and paper and forms legible words
To communicate with God - Carnivore's target
Watery part of milk that separates when milk turns to curds - The route or the course traveled from one place to another
AnswerRaise - Raze
Maize - Maze
Rites - Writes
Pray - Prey
Whey - Way
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
Back to Top | <urn:uuid:264f87ab-07ba-468a-af2f-43ea92bec448> | {
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For many of us developers, WebKit is a black box. We throw HTML, CSS, JS and a bunch of assets at it, and WebKit, somehow.. magically, gives us a webpage that looks and works well. But in fact, as my colleague Ilya Grigorik puts it…
WebKit isn’t a black box. It’s a white box. And not just that, but an open, white box.
So let’s take a moment to understand some things:
What isn’t WebKit?
How is WebKit used by WebKit-based browsers?
Why are all WebKits not the same?
Now, especially with the news that Opera has moved to WebKit, we have a lot of WebKit browsers out there, but its pretty hard to know what they share and where they part ways. Below we’ll hopefully shine some light on this. As a result you’ll be able to diagnose browser differences better, report bugs at the right tracker, and understand how to develop against specific browsers more effectively.
Standard Web Browser Components
Let’s lay out a few components of the modern day web browser:
- Text and graphics rendering
- Image decoding
- GPU interaction
- Network access
- Hardware acceleration
Which of those are shared in WebKit-based browsers? Pretty much only the first two.
The others are handled by individual WebKit ports. Let’s review what that means…
The WebKit Ports
There are different “ports” of WebKit, but allow me to let Ariya Hidayat, WebKit hacker and eng director at Sencha to explain:
What is the popular reference to WebKit is usually Apple’s own flavor of WebKit which runs on Mac OS X (the first and the original WebKit library). As you can guess, the various interfaces are implemented using different native libraries on Mac OS X, mostly centered around CoreFoundation. For example, if you specify a flat colored button with specific border radius, well WebKit knows where and how to draw that button. However, the final actual responsibility of drawing the button (as pixels on the user’s monitor) falls into CoreGraphics.
As mentioned above, using CG is unique to the Mac port. Chrome on Mac uses Skia here.
With time, WebKit was “ported” into different platform, both desktop and mobile. Such flavor is often called “a WebKit port”. For Safari Windows, Apple themselves also ported WebKit to run on Windows, using the Windows version of its (limited implementation of) CoreFoundation library.
… though Safari for Windows is now dead.
Beside that, there were many other “ports” as well (see the full list). Google has created and continues to maintain its Chromium port. There is also WebKitGtk which is based on Gtk+. Nokia (through Trolltech, which it acquired) maintains the Qt port of WebKit, popular as its QtWebKit module.
Some of the ports of WebKit
- Safari for OS X and Safari for Windows are two different ports
- WebKit nightly is an edge build of the Mac port that’s used for Safari. More later…
- Mobile Safari
- Chrome (Chromium)
- Android Browser
- Used the latest WebKit source at the time
- Plenty more ports: Amazon Silk, Dolphin, Blackberry, QtWebKit, WebKitGTK+, The EFL port (Tizen), wxWebKit, WebKitWinCE, etc
Different ports can have different focuses. The Mac port’s focus is split between Browser and OS, and introduces Obj-C and C++ bindings to embed the renderer into native applications. Chromium’s focus is purely on the browser. QtWebKit offers its port for applications to use as a runtime or rendering engine within its cross-platform GUI application architecture.
What’s shared in all WebKit browsers
First, let’s review the commonalities shared by all WebKit ports.
- So first, WebKit parses HTML the same way. Well, except Chromium is the only port so far to enable threaded HTML parsing support.
- … Okay, but once parsed, the DOM tree is constructed the same. Well, actually Shadow DOM is only turned on for the Chromium port, so DOM construction varies. Same goes for custom elements.
- … Okay, well WebKit creates a
documentobject for everyone. True, though the properties and constructors it exposes can be conditional on the feature flags enabled.
- … CSS parsing is the same, though. Slurping up your CSS and turning it into CSSOM’s pretty standard. Yeah, though Chrome accepts just the
-webkit-prefix whereas Apple and other ports accept legacy prefixes like
- … Layout.. positioning? Those are the bread and butter. Same, right? Come on! Sub-pixel layout and saturated layout arithmetic is part of WebKit but differs from port to port.
So, it’s complicated.
Just like how Flickr and Github implement features behind flags, WebKit does the same. This allows ports to enable/disable all sorts of functionality with WebKit’s compile-time Feature Flags. Features can also be exposed as run-time flags either through command line switches (Chromium’s here) or configuration like about:flags.
All right, well let’s try again to codify what’s the same in WebKit land…
What’s common to every WebKit port
- The DOM,
- more or less
- The CSSOM
- CSS parsing, property/value handling
- sans vendor prefix handling
- HTML parsing and DOM construction
- same if we suspended belief in Web Components
- All layout and positioning
- Flexbox, Floats, block formatting contexts… all shared
- The UI and instrumentation for the Chrome DevTools aka WebKit Inspector.
- Though since last April, Safari uses it’s own, non-WebKit, closed-source UI for Safari Inspector
- Features like contenteditable, pushState, File API, most SVG, CSS Transform math, Web Audio API, localStorage
- Though backends vary. Each port may use a different storage layer for localStorage and may use different audio APIs for Web Audio API.
- Plenty of other features & functionality
It gets a little murky in those areas. Let’s try some differences that are much less murky.
Now, what’s not shared in WebKit ports:
- Anything on the GPU
- 3D Transforms
- Video decoding
- 2D drawing to the screen
- Antialiasing approaches
- SVG & CSS gradient rendering
- Text rendering & hyphenation
- Network stack (SPDY, prerendering, WebSocket transport)
- Rendering of form controls
<audio>element behavior (and codec support)
- Image decoding
- Navigating back/forward
- The navigation parts of pushState()
- SSL features like Strict Transport Security and Public Key Pins
Let’s take one of these: 2D graphics Depending on the port, we’re using completely different libraries to handle drawing to screen:
Or to go a little more micro… a recently landed feature:
CSS.supports() was enabled for all ports except win and wincairo, which don’t have css3 conditional features enabled.
Now that we’ve gotten technical.. time to get pedantic. Even the above isn’t correct. It’s actually WebCore that’s shared. WebCore is a layout, rendering, and Document Object Model (DOM) library for HTML and SVG, and is generally what people think of when they say WebKit. In actuality “WebKit” is technically the binding layer between WebCore and the ports, though in casual conversation this distinction is mostly unimportant.
A diagram should help:
Many of the components within WebKit are swappable (shown above in gray).
Fonts and Text rendering is a huge part of platform. There are 2 separate text paths in WebKit: Fast and Complex. Both require platform-specific (port-side) support, but Fast just needs to know how to blit glyphs (which WebKit caches for the platform) and complex actually hands the whole string off to the platform layer and says “draw this, plz”.
“WebKit is like a Sandwich. Though in Chromium’s case it’s more like a taco. A delicious web platform taco.” Dimitri Glazkov, Chrome WebKit hacker. Champion of Web Components and Shadow DOM
Now, let’s widen the lens and look at a few ports and a few subsystems. Below are five ports of WebKit; consider how varied their stacks are, despite sharing much of WebCore.
|Chrome (OS X)||Safari (OS X)||QtWebKit||Android Browser||Chrome for iOS|
|Networking||Chromium network stack||CFNetwork||QtNetwork||Fork of Chromium’s network stack||Chromium stack|
|Fonts||CoreText via Skia||CoreText||Qt internals||Android stack||CoreText|
All right, so where does this leave us?
So, all WebKits are totally different now. I’m scared.
Don’t be! The layoutTest coverage in WebKit is enormous (28,000 layoutTests at last count), not only for existing features but for any found regressions. In fact, whenever you’re exploring some new or esoteric DOM/CSS/HTML5-y feature, the layoutTests often have fantastic minimal demos of the entire web platform.
In addition, the W3C is ramping up its effort for conformance suite testing. This means we can expect both different WebKit ports and all browsers to be testing against the same suite of tests, leading to fewer quirks and a more interoperable web. For all those who have assisted this effort by going to a Test The Web Forward event… thank you!
Opera just moved to WebKit. How does that play out?
Robert Nyman and Rob Hawkes touched on this, too, but I’ll add that one of the significant parts of Opera’s announcement was that Opera adopted Chromium. This means the WebGL, Canvas, HTML5 forms, 2D graphics implementations–all that stuff will be the same on Chrome and Opera now. Same APIs, and same backend implementation. Since Opera is Chromium-based, you can feel confident that your cutting-edge work will be compatible with Chrome and Opera simultaneously.
I should also point out that all Opera browsers will be adopting Chromium. So Opera for Windows, Mac and Linux and Opera Mobile (the fully fledged mobile browser). Even Opera Mini, the thin client, will be swapping out the current server-side rendering farm based on Presto with one based on Chromium.
.. and the WebKit Nightly. What is that?
It’s the mac port of WebKit, running inside of the same binary that Safari uses (though with a few underlying libraries swapped out). Apple mostly calls the shots in it, so its behavior and feature set is congruent with what you’ll find in Safari. In many cases Apple takes a conservative approach when enabling features that other ports may be implementing or experimenting with. Anyway, if you want to go back to middle-school analogies, think of it as… WebKit Nightly is to Safari what Chromium is to Chrome.
Chrome Canary also has the latest WebKit source within a day or so.
Tell me more about WebKit internals.
You got it, bucko.
- WebKit internals technical articles | webkit.org
- WebKit: An Objective View | Robert Nyman & Rob Hawkes
- your webkit port is special (just like every other port) | Ariya Hidayat
- Getting Started With the WebKit Layout Code | Adobe Web Platform Blog
- WebKit Documentation Overview | Arun Patole
- Rendering in WebKit, by Eric Seidel | YouTube
- web performance for the curious | Ilya Grigorik
Hopefully this article described a bit of the internals of WebKit browsers and gave some insight on where the WebKit ends and the ports begin.
Reviewed by Peter Beverloo (Chrome), Eric Seidel (WebKit).
I’ll update with any corrections or modifications.
- 8:30am. Removing the slides embed because it’s making Firefox scroll to its position.
- 9:50am. Chrome for Mac’s font rendering in Skia uses CoreText to draw glyphs, so it’s more like CoreText via Skia. (thx thakis!)
- 10:49am. Fixed broken link and typo. (thx tim!) Fixed weird meta description choice.
- 3:00pm: Mike West pointed to Levi Weintraub’s sweet & detailed What is WebKit?” presentation (video). slides
- 4:00pm. tonikitoo, hacker on QtWebKit wanted to clear up some subtleties:
Nokia (through Trolltech, which it acquired) maintains the Qt port of WebKit, popular as its QtWebKit module. It might be valuable to mentioned that Digia acquired the Trolltech/Qt division of Nokia and now maintains QtWebKit. Also, not to be too nit-picker, in your subtitles “Some of the ports of WebKit” I would have said “Some of the Products running on top of specific ports of WebKit” because strictly speaking Safari is not a port, but a “Browser that makes use of the Apple WebKit port on Mac”.True.
- 5:00pm. This article has been translated into Japanese. Thanks Masataka Yakura!
- 2013-03-17: This article has been translated into Russian
- 2013-03-18: This article has been translated into Chinese (also this one!)
- 2013-04-06: Chrome emeritus Ben Goodger gave more insight on the relationship between WebCore, WebKit, WebKit2 and the Chromium Content API that’s useful context. | <urn:uuid:97208be2-45c5-4711-adcb-a06bcb092509> | {
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Forests worldwide are being continuously disturbed by human activities and natural events, and tropical rainforest disturbance is specifically pronounced as indicated by its low biodiversity status. This study examined the floristic composition, species diversity and evenness in seven sample plots (100, 200, 400 and 2500 m2) in a secondary forest of different ages in the Biological Gardens of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The aim of this study was to determine changes in these parameters with succession. In each sample plot, all vascular plant species were accounted for and enumerated. The data collected were used to establish the floristic composition, density, diversity and evenness of plant species in the forest. There were 85 woody species (69%), 3 grass species (2%), 13 forb species (11%) and 21 climber species (17%) in the forest. These concern 113 genera and 52 families. The number of woody species in the plots varied with the age of the plots, however, there were no clear trends in the density and diversity of species with plot age. The forest was dominated by early successional species (50%) against the 33% contributed by the late successional species. Also, the youngest plot (Plot I) was dominated by early successional species while the older plots were dominated by a mixture of both early and late successional species. The similarity between plots during succession in the tropical forest was higher between plots of the same age. Also, this study showed that because of the directional pattern of succession, the species that converge to make up the diversity of forest of ages under consideration may be predictive of its recovery.
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White F. 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. 356 p. | <urn:uuid:d99827b2-05c4-4db3-84e7-a9b879d6f216> | {
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-- Robert Preidt
TUESDAY, April 2 (HealthDay News) -- Antihistamines and other
medicines disrupt the ecosystems of streams, a new study finds.
"Pharmaceutical pollution is now detected in waters throughout the world," lead author Emma Rosi-Marshall, a scientist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, N.Y., said in an institute news release. "Causes include aging infrastructure, sewage overflows and agricultural runoff. Even when wastewater makes it to sewage treatment facilities, they aren't equipped to remove pharmaceuticals."
"As a result, our streams and rivers are exposed to a cocktail of synthetic compounds, from stimulants and antibiotics to analgesics and antihistamines," Rosi-Marshall said.
The researchers examined how some common medicines affect
similar-sized streams in New York, Maryland and Indiana. The
medicines included the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, the diabetes drug
metformin, two antihistamines used to treat heartburn (cimetidine
and ranitidine) and an antihistamine used to treat allergies
"We focused on the response of biofilms -- which most people know as the slippery coating on stream rocks -- because they're vital to stream health," Rosi-Marshall said. "In streams, biofilms contribute to water quality by recycling nutrients and organic matter. They're also a major food source for invertebrates that, in turn, feed larger animals like fish."
The antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl is one brand) caused
significant disruption to biofilm communities in the streams,
according to the study appearing in the journal
"[Diphenhydramine's] effect on biofilms could have repercussions for animals in stream food webs, like insects and fish," Rosi-Marshall said.
The other medicines in the study also had measurable effects on
the biofilm communities in the streams. The findings highlight the
ecological threat posed by pharmaceutical waste and the need for
more research into this issue, the study authors said.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has more about
pharmaceuticals and personal-care products... the
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Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Information Services. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:9524cbf1-a134-4192-8089-7d8f5961ee2d> | {
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The Space Exploration Technologies Corp., or SpaceX, Falcon 9 rocket with Dragon capsule attached on top is lifted into the vertical position during a rollout demonstration test at Space Launch Complex-40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. This image was taken Oct. 2, 2012.
Credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann
SpaceX's robotic Dragon capsule is slated to blast off Sunday night (Oct. 7) on the first-ever bona fide private cargo run to the International Space Station.
In May, Dragon become the first commercial spacecraft to visit the station. But that was a demonstration flight, while Sunday's launch kicks off the first of 12 unmanned supply missions SpaceX will make for NASA under a $1.6 billion contract.
Dragon will deliver about 1,000 pounds (454 kilograms) of supplies, then return to Earth on Oct. 28 carrying more than 1,200 pounds (544 kg) of different gear down from the space station. Here's how the mission will work.
Getting into space
The Dragon capsule is set to blast off atop SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket at 8:35 p.m. EDT Sunday (0035 GMT Monday). The mission has an instantaneous launch window, so if anything causes a delay Sunday, liftoff will be pushed to another day.
At about 1 p.m. EDT Sunday (1700 GMT), Dragon and the Falcon 9 will be powered up, and fueling of the rocket will begin three and a half hours later. [SpaceX's Dragon Poised to Launch Sunday (Photos)]
The terminal countdown begins at T-minus 10 minutes and 30 seconds, at which point all launch systems will be autonomous. A final "go" for launch will come at T-minus 2 minutes and 30 seconds, NASA officials said.
Seventy seconds after liftoff, the Falcon 9 rocket will reach supersonic speed. By 2.5 minutes into the flight, it will be traveling 10 times the speed of sound, at an altitude of 56 miles (90 kilometers). At about this time, the rocket's main engines will cut off.
A few seconds later, the Falcon 9 rocket's first and second stages will separate, with the second stage soon performing a six-minute burn to take Dragon to low-Earth orbit.
Nine minutes and 49 seconds after launch, Dragon will separate from the rocket's second stage. Seconds later, the capsule will reach its preliminary orbit, at which point it will deploy its solar arrays and begin a series of thruster firings to get it close to the space station.
An orbital rendezvous
It will take Dragon several days to chase down the orbiting lab, and the spacecraft's final approach on Wednesday (Oct. 10) will be a cautious and controlled affair.
During the approach, SpaceX and NASA personnel will perform one "go/no go" assessment that will potentially allow Dragon to get within 820 feet (250 meters) of the station. Once within that distance, the capsule will begin using its close-range guidance systems, which consist of thermal imagers and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing.
Passing two more "go/no go" tests will permit Dragon to move within 98 feet (30 m) and 32 feet (10 m) of the station, respectively. It will hold at this latter distance — the capture point — for one final "go/no go."
If all is well, space station astronauts Akihiko Hoshide of Japan and Sunita Williams of NASA will grapple Dragon with the orbiting lab's 58-foot (18 m) robotic arm. The pair will guide the capsule to the Earth-facing side of the station's Harmony module, where it will be bolted in place for its 18-day stay.
Unloading, and coming home
On Thursday (Oct. 11), astronauts will open the hatches that connect Dragon to the station and begin offloading its 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of cargo.
The supplies include such basics as food and clothing, as well as materials needed to support the 166 experiments planned for the station's current Expedition 33. Dragon will also deliver 23 student-designed microgravity experiments to the orbiting lab.
Once this gear is transferred to the station, astronauts will load Dragon up for the flight home. The capsule will carry 734 pounds (333 kg) of scientific materials and 504 pounds (229 kg) of space station hardware, NASA officials said.
On Oct. 28, NASA astronaut Kevin Ford will use the station's robotic arm to detach Dragon from the Harmony module and release the capsule about 50 feet (15 m) away.
Dragon will perform three separate engine burns to start the journey home. Six hours after its departure, it will initiate its de-orbit burn, which could last up to 10 minutes.
Dragon will then blaze through Earth's atmosphere for about 30 minutes, slowing its descent toward the end with a series of parachute deployments. The capsule will splash down in the Pacific Ocean about 250 miles (450 km) off the coast of southern California, where it will be recovered by SpaceX's crane-equipped boat.
In a Google+ Hangout with SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk Friday (Oct. 5), NASA chief Charlie Bolden urged the public to follow Dragon's groundbreaking mission, beginning with Sunday's launch.
"I would encourage any- and everyone who can get to a television or online or anything to help experience this," Bolden said. "It's absolutely incredible to see something leave the planet, no matter what it is, and hopefully everybody will take advantage of the opportunity to do that." | <urn:uuid:a6cd9df6-33de-451e-a002-b4ad3a74cd03> | {
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Mary Wack, Professor Department of English Washington State University Last year I taught an experimental course nicknamed “Electronic Chaucer” that may offer a glimpse of the sorts of resources to be found in Chaucer classrooms in 2001. I’d like to briefly indicate some of the electronic tools I used, including an image archive, and then discuss some of the issues of publishing such an archive. The undergraduate seminar in the Canterbury Tales made use of a variety of electronic tools…
These pictures, taken between July 1996 and March 1999, make a photographic pilgrimage to various sites that Chaucer would have seen or been associated with in his lifetime, ending with the destination of his pilgrims, Canterbury Cathedral. They show details which link to larger 20-40k, full-frame photographs. York Scenes like these in York have not survived in modern London, but these photos provide glimpses into medieval city life as Chaucer would have lived it. Bootham Bar, York Bootham Bar is…
Geoffrey Chaucer reading his poems to the court of Richard II Frontispiece to “Troilus & Criseyde”, c. 1400
From a wood engraving by W. H. Hooper, after a design by Edward Burne-Jones, illustrating the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales in The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (London: Kelmscott Press, 1896). From the copy in the Department of Special Collections and Rare Books, University of Minnesota Libraries — part of their complete collection of William Morris’s Kelmscott Press books.
Sample images The images provided here are digitized reproductions of the beginning and the end of Chaucer’s Wife of Bath’s Prologue – a different manuscript version of each. The version that is in color is provided in two different formats. The figure next to each is its size (in bytes). Please select the version that you wish to retrieve.
A portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer from The Ellesmere Chaucer reproduced in facsimile (Manchester University Press, 1911).
Illustrations of the Reeve, Merchant and Summoner from the Ellesmere Canterbury Tales
GeoffreyChaucer.org has moved to a new server. Be patient while we get everything working again. You can contact us using this link.
Our ignorant kids don’t know how history got us to where we are today. Here’s a remedy… Can you answer the following questions? Who fought in the Peloponnesian War? Who taught Plato, and whom did Plato teach? Who was Saul of Tarsus? Why does the Magna Carta matter? What are one or two of the arguments made in Federalist 10? Hard questions, right? Maybe not.
The hardback edition of The Riverside Chaucer (1987) costs more than $60 (US) and weighs about eight pounds. Fortunately, there is a paperback edition that weighs less than two pounds. Amazon, for instance, sells the book at a 20% discount, for a little under $13. If you add on the cost of shipping, this comes to about $20 (US), depending where you live and on the day you order. To be sure, the paperback is not as durable as the… | <urn:uuid:bf705679-c663-4aee-893c-d8e69cf5b9b1> | {
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What is pectus excavatum?
Pectus excavatum is the most common chest wall deformity where the sternum (breast bone) and ribs develop abnormally. This causes the sternum to drop inward towards the spine producing a caved in or sunken appearance to the chest. It is sometimes referred to as “funnel” chest. Pectus excavatum is three times more common in boys than girls, is frequently noted within the first year of life, and progresses throughout childhood.
|Picture of a severe pectus excavatum.|
|CT scan showing the sunken in breastbone.|
What causes pectus excavatum?
The exact cause of pectus excavatum is not known. It may be a result of imbalanced growth of the sternum and ribs. Recent information suggests there may be a genetic component. It is associated with musculoskeletal disorders such as scoliosis and Marfan’s syndrome which suggests that abnormal connective tissue may play a role. However, the majority of patients with pectus excavatum do not have any musculoskeletal disorders.
What symptoms does pectus excavatum cause?
Many patients do not have any symptoms. Some may experience chest pains, shortness of breath or difficulty in performing athletic activities. In the most severe cases, children state they are not able to keep up with their peers in competitive athletic activity. Some patients report increased stamina or exercise tolerance following surgery.
The most common symptom of pectus excavatum is psychological – many children develop a negative body image and become self-conscious about the appearance of their chest. This may lead them to avoid activities that may draw attention to their chest, such as swimming or changing clothes in the presence of others. In some cases, this may even led to social withdrawal.
How is pectus excavatum evaluated?
First, the child's physician performs a thorough history and physical exam. If surgery is being considered, the child's surgeon may order additional tests or consultations. A CT or CAT scan of the chest is very helpful in measuring the “pectus index” (how severe the pectus exvacatum is). An index greater than 3.25 is generally an indication for surgical repair. Other studies that may be requested before surgery include an electrocardiogram, cardiac echocardiography and lung function studies.
How is pectus excavatum repaired?
There are several surgical options to correct pectus excavatum. The one we offer most commonly is the Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum (MIRPE), also commonly known as the Nuss procedure.
|Picture of a Lorenz bar.|
|Picture of a patient before and after repair of the pectus excavatum.|
In this procedure, 2 incisions are made on both sides of the chest, near the arms. A second very small incision is made on the right side of the chest where a camera is inserted to watch the procedure from inside the chest. A metal bar that spans the width of the chest is formed to each patient’s deformity. It is then passed under the breastbone (sternum) with the help of the camera in the chest cavity. The bar lifts up the breastbone and corrects the deformity. Typically, the bar is left in place for 2-3 years.
What is the recovery from the Nuss Procedure like?
Following surgery, most patients spend between 3-5 days in the hospital. Immediately following surgery, breathing exercises and walking is very important. Most patients are able to resume their full activities, including sports and weight lifting by 3 months. Contact sports such as football and hockey and sports that require swinging such as golf may be restricted longer.
What about pain?
While in the hospital, we utilize a special delivery device for administering pain medication called a PCA (patient controlled analgesia). We work very closely with our anesthesiologists and pain service to help manage postoperative pain.
Once you leave the hospital you will receive oral pain medications to take at home.
More information about Pectus Excavatum
- Watch a video of a pectus excavatum repair in our Surgery video library
Appointments and More Information
For more information, visit Pediatric General Surgery. To make an appointment or to ask questions, please call (727) -767-4170. | <urn:uuid:6d63c5f9-6e88-4dfd-b70f-2001c7879cd2> | {
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12 Steps to Creating a Language-Rich Environment
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2, 3–5
As teachers, we constantly strive to create a classroom environment where children are exposed to high quality language in varying forms. After all, language acquisition and its use are at the core of all the reading, writing, and communication we expect of our students. It’s not enough, however, for students to be passive observers of the language they see on word walls or hear in a read aloud. A language-rich classroom has many different layers and I believe the key to each is student engagement.
If your goal is to create a language-rich environment, student exposure to language should be meaningful, deliberate, repetitive and engaging — meaning it directly involves the students as active participants. This week I’ll share with you 12 ways I try to make my classroom an interactive, language-rich environment each and every day.
1. Read Aloud Every Day
Reading aloud and its follow-up conversation allows teachers the opportunity to help students increase vocabulary, create a shared literary experience, evoke discussion, and model fluency. I purposefully choose read-aloud books at a higher level than most of my readers in order to give them access to language they wouldn’t be able to read and understand on their own.
I stop frequently during reading to discuss author’s craft or a particular word the author has used. If I believe a word I’ve just read may be unfamiliar to most, I give an additional, more familiar meaning as well. In each book I read, we collectively select words that we like the sound of for our literature word wall. These words frequently show up in my student’s writing as well as conversation. For example, after reading James and the Giant Peach as a read aloud to start the year, the words pandemonium, chaos, and extraordinary have become regular parts of every student’s working vocabulary.
I often buy multiple copies of my read-aloud books, and they are often the most sought after books in our classroom library. My students love to read along with me as much as they like to use them for their independent reading time.
Some of my favorite read-aloud books to use with my third graders because of the language and author's craft involved include:
Click on each book cover above to learn more about it and available teaching lessons and resources in the Teacher Book Wizard.
2. Use Word Walls
Word walls are another key component of a language-rich environment. These organized displays of words provide an always-available visual reference for my students. Research by Robert Marzano (2004) indicates that, ". . . students' comprehension will increase by 33 percentile points when vocabulary instruction focuses on specific words important to the content they are reading as opposed to words from high-frequency lists [teaching frequently-occurring words out of context]."
Therefore, my word walls have evolved over the years and they now showcase subject-specific terminology. To keep students engaged, I allow them autonomy in choosing words for our word wall. At times we generate these words during whole group discussions, but more frequently mythird graders write new words on the wall themselves or attach a sticky note with words they’d like added. Once a month I type up and print out the new words. To help students make meaningful connections between words and concepts, we frequently add small pictures or symbols to the words.
To download and print my six word wall title cards, click any of the images below.
3. Use Anchor Charts
Like word walls, anchor charts serve as a visual reference of concepts that have been taught, acting as a visible reminder of concepts, cues, and our guidelines for learning. Posting these charts helps my students make connections to prior learning and they serve as a scaffold as new learning takes place. I have to admit most of my anchor charts are not beautiful, pinnable endeavors. They are messy works in progress that result from the combined efforts of my students and me. After a time, if I realize a chart is used consistently by my students (or if I plan to show it in this blog!) I will recopy it so it looks a little neater. For an even better understanding of why anchor charts are a necessary component of a language-rich environment (and why it’s okay to have messy ones!) read Alycia Zimmerman’s post "Anchor Charts: Academic Supports or Print-Rich Wallpaper?"
Here are a couple of my not-so-neat anchor charts:
These are the two charts that are used more than any other in my room — in reading, writing, and conversation! I shared how they were used in my classroom last year in my post, "Bringing Characters to Life in Writer's Workshop."
4. Create a Diverse Classroom Library
Common Core State Standards call for a balance of fiction and nonfiction text, however, those genres can be present in many different forms. Fill your libraries with a variety of picture and chapter books, magazines, graphic novels, travelogues — whatever you can find, at varying levels. The more materials students have available, the more likely they are to read, thereby increasing the amount of language they are exposed to. Read about how I completely changed the way I let students choose and use their reading material last year to promote lifelong readers in my post, "Rethinking the Book Box." For ideas on how to organize your classroom library check out Zimmerman’s post, "Organizing My Classroom Library . . . Again!" and my post from last year, "Simple Solutions for an Organized Classroom Library."
5. Put Language in Unexpected Places
Exposing students to language frequently and systematically is important in a language-rich environment. Our school has embraced the importance of repetitively exposing our students to language, not only in the classroom, but everywhere! Our entire school serves as a great example of students finding language in unexpected places. Because we have nearly 30 different languages spoken as first languages in our school of 500 students, you can often find words affixed to everyday items to help our English learners as well as our burgeoning readers. Inspirational quotes have been painted all around the building by our building principal. Students often stop to read the wording on the quilts that are created annually.
Above each classroom door in our building, we all have dispositions — traits that we chose to reflect characteristics we strive to instill in our students. We each wrote a personal definition of our disposition that is framed and hanging outside our door. Sandy LewAllen, an amazing AP art teacher in our district, had her students illustrate each disposition as they envisioned it. When you see the pictures below, you will see that they are not necessarily words you would expect young elementary students to know and use. Because of daily exposure to the words, however, they have become exactly that, a normal part of their everyday language.
Independence is my classroom disposition. Each teacher wrote the framed definition that is posted outside our doors.
Our school’s reading committee chooses a different word each month to highlight that students find in the most unexpected places — the bathroom, tables, in the hallway, the lunch line, etc. These words and their meanings are viewed consistently while they are up, and students eagerly await the next round each month.
6. Search for Awesome Language While Reading
During readers workshop I frequently use mentor text and point out different ways language is used by the author. When my students have independent reading immediately following our mini-lesson, they are tasked with looking for similar examples of language. Armed with a reading response sheet or an arsenal of sticky notes, they jot down any sentences or phrasing they feel deserves the title awesome. Afterwards we sort them into categories such as language that show rich detail or emotion, is easy to visualize, or uses a simile or metaphor. I find this activity has students paying closer attention to the details in the story, boosting their comprehension as well as their knowledge of author’s craft.
7. Encourage Awesome Language in Writing
Many times over the years I have told my students to use “descriptive language” in their writing. Those were the times I had the same inspiring effect on my students as Charlie Brown’s teacher, Wah-Wha-wa-Wha-wa-wa. These days, I show my students what really great language in their writing looks and sounds like by using mentor text. Of course I allow my students to become mentors as well. We even keep a chart during our writers workshop for students to share what they felt were the most awesome sentences they wrote that day. This simple chart is the greatest motivator in my classroom. Students have really attempted to use language creatively in their writing just to have a great sentence they think will evoke ooohs and ahhs from their classmates.
To be completely inspired in your use of mentor text to improve your student’s writing, Zimmerman's post, "Using Mentor Texts to Empower Student Authors" is a must read.
8. Play with Words
In my classroom, it seems like everything, including practicing word skills, is more fun and engaging as soon as you attach the word “game” to it. Students enjoy practicing words during word study using the vocabulary function of Spelling City and with the many interactive whiteboard games that can be found at Smart Exchange. Be sure to check out Beth Newingham’s Spin-a-Word and Candy Land SMART Notebook files. When students finish early they can always use their “free” time on the computer or tablet playing interactive games at Merriam Webster’s Word Central or on our class website where there are a variety of word games from Scholastic, ABCYa.com, Funbrain and more. During indoor recess, students enjoy board games like Scrabble, Boggle, Balderdash, Spell-Up and even old standbys like hangman and Pictionary. When words become play, the students eat them up!
9. Find New Ways to Say Old Things
Each week we choose a word that is overused and I challenge my third graders to think of synonyms that could be used instead to “spice up” their writing. They love adding their spicy words to the chart paper as they think of them or encounter them in their reading. I type up the words and post them so students can use them all year long in their writing. I always tell my students, Words like "said," aren't dead, they're just very, very tired!
10. Engage Your Students in Daily Conversations
To put it simply, talk to your students. Interpersonal communication requires students to use all the language you have been working to help them acquire in a natural, unstructured manner. Conversation is also a skill I fear is slipping away as technology takes over our lives. Glancing around a restaurant a couple of months ago, I noticed the majority of couples, and even entire families not talking to each other over dinner, but instead mesmerized by the hypnotic glow of their phones and tablets. Embarrassingly enough, my family wasn’t exempt from this group. I made it a goal this school year to talk to every one of my students at least once each day — not about school, but about them. As a result, I know more about my students than ever before and they can usually hardly wait to tell me a story about something, anything, when they walk through the door in the morning or during recess.
I’ve also built in time for students to have short exchanges with each other when we gather on the carpet for our mini-lessons. My third graders engage each other in conversation, practicing skills we’ve modeled like making eye contact, talking to and not at someone, appropriate responses, etc. The few minutes I dedicate to the art of conversation each day is well worth the difference I notice in my students’ confidence and conversational skills.
11. Speak Like an Adult
When I read aloud to my third graders, I don’t read like a third grader. Instead, I read like an adult, using appropriate intonation and expression. I know this modeling will help my students become fluent, expressive readers. That same logic applies to how I speak to my students in the classroom — I use proper words and terms even if they might seem over the head of my students. I believe it is very important to use correct words and terminology if you want your students to learn and use them properly. Simply stated, if I want their vocabulary to rise up to my level, I don’t go down to theirs.
12. Involve the Parents
Language acquisition starts in the home and most parents would love to learn how they can create a language-rich environment for their students at home. At conferences and in newsletters or phone calls, share with your parents what they can do at home to create a language-rich environment for their children. Scholastic Parents has many great articles on bolstering language skills that you can share with parents. Two of my favorites are "The Power of Language" and "Helping Children Build Language Skills."
Providing an evironment filled with language at every turn is important to me. This week I've shared a few of the things in my students' school environment, and there are even more. I would love to hear what you are doing in your classroom to provide your students with a language-rich environment. Please share in the comment section below.
Take care and thanks for reading! ~Genia
Resources available from Scholastic:
1/15 at 1 pm ET
Jeff Kinney & Dav Pilkey come together to create a story smashup!
Watch the Webcast — Enter the Contest | <urn:uuid:ebcce61a-f5f6-4cb9-86ca-84470d4db86b> | {
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Produced from the potato, potato starch and potato flour have notable differences when cooking, regarding function, taste and nutritional value. Confusing the two potato products, a common mistake by cooks, can result in a recipe gone wrong.
The production of potato starch is a process of refining, washing, rasping (high-speed machinery used to release the starch from the tuber cells from the interior of the potato), extracting the starch from the potato, and then refining the starch once again. To create potato flour, manufacturers dehydrate the potatoes then crush and grind them.
Potato starch resembles and feels much like cornstarch, powder-like with a neutral flavor. Potato flour is heavier in weight than the starch, with a consistency resembling flour made from wheat. It has a potato taste.
Potato starch is used as a thickening agent, while potato flour is used for baking and as an addition to potato dishes, such as a potato soup.
Thicken soups, gravies and sauces with potato starch in place of cornstarch or flour. Rolls, breads and some cakes can be made entirely with potato flour or with a mixture of potato flour and flour made from wheat.
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when a blood vessel just outside the brain ruptures. The area of the skull surrounding the brain (the subarachnoid space) rapidly fills with blood. A patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage may have a sudden, intense headache, neck pain, and nausea or vomiting. Sometimes this is described as the worst headache of one’s life. The sudden buildup of pressure outside the brain may also cause rapid loss of consciousness or death.
What causes it?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is most often caused by abnormalities of the arteries at the base of the brain, called cerebral aneurysms. These are small areas of rounded or irregular swellings in the arteries. Where the swelling is most severe, the blood vessel wall becomes weak and prone to rupture. View an interactive tutorial on cerebral aneurysms from the Toronto Brain Vascular Malformation Study Group.
Who gets it?
The cause of cerebral aneurysms is not known. They may develop from birth or in childhood and grow very slowly. Some people have multiple aneuryms. Subarachnoid hemorrhage can occur at any age, including in teenagers and young adults and is slightly more common in women than men. | <urn:uuid:f9af7b7a-8d21-48ff-bfd3-33b54bf54fec> | {
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Recently at Ars we've had a couple of discussions about the use of HTTPS—that is, HTTP secured using SSL or TLS—for every website, as a way of keeping sensitive information out of reach of eavesdroppers and ensuring privacy. That's definitely a good thing, but it has a flaw: it requires HTTPS to actually be effective at protecting privacy. Recent goings on at Certificate Authority (CA) Comodo provide compelling evidence that such trust is misplaced.
There are two interrelated aspects to SSL. The first is encryption—ensuring that nobody can understand the communication between a client and a server—and the second is authentication—proving to the client that it is actually communicating with the server it thinks it's communicating with. When a client first connects to an HTTPS server, both parties have a bit of a problem. They would like to encrypt the information they send each other, but to do this, they both need to be using the same encryption key. Obviously, they cannot just send the key to each other, because anyone listening in on the connection will be able to watch them do so, and use the key to decrypt the communication themselves. Fortunately, clever mathematics allows both parties to share an encryption key without it being disclosed to any eavesdroppers.
Defeating the man-in-the-middle
But what if instead of merely eavesdropping, the malicious party actually interferes with the connection, placing itself between the client and the server, intercepting everything sent between the two, known as a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. This would be a big problem. The MITM could act as the server (as far as the client was concerned) and the client (as far as the server were concerned), sharing one key with the client and another with the server. He could then decrypt anything the client said, examine it, and then re-encrypt it and send it to the server, and neither side would be any the wiser.
This is where authentication, in the form of certificates, comes to the rescue. Certificates are an application of public key cryptography. With normal encryption, the key used to encrypt data is the same key as is used to decrypt data; if you know the key, you can both encrypt and decrypt as you see fit. Public key cryptography, however, uses two keys: a private key, that is kept secret, and a public key, that is shared with the world. Each key only works "one way"; anything encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted with the private key, and anything encrypted with the private key can only be decrypted with the public key.
Public key cryptography is very powerful, because it enables the establishment of trust. If a public key can be used to decrypt a piece of information then it's all but certain that the information was originally encrypted with the corresponding private key. And so, this mechanism is built into SSL. The server publishes a certificate—a little chunk of data that includes a company name, a public key, and some other bits and pieces—and when the client connects to the server, it sends the server some information encrypted using the public key from the certificate. The server then decrypts this using its private key. This information is used to encrypt subsequent communication.
Since only the server knows the private key—and hence only the server can decrypt the information encrypted with the public key—this allows the client to prove that it's communicating with the rightful owner of the certificate. That's still not quite enough to safeguard against MITM attacks, however. To defeat this setup, the MITM just has to do a little bit more work—he would have to create his own certificate with a private/public key pair—but with this, he could still sit between client and server, acting as server to the client and client to the server, listening in on everything sent between the two.
The solution: trust
So there's one more piece to the puzzle: a chain of trust. To verify the authenticity and identity of the certificates themselves, they are linked back to a trustworthy source of certificates. Instead of simply generating a certificate oneself (called a "self-signed certificate"), one instead pays some money to a Certificate Authority (CA) and has it generate the certificate. Every certificate the CA generates is marked as originating from them (again using the properties of public key cryptography), and most Web browsers and operating systems will only trust certificates that directly or indirectly link back to one of a handful of CAs, the "root CAs." Any certificate that doesn't link back to a root CA—such as a self-signed certificate—will generate a big scary warning in the browser. Operating systems and browsers have preinstalled copies of the root CA certificates so that they can validate these links.
In principle, each CA will only issue a certificate if the organization buying the certificate proves their identity to the CA by sending notarized paperwork or some similar mechanism. This means that a certificate purporting to represent, say, Amazon must genuinely have been issued to Amazon. Some certificates, called Extended Validation (EV) certificates have an even higher identification threshold (and price) before they can be issued. The CAs shouldn't issue certificates claiming to represent Amazon to any company that isn't Amazon.
This is what allows the man-in-the-middle to finally be defeated. Although he can create his own certificate pretending to belong to the server that the client is trying to connect to, what he can't do is to create a certificate that is linked back to a root CA—the root CA will only issue certificates to their rightful owners. And since the Web browser won't trust any certificate that doesn't link back to one of the root CAs it knows about, the MITM can no longer secretly place himself between the client and the server—any attempt to do so will result in a big warning or error message in the client's Web browser.
So, that's how it should all work. And each part is necessary: without the chain of trust, the certificate authentication can't be trusted; without the certificate authentication, the encryption can't be trusted; and without the encryption, there's no protection against eavesdroppers.
The mathematics behind the authentication and encryption are pretty robust (at least given current knowledge), so those parts are reasonably safe. But an awful lot of trust is placed on those root CAs. If a root CA starts issuing certificates to people that it shouldn't—giving a hacker a certificate purporting to be Amazon, say—then the whole system collapses. The hacker can act as a man-in-the-middle and the client's Web browser will actually trust his certificate. No warning about self-signed certificates; everything will just work as if nothing were wrong. | <urn:uuid:c6f000c4-da52-4bb3-a296-014134804f52> | {
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(CNN) -- Here's a look at the life of the world renowned theoretical physicist, cosmologist, astronomer, and mathematician, Stephen Hawking.
Personal: Birth date: January 8, 1942
Birthplace: Oxford, England (grew up in and around London)
Birth name: Stephen William Hawking
Father: Frank Hawking, a doctor and research biologist.
Mother: E. Isobel Hawking
Marriages: Elaine Mason (1995 - 2006, divorce); Jane Wilde (1965 - 1991, divorce)
Children: with Jane Wilde: Timothy (1979); Lucy (1970); Robert (1967)
Education: Oxford University, B.A., 1962; Cambridge University, Ph.D., 1966
Other Facts: Stephen Hawking's birthday (January 8, 1942) is the 300th anniversary of the death of astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei.
He is the seventeenth Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, an academic chair at Cambridge University. From 1669 to 1702, the position was held by Sir Isaac Newton.
Has guest-starred, as himself, on "The Big Bang Theory", "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "The Simpsons" and on British television in addition to many documentaries.
Lou Gehrig's Disease (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or ALS), is usually fatal after three years. Hawking has survived it for 50 years.
The disease has left him paralyzed and completely dependent on others and/or technology for everything: bathing, dressing, eating, mobility, and speech. He's able to move only a few fingers on one hand.
His speech synthesizer has an American accent.
If given the chance to meet either Sir Isaac Newton or Marilyn Monroe, he said his choice would be Marilyn.
Timeline: 1963 - Is diagnosed with the motor neuron disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
1966 - Completes doctoral work in theoretical physics, submitting a thesis on black holes.
1970 - Combines the theory of relativity with quantum theory and finds that black holes emit radiation.
1979 - Becomes the seventeenth Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.
1982 - Awarded CBE - Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
1985 - Hospitalized with pneumonia requires an emergency tracheotomy, causing permanent damage to the larynx and vocal cords. A keyboard operated electronic speech synthesizer is refined and adapted to his wheelchair by David Mason, an engineer married to Elaine Mason, one of Hawking's nurses (and future wife).
1988 - His book, "A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes", an attempt at explaining how the universe began is published.
2004 - Reverses the 1966 theory that black holes swallow everything in their path forever and declares that black holes will never support space travel to other universes.
March 2004 - Police complete investigation finding no proof of the allegations made by daughter Lucy of abuse and repeated assaults against her father by his then wife, Elaine Hawking.
April 26, 2007 - Becomes the first quadriplegic to experience zero gravity, aboard a Zero Gravity Corporation flight.
October 2007 - "George's Secret Key to the Universe", a children's sci-fi novel to explain the universe, written with daughter Lucy is published. The book is the first in a trilogy.
November 30, 2008 - Is appointed by the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario to be its first Distinguished Research Chair.
May 19, 2009 - "George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt", the second in the series of children's sci-fi novels written with daughter Lucy, is published.
July 30, 2009 - Is awarded the 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama.
September 30, 2009 - Steps down as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University after 30 years. Hawking will continue to work at the university.
2009-present - Director of Research at the Institute for Theoretical Cosmology at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University.
September 7, 2010 - New book "The Grand Design", written with Leonard Mlodinow, is published.
August 28, 2012 - "George and the Big Bang", the third and final installment in a series of children's books written with daughter Lucy, is published.
December 2012 - Wins the Fundamental Physics Prize and is awarded $3 million for his theory on black holes emitting energy. | <urn:uuid:9306f0eb-dbb0-4956-af0e-01a206ce8ae6> | {
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Lets start with the blue boxes at the bottom center of the diagram. This boxes represent the motor package, included the motor, the encoder and the gear. The encoders of the motor packages are defined as “Peripheral Input”. This “Peripheral Inputs” are described in the HAL configuration file. To initialize the encoder inputs, you'll have to call the constructor of the “Peripheral Input” and add the respective “signalId” from the HAL file as parameter, e.g.
Because the HAL is configured correctly, we get the current position in radian of each encoder.
Next up, the “Mux” collects the four encoder values and puts them into a
AxisVector is defined as
using AxisVector = eeros::math::Matrix<4, 1>;
Direct Kinematic converts the position of the motors into cartesian coordinates of the TCP (target center point). The output now contains the x, y, z and phi value of the TCP.
Now we switch to the left. We got two possible input types. The “Mouse Input” gets the movement of the mouse and all the buttons attached to it, we use this block to manually control the Delta robot. The output of the “Mouse Input” is an AxisVector containing x, y, z and phi values. X and y change with the mouse movement. Z changes when scrolling up or down on the mouse wheel. Phi changes when pressing the mouse wheel to left or to right. To initialize the “Mouse Input” you have to add the input device as parameter to the constructor, e.g.
Do not use “/dev/input/mice” or “/dev/input/mouse0” as parameter. The “Mouse” of EEROS uses mouse events.
The “PathPlanner”, as the name says, plans the path to the next point. This is used for auto moving of the Delta robot.
The “Motor Model” gets the actual speed and the calculated torque as input, and outputs the desired voltage for each motor.
The “voltageSetPoint” serves for the initializing of the encoder. This block is no longer used after reaching Safety Level “systemReady”. | <urn:uuid:2aec8fba-635f-4da7-94f4-03c6c765bb5b> | {
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- Create a study guide with all the key points you need to know
- When studying, make sure to take breaks so you won’t crash (preferably every 45 minutes to the hour, depending on how long you’re studying)
- Have a snack while studying, but not something that will make you crash
- Study with friends so you can quiz one another or study alone using Quizlet
- Don’t stay up after 12 a.m.
- Be sure to get a full eight hours of sleep
- Have a positive mindset
- If something confuses you, ask about it before it’s time to take the test
- Eat breakfast during the day of the test
- Don’t cram 30 minutes before the test
- Have extra pencils/pens just in case
- Bring water/snack so you can get the full test time
- Be punctual during test day, don’t be late
Check out Danisha Rogers’ poetry in our May 2017 Magazine by clicking here.
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Chronographic fixed plate showing the movement of a sword thrust in fencing. Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) was the inventor of the 'chronophotograph' (1888) from which modern cinematography was developed. He also devised a photographic gun (1882) equipped with a sight and clock movement for taking serial pictures. After 1882 he concentrated almost entirely upon serial photography; his subjects included jellyfish, insects, fish, the movement of blood in the capillary vesels and humans.
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If you’re just learning to use trekking poles on your hiking excursions, the various length options on a retractable pole can be a bit confusing. When wondering “how long SHOULD hiking poles be”, don’t worry. The answer is fairly simple.
Most adjustable trekking poles offer a wide enough range of lengths to cover most people for length, and for each individual, there’s a standard “flat terrain” length that you’ll use most of the time. Occasionally, when you’re walking uphill or downhill, it can be helpful to adjust your pole length for different purposes.
When hiking on flat terrain, the perfect length for your poles should be a length that allows you to bend your arm at approximately 90 degrees when holding the pole straight up and down (at a 90 degree to the ground when the tip is touching the ground).
90 degree angle in the arm, when your pole is at a 90 degree angle with the ground. Maybe we should call this the rule of 90?
This is generally the right length for most flat to moderate terrain. But when you start to hike on steeper inclines and declines, there are some great reasons to consider adjusting the length.
Once you find that length, take a look at your pole, and make a mental note of the number (length in cm) you’ve adjusted it to. You’ll need to remember this number a lot, especially if you adjust for uphill and downhill conditions, as we’re about to describe.
This “rule of 90” length is generally what you’ll need for most flat to moderate terrain. But when you start to hike on steeper inclines and declines, there are some great reasons to consider adjusting the length.
How Long Should Hiking Poles Be When Going Uphill?
When hiking uphill, shortening your poles will help you to get better traction and even out the effort between your arms and legs, by allowing you to “pull” yourself uphill with the poles. When hiking with a backpack or child carrier, this can help a considerable amount with the strain put on your back as well.
How Long Should Hiking Poles Be When Going Downhill?
When hiking downhill, lengthening your poles will allow you to extend them properly to the ground because the ground will be just a bit farther away. This will allow you to place your weight on the poles as you make your way down the hill, effectively reducing the impact on your knees (and to your back, when carrying a heavier load).
How much you adjust your poles when hiking up or down hills is a little harder to put a rule of thumb on (sorry, no rule of 90!) Just be patient your first few times out, be prepared to stop for readjustments, and when you find a length for each scenario, take mental note of the length marked on the pole so you can make adjustments more quickly on future hikes.
Now, next time a friend asks, “How long should hiking poles be?” YOU’ll be the one in the know!
Bonus Tip: How to Properly Use Hiking Pole Straps
No…hiking pole straps aren’t made to allow you to swing your pole in circles over your head, Game of Thrones style, as you run at your sibling or significant other. (That’s funny, but dangerous. Someone could put an eye out so just don’t.)
Straps are actually there to help transfer load and weight as you use the poles. When your hand is properly placed in the strap, you also don’t necessarily need to have a tight grip on the pole. It should bounce back into your hand after each strike.
To properly put your hand in your hiking pole strap for best use, we thought it would be easiest to give you a quick video demonstration: | <urn:uuid:3eda936b-4bcd-48b3-a844-eb3546f18c53> | {
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Unlocking the secrets of early developmentEvery cell type in our body results from a different reading of the same genome. Over the past 30 years, scientists have learned that our genes are controlled by epigenetics – a combination of processes that switch genes on and off without altering the DNA sequence itself. But much of epigenetics remains a mystery. The Institute’s Epigenetics programme is exploring the earliest stages of life and how understanding this could help reprogramme cells for regenerative medicine applications in the future.
From neurones and hepatocytes to lymphocytes and erythrocytes, our bodies contain more than 200 different types of cell. Thanks to them, we can perform the myriad functions necessary to survive, thrive and reproduce. But how does this extraordinary diversity develop from one cell type – the zygote – when most of our cells contain the same genetic information?
It’s a puzzle Professor Wolf Reik, head of the Epigenetics research programme, has been working on for the past 30 years. “Every cell in the body contains the same DNA, so there must be something else that interprets it in a different way,” he explains. “This ‘something else’ is actually several things – transcription factors, proteins on the DNA that switch genes on and off – and it’s also epigenetics.”
Literally meaning ‘on top of our genes’, epigenetics refers to an extra layer of control achieved by annotating our DNA with a series of tags, such as the simple methyl group of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. It’s thought that each cell type has a different set of tags – a different epigenome. Akin to highlighting recipes in a cookbook that together form a specific menu you want to create, each epigenome enables a specific cell type to develop by ensuring that only genes relevant to that cell type are switched on.
As well as enabling cell differentiation, the system must also be heritable, so that as we grow and repair ourselves, our cells and organs retain their individual identities. “There is a memory in the system, and that’s important,” says Reik. “As a liver cell divides, it needs to remember that it’s a liver cell, and epigenetics helps with that.”
Equally importantly, the system must be able to forget, so that when we produce eggs and sperm, the newly developing embryo can start the development process afresh. “This is vital because after fertilisation, new embryos must undergo this process of diversification again, building new cell types and new organs. Without erasing the cells’ memory, the whole thing might become confused and lead to developmental problems and abnormalities,” he says.
Reik’s group is particularly interested in the epigenomes of stem cells, extraordinary cells with the capacity to develop into any type of cell in the body, and which are present in early embryos. By studying these cells, they are discovering how epigenetic information affects the way that important organs – such as the placenta, heart and brain – function throughout our lives. “It’s a hugely exciting area for us now,” he says. “In early development, once you get away from all the cells looking the same, you have to make different cells to produce a body with all its constituent parts. How this happens is a huge, unresolved question.”
To answer that question, the researchers at the Institute have developed pioneering new single cell technologies able to read the epigenome of an individual cell, without which it would be impossible to tease out how stem cells decide whether to become a blood cell or a brain cell, for example. They also want to answer two other key questions: how the global erasure process works, and how epigenetics affects ageing, both of which have major implications for maintaining health and managing disease.
For many years, regenerative medicine – using our own cells to repair or replace damaged or diseased cells – has offered a promising way of treating devastating diseases such as Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis. It’s becoming clearer that it is epigenetics that could be the key to unlocking the potential of regenerative medicine.
So-called embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are the holy grail for regenerative medicine, but many questions remain, including how to ensure that the memory of cells used in therapies have been wiped clean. “For us, epigenetic memory is a problem that lurks in these cells,” says Reik. “They are derived from skin and other cells but if they retain some epigenetic memory of where they come from, this could affect how well they perform in patients.”
As well as discovering how cells erase their epigenetic memories, the Institute’s researchers are also investigating links between ageing and epigenetics. It’s now thought that together with our chronological age, we have an epigenetic age influenced by our diet and environment. According to Reik: “We are interested in how the epigenetic clock ticks and how it affects the ageing process. We hope that by manipulating the ticking rate, we can have an effect on ageing.”
“As someone who has been in this field since before it was called epigenetics, it’s hugely exciting to see such progress. Instead of phenomena that couldn’t be explained, we now have molecules, mechanisms and the possibility of manipulating them in animal models and – potentially – in patients in the future.” | <urn:uuid:93726ae5-fe5f-499b-9357-82d89c3d3825> | {
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JC Miranda & Shant Bekarian
English Honors II
The book To kill a mockingbird is a microcosm of the Judicial Branch and the American law system. Microcosm has a multitude of definitions that vary from a little world to a greatly diminished size. The definition being examined in this essay is something that makes up another entity of a larger size. Juror Eleven makes a connection between these two by stating his love for this country due to the differences between where he immigrated from and the United States. He also explains a side of democracy where everyone should play their part: “ We have a responsibility. This is a remarkable thing about democracy…., We have nothing to gain or lose by our verdict. This is why we are strong” (pg 50).
Robinson creates this microcosm of the Judicial Branch ...view middle of the document...
He is most like the judge or bailiff that consoles both sides and communication solutions to the jurors. For example, when they could not decide who was on which side the foreman asked that they should take a vote to show where everyone stood. This helped the jurors ask the right questions to each other.
It was necessary for Rose to create a microcosm because without the story could not really have clear sides and have a clear setting. When Rose creates this microcosm he paints the picture of where people are in their own mindset. Similarly, Rose is telling the statement of the American law system having its separate parts and each person having to play their own part. Each vote was equally important to the situation the characters were in. If the jurors did not all think carefully and hard about what all the information meant, the votes would make as much sense as a guess. The American Law system has crucial key points like how in the story there are small key facts in the evidence that proved the defendant’s innocence yet Juror 10 believes they were just minute points that had no meaning.
Yet, after Juror 10 explained himself no one cared and actually became annoyed by Juror 10 talking especially Juror 4 who said “ I’ve had enough. If you open your mouth again I’m going to split your skull”. ( pg 60) All in all, when Robinsone was writing this book he made a microcosm of the American Law System. The microcosm is how the jurors in the juror room are like the prosecutors and defendants of the court system. They each putting in their own opinion to each piece of evidence which gives others ideas. The jurors were even focused on the smaller parts of life like when they all talked about how hot they where even though they had more important things to talk about. Many microcosm can be found in life for example the web is a microcosm of our society and how we look to it for information and ways to talk to others individuals. | <urn:uuid:08ec5e41-1362-4edc-beed-3a29d4927d11> | {
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Not too long back Dengue epidemics were part and parcel of life in certain parts of the US (). Florida had its last Dengue epidemic in 1934. Keeping mosquito-borne diseases at bay in the lush, warm, wet sub-tropical Florida climate is a constant tug-of-war and recent history ominously suggests that laxity in stringent, community-wide mosquito control could deliver net advantage to mosquitoes and the diseases they carry. Florida’s climate allows year-around residence of , the mosquito species that transmits Dengue and Zika in Central and South America. Thus, there’s no guarantee Dengue won’t make a comeback or that Zika can’t gain a foothold in the state. Exploring chances of Dengue and Zika in Florida helps appraise their capacity to spread into continental US and suggests that holding them at arm’s length is a fragile standoff at the best of times.
The Three Mosquiteers* In Florida’s History: Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever
Since at least the 1970s, Florida’s become one of the foremost global tourist destinations but a 2013 article on the history of mosquito-borne diseases in Florida () reminds us just how recent that transformation is. For long Florida was sparsely inhabited, its entire population numbering just 34730 in 1830 ( ). As recently as the 1950s, Florida was a place to flee from in summer (4), of course only by those who could afford to do so.
Why? Simply, until recently, life in much of Florida was considered so unbearable (5), much of its population stayed concentrated in the north between Alabama and Georgia, the, a largely disease- and poverty-stricken area between Jacksonville and Pensacola, known as the ‘malaria belt’, also home to cholera, dengue, diphtheria, hookworm, influenza, pellagra, pertussis, smallpox, tetanus, typhoid, yellow fever. Though largely forgotten today, mosquito-borne diseases in the form of malaria, dengue and yellow fever thus inform a great deal of Florida’s history. Maurice Provost, the first director of what would become the Florida Medical Entomological Laboratory recalled in 1973 (see below from 6),
“My most vivid memories of malaria-control days in Florida are of the morning-after inspections of so many of the humble shacks we sprayed with DDT. The poor housewife often enough would come to me with tears of joy and show me a basketful of dead bedbugs, roaches, and other vermin, and she would exclaim that her family had spent the first night of their lives without annoyance from biting or creeping things”
Florida’s last dengue epidemic was in 1934. Reads like so much ancient history now. Why? Mosquito control (7), a stupendous achievement pretty much taken for granted not just now but already a generation back in 1981 (see below from, emphasis mine).
“Florida would not be where it is today were it not for mosquito control. That alone makes a lot of people mad, but they weren’t around when you could not go outside after dark and most of the coastal communities closed down during the summer. Most of the people who fight your programs are newcomers. A newcomer is now somebody who came here after 1970.”
Complacence Belied, After 1934, In 2009 Locally Acquired (autochthonous) Dengue Returned To Florida
While sporadic travel-related Dengue infections remained, Florida didn’t report any locally acquired (autochthonous) Dengue since 1934, a record broken in 2009. Starting in July 2009 and continuing until April of the following year, a total of 28 locally acquired Dengue cases were reported in Key West, FL (See figure below left from). Eventually a total of >90 locally acquired Dengue cases were reported in Key West alone (See figure right from ).
Starting from tiny Key West in 2009 (see left from), by 2013, locally acquired Dengue had expanded upward to encompass at least 8 Florida counties (see right from ).
Local acquisition means complete local mosquito-to-local human-to-local mosquito cycle, the step necessary for outbreaks and eventually epidemics too. Definitely the opposite of welcome news. The silver lining in this dismaying story was that Maimi-Dade County, a port with heavy traffic from Dengue-endemic countries, doesn’t appear to have conditions sufficient to sustain local Dengue transmission. Puzzling similarities in the Counties with the most number of cases, namely Key West-containing Monroe in 2009-2010 and Martin in 2013, were
- Neither is a major port of entry for either aviation or shipping.
- Both had larger numbers of locally acquired cases compared to other Florida counties.
How did Key West and Martin favor local Dengue transmission? Studies suggest factors they have in common are (, see table below from )
- Tendency to keep open-air water receptacles such as bird-baths without frequently changing them.
- Keep windows open >50% of the time.
- Have >50% vegetation on their property.
OTOH, local Dengue transmission was greatly reduced if
- Empty standing water containers were changed weekly.
- Air-Conditioners (A-Cs) were used >50% of the time.
- Mosquito repellents were used routinely.
Situation in Florida is even more precarious given the fact that one study found local Florida Ae. aegypti mosquitoes capable ofof the Dengue strain isolated from the 2009 Key West outbreak ( ). When infected with Dengue virus, ~8% of these Florida mosquitoes were found capable of vertically transferring it to their eggs. Thus, Florida’s just barely keeping Dengue at arm’s length and even the slightest laxity could be all it takes for it to gain a stable foot-hold. Threat of Zika just adds to the strain on public health. Not to mention the really scary scenario if also became capable of transmitting Dengue and Zika, something it can’t at present. This would be really scary given how much more widespread this mosquito species is all across the continental US and indeed much of the temperate regions of the world.
Trouble is collective memory’s fickle and easily breeds complacence. When persistent, deeply vexing problems such as the perennial scourge of mosquitoes get intensively abated within just a generation, as happened in Florida, it doesn’t take long for collective, generation-spanning amnesia to dictate the conversation. Already back in 1991, public opinion apparently supported the idea that mosquito control officials greatly exaggerate the threat of disease to justify their jobs (4). What’s easily forgotten in such short-sighted political and economic debates is that mosquito (vector) control is inherently resource and personnel intensive and only works with sustained community support and participation (). To quote Hribar ( , emphasis mine),
‘Is it too expensive to control Aedes aegypti? Equipment, training, pesticides, and people cost money. To do the job right, a lot of time must be devoted to seeking out larval habitats and eliminating them. Adult emergences must be dealt with promptly. The public must cooperate with public health and mosquito control agencies in the fight against Aedes aegypti. Whatever the cost surely it will be less than the hospitalization, medicines, lost wages, and funeral expenses that may be the alternative ‘
Though climate and location render Florida and other states in thevulnerable to Dengue and Zika, common-sense, practical measures can do a great deal to minimize and even prevent them from getting established in the US. Apart from aggressive, community-based mosquito (vector) control, air-conditioning and using screens on doors and windows can greatly stem Ae. aegypti‘s capacity to complete Dengue and Zika‘s transmission cycle. Of course, prevention is greatly facilitated by widespread use of centralized air-conditioning and heating systems, something only to be expected in an advanced economy like the US. Given how important tourism is to Florida’s economy, one would hope the state apparatus wouldn’t hesitate to pull out all stops to prevent mosquito-borne Dengue and Zika from taking root in the state.
*: Defined here as mosquito-borne parasitic and viral diseases.
1. Bouri, Nidhi, et al. “Return of epidemic dengue in the United States: implications for the public health practitioner.” Public health reports 127.3 (2012): 259.
2. Hribar, L. G. “Influence and impact of mosquito-borne diseases on the history of Florida, USA.” Life Excit. Biol 1 (2013): 53-68.
3. Cody, Scott K. “Florida’s population center migrates through history.” Florida Focus 2.1 (2006): 1-5)
4. Mulrennan, J. A. “Benefits of mosquito control.” Mosquito control pesticides: ecological impacts and management alternatives. Conference Proceedings. Scientific Publishers, Inc. Gainesville, Florida, USA. 1991.
5. Gaiser, D. “The importance of mosquito control to tourism in Florida.” Proceedings of the Florida Anti Mosquito Association (1980).
6. Provost, Maurice W. “Environmental Quality and the Control of Biting Flies.” Symposium on Biting-Fly Control and Environmental Quality. 1973.
7. Mulrennan Jr, John Andrew. “Mosquito control-Its impact on the growth and development of Florida.” Insect Potpourri: Adventures in Entomology (1992): 75.
8. Harden, F.W. 1981. You and the environment. Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association 52:60-61.
9. Trout, A., et al. “Locally Acquired Dengue-Key West, Florida, 2009-2010.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59.19 (2010): 577-581.
10. Rey, Jorge R. “Dengue in Florida (USA).” Insects 5.4 (2014): 991-1000.
11. Radke, Elizabeth G., et al. “Dengue outbreak in key west, Florida, USA, 2009.” Emerg Infect Dis 18.1 (2012): 135-7.
12. Teets, Frank D., et al. “Origin of the dengue virus outbreak in Martin County, Florida, USA 2013.” Virology reports 1 (2014): 2-8.
13. Buckner, Eva A., Barry W. Alto, and L. Philip Lounibos. “Vertical transmission of Key West dengue-1 virus by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from Florida.” Journal of medical entomology 50.6 (2013): 1291-1297.
14. Parks, Will, and Linda Lloyd. Planning social mobilization and communication for dengue fever prevention and control: a step-by-step guide. World Health Organization, 2004. | <urn:uuid:3fb46a04-6586-456b-af18-7a7f7acb266d> | {
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What's the Temperature
Library Home || Primary || Math Fundamentals || Pre-Algebra ||
Algebra || Geometry || Discrete Math || Trig/Calc
|Algebra, difficulty level 1. At what temperature do you get the same answer, regardless of whether you use the Fahrenheit or the Celsius scale?|
|Please Note: Use of the following materials requires membership. Please see the Problem of the Week membership page for more information.|
|Online Resource Page #2992|
© 1994-2012 Drexel University. All rights reserved.
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Plant Materials and Treatments
Seeds of Arabidopsis ecotype Landsberg erecta were originally obtained from the Arabidopsis Stock Center at Ohio State University (Columbus). Plants were grown on Fafard germination mix (Conrad Fafard Inc., Agawam, MA) under continuous cool-white fluorescent light (120 µmol m2 s1) in growth chambers at 22°C. Under these conditions, plants flowered after forming approximately eight rosette leaves (cotyledons were not counted). Because the age of a leaf can affect its response to factors that influence senescence, plants were taken from synchronously growing populations and, with the exception of the seedling experiments, only identically aged leaves were pooled (e.g. the fifth and seventh true leaves were pooled separately). In most experiments, leaf 5 was used as an "older" leaf (beginning to visibly yellow in controls at the time of harvest) and leaf 7 was used as a "younger" leaf (fully expanded but showing no visible signs of senescence in controls; see Fig. 1B). Plants at this stage had flowered and contained developing siliques. This stage corresponds to d 0 in both Figure 1A (in which the experiment was then nearly finished) and Figure 2A (in which the experiment was then just beginning). At d 5 in Figure 1A, plants had bolted but had few or no siliques.
For the whole-plant dark treatment, whole, soil-grown plants in their pots were placed in dark boxes in the same chambers in which they had initially been grown. For the individual leaf dark treatments, leaves were covered with cloth "mittens" as shown in Figure 3 (in most experiments the mittens did not have holes in them, however).
In the seedling experiments, plants were grown in culture on agar-solidified medium containing 0.65 g L1 Peters Excel 15-5-15 fertilizer (Grace Sierra, Milpitas, CA).
RNA Extraction and Blotting
Total RNA was extracted using RNA Isolator (Genosys Biotechnologies, The Woodlands, TX). RNA was size fractionated by electrophoresis on 1% (v/v) formaldehyde-agarose gels and transferred onto nylon membranes by capillary blotting. Fifteen micrograms of total RNA was loaded in each lane. Probes were 32P-labeled by random priming (Prime-a-Gene kit, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Hybridization was done at 65°C overnight in 0.25 M NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4), 7% (w/v) SDS, 1% (w/v) casein, and 1 mM EDTA, and membranes were washed two times for 45 min each in 0.04 M NaH2PO4 (pH 7.2), 1% (w/v) SDS, and 1 mM EDTA. Probe hybridization was visualized with a phosphorimager using ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA).
Leaf extracts were prepared by grinding tissue under liquid N2 and adding equal volumes of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 1% [v/v] NP40, 0.1% [w/v] SDS, 0.1% [v/v] Triton X-100, 0.7% [v/v] 2-mercaptoethanol, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Samples were vortexed, centrifuged, and the supernatant added to an equal volume of 2× load buffer (125 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% [v/v] 2-mercaptoethanol, 4% [w/v] SDS, 20% [v/v] glycerol, and 0.01% [w/v] bromphenol blue). Equal volumes of each sample (representing protein derived from equal volumes of leaf tissue) were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE gels and electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Immunodetection was performed as by Shanklin et al. (1987). The CAB antibody is described by Sigrist and Staehelin (1992), and recognizes the LHC2b family of proteins.
Total Protein and Chlorophyll Extraction and Quantitation
Single Arabidopsis leaf discs were frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground in 2.2 mL of 96% (v/v) ethanol, incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min, pelleted in a microcentrifuge, and the chlorophyll content of the supernatant quantified spectrophotometrically using the method of Wintermans and DeMots (1965). The pellet was then rinsed once with 96% (v/v) ethanol, allowed to air dry, and resuspended in 60 µL of 1% (w/v) SDS, 1% (v/v) NP40, and 25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, by vortexing and heating for 30' at 70°C. Protein was then quantified using the Bio-Rad DC Protein Assay kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bio-Rad Laboratories; protein for immunoblots was extracted differently, however, as described above). For each experimental condition, protein and chlorophyll concentrations were determined for three to eight independent leaf discs (from three-eight separate leaves) and the results averaged. Normalization was performed as described in the figure legends. Error bars show 1 SD. In the seedling experiments, seedlings were pooled and chlorophyll concentrations determined from an aliquot of the pooled tissue. Three replicate measurements were made for each pool and the results averaged. | <urn:uuid:925b4c62-05d2-45e7-8037-1095a1bde5b8> | {
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For Snohomish County PUD, drawing energy from local waterways is a natural fit. The rapidly growing public utility has moved aggressively on several fronts to research and develop clean energy resources that are located close to home in Western Washington.
The Pacific Northwest offers an abundance of carbon-free natural energy sources. So it makes sense to tap the solar intensity of the sun, the continuous hydrological cycle that produces flowing rivers and streams, the strong and the virtual limitless heat of the earth’s core. All of these resources can provide clean renewable energy to serve community needs.
In 2009, the utility acquired two sites near Sultan, WA, for small-hydropower generation. The PUD purchased and renovated a small-hydro project at Woods Creek, which provides enough energy for several hundred homes. Upgrades to turbines have increased the project’s output by nearly 25 percent. The utility also has installed new tailrace and self-cleaning intake screens to reduce debris build up and protect resident fish populations.
In late 2011, the utility began operating its second small-hydro project, Youngs Creek, which generates up to 3 average megawatts – or enough power for about 2,000 homes. Both sites offer attractive characteristics. They’re located outside of sensitive areas, such as designated wilderness lands, and in the upper reaches of creeks, above natural impassible barriers so as not to affect migrating fish populations. These “backyard resources” also reduce the need for hundreds of miles of new transmission line, minimizing both line losses and environmental impacts.
Snohomish PUD is assessing several additional small-hydropower sites for potential development in the next five to 10 years. The projects’ generating potential ranges anywhere from 2 to 25 megawatts. If fully developed, the collective energy output could serve tens of thousands of Snohomish PUD customers.
The utility has met with a broad range of stakeholders – including local tribes, environmental groups and regulatory agencies – to share its plans. It has worked closely with the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife to ensure the Youngs Creek facility provides adequate levels of river flow and protects fish.
In assessing potential sites, the PUD is especially mindful of anadromous fish populations, hydrology, geology, environmental issues and access to existing roads and transmission lines. It aims to balance energy generation with the need to protect river flows, water quality and cultural resources.
The PUD small-hydropower facilities are designed as run-of-the–river projects, which divert a portion of the water to a pressurized pipeline that delivers it to a turbine downstream for energy production. Given rainfall patterns in the region, the generating output is naturally maximized during times of high energy demand. It also complements other intermittent energy sources, such as wind and solar.
New small-hydropower sites will require approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The utility expects each project will take three to five years from the application stage to completion of construction.
The small-hydro facilities don’t currently qualify under Washington’s renewable portfolio standard (RPS), although state legislators have proposed including new small hydro projects in the standard. Snohomish PUD and other utilities have supported such legislation. Under its RPS, Oregon allows new hydro projects up to 50 megawatts if they obtain low-impact certification.
For Snohomish, the push for more locally generated green energy resources is less about state mandates and more about creating a diverse, carbon-free energy supply. Its Board of Commissioners has made a commitment to meeting growing energy needs through cost-effective conservation and renewable energy resources. The utility faces continued load growth in the coming decades as the region grows.
Snohomish PUD is pursuing a broad range of renewable energy resources. It has secured contracts for wind energy from three facilities in Washington and Oregon. A local cogeneration facility supplies renewable energy using wood-waste. In addition, in 2009 the utility launched a comprehensive solar program to install demonstration projects in the community and offer resources to customers interested in installing their own systems. | <urn:uuid:254e8fcb-d450-4b64-a79e-7f78dd9619b8> | {
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Sharks could be used to predict storms following research by a marine biology student. Lauren Smith, 24, is close to completing her PhD studies into the pressure-sensing abilities of sharks. If her studies prove the theory, scientists in future could monitor the behaviour of sharks to anticipate severe weather fronts.
Research was partly carried out in an altitude chamber at the National Hyperbaric Centre in Aberdeen.
Miss Smith had previously investigated the behaviour of lemon sharks in the Bahamas. She then used their near relations, the lesser spotted dogfish, for further research at Aberdeen University's altitude chamber at the National Hyperbaric Centre.
It is thought her work is the first of its kind to attempt to test the pressure theory. It was prompted by an earlier shark habitat study in Florida, which coincided with the arrival of Hurricane Gabrielle in 2001, when observations suggested that juvenile blacktip sharks moved into deeper water in association with the approaching storm.
The chamber's changes in pressure mimic the pressure changes experienced in and around the ocean, caused by weather fronts, and the protocol was approved by the Home Office. t has been established that a shark senses pressure using hair cells in its balance system.
Work at the Bimini Shark Lab enabled her to observe shark behaviour by placing data-logging tags to record pressure and temperature on juvenile lemon sharks, while also tracking them using acoustic tags and GPS technology.
In Aberdeen, she was able to study the effects of tidal and temperature changes on dogfish, none of which were harmed, in the aquarium.
She also tested the pressure theory by recreating weather conditions at the chamber at the National Hyperbaric Centre | <urn:uuid:292b1567-7a7e-43c4-b4dc-be2b44ba1987> | {
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The process for making the nanoporous silicon material also marks an improvement over methods for making previous silicon anodes, says Cho. To create the nanoporous anodes, the Korean researchers mix silica nanoparticles with a viscous gel of carbon-coated silicon (to keep the silicon and silica from reacting chemically), heat the mixture to 900 °C to fuse it into a solid mass, and then selectively etch away the silica with hydrofluoric acid to create the pores. In contrast to most silicon assembly methods, the process takes place at atmospheric pressure and thus should be easier to scale up to large volumes. “It’s a much more economical process for mass production,” says Cho.
Cho says that he hopes to sell the technology to Korean battery maker LG Chem, where he has worked for the past four years and which may have won the lithium-battery contract for GM’s forthcoming Chevy Volt. But he could face competition. Cui says that his lab has also dramatically improved its nanowire synthesis and battery design, and in September, GM scientists presented impressive results on lithium anodes created using silicon-coated carbon fibers.
But the real question, say observers, is whether any of these materials can be produced at the right price. Marc Obrovac, a research specialist at 3M working on lithium-battery materials, points to a sophisticated silicon anode design already made by Sanyo Electric that achieves energy densities exceeding Cho’s. “Despite this superior performance, Sanyo apparently never commercialized its silicon electrode,” says Obrovac. “Fabrication cost may have been a factor.”
Cui points to another factor that could limit the impact of silicon anodes: cathode performance. If new cathode materials could match the energy density of the silicon anodes, this would multiply the energy storage capacity of finished batteries four- or fivefold, he says. Using conventional cathodes, however, would require a sixfold increase in the cathode’s mass and volume to deliver a doubling of the total energy storage. “We are actually limited more by the cathode,” says Cui. “Improving the anode will have a very big impact. But improving the cathode can have an even larger impact.” | <urn:uuid:47d441b1-a410-48f3-aa88-c54e7d4afdaf> | {
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All the books in this list have something in common – and they are all also as different as you would expect any books to be that feature good characterisation and writing and that veer away from stereotypes and lazily constructed narrative.
They share the characteristic that one or more of the characters they present is disabled or has a special need: but there are no labels, except those that appear when prejudice or bigotry is exposed. There are certainly challenges; and these stories help to raise awareness of some of the physical and/or emotional challenges arising from the situations in which the characters find themselves, driven by plot and, as mentioned above, depth of characterisation.
For the other quality that all these books share is that they each present their protagonist’s personal journey – and they all carry their readers with them on that journey, evoking empathy through shared experience and/or a shared emotional response. ‘A Question of Balance’, the title of both this reading list and the Mirrors Windows Doors theme of disability and special needs in books for young people, comes from Sandy Fussel’s Samurai Kids series – the phrase is directed at the books’ young narrator, Niya Moto, who only has one leg. Of course, it refers to his physical balance but it also goes deeper than that, alluding to the metaphorical sense of finding the equilibrium within to face what life throws at you. We all share a need for that. It’s also a good mantra for the craft of creating books, especially for those with the responsibility of producing books that will form an impression on young minds… and of course, there is no absolute balance; that is part of the joy of discovery for the reader (and, one hopes, for the writer/illustrator).
All the books listed here (in no particular order) are highly recommended. To find more good books, for books published in the US follow the Schneider Family Book Award (now in its 12th year, awarded for picture book(s), middle-grade book(s) and YA book(s); read about its background on the ALA site I Love Libraries). And for books from all over the world, check out the biannual IBBY Selection of Outstanding Books for Young People with Disabilities. The IBBY Collection of Books for Young People with Disabilities has its home in Toronto Public Library and each month MWD features a review of one of the books in the Collection, written by Toronto Children’s librarian Debora Pearson.
Nine-year-old Juwayriya tells us about her relationship with her sister Hind, who is autistic: how, with her parents’ and Allah’s help, she has learnt to be loving and look after Hind, instead of them both ending up angry and frustrated. Juwayriya realises that gently rubbing Hind’s hands can help calm her, and she loves action songs like Miss Mary Mack where she has to rub her hands together…
While the book is aimed at Muslim children, and big sisters in particular, it could be a precious story book for any young sibling of an autistic child, and its cultural rootedness is a bonus.
The illustrations are appealing and the narrative voice is easy to read and unquestionably authentic – the authors are Juwayriah herself and her mother.
What the Jackdaw Saw
written by deaf children with Julia Donaldson, illustrated by Nick Sharratt
(In association with Life & Deaf, Macmillan’s Children’s Books, 2015)
An fun introduction to signing for young children. A jackdaw is, unfortunately for him, too busy inviting everyone to his party to pay proper attention to what he sees – which in every scene is one of the animals touching his or her head. Many young readers won’t know what that means either, but they soon will, along with some other words – all also gathered together in a special signing glossary at the end.
All the elements we have come to expect from Julia Donaldson are here – rhyme, rhythm and pace; and the children who appear towards the end of the story (who include a boy in a wheel-chair) in Nick Sharrat’s vibrant illustrations reflect the multi-ethnicity of the twenty deaf children, all named, who should be very proud of their wonderful book.
by Jeanne M. Lee
(first published by Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1991)
Set ‘long ago’ in Cambodia, Lotus is a little deaf girl who becomes more and more unhappy and excluded, until her worried parents take her to the temple in the city to seek ‘a sign from the gods’. At the temple, Lotus ‘felt the vibrations’ of the drums and cymbals. She begins to copy the dancers – and her parents realise that they have found their sign. With the king and queen’s permission, Lotus begins training as a dancer. She no longer feels isolated and she finds fulfillment and friendship…
The story is inspired by relief panels at the 12th-century Angkor Wat ttemple, and small details of these in pencil appear above the text. These contrast with the bright, luminescent colours of the full-bleed colour illustrations – beautiful and memorable.
Whilst Silent Lotus has a folk-tale feel, the way it homes in on Lotus’s feeling of isolation and her increased well-being when she is embraced by the world of dance makes it a good spring-board for evoking empathy and thoughtfulness in children today.
Emmanuel’s Dream: The True Story of Emmanuel Ofosu Yeboah
written by Laurie Ann Thompson, illustrated by Sean Qualls
(Schwartz & Wade Books, 2015)
Emmanuel OfosuYeboah was born with ‘only one strong leg’. In Ghana that was a ‘curse’, a ticket to a life as a beggar. But picking up on his mother’s gift to him of ensuring his independence, he went on to demonstrate resilience and sheer determination in the face of bigotry and discrimination. When he became too heavy for his mother to carry him, he got himself to school, where he earned his peers’ respect, learning to ride a bike and play football – then, still a child, he moved by himself to Accra to find a job to support his family.
Emnanuel’s story would be tough enough, even without a disability, but he proves time and time again that ‘being disabled does not mean being unable’ – this book ends with Emmanuel’s heroic bike ride around Ghana to change attitudes towards the disabled – and an Author’s Note takes Emmanuel’s story a little farther.
Emmanuel’s Dream is a truly inspiring book, beautifully presented: no wonder it’s been winning awards (including this year’s Schneider Family Book Award). And Emmanuel’s Dream goes beyond the confines of the book – it is the name of the charity he set up in Ghana. Read more about Emmanuel here.
by Meshack Asare
(first published by Sub-Saharan Publishers, 1997; last reprint 2012)
Sosu can’t walk, so he can’t go to school like his brother and sister; and, whilst he is beloved by his family, he can’t leave his home compound because the other people in his village have rejected him. His company during the day comes from his faithful dog Fusa and the chickens. One memorable day, Sosu realises that he must break through his isolation to save the very old and very young in his village from a ferocious storm. With Fusa’s dogged assistance, he drags himself to the village drum shed to send out a signal for help…
This award-winning book may be nearly twenty years old but it very contemporary and as relevant today as ever. Not only is it an exciting story, in which Sosu shows enormous courage and will-power, but it also presents several scenarios that ask readers to consider their own attitudes to disability.
The Lucky One
written by Deborah Cowley, photographs by Kathy Knowles
(Osu Children’s Library Fund, 2008)
Ten-year-old Masawoud takes readers on a tour of his home and school in Ghana, and relates how he underwent surgery and intense physiotherapy in order to be able to walk. Deborah Cowley, founder of the Osu Children’s Library Fund, has captured Masawoud’s wonderful spirit in her photographs; and the text evokes compassion without asking for it – in fact, young readers will feel they have found a new friend. It is noteworthy that Masawoud’s favourite book is Sosu’s Call (above). Read a full review.
written by Melanie Prewett, illustrated by Maggie Prewett
(Magabala Books, 2012)
A true story from Broome, Western Australia: Jack, who is Indigenous, and Raf, who is non-Indigenous spend all their time together on the beach, hunting for hermit-crabs or fishing, or dressing up as superheroes, or doing other things that best friends like doing together – and only at the end do we learn that active, happy Raf is in a wheel-chair because he has spina bifida… The illustrations exude the fun the boys have together – and the book as a whole breaks down barriers.
As the swifts arrive back for the summer, a little boy’s sister is born. The baby is disabled and it is only when he rescues a fledgling swift that he overcomes his negative emotions and is able to bond with her, and realise that, as his sister, she is perfect.
Beautifully written and presented, with a lightness of touch and depth of emotion and understanding, this is a very special book that confronts the negative feelings an older sibling might feel, for whatever reason, at the arrival of a new baby, and shows that healing and love can be round the corner. Read a full review.
Kami and the Yaks
written by Andrea Stenn Stryer, illustrated by Bert Dodson
(Bay Otter Press, 2007)
Little Sherpa boy Kami sets off into the Himalayan mountains to search for his family’s strayed yaks. Kami is deaf and uses his heightened sensory awareness to help him locate them but he has to overcome the terrors of a ferocious storm during his quest. His family is amazed when he returns home with the lost animals – and, filtered through their reaction, the book is a reminder not to dimiss someone because they are labelled by an impairment: on the contrary, Kami succeeds where many a person with hearing would fail.
The story opens a window onto the Sherpa world, with stunning illustrations depicting the Himalayan landscape. A winner of the Schneider Family Award, Kami and the Yaks is now out of print but worth seeking out.
The Black Book of Colors
by Menena Cottin and Rosana Faría, translated by Elisa Amado
(first published as El libro negro de los colores by Ediciones Tecolote (Mexico), 2006; first English-language edition, Groundwood Books, 2008; published in UK as The Black Book of Colours by Walker Books, 2010)
Printed on black paper, this innovative book combines braille, raised illustrations to be interpreted by touch, and text (printed in white) that describes colours through their interpretation by Thomas, who is blind. He has learnt what colour things go by and uses his other senses to describe them – and it reads like poetry. A braille alphabet at the end means that sighted young readers will be able to work out the braille for themselves. Conceptually, this is a wonderful book that won the New Horizons Award in Bologna when it was first released and has gone on to be published all over the world. My favourite pages are the rainbow and Thomas’ description of black, the ‘king of all colours’ and ‘soft as silk’: his mother’s hair when she hugs him.
‘Once upon a time’ five little girls dreamt of being ballerinas, just like so many little girls the world over – and this beautifully photographed book follows them as they prepare to take to the stage and make that dream come true. Dancing is a challenge for all of them, as they have cerebral palsy and other physical disabilities – but that certainly doesn’t deter them. Ballerina Dreams is full of frothy pink tutus and sequins, and hard work, and the best of the human spirit – love, determination, sharing and sheer joy, as well as pride in achievement. A wonderful book to share with any budding dancer.
Yuko-chan and the Daruma Doll: The Adventures of a Blind Japanese Girl Who saves Her Village
by Sunny Seki
Set 200 years ago in Takasaki, Japan, Blind orphan Yuko-chan lives in a monastery. After an earthquake, she helps take food to affected neighbours, and then, through accidental discovery, helps them to rebuild their lives through the entrepreneurial painting of gourds – the Daruma dolls that Takasaki is famous for today.
George Mendoza started going blind when he was 15. He went on to break the mile world record and later competed in the Paralympics. He also became a painter when, as he was losing his sight, he was advised to paint the dazzling colours and visions that troubled him; and when a young friend, blind from birth, asked him the colour of the wind.
J. L. Powers’ narrative takes readers on George’s journey through self-doubt and low self-esteem to success and empowerment – and the illustrations painted by George are a dazzling riot of colour. As well as being universally inspirational, Colors of the Wind is a good way to reinforce the fact that there are different types of blindness, not just seeing nothing at all.
The Little Yellow Bottle
written by Angèle Delaunois, illustrated by Christine Delezenne, translated by Barbara Creary
(First published as Une petite bouteille jaune by Les Éditions de l’Isatis, Montreal, 2011; first English edition published by Second Story Press in association with Handicap International, 2012)
Marwa relates the life-changing day her best friend Ahmad picks up a shiny yellow bottle lying on the ground. Up to that moment the war around them had not impinged much on their lives – but the bottle came from a bomb dropped a few days earlier. They are both injured in the blast and Ahmad has to have a leg amputated. Ahmed only starts to heal mentally when he is visited by a young man who also lost his leg to a ‘yellow bottle’ and who shows him that he can still have a future…
The sparse narrative gets across the psychological as well as physical damage caused to children by war; and while Marwa’s final words point to the bravery of ‘Ahmad and all the children in the world like him’, we must not forget that she too was a victim. The illustrations are powerful – especially the last one that incorporates photos of children, no doubt provided by associate publisher Handicap International.
by Candy Gourlay
(David Fickling Books, Random House, 2010)
A funny, moving, truly delightful novel alternating between the first-person narratives of Andi in London and her half-brother Bernardo in the Philippines, painting a vivid portrait of both their lives.
Bernardo’s paperwork has come through and he is finally coming to live in London – but Bernardo and his aunt and uncle have kept one important detail from Ma/Mum so it is a shock for everyone to discover that he is eight feet tall. It turns out that Bernardo has gigantism and the novel touches on some of the physical challenges in terms of both health and day-to-day practicalities. Bernardo has also left behind a tangle of superstition and unwarranted responsibility; and Andi is going through the upheaval of moving house, changing schools – and finding that girls are not allowed on the basketball team. Indeed, basket-ball is a major, maybe even life-and-death factor in both siblings’ lives; and a theme running through several strands of the narrative is, ‘Be careful what you wish for’. (And read my interview with Candy (2012) about her equally wonderful second novel, Shine, which touches on mental illness.)
Car Wash Wish
by Sita Brahmachari
(Barrington Stoke, 2016)
Twelve-year-old Hudson’s favourite letter is Z, which is why he’s come up with the nickname Zygote for his soon-to-be-born brother or sister. Hudson addresses the narrative here to Zygote, talking about his parents, who are divorced, and his grandad, who has just died; and introducing some of the things that he finds complicated, like dealing with jokes and figures of speech- because Hudson has Aspergers. I love the bit where Hudson not only shows that he has assimilated the meaning of the expression ‘the elephant in the room’ but then completely owns it, building on it to show the exaggeration of the awkwardness implied.
As Hudson negotiates his grandad’s funeral and spends time with his grieving dad, aspects of the inter-generational relationships explored may well resonate with readers. Because we are able to get under Hudson’s skin through the first-person narrative, this is a great story for nurturing empathy. Read my interview with author Sita Brahmachari (2016) for more insight into the book.
A Time to Dance
by Padma Venkatraman
(Nancy Paulsen Books, 2014)
When prize-winning Bharatanatyam dancer Veda loses a foot in a car accident, it seems she will never dance again. Her road to healing -and to dancing – takes her on a spiritual journey that takes her to the heart of the Bharatanatyam tradition, and she forges some important relationships along the way: with the Western doctor who constructs her prosthetic foot; with her mother, whose determination that Veda must pursue academic studies had caused a rift between them; and with Govinda, a young instructor at Veda’s new dance school. The staunch support of her best friend deserves a special mention too. There are some funny moments, as well as instances of blatant prejudice and depressing thoughtlessness.
A Time to Dance is beautifully written in verse, in the first person: both these aspects contribute to the novel’s intensity and emotional depth. Read my interview with author Padma Venkatraman (2016) for more insight into the book.
by Susanne Gervay
(HarperCollins (Australia), 2010)
Katherine suffered catastrophic burns when she was three years old. Now in her last year at school, she is dealing with many of the emotional issues faced by teenagers generally, but she also has deep scars to contend with, both physical and emotional. Gradually, through minutely observed flash-backs, readers learn about the accident, its immediate aftermath and the long-term effects, including the many operations Katherine has had to undergo. But we also meet the strong, courageous, determined Katherine who studies hard, swims competitively and falls in love.
Very carefully researched, Butterflies provides accurate medical backround coupled with emotional and psychological impact within its fictional framework.
Samurai Kids series
written by Sandy Fussel, illustrated by Rhian Nest James
(Walker Books (Australia)/Candlewick Press)
There are eight books in this great middle-grade adventure series narrated by young samurai Niya, who only has one leg. His band of friends includes emotionally scarred Yoshi, albino girl Kyoko, one-armed Mikko, and Taji, who is blind. Together they make quite a team as they face many adventures together. | <urn:uuid:4125a6f2-242d-4db1-b7a3-839b044bebca> | {
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A History of Last Night's Dream: Discovering the Hidden Path to the Soul
HarperOne. 256 pp. ISBN: 978-0-06-057583-0
Throughout history, humans have tried to make sense of the baffling, nonlinear fleetingness of dreams. For shamans, mystics, and sages, dreams have provided a pathway to transcendent power—call it God (or myriad gods). In the Holy Bible, dreams were often seen as prophetic. Abraham's grandson Jacob dreamed of a ladder into the heavens where angels journeyed up and down, as if on some celestial highway. Later, Jacob's son Joseph dreamt dreams that were the envy of his brothers, who sold him into slavery in Egypt. There, Joseph used his gift for dream interpretation to gain the Pharaoh's favor. If you really understood dreams, Joseph's accomplishments seemed to demonstrate, you could parlay your skills into real power right here on earth.
Even though Sigmund Freud dismissed religion as an infantile fantasy, he appropriated the oracular nature of dreaming into his new "science" of psychoanalysis. For him, dreams were psychic puzzles, but instead of containing signs from some transcendent realm, they offered a royal road to the deepest riches of hidden and repressed conflicts. When Freud's disciple Carl Jung picked up the gauntlet of dream interpretation, he harked back to the older, oracular tradition. Jung's whole schema of archetypes and his idea of the "collective unconscious" gave dreams a… | <urn:uuid:7decdae9-967d-4def-9013-d9f047969ed9> | {
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Online Offense: What Is Cyber Bullying?
Family Medicine provider Dr. Joanna Bisgrove explains cyber bullying
Cyber bullying is hard to escape simply because it’s everywhere. In the past, the child could go home and be safe from the school and playground bullies. Now they have no sanctuary. Some parents might say that the child should simply cut off all electronics. However, given the prevalence of social media in our culture, that would further isolate the child from their friends and potential sources of support, potentially worsening feelings of being victimized, feelings of depression and anxiety.
The i-SAFE Foundation found that when it comes to cyber bullying, most adolescents and teens are victims:
- More than one in three young people have experienced cyberthreats online
- Over 25 percent of adolescents and teens have been bullied repeatedly through their cell phones or over the internet
- Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online. About the same number have engaged in cyber bullying
- Well over half of young people do not tell their parents when cyber bullying occurs
So, what is cyber bullying and where does it happen?
Any online or virtual bullying qualifies as cyber bullying. This can be online through social networks like Facebook and Twitter, email, image sharing services like Instagram and SnapChat or through instant messaging sites and online forums. Cyber bullying can also be “off line” through cell phone calls and text messages. Any messages or images sent or shared that are intended to hurt or embarrass another person through these media qualify as cyber bullying.
Is cyber bullying really a big deal?
While many teens and adolescents who bully online shrug it off as “no big deal,” the pain and emotions felt by their victims are very real and can have serious consequences.
Cyber bullying can be particularly harmful for a child for many reasons. Once a bullying comment or picture is posted on the Internet, it often goes “viral” and the effects are felt a million times over as more and more people see, comment and pass on the posted image, message or rumor. The speed at which a harmful rumor can spread on the Internet is incredible, and the child has even less time to react and process the hurtful comments that can result, not to mention the actual rumor.
This viral nature of cyber bullying can leave children even less prepared to handle the situation, which can lead to depression, anxiety and isolation. Additionally, recovering from a cyber bullying attack can be difficult because the words or images become part of the permanent record of the internet. Tracking down and erasing all mentions of it online is nearly impossible. This can make a child feel hopeless and like they can never escape the attack.
That’s why teaching resilience and an online “offense” is so important in cyber bullying.
Learn more about cyber bullying and how you teach your children the tools they need to prevent cyber bullying in the article Online Offense: What To Do When Cyber Bullies Attack. | <urn:uuid:4dbe3542-756a-40be-86f4-81efe4c3e92c> | {
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BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- Scientists at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility in Bloomington have made the first unambiguous detection of a rare process, the fusion of two nuclei of heavy hydrogen to form a nucleus of helium and an uncharged pion. The pion is one of the subatomic particles responsible for the strong force that holds every nucleus together. The achievement will be announced Saturday (April 5) at the meeting of the American Physical Society in Philadelphia.
"Scientists have searched for this rare fusion process since the 1950s," said IU physicist Edward Stephenson, the leader of the research team. "The process would not happen at all if nature did not allow a small violation of what is known as charge symmetry. If this symmetry violation had happened to be in the other direction, hydrogen would not have survived after the Big Bang, and the universe would not have the hydrogen fuel that keeps stars shining, including our sun, making human life possible. Sometimes large consequences hang on delicate balances in nature."
One effect of this charge symmetry violation is that the neutron is slightly heavier than its charged partner, the proton. As a result, isolated neutrons decay into protons in about 10 minutes. "If the charge symmetry violation had been in the other direction instead, and if the proton had been heavier than the neutron by the same slight amount, protons would have decayed into neutrons and hydrogen could not have survived," Stephenson explained.
The rate at which the rare fusion process occurs is expected to be a key piece of information in finding the cause for this violation of charge symmetry, he said. Theorists have proposed that the violation originates with quarks, the small particles that are found inside protons and neutrons.
"The rate of the process will tell scientists how much of the violation comes from the fact that quarks carry small electrical charges, and how much comes from the difference in mass between the two types of quarks found inside neutrons and protons," Stephenson said.
The IU team used the electron-cooled storage ring at the cyclotron laboratory to focus a beam of heavy hydrogen onto a target of the same material. The high precision of the beam allowed them to use just enough energy to make the uncharged pion without producing unwanted heavier particles. Sensitive detectors tracked the helium nuclei and captured the two photons or particles of light that are produced when the pion decays.
The team worked around the clock for two months, seeing at most only five of the rare events per day, Stephenson said. However, the several dozen events that they collected will be enough to allow scientists to test their theories about the violation of charge symmetry.
Their research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Indiana University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
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Of the 36 islands, islets and rocks of the Cres and Lošinj Archipelago, only seven are inhabited, including Cres, Lošinj, Unije, Susak, Ilovik and Vele and Male Srakane. From prehistoric times until the Renaissance, Osor was the island’s capital. It was first succeeded by the town of Cres, and then by Mali Lošinj in the early 19th-century.
Due to its grand and well-protected harbour, which is suitable for the development of seafaring, Mali Lošinj exceeded the size of the neighbouring Veli Lošinj. This is somewhat unusual when taking into consideration its name - Mali Lošinj (“Small” Lošinj), and Veli Lošinj (“Large” Lošinj). Today, it has 6,100 inhabitants and is the largest town on the Adriatic island. | <urn:uuid:b70f0ff3-243d-4ad9-a640-2d3518e07534> | {
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Add to Spiritual Diary
In The Mahabharata, Bhishma is quoted as saying:
"The Mother is the panacea for all kinds of calamities. The existence of the Mother invests one with protection; the reverse deprives one of all protection.
The man who, though divested of prosperity, enters his house, uttering the words, "O Mother!", does not have to indulge in grief. Nor does decrepitude ever assail him.
A person whose Mother exists, even if he happens to be possessed of sons and grandsons and he himself is a hundred years old, but in the eyes of his Mother, he looks like a two-year-old child.
Whether the Mother is able or disabled, lean or robust, the son is always protected by the Mother. None else, according to the ordinance, is the son’s protector.
Then does the son become old, then does he become stricken with grief, then does the world look empty in his eyes, when he becomes deprived of his Mother.
There is no shelter like the Mother. There is no refuge like the Mother. There is no defense like the Mother. There is no one so dear as the Mother. For having borne him in her womb, the Mother is the son’s dhatri. For having been the chief cause of his birth, she is his
janani. For having nursed his young limbs, she is called amva (Amma). For nursing and looking after the son, she is called sura. The mother is one’s own body.
Recommended By Colombia
From the Mahabharata: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXVI; Translated by Sri Kisari Mohan Ganguli | <urn:uuid:a43c7ce7-b315-4e33-a2a2-1ae2da598806> | {
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Wet and Wild Leadership Camp: Teens gain leadership and science skills
Seventh and eighth graders that participated in “Wet and Wild Leadership Camp” gained skills in leadership and science.
Seventh and eighth graders that participated in the new “Wet and Wild Leadership Camp” held at the Michigan State University (MSU) W.K. Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) Kellogg Bird Sanctuary gained skills in leadership and science. MSU Extension educators partnered with the KBS Environmental Education Coordinator for a successful event.
This first-time summer camp event proved to be a positive experience according to collected evaluation responses. The sanctuary is a beautiful place to explore nature and it is also part of a vibrant research community. The summer science campers were able to conduct experiments and utilize the expertise and instruments available to students and faculty at the biological station.
The theme, water quality and conservation, aimed at allowing campers to engage in:
- Hands-on science exploration, from experiments to visits with KBS researchers
- Field studies to learn about local watersheds, collecting and analyzing samples, surveying insects and birds
- Leadership and team building activities
- Global leadership
- Working as a team to form hypotheses about land development and what makes a healthy watershed
Teens also enjoyed an overnights stay at the sanctuary and swimming in Gull Lake, fishing, canoeing along with other camp favorites.
“An unexpected outcome during the week of leadership camp was that it not only benefitted the participating campers, but all the staff and volunteers involved as well,” said Kara Haas, Kellogg Bird Sanctuary environmental education coordinator. “The senior counselors that have been involved with camp for the past three years said that they learned a lot from the experience, and it helped to make them even better leaders for the following three weeks of camp.”
Campers completed an evaluation that included questions about their environmental knowledge, their interest in the environment, whether they believed they could influence the solution of an environmental issue, and their interest in a career in natural resources. The questions were asked in regards to their knowledge and feelings before and after camp. For all questions, the campers rated their knowledge and feelings to have increased after a week at camp. Campers gained natural history knowledge and felt more empowered to have a positive effect on environmental problems facing our world.
The Leadership Camp proved to be an excellent training for teens and provided them with the tools and skills to become Jr. Camp Counselors (9th – 12th graders) in the future.
The camp was supported by a generous grant from Barry Community Foundation and private donations to the sanctuary’s Camp Scholarship Fund. | <urn:uuid:96056d69-accf-4334-80a0-225c5cd6c882> | {
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In the Puget Sound Region, it’s clear that climate change impacts will involve changes in precipitation that will impact agriculture, especially agriculture in floodplain areas (Mauger et al. 2015). However, it’s not yet known how precipitation pattern changes will combine with changes in stormwater run-off and sea-level rise… and how these changes might differ between different watersheds. Flood risk reduction folks want this information so that they know how to properly size new culverts. Fish folks want this information to place and design salmon habitat restoration projects.
But, it turns out that this information will also dramatically impact what to do about agricultural drainage, a current challenge. Getting surface water off of fields early enough to plant spring crops can be tricky, and often the fall rains saturate fields before farmers can plant winter cover crops. Farmers need to know what to expect from precipitation changes in the future so that they can adapt to those changes. Crop selection, cover crop timing, and maintained agricultural drainage infrastructure will be critical for future agricultural viability, as much or more than it is today. So, it is important that farmers also understand and have the ability to use climate change information.
In the Puyallup Watershed, floodplains host a diverse array of farms and agricultural businesses that benefit from the rich floodplain soils. They also are under pressure of development, suffer frequent flooding, and provide inadequate fish habitat. Recognizing the conflicting pressures, the Floodplains for the Future Partnership of 22 partner organizations are working to support the recovery of floodplain functions. The key is to achieve that by balancing farm, fish, and flood interests and needs.
The Partnership’s Farm Committee has taken the lead role in understanding, researching, and advocating for agricultural viability in Pierce County so that the agricultural community’s needs are met whenever possible by this multiple-benefit effort. Since 2015, their efforts have focused on the Farming in the Floodplain Project (now affiliated with the Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources), working to identify agricultural viability needs and support actions that could improve the ability of farmers to successfully farm in Pierce County.
The first three years of this work led to some not-terribly-surprising conclusions and next steps for Pierce County: agricultural drainage, often the biggest physical barrier to agricultural viability, has been inadequately maintained for decades, and now is worsening flood risk (Environmental Science Associates 2017). In addition, as our Partnership works to improve agricultural drainage (at a landscape scale, as well as through policy), we’ve recognized that there are serious gaps in our understanding of how to address future agricultural drainage needs, because these will change with a changing climate.
We are not alone in this. As we wrestled with the best way to get robust data around future precipitation changes and sea level rise, we realized that our counterparts working on the flood and fish habitat side of things—the other two legs in this integrated management stool—needed very similar data to understand things like what vegetation to use in restoration efforts, and how tall to construct levees. We were all using different reports, baseline data, and models to understand how our shared landscape might be impacted by climate change… so how likely were we to find solutions that work for farms, fish and flood?
In order to meet the need for solid, relevant, and specific climate change data, we decided to collaborate, pool resources, and design a shared approach. We have partnered with the University of Washington’s Climate Impacts Group to collate available data, determine what we should use as shared baselines, identify data gaps, and define a path forward to collaboratively develop new models for the Puyallup Watershed.
Farm, Fish, and Flood folks meet on a farm in the Puyallup Watershed to better understand how this farmer successfully farms with the existing high groundwater levels and agricultural drainage systems.
This approach is unique, but logical: collaboration will lead to a greater understanding of the specific predicted changes for our Watershed, it allows us to pool our resources (time and money) and we will create better-quality models with a higher degree of buy-in from the many partners involved in this work.
Working collaboratively, the Floodplains for the Future Partnership’s shared development of climate change data will allow us to continue to build trust between interests that sometimes are at odds—between agricultural landowners and the County, between fish biologists and farmers. We will have a clearer idea of how precipitation changes may impact the land use decisions that face our Partnership. By the end of 2019, this work will have taken shape: we’ll have a shared path forward to fill in the critical gaps for climate change data needs to inform better decisions for farm, fish, and flood-focused efforts.
Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L. Whitely Binder, M.B. Krosby, and A.K. Snover. 2015. State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound. Section 8: How will Climate Change Impact Agriculture?Report prepared for the Puget Sound Partnership and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. doi:10.7915/CIG93777D
Environmental Science Associates. 2017. Final Drainage Inventory Memorandum. Memo prepared for the Farming in the Floodplain Project and PCC Farmland Trust. Accessed Nov. 28, 2018. | <urn:uuid:88881b56-1227-4dad-9370-49539a515ffb> | {
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Large swaths of North America are prone to severe winter weather, and sometimes blizzards are produced as a result. It’s tempting to throw the B-word around during heavy snowfall, but there’s actually a specific and technical definition.
According to the National Weather Service, a blizzard is a combination of three weather events:
Interestingly, a blizzard does not technically have to involve active snowfall. If there is a large accumulation of snow on the ground already, sustained winds can blow that snow around and reduce visibility to blizzard-level conditions even when no snow is falling. This is called a “ground blizzard”.
A snowstorm, or winter storm, is generally considered less severe due to the lack of high winds and low visibility, but they can still be dangerous, especially when driving or walking on slick surfaces. Winter storms are characterized by near-freezing or below freezing temperatures and “wintery mix” precipitation, which can include snow, sleet, ice and freezing rain. Whether you’re dealing with a snow storm or a blizzard, always be prepared for the severe weather.
Blizzards are possible in any area where freezing temperatures and snowfall occur. In North America, blizzards are most common in the Northern Plains, the Midwest and throughout Canada. They also occur in the Northeastern United States, but because snow tends to be wetter and heavier in coastal regions, it’s less prone to being blown around in a way that severely reduces visibility.
While we’re defining winter weather terms, there’s another one that’s often misunderstood: the nor’easter.
Nor’easters are often thought of as powerful snowstorms, but a storm doesn’t have to involve any snow or even occur during winter to qualify as a nor’easter. A nor’easter is a powerful low-pressure system that originates along the Mid-Atlantic coast and features strong northeasterly winds. They’re most common between early fall and late spring, and they often do include paralyzing snowstorms.
Nor’easters generally strengthen as they move up the coast, which makes them particularly threatening to large coastal cities between Washington, D.C. and Boston.
Ordinary blizzards are bad enough, but you can definitely count yourself lucky if you’ve never had to endure a truly historic one. Here are just a few of the most dangerous and destructive blizzards in U.S. history: | <urn:uuid:f9db69a6-21b9-4edb-aef4-fbcaf990ea9e> | {
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Our government is urging you to eat more British pork and bacon. Why? Because Britain has the best animal welfare standards in the world, they claim!
Pigs killed for their meat live only five or six months but it takes a battery of drugs to keep them alive. From birth until death they are given powerful antibiotics – drugs which create superbugs that can kill us – in a desperate attempt to control the diseases which run rife in the filth of the factory farm.
Over the past five years, Viva! has secretly filmed inside pig farms across the UK. Everywhere we pointed the camera we saw diseased, dead and dying animals. In almost every enclosure were the products of brutal neglect and indifference – broken legs, abscesses, ruptured stomachs, animals coughing from pneumonia, others panting from meningitis, cuts and lacerations from the perforated metal on which they have to live. From new born piglet to 100kg in just five months, slaughter must come as a relief to most of these muscle-bound travesties of creation.
On one farm with 2,000 pigs, nearly 400 had died in the first eight months. On others we filmed dead pigs left in the open to decay, prey to dogs and wildlife; dead piglets beneath a sea of writhing maggots; a pregnant sow about to give birth into her own excreta; pigs coated in their own faeces; animals with ruptures the size of footballs; pigs dragging themselves around, unable to walk.
The units we chose at random are not run by rogue farmers. One supplied the biggest bacon factory in Britain, which supplies major supermarket chains. Another breeds animals for one of the biggest bacon suppliers in the London region. There is such disregard for the animals that another farm we investigated left a mother sow haemorrhaging badly from her vulva. Her newly-born piglets suckle alongside the large pool of blood. All part of the ‘highest welfare standards in the world’.
Another farmer has his pigs living on bare concrete floors in their own filth and devoid of bedding. He admits that when he buys the baby pigs they are ‘drugged up to the eyeballs’ and have to go through cold turkey.
90% of Britain's pig producers claim to follow a code of practice on animal welfare – yet 95% of pigs killed for meat are factory farmed! The pictures to the right show just what that means. | <urn:uuid:c0a7ceae-90d7-42d3-b70f-1a53561186bf> | {
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1. proper, serious, decorous, solemn. Staid, sedate, settled indicate a sober and composed type of conduct. Staid indicates an ingrained seriousness and propriety that shows itself in complete decorum; a colorless kind of correctness is indicated: a staid and uninteresting family. Sedate applies to one who is noticeably quiet, composed, and sober in conduct: a sedate and dignified young man. One who is settled has become fixed, especially in a sober or determined way, in manner, judgments, or mode of life: He is young to be so settled in his ways. | <urn:uuid:67dd2f74-ed6e-4aa9-b655-884dcefba96d> | {
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The Center for Native and Pacific Health Disparities Research Walks Beside, Not In Front of, Diverse Hawaiian Communities to Control Diabetes
Native Hawaiians are twice as likely to develop diabetes as Whites living in Hawaii and four times more likely to die of stroke.
These are the kinds of health problems being addressed by the Center for Native and Pacific Health Disparities Research and its network of community partners.
Dr. Marjorie Mau has served as lead principal investigator of the Center since 2002, when it was established with an NIMHD grant at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. Her experience growing up in Hawai'i and as the only Native Hawaiian in her medical school class led to a deep passion for working with Hawai'i's communities on the health problems they care about. It also made her passionate about training people in those communities to not only volunteer in a study but also do the research.
"The word 'collaboration' or 'partnership' really doesn't capture the form of community engagement that we use in our Center. We literally walk with our communities–and not in front of them, but beside them," says Dr. Mau. "They're part of just about everything the Center does."
The Center started out by building the Ulu Network of partners at more than 60 sites across Hawaii. These partners included Native Hawaiian healthcare systems, community health centers, Native Hawaiian civic clubs and nonprofits serving Native Hawaiians, and grassroots organizations. The Network later expanded to include other Native populations in the Pacific, such as Alaska Natives and New Zealand Māori.
The Ulu Network groups' long-standing relationship with the Center is built on trust. Representatives from the community help identify the most pressing health problems and decide how best to combat them. And if they choose to work with the Center, partners are held accountable to the joint project.
"They help us ensure that the science is going to be strong–not just scientifically–but also with strong community validity by asking, 'How is that going to translate or transform the lives of the people it's meant to benefit?'" says Dr. Mau.
An example of this approach is the NIMHD-funded Partnership for Improving Lifestyle Interventions (PILI) project. The Center and five community partners, located mostly in low-income urban areas of Honolulu on the island of O'ahu, decided to address obesity. They adapted an existing weight loss education program so it used local language and examples relevant to Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities. The groups also added a program to help participants maintain their weight loss with the support of their family and community.
Researchers from the Center trained local staff members to collect data to find out whether the culturally adapted program worked. And it did: Six months later, participants who stuck with the program were five times more likely to have kept the weight off than were people in the control group, who followed a standard weight maintenance program.
Community training is one of the most enduring parts of the Center's Ulu Network activities, says Dr. Mau. "All of a sudden these young kids are like, 'Wow, I can do this. I never even thought of being a researcher.'"
Dr. Mau notes that while the PILI project went a long way to improve the health of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, participants could get even further if their doctors worked with them.
For example, in an NIMHD-funded study, Dr. Mau and the research team adapted information about diabetes for her ethnically diverse patients. But the team also went beyond that, creating short modules to teach physicians how to share decision-making with diabetic patients. Dr. Mau explains that by taking part in decisions, such as what medications to use, patients take ownership of their health.
The Center has helped counter the public's negative viewpoints of research. "Most people think that if you participate in research, you're a guinea pig. I think minority populations are very sensitive to that," says Dr. Mau. But since the Center and its Ulu Network partners work toward a common goal, communities know the research will be relevant to them.
And it is equally important for researchers to be accountable to communities. Since research funded by NIH is meant to benefit everyone, Dr. Mau says it only makes sense to work with communities on the issues they care about.
- Kaholokula, K. J., Mau, M. K., Efird, J. T., Leake, A., West, M., Palakiko, D. M, . . . & Gomes, H. (2011). A family and community focused lifestyle program prevents weight regain in Pacific Islanders: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Health Education & Behavior, 39, 386-395. doi: 10.1177/1090198110394174. | <urn:uuid:17987082-82fd-4e0d-b970-edb505f44cfc> | {
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Security researchers have uncovered a virus with a rare modus operandi-it infects applications written in the Delphi programming language at compile time.
The malware, detected as W32/Induc-A by Sophos, inserts itself into the source code of any Delphi program it finds on an infected computer. It then compiles itself into a finished executable. Right now, the virus does not have a malicious payload and appears to be focused on simply propagating itself.
"Because a lot of Delphi installations, including manufacturers of pretty popular software packages, got infected, this is getting downloaded by the user. ... People simply find, download and install QIP [chat client] or AIMP or 'Tidy Favorites' or 'Any TV Free' or some other Delphi utility, and by running it they get infected by the embedded virus," explained Nick Bilogorskiy, manager of anti-virus research at SonicWall.
When a file infected with W32/Induc-A finds a program written in Delphi, it tries to write malicious code to SysConst.pas, which it then compiles to SysConst.dcu. This new, infected SysConst.dcu file will then add virus code to every new Delphi file that gets compiled on the system.
Over at Sophos, researchers received more than 3,000 unique samples of programs infected with the virus in the wild by Aug. 19. This indicates the malware has been active for some time, blogged Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at Sophos. It is also likely that a number of software houses specializing in developing applications with Delphi are infected, he added.
"Delphi is frequently used to create bespoke software, either by small software houses or by internal teams," wrote Cluley. "If you believe that you may be using software written in Delphi, you would be very wise to ensure that your anti-virus software is updated. Actually, regardless of whether you use Delphi-written apps, that's a good idea." | <urn:uuid:95ffdb48-dcc0-41f7-a126-2d1bb6d8b4f4> | {
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Some social service projects are school-based and some others are undertaken by the boarding houses. Now, however, there is an increasing number of individual boys who are driving their own initiatives. For example, they have been involved in tackling substance abuse in slums and hill villages, and working with the police force. They have embarked on micro-finance projects to encourage the poor to start their own small-scale business and have initiated clean water production for domestic and business use. Creating a programme for cheaper brick production on a housing project is another of the many individual examples of social responsibility taken up by our boys. The school encourages the use of the school’s facilities by children from villages and slum areas. A key aim of all projects is the need to create sustainable models for improving the lives of the poor in urban slum areas and in hill villages. Boys themselves raise funds for these projects, rather than use their parents’ money. The boys deploy their knowledge of business theory learned in the classroom and apply it to regional projects making a real, long-term improvement to the lives of local people. The boys are the driving force in such projects, guided and supported by the faculty. The school assists financially with the operation and development of several slum and village schools. This is an ongoing and increasingly significant part of the curriculum at the Doon School. Many Old Boys continue to follow the school’s mission of social service and responsibility in their adult lives. Examples of projects of almost each class ranges from establishing NGOs and serving the poorer communities through medicine, dentistry and law through to establishing schools for the underprivileged sections of society to leading social corporate responsibility within their businesses. | <urn:uuid:71b2ef6d-f3df-4299-8211-7fc26b786ea1> | {
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Created in 1997, Cool Math Games has since evolved into one of the preeminent math and game resources on the web. This fun site features a myriad of math, reading, spelling, geography and science games. Continue reading
MGT features free math games, worksheets, homework help and videos for children in Pre-K through 7th grade.
BrainPop features animated, curriculum-based content for students. BrainPop Jr. focuses on grades K-3 and BrainPop is geared toward students in grades 4 and up.
IXL makes math mesmerizing! With vibrant images, real-world examples, and exciting awards at every turn, learners love exploring our dynamic and interactive math practice website. Infinite questions in over 2,500 standards-aligned skills provide comprehensive coverage of K-12 math curriculum.
Teacher Colleen King created Math Playground as a resource to help her students practice math in an engaging way.
From toddlers through second graders, Early Math is dedicated to helping young children develop their first math skills which serve as a foundation. Continue reading
Math Goodies offers lesson plans, worksheets, homework help and other resources for teachers and students. Continue reading
Combining sound principles and technology, Math.com will take you deep into the world of math and students, parents and teachers learn and understand math. It features assessments and on-demand modular courses to target key math concepts. Continue reading
Sheppard Software features over 300 math games and covers a wide range of educational topics. Their math pages feature addition, multiplication, fractions, money and much more! Enjoy free games like Math Man, Fruit Shoot, Make 24 and Clock Shoot. They … Continue reading
AAA Math contains thousands of pages of math lessons for students in Kindergarten through 8th grade. Spanish. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:0c21094f-16f8-472e-883e-7cc735210ec9> | {
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A musical for a large cast of young people drawn from A Midsummer Night's Dream - set against a background of Elizabethan England, the Armada, and the Reformation.
Created with help from the pupils of Vernham Dean Gillum's School, Hampshire and William Shakespeare and featuring Pyramus and Thisbe by John Frederick Lampe (1745)
It's a summer evening about 400 years ago. The pupils and scholars of Gillum's School are resting. They dream up the idea of creating a play and Puck helps them to stage it, stepping in from time to time to sort things out when they get stuck. He also makes sure there is a part in it for him…
August 1588. The village children are anxious about the Spanish Armada and they pray for the safety of their families. They sing enviously of the entertainment to be had in London - particularly the theatres.
The Fairies and Goblins come out to sing and dance, but Oberon and Titania are quarrelling. Oberon tells Puck to fetch a magic flower whose juice will make Titania fall in love with the first creature she sees when she wakes up.
Oberon overhears an argument between Hermia and Lysanda, two village girls of opposing religious faiths. Lysanda finds a mysterious letter which sounds as though it's written by a spy and she decides to make use of it for her own cruel purposes. When Puck returns with the flower Oberon commands him to find Lysanda and teach her a lesson. When the Fairies sing Titania to sleep, Oberon streaks her eyes with the magic juice.
It is by now the dead of night, and some village youths arrive to rehearse a play. They don't get very far because Puck enters and, seeing Bottom in full flight, thinks this must be the nasty person he's looking for. He puts on him an ass's head. The other youths flee in terror. This commotion wakens Titania who immediately falls for Bottom. He is enchanted to be the object of such attention. They leave together.
The village children rush in with the news that Hermia has been arrested on suspicion of spying and the rumour spreads that Bottom has been transformed by witchcraft. What's going on? they ask.
Hermia enters, on her way to prison, to say her farewells. Oberon realises Puck has got the wrong mortal and sends him packing.
The village children sing of the religious troubles that have plagued their country in recent times. Their faith has been subject to the whim of successive monarchs.
Meanwhile, Bottom is being entertained by the Fairies and Goblins whose life is so wonderful, he thinks, that he wants to return with them to Fairyland. This involves a journey across a rainbow bridge while the bells peal out.
Suddenly, as a new day dawns, the Prefects stop everyone in their tracks: Oberon releases Titania from the magic spell and Bottom is relieved of his ass-head. He wakes up as if from a dream.
It is the morning of the village fete. The children are surprised by the arrival of a troupe of strolling players who bring the news that the Armada has been defeated. Zachariah is disgruntled by the thought of any celebrations. One of the Players seems to recognize him.
The Players' show is about the Seven Ages of Man. It is old-fashioned and Bottom and his mates feel they could do better. [ - this scene may be cut]
To finish the story, Puck has one last trick up his sleeve: Queen Elizabeth and her Courtiers arrive on the scene. She is asked to intervene in the case of Hermia, the supposed spy. When the young girl is cross-examined it appears she was found several years ago on a beach following a shipwreck. The boat, The Titania, contained a husband, a wife and two baby daughters. The player, Isabella, reveals herself as the mother and Zachariah as the husband, so the family is reunited and Lysanda and Hermia discover they are sisters. What an astonishing turn of events!
The letter that incriminated Hermia is produced and the Queen recognizes the content as her one of her own speeches. Hermia is therefore proved innocent and Lysanda gets away with a ticking off.
Amidst general rejoicing, the youths perform Pyramus and Thisbe. These two lovers were kept apart by a wall. One night they arrange to meet in a moonlit graveyard but Thisbe is scared off by a lion. When Pyramus arrives, Thisbe's torn veil leads him to conclude the worst. He kills himself and when Thisbe returns she joins him in death.
It is the end of another day; the Fairies and Goblins come out again and join in the fun. Then the villagers go home - and the scholars of Gillum's School are left with Puck, their muse, to ponder what they've created. Perhaps they should send it to Will Shakespeare to see what he could make of it?
Press Release from Vernham Dean School 2001
THE DREAM THAT HATH NO BOTTOM
Vernham Dean School is a small village school in North Hampshire. Wishing to celebrate the Millennium, its Headteacher, Pat Horne, successfully applied for a grant under the Awards for All scheme. Edward Lambert was commissioned to create a musical drama in collaboration with the children based on curriculum work in the school: he chose the current topic of the Tudors.
Initially children brainstormed ideas for the plot, which gradually grew into a story based around Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, which the older pupils were studying in English. At the same time the children generated musical ideas which the composer wove into fully-fledged songs with parts for all the children learning instruments as well as for percussionists that had no such experience. Further workshops were led by a professional writer, an opera singer, a vocal coach and a choreographer.
The project threaded its way into every aspect of school life. In history the children studied the conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Tudor times - a main theme for the play. They looked at clothing to dress the cast: every child - 107 of them - has a costume. ICT in almost every form imaginable has been used by the children - helping with the technical equipment, computers in word processing, digital camera work, videoing (and then evaluating and improving), ordinary camera work for recording process along the way.
The final product, which lasts for over 100 minutes, incorporates the mock-opera Pyramus and Thisbe by John Frederick Lampe, written in 1745. It was sung by six Y6 boys.
We performed the show on three occasions:
Vernham Dean Village Hall
Friday February 9 2001 at at 7pm
Cricklade Theatre, Andover
Monday 12 February 2001 6pm
Tuesday 13th February 2001 at 7pm
"I doubt whether any primary school in the country has attempted anything quite as ambitious as this. It is a two hour production, with fantastic costumes, which is part opera, part comedy and part Shakespeare. It is entirely original, well acted with enthusiasm, humour and professionalism. It also made full use of modern technology, with mini-discs, digital camera work and videoing for evaluating and improving performances. Aurelia and I enjoyed every minute of it."
Sir George Young Bt MP | <urn:uuid:90ba45d2-a586-4699-b568-5f51d798b5f6> | {
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I can see lots uses for this technology. One that comes to mind is on turbo chargers. Turbo chargers on a car have a problem that there is a lag between when you accelerate and it kicks in. A short high intensity discharge from a supercap could make the delay minimal.
You are rightly pitched the application of solar panels used in the calculators few years before, but actually the power requirement of the cell phone is far more higher as compared to that calculators, and the researches in the solar panel is not being able to cope up with the demands of the cell phone, but now it will be the right time if two technology can be combined to handle the functionality of Li-ion batteries it will be really a remarkable achievement.
You are right with the technology in its current incarnation, but the researchers claim that they are improving it enough that the volume of the case could contain a supercap large enough to power mobile devices in the future. Their short-term goal is to rival NiMH battery's density with Li-ion in their sights within a few years.
what is the time taken by the super-cap to get completely charged with solar touch scree (patented by Apple)and how long the supercap would hold the charge on typical phone usage?--Sanjib.A
Sorry, but Apple's patent is separate from Vanderbilt's work, so no metrics there. The Vanderbilt author claims to have a supercap in his office which has held its charge for two years, but no metrics yet on how long a smartphone-case sized unit would last since it depends on how much bigger the case is than a standart Li-ion battery. If the case is 10-times bigger than the Li-ion batter it houses now, then I would assume it would last just as long in use.
I would have agreed with you before speaking with the Vanderbilt researchers, and they spoke ab out solutions to all the problems you mention including higher DC and making them very thin. There is more info in a paper at:
But its not free. I'll inquire with the author to see if he's got more/better descriptions of how he plans to achieve his goals and get back to you.
Similar arguments are made for embedded passives. The super caps either have to get higher DConstants or thinner. Making them thinner reduces breakdown voltage. So in the end, you really can't get there from here. They are useful for what Caps are typically useful for. mitigating current transients. Bah humbug. ;-) | <urn:uuid:2cd52fdd-e590-4dcd-8249-2e8ac60b5f45> | {
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Ticks are those nasty little critters that like to burrow into/under your skin, and sometimes can cause some serious health issues – think Lyme Disease!
Unfortunately, we in the northern hemisphere have way too many of them and there’s little we can do except be alert and prepared in case we do get one or more.
These little beasties have toxins in their bodies that can cause a serious condition – Lyme Disease – but only if not caught in time. If they do “get under your skin” you need to be very careful about how you remove it. How to remove a tick – Use a fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin’s surface as possible. Pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist the tick or rock it from side to side. If part of the tick stays in the skin, don’t worry, it will eventually come out on its own. Place the tick into a jar or zip-lock bag. Then after removing the tick, thoroughly clean the bite area and your hands with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. Never crush a tick with your fingers. Call or go see your doctor right away if possible – they might want to see the tick.
It is also very important to not discard or throw away the tick once removed, as it should be tested to properly identify what type of tick it is and if it is infected, thereby infecting you. If you have it tested, normally they will start treatments to help prevent the possibility of you contracting Lyme Disease.
If you or your family member has a red-ringed rash or skin that is red and irritated, have flu-like symptoms, have joint pain or swollen joint(s), or facial paralysis, it’s important to see your doctor right away to determine if it is Lyme disease or not.
If you have a dog that has ticks, it’s just as important to get rid of them as quickly as well, using the same procedure mentioned above. Try to do this within 24-36 hours of the bite especially if your dog has been out in an area where they can pick up ticks (and should be checked every day). If they come in and start scratching or biting them-self in a specific spot, check them immediately and thoroughly. They like to hang out in the groin, between toes, around the ears, around the anal area, their eyelids and tail. If you’re concerned your dog may have contracted tick disease, save the tick in alcohol for testing.
As ticks are a serious issue, it’s wise to use a tick repellent when you know you are going to be exposed to them. DEET is not a safe chemical but you can use a few essential oils as natural repellents, such as a blend of 20 drops Rose Geranium Essential Oil, 10 drops Sweetgrass Essential Oil, 5 drops Lavender Essential Oil, 5 drops Citronella or Lemon Essential Oil along with 4 oz of rubbing alcohol (or witch hazel, vodka, apple cider vinegar or distilled water). Place in a glass spray bottle, shake well and spray on your clothes before going outside.
If you live in a tick area, you can help prevent contact by wearing panty hose under pants, don’t walk in high grassy areas, keep your grass cut, don’t sit on logs, wear hats when walking in the woods and if you have long hair make tight braids, a pony tail or a bun, wear clothing, with elastic on the wrist and ankles, that covers the skin along with boots or shoes that are tightened at the ankles, tuck pants into your socks, walk in the center of trails, shower within two hours of coming indoors, and inspect your clothes and body – under arms, around ears, inside belly button, back of knees and in your hair.
If you live in an area that is known for ticks and you are handy in the garden, you could plant lavender, sweetgrass, lemongrass, rosemary, citronella, wormwood, eucalyptus that all act as a natural defense against blood sucking ticks.
One thing that you should NOT do is to crush a tick with your fingers. Another is to avoid using nail polish or vaseline (petroleum jelly), or heating the tick as it might force it farther into the skin.
As I mentioned above, these little beasties are nasty and need to be dealt with as soon as possible after you have been in contact with them. Please be safe outside this spring, summer and fall – also in winter if you live in a warm climate.
I won’t assume that the southern hemisphere doesn’t have the same issue, so it’s always wise to keep an eye open for these types of creatures that can have devastating affects for us all.
Have a marvelous day and week ahead. | <urn:uuid:eb779483-770e-4ee0-a579-ed8da48ef511> | {
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How did they govern themselves?
Answer: The League of Nations
The Iroquois view of nature was based on sharing and cooperation. They took that same attitude into their daily life, history, and government. Because of their attitude, they were able to accomplish something spectacular, something that had never been done before. They were able to form the League of Nations.
The Legend of Hiawatha: Legend says... Once upon a time, there was a Mohawk leader named Hiawatha. He was tired of the endless fighting between the five nations. He wanted things to change. One day, he met a great Iroquois speaker named Dekanawida.
Dekanawida convinced him that the way to bring peace was to form a new nation, a single Iroquois Nation, where all five nations would have voice in government, so that things could be solved peacefully.
An old Iroquois legend says this is what he told them:
"We bind ourselves together by taking hold of each other's hands so firmly and forming a circle so strong that if a tree should fall upon it, it could not shake nor break it, so that our people and grandchildren shall remain in the circle of security, peace, and happiness."
And so it was done. Each of the five great Iroquois Nations banded together to form the League of Nations.
The Iroquois Indians: There were many woodland Indians, but the most powerful group were the Iroquois Nations - the Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga.
All the Iroquois people spoke the same language. They believed in the same gods. They had many similar customs. They believed in cooperation.
Central Government: The Iroquois Indians had a unique form of representative central government. It was called the League of Nations. These were not tribes that joined together to form a nation. These were nations that joined together to form the League of Nations. Much later in their history, these five nations were joined by the Tuscaronra Nation, bringing the League to a total of six.
Written Constitution: The League had a written constitution, a set of rights and agreements that all the people had to honor. The constitution was recorded on 114 wampums.
Council: The League had a Council. Each Iroquois Nation had a set number of seats on the Council. The decisions of the Council were binding on every person in all Iroquois Nations.
Primary Purpose: The League's primary purpose was the Great Law of Peace. This law said that the Iroquois should not kill each other.
Debates: The League did not try to create rules for each tribe and village. That was the job of local government or regional government - the village council and the tribal councils. Only major issues were debated on the floor of the League of Nations.
Council speakers were eloquent and persuasive. Some members of the council were selected not because they were great warriors, but because they were great speakers.
Votes: There were groups inside the League that acted a great deal like today's political parties. The war-like Mohawk and Oneida often teamed up in the debates. The peaceful Seneca and Cayuga speakers would team up to oppose them. Fortunately, one of the League's constitutional rules was that the Chief of the League would always be selected from the Onondaga Nation. The peace loving Onondaga held 14 seats in the council. That was a lot of seats. The Onondaga were able to keep peace simply by reminding all representatives that their block of votes could swing either way.
Although each member's vote carried the same weight, there was a pecking order. The Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca were addressed as "elder brothers" and the Oneida, Cayuga, and Tuscarora were addressed as "younger brothers".
Unanimous Decisions: If there was a weakness to this system, it was that all decisions had to be unanimous. By the 1600's, the Iroquois knew it was essential to present a united front to the colonists. Debates, although heated, nearly always led to a unanimous decision. The Nations stood together, and that made them strong.
During the American Revolution, the clan mothers could not decide whether to fight on the side of the colonists or on the side of the British. The Iroquois Nations tried very hard to not take sides at all. When that did not work, they let each village decide for themselves. Some fought on the side of the colonists. Some fought on the side of the British.
Borrowing Ideas: When the early colonists began to design a system of government for what would become the United States of America, they borrowed many ideas from the League of Nations. It was an incredible system of government. It worked for Iroquois, and it worked for the new American government. Both governments - the Iroquois League of Nations and the Government of the United States are still in operation today. | <urn:uuid:6a2ef8bf-4bf5-4516-9fdc-067ef2dd6dfe> | {
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Causes, signs, and symptoms of Foodborne Illnesses
While there are many different causes of foodborne illness there are 4 pathogens that cause many of the cases. A pathogen is an agent causing disease, especially a living microorganism such as a bacteria, virus, or fungus. The 4 most common pathogens are:
- E.coli: can cause kidney failure in young children and infants.
- Salmonella: can lead to reactive arthritis and serious infections.
- Listeria: can cause meningitis and stillbirths.
- Campylobacter: may be the most common cause for Guillain-Barre (gee-on ba-ray) syndrome. (Guillain-Barre syndrome is a disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the nervous system. This syndrome results in tingling and weakness in the muscles and can lead to temporary paralysis.
Pathogens can grow on certain foods that have become unsafe. These foods are known as potentially hazardous foods. A potentially hazardous food is when bacteria, fungus, and viruses (microorganisms) grow rapidly. These foods have a characteristic that allow microorganisms to thrive, making them at risk of being contaminated.
Potentially hazardous foods usually contain one or more of these characteristics:
- High in moisture
- High in protein
- Have a neutral or slightly acidic pH
The list below contains some, but not all potentially hazardous foods. The list gives you an idea of what kinds of foods can be hazardous.
Milk and milk products
Cooked rice or beans
Meat, beef, pork, lamb
Baked or boiled potatoes
Signs and Symptoms of Foodborne Illness
Symptoms of foodborne illness are similar to symptoms of the flu but are caused by bacteria in food rather than the flu virus.
Symptoms often include:
- Abdominal Cramping
It is sometimes difficult to tell the difference between the flu and a foodborne illness unless a doctor diagnoses it or the food that was eaten has been tested and results indicate that the food is contaminated.
Generally, foodborne illness can happen 30 minutes to 3 weeks after eating the contaminated food but most often occurs within 48 hours and the symptoms usually pass within 24 to 48 hours. Foodborne illness often causes diarrhea or vomiting or any or all of the symptoms listed above.
Populations Most at Risk:
Certain groups of people are at increased risk of getting a foodborne illness. It is especially important for these populations to follow food safety principles to ensure the safety of their food.
These populations include:
- Infants and preschool-age children
- Pregnant women
- Elderly people
- People taking certain medications, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressant (drugs that weaken the immune system).
- People who are ill (recently had major surgery, organ-transplant recipients, or who have pre-existing or chronic illness). | <urn:uuid:d1560b81-017a-44f3-88f9-2c47a7e47dd8> | {
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This Friday, Wagner College art historian Laura Morowitz will be an invited speaker in a Duke University speaker series on “Art, Conflict and the Politics of Memory.”
Her subject: the odd retrospective exhibition of Gustav Klimt’s works staged by Vienna’s Nazi-installed governor, Baldur von Schirach, at the Secession gallery in 1943.
In a blog written earlier this year for the Neue Galerie’s “Degenerate Art” exhibition, Morowitz writes about how Klimt, a product of fin de siècle Vienna, escaped the Nazis’ “degenerate” label that dogged so many of his contemporaries, despite his close association with Jewish patrons, several of whom became subjects for his paintings.
Klimt’s Beethoven frieze in the Secession, Morowitz wrote, is an example of why Nazi cultural officials tolerated, even acclaimed his work.
“Klimt’s frieze hails the triumph of idealism over materialism,” she explained, “an idea often found in Nazi aesthetics. The rescuing knight around whom the frieze revolves can easily be read as a proto-Fuhrer figure, leading his people to a higher realm.”
Yet Klimt’s extremely sensual subject matter made his work at least suspect to many, even in pre-Nazi Vienna.
“Although not specifically deemed ‘degenerate,’ Klimt was certainly an artist whom the leaders in Berlin considered decadent,” wrote cultural journalist Monica Strauss of the 1943 Klimt retrospective in an article for The Forward. “Nevertheless, von Schirach, with the confidence of a Nazi favorite — he had headed the Hitler Youth movement, and his wife was the daughter of Hitler’s official photographer — was not averse to stepping out of line when it came to culture.”
Von Schirach took a risk, promoting the Klimt retrospective as an example of the glories of Germanic art, Morowitz said — and populating it with numerous works that had been confiscated from the families of Klimt’s Jewish patrons while also being careful to conceal their connection to the Jewish community. For example, Klimt’s two portraits of Adele Bloch-Bauer, a Jew, were retitled “A Lady with a Gold Background” and “Lady Standing.”
Von Schirach opened the Klimt retrospective on Feb. 7, 1943, just 5 days after the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad, widely considered to be one of the decisive turning points in World War II. Two years later, Von Schirach surrendered to the Allies and was tried for deporting 65,000 Austrian Jews to the Nazi death camps. He was one of only two high German officials who renounced their allegiance to Hitler during the Nuremberg war crimes trials. He served 20 years in Spandau prison.
LAURA MOROWITZ received her B.A. from Brooklyn College and her M.A. and Ph.D. from the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University. She taught at many colleges — including Hunter College, the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Art and Science, Yale University and the Pratt Institute — before joining the faculty at Wagner College in 1996, where she is currently a professor of art history.
Morowitz’s scholarship focuses on a variety of issues and periods. While her books, “Artistic Brotherhoods in the Nineteenth Century” (with William Vaughan) and “Consuming the Past” (with Elizabeth Emery) highlight medievalism in 19th century Europe, Morowitz has also written on forms of popular culture, including television sitcoms and artistic exhibits in department stores and world’s fairs. Examining issues of nationalism, consumerism, historiography and gender, Laura Morowitz has published on artists including Paul Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, Gustave Moreau, Vincent Van Gogh and Edouard Vuillard as well as important writers and cultural figures in nineteenth century France.
With Laurie Albanese, Morowitz co-authored a historic novel, “The Miracles of Prato” (William Morrow 2009). It brought to life the romantic story of the famed painter-monk Fra Filippo Lippi and the beautiful Florentine nun who was to become his muse, lover, and the mother of his children.
Morowitz is currently at work on a second historic novel focusing on the art and cultural legacy of the Viennese artist Gustav Klimt, for which she and Albanese received a 2011 Hadassah-Brandeis Research Award.
She is teaching an honors course next semester on "Art and Aesthetics in Nazi Germany." "One of the most murderous regimes in history, the Third Reich was also one of the most deeply invested in all areas of art and aesthetics," Morowitz wrote. “This course proposes that we cannot fully understand National Socialism without understanding the aesthetic ideology of the party and of Adolf Hitler. ‘Hitler … is someone for whom culture was not only the end to which power should aspire but the means of achieving and keeping it.’ ” | <urn:uuid:c4244431-2c35-4f10-9bcc-43a0b96b7c4e> | {
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Migraine is a form of headache which is severe and usually one sided. It is often accompanied by nausea and/or vomiting and sensitivity to light and/or sound.
There are two main types of migraine, classical migraine and common migraine.
It may also include other symptoms including numbness and pins and needles in the arms, legs, face or tongue. Speech may also be temporarily affected.
- Prodrome stage which includes changes in mood, behaviour, appetite (food cravings) and
energy levels several hours or even days before and attack.
- Aura stage which usually lasts less than an hour involving visual, auditory (hearing),
sensory and physical disturbances.
- Headache, involving a throbbing pain in the head, sensitivity to light and/or noise, nausea
and/or vomiting. Symptoms last around 4-72 hours but will eventually go away by
- Resolution stage whereby the attack usually fades away but some may end suddenly by
- There may be a stage of exhaustion, weakness or lethargy.
- Foods e.g. caffeine, cheeses, chocolate, red wine.
- Changes in the weather.
- Physical exhaustion.
- Stress, anxiety.
- Hormonal changes e.g. before a period.
Sumatriptan became available without a prescription in June 2006.
Sumatriptan relieves the pain of a migraine headache as well as other commonly associated symptoms such as sensitivity to light and sound and nausea. It acts like serotonin, the brain chemical involved in migraine, working at the root cause of migraine to help stop an attack. It can stop the headache and can help sufferers get back to normal within two hours.
The information provided on this website does not replace medical advice.
If you want to find out more, or are worried about any medical issue or symptoms that you may be experiencing, please contact our pharmacist or see your doctor. | <urn:uuid:3f6a35b7-4778-4632-bdc1-c7aa57becd60> | {
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Current liver research: Cell proliferation as Achilles heel for hepatitis B virus
11 May 2017
Infections caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) cannot be fully cured yet. This is because the virus places its genome in the nucleus of infected liver cells, where it is not accessible to existing therapies.
For the first time, SFB 841 scientists around Prof. Dr. Maura Dandri, head of project A5, have shown in a humanized mouse model that human host cells can get rid of the viral DNA by their natural cell division. Subsequently, they can be treated with standard medication in order to be protected from a reinfection.
“From related pathogens in animals it has long been known that infected liver cells lose large amounts of the viral DNA deposited in the cell nucleus when they divide,” explains Prof. Dandri, leader of the working group virus hepatitis in the I. Department of Medicine of the UKE. Now, for the first time, the scientists were able to detect this natural defense mechanism in a human HBV infection. “So far, there are no clinical therapy possibilities, which reach the virus DNA in the nucleus. It serves as a template for the reconstruction of new virus particles. But we were able to show that human liver cells also lose viral DNA on a large scale due to their cell division. This means that HBV has an Achilles heel”, Dandri states.
However, the study also shows why the host, despite cell division, only has small chances of completely freeing himself from the pathogen. “We have observed that infected cells showed a slower proliferation compared to non-infected cells. Single surviving infected cells can thus serve as a virus reservoir for new infections”, explains Dandri. Here, the treatment with anti-HBV drugs can be extremely advantageous: “By the simultaneous therapy with so-called entrance or polymerase inhibitors, a new infection could be efficiently blocked and the cells, which had freed themselves from the virus by cell division, could be protected”, Prof. Dandri concluded.
In the following video, Prof. Maura Dandri and Dr. Lena Allweiss, first author of the study, explain their new HBV research results (in German):
Die Achillesferse des Hepatitis B-VirusVideoarchivonline seit 19.04.2017
Allweiss L, Volz T, Giersch K, Kah J, Raffa G, Petersen J, Lohse AW, Beninati C, Pollicino T, Urban S, Lütgehetmann M, Dandri M
Proliferation of primary human hepatocytes and prevention of hepatitis B virus reinfection efficiently deplete nuclear cccDNA in vivo.
Gut. 2017 Apr 20. pii: gutjnl-2016-312162. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312162.. | <urn:uuid:cb7dec73-d7b6-4ee8-811a-5288bb83871d> | {
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The Scream (Norwegian: Skrik) is the popular name given to each of four versions of a composition, created as both paintings and pastels, by the Expressionist artist Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910. Der Schrei der Natur (The Scream of Nature) is the title Munch gave to these works, all of which show a figure with an agonized expression against a landscape with a tumultuous orange sky. The landscape in the background is the Oslofjord, viewed from Ekeberg, Oslo, Norway.
Edvard Munch created the four versions in various media. The National Gallery, Oslo, holds one of two painted versions (1893, shown at right). The Munch Museum holds the other painted version (1910, see gallery) and a pastel version from 1893. These three versions have not traveled for years.
The fourth version (pastel, 1895) was sold for $119,922,600 at Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern art auction on 2 May 2012 to financier Leon Black, the highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction. The painting is on display in the Museum of Modern Art in New York for six months from October 2012 to March 2013.
Also in 1895, Munch created a lithograph stone of the image. Of the lithograph prints produced by Munch, several examples survive. Only approximately four dozen prints were made before the original stone was resurfaced by the printer in Munch's absence.
The Scream has been the target of several high-profile art thefts. In 1994, the version in the National Gallery was stolen. It was recovered several months later. In 2004, both The Scream and Madonna were stolen from the Munch Museum, and recovered two years later. | <urn:uuid:d3f5d147-48f1-4afc-8747-169509a7279d> | {
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At every hydroelectric plant, there are opportunities to produce more energy. Yet, whether “the gain is worth the pain” is a tradeoff well-known to all project owners and operators.
As of August 2005, things changed in the U.S., owing to enactment of the Energy Policy Act. By incentivizing additions to energy supply, including certain categories of hydropower, Congress altered the gain/pain equation. One important incentive – the same type of incentive that has simulated extraordinarily robust growth in wind power – is the production tax credit, or PTC.
PTCs can enable owners of hydro projects to earn a premium of about $0.009 per kilowatt-hour (0.9 cents per kWh) for ten years for certified additions to energy supply. This premium is only half that earned by other renewables, including wind. Nonetheless, through mid-July 2007, a dozen hydro projects licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) have become certified by FERC to earn PTC premiums. Altogether, these projects will soon add enough clean, renewable hydropower to supply the electricity needs of 15,000 households. The certified projects range in size from less than 3 MW to more than 700 MW, and they promise energy production gains ranging from about 0.5 to almost 20 percent.
The tax credit measures Congress put in place for hydro via the Energy Policy Act were quite limited in scope. One major constraint: measures to add energy must be implemented before January 1, 2009. During this window of opportunity, all of the planning, decision-making, engineering, contracting, delivery, installation – and certification – needs to be completed. Suffice it to say that, when the Energy Policy Act was passed, few organizations were positioned to respond with the necessary haste. [In the wind power field, PTCs have been an on-again, off-again thing for many years. So, when PTCs are available, wind developers are prepared to act quickly. By contrast, in the hydro field, PTCs are a new thing, so many people in the industry need to get educated and up to speed.]
In spite of this handicap, a number of hydro project owners figured out how to take advantage of the PTC opportunity. In more than half of the instances, the additional energy is being gained by replacing turbines with more efficient units. However, a range of additional means of enhancing energy are included in certified projects, including replacement of stators, wicket gates, and transformers. Some projects have incorporated new hydraulic and electronic controls, monitoring, or optimization systems. One project is achieving production gains by installing an automatic trash raking and removal system.
The results achieved so far are likely to be the “tip of the iceberg” compared to what could be achieved with incentives better tailored to the realities of the hydro industry.
Congress faces the opportunity to extend the PTC for hydro. The National Hydropower Association is leading efforts to lobby for extension of implementation deadlines, for increasing the amount of the credit to be on par with that received by other renewables, and for broadening the types of hydro resource additions that qualify. Such changes could lead to even more significant contributions to energy supply from clean renewable hydropower.
Achieving additional hydroelectric energy through PTC incentives is a win-win that yields long-term benefits! | <urn:uuid:f7ea9d50-0840-4c0c-85c8-f9a306793e6a> | {
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Special Education Programs
Respect | Responsibility | Safety
SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS
An early childhood pre-school program provides a language-based program to students ages 3-4 with developmental delays. A site-based program includes both students with disabilities and typically developing students. Several community-based programs are also utilized to accommodate the needs of students.
Resource programs provide direct services to students with disabilities. These programs are provided within the regular classroom and, when deemed appropriate by the Special Education Team, in a resource room setting. Consultation to the classrooms teachers is also available.
The Behavior Team provides consultative support to classroom teachers to develop and implement positive behavior intervention plans.
Direct services and consultation is provided to support students who need instruction in speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy and counseling. Diagnostic testing is also available. When warranted, services are contracted in the areas of visual impairments, deaf and hard-of-hearing, assistive technology, transportation, and intensive therapy. | <urn:uuid:7e0b0b26-dac6-40cc-96f0-1383b64c06af> | {
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Posted By admin on February 17, 2012
• Hardcover: 432 pages
• Publisher: The Penguin Press (March 15, 2012)
A sweeping, atmospheric history of Bell Labs that highlights its unparalleled role as an incubator of innovation and birthplace of the century’s most influential technologies.
In the decades between 1920 and 1980, Bell Laboratories in New Jersey was the most innovative and productive institution in the United States. Long before Silicon Valley, Bell Labs attracted the best and brightest, and fomented the genesis of most of today’s technology. In The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation, New York Times Magazine writer Jon Gertner offers a compelling and eye-opening look at the unique magic of Bell Labs—and American innovation at its best.
A citadel of science and scholarship and a hotbed of creative thinking not since duplicated, Bell Labs employed nearly 15,000 people in its peak. These ingenious, often eccentric scientists would become revolutionaries and even legends as they developed technologies like radars, lasers, transistors, satellite and mobile phones that can all be traced back to Bell Labs. The Idea Factory reveals the forces that set off this explosion of innovation. As Gertner illustrates, Bell Labs combined the best aspect of both academic and corporate worlds: hiring the brightest and usually the youngest minds, creating a culture and architecture that forced employees in different fields to work together, with intellectual freedom and little pressure to create moneymaking innovations; at the same time, they aggressively pursued m
arketable technology. Many of today’s researchers and business leaders seek to emulate this model, but haven’t yet been able to arrive at the same balance that made Bell Labs so successful.
The Idea Factory vividly and engagingly acquaints us with “The Young Turks,” the revolutionaries and sometimes legendary figures who worked at Bell Labs over the decades. We meet Mervin Kelly, a man of brilliant business acumen and keen personal interest in science, who led Bell through some of its most transformative and creative years; John Pierce, who created the first communications satellite; Claude Shannon, an eccentric math genius who rode his unicycle in the halls of Bell Labs and came up with Information Technology, what we today call “IT.”
The Idea Factory is a sweeping narrative that not only takes us to the heart of an unparalleled incubator of novelty and the birthplace of the century’s most influential technologies, but also perfectly captures the soaring thrill of innovation.
About Jon Gertner
Jon Gertner has been a contributing writer at The New York Times Magazine since 2004, where he writes about business, technology, and society. He has also served as a senior editor for Money and The American Lawyer. A graduate of Cornell University, he lives in New Jersey with his wife and their two children.
Jon’s Tour Stops
Tuesday, March 13th: Patricia’s Wisdom
Wednesday, March 14th: EmSun part 1, part 2
Thursday, March 15th: The Rat Race Trap
Friday, March 23rd: Balance In Me
Tuesday, March 27th: Nanxi Liu
Thursday, March 29th: Shower Musings
Tuesday, April 3rd: The Psychology of Wellbeing
Wednesday, April 4th: I’m Booking It
Friday, April 13th: Ted Lehmann’s Bluegrass, Books, and Brainstorms
Monday, April 16th: I’m Not Actually A Geek | <urn:uuid:d7d6af47-084e-461c-afc9-4aa21bbffc37> | {
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01. The United States of America
United States of America is the number one super power in the world. It is the most influential country that contains the world’s strongest army and a powerful democracy, as well. United States reached to the highest powerful position after a long struggle and hard work. It is more commonly known as the Super power and it contains a highly influential media. This country is a prestigious and influential member of a number of influential bodies.
02. Russian Federation
This country contains the world’s second most powerful army and it controls several states in the Central
Asian region. This country contains a large population. Due to its heavy population, it is safe from all kind of external influences on its internal politics, economic and financial issues.It can turn into a super power due to its powerful force.
03. Peoples Republic of China
This country contains the world’s 4th largest GNP. This country has received supremacy over France and Great Britain in last few years. This country contains a large and powerful army.
It is the world’s 5th most powerful country and it is the prestigious and influential member of UN Security Council. It is a nuclear power country with the influence on many African nations.
Britain is the member of UN Security Council and it is a powerful nuclear country. It is considered to have the world’s most stable democracy. This country influences on world politics. It is number one in music, films, media and other activities. This country is also the member of European Union.
Japan contains a large economy and it is one of the leading democratic power countries. This country has a large population but due to tough competition, it comes after above five countries.
07. Republic of India
This country is very popular and contains a powerful democracy. It is a rapidly growing country and it is a nuclear power.
08. Federal Republic of Germany
t contains the world’s third largest economy and it is the most influential and powerful member of the European Union. Germany lost much of its influence on world during the WWII.
Pakistan has a large population of Muslims and it is a nuclear power. It has one of the strongest world armies. It has greatly influenced by dictatorship and military interference and due to which its democracy becomes weak. This country has a great potential to grow.
10. Republic of Brazil
It is a large Latin American county, it is considered to have the world’s largest Portuguese speaking population. This country has an influential and stable media. This country has secure relations with rest of the world. | <urn:uuid:9cae389c-372e-4009-ae7c-0d63786e0b22> | {
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News and politics in the 1920's and term paper examples the this is a drama set in atlantic city where the political leadership profits from corruption and. The oregon ku klux klan klan did manage to gain a strong and loyal following in oregon in the 1920s political corruption, traffic violations, and sunday. Here is your essay on political corruption in india: petrol and paper at the present scenario political corruption is one of the common phenomenon and has. Americans looked forward to the start of a new decade in 1920 they also looked for a president that would ease their fears and return the nation to 'normal,' but big business and corruption would come to symbolize politics of the decade.
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Words: 3190 length: 10 pages document type: essay paper #: 3422744 international organizations impact incarceration and prison management in brazil people incarcerated in prisons from developing countries like brazil face long years of confinement in dirty and cramped quarters. Read this essay on industrialization during 1865 and 1920 that influenced us society, economy, and politics come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays. In 1920, a divided republican convention selected harding, a us senator from ohio, as its presidential nominee harding's presidency is best known for a series of scandals that marred his time in office. Scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby follows jay full glossary for the great gatsby essay although political issues underlie the great gatsby. | <urn:uuid:15f297b2-8a33-4592-b1e1-19d92ebf2982> | {
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Loudspeakers suffer from linear and non-linear distortion. Linear distortion can be seen as a non-flat frequency response and/or a non-flat group delay. This is discussed in other sections. Non-linear distortion in the loudspeaker system adds new frequencies to the acoustical output that were not present in the electrical input signal. One measure of this is harmonic distortion, where a single frequency is played into the loudspeaker and the level of each harmonic measured. Another measure of distortion is to play a more complex signal into the loudspeaker and measure the additional frequencies in the output. The problem with this is that there are no internationally agreed standards for the test signal so comparison of different measurements is impossible unless the test conditions are identical. Since an intermodulation distortion measurement test signal consists of many discrete tones played at the same time, this type of broadband measurement signal is representative of real world usage of the system unlike the pure sine tones used for THD measurements.
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NanoArt K12 Online Exhibition
NanoArt International Festival
Students bellow the age of 18 are encouraged to participate to the NanoArt K12program launched by NanoArt 21 in collaboration with The Nanotechnology Group
The purpose of this worldwide program is to support the education of the new generations of artists and scientists and to promote the art-science-technology intersections, NanoArt, and Nanotechnology for a better youth development. Before you start your NanoArt project, we suggest you download the Nanoscience Interactive Learning Module for NanoArt K12 Program prepared by Judith LightFeather, founder of The Nanotechnology Group. You will find plenty of nano-related information by following the links.
Also, you could click on these links to read about Nanotechnology and NanoArt. And if you would like to have more fun while you are learning about nanotechnology click on the link to play the game NanoQuest.
NanoArt 21 founded by artist and scientist Cris Orfescu is providing 3 images of nano or microstructures for children and teens to convert them into works of art through any artistic technique. The electron micrographs depict molecular and atomic structures (nanosculptures) of graphite micro and nanoparticles obtained by casting a slurry of colloidal graphite on glass in a very thin layer. After drying in air at room temperature, the layer was peeled-off the glass and fractured. The fracture surfaces of the structures were visualized with a Scanning Electron Microscope and captured in a computer. Click on the thumbnails to download the large images and save them in your computer if you would like to participate to this program. You can alter these images to create artworks for NanoArt K12.
All artworks will be posted on this site, and the best works will be selected to be shown in physical galleries worldwide. Please send one image per e-mail. Each image should be sent with an entry form. The entry form ( click here to download the file in PDF format or here to download the file in Word format ), and the image file for web presentation should be sent by e-mail to [email protected]. The web image file must be JPEG or GIF format at a resolution of 72 dpi with the longer dimension of maximum 800 pixels.
Copyright of entered artworks remains with the student-artist who agrees to grant permission to nanoart21.org to use the submitted material in exhibits on the nanoart21.org web site and other media for marketing and printing for off line marketing. You must accept that all entries are archived and displayed online. Your permission to display the entry for the competition and later in the archives cannot be reversed and its use or removal is entirely at the discretion of nanoart21.org.
NanoArt International Online Exhibitions
Visit the Academy of NanoArt site
NanoArt International Online Competition | <urn:uuid:eb648302-2d68-47ed-bbdb-13b17842800a> | {
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Due in large part to a number of major rail oil shipment accidents over the last two years – including the highly publicized derailment in Lac Megantic, Quebec last July that left 47 dead – North Dakota’s Industrial Commission has proposed new regulations that would mandate producers to strip certain liquids and gases from crude oil before it can be shipped by rail.
A report released earlier this year by the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration indicated that product from the Bakken formation in North Dakota may actually be more flammable than oil from other regions, and as a result, transporting it carries a higher degree of risk.
The main objective behind new regulations that would require the removal of certain substances from this crude is to reduce its volatility and ultimately make it safer to ship.
Many oil companies operating throughout the region have been quick to dispel this notion, citing a separate report funded by the North Dakota Petroleum Council, which found that oil from Bakken is of no additional danger than crude from other regions.
In the midst of this debate, many of the largest producers have gone on record to say that current state shipping regulations are adequate and that adding costly stripping processes would likely result in a logistical nightmare that would further complicate matters and fail to produce any measurable safety benefits.
Oil shipments by rail in North Dakota have steadily increased over the past years due to a lack of pipeline capacity. The state is now second only to the state of Texas in terms of overall production and with output continuing to climb, finding viable transport methods will become increasingly important. | <urn:uuid:374a7789-a59a-4b1a-8dcd-904b47a30ee5> | {
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Tweens and Teens
Assertiveness and Teens
Encouraging an I CAN Confidence
September 01, 2009
It's fairly clear when children are ready to feed themselves, dress themselves, or bathe themselves. But what about speaking for themselves?
At some point during the young teen years, a child becomes able to ask her own questions, speak her mind and stand up for herself in various situations outside the home. When she was six and didn't know when and where the Girl Scout picnic was being held, you got on the phone and figured it out. When she was 8 and came home with a poor grade on a test, you consulted with the teacher. But as she matures, these are the types of tasks that she can begin to do for herself.
Advocating for themselves in their expanding world empowers young teens to care for themselves both physically and emotionally, which builds their self-esteem and prepares them for independence. Developing this skill is a healthy component of maturing, but learning to use it effectively can take some practice on their part and coaching on yours.
As with other developmental changes, readiness for self-advocacy will vary by individual. Your child may show an ability to speak for himself as early as age 9, or may not achieve this confidence until he is well into his teens.
Take your cues from him; when he begins to speak out naturally, encourage him. It is normal for a child to feel shy about approaching an adult. Help him to understand that he has a legitimate right to his thoughts, feelings and opinions, even if they are different from someone else's—especially an adult's. Explain the difference between being passive (not speaking up for yourself,) aggressive (not caring if you hurt others when you act on your opinions,) and assertive (standing up for yourself without hurting others.)
You can use the "I CAN" guidelines to help children gain confidence, whether it's a matter of calling the piano teacher to reschedule a lesson, or approaching the basketball coach about their amount of playing time. Explain these steps to your child and help her apply them to her own situations.
I: Identify the problem. Be specific and clear. "Miss McDougal? I need to reschedule my piano lesson." Or, "Coach Johnson, I would like to have more playing time in our basketball tournament."
C: Communicate facts and feelings objectively. "My piano lesson is usually at 6 o'clock on Friday night, but I have been invited to Jenny's slumber party, which starts at 5:30. I really want to go to the party." Or, "For the whole basketball season, I have only been allowed to play during the last ten minutes of each game. I didn't play well at the beginning of the year, but in the last three games I've scored 8 points, and that shows improvement. I feel disappointed that I'm not playing more."
A: Ask for what you would like. "Could I change my lesson to 4 o'clock on Friday instead?" Or, "Could you put me in at the beginning of the game next week?"
N: Negotiate if necessary. "If 4 o'clock is taken, I could come at 5 o'clock and get to the party a little late." Or, "OK, if I can't start, how about if I come to an extra practice and then go in after half time?"
Help your child to understand that, like any new skill, repetition will lead to improvement and increased confidence. Encourage him to practice being assertive with family members or other adults with whom he already feels comfortable. Negotiating with you about chores or curfew can give him the confidence to ask for a raise in his lawn-mowing job. Asking the familiar next-door neighbor about gardening may make it easier for the child to raise his hand in class when he is confused.
Let your child rehearse assertive communication through role-playing. If she needs to ask the school bus driver about her lost book, let her practice her "lines" on you. Hearing her own words out loud will help her make choices about exactly what she needs to say. Taking the role of the bus driver, you can supply possible responses to further the conversation. If it helps, have her write down what she plans to say, then read it. Let her practice as many times as she needs to until she feels comfortable.
If your child is still hesitant about speaking up for himself, help him make a gradual transition. You can wait outside the classroom while he talks to his teacher, letting him know that you can come in if he needs you. Or you can stay in the car within his view while he approaches the park district counselor.
Keep in mind that young teens can waver between high and low confidence in speaking up for themselves, depending upon the situation, the people involved, and even how they feel when they get up in the morning. Encourage them to speak for themselves, but don't push them past their limits.
Lisa Schab is a licensed clinical social worker in Libertyville, Illinois, and the stepmother of two, ages 25 and 29. She can be reached at 847-782-1722.
Lisa M. Schab is a licensed clinical social worker in Libertyville, Illinois, and the stepmother of two, ages 20 and 24. | <urn:uuid:ac0ccedd-6ec9-4a65-8e38-08183eb7e2ee> | {
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Essay the bengal tiger the bengal tiger is a carnivorous, mammal primarily from india it lives in habitats such as the coniferous himalayan forest, the mangroves of. Essay on endangered tigers for the last 4 years dissertation on ontologicalsecurity in liberia handin sussexalumni drama critique, history research paper. Siberian tiger: an endangered species research has demonstrated the siberian tigers require vast forest landscapes for the siberian tiger to survive in the. Tiger: an endangered species which is a color variation of bengal tigers endangered species are species all papers are for research and reference purposes.
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Endangered species an tiger essay research paper is sample literature review paper caleb: november 1, 2017 my son's essay about his older brother. View essay - research paper - tigers endangered from eng 121 at gaston college running head: tiger endangernment the increasing endangerment of the tiger species. Endangered help tiger essay bengal research papers physical education zone good questions to ask about research papers nyse university essay format uk wholesale. | <urn:uuid:bd956b8f-9fd2-4598-ac0f-c43e644dd35e> | {
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Breads, cookies, and other baked goods shaped like animals and other symbolic figures are a highlight of many European festival traditions. After reading about foodways in East and West Prussia (two areas that are now part of Poland), I was inspired to combine some of their baking traditions into a fortune-telling amusement with animal crackers. Although the old Prussians used baked goods in fortune telling games for the winter holidays, this “Animal Cracker Oracle” is something that can be done, for fun, at any time of year.
Before getting into the animal crackers, here’s a little of the folkloric background:
The Prussians had a good number of festive baking traditions, though these could vary from community to community. For Christmas, marzipan and pfeffernüsse (peppernut cookies) were the favorite treats; people even played little games with the peppernuts. For New Year’s (which Germans more commonly call “Silvester,” it being St. Silvester’s Eve), bread-like cookies or cookie-like breads were eaten to bring luck and ward off misfortune in the year to come (though a few communities did this, instead, at Christmas). These cookies were typically in the shape of animals—including cats, hens, cows, and foxes—and were offered to family members as well as neighbors. Eating one of these cookies is described as “taking a piece of New Year.” Farmers also mixed these cookies into the fodder, so their animals received a share of New Year, and hunters set them out in the forest, because the game animals also needed to be blessed. If a family owned a fruit tree, the father would heave one of the children up onto his shoulders, and the child would affix the cookie to the tree, saying, “I give you New Year, so give me fruit.”
Another major Prussian tradition involved using cookies or breads called “Glücksgreife” (lucky grabs) in an Orakelspiel—a fortune-telling game (though in this case, other symbols were used instead of animals). This was such a popular practice that bakeries catered to it. People customarily bought these Glücksgreifen in odd numbers, with a group of nine being most common. The cookies were then covered by a plate or bowl, and each family member took a turn, reaching under the lid to grab a cookie whose shape predicted what he or she could expect in the year ahead. A cookie in the shape of ring predicted betrothal, while one in the shape of a man or woman predicted marriage. A crown-shaped pastry denoted either marriage or death, a swaddled baby or a cradle meant a child to come, a pastry shaped like a loaf of bread signified a good outcome, a ladder or key meant success or Heaven, a four-leafed clover was for luck, and another figure, simply labeled “luck,” was a cross inside a circle (like a Celtic cross or hot cross bun). Some of the other pastry shapes included moneybags, death’s heads, twins, wagons, ships, stars, hearts, crosses, chimney sweeps, hammers, beggars’ staffs, ox-eyes, and snakes. Because “Greif,” can be a pun, as it means both “grab” and “griffon,” it would have been delightful if some bakers had thought to make griffon-shaped pastries.
Here in America, we can’t run down to the corner bakery and buy “ten pennies worth of luck” as the Prussians used to be able to do, because it is not customary for bakeries to produce pastries in a variety of shapes. However, one product that does feature a variety of shapes is animal crackers, so it is possible to carry on the fortune-telling tradition by assigning symbolic meanings to the animal figures. When I want to entertain my friends with this practice, I go around to different stores, including health food stores, to get a large enough selection of animal cookie products. I then pile a bunch of the [unbroken] cookies on a plate, cover them with a cloth napkin, and invite my friends to reach under and grab some. (One can use tongs to seize the cookies, for sanitary purposes, if a large number of people are involved.) I based the following list of animal symbols on the products that I was able to find locally, as well as those listed by Internet sources. If you come across animal forms not mentioned here, assign meanings based on what those animals mean to you.
Bear: When Wall Street is “bearish,” the economic outlook isn’t good. On the other hand, the bear is a strongly protective mother symbol.
Buffalo: Having everything you need, because for the Native Americans, the bison supplied all their wants.
Bunny rabbit: Small things will multiply.
Butterfly: Enjoy an extended summer. Hopi folklore sees the butterfly as a message of good times, Chinese as an invitation for love. (Butterflies and three other insect forms are from Keebler’s graham “Bug Bites.”)
Camel: You will have the resources to go the distance, but this also implies that you will have some distance to go—across the desert.
Cat (house cat): Attention is on the home life; you will have a chance to enjoy domestic pleasures.
Caterpillar: Expect a time of transformation—maybe a little bit later than expected, as the end of summer may be a bit late for caterpillars.
Circus wagon: This is the only animal cracker I know of in a non-animal shape. It could denote a time of being carried along with the parade, (i.e., you may not be in control, but you’re part of the show).
Cougar: This is a good time to pounce on opportunities.
Crocodile: Now is your time in the sun; enjoy the chance to bask.
Donkey: If you manage to make an ass of yourself, bear it with good humor.
Dragonfly: An extended summer brings you dreamy afternoons that allow you to connect with the mysteries of nature.
Elephant: Traditionally a very lucky symbol, and also “the opener of the way.” Opportunities open up as you surmount your obstacles.
Giraffe: Extend your reach; you have a chance to go for the higher-hanging fruit.
Gorilla: Though gorillas are actually gentle creatures, we have a proverbial saying about “the 800-pound gorilla in the room” when there’s an obvious problem that people are trying to ignore. Acknowledge your obstacles, and then find a way to work around them.
Hippo: Look at the big picture; something massive is rising up before you.
Horse: You have the power to get where you want to go.
Hyena: The general situation will give you a good laugh.
Kangaroo: Make plans for two. Who do you have to carry?
Koala bear: Something that looks cute and cuddly may prove to have sharp claws.
Lady Bug: Traditionally a very lucky symbol. The Keebler’s product has six dots, so you can have six lucky months ahead of you.
Lion: The season brings you recognition and a position of leadership.
Lioness: This season’s focus is on the female provider. Think about how your foremothers acted as providers. (The cookie that looks like a lioness may actually be a cougar.)
Monkey: Good times give you a chance to monkey around; indulge the playfully curious animal within.
Owl: You may experience the twilight of some matter in your life, but your wisdom will enable you to see your way through.
Penguin: Prepare for a big chill.
Polar Bear: This could indicate a journey to a cold place, so make sure you are well insulated.
Ram: This is a high-energy time that lets you express your personal potency.
Rhino: You have the ability to tackle your problems head on.
Seal: You may find yourself amusing others with some kind of balancing act.
Sheep: The security of the flock—sometimes it’s a good strategy to stick with the masses.
Teddy bear: Good luck comes through children or the things of childhood.
Tiger: In Asian culture, tiger images are used to protect children, so think about your strategies for personal protection.
Turtle: Take it slow and easy; you have the right to retreat into your protective shell.
Zebra: Now is not the best time to change your stripes. You may be better off to use protective camouflage to blend in with the herd.
By the way, animal crackers have a history and tradition of their own, having originated in England as fancy cookies. In the 19th century, many American bakeries also started marketing animal cookies. In 1902, Nabisco repackaged their “animal biscuits” as “Barnum’s Animals,” and later as “Barnum’s Animal Crackers.” This is the product best known today; its circus-wagon shaped box has a string on it, so it can be hung from Christmas trees. Some people feel they shouldn’t be called “crackers,” because their sweetness makes them cookies, but the popular term has stuck. | <urn:uuid:ac9021fe-4b59-43b7-a7fd-d40845327c48> | {
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Wikipedia The Collaborative Encyclopedia
Wikipedia is an easy choice, an obvious website to include as an all time great website. One of the largest and most successful global collaborative projects ever undertaken, Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia written entirely by volunteers. Subject matter experts all over the world contribute their knowledge for free, for the benefit of others.
With some ten million articles currently available, Wikipedia is an incredible source of information on a diverse range of subjects. Volunteer editors monitor the newly posted content to make sure that it complies with the rather idealistic philosophy of the project, and by and large they do a fantastic job.
The word Wikipedia is a made up word, a portmanteau. It is a combination of words and their meanings. A Wiki is a type of collaborative website, and the "pedia" part is taken from Encyclopedia. The latter you will be familiar with, but let me briefly explain the "Wiki" part.
A Wiki website allows you as a user, or reader of that website, to actively make changes directly to the webpage. If you read an article for instance, you may be an expert on that subject yourself and like to add something to the article. With a Wiki you can, the webpage is updated instantly and the rest of the population benefits from your knowledge. You could be making a correction to an article if you know it to be wrong, or adding an entire new page or topic area.
Wikipedia is heavily hyper-linked. Every possible keyword that has further information contained about it within Wikipedia, is linked directly to the appropriate page. The result is an incredible web of links that you can jump between to fill in the gaps in your knowledge.
Wikipedia currently contains articles written in 250 different languages, and contributors do not need to be subject matter experts, as the primary objective is to mine as much current knowledge as possible, to make a huge global information resource. All you need to do is click the "Edit this Page" link to contribute.
Obviously by its nature the Wikipedia project is open to some abuse, and newer articles, until moderated, can contain mis-information or self-promoting or abusive content, but such content is quickly wiped out. However, if you are researching then you need to be aware of its limitations. Overall the Wikipedia project is a genuinely impressive human achievement, and in my opinion worthy of a top score.
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Find out more how this site works, and how your data is used. Read more. | <urn:uuid:8ade79b9-9e5d-449a-9122-9b93e4460ed1> | {
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Rankings offer a limited view on universities
A ranking gives an incomplete picture of reality. The strength of higher education institutions specifically lies in their mutual diversity. Simplifying those institutions to a ‘list’ therefore in many cases does not do justice to universities.
An external benchmark can nevertheless be a valuable instrument. However, it is important to realise that no ranking system is entirely objective, as the ultimate ranking is the result of the many subjective choices of the creators of the list. Below are three limitations of rankings mentioned in, for example, the report of EUA, Global University Rankings and Their Impact.
1. Rankings focus on elite universities only and are not able to analyse the whole educational system
The criteria used in many rankings only distinguish the very best universities. An example of this is the number of winners of a Nobel Prize. The difference in number of Nobel Prize winners between number 1 and number 20 on the list can be considerable. But the same difference between, for example, number 60 and number 80 can be much smaller, even though they are also 20 positions apart. This means that in many rankings, scores below the 200th position are indistinguishable, as they are too close together. While universities may differ tens of positions in the rankings, the actual scores will sometimes only differ a few per cent. The below figure of the European Association of Universities shows how strongly scores drop in the top 100 of various rankings.
Drop in ranking scores in the top 100 of the ARWU, THE and QS Rankings. (Source: European University Association (2013), ‘Global University Rankings and Their Impact Report II’, page 18
2. Rankings favour certain disciplines
The Humanities and largely also the Social Sciences are not well represented in rankings. This is due to the fact that many rankings are based on the numbers of published articles in specific journals. Fields of study that are the focus of these academic journals, in particular medicine, natural sciences and engineering, benefit from this. The Humanities, and partly also the Social Sciences, often publish books rather than articles in academic journals. However, books are not considered in rankings.
3. Rankings use a number of indicators that are of a bad quality
In spite of this often heard criticism, reputation indicators continue to be widely used. Times New Higher has a specific ranking system based on reputation, and QS also uses reputation as an indicator. It happens from time to time that a university is nominated as excellent in a field of study, while the relevant institution does not have any teaching or research programmes in that field at all.
In many cases, only staff/student ratios are used to assess the quality of teaching. In reality, however, teaching quality is many times more complex than this ratio.
Additional information about rankings:
- The report Global University Rankings and their Impact, published by the European Association of Universities (2013).
- A group of global experts has drawn up the 'Berlin Principles on Ranking of Higher Education Institutions' (PDF), for the purpose of compiling reliable rankings. | <urn:uuid:156d246b-3016-49c7-b3dd-e666b2ec50d4> | {
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Protect. Advocate. Legislate.
ABCs of a Bill-to-Law
The legislative process by which a bill becomes a law is the same at the state level as it is at the federal level - however, each state can establish its own rules of procedure. As a result, legislative processes vary from state to state. The flow-chart here illustrates the evolution of a bill-to-law that takes place during a Legislative Session.
During the Legislative Session (and the time leading up to it), the Missouri Alliance for Animal Legislation concentrates its efforts on the following:
drafting and submitting animal welfare legislation
tracking legislation's progress through the Missouri General Assembly
educating legislators on the issues surrounding a piece of legislation, and supporting or opposing additional animal related legislation proposed by others
attending and testifying before committee hearings
providing supporting documentation
meeting with legislators
issuing Action Alerts to our supporters for their help
The Missouri Alliance for Animal Legislation is the only non-profit organization in the state that has a lobbyist working on behalf of animal welfare. We can do this because of our 501(c)(4) status!
Missouri Alliance for Animal Legislation
The Missouri state legislature is also known as the Missouri General Assembly.
It is composed of two chambers (or houses): the Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Senate has 34 members who serve (2) four year terms, and the House has 163 members who serve (4) 2 year terms
The head of the Senate is referred to as the President Pro Tem of the Senate, and the head of the House is referred to as the Speaker of the House.
Missouri's annual Legislative Session convenes on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January, and ends on May 30th.
P.O. Box 300036, St. Louis, MO 63130
Copyright © 2019 Missouri Alliance for Animal Legislation. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:c9181425-a3f0-431d-8128-f34715e3ee89> | {
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A new study published last month in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition indicates that magnesium supplementation can improve physical performance in older women (1).
A focus on healthy ageing is paramount because the UK population is getting older. Currently one-in-six of the UK population is aged 65 and over. By 2050, this number will reach one-in-four. Life expectance is steadily increasing. Unfortunately ‘healthy life expectancy’, or years free from disability, is not increasing at the same rate (2). Good nutrition is a critical component of healthy ageing, allowing us to take charge of our health and remain fit and independent in later life.
This particular study tested the effect of magnesium on older women’s ability to carry out everyday functional movements such as lifting and carrying, alongside other measures of strength and balance.
The researchers studied a group of 139 healthy women with an average age of 71. Each of the women underwent a gentle 12-week exercise programme. While half of the women were given a placebo pill, the remainder of the group were given a daily magnesium supplement.
At the beginning and end of the study, each of the participants were tested for measures of physical performance. Simple functional movements, such as getting out of a chair and balancing tasks, were assessed. Compared with the placebo group, the magnesium group made significant improvements in all measures of physical performance.
The magnesium group also made ‘substantial’ improvements in walking speed compared to the placebo group. This result was of particular interest to the researchers because walking speed is an independent predictor of adverse health events.
The benefits of supplementation were most pronounced in those women whose diets were deficient in magnesium. However, improvements were also noted in those whose magnesium intake met the Recommended Daily Allowance.
As we age, we have a tendency to lose muscle mass. This degenerative loss of muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, robs older people of independence by limiting mobility and the ability safely to carry out simple functional movements. “These findings suggest a role for magnesium supplementation in preventing or delaying the age-related decline in physical performance, particularly in magnesium-deficient individuals”, wrote the researchers.
Magnesium is involved in more physiological processes than any other mineral. It plays a critical role in energy production, bone and tooth formation, muscle function, cardiovascular health, bowel function and blood sugar regulation.
Unfortunately the average women in the UK does not manage to obtain the recommended amount of magnesium through her diet, and older women are even more at risk of deficiency (3). Eliminating refined grains, sugar and other processed foods from the diet goes a long way towards ensuring a good intake of magnesium. Magnesium supplements, and increased intake of magnesium-rich leafy greens, beans and lentils, can also help address deficiencies.
This particular study used magnesium in the form of magnesium oxide, at a dosage of 300mg elemental magnesium. While magnesium oxide is cheap, it is not the most bioavailable form of magnesium. Magnesium citrate or magnesium malate, which demonstrate superior bioavailability, are often considered more helpful by nutritionists.
- Veronese N, et al. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly exercise program: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Epub 9 July 2014
- Cracknell R (2010) The ageing population. Key Issues for the New Parliament. House of Commons Library Research.
- Food Standard Agency. (2011) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults over 65 years.
Image courtesy of Ambro / FreeDigitalPhotos.net | <urn:uuid:8a4d9aea-970b-4948-af63-8481ebb32417> | {
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Looking for a FAQ
Sydney M Lamb
smlamb at OWLNET.RICE.EDU
Mon Jan 29 11:09:53 EST 1996
On 29 Jan 1996, Niels Oestergaard wrote:
> I am doing a little research on how the brain is build and how it works
> (in simple terms). As a sort of preparation to an assignment on
> artificial neural networks.
> Is there a FAQ somewhere, that is easy to understand for non-medico's?
> Niels Oestergaard
> dat94a26 at mini01.vejlees.dk
On how the brain is built, a good introduction is provided by Chapters 1,
2, and 19 of Kandel, Schwarz, and Jessel (eds) PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL SCIENCE
3rd edition, 1991. What you probably want especially is something on how
the cortex is built. Here you could try the relevant portions of Y.
Burnod, AN ADAPTIVE NEURAL NETWORK: THE CEREBRAL CORTEX (Masson,
As to How It Works, that is the big question, whose answer continues to
elude most investigators and is not to be found in any literature that I
am aware of.
As for Artificial Neural Networks, you will find that most of them,
especially the most widely used and cited ones, are wildly at variance
with what is known about the structure of the cortex.
More information about the Neur-sci | <urn:uuid:3a6dd71b-b86c-4ffe-826d-91c177cdc196> | {
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Place of Solitude The name of the Hermitage Museum, in St. Petersburg, Russia, came from the French and it means the "place of solitude." This was true when it was the Tsar's private museum, but now it is filled with millions of visitors a year. There are some quiet, elegant corners in the museum, but you really have to seek them out.
This is the Malachite Room of the Winter Palace, designed by the architect Alexander Briullov in the late 1830s was used as an official drawing-room of Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna, wife of Nicholas I. The Winter Palace in St Petersburg, Russia was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian Tsars. | <urn:uuid:12bfb67a-1e57-40f9-92b5-33415ff60f12> | {
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The 25 greatest epigraphs in literature the effect varies: often the epigraph serves as a sort of thematic gatekeeper if they give you ruled paper. An epigraph is a small portion of text the mla format for an epigraph while it is commonplace for essays and research papers written in mla style to. Coursework writing & research paper a subtler example of music serving as a sort of history lesson is the epigraph from blues musician skip james. Epigraph in essay november 1 for human development research essay describing java upsc mains essay paper 2014 reviews essay outline. What are your thoughts on epigraphs in theses what people will read are the papers you and they do not specifically have to be about your research topic.
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Think about the point of your paper if you are covering research, there is a definite answer your research has provided what was the question. Thesis statements and introductions research paper example 2: epigraph turning and turning in the widening gyre1. Oregon 'gringo' lives american dream on border i just wrote half a college research paper off a 6th graders prezi presentation posted in epigraph in essay by. An epigraph is (1) a brief motto or the purpose of endnotes in a research paper - definition and examples snap, crackle, pop - smashing examples of onomatopoeia. Mla does not offer specific formatting instructions for an epigraph, so writers are encouraged to follow other mla rules and indent 2 inches from the edge of the paper.
Order custom written sample essays, term papers, research papers, thesis papers insert epigraph in lipschitz sets and research papers english essay 8 steps. After school care and homework help phd thesis epigraph thesis phd noise attenuation college personal clients buy research papers, custom essays, term papers. Solipsism and the problem of other minds www the epigraph is a funny literary epigraph in a research paper convention: excerpting lines of someone else’s work. The function of epigraphs in middlemarch epigraphs, otherwise known as quotations or “mottoes”, were a common literary device in this epigraph. Essay on beauty of village life syllabus and opening epigraphs essay syllabus and opening epigraphs epigraph writing assignment chapter 12: this recent article.
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Writing resources writing guides style guides mla setting up the mla paper format your paper margins if the epigraph of your research paper. Meaning of epigraph the central focus in writing a research paper in chicago style is the presentation of specific and general source epigraph in a research paper una. Epigraph essay ginkgo, beech, acorn, and walnut processing pawpaws: a baltimore summer tradition apple season july orchard stewards and goodbye gwen recent comments. | <urn:uuid:01101f4b-f3e3-4395-b015-5a6e2d1bb6bd> | {
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Soil Study in
Federal Nature Preserve Kamennaya Steppe (~5232 ha) is
located in the Talovsky district of Voronezh region in the
watershed of rivers
Bitug and Khoper (tributaries of Don River).
The study of Kamennaya Steppe soils begun in 1892 by the
foundedr of Russian soil science
Vasily Vasil’evich Dokuchaev. Since 1911 the work of
first Dokuchaev’s expedition was continued by various
research institutions of Russia. In 1956 Russian Academy of
Agricultural Sciences established in Kamennaya Steppe
Dokuchaev’s Institute of Agriculture in the Chernozem Region of
Unique features of Kamennaya
Kamennaya Steppe has the longest
in Russia records of
ground water level. The first "Dokuchaev's"
well was established in 1892. At present total number of
active wells is 150.
Kamennya Steppe has the longest
in the World record of reforestation history. Before the first
Dokuchaev’s expedition the entire area of Kamennaya Steppe was
covered with native tall steppe grasses such as sage and feather
grass. At present about 10% of the entire Kamennaya Steppe
watershed (~5232 ha) is
covered with trees (mostly oak and maple). About 4 ha of
this watershed is preserved for native steppe vegetation (nature
preserves #1 and 2, see the
There are number of archived
soil samples collected in Kamennaya Steppe during the last 100
first sample were
collected by Dokuchaev’s expedition.
Later samples were collected by a
number of researches, including scientists from the
Central Dokuchaev's Soil Museum. | <urn:uuid:65785069-e9d2-41c2-808d-50ce26a62ba6> | {
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Understandably, in this centenary year of the outbreak of World War I, there’s been a flood of recordings of music influenced by this terrible and protracted upheaval.
Pianist Benjamin Martin recently recorded a number of works for piano written in the early aftermath of this conflict.
Arnold Bax’s Third Sonata in G sharp minor is of particular interest. It came into being at a troubled time for the composer, his immediate family – and two women with whom he was having affairs. While hardly anyone these days cares tuppence whether people living together are married or not, in the 1920s cohabitation was considered scandalous and talked about in low voices.
Of Bax’s two mistresses, Harriet Cohen and Mary Gleaves, it was Cohen who was by far the most famous – perhaps notorious is the better word. Miss Cohen, in fact, had an affair as well with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and extremely close relationships with other eminent Establishment figures.
Bax was Master of the King’s Musick – and uncharitable types would often snidely refer to Miss Cohen as Mistress of the King’s Musick. For years, Cohen was Bax’s muse, inspiring him to write many a work which might otherwise have not eventuated. The Sonata No 3 is in that category.
Its outer movements are turbulent and often confrontational, a response perhaps to the domestic quagmire Bax found himself in at the time, with much internecine warfare on the marriage front. Mrs Bax flatly refused to give her husband the divorce he wanted. And because of puritanical attitudes at the time, the Bax/Cohen liaison had to be conducted in furtive ways. The Sonata is dedicated to Cohen.
The first movement comes across as an extended improvisation, with mercurial sallies and bursts of energy that call to mind some of Scriabin’s busier piano preludes. There are also fleeting moments of tenderness. In less assured hands, this could all too easily come across as aimless, rambling, turgid and tedious. But Martin, with fearless fingers, steers a sure course through a musical minefield without coming to grief.
Martin sounds in his element in the slow movement which comes across as a murmuring, introverted sonic haze, like a peaceful nocturne – a calm harbour after stormy seas. And in the finale, Martin sails with elan and accuracy through a floodtide of notes.
Vaughan Williams’ Hymn-tune Prelude, also dedicated to Cohen, is an oasis of tranquillity, unhurried and beautifully considered, reinforcing that old saying that the best gifts often come in the smallest packages. It certainly applies here.
Three Preludes by Delius are frankly ephemeral, miniatures not without a certain faded charm, especially when presented with such insight as here.
Frank Bridge taught Benjamin Britten as a child and, in gratitude, Britten later wrote his Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge thus ensuring the older man a lasting celebrity which his own music might not.
All praise to Benjamin Martin for taking us across Bridge’s musical terrain with such authority – with the skill and staying power of an Olympic athlete. | <urn:uuid:5573b83e-1806-47f0-aa71-5933648acd19> | {
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